id sid tid token lemma pos cord-311190-i630n88t 1 1 key key NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 2 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 3 cord-311190-i630n88 cord-311190-i630n88 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 4 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 5 authors author NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 1 6 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 7 Candela Candela NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 1 9 Massimo Massimo NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 10 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 11 Luconi Luconi NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 1 13 Valerio Valerio NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 14 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 15 Vecchio Vecchio NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 1 17 Alessio Alessio NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 18 title title NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 19 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 20 Impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 1 23 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 1 24 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 25 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 1 27 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 28 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 29 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 30 A a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 1 31 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 1 32 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 1 33 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 34 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 35 date date NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 36 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 37 2020 2020 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 1 38 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 1 39 08 08 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 1 40 - - SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 1 41 20 20 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 1 42 journal journal NN cord-311190-i630n88t 1 43 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 44 nan nan NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 45 DOI DOI NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 1 46 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 1 47 10.1016 10.1016 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 1 48 / / SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 1 49 j.comnet.2020.107495 j.comnet.2020.107495 NN cord-311190-i630n88t 2 1 sha sha NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 2 2 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 2 3 e9f4c831ee4a7bedf339cf61ae37ebf3ab3a649e e9f4c831ee4a7bedf339cf61ae37ebf3ab3a649e NN cord-311190-i630n88t 2 4 doc_id doc_id CD cord-311190-i630n88t 2 5 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 2 6 311190 311190 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 2 7 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 2 8 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 2 9 i630n88 i630n88 ADD cord-311190-i630n88t 3 1 t t NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 3 2 Abstract Abstract NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 4 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 4 2 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 4 3 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 4 dramatically dramatically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 4 5 changed change VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 4 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 4 7 way way NN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 9 living living NN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 11 billions billion NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 4 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 13 people people NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 4 14 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 15 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 4 16 very very RB cord-311190-i630n88t 4 17 short short JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 4 18 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 19 frame frame NN cord-311190-i630n88t 4 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 5 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 5 3 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 5 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 5 6 evaluate evaluate VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 5 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 5 8 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 9 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 5 11 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 12 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 13 caused cause VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 14 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 5 16 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 17 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 19 human human JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 5 20 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 5 21 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 5 22 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 5 23 carried carry VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 24 out out RP cord-311190-i630n88t 5 25 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 26 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 5 27 line line NN cord-311190-i630n88t 5 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 6 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 6 2 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 3 focuses focus VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 6 4 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 5 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 6 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 6 7 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 6 8 experienced experience VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 6 9 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 6 10 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 6 11 imposed impose VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 12 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 13 local local JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 6 14 authorities authority NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 6 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 6 16 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 6 17 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 6 18 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 19 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 6 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 6 21 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 6 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 6 23 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 6 24 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 6 25 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 6 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 6 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 6 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 6 29 whole whole NN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 30 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 31 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 6 32 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 6 33 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 6 34 included include VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 6 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 7 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 7 2 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 7 5 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 7 6 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 8 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 7 9 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 7 10 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 7 12 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 7 15 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 16 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 7 17 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 7 18 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 7 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 7 20 especially especially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 7 21 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 22 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 7 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 24 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 25 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 27 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 7 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 8 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 2 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 8 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 8 4 observed observe VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 8 5 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 7 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 8 8 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 11 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 8 12 additional additional JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 8 13 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 14 – – : cord-311190-i630n88t 8 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 16 additional additional JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 8 17 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 18 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 19 respect respect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 20 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 22 minimum minimum JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 8 23 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 26 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 8 27 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 29 region region NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 30 – – : cord-311190-i630n88t 8 31 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 32 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 33 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 8 34 ∼ ∼ NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 8 35 3 3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 8 36 − − NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 8 37 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 8 38 times time NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 8 39 as as RB cord-311190-i630n88t 8 40 much much RB cord-311190-i630n88t 8 41 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 42 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 43 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 44 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 45 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 8 46 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 8 47 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 9 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 9 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 9 3 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 9 4 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 9 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 9 6 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 9 7 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 9 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 9 9 ∼ ∼ NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 9 10 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 9 11 − − NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 9 12 3 3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 9 13 times time NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 9 14 as as RB cord-311190-i630n88t 9 15 much much RB cord-311190-i630n88t 9 16 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 9 17 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 9 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 9 19 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 9 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 10 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 10 2 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 10 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 10 4 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 10 5 negligible negligible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 10 6 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 10 7 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 10 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 10 9 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 10 10 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 10 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 10 12 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 10 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 10 14 whole whole NN cord-311190-i630n88t 10 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 10 16 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 10 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 10 18 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 10 19 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 10 20 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 10 21 levels level NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 10 22 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 10 23 distinct distinct JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 10 24 patterns pattern NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 10 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 11 1 At at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 11 3 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 5 writing writing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 11 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 11 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 9 disease disease NN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 11 11 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-311190-i630n88t 11 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 11 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 14 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 11 15 still still RB cord-311190-i630n88t 11 16 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 11 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 11 18 billions billion NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 11 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 20 people people NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 11 21 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 11 22 under under IN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 23 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 11 24 form form NN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 25 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 26 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 11 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 12 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 12 2 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 3 faced face VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 4 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 5 citizens citizen NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 6 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 12 7 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 12 8 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 12 9 less less RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 12 10 stringent stringent JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 12 12 depending depend VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 12 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 12 15 resolutions resolution NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 16 adopted adopt VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 17 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 12 19 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 20 governments government NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 12 22 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 12 23 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 24 many many JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 25 cases case NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 26 non non JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 27 - - JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 28 essential essential JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 29 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 30 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 12 31 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 32 shut shut VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 33 down down RP cord-311190-i630n88t 12 34 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 12 35 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 12 36 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 37 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 38 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 39 people people NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 40 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 41 confined confine VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 42 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 12 43 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 12 44 homes home NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 12 45 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 13 1 Many many JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 13 2 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 13 3 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 13 4 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 13 5 normally normally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 13 6 carried carry VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 13 7 out out RP cord-311190-i630n88t 13 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 13 9 physical physical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 13 10 presence presence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 13 11 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 13 12 now now RB cord-311190-i630n88t 13 13 taking take VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 13 14 place place NN cord-311190-i630n88t 13 15 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 13 16 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 13 17 line line NN cord-311190-i630n88t 13 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 14 1 As as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 2 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 14 3 consequence consequence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 14 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 14 6 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 8 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 9 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 14 11 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 12 increased increase VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 14 13 significantly significantly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 14 14 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 14 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 14 16 last last JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 14 17 months month NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 14 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 15 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 15 3 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 15 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 15 6 analyze analyze VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 15 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 15 8 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 15 11 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 15 12 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 15 15 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 15 18 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 15 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 16 1 Latency Latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 16 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 16 3 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 16 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 16 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 16 6 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 16 7 properties property NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 16 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 16 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 16 10 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 16 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 16 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 16 13 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 16 14 becoming become VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 16 15 every every DT cord-311190-i630n88t 16 16 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 16 17 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 16 18 important important JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 16 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 16 20 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 16 21 several several JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 16 22 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 16 23 applications application NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 16 24 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 16 25 particularly particularly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 16 26 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 16 27 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 16 28 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 16 29 fluctuations fluctuation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 16 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 17 1 Ex Ex NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 17 2 - - NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 17 3 amples ample NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 17 4 include include VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 17 5 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 17 6 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 17 7 line line NN cord-311190-i630n88t 17 8 videogames videogame NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 17 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 17 10 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 17 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 17 12 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 17 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 17 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 17 15 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 17 16 calls call NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 17 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 17 18 VOIP VOIP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 17 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 17 20 3 3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 17 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 17 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 17 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 17 24 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 17 25 geolocation geolocation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 17 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 17 27 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 17 28 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 17 29 5 5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 17 30 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 17 31 6 6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 17 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 17 33 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 18 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 18 2 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 18 3 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 18 4 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 18 5 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 7 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 18 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 18 9 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 10 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 11 means mean NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 18 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 18 14 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 18 15 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 18 16 platform platform NN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 18 18 7 7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 18 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 18 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 18 21 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 18 22 better better RB cord-311190-i630n88t 18 23 understand understand VB cord-311190-i630n88t 18 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 18 25 effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 18 26 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 18 28 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 29 caused cause VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 30 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 31 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 18 32 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 18 33 change change NN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 34 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 35 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 18 36 way way NN cord-311190-i630n88t 18 37 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 18 38 live live VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 18 39 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 19 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 19 2 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 3 focuses focus VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 19 4 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 5 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 19 6 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 19 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 19 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 9 April April NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 19 10 2020 2020 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 19 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 19 12 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 19 13 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 14 under under IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 15 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 17 more more JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 19 18 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 19 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 19 20 month month NN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 19 22 experiencing experience VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 19 23 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 19 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 19 26 strictest strict JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 27 limitations limitation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 28 enforced enforce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 29 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 30 authorities authority NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 31 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 19 32 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 19 33 schools school NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 34 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 19 35 universities university NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 36 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 19 37 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 19 38 non non JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 19 39 - - JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 19 40 essential essential JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 19 41 shops shop NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 42 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 19 43 physically physically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 19 44 closed close VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 45 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 19 46 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 19 47 people people NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 48 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 19 49 authorized authorize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 50 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 19 51 leave leave VB cord-311190-i630n88t 19 52 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 19 53 homes home NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 54 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 19 55 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 19 56 undeferrable undeferrable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 19 57 necessities necessity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 19 58 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 20 1 Distance distance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 2 learning learning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 3 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 20 4 remote remote JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 20 5 working working NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 6 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 20 7 applied apply VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 8 whenever whenever WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 20 9 possible possible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 20 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 20 11 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 20 13 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 20 14 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 16 usage usage NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 18 virtual virtual JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 20 19 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 20 20 meeting meeting NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 20 22 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 23 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 20 24 conference conference NN cord-311190-i630n88t 20 25 applications application NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 20 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 20 27 8 8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 20 28 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 20 29 9 9 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 20 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 20 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 21 1 Table table NN cord-311190-i630n88t 21 2 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 21 3 summarizes summarize VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 21 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 21 5 most most RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 21 6 important important JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 21 7 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 21 8 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 21 9 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 21 10 have have VB cord-311190-i630n88t 21 11 had have VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 21 12 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 21 13 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 21 14 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 21 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 21 16 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 21 17 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 21 18 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 21 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 22 1 As as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 22 2 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 22 3 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 22 4 noticed notice VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 22 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 22 6 limitations limitation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 22 7 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 22 8 citizens citizen NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 22 9 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 22 10 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 22 11 introduced introduce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 22 12 progressively progressively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 22 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 23 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 3 reason reason NN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 23 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 6 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 23 7 caused cause VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 8 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 10 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 23 11 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 12 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 23 13 studied study VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 23 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 17 remaining remain VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 23 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 19 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 20 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 23 22 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 23 comparing compare VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 23 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 25 situation situation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 26 status status NN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 27 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 29 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 30 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 23 31 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 23 33 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 23 34 antecedent antecedent JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 23 35 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 36 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 37 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 23 38 measures measure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 23 39 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 23 40 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 41 latter latter JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 23 42 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 23 43 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 44 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 45 contrary contrary NN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 46 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 23 47 comes come VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 23 48 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 23 49 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 23 50 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 23 51 most most RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 23 52 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 23 53 limitations limitation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 23 54 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 24 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 24 2 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 24 3 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 24 4 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 24 5 corresponds correspond NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 24 6 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 24 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 24 8 transitory transitory JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 24 9 phase phase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 24 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 24 11 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 24 12 partial partial JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 24 13 lockdowns lockdown NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 24 14 start start VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 24 15 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 24 16 impact impact VB cord-311190-i630n88t 24 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 24 18 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 24 19 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 24 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 25 1 Hereafter hereafter RB cord-311190-i630n88t 25 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 25 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 25 4 will will MD cord-311190-i630n88t 25 5 use use VB cord-311190-i630n88t 25 6 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 25 7 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 25 8 indicate indicate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 25 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 25 10 baseline baseline JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 25 11 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 25 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 25 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 25 14 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 25 15 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 25 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 25 17 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 25 18 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 25 19 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 25 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 25 21 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 25 22 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 25 23 event event NN cord-311190-i630n88t 25 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 26 1 Besides besides IN cord-311190-i630n88t 26 2 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 26 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 5 include include VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 6 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 26 7 brief brief JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 26 8 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 26 9 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 26 10 concerning concern VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 26 11 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 26 13 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 26 15 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 26 17 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 26 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 26 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 26 21 whole whole NN cord-311190-i630n88t 26 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 26 23 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 26 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 27 1 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 27 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 27 3 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 27 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 27 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 27 6 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 27 7 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 27 8 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 27 9 characterized characterize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 27 10 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 27 11 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 27 12 similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 27 13 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 27 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 27 15 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 27 16 ones one NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 27 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 28 1 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 28 2 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 28 3 decided decide VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 28 4 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 28 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 28 6 impose impose VB cord-311190-i630n88t 28 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 28 8 mandatory mandatory JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 28 9 national national JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 28 10 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 28 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 29 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 29 2 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 29 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 29 4 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 29 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 29 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 29 7 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 29 8 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 29 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 29 10 shifted shift VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 29 11 according accord VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 29 12 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 29 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 29 14 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 29 15 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 29 16 event event NN cord-311190-i630n88t 29 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 29 18 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 29 19 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 29 20 Table Table NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 29 21 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 29 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 29 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 30 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 30 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 30 3 entire entire JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 30 4 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 30 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 30 6 situation situation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 30 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 30 8 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 30 9 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 30 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 30 11 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 30 12 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 30 13 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 30 14 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 30 15 less less RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 30 16 hit hit VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 30 17 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 30 18 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 30 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 30 20 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 30 21 adopted adopt VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 30 22 milder mild JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 30 23 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 30 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 31 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 2 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 31 3 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 31 4 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 31 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 31 6 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 31 7 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 31 8 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 31 10 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 31 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 31 13 last last JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 31 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 15 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 31 16 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 17 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 18 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 31 19 goes go VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 31 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 31 21 overall overall RB cord-311190-i630n88t 31 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 31 23 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 24 February February NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 31 25 11 11 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 31 26 through through IN cord-311190-i630n88t 31 27 March March NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 31 28 26 26 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 31 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 32 1 Results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 32 2 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 32 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 32 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 32 5 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 32 6 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 32 7 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 32 8 always always RB cord-311190-i630n88t 32 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 32 10 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 32 11 across across IN cord-311190-i630n88t 32 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 32 13 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 32 14 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 32 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 32 16 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 32 17 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 32 18 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 32 19 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 32 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 33 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 33 2 contribution contribution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 33 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 33 4 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 33 5 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 33 6 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 33 7 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 33 8 summarized summarize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 33 9 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 33 10 follows follow VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 33 11 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 34 1 • • NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 34 2 Some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 34 3 statistics statistic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 34 4 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 34 5 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 6 recently recently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 34 7 released release VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 8 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 9 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 34 10 Service Service NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 34 11 Providers Providers NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 34 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 34 13 ISPs isp NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 34 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 34 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 34 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 34 17 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 34 18 players player NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 34 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 34 21 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 22 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 34 24 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 34 26 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 27 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 29 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 30 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 34 31 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 34 32 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 33 exposed expose VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 34 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 35 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 36 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 34 38 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 34 39 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 34 40 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 35 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 35 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 35 3 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 35 4 picture picture NN cord-311190-i630n88t 35 5 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 35 6 leaves leave VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 35 7 aside aside RB cord-311190-i630n88t 35 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 35 9 very very RB cord-311190-i630n88t 35 10 specific specific JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 35 11 points point NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 35 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 35 13 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 35 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 35 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 35 16 single single JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 35 17 operators operator NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 35 18 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 35 19 still still RB cord-311190-i630n88t 35 20 missing miss VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 35 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 36 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 36 2 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 36 3 provides provide VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 36 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 36 5 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 36 6 global global JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 36 7 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 36 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 36 9 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 36 10 polarized polarize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 36 11 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 36 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 36 13 single single JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 36 14 operator operator NN cord-311190-i630n88t 36 15 's 's POS cord-311190-i630n88t 36 16 perspective perspective NN cord-311190-i630n88t 36 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 37 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 2 addition addition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 37 4 most most JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 37 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 37 7 statistics statistic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 37 8 released release VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 9 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 10 operators operator NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 37 11 concern concern VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 37 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 37 13 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 15 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 37 17 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 18 limited limited JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 37 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 37 20 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 37 21 absence absence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 37 24 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 25 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 37 26 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 37 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 38 1 • • NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 39 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 39 2 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 39 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 39 4 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 39 5 analyzed analyze VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 39 6 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 39 7 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 39 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 39 9 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 39 10 providing provide VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 39 11 solid solid JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 39 12 foundations foundation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 39 13 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 39 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 39 15 included include VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 39 16 statistics statistic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 39 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 40 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-311190-i630n88t 40 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 40 3 besides besides IN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 5 sheer sheer JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 40 6 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 40 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 40 9 decompose decompose VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 40 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 11 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 12 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 13 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 14 according accord VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 40 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 17 most most RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 40 18 relevant relevant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 40 19 factors factor NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 40 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 40 21 including include VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 40 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 23 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 26 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 40 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 29 type type NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 30 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 31 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 40 33 belonging belong VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 40 34 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 35 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 36 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 37 delivery delivery NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 38 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 39 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 40 40 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 40 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 40 42 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 40 43 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 40 44 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 45 version version NN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 46 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 40 47 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 40 48 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 40 49 Protocol Protocol NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 40 50 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 41 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 2 addition addition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 3 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 4 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 5 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 41 6 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 7 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 41 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 41 10 provide provide VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 41 11 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 12 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 41 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 14 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 15 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 41 17 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 18 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 41 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 41 20 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 41 22 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 41 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 41 24 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 41 25 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 41 26 less less RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 41 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 41 28 related relate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 29 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 30 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 31 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 32 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 41 33 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 41 34 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 35 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 41 36 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 41 37 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 38 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 41 39 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 42 1 • • NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 1 Besides besides IN cord-311190-i630n88t 43 2 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 43 4 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 43 5 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 43 6 concerning concern VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 43 7 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 43 9 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 43 11 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 43 13 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 43 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 43 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 43 17 whole whole NN cord-311190-i630n88t 43 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 43 19 Eu Eu NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 43 21 rope rope NN cord-311190-i630n88t 43 22 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 43 23 included include VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 43 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 44 1 Since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 2 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 44 3 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 44 4 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 5 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 6 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 44 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 44 8 single single JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 44 9 platform platform NN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 44 11 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 44 12 obtained obtain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 13 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 44 15 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 44 16 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 44 17 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 44 18 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 44 19 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 20 without without IN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 44 22 possible possible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 44 23 bias bias NN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 24 introduced introduce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 25 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 44 27 adoption adoption NN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 44 29 multiple multiple JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 44 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 44 31 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 44 32 systems system NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 44 33 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 45 1 Results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 45 2 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 45 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 45 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 6 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 45 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 45 8 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 9 impacted impact VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 45 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 45 11 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 45 14 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 45 16 especially especially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 45 17 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 18 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 45 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 20 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 21 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 45 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 46 1 Effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 46 2 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 46 3 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 46 4 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 46 5 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 46 7 evening evening NN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 46 9 suggesting suggest VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 46 10 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 11 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 46 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 46 13 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 46 14 negatively negatively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 46 15 affected affect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 16 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 46 18 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 19 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 20 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 21 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 22 recreational recreational JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 46 23 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 46 24 rather rather RB cord-311190-i630n88t 46 25 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 26 remote remote JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 46 27 working working NN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 28 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 46 29 distance distance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 30 learning learning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 46 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 47 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 47 3 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 47 4 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 47 5 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 47 6 included include VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 47 9 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 47 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 47 12 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 13 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 47 14 milder mild JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 47 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 16 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 47 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 47 18 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 47 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 47 20 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 47 21 similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 47 22 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 47 24 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 47 25 one one NN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 26 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 47 27 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 47 28 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 47 29 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 47 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 48 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 2 remaining remain VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 48 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 5 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 6 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 7 organized organize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 8 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 9 follows follow VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 10 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 48 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 12 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 13 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 48 15 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 48 16 summarize summarize VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 48 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 18 most most RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 19 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 20 work work NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 21 concerning concern VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 48 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 23 detection detection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 24 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 48 25 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 27 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 28 anomalies anomaly NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 29 occurred occur VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 30 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 31 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 32 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 33 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 48 34 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 35 3 3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 36 describes describe VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 38 data data NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 39 collection collection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 40 phase phase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 41 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 48 42 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 43 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 44 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 45 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 48 46 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 47 method method NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 48 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 48 49 followed follow VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 50 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 48 51 compute compute VB cord-311190-i630n88t 48 52 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 53 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 54 indexes index NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 55 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 56 explained explain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 57 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 48 58 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 59 main main JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 60 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 61 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 62 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 63 datasets dataset NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 64 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 48 65 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 66 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 67 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 68 5 5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 69 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 48 70 together together RB cord-311190-i630n88t 48 71 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 72 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 73 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 74 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 75 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 48 76 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 77 6 6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 78 contains contain VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 79 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 80 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 81 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 82 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 83 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 84 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 85 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 86 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 87 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 88 perspectives perspective NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 89 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 48 90 type type NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 91 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 92 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 93 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 48 94 hour hour NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 95 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 96 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 97 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 98 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 48 99 IPv4 IPv4 VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 100 vs vs IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 101 IPv6 ipv6 RB cord-311190-i630n88t 48 102 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 48 103 etc etc FW cord-311190-i630n88t 48 104 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 48 105 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 48 106 whereas whereas IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 107 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 108 7 7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 109 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 110 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 111 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 112 concerning concern VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 48 113 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 114 above above RB cord-311190-i630n88t 48 115 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 48 116 mentioned mention VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 117 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 118 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 48 119 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 120 whole whole NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 121 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 122 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 48 123 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 48 124 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 125 less less JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 48 126 details detail NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 48 127 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 128 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 129 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 48 130 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 48 131 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 48 132 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 133 8 8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 48 134 concludes conclude VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 48 135 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 48 136 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 48 137 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 49 1 There there EX cord-311190-i630n88t 49 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 49 3 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 49 4 extensive extensive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 49 5 body body NN cord-311190-i630n88t 49 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 49 7 literature literature NN cord-311190-i630n88t 49 8 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 49 9 anomalies anomaly NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 49 10 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 49 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 49 12 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 49 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 50 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 50 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 50 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 50 4 focus focus NN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 50 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 50 7 usually usually RB cord-311190-i630n88t 50 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 50 9 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 50 11 design design NN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 13 techniques technique NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 50 14 aimed aim VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 15 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 16 detecting detect VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 50 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 50 18 occurrence occurrence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 20 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 50 21 anomaly anomaly NN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 50 23 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 24 instance instance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 50 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 50 26 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 50 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 50 28 11 11 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 50 29 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 50 30 12 12 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 50 31 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 50 32 13 13 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 50 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 50 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 50 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 51 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 51 3 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 51 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 51 6 do do VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 51 7 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 51 8 try try VB cord-311190-i630n88t 51 9 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 51 10 define define VB cord-311190-i630n88t 51 11 another another DT cord-311190-i630n88t 51 12 detection detection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 13 technique technique NN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 51 15 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 51 17 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 51 20 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 51 21 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 22 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 51 24 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 51 25 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 51 26 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 51 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 52 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 52 2 strive strive VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 52 3 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 52 4 provide provide VB cord-311190-i630n88t 52 5 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 52 6 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 52 9 effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 52 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 52 12 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 13 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 14 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 52 15 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 52 16 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 52 17 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 52 19 including include VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 52 20 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 52 21 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 52 22 evaluation evaluation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 24 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 52 25 main main JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 52 26 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 52 27 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 28 seen see VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 29 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 52 31 perspective perspective NN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 52 33 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 52 34 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 53 1 When when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 53 2 natural natural JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 53 3 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 53 4 assume assume VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 53 5 catastrophic catastrophic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 53 6 proportions proportion NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 53 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 53 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 53 9 effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 53 10 might may MD cord-311190-i630n88t 53 11 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 53 12 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 53 13 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 53 14 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 53 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 53 16 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 53 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 53 18 reliability reliability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 53 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 53 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 53 21 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 53 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 54 1 During during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 54 3 last last JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 54 4 20 20 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 54 5 years year NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 54 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 54 7 several several JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 54 8 studies study NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 54 9 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 54 10 focused focus VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 11 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 54 13 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 14 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 54 16 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 18 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 54 19 few few JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 54 20 catastrophic catastrophic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 54 21 natural natural JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 54 22 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 54 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 54 24 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 54 25 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 54 26 earthquakes earthquake NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 54 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 54 28 hurricanes hurricane NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 54 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 55 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 55 3 14 14 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 55 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 55 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 55 6 authors author NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 55 7 studied study VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 55 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 55 9 effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 55 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 55 12 Taiwan Taiwan NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 55 13 2006 2006 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 55 14 earthquake earthquake NN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 15 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 55 17 Asian asian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 55 18 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 55 20 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 55 22 viewpoint viewpoint NN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 24 interdomain interdomain JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 55 25 routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 26 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 55 27 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 28 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 29 research research NN cord-311190-i630n88t 55 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 55 31 educational educational JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 55 32 networks network NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 55 33 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 56 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 56 2 earthquake earthquake NN cord-311190-i630n88t 56 3 damaged damage VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 56 4 submarine submarine NN cord-311190-i630n88t 56 5 fiber fiber NN cord-311190-i630n88t 56 6 cables cable NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 56 7 causing cause VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 56 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 56 9 fail- fail- NN cord-311190-i630n88t 56 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 56 11 16 16 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 56 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 56 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 57 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 57 2 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 3 analyzes analyze VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 57 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 57 5 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 6 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 57 8 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 9 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 10 seen see VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 11 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 57 13 local local JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 57 14 ISP isp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 57 16 analyzing analyze VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 57 17 both both CC cord-311190-i630n88t 57 18 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 57 20 routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 57 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 58 1 Due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 2 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 3 link link NN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 4 failures failure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 58 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 58 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 58 7 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 8 experienced experience VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 58 9 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 10 drops drop NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 58 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 58 12 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 58 13 peaks peak NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 58 14 mainly mainly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 58 15 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 16 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 58 18 reconfiguration reconfiguration NN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 20 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 21 distribution distribution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 58 22 networks network NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 58 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 59 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 59 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 59 3 thanks thank NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 59 4 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 5 planned plan VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 6 backup backup NN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 59 8 redundancy redundancy NN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 59 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 59 11 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 12 proved prove VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 59 13 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 59 14 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 59 15 resilient resilient JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 59 16 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 17 such such PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 59 18 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 59 19 event event NN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 59 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 59 22 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 59 23 affected affect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 24 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 59 25 locally locally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 59 26 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 59 27 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 28 minimal minimal JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 59 29 damage damage NN cord-311190-i630n88t 59 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 60 1 Another another DT cord-311190-i630n88t 60 2 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 60 3 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 60 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 60 5 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 60 6 variations variation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 60 7 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 60 8 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 60 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 60 10 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 60 11 event event NN cord-311190-i630n88t 60 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 60 13 17 17 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 60 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 60 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 60 16 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 60 17 seen see VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 60 18 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 60 19 PingER PingER NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 60 20 monitors monitor NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 60 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 60 22 18 18 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 60 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 60 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 61 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 61 2 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 61 4 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 61 6 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 61 8 earthquake earthquake NN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 61 10 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 61 11 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 12 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 61 13 monitors monitor NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 61 14 experienced experience VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 61 15 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 61 16 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 61 17 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 18 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 19 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 61 20 limited limited JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 61 21 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 23 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 61 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 62 1 These these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 62 2 studies study NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 62 3 point point VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 62 4 out out RP cord-311190-i630n88t 62 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 62 6 importance importance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 62 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 62 8 maintaining maintain VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 62 9 redundant redundant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 62 10 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 62 11 routes route NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 62 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 62 13 even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 62 14 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 62 15 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 62 16 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 62 17 cost cost NN cord-311190-i630n88t 62 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 62 19 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 62 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 62 21 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 62 22 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 62 23 extremely extremely RB cord-311190-i630n88t 62 24 useful useful JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 62 25 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 62 26 disruptive disruptive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 62 27 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 62 28 occur occur VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 62 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 63 1 Similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 63 2 work work NN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 3 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 63 4 conducted conduct VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 5 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 63 7 effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 63 8 caused cause VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 9 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 10 severe severe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 63 11 weather weather NN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 12 conditions condition NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 63 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 63 14 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 63 15 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 63 17 2012 2012 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 63 18 hurricane hurricane NN cord-311190-i630n88t 63 19 Sandy Sandy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 63 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 64 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 64 3 19 19 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 64 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 64 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 64 6 authors author NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 64 7 used use VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 64 8 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 9 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 64 10 test test VB cord-311190-i630n88t 64 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 64 12 reachability reachability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 14 edge edge NN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 15 networks network NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 64 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 64 17 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 64 18 discover discover VB cord-311190-i630n88t 64 19 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 64 21 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 23 outages outage NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 64 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 64 26 areas area NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 64 27 affected affect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 28 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 64 30 hurricane hurricane NN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 31 Sandy Sandy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 64 32 significantly significantly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 64 33 increased increase VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 64 34 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 35 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 64 36 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 64 38 hurricane hurricane NN cord-311190-i630n88t 64 39 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 65 1 From from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 65 3 interdomain interdomain JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 65 4 routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 5 point point NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 7 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 65 9 Aben Aben NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 65 10 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 65 11 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 65 13 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 65 14 portion portion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 16 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 17 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 65 18 rerouted reroute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 19 around around IN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 65 21 affected affected JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 65 22 area area NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 65 24 again again RB cord-311190-i630n88t 65 25 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 65 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 65 27 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 28 resilience resilience NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 29 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 65 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 65 31 importance importance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 33 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 65 34 redundant redundant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 65 35 structure structure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 65 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 65 37 20 20 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 65 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 65 39 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 66 1 Similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 66 2 outages outage NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 66 3 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 66 4 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 66 5 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 66 6 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 66 7 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 66 8 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 66 9 smaller small JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 66 10 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 66 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 66 12 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 66 13 pointed point VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 66 14 out out RP cord-311190-i630n88t 66 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 66 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 66 17 21 21 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 66 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 66 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 67 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 67 2 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 3 uses use VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 67 4 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 67 6 show show VB cord-311190-i630n88t 67 7 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 8 reachability reachability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 9 issues issue NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 67 10 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 67 11 occur occur VB cord-311190-i630n88t 67 12 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 13 residential residential JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 67 14 hosts host NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 67 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 16 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 18 moderately moderately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 67 19 bad bad JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 67 20 weather weather NN cord-311190-i630n88t 67 21 conditions condition NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 67 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 67 23 e.g. e.g. JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 67 24 thunderstorms thunderstorm NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 67 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 67 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 68 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 68 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 68 3 unlike unlike IN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 4 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 68 5 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 68 6 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 7 outages outage NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 68 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 68 9 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 68 11 small small JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 68 12 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 68 14 degree degree NN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 16 redundancy redundancy NN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 17 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 68 18 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 68 19 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 68 20 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 68 21 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 68 22 cope cope VB cord-311190-i630n88t 68 23 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 68 24 these these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 68 25 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 68 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 69 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 69 2 vast vast JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 69 3 majority majority NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 69 6 studies study NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 69 7 concerning concern VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 69 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 69 9 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 11 natural natural JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 69 12 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 69 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 69 15 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 16 found find VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 17 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 18 scientific scientific JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 69 19 literature literature NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 20 tackle tackle VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 69 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 69 22 problem problem NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 23 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 24 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 69 25 reachability reachability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 69 27 routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 28 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 69 29 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 69 30 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 31 point point NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 33 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 69 34 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 70 1 Very very RB cord-311190-i630n88t 70 2 few few JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 70 3 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 70 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 70 5 experienced experienced JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 70 6 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 70 7 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 70 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 70 9 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 70 10 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 70 11 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 70 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 70 13 do do VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 70 14 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 70 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 70 16 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 70 17 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 70 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 71 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 71 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 71 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 71 4 believe believe VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 71 5 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 6 studying study VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 71 7 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 71 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 10 paramount paramount JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 71 11 importance importance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 71 13 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 71 15 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 71 16 give give VB cord-311190-i630n88t 71 17 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 71 18 indication indication NN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 71 21 perceived perceive VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 22 quality quality NN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 24 service service NN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 25 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 26 end end NN cord-311190-i630n88t 71 27 users user NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 71 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 72 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 2 addition addition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 72 4 none none NN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 72 7 previously previously RB cord-311190-i630n88t 72 8 studied study VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 9 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 72 10 reached reach VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 72 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 72 12 size size NN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 72 15 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 72 16 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 72 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 19 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 72 20 space space NN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 72 22 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 72 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 73 1 At at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 3 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 5 writing writing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 73 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 8 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 73 9 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 10 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 73 11 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 12 impacting impact VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 73 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 14 lives life NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 73 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 16 billions billion NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 73 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 18 people people NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 73 19 all all RB cord-311190-i630n88t 73 20 around around IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 22 globe globe NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 23 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 24 several several JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 73 25 months month NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 73 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 73 27 while while IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 28 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 30 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 73 31 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 73 32 natural natural JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 73 33 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 73 34 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 35 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 36 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 38 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 39 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 73 40 limited limit VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 41 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 42 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 43 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 73 44 circumscribed circumscribe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 45 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 46 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 73 47 relatively relatively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 73 48 small small JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 73 49 geographic geographic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 73 50 area area NN cord-311190-i630n88t 73 51 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 74 1 Since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 74 3 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 74 4 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 5 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 74 6 started start VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 7 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 74 8 few few JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 74 9 months month NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 74 10 ago ago RB cord-311190-i630n88t 74 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 74 12 there there EX cord-311190-i630n88t 74 13 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 74 14 still still RB cord-311190-i630n88t 74 15 little little JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 74 16 scientific scientific JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 74 17 literature literature NN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 18 focusing focus VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 74 19 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 74 21 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 22 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 74 24 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 25 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 74 27 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 74 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 75 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 75 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 75 3 several several JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 75 4 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 5 operators operator NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 75 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 75 7 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 8 providers provider NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 75 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 75 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 75 11 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 75 12 eXchange eXchange NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 75 13 Points Points NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 75 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 75 15 IXPs IXPs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 75 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 75 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 75 18 released release VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 75 19 reports report NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 75 20 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 75 22 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 23 usage usage NN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 25 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 75 26 infrastructure infrastructure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 75 28 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 75 29 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 75 30 review review VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 75 31 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 32 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 75 33 following following NN cord-311190-i630n88t 75 34 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 76 1 Cloudfare cloudfare NN cord-311190-i630n88t 76 2 reported report VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 76 3 statistics statistic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 76 4 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 76 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 76 6 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 76 7 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 76 8 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 76 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 76 10 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 76 11 placed place VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 76 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 76 13 Seattle Seattle NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 76 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 76 15 Northern Northern NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 76 16 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 76 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 76 18 South South NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 76 19 Korea Korea NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 76 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 76 21 22 22 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 76 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 76 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 77 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 77 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 77 4 Cloudfare Cloudfare NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 77 5 reports report VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 77 6 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 77 7 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 9 30 30 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 77 10 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 77 13 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 77 14 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 16 Northern Northern NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 77 17 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 77 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 77 19 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 77 20 reduction reduction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 77 23 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 24 coming come VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 77 25 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 26 fitness fitness NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 27 trackers tracker NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 77 28 perhaps perhaps RB cord-311190-i630n88t 77 29 reflecting reflect VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 77 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 77 31 scarce scarce JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 77 32 mobility mobility NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 33 induced induce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 34 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 35 social social JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 77 36 distancing distancing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 77 37 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 78 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 78 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 78 3 Fastly Fastly NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 78 4 reported report VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 78 5 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 78 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 78 7 download download NN cord-311190-i630n88t 78 8 speeds speed NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 78 9 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 78 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 78 11 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 78 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 78 13 23 23 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 78 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 78 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 79 1 Various various JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 79 2 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 79 3 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 79 4 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 79 6 including include VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 79 7 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 79 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 79 9 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 79 10 had have VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 79 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 79 12 109.3 109.3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 79 13 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 14 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 16 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 79 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 18 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 79 20 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 79 21 35.4 35.4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 79 22 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 23 decrease decrease NN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 25 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 79 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 27 download download JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 79 28 speed speed NN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 29 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 79 30 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 79 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 80 1 DE DE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 80 2 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 80 3 CIX CIX NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 80 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 80 5 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 80 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 80 8 world world NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 9 's 's POS cord-311190-i630n88t 80 10 biggest big JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 80 11 IXPs ixp NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 80 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 80 13 reported report VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 80 14 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 80 15 new new JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 80 16 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 17 world world NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 18 record record NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 20 9.1 9.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 80 21 Tbps Tbps NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 80 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 80 23 24 24 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 80 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 80 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 80 26 as as RB cord-311190-i630n88t 80 27 well well RB cord-311190-i630n88t 80 28 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 29 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 80 30 50 50 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 80 31 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 32 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 33 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 34 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 35 conferencing conferencing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 36 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 37 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 80 38 25 25 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 80 39 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 40 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 41 social social JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 80 42 media medium NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 80 43 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 80 44 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 81 1 Finally finally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 81 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 81 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 81 4 Organisation Organisation NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 81 5 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 6 Economic Economic NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 81 7 Co Co NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 81 8 - - NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 9 operation operation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 81 11 Development Development NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 81 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 81 13 OECD OECD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 81 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 81 15 released release VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 81 16 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 81 17 report report NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 18 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 81 19 aggregates aggregate VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 81 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 81 21 various various JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 81 22 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 23 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 24 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 25 reported report VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 26 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 27 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 28 operators operator NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 81 29 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 30 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 81 31 single single JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 81 32 document document NN cord-311190-i630n88t 81 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 81 34 25 25 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 81 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 81 36 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 82 1 Such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 82 2 report report NN cord-311190-i630n88t 82 3 highlights highlight VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 82 4 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 82 5 important important JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 82 6 numbers number NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 82 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 82 8 among among IN cord-311190-i630n88t 82 9 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 82 10 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 82 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 82 12 i i NN cord-311190-i630n88t 82 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 83 1 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 83 2 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 83 3 up up RB cord-311190-i630n88t 83 4 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 83 5 60 60 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 83 6 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 83 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 83 8 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 83 9 reported report VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 83 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 83 11 many many JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 83 12 IXPs ixp NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 83 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 83 14 ISPs isp NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 83 15 ; ; . cord-311190-i630n88t 84 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 84 2 ii ii LS cord-311190-i630n88t 84 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 84 4 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 84 5 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 6 up up IN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 7 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 84 8 24 24 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 84 9 times time NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 84 10 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 84 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 84 13 volumes volume NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 84 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 15 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 17 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 18 conferencing conferencing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 84 19 platforms platform NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 84 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 85 1 All all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 85 2 these these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 85 3 reports report NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 85 4 focus focus VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 85 5 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 85 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 85 7 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 85 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 85 9 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 85 10 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 85 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 85 12 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 85 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 85 14 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 85 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 86 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 86 2 believe believe VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 86 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 4 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 86 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 86 6 extremely extremely RB cord-311190-i630n88t 86 7 important important JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 86 8 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 86 10 without without IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 11 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 12 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 13 capacities capacity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 86 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 86 15 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 16 itself -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 86 17 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 86 18 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 86 19 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 86 20 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 21 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 22 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 86 23 estimation estimation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 86 26 perceived perceive VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 27 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 86 30 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 31 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 32 end end NN cord-311190-i630n88t 86 33 users user NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 86 34 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 87 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-311190-i630n88t 87 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 87 3 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 87 4 already already RB cord-311190-i630n88t 87 5 mentioned mention VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 87 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 87 7 all all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 87 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 87 9 currently currently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 87 10 available available JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 87 11 studies study NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 87 12 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 87 13 limited limit VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 87 14 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 87 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 87 16 boundaries boundary NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 87 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 87 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 87 19 organizations organization NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 87 20 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 87 21 provided provide VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 87 22 them -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 87 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 88 1 One one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 88 2 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 88 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 88 4 few few JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 88 5 papers paper NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 88 6 focusing focus VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 88 7 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 88 8 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 88 9 topic topic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 88 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 88 11 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 88 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 88 13 scientific scientific JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 88 14 perspective perspective NN cord-311190-i630n88t 88 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 88 16 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 88 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 88 18 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 88 19 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 88 20 Favale Favale NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 88 21 et et NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 88 22 al al NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 88 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 89 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 89 2 26 26 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 89 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 89 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 89 5 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 89 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 89 7 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 89 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 89 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 89 13 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 14 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 89 16 campus campus NN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 17 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 89 19 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 89 20 Italian Italian NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 89 21 University University NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 89 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 90 1 Favale Favale NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 90 2 et et NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 90 3 al al NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 90 4 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 91 1 highlight highlight VB cord-311190-i630n88t 91 2 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 91 3 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 91 4 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 5 decrease decrease NN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 7 incoming incoming JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 91 8 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 9 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 91 10 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 91 11 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 13 2.5 2.5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 91 14 times time NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 91 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 16 outgoing outgoing JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 91 17 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 91 19 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 20 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 91 21 consequence consequence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 23 remote remote JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 91 24 learning learning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 91 25 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 91 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 92 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-311190-i630n88t 92 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 92 3 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 92 4 passive passive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 92 5 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 92 6 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 7 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 92 8 Tstat Tstat NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 92 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 92 10 27 27 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 92 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 92 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 92 13 application application NN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 14 logs log NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 92 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 92 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 92 17 studied study VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 92 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 92 19 fruition fruition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 20 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 92 21 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 92 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 25 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 92 26 house house NN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 27 distance distance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 28 learning learning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 29 system system NN cord-311190-i630n88t 92 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 93 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 93 2 raw raw JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 93 3 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 93 4 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 93 5 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 93 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 93 7 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 93 8 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 93 9 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 93 10 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 93 11 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 93 12 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 93 13 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 93 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 93 15 7 7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 93 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 93 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 94 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 94 2 then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 94 3 filtered filter VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 94 4 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 94 5 enriched enrich VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 94 6 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 94 7 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 94 8 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 94 9 detailed detail VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 94 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 94 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 94 12 following follow VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 94 13 subsections subsection NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 94 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 95 1 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 95 2 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 95 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 95 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 95 5 globally globally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 95 6 distributed distribute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 95 7 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 95 8 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 95 9 platform platform NN cord-311190-i630n88t 95 10 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 95 11 produces produce VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 95 12 more more JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 95 13 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 95 14 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 95 15 000 000 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 95 16 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 95 17 per per IN cord-311190-i630n88t 95 18 second second JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 95 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 95 20 28 28 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 95 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 95 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 96 1 Among among IN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 96 3 open open JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 96 4 platforms platform NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 96 5 aimed aim VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 6 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 7 measuring measure VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 96 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 96 9 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 96 11 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 96 12 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 96 13 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 96 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 96 15 one one NN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 16 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 96 18 largest large JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 96 19 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 20 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 21 vantage vantage NN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 22 points point NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 96 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 96 24 29 29 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 96 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 96 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 96 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 96 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 96 29 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 96 30 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 96 31 massive massive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 96 32 presence presence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 33 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 96 34 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 96 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 97 1 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 97 2 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 97 3 automatically automatically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 97 4 carries carry VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 97 5 out out RP cord-311190-i630n88t 97 6 Anchoring Anchoring NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 97 7 Measurements Measurements NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 97 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 97 9 AMs AMs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 97 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 97 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 97 12 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 97 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 97 14 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 97 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 97 16 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 97 17 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 97 18 pre pre JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 97 19 - - VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 97 20 defined define VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 97 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 98 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 98 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 98 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 98 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 98 5 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 98 6 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 98 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 98 8 devices device NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 98 9 called call VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 98 10 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 98 11 periodically periodically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 98 12 perform perform VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 98 13 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 98 14 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 98 15 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 98 16 devices device NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 98 17 called call VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 98 18 anchors anchor NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 98 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 99 1 Anchors anchor NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 99 2 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 99 3 usually usually RB cord-311190-i630n88t 99 4 hosted host VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 99 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 99 6 IXPs IXPs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 99 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 99 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 99 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 99 10 operation operation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 99 11 centers center NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 99 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 99 13 ISPs isp NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 99 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 99 15 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 99 16 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 99 17 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 99 18 centers center NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 99 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 100 1 Hence hence RB cord-311190-i630n88t 100 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 100 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 100 4 enable enable VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 100 5 monitoring monitoring NN cord-311190-i630n88t 100 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 100 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 100 8 core core NN cord-311190-i630n88t 100 9 infrastructure infrastructure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 100 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 100 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 100 12 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 100 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 101 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 101 2 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 101 3 produced produce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 4 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 5 AMs am NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 101 6 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 101 7 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 8 extensively extensively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 101 9 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 10 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 11 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 101 12 research research NN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 14 see see VB cord-311190-i630n88t 101 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 101 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 17 instance instance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 101 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 20 30 30 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 101 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 101 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 24 31 31 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 101 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 101 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 28 32 32 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 101 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 30 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 101 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 32 33 33 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 101 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 34 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 101 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 36 34 34 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 101 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 39 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 101 40 operational operational JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 101 41 purposes purpose NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 101 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 43 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 44 example example NN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 45 DNSMON DNSMON NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 101 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 47 35 35 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 101 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 49 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 101 50 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 101 51 service service NN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 52 aimed aim VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 53 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 54 monitoring monitor VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 101 55 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 101 56 worldwide worldwide JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 101 57 core core NN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 58 DNS dns NN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 59 infrastructure infrastructure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 101 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 101 61 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 102 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 102 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 102 3 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 102 4 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 102 5 allows allow VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 102 6 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 102 7 users user NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 102 8 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 102 9 collect collect VB cord-311190-i630n88t 102 10 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 102 11 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 102 12 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 102 13 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 102 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 103 1 Results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 103 2 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 3 User User NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 103 4 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 103 5 Defined define VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 6 Measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 103 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 103 8 UDMs UDMs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 103 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 103 10 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 103 11 stored store VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 13 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 103 14 database database NN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 15 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 16 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 103 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 103 18 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 103 19 accessible accessible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 103 20 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 103 22 public public NN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 103 24 access access NN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 25 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 103 26 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 103 27 restricted restrict VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 28 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 103 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 103 30 experimenters experimenter NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 103 31 who who WP cord-311190-i630n88t 103 32 triggered trigger VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 103 33 them -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 103 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 103 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 104 1 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 104 2 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 104 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 104 4 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 104 5 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 104 6 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 104 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 104 8 relies rely VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 104 9 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 104 10 classical classical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 104 11 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 104 12 tools tool NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 104 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 105 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 105 2 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 3 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 4 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 105 5 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 105 6 node node NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 7 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 8 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 105 9 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 10 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 105 11 estimated estimate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 12 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 13 means mean NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 105 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 105 16 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 17 tool tool NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 18 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 105 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 105 20 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 21 known know VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 105 23 makes make VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 105 24 use use NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 25 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 26 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 27 echo echo NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 28 requests request NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 105 29 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 105 30 echo echo NN cord-311190-i630n88t 105 31 replies reply NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 105 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 106 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 106 2 AMs am NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 106 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 106 4 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 106 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 106 6 launched launch VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 106 7 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 106 8 collect collect VB cord-311190-i630n88t 106 9 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 106 10 Round Round NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 106 11 Trip Trip NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 106 12 Time Time NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 106 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 106 14 RTT RTT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 106 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 106 16 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 106 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 107 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 2 UDMs udm NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 107 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 107 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 107 5 default default NN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 6 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 8 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 9 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 10 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 107 11 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 107 12 again again RB cord-311190-i630n88t 107 13 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 107 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 107 15 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 107 16 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 107 17 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 18 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 107 19 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 107 20 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 107 21 changed change VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 22 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 107 24 experimenter experimenter NN cord-311190-i630n88t 107 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 108 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 108 2 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 108 5 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 7 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 108 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 9 relies rely VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 108 10 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 108 12 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 108 13 generated generate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 14 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 108 15 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 108 16 AMs am NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 108 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 108 18 UDMs UDMs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 108 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 109 1 Starting start VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 109 2 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 109 4 dates date NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 109 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 109 7 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 109 8 reported report VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 10 Table Table NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 109 11 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 109 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 109 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 109 14 considered consider VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 109 15 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 109 16 AMs am NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 109 17 comprised comprise VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 109 20 interval interval NN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 21 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 109 23 11th 11th NN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 25 February February NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 109 26 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 109 28 26th 26th NN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 29 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 109 30 March March NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 109 31 2020 2020 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 109 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 110 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 110 2 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 4 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 110 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 110 6 anchors anchor NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 110 7 involved involve VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 110 10 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 110 11 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 110 12 stable stable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 110 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 110 14 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 15 little little JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 110 16 variations variation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 110 17 caused cause VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 18 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 110 20 possible possible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 110 21 temporary temporary JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 110 22 unavailability unavailability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 110 24 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 110 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 111 1 Since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 2 AMs am NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 111 3 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 111 4 performed perform VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 5 periodically periodically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 111 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 111 7 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 111 9 entire entire JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 111 10 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 12 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 111 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 111 15 provide provide VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 111 16 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 17 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 111 19 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 20 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 21 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 22 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 111 23 stable stable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 111 24 point point NN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 25 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 26 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 111 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 112 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 112 3 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 112 4 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 5 sure sure JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 112 6 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 112 7 eliminate eliminate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 8 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 112 9 occurring occur VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 112 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 112 12 short short JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 112 13 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 14 frame frame NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 112 16 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 17 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 18 covering cover VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 112 19 appropriately appropriately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 112 21 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 22 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 112 24 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 112 25 further further RB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 26 filtered filter VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 112 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 112 28 selection selection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 29 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 112 30 contain contain VB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 31 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 32 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 112 33 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 112 34 concerning concern VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 112 35 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 36 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 112 37 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 38 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 112 39 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 112 40 produced produce VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 112 41 successful successful JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 112 42 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 112 43 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 44 at at RB cord-311190-i630n88t 112 45 least least RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 112 46 40 40 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 112 47 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 112 48 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 112 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 112 50 90 90 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 112 51 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 52 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 53 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 112 54 total total JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 112 55 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 56 frame frame NN cord-311190-i630n88t 112 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 112 58 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 113 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 113 2 position position NN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 4 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 113 6 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 7 nodes node NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 113 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 113 9 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 113 10 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 113 11 analyze analyze VB cord-311190-i630n88t 113 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 113 13 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 14 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 15 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 113 16 country country NN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 17 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 113 18 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 19 basis basis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 113 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 114 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 2 AMs am NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 114 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 114 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 114 5 position position NN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 7 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 114 8 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 9 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 114 10 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 11 nodes node NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 114 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 114 13 well well RB cord-311190-i630n88t 114 14 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 114 15 known know VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 114 17 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 18 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 114 19 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 20 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 114 21 provided provide VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 22 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 23 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 114 24 node node NN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 25 participating participate VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 114 26 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 114 28 platform platform NN cord-311190-i630n88t 114 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 115 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 115 2 use use VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 115 3 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 115 4 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 115 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 115 6 select select VB cord-311190-i630n88t 115 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 115 8 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 115 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 115 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 115 11 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 115 12 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 115 13 having have VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 115 14 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 115 15 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 115 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 115 17 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 115 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 115 19 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 115 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 116 1 From from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 116 2 now now RB cord-311190-i630n88t 116 3 on on RB cord-311190-i630n88t 116 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 116 5 will will MD cord-311190-i630n88t 116 6 refer refer VB cord-311190-i630n88t 116 7 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 116 8 such such PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 116 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 116 10 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 116 11 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 116 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 116 13 AM am NN cord-311190-i630n88t 116 14 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 116 15 derived derive VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 116 16 dataset dataset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 116 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 116 18 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 116 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 116 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 117 1 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 117 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 117 3 composed compose VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 5 more more JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 117 6 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 7 11.7 11.7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 117 8 billion billion CD cord-311190-i630n88t 117 9 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 10 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 117 11 generated generate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 12 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 13 303 303 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 117 14 603 603 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 117 15 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 16 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 117 17 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 18 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 117 19 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 117 21 monitored monitored JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 117 22 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 23 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 117 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 118 1 Users user NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 118 2 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 118 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 118 4 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 118 5 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 118 6 platform platform NN cord-311190-i630n88t 118 7 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 118 8 define define VB cord-311190-i630n88t 118 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 118 10 own own JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 118 11 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 118 12 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 118 13 according accord VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 118 14 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 118 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 118 16 needs need NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 118 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 118 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 118 19 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 118 20 terests terest NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 118 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 119 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 119 2 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 119 3 select select VB cord-311190-i630n88t 119 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 119 5 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 7 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 119 8 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 119 9 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 119 10 probed probe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 119 12 define define VB cord-311190-i630n88t 119 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 119 14 periodicity periodicity NN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 16 probing probe VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 119 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 119 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 119 19 set set VB cord-311190-i630n88t 119 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 119 21 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 22 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 119 23 span span NN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 25 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 119 26 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 119 27 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 119 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 120 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 120 2 UDMs udm NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 120 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 120 4 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 120 5 frequently frequently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 120 6 include include VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 120 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 120 8 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 120 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 120 10 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 120 11 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 120 12 companies company NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 120 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 120 14 DNS dns NN cord-311190-i630n88t 120 15 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 120 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 120 17 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 120 18 privately privately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 120 19 owned own VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 120 20 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 120 21 resources resource NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 120 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 121 1 As as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 121 2 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 121 3 consequence consequence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 121 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 121 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 121 6 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 121 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 121 8 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 121 9 involved involve VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 121 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 121 11 UDMs udm NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 121 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 121 13 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 121 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 122 1 Sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 122 2 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 122 3 always always RB cord-311190-i630n88t 122 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 122 5 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 122 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 122 7 RIPE ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 122 8 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 122 9 nodes node NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 122 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 122 11 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 122 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 122 13 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 122 14 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 122 15 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 122 16 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 122 17 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 122 18 user user NN cord-311190-i630n88t 122 19 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 122 20 user user NN cord-311190-i630n88t 122 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 123 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 123 3 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 123 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 123 6 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 123 7 interested interested JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 123 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 123 10 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 12 UDMs udms NN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 13 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 123 14 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 15 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 123 16 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 123 17 possibly possibly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 123 18 scheduled schedule VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 19 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 123 21 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 123 22 outbreak outbreak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 23 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 24 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 123 25 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 123 26 repeated repeat VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 123 27 periodically periodically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 123 28 throughout throughout IN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 123 30 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 31 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 123 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 124 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 124 2 obtain obtain VB cord-311190-i630n88t 124 3 such such PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 124 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 124 5 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 124 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 124 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 124 8 adopted adopt VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 124 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 124 10 following follow VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 124 11 strategies strategy NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 124 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 125 1 First first RB cord-311190-i630n88t 125 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 125 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 125 4 extracted extract VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 125 5 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 125 6 periodic periodic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 125 7 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 125 8 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 125 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 125 10 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 125 11 configured configure VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 125 12 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 125 13 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 125 14 automatically automatically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 125 15 repeated repeat VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 125 16 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 125 17 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 125 18 certain certain JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 125 19 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 125 20 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 125 21 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 125 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 126 1 Second second RB cord-311190-i630n88t 126 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 126 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 126 4 discarded discard VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 126 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 126 6 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 126 7 configured configure VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 126 8 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 126 9 collect collect VB cord-311190-i630n88t 126 10 less less JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 126 11 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 126 12 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 126 13 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 126 14 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 126 15 per per IN cord-311190-i630n88t 126 16 ping ping FW cord-311190-i630n88t 126 17 execution execution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 126 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 127 1 Third third RB cord-311190-i630n88t 127 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 127 3 similarly similarly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 127 4 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 127 5 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 127 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 127 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 127 8 filtered filter VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 127 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 127 10 selection selection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 127 11 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 127 12 contain contain VB cord-311190-i630n88t 127 13 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 127 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 127 15 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 127 16 concerning concern VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 127 17 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 127 18 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 127 19 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 127 20 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 127 21 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 127 22 produced produce VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 127 23 successful successful JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 127 24 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 127 25 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 127 26 at at RB cord-311190-i630n88t 127 27 least least RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 127 28 40 40 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 127 29 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 127 30 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 127 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 128 1 Fourth fourth RB cord-311190-i630n88t 128 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 128 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 128 4 restricted restrict VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 128 5 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 128 6 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 128 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 128 8 ones one NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 128 9 targeting target VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 128 10 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 128 11 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 128 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 128 13 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 128 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 129 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 129 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 129 3 important important JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 129 4 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 129 5 notice notice VB cord-311190-i630n88t 129 6 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 8 UDMs udms NN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 9 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 129 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 129 11 location location NN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 129 14 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 15 nodes node NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 129 16 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 129 17 wellknown wellknown JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 129 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 129 19 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 129 21 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 129 22 provided provide VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 23 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 129 24 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 129 25 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 129 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 130 1 Hence hence RB cord-311190-i630n88t 130 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 130 3 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 130 4 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 130 5 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 130 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 130 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 130 8 estimated estimate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 130 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 130 10 position position NN cord-311190-i630n88t 130 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 130 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 130 13 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 130 14 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 130 15 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 130 16 RIPE ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 130 17 IPmap IPmap NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 130 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 130 19 36 36 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 130 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 130 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 131 1 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 131 2 IPmap IPmap NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 131 3 uses use VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 131 4 active active JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 131 5 geolocation geolocation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 131 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 131 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 131 9 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 131 10 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 11 reported report VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 12 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 131 13 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 131 14 100 100 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 131 15 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 16 accurate accurate JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 131 17 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 18 continent continent NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 19 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 131 21 99.58 99.58 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 131 22 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 23 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 24 country country NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 25 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 131 27 37 37 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 131 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 131 29 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 131 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 131 31 80.3 80.3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 131 32 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 33 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 34 city city NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 35 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 131 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 131 37 38 38 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 131 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 131 39 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 132 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 132 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 132 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 132 4 used use VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 132 5 MaxMind MaxMind NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 132 6 Ge Ge NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 132 7 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 132 8 oLite2 olite2 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 132 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 132 10 39 39 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 132 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 132 12 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 13 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 132 14 fallback fallback JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 132 15 tool tool NN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 132 17 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 18 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 20 failed fail VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 21 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 22 geolocation geolocation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 23 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 132 24 RIPE ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 132 25 IPmap IPmap NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 132 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 133 1 Measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 133 2 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 133 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 133 4 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 133 5 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 133 6 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 133 7 successfully successfully RB cord-311190-i630n88t 133 8 geolocated geolocate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 133 9 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 133 10 these these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 133 11 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 133 12 tools tool NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 133 13 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 133 14 discarded discard VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 133 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 134 1 Finally finally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 134 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 134 3 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 4 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 134 5 cases case NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 134 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 134 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 134 8 had have VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 134 9 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 134 10 limit limit VB cord-311190-i630n88t 134 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 134 12 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 14 extracted extract VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 15 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 16 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 17 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 134 19 almost almost RB cord-311190-i630n88t 134 20 unmanageable unmanageable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 134 21 volume volume NN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 23 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 134 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 134 26 repository repository NN cord-311190-i630n88t 134 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 135 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 135 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 135 4 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 135 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 135 6 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 8 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 135 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 135 11 geographic geographic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 135 12 area area NN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 14 interest interest NN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 15 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 135 16 too too RB cord-311190-i630n88t 135 17 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 135 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 135 19 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 135 20 randomly randomly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 135 21 selected select VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 135 22 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 135 23 000 000 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 135 24 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 135 25 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 135 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 135 27 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 28 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 135 29 restricted restrict VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 30 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 135 31 them -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 135 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 136 1 Even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 136 2 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 136 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 136 4 had have VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 136 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 136 6 limit limit VB cord-311190-i630n88t 136 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 136 8 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 10 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 136 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 136 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 136 13 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 15 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 136 16 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 17 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 136 18 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 136 19 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 136 20 started start VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 21 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 136 22 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 136 23 subject subject JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 136 24 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 25 any any DT cord-311190-i630n88t 136 26 limitation limitation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 136 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 137 1 From from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 2 now now RB cord-311190-i630n88t 137 3 on on RB cord-311190-i630n88t 137 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 137 5 will will MD cord-311190-i630n88t 137 6 refer refer VB cord-311190-i630n88t 137 7 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 137 9 dataset dataset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 10 built build VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 11 according accord VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 137 12 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 137 14 above above RB cord-311190-i630n88t 137 15 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 137 16 described describe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 17 procedure procedure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 18 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 137 20 UDMderived UDMderived NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 137 21 dataset dataset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 137 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 137 23 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 137 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 137 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 138 1 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 138 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 138 3 composed compose VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 5 more more JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 138 6 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 7 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 138 8 billion billion CD cord-311190-i630n88t 138 9 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 10 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 138 11 generated generate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 12 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 13 671 671 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 138 14 292 292 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 138 15 sourcetarget sourcetarget NN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 16 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 138 17 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 138 19 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 20 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 21 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 138 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 139 1 Let let VB cord-311190-i630n88t 139 2 d d NN cord-311190-i630n88t 139 3 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 139 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 139 5 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 139 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 139 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 139 8 given give VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 139 9 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 139 10 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 139 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 140 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 2 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 140 3 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 140 4 roughly roughly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 140 5 expressed express VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 6 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 7 d d NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 8 = = FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 9 d d FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 10 tra tra FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 11 + + FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 12 d d FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 13 pro pro FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 14 + + FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 15 d d FW cord-311190-i630n88t 140 16 que que NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 140 18 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 140 19 d d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 20 tra tra NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 21 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 140 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 140 23 transmission transmission NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 24 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 140 26 d d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 27 pro pro NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 28 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 140 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 140 30 propagation propagation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 31 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 32 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 140 33 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 140 34 d d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 35 que que NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 140 36 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 140 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 140 38 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 39 spent spend VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 40 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 41 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 42 queues queue NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 140 43 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 140 44 processing processing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 45 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 46 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 140 47 routers router NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 140 48 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 140 49 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 50 host host NN cord-311190-i630n88t 140 51 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 141 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 2 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 141 3 wide wide JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 141 4 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 141 5 area area NN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 6 scenario scenario NN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 7 like like IN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 141 9 one one NN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 10 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 141 12 d d FW cord-311190-i630n88t 141 13 pro pro FW cord-311190-i630n88t 141 14 amounts amount VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 141 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 16 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 141 17 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 141 18 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 141 21 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 141 22 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 141 24 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 25 signals signal NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 141 26 travel travel VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 141 27 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 28 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 141 29 200 200 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 141 30 km km NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 141 31 / / SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 141 32 ms ms NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 141 33 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 34 fiber fiber NN cord-311190-i630n88t 141 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 142 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-311190-i630n88t 142 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 142 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 142 4 only only JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 142 5 component component NN cord-311190-i630n88t 142 6 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 142 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 142 8 going go VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 142 9 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 142 10 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 142 11 affected affect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 142 12 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 142 13 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 142 14 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 142 15 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 142 16 d d XX cord-311190-i630n88t 142 17 que que NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 142 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 143 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 143 2 isolate isolate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 143 3 d d XX cord-311190-i630n88t 143 4 que que NN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 5 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 143 7 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 143 8 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 143 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 143 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 143 11 d d XX cord-311190-i630n88t 143 12 tra tra FW cord-311190-i630n88t 143 13 + + CC cord-311190-i630n88t 143 14 d d FW cord-311190-i630n88t 143 15 pro pro JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 143 16 component component NN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 17 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 143 18 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 143 19 estimated estimate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 20 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 143 22 minimum minimum NN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 23 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 24 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 25 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 26 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 143 27 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 29 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 30 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 143 31 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 32 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 33 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 143 34 given give VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 35 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 143 36 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 144 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 144 2 larger large JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 144 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 144 4 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 6 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 7 samples sample NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 144 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 144 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 144 10 better well JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 144 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 144 12 quality quality NN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 144 15 estimate estimate NN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 16 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 144 17 intuitively intuitively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 144 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 144 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 144 20 collection collection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 22 more more JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 144 23 samples sample NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 144 24 increases increase VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 144 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 144 26 probability probability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 27 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 28 finding find VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 144 29 lightly lightly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 144 30 loaded load VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 31 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 144 32 conditions condition NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 144 33 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 145 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 145 2 approach approach NN cord-311190-i630n88t 145 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 145 4 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 145 5 novel novel JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 145 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 145 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 145 8 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 145 9 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 145 10 followed follow VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 145 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 145 12 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 145 13 studies study NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 145 14 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 145 15 characterize characterize VB cord-311190-i630n88t 145 16 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 145 17 variations variation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 145 18 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 145 19 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 145 20 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 145 21 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 145 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 146 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 146 3 40 40 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 146 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 146 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 146 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 7 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 146 8 hostpair hostpair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 146 10 difference difference NN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 11 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 146 13 maximum maximum JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 146 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 146 15 minimum minimum JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 146 16 RTT RTT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 146 17 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 19 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 146 20 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 21 bin bin NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 146 22 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 146 23 calculated calculate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 146 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 147 1 Then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 147 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 147 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 147 4 evolution evolution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 147 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 147 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 147 7 obtained obtain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 147 8 difference difference NN cord-311190-i630n88t 147 9 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 147 10 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 147 11 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 147 12 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 147 13 investigate investigate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 147 14 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 147 15 transient transient JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 147 16 congestion congestion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 147 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 148 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 148 2 use use NN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 148 5 minimum minimum NN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 6 observed observe VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 148 7 RTT RTT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 148 8 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 9 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 148 10 approximation approximation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 148 13 fixed fix VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 14 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 15 associated associate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 16 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 17 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 148 18 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 19 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 148 20 adopted adopt VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 21 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 148 22 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 148 24 41 41 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 148 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 148 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 148 27 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 148 28 study study VB cord-311190-i630n88t 148 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 148 30 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 31 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 148 32 TCP TCP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 148 33 connections connection NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 148 34 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 149 1 Delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 2 variation variation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 3 metrics metric NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 149 4 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 149 5 discussed discuss VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 7 RFC RFC NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 149 8 5481 5481 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 149 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 149 10 42 42 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 149 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 149 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 149 13 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 149 14 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 149 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 149 17 most most RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 149 18 widely widely RB cord-311190-i630n88t 149 19 implemented implement VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 20 formulations formulation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 149 21 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 149 22 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 23 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 149 25 use use NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 149 28 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 29 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 149 31 minimum minimum JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 149 32 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 33 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 34 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 149 35 sample sample NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 36 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 149 38 reference reference NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 39 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 149 40 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 150 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 150 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 150 4 Packet Packet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 150 5 Delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 6 Variation variation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 150 8 defined define VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 10 RFC RFC NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 150 11 5481 5481 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 150 12 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 150 14 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 150 15 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 150 16 way way NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 17 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 150 20 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 21 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 22 minus minus IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 150 24 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 150 25 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 150 26 way way NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 27 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 150 30 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 31 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 32 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 150 33 lowest low JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 150 34 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 35 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 36 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 37 over over IN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 38 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 150 39 current current JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 150 40 test test NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 41 interval interval NN cord-311190-i630n88t 150 42 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 151 1 Using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 151 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 151 3 minimum minimum JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 151 4 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 5 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 151 7 basis basis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 8 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 9 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 10 variation variation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 11 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 151 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 151 13 preferred preferred JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 151 14 method method NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 15 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 151 16 according accord VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 151 17 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 151 19 ITU ITU NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 151 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 151 21 T T NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 151 22 Y.1540 Y.1540 : cord-311190-i630n88t 151 23 Recommendation recommendation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 151 25 43 43 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 151 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 151 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 151 28 albeit albeit IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 29 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 151 30 considering consider VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 151 31 2-point 2-point JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 151 32 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 33 delays delay NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 151 34 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 151 35 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 151 36 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 151 37 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 151 38 way way NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 39 delays delay NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 151 40 computed compute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 41 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 42 means mean NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 151 43 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 44 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 151 45 absolute absolute JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 151 46 arrival arrival NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 47 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 48 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 49 destination destination NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 50 minus minus IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 51 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 151 52 departure departure JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 151 53 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 54 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 55 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 151 56 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 57 host host NN cord-311190-i630n88t 151 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 151 59 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 152 1 Starting start VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 152 2 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 152 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 152 4 above above JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 152 5 considerations consideration NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 152 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 152 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 152 8 defined define VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 152 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 152 10 following following JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 152 11 method method NN cord-311190-i630n88t 152 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 153 1 Each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 153 2 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 3 node node NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 5 say say VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 6 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 153 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 8 measures measure VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 153 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 153 10 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 11 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 153 13 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 15 say say VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 16 b b NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 18 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 153 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 153 20 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 21 command command NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 22 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 23 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 24 t t NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 26 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 153 27 produces produce VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 153 28 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 153 29 list list NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 30 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 31 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 32 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 153 33 D d NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 34 ab ab NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 35 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 36 = = NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 37 { { -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 153 38 RT RT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 39 T T NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 40 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 153 41 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 42 RT RT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 43 T T NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 44 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 153 45 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 46 ... ... NFP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 47 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 153 48 RT RT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 49 T T NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 153 50 n n NN cord-311190-i630n88t 153 51 } } -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 153 52 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 154 1 Let let VB cord-311190-i630n88t 154 2 us -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 154 3 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 154 4 define define VB cord-311190-i630n88t 154 5 d d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 154 6 ab ab NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 7 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 154 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 154 9 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 10 = = SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 154 11 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 12 D D NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 154 13 ab ab NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 154 14 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 154 16 minimum minimum NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 154 18 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 154 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 154 20 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 154 21 maximum maximum JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 154 22 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 23 found find VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 154 26 execution execution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 27 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 154 29 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 30 command command NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 31 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 32 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 33 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 34 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 35 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 154 36 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 37 b. b. NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 154 38 First first RB cord-311190-i630n88t 154 39 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 154 40 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 154 41 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 154 42 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 154 43 global global JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 154 44 minimum minimum NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 45 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 46 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 47 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 48 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 154 49 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 50 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 154 51 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 52 pair pair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 53 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 54 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 154 55 O o UH cord-311190-i630n88t 154 56 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 154 57 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 154 58 entire entire JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 154 59 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 60 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 61 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 154 62 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 155 1 Since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 155 3 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 4 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 155 6 considered consider VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 155 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 155 8 relatively relatively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 155 9 long long JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 155 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 155 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 155 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 155 13 possible possible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 155 14 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 15 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 155 16 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 17 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 155 18 occurred occur VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 155 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 155 20 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 155 21 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 155 23 set set NN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 25 traversed traverse VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 155 26 routers router NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 155 27 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 155 28 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 155 29 always always RB cord-311190-i630n88t 155 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 155 31 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 155 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 156 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 156 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 156 3 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 156 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 156 5 problem problem NN cord-311190-i630n88t 156 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 156 7 provided provide VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 156 8 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 156 9 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 156 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 156 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 156 12 above above JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 156 13 concepts concept NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 156 14 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 156 15 reformulated reformulate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 156 16 appropriately appropriately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 156 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 157 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 2 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 3 scenario scenario NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 4 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 157 5 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 6 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 157 7 occur occur VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 157 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 157 9 m m NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 157 10 ab ab NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 157 11 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 157 12 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 13 estimate estimate NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 16 transmission transmission NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 157 18 propagation propagation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 19 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 20 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 22 best good JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 157 23 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 24 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 25 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 26 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 157 27 b b NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 28 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 157 29 among among IN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 30 all all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 31 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 32 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 157 33 followed follow VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 34 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 35 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 157 36 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 37 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 157 38 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 158 1 Then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 158 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 158 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 158 4 used use VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 158 5 m m NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 158 6 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 158 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 158 8 baseline baseline NN cord-311190-i630n88t 158 9 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 158 10 estimate estimate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 158 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 158 12 additional additional JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 158 13 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 158 14 experienced experience VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 158 15 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 158 16 every every DT cord-311190-i630n88t 158 17 single single JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 158 18 pair pair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 158 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 158 20 nodes node NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 158 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 159 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 159 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 159 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 159 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 159 5 computed compute VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 159 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 159 7 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 159 8 couple couple NN cord-311190-i630n88t 159 9 ab ab NN cord-311190-i630n88t 159 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 159 11 nodes node NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 159 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 159 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 159 14 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 159 15 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 159 16 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 159 17 ∈ ∈ NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 159 18 O. O. NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 160 2 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 160 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 4 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 5 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 160 7 t t NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 160 9 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 10 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 160 12 t t NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 160 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 160 15 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 16 max max NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 160 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 160 18 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 20 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 160 21 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 22 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 160 23 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 24 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 160 25 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 160 27 region region NN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 29 interest interest NN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 30 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 160 31 then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 160 32 grouped group VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 33 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 34 buckets bucket NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 160 35 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 36 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 160 37 duration duration NN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 38 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 160 39 30 30 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 160 40 minutes minute NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 160 41 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 160 42 averaged average VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 160 43 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 161 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 161 2 last last JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 161 3 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 4 originates originate VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 161 5 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 6 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 161 7 interest interest NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 9 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 161 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 161 11 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 161 14 changed change VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 15 style style NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 17 life life NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 18 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 19 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 161 20 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 161 21 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 161 23 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 24 instance instance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 25 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 161 27 country country NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 28 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 161 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 162 1 More more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 162 2 formally formally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 162 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 162 4 let let VB cord-311190-i630n88t 162 5 us -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 6 call call VB cord-311190-i630n88t 162 7 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 8 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 162 10 k k NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 162 12 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 13 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 162 15 k k NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 162 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 162 18 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 19 max max NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 162 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 162 21 k k XX cord-311190-i630n88t 163 1 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 163 2 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 163 3 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 163 4 obtained obtain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 163 7 kth kth JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 163 8 bucket bucket NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 9 T T NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 10 k k NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 11 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 163 12 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 13 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 163 15 k k NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 16 = = SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 163 17 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 18 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 19 ab ab NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 20 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 163 22 t t NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 23 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 24 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 163 26 k k NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 27 = = SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 163 28 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 29 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 30 ab ab NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 31 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 32 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 163 33 t t NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 34 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 35 max max NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 36 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 163 37 k k NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 38 = = SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 163 39 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 40 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 41 ab ab NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 42 max max NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 43 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 163 44 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 45 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 46 t t NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 47 ∈ ∈ NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 48 T T NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 163 49 k k NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 50 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 163 51 across across IN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 52 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 163 53 ab ab NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 54 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 163 55 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 56 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 57 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 163 58 region region NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 59 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 60 interest interest NN cord-311190-i630n88t 163 61 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 164 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 2 practice practice NN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 164 4 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 164 5 represents represent VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 164 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 164 7 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 164 8 additional additional JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 164 9 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 10 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 11 respect respect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 12 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 164 14 best good JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 164 15 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 16 ever ever RB cord-311190-i630n88t 164 17 followed follow VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 18 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 164 20 whole whole JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 164 21 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 22 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 164 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 165 1 Note note VB cord-311190-i630n88t 165 2 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 4 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 165 6 computed compute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 7 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 8 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 9 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 165 10 occurred occur VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 165 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 12 that that DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 13 specific specific JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 165 14 bucket bucket NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 165 16 across across IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 17 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 18 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 19 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 165 20 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 21 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 165 22 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 23 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 25 region region NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 27 interest interest NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 165 29 e.g. e.g. RB cord-311190-i630n88t 165 30 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 31 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 32 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 165 33 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 34 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 165 35 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 36 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 165 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 165 38 ; ; : cord-311190-i630n88t 165 39 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 40 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 41 consequence consequence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 42 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 165 43 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 165 44 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 45 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 46 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 47 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 165 48 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 165 49 greater great JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 165 50 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 165 51 zero zero CD cord-311190-i630n88t 165 52 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 166 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 166 2 have have VB cord-311190-i630n88t 166 3 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 166 4 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 166 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 166 6 k k NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 166 7 equal equal JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 166 8 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 166 9 zero zero CD cord-311190-i630n88t 167 1 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 167 2 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 167 3 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 167 4 ab ab NN cord-311190-i630n88t 167 5 couples couple NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 167 6 should should MD cord-311190-i630n88t 167 7 experience experience VB cord-311190-i630n88t 167 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 167 9 almost almost RB cord-311190-i630n88t 167 10 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-311190-i630n88t 167 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 167 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 167 13 best good JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 167 14 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 167 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 167 16 m m NN cord-311190-i630n88t 167 17 ab ab NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 167 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 167 19 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 167 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 167 21 kth kth JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 167 22 bucket bucket NN cord-311190-i630n88t 167 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 167 24 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 167 25 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 167 26 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 167 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 168 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 168 2 smallest small JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 168 3 observed observed JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 168 4 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 168 5 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 168 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 168 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 168 8 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 168 9 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 168 10 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 168 11 pair pair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 168 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 168 13 m m NN cord-311190-i630n88t 168 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 169 1 provides provide VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 169 2 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 169 3 indication indication NN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 169 6 " " `` cord-311190-i630n88t 169 7 uncompressible uncompressible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 169 8 " " '' cord-311190-i630n88t 169 9 component component NN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 169 12 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 13 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 14 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 169 15 pair pair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 169 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 169 18 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 19 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 169 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 169 21 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 169 22 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 169 23 excluded exclude VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 25 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 169 26 study study NN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 27 aimed aim VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 28 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 29 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 169 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 169 31 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 33 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 169 34 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 169 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 170 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 170 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 170 3 section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 170 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 170 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 170 6 provide provide VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 170 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 170 8 picture picture NN cord-311190-i630n88t 170 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 170 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 170 11 datasets dataset NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 170 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 170 13 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 170 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 170 15 geographical geographical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 170 16 extension extension NN cord-311190-i630n88t 170 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 170 18 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 170 19 RTT RTT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 170 20 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 170 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 171 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 2 1a 1a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 171 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 171 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 171 5 distribution distribution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 7 distances distance NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 171 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 9 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 10 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 171 11 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 12 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 171 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 14 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 171 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 171 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 171 17 both both CC cord-311190-i630n88t 171 18 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 171 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 171 20 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 171 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 172 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 2 detail detail NN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 172 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 172 5 distances distance NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 172 6 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 7 hosts host NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 172 8 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 172 9 computed compute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 10 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 11 Great Great NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 172 12 Circle Circle NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 172 13 Distances Distances NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 172 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 172 15 GCDs gcd NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 172 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 172 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 172 18 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 172 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 172 20 length length NN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 172 23 shortest short JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 172 24 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 25 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 172 27 surface surface NN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 172 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 172 30 Earth Earth NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 172 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 173 1 Actual actual JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 173 2 distances distance NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 173 3 travelled travel VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 4 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 5 packets packet NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 173 6 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 173 7 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 173 8 larger large JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 173 9 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 173 11 corresponding correspond VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 173 12 GCDs gcd NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 173 13 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 15 circuitousness circuitousness NN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 17 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 18 routes route NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 173 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 173 20 deviations deviation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 173 21 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 173 22 shortest short JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 173 23 physical physical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 173 24 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 173 25 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 173 26 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 173 27 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 173 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 173 29 44 44 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 173 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 173 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 173 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 174 1 Distances distance NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 174 2 span span VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 174 3 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 174 4 couple couple NN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 5 orders order NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 174 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 7 magnitude magnitude NN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 174 9 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 10 few few JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 174 11 kilometers kilometer NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 174 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 174 13 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 174 14 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 174 16 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 17 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 174 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 174 20 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 174 21 city city NN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 22 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 174 23 metropolitan metropolitan JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 174 24 region region NN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 174 26 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 174 27 almost almost RB cord-311190-i630n88t 174 28 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 174 29 thousand thousand CD cord-311190-i630n88t 174 30 kilometers kilometer NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 174 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 175 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 2 1b 1b CD cord-311190-i630n88t 175 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 175 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 175 5 distribution distribution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 7 distances distance NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 175 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 9 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 175 10 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 11 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 175 12 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 13 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 175 14 limited limit VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 175 16 500 500 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 175 17 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 175 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 175 19 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 175 20 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 175 21 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 175 22 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 175 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 175 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 176 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 176 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 176 3 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 176 4 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 176 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 176 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 176 7 had have VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 176 8 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 176 9 limit limit VB cord-311190-i630n88t 176 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 176 11 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 176 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 176 13 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 176 14 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 176 15 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 176 16 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 176 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 176 18 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 176 19 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 176 20 compute compute VB cord-311190-i630n88t 176 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 176 22 distance distance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 1 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 177 2 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 3 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 177 4 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 5 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 177 6 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 177 7 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 177 8 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 9 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 10 city city NN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 11 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 177 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 177 14 active active JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 177 15 geolocation geolocation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 177 16 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 177 17 expensive expensive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 177 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 178 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 2 both both CC cord-311190-i630n88t 178 3 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 178 4 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 178 5 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 178 6 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 178 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 178 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 178 9 distances distance NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 178 10 reported report VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 12 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 178 13 1a 1a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 178 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 178 15 1b 1b CD cord-311190-i630n88t 178 16 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 178 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 178 18 ones one NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 178 19 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 20 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 178 21 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 178 22 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 178 23 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 24 able able JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 178 25 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 178 26 compute compute VB cord-311190-i630n88t 178 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 178 28 position position NN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 29 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 178 31 involved involve VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 32 nodes node NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 178 33 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 34 city city NN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 35 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 178 37 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 178 38 83 83 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 178 39 - - SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 178 40 98 98 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 178 41 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 42 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 43 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 178 44 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 178 45 couples couple NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 178 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 178 47 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 179 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 179 2 believe believe VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 179 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 179 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 179 5 distributions distribution NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 179 6 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 179 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 179 8 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 179 9 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 179 10 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 179 11 reasonably reasonably RB cord-311190-i630n88t 179 12 close close JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 179 13 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 179 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 179 15 ones one NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 179 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 179 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 179 18 complete complete JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 179 19 datasets dataset NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 179 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 180 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 180 2 distributions distribution NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 180 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 4 minimum minimum JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 180 5 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 6 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 7 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 8 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 9 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 180 10 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 11 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 180 12 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 13 pair pair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 180 15 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 180 16 m m NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 180 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 180 18 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 19 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 20 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 180 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 180 22 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 180 24 whole whole NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 25 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 26 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 180 27 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 180 28 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 29 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 30 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 31 1c 1c NN cord-311190-i630n88t 180 32 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 180 33 1d 1d CD cord-311190-i630n88t 180 34 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 180 35 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 180 36 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 181 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 181 2 wide wide JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 181 3 range range NN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 5 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 181 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 181 7 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 8 few few JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 181 9 milliseconds millisecond NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 181 10 up up RP cord-311190-i630n88t 181 11 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 12 ∼ ∼ NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 181 13 40 40 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 181 14 ms m NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 181 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 16 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 181 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 181 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 181 19 up up IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 20 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 21 ∼ ∼ NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 181 22 80 80 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 181 23 ms m NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 181 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 25 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 181 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 181 27 originates originate VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 181 28 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 181 30 geographical geographical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 181 31 extension extension NN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 33 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 181 34 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 181 35 areas area NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 181 36 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 182 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 182 2 2a 2a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 182 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 182 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 182 5 raw raw JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 182 6 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 182 7 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 182 8 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 182 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 182 10 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 182 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 182 12 AMs AMs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 182 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 182 14 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 182 15 any any DT cord-311190-i630n88t 182 16 processing processing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 182 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 183 1 More More JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 183 2 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 183 3 detail detail NN cord-311190-i630n88t 183 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 183 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 183 6 scatterplot scatterplot NN cord-311190-i630n88t 183 7 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 183 8 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 183 9 produced produce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 183 10 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 183 11 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 183 12 1:1000 1:1000 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 183 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 183 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 183 15 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 183 16 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 183 17 make make VB cord-311190-i630n88t 183 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 183 19 image image NN cord-311190-i630n88t 183 20 readable readable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 183 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 184 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 184 2 largest large JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 184 3 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 184 4 tend tend VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 184 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 184 6 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 184 7 slightly slightly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 184 8 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 184 9 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 184 10 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 184 11 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 184 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 185 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 185 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 185 3 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 185 4 trend trend NN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 5 does do VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 185 6 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 185 7 clearly clearly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 185 8 emerge emerge VB cord-311190-i630n88t 185 9 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 10 raw raw JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 185 11 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 185 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 185 13 probably probably RB cord-311190-i630n88t 185 14 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 185 17 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 185 18 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 20 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 185 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 185 22 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 23 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 185 24 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 185 25 related relate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 26 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 27 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 185 28 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 185 29 very very RB cord-311190-i630n88t 185 30 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 185 31 lengths length NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 185 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 186 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 186 2 red red JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 186 3 curve curve NN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 4 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 186 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 186 6 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 186 7 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 9 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 10 2a 2a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 186 11 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 186 13 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 14 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 15 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 186 16 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 186 17 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 186 20 righthand righthand JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 186 21 side side NN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 186 24 figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 25 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 27 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 186 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 187 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 187 2 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 4 fluctuations fluctuation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 187 5 suggests suggest VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 187 6 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 7 daily daily JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 187 8 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 187 9 may may MD cord-311190-i630n88t 187 10 play play VB cord-311190-i630n88t 187 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 187 12 role role NN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 187 14 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 15 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 187 16 reason reason NN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 187 18 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 187 19 further further RB cord-311190-i630n88t 187 20 analyzed analyze VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 21 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 22 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 187 23 6.3 6.3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 187 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 188 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 2 2b 2b CD cord-311190-i630n88t 188 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 188 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 188 5 absolute absolute JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 188 6 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 188 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 188 8 again again RB cord-311190-i630n88t 188 9 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 188 11 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 188 12 AMs am NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 188 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 188 14 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 188 15 now now RB cord-311190-i630n88t 188 16 grouped group VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 17 according accord VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 188 18 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 188 20 method method NN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 21 defined define VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 22 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 23 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 188 24 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 188 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 189 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 189 2 d d XX cord-311190-i630n88t 189 3 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 189 4 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 189 5 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 189 6 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 189 7 grouped group VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 189 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 189 9 buckets bucket NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 189 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 189 11 averaged average VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 189 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 189 13 similarly similarly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 189 14 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 189 15 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 189 16 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 189 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 189 18 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 189 19 without without IN cord-311190-i630n88t 189 20 subtracting subtract VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 189 21 m. m. NN cord-311190-i630n88t 190 1 Let let VB cord-311190-i630n88t 190 2 us -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 190 3 call call VB cord-311190-i630n88t 190 4 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 190 5 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 190 6 s s PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 190 7 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 190 8 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 191 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 191 2 curve curve NN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 191 4 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 191 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 191 6 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 191 7 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 9 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 10 2a 2a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 191 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 191 12 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 191 13 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 14 less less JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 191 15 spikes spike NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 191 16 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 191 18 size size NN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 191 20 buckets bucket NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 191 21 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 191 22 30 30 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 191 23 minutes minute NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 191 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 192 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 192 2 2c 2c NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 192 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 192 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 192 5 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 192 6 s s NN cord-311190-i630n88t 192 7 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 192 8 curve curve NN cord-311190-i630n88t 192 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 192 10 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 192 11 now now RB cord-311190-i630n88t 192 12 together together RB cord-311190-i630n88t 192 13 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 192 14 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 192 15 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 192 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 193 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 193 2 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 193 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 193 4 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 193 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 193 6 have have VB cord-311190-i630n88t 193 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 193 8 better well JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 193 9 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 193 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 193 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 193 12 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-311190-i630n88t 193 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 194 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 194 2 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 3 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 4 curve curve NN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 194 6 very very RB cord-311190-i630n88t 194 7 similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 194 8 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 194 10 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 194 11 one one NN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 194 13 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 194 14 translated translate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 15 downwards downwards RB cord-311190-i630n88t 194 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 194 17 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 18 now now RB cord-311190-i630n88t 194 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 194 20 m m NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 194 21 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 22 found find VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 23 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 24 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 194 25 pair pair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 26 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 194 27 subtracted subtract VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 194 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 195 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 195 2 2d 2d NN cord-311190-i630n88t 195 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 195 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 195 5 95th 95th JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 195 6 percentile percentile NN cord-311190-i630n88t 195 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 195 8 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 195 9 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 195 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 195 11 again again RB cord-311190-i630n88t 195 12 grouped group VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 195 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 195 14 buckets bucket NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 195 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 195 16 30 30 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 195 17 minutes minute NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 195 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 196 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 196 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 196 3 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 196 4 computed compute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 196 5 similarly similarly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 196 6 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 196 7 s s PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 196 8 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 196 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 196 10 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 196 11 now now RB cord-311190-i630n88t 196 12 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 196 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 196 14 95th 95th JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 196 15 percentile percentile NN cord-311190-i630n88t 196 16 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 196 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 196 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 196 19 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 196 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 197 1 Variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 197 2 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 197 3 delays delay NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 197 4 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 197 5 even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 197 6 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 197 7 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 197 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 197 9 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 197 10 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 197 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 198 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 198 2 do do VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 198 3 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 198 4 provide provide VB cord-311190-i630n88t 198 5 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 198 6 analogous analogous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 198 7 discussion discussion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 198 8 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 198 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 198 10 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 198 11 dataset dataset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 198 12 and/or and/or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 198 13 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 198 14 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 198 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 198 16 sake sake NN cord-311190-i630n88t 198 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 198 18 brevity brevity NN cord-311190-i630n88t 198 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 199 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 199 3 remaining remain VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 199 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 5 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 199 6 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 199 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 9 base base VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 199 11 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 12 mostly mostly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 199 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 14 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 199 16 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 17 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 18 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 19 interested interested JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 199 20 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 21 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 199 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 199 23 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 199 26 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 27 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 199 29 variable variable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 199 30 component component NN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 31 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 32 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 199 34 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 35 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 199 36 exception exception NN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 37 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 38 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 199 39 6.1 6.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 199 40 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 199 41 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 42 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 199 43 include include VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 44 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 199 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 199 46 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 200 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 200 2 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 200 4 principally principally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 200 5 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 200 8 evolution evolution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 9 along along IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 200 11 line line NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 13 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 200 15 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 16 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 200 17 wish wish VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 200 18 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 200 19 understand understand VB cord-311190-i630n88t 200 20 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 200 22 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 200 23 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 24 what what WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 200 25 extent extent NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 200 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 200 28 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 29 measures measure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 200 30 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 200 31 enforced enforce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 32 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 33 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 200 34 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 200 35 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 36 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 200 37 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 200 38 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 39 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 200 40 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 200 41 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 200 42 had have VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 200 43 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 200 44 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 45 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 46 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 200 47 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 200 48 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 201 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 201 2 studied study VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 201 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 4 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 7 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 201 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 9 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 11 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 14 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 201 15 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 16 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 17 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 201 18 perspectives perspective NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 201 19 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 201 20 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 201 21 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 22 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 201 24 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 25 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 201 26 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 27 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 28 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 201 29 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 201 30 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 201 31 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 201 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 33 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 34 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 201 35 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 201 36 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 201 37 considering consider VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 201 38 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 39 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 40 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 41 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 42 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 43 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 201 44 workweek workweek NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 45 / / SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 201 46 weekend weekend NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 47 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 201 48 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 201 49 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 201 50 taking take VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 201 51 into into IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 52 account account NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 53 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 54 version version NN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 55 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 201 56 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 201 57 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 201 58 Protocol Protocol NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 201 59 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 202 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 202 2 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 202 3 studied study VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 202 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 202 5 observed observed JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 202 6 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 202 7 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 202 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 202 9 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 202 10 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 202 11 part part NN cord-311190-i630n88t 202 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 202 13 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 202 14 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 202 15 provider provider NN cord-311190-i630n88t 202 16 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 202 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 203 1 Beside beside IN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 2 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 3 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 203 4 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 5 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 203 7 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 203 8 evaluation evaluation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 10 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 11 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 12 seen see VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 13 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 203 15 HTTP http JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 203 16 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 17 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 203 18 provided provide VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 203 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 204 1 Finally finally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 204 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 204 3 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 204 4 subsection subsection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 5 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 204 6 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 204 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 204 8 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 9 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 204 10 occurred occur VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 204 11 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 204 13 AS as NN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 14 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 204 15 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 16 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 204 18 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 204 19 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 204 20 related relate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 21 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 204 23 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 24 under under IN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 25 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 204 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 205 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 205 2 start start VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 205 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 205 4 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 205 5 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 205 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 205 7 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 205 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 205 9 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 205 10 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 205 11 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 205 12 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 205 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 205 14 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 205 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 205 16 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 205 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 206 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 206 2 first first RB cord-311190-i630n88t 206 3 analyze analyze VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 206 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 206 5 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 206 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 206 7 s s PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 206 8 measured measure VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 206 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 206 10 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 206 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 207 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 207 2 recall recall VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 207 3 that that DT cord-311190-i630n88t 207 4 s s VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 207 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 207 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 207 7 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 207 10 d d NN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 11 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 207 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 13 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 207 14 bucket bucket NN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 207 16 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 17 defined define VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 19 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 207 20 5 5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 207 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 208 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 208 2 3a 3a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 208 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 208 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 208 5 evolution evolution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 208 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 208 7 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 208 8 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 208 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 208 10 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 208 11 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 208 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 208 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 208 14 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 208 15 max max NN cord-311190-i630n88t 208 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 208 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 208 18 whole whole JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 208 19 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 208 20 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 208 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 209 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 209 2 notice notice VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 209 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 209 4 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 209 5 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 209 6 progressively progressively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 209 7 increase increase VB cord-311190-i630n88t 209 8 over over IN cord-311190-i630n88t 209 9 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 209 10 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 210 1 Since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 210 2 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 210 3 experienced experience VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 210 4 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 210 5 partial partial JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 210 6 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 210 7 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 210 8 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 210 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 210 10 most most RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 210 11 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 210 12 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 210 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 210 14 there there EX cord-311190-i630n88t 210 15 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 210 16 no no DT cord-311190-i630n88t 210 17 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 210 18 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 210 19 like like JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 210 20 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 210 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 210 22 rather rather RB cord-311190-i630n88t 210 23 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 210 24 continuous continuous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 210 25 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 210 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 211 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 211 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 211 3 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 211 4 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 211 5 February February NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 211 6 23 23 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 211 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 211 8 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 211 9 schools school NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 211 10 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 211 11 closed close VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 211 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 211 13 Northern Northern NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 211 14 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 211 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 211 16 delays delay NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 211 17 start start VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 211 18 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 211 19 grow grow VB cord-311190-i630n88t 211 20 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 211 21 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 211 22 peaks peak NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 211 23 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 211 24 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 211 25 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 211 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 212 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 212 2 largest large JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 212 3 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 212 4 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 212 5 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 212 6 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 212 7 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 212 8 March March NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 212 9 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 212 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 212 11 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 212 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 212 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 212 14 date date NN cord-311190-i630n88t 212 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 212 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 212 17 complete complete JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 212 18 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 212 19 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 212 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 213 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 213 2 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 3 appears appear VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 213 4 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 213 5 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 213 6 quite quite RB cord-311190-i630n88t 213 7 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 213 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 213 9 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 10 example example NN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 11 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 213 13 consider consider VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 213 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 213 15 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 213 16 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 17 line line NN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 213 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 213 20 peaks peak NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 213 21 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 213 23 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 24 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 213 25 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 213 26 30 30 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 213 27 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 28 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 213 29 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 213 31 ones one NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 213 32 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 33 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 213 34 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 213 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 214 1 Besides besides IN cord-311190-i630n88t 214 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 214 3 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 214 4 increasing increase VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 214 5 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 214 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 214 7 all all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 214 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 214 9 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 214 10 curves curve NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 214 11 corresponding correspond VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 214 12 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 214 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 214 14 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 214 15 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 214 16 variations variation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 214 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 214 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 214 19 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 214 20 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 214 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 214 22 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 214 23 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 214 24 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 214 25 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 214 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 215 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 215 2 evaluate evaluate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 215 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 215 4 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 215 5 variation variation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 215 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 215 7 compared compare VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 215 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 215 9 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 215 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 215 11 s s NN cord-311190-i630n88t 215 12 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 215 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 215 14 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 215 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 215 16 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 215 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 216 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 216 2 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 216 3 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 216 4 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 216 5 experiences experience VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 216 6 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 216 7 7.6 7.6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 216 8 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 216 9 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 216 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 216 11 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 216 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 216 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 216 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 216 15 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 216 16 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 216 17 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 216 18 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 216 19 experiences experience VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 216 20 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 216 21 201.5 201.5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 216 22 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 216 23 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 216 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 217 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 217 2 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 217 3 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 217 4 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 217 5 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 217 6 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 217 7 similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 217 8 pattern pattern NN cord-311190-i630n88t 217 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 217 10 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 217 11 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 217 12 accentuated accentuate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 217 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 217 14 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 217 15 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 217 16 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 217 17 seen see VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 217 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 217 19 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 217 20 3b 3b CD cord-311190-i630n88t 217 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 218 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 2 fact fact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 218 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 5 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 218 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 218 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 218 8 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 9 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 218 10 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 11 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 218 12 14.5 14.5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 218 13 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 14 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 218 15 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 16 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 17 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 218 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 218 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 218 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 218 21 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 218 22 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 218 23 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 218 24 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 25 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 218 26 310.1 310.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 218 27 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 218 28 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 218 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 219 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 219 2 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 219 3 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 219 4 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 219 5 noticed notice VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 219 6 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 219 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 219 8 s s NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 219 9 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 219 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 219 11 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 219 12 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 219 13 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 219 14 little little JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 219 15 drop drop NN cord-311190-i630n88t 219 16 around around IN cord-311190-i630n88t 219 17 March March NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 219 18 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 219 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 219 20 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 219 21 lasts last VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 219 22 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 219 23 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 219 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 220 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 220 2 investigated investigate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 220 3 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 220 4 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 220 5 aspect aspect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 220 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 220 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 220 8 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 220 9 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 220 10 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 220 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 220 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 220 13 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 220 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 220 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 220 16 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 220 17 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 220 18 unreachable unreachable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 220 19 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 220 20 that that DT cord-311190-i630n88t 220 21 interval interval NN cord-311190-i630n88t 220 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 221 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 221 2 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 221 3 involved involve VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 221 4 multiple multiple JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 221 5 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 221 6 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 221 7 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 221 8 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 221 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 221 10 corresponding correspond VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 221 11 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 221 12 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 221 13 1/5 1/5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 221 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 221 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 221 16 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 221 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 221 18 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 221 19 usually usually RB cord-311190-i630n88t 221 20 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 221 21 providing provide VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 221 22 relatively relatively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 221 23 high high JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 221 24 absolute absolute JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 221 25 delays delay NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 221 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 222 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 222 2 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 222 3 words word NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 222 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 222 5 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 222 6 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 222 7 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 222 8 artifact artifact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 222 9 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 222 10 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 222 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 222 12 temporary temporary JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 222 13 lack lack NN cord-311190-i630n88t 222 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 222 15 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 222 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 222 17 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 222 18 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 222 19 happen happen VB cord-311190-i630n88t 222 20 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 222 21 measuring measure VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 222 22 real real JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 222 23 world world NN cord-311190-i630n88t 222 24 devices device NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 222 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 223 1 Similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 223 2 patterns pattern NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 223 3 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 223 4 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 223 5 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 223 6 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 223 7 analyzing analyze VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 223 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 223 9 evolution evolution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 223 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 223 11 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 12 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 223 14 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 15 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 223 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 223 18 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 19 max max NN cord-311190-i630n88t 223 20 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 223 21 both both CC cord-311190-i630n88t 223 22 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 223 24 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 223 26 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 223 27 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 223 28 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 223 29 found find VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 223 30 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 223 31 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 223 32 3c 3c NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 33 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 223 34 3d 3d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 223 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 224 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 224 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 224 3 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 224 4 however however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 224 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 224 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 224 7 curves curve NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 224 8 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 224 9 translated translate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 224 10 downwards downwards RB cord-311190-i630n88t 224 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 224 12 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 224 13 expected expect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 224 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 225 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 225 2 reflects reflect VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 225 3 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 225 5 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 225 8 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 225 9 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 10 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 11 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 13 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 14 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 15 respect respect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 16 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 17 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 225 19 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 225 20 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 225 21 27.7 27.7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 225 22 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 23 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 24 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 25 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 225 26 66.8 66.8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 225 27 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 28 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 29 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 30 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 225 31 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 225 32 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 225 33 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 34 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 225 35 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 36 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 225 38 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 39 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 40 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 225 41 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 42 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 43 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 225 44 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 225 45 remains remain VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 225 46 almost almost RB cord-311190-i630n88t 225 47 unchanged unchanged JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 225 48 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 225 49 203.6 203.6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 225 50 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 51 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 52 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 53 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 225 54 280.8 280.8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 225 55 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 56 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 225 57 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 225 58 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 226 1 Similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 226 2 considerations consideration NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 226 3 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 226 4 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 226 5 made make VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 6 about about IN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 7 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 226 8 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 9 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 226 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 11 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 226 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 226 13 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 226 14 spread spread VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 226 15 all all RB cord-311190-i630n88t 226 16 over over IN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 17 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 226 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 226 19 excluding exclude VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 226 20 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 226 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 226 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 226 23 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 24 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 25 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 26 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 226 27 4a 4a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 226 28 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 226 29 4b 4b CD cord-311190-i630n88t 226 30 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 226 31 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 226 32 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 226 33 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 226 34 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 226 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 227 1 Also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 227 2 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 227 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 227 4 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 227 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 227 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 227 7 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 227 8 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 227 9 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 227 10 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 227 11 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 227 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 227 13 clearly clearly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 227 14 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 227 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 228 1 When when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 228 2 considering consider VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 228 3 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 228 4 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 5 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 228 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 7 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 228 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 228 9 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 228 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 11 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 228 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 228 13 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 14 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 16 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 228 17 4c 4c CD cord-311190-i630n88t 228 18 _SP cord-311190-i630n88t 228 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 228 20 4d 4d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 228 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 228 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 228 23 situation situation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 24 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 228 25 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 228 26 bit bit NN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 27 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 228 28 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 228 29 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 228 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 228 31 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 228 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 229 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 229 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 229 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 229 4 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 229 5 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 229 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 229 7 pattern pattern NN cord-311190-i630n88t 229 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 229 9 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 229 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 229 11 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 229 12 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 229 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 229 14 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 229 15 4a 4a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 229 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 230 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 230 2 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 230 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 230 4 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 230 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 230 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 230 7 pattern pattern NN cord-311190-i630n88t 230 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 230 9 quite quite RB cord-311190-i630n88t 230 10 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 230 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 231 1 An an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 231 2 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 231 5 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 231 6 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 231 8 still still RB cord-311190-i630n88t 231 9 noticeable noticeable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 231 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 231 11 however however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 231 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 231 13 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 231 14 curves curve NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 231 15 appear appear VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 231 16 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 231 17 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 231 18 much much RB cord-311190-i630n88t 231 19 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 231 20 squeezed squeeze VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 21 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 22 top top NN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 24 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 231 25 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 231 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 231 27 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 231 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 231 29 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 231 30 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 31 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 231 32 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 231 33 max max NN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 34 curves curve NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 231 35 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 231 36 much much RB cord-311190-i630n88t 231 37 closer close JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 231 38 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 39 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 231 40 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 231 41 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 42 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 231 43 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 231 44 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 231 45 scenarios scenario NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 231 46 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 232 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 232 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 232 3 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 232 4 worth worth JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 232 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 232 6 notice notice VB cord-311190-i630n88t 232 7 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 232 9 especially especially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 232 10 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 11 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 232 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 232 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 232 14 local local JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 232 15 minima minima NN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 232 18 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 19 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 20 curve curve NN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 21 tend tend VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 232 22 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 232 23 get get VB cord-311190-i630n88t 232 24 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 232 25 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 232 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 232 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 232 28 transitory transitory JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 232 29 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 233 1 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 233 2 then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 233 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 233 4 start start VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 233 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 233 6 get get VB cord-311190-i630n88t 233 7 lower low JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 233 8 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 234 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 234 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 234 3 particularly particularly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 234 4 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 234 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 234 6 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 234 7 3a 3a NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 234 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 234 9 3c 3c NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 234 10 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 235 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 235 2 local local JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 235 3 minima minima NN cord-311190-i630n88t 235 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 235 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 235 6 troughs trough NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 235 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 235 8 correspond correspond VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 235 9 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 235 10 night night NN cord-311190-i630n88t 235 11 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 235 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 235 13 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 235 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 235 15 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 235 16 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 235 17 lightly lightly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 235 18 loaded load VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 235 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 236 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 236 2 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 3 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 236 4 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 236 5 explained explain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 6 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 236 8 infrastructural infrastructural JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 236 9 enhancements enhancement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 236 10 introduced introduce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 11 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 12 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 13 operators operator NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 236 14 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 236 15 respond respond VB cord-311190-i630n88t 236 16 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 236 18 crisis crisis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 236 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 237 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 2 example example NN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 237 4 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 237 6 transition transition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 7 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 237 9 TIM TIM NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 237 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 237 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 237 12 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 237 13 incumbent incumbent NN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 237 15 started start VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 237 16 peering peer VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 237 17 again again RB cord-311190-i630n88t 237 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 19 public public JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 237 20 peering peer VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 237 21 LANs lan NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 237 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 23 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 237 24 IXPs ixp NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 237 25 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 237 27 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 237 28 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 29 since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 237 31 end end NN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 237 33 2012 2012 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 237 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 237 35 45 45 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 237 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 237 37 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 238 1 Also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 238 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 238 3 IXPs IXPs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 238 4 reported report VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 238 5 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 238 6 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 8 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 10 30 30 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 238 11 -40 -40 NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 238 12 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 238 14 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 238 15 pushed push VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 238 16 them -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 238 17 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 238 18 introduce introduce VB cord-311190-i630n88t 238 19 upgrades upgrade NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 238 20 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 238 22 capacity capacity NN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 238 25 peering peer VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 238 26 LANs lan NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 238 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 238 28 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 29 reported report VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 30 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 31 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 238 32 Italian Italian NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 238 33 Network Network NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 238 34 Community Community NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 238 35 Meeting Meeting NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 238 36 held hold VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 238 37 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 38 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 238 39 occasion occasion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 238 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 238 41 46 46 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 238 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 238 43 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 239 1 Such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 239 2 improvements improvement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 239 3 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 239 4 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 239 5 jus- jus- VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 6 tify tify VB cord-311190-i630n88t 239 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 239 8 situation situation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 10 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 239 11 4a 4a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 239 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 239 13 4c 4c CD cord-311190-i630n88t 239 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 239 15 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 239 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 239 17 troughs trough NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 239 18 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 239 20 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 21 reach reach VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 239 22 smaller small JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 239 23 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 239 24 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 25 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 239 27 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 239 28 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 239 30 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 239 31 analyzed analyze VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 32 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 239 33 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 240 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 240 2 estimated estimate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 240 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 240 4 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 240 7 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 9 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 240 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 11 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 12 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 240 14 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 240 16 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 18 unsuccessful unsuccessful JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 240 19 echo echo NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 20 request request NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 21 / / SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 240 22 reply reply NN cord-311190-i630n88t 240 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 241 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 2 5 5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 241 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 241 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 241 5 evolution evolution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 241 8 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 9 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 10 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 241 12 whole whole JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 241 13 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 14 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 241 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 241 17 both both CC cord-311190-i630n88t 241 18 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 241 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 241 20 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 241 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 242 1 Both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 242 2 datasets dataset NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 242 3 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 242 4 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 242 5 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 7 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 8 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 9 over over IN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 10 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 242 12 especially especially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 242 13 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 242 15 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 16 start start NN cord-311190-i630n88t 242 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 243 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 243 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 243 3 consistent consistent JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 243 4 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 243 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 243 6 previous previous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 243 7 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 243 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 243 9 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 243 10 indicates indicate VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 243 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 243 12 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 243 13 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 243 14 congestion congestion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 243 15 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 243 16 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 243 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 243 18 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 243 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 244 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 244 2 computed compute VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 244 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 244 4 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 244 5 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 244 6 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 244 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 244 8 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 244 9 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 244 10 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 244 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 245 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 245 2 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 245 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 245 4 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 245 5 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 245 6 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 245 7 2.8e-3 2.8e-3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 245 8 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 245 9 5.9e-3 5.9e-3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 246 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 246 2 +110.3 +110.3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 246 3 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 246 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 246 5 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 246 6 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 246 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 246 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 246 9 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 246 10 3.1e-3 3.1e-3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 246 11 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 246 12 9.4e-3 9.4e-3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 246 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 246 14 +205.7 +205.7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 246 15 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 246 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 247 1 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 247 2 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 247 3 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 248 1 Also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 248 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 248 3 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 248 4 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 248 7 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 8 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 9 rate rate NN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 11 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 248 12 increases increase NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 248 13 significantly significantly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 248 14 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 16 W1 w1 NN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 17 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 248 18 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 19 1.8e-3 1.8e-3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 248 20 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 21 1.1e-2 1.1e-2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 248 22 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 23 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 248 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 248 25 +507.2 +507.2 DT cord-311190-i630n88t 248 26 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 248 28 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 248 29 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 248 30 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 31 5.6e-3 5.6e-3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 248 32 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 33 2.6e-2 2.6e-2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 248 34 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 35 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 248 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 248 37 +367.9 +367.9 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 248 38 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 248 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 248 40 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 249 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 249 2 notice notice VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 249 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 249 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 249 5 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 249 6 there there EX cord-311190-i630n88t 249 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 249 8 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 249 9 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 249 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 249 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 249 12 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 249 13 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 249 14 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 249 15 lasts last VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 249 16 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 249 17 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 249 18 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 249 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 249 20 around around IN cord-311190-i630n88t 249 21 February February NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 249 22 29 29 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 249 23 -March -march SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 249 24 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 249 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 250 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 250 2 investigated investigate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 250 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 250 4 behaviour behaviour NN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 250 6 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 250 7 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 250 9 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 10 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 250 11 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 250 12 attributable attributable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 250 13 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 14 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 250 15 narrow narrow JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 250 16 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 250 19 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 250 21 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 250 22 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 250 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 251 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 251 2 did do VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 251 3 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 251 4 register register VB cord-311190-i630n88t 251 5 any any DT cord-311190-i630n88t 251 6 disconnections disconnection NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 251 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 8 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 251 9 nor nor CC cord-311190-i630n88t 251 10 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 251 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 251 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 251 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 251 14 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 251 15 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 16 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 17 pattern pattern NN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 18 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 251 19 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 251 20 seen see VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 21 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 22 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 251 23 directed direct VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 24 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 25 74 74 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 251 26 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 27 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 251 29 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 251 30 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 251 31 although although IN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 32 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 251 33 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 251 34 intensities intensity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 251 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 252 1 These these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 252 2 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 252 3 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 252 4 geographically geographically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 252 5 spread spread VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 252 6 all all RB cord-311190-i630n88t 252 7 over over IN cord-311190-i630n88t 252 8 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 252 9 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 253 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 253 3 there there EX cord-311190-i630n88t 253 4 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 5 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 253 6 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 253 7 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 253 8 contribute contribute VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 10 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 253 11 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 253 12 manner manner NN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 253 14 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 253 15 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 16 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 17 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 18 Milan Milan NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 253 20 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 253 22 Milan Milan NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 23 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 24 eXchange eXchange NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 253 26 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 253 27 Monopoli Monopoli NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 253 29 Puglia Puglia NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 30 region region NN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 253 32 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 253 33 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 253 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 253 35 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 36 point point VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 37 out out RP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 38 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 39 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 253 40 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 41 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 253 42 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 43 involve involve VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 253 44 multiple multiple JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 253 45 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 46 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 253 47 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 253 48 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 253 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 253 50 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 254 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 254 2 temporary temporary JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 254 3 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 5 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 6 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 254 8 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 254 9 reflected reflect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 254 12 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 13 curve curve NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 254 15 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 254 18 involved involved JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 254 19 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 254 21 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 22 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 254 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 254 24 packets packet NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 254 25 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 254 26 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 254 27 correctly correctly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 254 28 delivered deliver VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 29 experience experience NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 30 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 254 31 negligible negligible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 254 32 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 33 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 254 34 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 254 35 RTT RTT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 254 36 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 255 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 255 2 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 255 3 curves curve NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 255 4 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 255 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 255 6 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 255 7 3 3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 255 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 255 9 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 255 10 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 255 11 repeated repeat VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 255 12 peaks peak NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 255 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 255 14 troughs trough NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 255 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 256 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 256 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 256 3 particularly particularly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 256 4 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 256 5 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 256 6 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 256 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 256 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 256 9 suggests suggest VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 256 10 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 256 11 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 256 12 gets get VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 256 13 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 256 14 influenced influence VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 256 15 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 256 16 weekly weekly JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 256 17 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 256 18 circadian circadian NN cord-311190-i630n88t 256 19 rhythms rhythm NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 256 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 257 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 257 2 evaluate evaluate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 257 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 257 4 influence influence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 257 7 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 257 10 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 257 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 257 13 separated separate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 257 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 257 15 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 257 16 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 257 17 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 18 those those DT cord-311190-i630n88t 257 19 run run NN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 20 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 21 work work NN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 22 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 257 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 257 24 those those DT cord-311190-i630n88t 257 25 run run NN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 26 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 27 weekends weekend NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 257 28 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 257 29 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 257 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 257 31 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 257 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 258 1 Results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 258 2 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 258 3 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 258 4 seen see VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 258 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 258 6 Figure Figure NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 258 7 6 6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 258 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 258 9 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 258 10 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 258 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 258 12 boxplot boxplot NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 258 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 258 14 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 258 15 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 258 16 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 258 17 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 258 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 258 19 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 258 20 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 258 21 work work NN cord-311190-i630n88t 258 22 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 258 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 258 24 weekends weekend NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 258 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 259 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 259 2 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 259 3 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 259 4 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 259 5 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 259 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 259 7 weekend weekend NN cord-311190-i630n88t 259 8 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 259 9 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 259 10 slightly slightly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 259 11 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 259 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 259 13 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 259 14 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 259 15 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 259 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 260 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 260 2 addition addition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 260 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 260 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 260 5 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 260 6 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 260 7 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 260 8 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 260 9 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 260 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 260 11 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 260 12 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 260 13 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 260 14 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 260 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 261 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 261 2 evaluate evaluate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 261 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 261 4 influence influence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 261 7 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 261 10 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 11 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 12 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 261 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 261 14 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 261 15 divided divide VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 261 16 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 261 17 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 261 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 19 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 261 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 261 21 hour hour NN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 22 slots slot NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 261 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 261 24 aggregated aggregate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 261 25 them -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 261 26 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 261 27 executed execute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 28 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 261 30 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 261 31 hour hour NN cord-311190-i630n88t 261 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 262 1 Then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 262 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 262 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 262 4 calculated calculate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 262 5 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 6 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 262 7 slot slot NN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 262 9 ratio ratio NN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 10 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 262 12 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 262 13 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 14 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 262 15 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 16 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 17 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 262 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 262 19 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 262 20 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 262 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 263 1 Results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 263 2 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 263 3 represented represent VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 5 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 6 7a 7a NN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 7 form form NN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 8 across across IN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 263 10 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 263 13 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 263 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 264 1 Night night NN cord-311190-i630n88t 264 2 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 264 3 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 264 4 no no DT cord-311190-i630n88t 264 5 considerable considerable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 264 6 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 264 7 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 265 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 265 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 265 3 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 265 4 surprising surprising JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 265 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 265 6 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 265 7 human human JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 265 8 activity activity NN cord-311190-i630n88t 265 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 265 10 very very RB cord-311190-i630n88t 265 11 limited limited JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 265 12 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 265 13 night night NN cord-311190-i630n88t 265 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 265 15 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 265 16 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 265 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 265 18 congestion congestion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 265 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 265 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 265 21 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 265 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 266 1 Morning morning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 266 2 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 266 3 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 266 4 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 266 5 little little JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 266 6 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 266 7 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 267 1 Afternoon afternoon NN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 2 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 267 3 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 267 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 267 5 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 267 6 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 267 7 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 267 9 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 267 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 267 11 highest high JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 267 12 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 13 occurs occur VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 267 14 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 15 16:00 16:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 267 16 UTC utc NN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 267 18 22:00 22:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 267 19 UTC UTC NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 267 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 267 21 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 22 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 267 23 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 24 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 25 20:00 20:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 267 26 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 267 27 21:00 21:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 267 28 UTC utc NN cord-311190-i630n88t 267 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 268 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 3 interesting interesting JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 268 5 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 268 7 combined combine VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 8 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 10 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 268 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 12 weekend weekend NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 13 highlighted highlight VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 14 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 15 Figure Figure NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 268 16 6 6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 268 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 268 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 268 19 suggests suggest VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 20 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 21 remote remote JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 22 working working NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 268 24 distance distance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 25 learning learning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 26 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 268 27 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 28 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 29 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 31 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 32 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 33 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 34 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 268 35 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 268 36 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 37 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 38 effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 268 39 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 268 40 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 268 41 attributed attribute VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 42 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 43 leisure leisure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 44 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 268 45 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 46 typically typically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 268 47 occur occur VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 268 48 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 49 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 50 afternoon afternoon NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 51 / / SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 268 52 evening evening NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 53 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 268 54 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 55 weekends weekend NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 268 56 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 268 57 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 58 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 59 gaming gaming NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 60 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 268 61 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 62 streaming streaming NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 63 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 268 64 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 268 65 reader reader NN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 66 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 268 67 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 268 68 keep keep VB cord-311190-i630n88t 268 69 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 268 70 mind mind NN cord-311190-i630n88t 269 1 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 269 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 269 3 UTC+1 utc+1 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 269 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 269 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 269 6 analyzed analyzed JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 269 7 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 269 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 269 9 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 270 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 270 2 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 270 3 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 270 4 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 270 5 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 270 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 270 7 lack lack NN cord-311190-i630n88t 270 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 270 9 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 270 10 recreational recreational JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 270 11 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 270 12 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 270 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 270 14 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 270 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 271 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 271 2 deepen deepen VB cord-311190-i630n88t 271 3 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 4 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 271 5 aspect aspect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 271 7 computed compute VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 271 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 271 9 empirical empirical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 271 10 CDFs cdfs NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 271 13 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 14 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 15 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 271 16 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 17 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 271 19 off off IN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 271 21 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 22 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 271 23 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 24 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 271 25 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 271 26 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 271 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 271 28 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 271 29 8a 8a NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 271 31 8b 8b NN cord-311190-i630n88t 271 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 271 33 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 272 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 272 2 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 272 3 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 272 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 272 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 272 6 considered consider VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 272 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 272 8 interval interval NN cord-311190-i630n88t 272 9 16:00 16:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 272 10 - - SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 272 11 23:00 23:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 272 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 272 13 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 272 14 off off IN cord-311190-i630n88t 272 15 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 272 16 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 273 1 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 273 2 considered consider VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 273 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 273 4 interval interval NN cord-311190-i630n88t 273 5 00:00 00:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 273 6 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 273 7 08:00 08:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 273 8 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 274 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 274 2 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 274 3 notice notice VB cord-311190-i630n88t 274 4 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 6 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 274 7 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 274 9 off off IN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 10 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 11 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 274 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 274 13 CDFs CDFs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 274 14 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 15 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 274 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 274 17 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 274 18 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 274 19 clearly clearly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 274 20 separated separate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 274 22 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 274 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 274 24 CDF CDF NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 274 25 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 274 26 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 274 27 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 274 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 274 29 highest high JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 274 30 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 274 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 275 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 275 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 275 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 275 4 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 275 5 clearly clearly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 275 6 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 275 7 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 8 while while IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 10 off off IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 11 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 275 12 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 13 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 275 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 275 15 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 275 16 CDFs cdf NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 275 17 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 275 18 very very RB cord-311190-i630n88t 275 19 similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 275 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 275 21 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 22 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 23 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 275 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 275 25 CDF CDF NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 275 26 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 27 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 275 28 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 275 29 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 275 30 substantial substantial JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 275 31 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 33 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 275 34 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 35 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 36 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 275 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 275 38 note note VB cord-311190-i630n88t 275 39 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 40 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 275 41 x x NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 42 axis axis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 43 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 44 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 275 45 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 275 46 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 275 47 figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 275 48 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 275 49 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 275 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 275 51 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 276 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 2 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 3 6.1 6.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 276 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 276 6 highlighted highlight VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 7 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 9 night night NN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 10 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 276 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 276 12 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 276 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 14 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 276 15 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 276 16 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 276 17 particularly particularly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 276 18 low low JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 276 19 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 276 21 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 276 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 276 23 0 0 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 24 1 1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 25 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 26 3 3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 27 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 28 5 5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 29 6 6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 30 7 7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 31 8 8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 32 9 9 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 33 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 34 11 11 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 35 12 12 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 36 13 13 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 37 14 14 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 38 15 15 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 39 16 16 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 40 17 17 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 41 18 18 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 42 19 19 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 43 20 20 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 276 44 21 21 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 1 22 22 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 2 23 23 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 3 Hour Hour NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 277 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 277 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 277 6 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 277 7 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 8 5 5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 9 6 6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 10 7 7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 11 8 8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 12 9 9 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 13 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 14 11 11 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 15 12 12 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 16 13 13 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 17 14 14 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 18 15 15 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 19 16 16 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 20 17 17 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 21 18 18 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 22 19 19 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 23 20 20 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 277 24 21 21 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 278 1 22 22 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 278 2 23 23 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 278 3 Hour Hour NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 278 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 278 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 278 6 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 278 7 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 278 8 4a 4a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 278 9 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 278 10 4c 4c CD cord-311190-i630n88t 279 1 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 279 2 local local JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 279 3 minima minima FW cord-311190-i630n88t 279 4 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 279 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 279 6 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 279 7 seem seem VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 279 8 lower low JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 279 9 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 279 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 279 11 ones one NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 279 12 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 279 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 279 14 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 279 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 280 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 280 2 evaluate evaluate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 280 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 280 4 effect effect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 280 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 280 6 computed compute VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 280 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 280 8 ratio ratio NN cord-311190-i630n88t 280 9 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 280 10 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 280 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 280 12 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 280 13 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 280 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 280 15 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 280 16 cases case NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 280 17 depicted depict VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 280 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 280 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 280 20 aforementioned aforementioned JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 280 21 figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 280 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 281 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 281 2 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 281 3 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 281 4 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 281 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 281 6 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 281 7 7b 7b CD cord-311190-i630n88t 281 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 281 9 7c 7c CD cord-311190-i630n88t 281 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 281 11 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 281 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 282 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 282 2 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 282 3 cases case NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 282 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 282 5 ratio ratio NN cord-311190-i630n88t 282 6 goes go VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 282 7 slightly slightly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 282 8 below below IN cord-311190-i630n88t 282 9 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 282 10 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 282 11 night night NN cord-311190-i630n88t 282 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 282 13 morning morning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 282 14 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 282 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 283 1 Especially especially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 283 2 surprising surprising JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 283 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 283 4 Figure Figure NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 283 5 7c 7c CD cord-311190-i630n88t 283 6 where where WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 283 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 283 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 283 9 ratio ratio NN cord-311190-i630n88t 283 10 goes go VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 283 11 below below IN cord-311190-i630n88t 283 12 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 283 13 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 283 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 283 15 entire entire JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 283 16 morning morning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 283 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 284 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 284 2 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 284 3 happen happen VB cord-311190-i630n88t 284 4 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 6 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 7 7c 7c CD cord-311190-i630n88t 284 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 284 9 consider consider VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 284 10 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 284 11 outside outside IN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 12 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 284 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 284 14 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 284 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 284 16 access access NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 17 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 18 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 284 19 still still RB cord-311190-i630n88t 284 20 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 284 21 involved involve VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 22 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 23 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 284 24 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 25 phase phase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 284 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 284 28 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 284 29 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 284 31 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 284 32 infrastructure infrastructure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 33 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 284 34 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 284 35 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 36 mentioned mention VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 37 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 284 38 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 39 improved improve VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 40 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 284 41 cope cope VB cord-311190-i630n88t 284 42 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 43 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 284 44 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 45 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 284 46 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 285 1 During during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 2 night night NN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 3 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 285 4 morning morning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 5 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 285 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 285 7 load load NN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 8 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 285 10 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 11 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 285 12 still still RB cord-311190-i630n88t 285 13 light light JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 285 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 285 15 so so RB cord-311190-i630n88t 285 16 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 17 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 285 18 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 285 19 configuration configuration NN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 285 21 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 285 22 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 285 23 increase increase VB cord-311190-i630n88t 285 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 286 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 286 2 conclude conclude VB cord-311190-i630n88t 286 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 286 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 5 evening evening NN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 6 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 286 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 286 8 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 9 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 10 us- us- IN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 11 age age NN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 12 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 13 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 14 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 286 15 produces produce VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 286 16 larger large JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 286 17 delays delay NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 286 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 286 19 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 286 20 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 21 periods period NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 286 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 23 lighter light JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 286 24 load load NN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 286 26 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 27 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 286 28 sometimes sometimes RB cord-311190-i630n88t 286 29 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 286 30 efficient efficient JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 286 31 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 32 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 33 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 286 34 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 286 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 287 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 287 2 further further RB cord-311190-i630n88t 287 3 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 287 4 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 287 5 taking take VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 287 6 into into IN cord-311190-i630n88t 287 7 account account NN cord-311190-i630n88t 287 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 287 9 version version NN cord-311190-i630n88t 287 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 287 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 287 12 IP IP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 287 13 protocol protocol NN cord-311190-i630n88t 287 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 288 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 288 2 perform perform VB cord-311190-i630n88t 288 3 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 288 4 fair fair JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 288 5 comparison comparison NN cord-311190-i630n88t 288 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 288 7 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 288 8 selected select VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 288 9 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 288 10 run run VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 288 11 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 288 12 dual dual JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 288 13 stack stack NN cord-311190-i630n88t 288 14 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 288 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 288 16 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 288 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 288 18 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 288 19 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 288 20 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 288 21 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 288 22 IPv4 IPv4 VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 288 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 288 24 IPv6 ipv6 NN cord-311190-i630n88t 288 25 connectivity connectivity NN cord-311190-i630n88t 288 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 288 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 289 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 289 2 means mean VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 289 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 289 4 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 289 5 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 289 6 IPv4 IPv4 NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 289 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 289 8 IPv6 ipv6 RB cord-311190-i630n88t 289 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 289 10 consider consider VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 289 11 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 289 12 run run VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 289 13 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 289 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 289 15 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 289 16 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 289 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 289 18 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 289 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 290 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 290 2 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 290 3 11.6 11.6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 290 4 million million CD cord-311190-i630n88t 290 5 IPv4 ipv4 VB cord-311190-i630n88t 290 6 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 290 7 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 290 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 290 9 9.8 9.8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 290 10 million million CD cord-311190-i630n88t 290 11 IPv6 ipv6 NN cord-311190-i630n88t 291 1 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 291 2 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 291 3 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 291 4 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 291 5 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 291 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 291 7 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 291 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 291 9 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 291 10 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 292 1 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 292 2 9a 9a VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 292 3 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 292 4 9b 9b NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 292 5 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 292 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 292 7 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 292 8 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 292 9 variations variation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 292 10 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 292 11 IPv4 IPv4 NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 292 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 292 13 IPv6 ipv6 RB cord-311190-i630n88t 292 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 292 15 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 292 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 293 1 IPv6 ipv6 RB cord-311190-i630n88t 293 2 latency latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 293 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 293 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 5 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 293 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 293 7 seems seem VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 293 8 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 293 9 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 293 10 characterized characterize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 11 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 12 larger large JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 293 13 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 14 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 16 IPv4 ipv4 VB cord-311190-i630n88t 293 17 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 293 19 independently independently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 293 20 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 293 22 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 23 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 293 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 294 1 Such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 294 2 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 294 3 increases increase VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 294 4 even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 294 5 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 294 6 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 294 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 294 8 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 294 9 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 294 10 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 295 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 295 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 295 3 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 4 IPv6 ipv6 PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 295 5 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 295 6 reduction reduction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 8 minimum minimum NN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 9 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 10 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 11 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 295 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 295 13 particularly particularly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 295 14 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 295 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 295 16 probably probably RB cord-311190-i630n88t 295 17 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 18 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 295 20 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 21 improvements improvement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 295 22 introduced introduce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 23 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 295 24 operators operator NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 295 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 296 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 296 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 296 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 296 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 296 5 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 296 6 drop drop NN cord-311190-i630n88t 296 7 around around IN cord-311190-i630n88t 296 8 March March NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 296 9 17 17 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 296 10 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 296 11 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 296 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 297 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 297 2 investigated investigate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 297 3 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 4 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 297 5 aspect aspect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 297 7 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 297 8 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 297 10 subset subset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 12 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 297 13 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 297 14 initially initially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 297 15 originated originate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 16 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 17 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 18 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 297 19 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 20 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 297 21 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 297 22 shared share VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 297 23 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 297 24 common common JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 297 25 upstream upstream JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 297 26 provider provider NN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 297 28 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 297 29 flowing flow VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 297 30 through through IN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 31 non non JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 297 32 national national JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 297 33 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 297 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 297 35 mainly mainly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 297 36 via via IN cord-311190-i630n88t 297 37 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 297 38 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 297 39 Switzerland Switzerland NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 297 40 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 297 41 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 297 42 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 297 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 297 44 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 298 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 2 correspondence correspondence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 298 5 observed observed JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 298 6 drop drop NN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 298 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 298 9 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 298 10 involving involve VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 298 11 these these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 298 12 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 13 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 298 14 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 15 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 298 16 start start VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 298 17 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 298 18 flow flow VB cord-311190-i630n88t 298 19 through through IN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 20 local local JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 298 21 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 298 22 via via IN cord-311190-i630n88t 298 23 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 298 24 providers provider NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 298 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 299 1 These these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 299 2 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 299 3 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 299 4 considerably considerably RB cord-311190-i630n88t 299 5 smaller small JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 299 6 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 299 7 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 300 1 After after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 300 2 few few JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 300 3 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 300 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 300 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 300 6 original original JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 300 7 configuration configuration NN cord-311190-i630n88t 300 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 300 9 restored restore VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 300 10 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 301 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 301 2 further further RB cord-311190-i630n88t 301 3 studied study VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 301 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 301 5 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 6 experienced experience VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 7 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 8 20:00 20:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 301 9 UTC utc NN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 301 11 21:00 21:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 301 12 UTC utc NN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 301 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 301 15 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 16 hour hour NN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 17 previously previously RB cord-311190-i630n88t 301 18 identified identify VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 301 20 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 301 22 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 301 23 protocol protocol NN cord-311190-i630n88t 301 24 versions version NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 301 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 302 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 302 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 302 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 302 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 302 5 compared compare VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 302 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 302 7 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 302 8 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 302 9 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 302 10 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 302 11 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 302 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 302 13 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 302 14 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 302 15 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 302 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 303 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 303 2 IPv4 IPv4 NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 303 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 303 4 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 303 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 303 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 303 7 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 303 8 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 303 9 average average NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 303 10 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 303 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 303 12 121.7 121.7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 303 13 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 303 14 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 303 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 303 16 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 303 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 304 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 304 2 IPv6 ipv6 PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 304 3 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 304 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 304 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 304 6 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 304 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 304 8 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 304 9 modest modest JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 304 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 304 11 11.2 11.2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 304 12 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 304 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 305 1 Both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 305 2 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 305 3 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 305 4 similar similar JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 305 5 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 7 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 9 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 305 10 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 305 11 103.8 103.8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 305 12 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 13 IPv4 ipv4 NN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 305 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 305 16 128.1 128.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 305 17 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 18 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 305 19 IPv6 IPv6 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 305 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 306 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 306 2 conclude conclude VB cord-311190-i630n88t 306 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 306 4 IPv6 ipv6 RB cord-311190-i630n88t 306 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 6 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 306 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 306 8 characterized characterize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 9 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 10 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 306 11 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 306 12 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 306 13 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 14 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 15 IPv4 IPv4 NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 306 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 306 17 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 306 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 19 peak peak NN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 20 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 306 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 306 22 former former JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 306 23 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 306 24 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 25 impacted impact VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 26 less less JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 306 27 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 306 29 latter latter JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 306 30 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 31 stayat stayat JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 306 32 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 306 33 home home NN cord-311190-i630n88t 306 34 orders order NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 306 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 307 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 307 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 307 3 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 307 4 surprising surprising JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 307 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 307 6 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 307 7 IPv4 ipv4 VB cord-311190-i630n88t 307 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 307 9 IPv6 ipv6 PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 307 10 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 307 11 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 307 12 served serve VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 307 13 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 307 14 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 307 15 infrastructures infrastructure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 307 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 307 17 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 307 18 follow follow VB cord-311190-i630n88t 307 19 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 307 20 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 307 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 307 22 47 47 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 307 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 307 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 308 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 2 addition addition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 308 4 IPv6 ipv6 PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 308 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 308 6 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 308 7 as as RB cord-311190-i630n88t 308 8 common common JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 308 9 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 10 IPv4 IPv4 VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 12 domestic domestic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 308 13 connectivity connectivity NN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 308 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 308 16 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 308 17 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 308 18 justify justify VB cord-311190-i630n88t 308 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 308 20 minor minor JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 308 21 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 308 24 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 25 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 26 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 308 27 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 28 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 308 29 IPv6 IPv6 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 308 30 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 308 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 309 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 309 2 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 309 3 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 309 4 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 309 5 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 309 6 repeated repeat VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 309 7 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 309 8 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 309 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 309 10 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 309 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 309 12 relatively relatively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 309 13 limited limited JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 309 14 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 309 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 309 16 IPv6-based IPv6-based NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 309 17 UDMs udms NN cord-311190-i630n88t 309 18 does do VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 309 19 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 309 20 allow allow VB cord-311190-i630n88t 309 21 us -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 309 22 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 309 23 produce produce VB cord-311190-i630n88t 309 24 statistically statistically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 309 25 sound sound JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 309 26 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 309 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 310 1 Since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 2 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 310 3 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 310 4 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 6 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 310 8 nowadays nowadays RB cord-311190-i630n88t 310 9 directed direct VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 10 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 11 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 12 providers provider NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 310 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 310 14 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 310 15 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 310 16 suspect suspect VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 310 17 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 310 18 being be VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 310 19 related relate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 20 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 21 most most JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 310 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 310 24 evening evening NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 25 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 310 27 e.g. e.g. IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 28 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 29 entertainment entertainment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 310 31 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 310 32 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 310 33 investigated investigate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 310 34 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 310 35 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 36 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 310 38 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 39 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 40 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 310 41 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 310 42 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 310 43 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 310 44 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 311 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 311 2 collected collect VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 311 3 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 311 4 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 311 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 311 6 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 311 7 Content Content NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 311 8 Delivery Delivery NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 311 9 Networks Networks NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 311 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 311 11 CDNs CDNs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 311 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 311 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 311 14 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 311 15 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 311 16 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 311 17 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 311 18 serve serve VB cord-311190-i630n88t 311 19 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 311 20 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 311 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 312 1 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 312 2 operates operate VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 312 3 elaborated elaborate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 312 4 server server NN cord-311190-i630n88t 312 5 selection selection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 312 6 strategies strategy NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 312 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 312 8 48 48 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 312 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 312 10 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 312 11 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 312 12 lead lead VB cord-311190-i630n88t 312 13 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 312 14 inaccurate inaccurate JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 312 15 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 312 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 313 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 313 2 avoid avoid VB cord-311190-i630n88t 313 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 313 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 313 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 313 6 operated operate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 313 7 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 313 8 follows follow VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 313 9 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 313 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 313 11 i i NN cord-311190-i630n88t 313 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 314 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 314 2 first first RB cord-311190-i630n88t 314 3 mapped map VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 314 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 314 5 names name NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 314 6 associated associate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 7 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 314 9 ad ad NN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 10 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 314 11 hoc hoc FW cord-311190-i630n88t 314 12 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 314 13 CDNs cdns NN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 314 15 googlevideos.com googlevideos.com ADD cord-311190-i630n88t 314 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 314 17 ggpht.com ggpht.com ADD cord-311190-i630n88t 314 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 314 19 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 314 21 IP IP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 314 22 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 314 23 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 314 24 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 314 25 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 26 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 314 27 serve serve VB cord-311190-i630n88t 314 28 con- con- NN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 29 tent tent NN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 30 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 314 31 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 314 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 315 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 315 3 purpose purpose NN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 315 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 315 6 used use VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 315 7 all all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 315 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 315 9 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 315 10 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 315 11 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 315 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 13 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 315 14 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 315 15 run run VB cord-311190-i630n88t 315 16 multiple multiple JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 315 17 DNS dns NN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 18 queries query NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 315 19 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 20 order order NN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 21 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 315 22 obtain obtain VB cord-311190-i630n88t 315 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 315 24 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 25 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 315 26 associated associate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 27 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 315 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 315 29 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 315 30 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 315 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 316 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 316 2 ii ii NN cord-311190-i630n88t 316 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 317 1 After after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 2 obtaining obtain VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 317 3 all all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 317 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 317 5 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 317 6 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 7 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 317 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 317 10 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 317 11 's 's POS cord-311190-i630n88t 317 12 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 317 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 317 14 413 413 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 317 15 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 317 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 317 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 317 18 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 317 19 used use VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 317 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 317 21 anycast anycast NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 317 22 detection detection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 23 service service NN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 24 offered offer VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 25 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 26 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 317 27 IPmap IPmap NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 317 28 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 317 29 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 317 30 uses use VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 317 31 active active JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 317 32 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 317 33 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 34 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 317 35 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 317 36 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 317 37 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 317 38 detect detect VB cord-311190-i630n88t 317 39 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 40 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 317 41 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 42 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 317 43 anycast anycast NN cord-311190-i630n88t 317 44 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 317 45 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 317 46 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 318 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 318 2 iii iii NN cord-311190-i630n88t 318 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 319 1 Then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 319 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 319 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 319 4 used use VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 319 5 again again RB cord-311190-i630n88t 319 6 RIPE ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 319 7 IPmap ipmap PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 319 8 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 319 9 geolocate geolocate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 319 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 319 11 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 319 12 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 319 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 319 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 319 15 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 319 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 320 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 320 2 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 320 3 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 320 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 320 5 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 320 6 were be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 320 7 discarded discard VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 320 8 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 321 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 321 2 iv iv LS cord-311190-i630n88t 321 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 321 4 Finally finally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 321 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 321 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 321 7 used use VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 321 8 these these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 321 9 IP IP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 321 10 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 321 11 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 321 12 extract extract VB cord-311190-i630n88t 321 13 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 321 14 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 321 15 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 321 16 targeting target VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 321 17 them -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 321 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 322 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 322 2 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 322 3 selected select VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 322 4 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 322 5 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 322 6 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 322 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 322 8 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 322 9 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 322 10 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 322 11 subject subject JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 322 12 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 322 13 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 322 14 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 322 15 application application NN cord-311190-i630n88t 322 16 layer layer NN cord-311190-i630n88t 322 17 redirects redirect VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 322 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 322 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 323 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 323 2 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 323 3 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 323 4 6 6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 323 5 million million CD cord-311190-i630n88t 323 6 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 323 7 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 323 8 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 323 9 115 115 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 323 10 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 323 11 's 's POS cord-311190-i630n88t 323 12 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 323 13 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 323 14 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 323 15 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 323 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 324 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 324 2 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 324 3 shows show NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 324 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 324 5 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 324 6 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 324 7 variations variation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 324 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 324 9 obtained obtain VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 324 10 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 325 1 An an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 325 2 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 325 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 325 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 325 5 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 325 6 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 325 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 325 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 325 9 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 325 10 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 325 11 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 325 12 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 325 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 325 14 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 325 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 325 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 325 17 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 325 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 326 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 326 2 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 326 3 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 326 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 326 5 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 326 6 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 326 7 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 326 8 approximately approximately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 326 9 86.9 86.9 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 326 10 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 326 11 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 326 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 326 13 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 326 14 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 326 15 respect respect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 326 16 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 326 17 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 326 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 327 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 327 2 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 327 3 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 327 4 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 327 5 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 327 6 increases increase VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 327 7 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 327 8 25.2 25.2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 327 9 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 327 10 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 328 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 328 2 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 328 5 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 7 RTT rtt NN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 8 registered register VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 328 11 evening evening NN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 12 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 328 13 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 328 14 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 328 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 16 people people NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 328 17 forced force VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 18 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 328 19 stay stay VB cord-311190-i630n88t 328 20 home home RB cord-311190-i630n88t 328 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 328 22 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 328 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 328 24 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 25 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 26 entertainment entertainment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 328 28 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 328 29 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 328 30 strengthened strengthen VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 31 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 32 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 328 33 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 328 34 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 35 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 328 36 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 328 37 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 328 38 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 328 39 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 329 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 2 11a 11a NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 329 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 329 4 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 329 5 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 6 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 7 05:00 05:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 329 8 UTC UTC NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 329 9 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 329 10 06:00 06:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 329 11 UTC utc NN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 12 while while IN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 13 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 14 11b 11b NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 329 15 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 329 16 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 329 17 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 18 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 19 20:00 20:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 329 20 UTC utc NN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 329 22 21:00 21:00 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 329 23 UTC utc NN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 24 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 329 25 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 329 27 entire entire JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 329 28 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 29 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 329 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 330 1 Also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 330 2 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 330 4 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 330 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 330 7 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 8 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 9 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 10 night night NN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 11 hours hour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 330 12 slightly slightly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 330 13 improves improve VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 330 14 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 330 16 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 330 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 331 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 331 2 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 3 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 331 6 evening evening NN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 7 gets get VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 331 8 moderately moderately RB cord-311190-i630n88t 331 9 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 331 10 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 331 12 transitory transitory JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 331 13 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 331 15 abruptly abruptly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 331 16 increases increase VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 331 17 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 331 19 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 331 20 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 22 complete complete JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 331 23 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 331 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 332 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 332 2 acknowledge acknowledge VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 332 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 332 4 YouTube YouTube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 332 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 332 6 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 332 7 fully fully RB cord-311190-i630n88t 332 8 representative representative JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 332 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 332 10 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 332 11 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 332 12 providers provider NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 332 13 networks network NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 332 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 332 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 332 16 fact fact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 332 17 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 332 18 initial initial JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 332 19 purpose purpose NN cord-311190-i630n88t 332 20 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 332 21 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 332 22 collect collect VB cord-311190-i630n88t 332 23 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 332 24 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 332 25 Facebook Facebook NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 332 26 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 332 27 Netflix Netflix NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 332 28 as as RB cord-311190-i630n88t 332 29 well well RB cord-311190-i630n88t 332 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 333 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 333 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 333 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 333 4 did do VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 333 5 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 333 6 find find VB cord-311190-i630n88t 333 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 333 8 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 333 9 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 333 10 enough enough JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 333 11 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 333 12 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 333 13 Facebook Facebook NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 333 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 333 15 Netflix Netflix NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 333 16 servers server NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 333 17 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 333 18 cover cover VB cord-311190-i630n88t 333 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 333 20 whole whole JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 333 21 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 333 22 interval interval NN cord-311190-i630n88t 333 23 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 333 24 obtain obtain VB cord-311190-i630n88t 333 25 statistically statistically RB cord-311190-i630n88t 333 26 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 333 27 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 333 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 334 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 334 2 further further RB cord-311190-i630n88t 334 3 improve improve VB cord-311190-i630n88t 334 4 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 334 5 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 334 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 334 8 looked look VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 334 9 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 10 anomalous anomalous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 334 11 patterns pattern NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 334 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 334 14 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 16 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 17 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 334 18 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 334 20 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 334 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 334 22 targets target NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 334 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 334 24 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 334 25 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 334 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 335 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 335 2 consider consider VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 335 3 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 4 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 335 5 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 335 7 Autonomous Autonomous NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 335 8 System System NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 335 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 335 10 AS as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 335 12 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 335 14 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 15 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 16 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 17 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 335 19 one one NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 20 impacting impact VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 335 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 335 22 most most JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 335 23 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 335 25 geography geography NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 335 28 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 335 29 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 335 30 while while IN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 31 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 335 32 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 33 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 34 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 35 subject subject JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 36 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 37 various various JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 38 known know VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 39 artifacts artifact NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 335 40 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 335 41 intra intra JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 42 - - JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 43 AS as JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 335 44 load load NN cord-311190-i630n88t 335 45 balancing balance VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 335 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 335 47 49 49 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 335 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 335 49 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 336 1 From from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 336 2 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 336 3 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 336 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 336 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 336 6 collected collect VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 336 7 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 336 8 traceroute traceroute NN cord-311190-i630n88t 336 9 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 336 10 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 336 11 match match VB cord-311190-i630n88t 336 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 336 13 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 336 14 sourcetarget sourcetarget NN cord-311190-i630n88t 336 15 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 336 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 336 17 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 336 18 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 336 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 337 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 2 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 337 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 337 4 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 337 5 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 337 6 rather rather RB cord-311190-i630n88t 337 7 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 337 8 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 337 10 besides besides IN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 11 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 12 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 13 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 337 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 337 15 AMs AMs NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 337 16 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 337 17 include include VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 337 18 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 337 19 types type NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 337 20 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 21 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 337 22 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 337 23 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 24 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 337 25 traceroutes traceroute NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 337 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 338 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 2 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 338 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 338 4 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 338 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 338 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 338 7 could could MD cord-311190-i630n88t 338 8 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 338 9 find find VB cord-311190-i630n88t 338 10 enough enough JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 338 11 traceroute traceroute NN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 12 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 338 13 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 338 14 match match VB cord-311190-i630n88t 338 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 338 16 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 17 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 338 18 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 19 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 338 20 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 338 22 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 23 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 338 24 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 338 25 thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 338 26 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 338 27 restricted restrict VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 338 28 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 338 29 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 30 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 31 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 338 32 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 338 33 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 34 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 338 35 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 338 36 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 338 37 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 339 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 339 2 extract extract VB cord-311190-i630n88t 339 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 339 4 AS AS NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 5 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 339 6 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 339 8 traceroute traceroute NN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 9 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 10 paths path NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 339 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 339 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 13 use use VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 339 15 following follow VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 339 16 methodology methodology NN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 17 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 339 18 Initially initially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 339 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 339 20 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 21 match match VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 22 all all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 339 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 339 24 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 25 addresses address VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 339 26 against against IN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 339 28 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 29 Topology Topology NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 30 Data Data NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 31 Kit kit NN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 339 33 50 50 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 339 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 339 35 produced produce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 36 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 339 37 CAIDA CAIDA NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 339 38 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 340 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 340 2 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 340 3 converts convert VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 340 4 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 340 5 IPs ip NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 340 6 belonging belong VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 340 7 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 340 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 340 9 same same JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 340 10 router router NN cord-311190-i630n88t 340 11 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 340 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 340 13 single single JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 340 14 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 340 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 341 1 Then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 341 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 341 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 341 4 remove remove VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 341 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 341 6 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 341 7 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 8 hop hop NN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 9 inside inside IN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 341 11 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 341 14 probe probe NN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 15 's 's POS cord-311190-i630n88t 341 16 host host NN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 341 18 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 341 20 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 341 21 usually usually RB cord-311190-i630n88t 341 22 fixed fix VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 341 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 342 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 342 2 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 342 3 allows allow VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 342 4 us -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 342 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 342 6 avoid avoid VB cord-311190-i630n88t 342 7 most most JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 342 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 342 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 342 10 artifacts artifact NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 342 11 introduced introduce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 342 12 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 342 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 342 14 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 342 15 rate rate NN cord-311190-i630n88t 342 16 limiting limit VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 342 17 happening happen VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 342 18 close close RB cord-311190-i630n88t 342 19 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 342 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 342 21 probes probe NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 342 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 342 23 51 51 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 342 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 342 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 343 1 If if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 343 2 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 343 3 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 343 4 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 343 5 includes include VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 343 6 series series NN cord-311190-i630n88t 343 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 343 8 wildcards wildcard NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 343 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 343 10 i.e. i.e. FW cord-311190-i630n88t 343 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 343 12 non non JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 343 13 responding respond VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 343 14 hops hop NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 343 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 343 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 343 17 these these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 343 18 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 343 19 squashed squash VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 343 20 into into IN cord-311190-i630n88t 343 21 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 343 22 single single JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 343 23 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 343 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 344 1 Then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 344 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 344 3 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 344 4 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 344 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 344 6 converted convert VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 344 7 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 344 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 344 9 AS AS NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 344 10 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 344 11 originating originate VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 344 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 344 13 prefix prefix NN cord-311190-i630n88t 344 14 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 344 15 IP ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 344 16 belongs belong VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 344 17 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 344 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 345 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 345 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 345 3 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 345 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 345 5 use use VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 345 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 345 7 longest long JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 345 8 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 345 9 prefix prefix NN cord-311190-i630n88t 345 10 matching matching NN cord-311190-i630n88t 345 11 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 345 12 RIPE ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 345 13 RIS RIS NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 345 14 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 345 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 345 16 52 52 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 345 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 345 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 346 1 Some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 346 2 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 346 3 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 346 4 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 346 5 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 346 6 mapped map VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 7 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 8 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 346 9 AS as NN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 10 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 11 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 346 12 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 346 13 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 346 14 available available JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 346 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 346 17 RIPE ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 346 18 RIS RIS NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 346 19 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 346 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 346 21 e.g. e.g. RB cord-311190-i630n88t 346 22 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 346 23 announced announce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 24 publicly publicly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 346 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 346 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 346 27 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 346 28 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 346 29 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 346 30 frequently frequently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 346 31 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 346 32 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 346 33 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 346 34 part part NN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 35 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 36 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 346 37 private private JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 346 38 address address NN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 39 space space NN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 346 41 RFC1918 rfc1918 NN cord-311190-i630n88t 346 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 347 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 347 2 53 53 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 347 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 347 4 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 348 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 348 2 discard discard VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 348 3 such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 348 4 unmappable unmappable NN cord-311190-i630n88t 348 5 addresses address NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 348 6 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 349 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 349 2 approach approach NN cord-311190-i630n88t 349 3 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 349 4 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 349 5 previ previ NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 349 6 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 349 7 ously ously RB cord-311190-i630n88t 349 8 described describe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 349 9 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 349 10 Hyun Hyun NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 349 11 et et NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 349 12 al al NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 349 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 350 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 350 2 54 54 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 350 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 350 4 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 351 1 More more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 351 2 sophisticated sophisticated JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 351 3 approaches approach NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 351 4 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 351 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 351 6 difficult difficult JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 351 7 application application NN cord-311190-i630n88t 351 8 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 351 9 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 351 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 351 11 size size NN cord-311190-i630n88t 351 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 351 13 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 351 14 dataset dataset NN cord-311190-i630n88t 351 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 352 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-311190-i630n88t 352 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 352 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 352 4 main main JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 352 5 interest interest NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 6 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 352 7 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 352 8 quantitatively quantitatively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 352 9 estimate estimate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 352 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 352 11 variation variation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 352 14 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 15 changes change VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 352 16 over over IN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 17 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 352 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 352 20 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 352 21 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 352 22 analyze analyze VB cord-311190-i630n88t 352 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 352 24 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 25 AS as NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 26 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 352 27 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 28 topology topology NN cord-311190-i630n88t 352 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 353 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 353 2 then then RB cord-311190-i630n88t 353 3 divided divide VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 353 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 353 5 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 6 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 8 buckets bucket NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 353 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 10 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 353 11 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 12 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 353 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 353 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 353 15 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 16 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 353 17 bucket bucket NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 18 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 353 19 computed compute VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 353 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 353 21 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 23 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 24 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 353 25 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 26 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 353 27 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 353 28 incurred incur VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 353 29 in in RB cord-311190-i630n88t 353 30 at at RB cord-311190-i630n88t 353 31 least least RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 353 32 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 353 33 change change NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 34 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 35 AS as JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 353 36 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 37 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 38 that that DT cord-311190-i630n88t 353 39 bucket bucket NN cord-311190-i630n88t 353 40 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 354 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 354 2 12 12 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 354 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 354 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 354 5 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 354 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 354 7 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 354 8 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 354 9 over over IN cord-311190-i630n88t 354 10 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 354 11 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 354 12 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 354 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 355 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 355 2 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 4 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 5 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 355 6 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 7 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 355 8 experiencing experience VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 355 9 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 10 changes change VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 355 11 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 355 12 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 13 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 355 14 rather rather RB cord-311190-i630n88t 355 15 uniform uniform JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 355 16 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 17 all all PDT cord-311190-i630n88t 355 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 355 19 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 20 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 355 22 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 23 0.1 0.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 355 24 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 355 25 0.2 0.2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 355 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 355 27 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 355 28 means mean VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 355 29 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 30 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 355 31 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 32 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 355 33 10 10 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 355 34 - - SYM cord-311190-i630n88t 355 35 20 20 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 355 36 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 37 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 38 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 39 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 355 40 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 41 pairs pair NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 355 42 experienced experience VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 355 43 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 355 44 change change NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 45 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 46 AS AS NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 355 47 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 355 48 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 356 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 356 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 356 3 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 4 comparing compare VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 356 5 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 356 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 356 7 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 356 8 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 356 10 numerical numerical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 356 11 point point NN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 13 view view NN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 356 15 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 356 16 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 356 17 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 356 19 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 356 20 fraction fraction NN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 22 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 23 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 356 24 per per IN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 25 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 26 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 356 27 17.9 17.9 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 356 28 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 29 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 356 30 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 356 31 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 356 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 357 1 Thus thus RB cord-311190-i630n88t 357 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 357 3 there there EX cord-311190-i630n88t 357 4 seems seem VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 357 5 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 357 6 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 357 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 357 8 slight slight JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 357 9 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 357 12 number number NN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 14 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 15 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 357 16 per per IN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 17 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 18 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 357 19 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 357 21 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 23 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 357 24 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 358 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 358 3 previous previous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 358 4 sections section NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 358 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 358 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 358 7 reported report VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 358 8 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 358 9 obtained obtain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 10 via via IN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 11 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 12 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 358 13 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 14 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 15 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 16 echo echo NN cord-311190-i630n88t 358 17 requests request NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 358 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 359 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 359 2 type type NN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 4 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 359 6 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 7 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 8 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 9 diagnostics diagnostic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 359 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 359 11 sometimes sometimes RB cord-311190-i630n88t 359 12 routers router NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 359 13 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 359 14 treat treat VB cord-311190-i630n88t 359 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 359 16 differently differently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 359 17 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 18 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 19 generated generate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 20 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 21 end end NN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 22 users user NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 359 23 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 359 24 even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 359 25 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 26 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 359 27 usually usually RB cord-311190-i630n88t 359 28 behave behave VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 359 29 similarly similarly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 359 30 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 31 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 359 32 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 359 33 RTT RTT NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 359 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 359 35 55 55 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 359 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 359 37 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 360 1 Even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 360 2 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 360 4 trends trend NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 360 5 highlighted highlight VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 360 8 previous previous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 360 9 sections section NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 360 10 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 11 ICMP ICMP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 12 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 13 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 360 14 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 360 15 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 360 18 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 19 congestion congestion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 20 caused cause VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 21 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 360 23 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 24 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 360 26 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 27 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 360 28 analyze analyze VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 360 30 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 360 31 produced produce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 32 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 33 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 34 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 35 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 36 Anchoring Anchoring NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 37 Measurements Measurements NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 360 39 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 40 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 360 41 TCP TCP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 360 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 360 43 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 361 1 These these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 361 2 kinds kind NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 361 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 361 4 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 361 5 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 361 6 quite quite RB cord-311190-i630n88t 361 7 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 361 8 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 361 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 361 10 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 361 11 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 361 12 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 361 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 361 14 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 361 15 above above RB cord-311190-i630n88t 361 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 362 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 362 2 particular particular JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 362 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 362 4 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 362 5 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 362 6 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 362 7 collects collect VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 362 8 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 362 9 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 362 10 sample sample NN cord-311190-i630n88t 362 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 362 12 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 362 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 362 14 at at RB cord-311190-i630n88t 362 15 least least RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 362 16 three three CD cord-311190-i630n88t 362 17 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 362 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 362 19 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 362 20 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 362 21 ones one NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 362 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 362 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 363 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 2 addition addition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 363 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 363 5 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 363 6 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 363 7 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 363 8 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 363 9 extracted extract VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 10 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 11 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 363 12 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 363 13 include include VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 363 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 363 15 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 17 sending send VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 363 18 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 363 19 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 363 20 request request NN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 21 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 22 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 363 23 server server NN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 24 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 363 25 waiting wait VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 363 26 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 363 28 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 363 29 response response NN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 30 body body NN cord-311190-i630n88t 363 31 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 363 32 arrive arrive VB cord-311190-i630n88t 363 33 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 364 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 364 2 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 364 3 includes include VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 364 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 364 5 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 364 6 needed need VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 364 7 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 364 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 364 9 server server NN cord-311190-i630n88t 364 10 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 364 11 build build VB cord-311190-i630n88t 364 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 364 13 response response NN cord-311190-i630n88t 364 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 365 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 365 2 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 3 needed need VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 365 4 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 365 6 DNS dns NN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 7 resolution resolution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 365 10 server server NN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 11 address address NN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 365 13 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 365 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 365 15 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 365 16 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 365 17 included include VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 365 18 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 366 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 366 3 reason reason NN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 366 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 366 6 must must MD cord-311190-i630n88t 366 7 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 366 8 noted note VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 9 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 366 11 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 366 12 extracted extract VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 13 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 14 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 366 15 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 366 16 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 366 17 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 366 18 directly directly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 366 19 comparable comparable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 366 20 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 366 22 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 366 23 obtained obtain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 24 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 25 means mean NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 366 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 27 ICMP icmp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 28 ping ping NN cord-311190-i630n88t 366 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 367 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 2 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 367 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 367 4 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 367 5 extracted extract VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 6 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 7 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 8 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 367 9 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 367 11 methodology methodology NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 12 described describe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 14 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 15 4 4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 367 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 367 17 however however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 367 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 367 19 being be VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 367 20 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 367 21 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 22 composed compose VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 23 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 24 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 367 25 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 367 26 sample sample NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 367 28 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 29 will will MD cord-311190-i630n88t 367 30 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 367 31 have have VB cord-311190-i630n88t 367 32 d d XX cord-311190-i630n88t 367 33 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 34 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 367 35 d d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 36 avg avg NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 37 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 367 38 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 367 39 d d NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 40 max max NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 41 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 367 42 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 367 43 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 367 44 d d XX cord-311190-i630n88t 367 45 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 367 46 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 367 47 therefore therefore RB cord-311190-i630n88t 367 48 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 367 49 q q NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 50 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 367 51 r. r. NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 52 Figure Figure NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 53 13a 13a NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 367 54 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 367 55 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 367 56 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 367 57 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 58 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 367 59 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 60 source source NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 61 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 367 62 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 63 located locate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 64 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 367 65 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 367 66 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 368 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 368 2 figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 368 3 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 368 4 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 368 5 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 368 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 368 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 368 8 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 368 9 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 368 10 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 368 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 368 12 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 368 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 369 1 Like like IN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 2 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 369 4 previous previous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 369 5 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 369 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 369 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 369 8 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 369 10 progressive progressive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 369 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 369 12 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 369 13 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 14 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 369 15 like like JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 369 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 369 17 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 18 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 369 19 recall recall VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 369 20 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 21 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 369 22 experienced experience VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 369 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 369 24 partial partial JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 369 25 lockdowns lockdown NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 369 26 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 27 entering enter VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 369 28 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 369 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 369 30 strictest strict JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 369 31 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 369 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 370 1 A a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 370 2 step step NN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 3 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 370 4 like like JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 370 5 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 6 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 370 7 noticeable noticeable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 370 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 9 correspondence correspondence NN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 370 12 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 370 15 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 16 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 17 showed show VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 370 18 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 19 Section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 370 20 6.2 6.2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 370 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 371 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 371 3 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 371 5 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 6 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 7 affects affect VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 371 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 371 9 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 11 HTTP HTTP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 371 12 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 371 14 differently differently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 371 15 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 16 ICMP ICMP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 371 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 371 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 371 19 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 20 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 21 triggers trigger VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 371 22 retransmissions retransmission NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 371 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 371 25 TCP TCP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 371 26 protocol protocol NN cord-311190-i630n88t 371 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 372 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 372 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 372 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 372 4 end end NN cord-311190-i630n88t 372 5 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 372 6 toend toend NN cord-311190-i630n88t 372 7 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 372 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 372 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 372 10 TCP TCP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 372 11 connection connection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 372 12 increases increase NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 372 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 373 1 Besides besides IN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 373 3 anomaly anomaly NN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 373 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 373 6 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 373 7 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 373 9 noticeable noticeable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 373 10 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 373 11 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 12 comparing compare VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 373 13 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 373 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 373 15 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 373 16 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 17 values value NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 373 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 19 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 373 21 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 373 22 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 373 23 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 373 24 24.9 24.9 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 373 25 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 26 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 373 27 98.5 98.5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 373 28 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 29 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 373 30 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 31 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 373 32 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 33 respect respect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 34 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 373 35 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 373 36 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 374 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 374 2 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 374 3 13b 13b NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 374 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 374 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 374 6 failure failure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 374 7 rate rate NN cord-311190-i630n88t 374 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 374 9 HTTP http NN cord-311190-i630n88t 374 10 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 374 11 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 374 12 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 374 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 375 1 Such such JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 375 2 failures failure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 375 3 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 375 4 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 375 5 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 6 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 375 7 combination combination NN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 9 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 10 errors error NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 375 11 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 375 12 include include VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 375 13 connection connection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 14 timeout timeout NN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 375 16 host host NN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 17 unreachable unreachable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 375 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 375 19 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 375 20 unreachable unreachable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 375 21 problems problem NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 375 22 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 376 1 Also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 376 2 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 376 4 case case NN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 5 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 376 6 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 376 9 failure failure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 10 rate rate NN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 11 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 376 12 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 376 13 noticed notice VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 14 as as RB cord-311190-i630n88t 376 15 long long RB cord-311190-i630n88t 376 16 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 376 18 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 376 19 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 376 20 becomes become VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 376 21 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 376 22 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 376 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 377 1 These these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 377 2 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 377 3 allow allow VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 377 4 us -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 377 5 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 6 con con NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 7 - - NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 8 firm firm JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 377 9 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 377 11 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 12 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 13 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 377 14 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 15 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 377 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 377 17 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 18 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 19 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 377 20 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 377 21 limited limit VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 22 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 23 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 24 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 377 25 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 26 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 377 27 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 377 28 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 377 29 end end VB cord-311190-i630n88t 377 30 user user NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 31 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 377 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 378 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 378 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 378 3 section section NN cord-311190-i630n88t 378 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 378 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 378 6 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 378 7 how how WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 378 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 378 9 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 378 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 378 11 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 378 12 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 378 13 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 378 14 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 378 15 affected affect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 378 16 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 378 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 378 18 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 378 19 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 378 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 379 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 379 2 considered consider VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 379 3 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 379 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 379 5 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 379 6 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 379 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 379 8 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 379 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 379 10 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 379 11 had have VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 379 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 379 13 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 379 14 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 379 15 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 379 16 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 379 17 five five CD cord-311190-i630n88t 379 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 379 19 seven seven CD cord-311190-i630n88t 379 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 379 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 379 22 twelve twelve CD cord-311190-i630n88t 379 23 days day NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 379 24 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 379 25 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 379 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 380 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 2 addition addition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 380 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 380 5 considered consider VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 380 6 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 380 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 380 8 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 9 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 380 10 example example NN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 380 13 country country NN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 14 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 380 15 adopted adopt VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 380 16 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 380 17 less less RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 380 18 formal formal JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 380 19 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 20 policy policy NN cord-311190-i630n88t 380 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 381 1 Finally finally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 381 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 381 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 381 4 considered consider VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 381 5 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 381 6 European european JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 381 7 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 381 8 together together RB cord-311190-i630n88t 381 9 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 382 1 Overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 382 2 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 382 3 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 382 4 depicted depict VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 382 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 382 6 Figure Figure NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 382 7 14 14 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 382 8 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 383 1 Table table NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 2 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 383 3 reports report VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 383 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 383 5 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 383 8 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 383 9 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 383 10 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 383 11 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 13 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 14 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 383 16 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 17 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 18 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 19 stay stay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 383 21 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 22 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 383 23 home home NN cord-311190-i630n88t 383 24 orders order NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 383 25 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 384 1 To to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 384 2 obtain obtain VB cord-311190-i630n88t 384 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 384 4 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 384 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 7 each each DT cord-311190-i630n88t 384 8 country country NN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 384 10 compared compare VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 384 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 384 12 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 384 13 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 15 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 384 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 384 17 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 384 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 384 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 384 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 384 21 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 384 22 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 24 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 384 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 384 26 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 384 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 384 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 385 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 2 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 385 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 385 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 385 5 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 6 periods period NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 385 7 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 385 8 four four CD cord-311190-i630n88t 385 9 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 10 long long RB cord-311190-i630n88t 385 11 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 385 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 13 seven seven CD cord-311190-i630n88t 385 14 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 385 15 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 385 16 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 385 17 put put VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 18 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 19 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 20 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 21 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 385 22 end end NN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 23 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 24 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 385 25 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 26 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 385 28 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 385 29 full full JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 385 30 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 31 was be VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 385 32 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 385 33 covered cover VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 34 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 35 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 385 36 collected collect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 385 37 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 385 38 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 386 1 Since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 2 there there EX cord-311190-i630n88t 386 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 386 4 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 386 5 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 386 6 unique unique JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 386 7 date date NN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 8 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 9 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 10 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 386 12 whole whole NN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 14 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 386 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 386 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 386 17 since since IN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 18 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 386 19 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 386 20 did do VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 386 21 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 386 22 even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 386 23 enter enter VB cord-311190-i630n88t 386 24 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 386 25 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 26 phase phase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 386 28 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 386 29 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 386 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 386 31 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 387 1 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 387 2 compared compare VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 387 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 387 4 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 387 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 387 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 387 7 last last JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 387 8 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 387 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 387 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 387 11 observation observation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 387 12 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 387 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 388 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 388 2 two two CD cord-311190-i630n88t 388 3 weeks week NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 388 4 used use VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 388 5 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 388 6 comparison comparison NN cord-311190-i630n88t 388 7 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 388 8 highlighted highlight VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 388 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 388 10 light light JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 388 11 grey grey NN cord-311190-i630n88t 388 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 388 13 Figure Figure NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 388 14 14 14 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 388 15 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 389 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 389 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 389 3 following following NN cord-311190-i630n88t 389 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 389 5 analyze analyze VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 389 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 389 7 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 389 8 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 389 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 389 10 detail detail NN cord-311190-i630n88t 389 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 390 1 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 390 2 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 390 3 high high JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 390 4 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 390 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 390 6 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 390 7 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 390 8 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 390 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 390 10 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 390 11 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 391 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 391 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 391 3 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 391 4 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 391 5 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 391 6 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 391 7 enforced enforce VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 391 8 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 391 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 391 10 noticeable noticeable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 391 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 391 12 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 391 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 392 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 392 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 392 3 circadian circadian NN cord-311190-i630n88t 392 4 patterns pattern NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 392 5 become become VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 392 6 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 392 7 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 392 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 392 9 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 392 10 14a 14a CD cord-311190-i630n88t 392 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 392 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 393 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 393 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 393 3 confirmed confirm VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 4 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 393 5 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 6 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 393 7 summary summary NN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 8 statistics statistic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 393 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 393 10 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 393 11 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 393 12 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 393 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 14 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 393 15 crement crement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 17 37.4 37.4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 393 18 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 20 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 393 21 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 393 22 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 23 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 24 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 393 25 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 393 26 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 27 110.8 110.8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 393 28 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 29 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 393 31 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 393 32 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 393 33 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 393 34 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 35 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 393 36 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 37 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 393 38 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 39 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 393 40 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 393 41 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 394 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 394 2 visual visual JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 394 3 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 5 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 394 6 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 394 7 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 394 8 progressive progressive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 394 9 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 11 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 12 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 394 13 starts start VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 394 14 much much RB cord-311190-i630n88t 394 15 earlier early RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 394 16 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 394 18 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 19 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 394 20 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 21 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 394 22 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 394 23 spread spread VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 24 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 394 26 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 394 27 14b 14b NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 394 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 394 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 395 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 2 fact fact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 395 4 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 395 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 6 Table Table NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 395 7 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 395 8 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 395 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 395 10 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 395 11 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 12 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 13 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 395 14 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 395 15 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 16 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 18 63.2 63.2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 395 19 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 395 21 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 395 22 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 395 23 modest modest JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 395 24 19.3 19.3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 395 25 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 26 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 27 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 395 28 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 395 29 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 395 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 396 1 On on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 396 2 March March NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 396 3 7 7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 396 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 396 5 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 396 6 temporary temporary JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 396 7 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 396 8 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 396 9 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 396 10 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 396 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 396 12 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 396 13 14b 14b NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 396 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 397 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 397 2 investigated investigate VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 397 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 397 4 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 397 6 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 397 7 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 397 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 397 10 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 397 11 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 12 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 397 13 considerable considerable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 397 14 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 397 17 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 18 towards towards IN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 19 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 397 20 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 397 22 observed observe VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 397 23 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 397 24 multiple multiple JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 397 25 sources source NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 397 26 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 398 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 398 2 believe believe VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 398 3 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 398 4 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 398 5 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 398 6 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 398 7 anomalous anomalous JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 398 8 behavior behavior NN cord-311190-i630n88t 398 9 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 398 10 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 398 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 398 12 target target NN cord-311190-i630n88t 398 13 itself -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 398 14 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 398 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 398 16 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 398 17 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 398 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 398 19 proximity proximity NN cord-311190-i630n88t 398 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 399 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 399 2 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 399 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 399 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 399 5 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 399 6 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 399 7 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 399 8 opposite opposite JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 399 9 behaviours behaviour NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 399 10 between between IN cord-311190-i630n88t 399 11 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 399 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 399 13 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 399 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 400 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 400 2 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 400 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 400 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 400 5 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 400 6 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 400 7 decreases decrease VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 400 8 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 400 9 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 400 10 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 400 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 400 12 while while IN cord-311190-i630n88t 400 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 400 14 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 400 15 increases increase VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 400 16 greatly greatly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 400 17 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 401 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 401 2 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 401 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 401 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 401 5 situation situation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 401 6 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 401 7 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 401 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 401 9 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 401 10 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 401 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 401 12 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 401 13 14c 14c NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 401 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 401 15 14d 14d NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 401 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 401 17 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 401 18 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 401 19 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 401 20 - - : cord-311190-i630n88t 401 21 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 401 22 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 401 23 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 401 24 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 401 25 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 401 26 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 401 27 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 402 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 402 2 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 402 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 402 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 402 5 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 402 6 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 402 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 402 8 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 402 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 402 10 barely barely RB cord-311190-i630n88t 402 11 noticeable noticeable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 402 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 403 1 Lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 403 2 seems seem VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 403 3 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 403 4 accentuate accentuate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 403 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 403 6 periodic periodic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 403 7 fluctuations fluctuation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 403 8 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 403 9 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 403 10 circadian circadian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 403 11 rhythms rhythm NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 403 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 404 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 2 fact fact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 404 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 404 5 summary summary NN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 6 statistics statistic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 404 7 included include VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 9 Table Table NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 404 10 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 404 11 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 404 12 even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 404 13 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 404 14 decrement decrement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 15 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 16 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 17 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 18 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 404 20 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 404 21 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 22 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 23 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 404 24 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 25 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 26 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 404 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 404 28 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 404 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 404 30 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 404 31 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 405 1 However however RB cord-311190-i630n88t 405 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 405 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 405 4 must must MD cord-311190-i630n88t 405 5 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 405 6 noticed notice VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 7 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 405 9 first first JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 405 10 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 12 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 405 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 14 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 405 15 appears appear VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 405 16 as as RB cord-311190-i630n88t 405 17 particularly particularly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 405 18 noisy noisy JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 405 19 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 20 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 21 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 405 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 405 23 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 405 24 pre pre JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 405 25 - - JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 405 26 lockdown lockdown JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 405 27 weeks week NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 405 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 406 1 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 406 2 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 406 3 show show VB cord-311190-i630n88t 406 4 much much RB cord-311190-i630n88t 406 5 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 406 6 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 406 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 406 8 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 406 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 406 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 406 11 attribute attribute NN cord-311190-i630n88t 406 12 that that WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 406 13 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 406 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 406 15 most most RBS cord-311190-i630n88t 406 16 evident evident JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 406 17 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 406 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 406 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 406 20 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 406 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 407 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 2 fact fact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 407 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 407 5 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 6 shows show VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 407 7 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 407 8 increment increment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 10 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 407 11 0.5 0.5 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 407 12 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 13 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 407 15 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 407 16 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 17 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 407 19 49.6 49.6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 407 20 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 21 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 407 23 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 407 24 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 25 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 26 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 407 27 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 407 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 408 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 408 2 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 408 3 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 408 4 increases increase NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 408 5 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 408 6 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 408 7 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 408 8 both both CC cord-311190-i630n88t 408 9 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 408 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 408 11 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 408 12 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 408 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 408 14 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 408 15 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 408 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 408 17 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 408 18 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 408 19 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 409 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 409 2 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 409 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 409 4 situation situation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 409 5 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 409 6 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 409 7 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 409 8 both both DT cord-311190-i630n88t 409 9 Spain Spain NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 409 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 409 11 France France NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 409 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 410 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 2 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 410 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 410 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 410 5 effect effect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 7 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 8 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 410 9 noticeable noticeable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 410 10 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 410 11 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 12 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 410 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 14 amplified amplify VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 15 circadian circadian NN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 16 patterns pattern NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 410 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 410 18 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 410 19 14e 14e NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 410 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 410 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 411 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 411 2 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 3 confirms confirm VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 411 4 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 411 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 411 6 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 7 showing show VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 411 8 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 411 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 411 10 2.8 2.8 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 411 11 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 12 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 411 15 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 16 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 17 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 411 19 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 411 20 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 411 21 37.3 37.3 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 411 22 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 23 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 24 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 25 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 411 26 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 411 27 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 411 28 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 411 29 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 411 30 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 412 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 2 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 412 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 412 4 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 412 5 more more RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 412 6 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 412 7 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 9 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 10 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 412 11 visible visible JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 412 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 412 13 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 14 14f 14f CD cord-311190-i630n88t 412 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 412 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 412 17 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 412 18 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 412 19 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 20 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 412 21 34.1 34.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 412 22 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 23 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 412 24 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 25 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 26 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 412 27 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 28 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 29 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 412 31 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 412 32 88.7 88.7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 412 33 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 34 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 412 35 value value NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 36 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 412 38 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 412 39 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 412 40 standad standad NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 412 41 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 42 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 43 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 412 44 compared compare VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 45 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 412 46 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 412 47 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 413 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 413 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 413 3 worth worth JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 413 4 noticing notice VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 413 5 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 7 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 413 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 413 9 degradation degradation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 11 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 12 starts start VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 413 13 more more JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 413 14 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 15 one one CD cord-311190-i630n88t 413 16 week week NN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 17 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 413 19 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 413 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 414 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 414 2 happened happen VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 414 3 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 414 4 Germany Germany NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 414 5 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 414 6 like like IN cord-311190-i630n88t 414 7 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 414 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 414 9 proceeded proceed VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 414 10 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 414 11 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 414 12 partial partial JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 414 13 lockdowns lockdown NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 414 14 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 414 15 school school NN cord-311190-i630n88t 414 16 closures closure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 414 17 before before IN cord-311190-i630n88t 414 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 414 19 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 414 20 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 414 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 415 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 415 2 average average JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 415 3 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 415 4 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 415 5 slightly slightly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 415 6 increases increase NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 415 7 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 415 8 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 415 9 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 415 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 415 11 decreases decrease VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 415 12 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 415 13 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 415 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 416 1 As as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 416 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 416 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 416 4 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 416 5 adopted adopt VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 416 6 less less JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 416 7 formal formal JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 416 8 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 416 9 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 417 1 For for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 417 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 417 3 reason reason NN cord-311190-i630n88t 417 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 417 5 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 417 6 shown show VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 417 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 417 8 Figures figure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 417 9 14 14 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 417 10 g g NN cord-311190-i630n88t 417 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 417 12 14h 14h NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 417 13 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 417 14 definitely definitely RB cord-311190-i630n88t 417 15 interesting interesting JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 417 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 418 1 Both both CC cord-311190-i630n88t 418 2 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 418 3 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 418 4 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 418 5 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 418 6 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 418 7 progressive progressive JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 418 8 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 10 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 418 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 418 14 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 15 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 418 17 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 18 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 19 period period NN cord-311190-i630n88t 418 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 419 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 419 2 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 419 3 mean mean VB cord-311190-i630n88t 419 4 either either CC cord-311190-i630n88t 419 5 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 6 Swedish swedish JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 419 7 people people NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 419 8 autonomously autonomously RB cord-311190-i630n88t 419 9 increased increase VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 419 10 social social JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 419 11 distancing distancing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 419 13 implemented implement VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 419 14 stay stay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 15 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 419 16 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 17 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 419 18 home home NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 19 policies policy NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 419 20 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 21 suggested suggest VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 22 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 23 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 419 24 Swedish swedish JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 419 25 government government NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 26 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 419 27 or or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 419 28 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 29 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 419 30 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 31 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 32 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 419 33 Swedish swedish JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 419 34 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 35 infrastructure infrastructure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 36 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 419 37 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 38 affected affect VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 39 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 40 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 419 41 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 42 imposed impose VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 43 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 419 44 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 419 45 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 419 46 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 420 1 Also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 420 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 420 3 comparison comparison NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 5 W1 W1 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 420 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 420 7 W2 W2 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 420 8 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 420 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 420 10 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 420 11 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 13 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 14 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 15 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 420 17 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 420 18 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 19 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 420 20 44.7 44.7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 420 21 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 22 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 420 23 531.2 531.2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 420 24 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 25 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 26 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 420 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 420 28 28.6 28.6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 420 29 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 30 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 420 31 231.7 231.7 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 420 32 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 33 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 420 34 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 420 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 421 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 421 2 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 421 3 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 421 4 increases increase VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 421 5 just just RB cord-311190-i630n88t 421 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 421 7 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 421 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 421 9 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 421 10 decreases decrease VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 421 11 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 421 12 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 421 13 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 422 1 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 422 2 14i 14i NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 422 3 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 422 4 Figure figure NN cord-311190-i630n88t 422 5 14j 14j CD cord-311190-i630n88t 422 6 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 423 1 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 423 2 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 423 3 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 423 4 - - : cord-311190-i630n88t 423 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 423 6 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 423 7 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 423 8 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 423 9 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 423 10 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 423 11 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 423 12 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 423 13 Europe Europe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 423 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 424 1 Additional additional JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 424 2 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 424 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 424 4 generally generally RB cord-311190-i630n88t 424 5 smaller small JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 424 6 than than IN cord-311190-i630n88t 424 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 424 8 individual individual JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 424 9 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 424 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 424 11 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 424 12 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 425 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 425 2 response response NN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 3 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 4 national national JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 425 5 lockdowns lockdown NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 425 6 seems seem VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 425 7 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 425 8 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 425 9 fairly fairly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 425 10 good good JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 425 11 even even RB cord-311190-i630n88t 425 12 if if IN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 425 14 notice notice VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 425 15 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 425 16 accentuation accentuation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 18 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 425 19 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 20 due due IN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 21 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 425 23 circadian circadian NN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 24 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 425 25 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 425 26 starting start VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 425 27 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 425 29 Italian italian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 425 30 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 31 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 425 32 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 425 33 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 425 34 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 425 35 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 425 36 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 37 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 425 38 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 425 39 overall overall JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 425 40 latencies latency NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 425 41 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 426 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 426 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 3 confirmed confirm VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 4 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 426 6 statistics statistic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 426 7 reported report VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 9 Table Table NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 426 10 2 2 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 426 11 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 426 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 426 13 r r NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 14 min min NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 15 average average NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 16 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 17 subject subject JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 18 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 19 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 426 20 modest modest JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 21 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 22 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 426 23 equal equal JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 24 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 25 8.1 8.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 426 26 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 27 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 426 28 15.4 15.4 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 426 29 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 30 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 31 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 426 32 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 426 33 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 426 34 respectively respectively RB cord-311190-i630n88t 426 35 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 426 36 while while IN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 37 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 426 38 r r NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 426 39 min min NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 426 40 standard standard JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 41 deviation deviation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 42 experiences experience VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 43 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 426 44 significant significant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 45 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 46 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 426 47 equal equal JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 426 48 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 49 114.6 114.6 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 426 50 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 51 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 426 52 108.1 108.1 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 426 53 % % NN cord-311190-i630n88t 426 54 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 427 1 These these DT cord-311190-i630n88t 427 2 results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 427 3 seem seem VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 427 4 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 427 5 indicate indicate VB cord-311190-i630n88t 427 6 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 427 8 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 427 10 continent continent NN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 11 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 427 12 level level NN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 13 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 14 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 427 15 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 427 16 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 18 lockdown lockdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 19 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 427 20 still still RB cord-311190-i630n88t 427 21 noticeable noticeable JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 427 22 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 427 23 without without IN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 24 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 427 25 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 427 26 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 27 observed observed JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 427 28 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 427 29 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 428 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 428 2 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 428 3 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 428 4 instead instead RB cord-311190-i630n88t 428 5 decreases decrease VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 428 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 428 7 AMD AMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 428 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 428 9 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 428 10 almost almost RB cord-311190-i630n88t 428 11 unchanged unchanged JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 428 12 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 428 13 UDMD UDMD NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 428 14 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 429 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 429 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 429 3 worth worth JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 429 4 to to TO cord-311190-i630n88t 429 5 notice notice VB cord-311190-i630n88t 429 6 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 7 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 429 8 after after IN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 9 analyzing analyze VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 429 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 429 11 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 12 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 13 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 429 15 different different JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 429 16 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 429 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 429 18 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 429 19 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 429 20 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 429 21 conclude conclude VB cord-311190-i630n88t 429 22 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 23 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 429 24 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 25 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 26 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 27 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 429 28 coupled couple VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 29 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 30 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 429 31 increase increase NN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 32 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 33 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 34 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 429 35 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 430 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 430 2 fact fact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 430 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 430 4 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 430 5 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 430 6 cases case NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 430 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 430 8 found find VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 430 9 increasing increase VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 430 10 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 430 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 430 12 decreasing decrease VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 430 13 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 430 14 loss loss NN cord-311190-i630n88t 430 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 430 16 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 430 17 vice vice NN cord-311190-i630n88t 430 18 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 430 19 versa versa RB cord-311190-i630n88t 430 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 431 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 431 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 431 3 well well RB cord-311190-i630n88t 431 4 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 431 5 known know VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 431 6 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 431 7 computer computer NN cord-311190-i630n88t 431 8 viruses virus NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 431 9 may may MD cord-311190-i630n88t 431 10 cause cause VB cord-311190-i630n88t 431 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 431 12 slowdown slowdown NN cord-311190-i630n88t 431 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 431 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 431 15 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 431 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 431 17 56 56 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 431 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 431 19 57 57 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 431 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 431 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 432 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 432 2 2020 2020 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 432 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 432 4 all all DT cord-311190-i630n88t 432 5 learned learn VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 432 6 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 432 7 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 432 8 biological biological JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 432 9 viruses virus NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 432 10 may may MD cord-311190-i630n88t 432 11 affect affect VB cord-311190-i630n88t 432 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 432 13 global global JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 432 14 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 432 15 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 432 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 432 17 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 432 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 432 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 432 20 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 432 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 432 22 bring bring VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 432 23 in in RP cord-311190-i630n88t 432 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 432 25 way way NN cord-311190-i630n88t 432 26 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 432 27 live live VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 432 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 433 1 In in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 2 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 433 3 paper paper NN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 4 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 433 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 433 6 analyzed analyze VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 433 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 433 8 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 9 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 433 11 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 433 12 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 433 15 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 433 18 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 19 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 20 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 433 21 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 433 22 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 433 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 434 1 Latency Latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 434 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 434 3 particularly particularly RB cord-311190-i630n88t 434 4 important important JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 434 5 not not RB cord-311190-i630n88t 434 6 only only RB cord-311190-i630n88t 434 7 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 434 9 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 434 10 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 434 11 profound profound JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 434 12 effect effect NN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 13 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 14 some some DT cord-311190-i630n88t 434 15 classes class NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 434 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 17 applications application NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 434 18 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 434 19 but but CC cord-311190-i630n88t 434 20 also also RB cord-311190-i630n88t 434 21 because because IN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 434 23 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 434 24 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 434 25 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 26 itself -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 434 27 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 434 28 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 434 29 excellent excellent JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 434 30 indicator indicator NN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 31 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 32 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 434 33 health health NN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 34 status status NN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 35 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 36 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 434 37 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 434 38 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 435 1 Results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 435 2 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 435 3 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 435 4 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 435 5 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 6 obtained obtain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 7 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 435 9 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 435 12 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 435 13 amount amount NN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 14 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 15 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 435 16 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 435 17 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 435 18 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 435 20 impact impact NN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 21 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 435 23 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 24 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 25 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 435 26 line line NN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 27 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 435 28 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 435 29 relevant relevant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 435 30 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 435 31 especially especially RB cord-311190-i630n88t 435 32 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 33 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 435 34 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 35 higher high JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 435 36 variability variability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 435 37 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 436 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 436 2 major major JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 436 3 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 436 4 have have VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 436 5 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 6 observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 436 9 evening evening NN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 436 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 436 12 time time NN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 436 15 day day NN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 16 when when WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 436 17 most most JJS cord-311190-i630n88t 436 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 436 20 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 21 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 436 22 line line NN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 23 activities activity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 436 24 are be VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 436 25 related relate VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 26 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 27 entertainment entertainment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 436 28 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 437 1 This this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 437 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 437 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 4 distance distance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 5 learning learning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 437 7 remote remote JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 437 8 working working NN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 9 contributed contribute VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 437 10 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 11 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 437 12 lesser less JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 437 13 extent extent NN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 14 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 15 terms term NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 437 16 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 17 additional additional JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 437 18 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 19 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 437 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 438 1 Results result NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 438 2 obtained obtain VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 3 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 438 5 considered consider VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 6 countries country NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 438 7 show show VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 438 8 relevant relevant JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 438 9 differences difference NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 438 10 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 438 11 which which WDT cord-311190-i630n88t 438 12 can can MD cord-311190-i630n88t 438 13 be be VB cord-311190-i630n88t 438 14 due due JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 438 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 16 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 438 17 resilience resilience NN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 18 levels level NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 438 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 438 21 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 22 and/or and/or CC cord-311190-i630n88t 438 23 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 24 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 438 25 non non JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 438 26 - - JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 438 27 uniform uniform JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 438 28 restrictions restriction NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 438 29 imposed impose VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 30 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 438 31 authorities authority NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 438 32 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 439 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 439 2 believe believe VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 439 3 that that IN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 4 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 439 5 provided provide VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 6 numbers number NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 439 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 439 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 439 9 related related JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 439 10 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 439 12 despite despite IN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 13 being be VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 439 14 limited limit VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 15 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 16 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 439 17 portion portion NN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 18 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 19 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 439 20 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 439 22 definitely definitely RB cord-311190-i630n88t 439 23 help help VB cord-311190-i630n88t 439 24 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 25 better well JJR cord-311190-i630n88t 439 26 understanding understanding NN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 27 this this DT cord-311190-i630n88t 439 28 previously previously RB cord-311190-i630n88t 439 29 unseen unseen JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 439 30 event event NN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 31 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 32 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 439 33 history history NN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 34 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 35 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 439 36 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 439 37 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 439 38 _SP cord-311190-i630n88t 440 1 Latency Latency NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 440 2 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 440 3 Player Player NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 440 4 Actions Actions NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 440 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 440 6 Online Online NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 440 7 Games Games NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 441 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 441 2 effects effect NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 441 3 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 4 latency latency NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 5 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 6 player player NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 7 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 8 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 9 cloud cloud NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 10 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 441 11 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 12 games game NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 441 13 Assessing assess VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 441 14 voice voice NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 15 quality quality NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 16 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 17 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 18 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 441 19 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 20 telephony telephony NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 21 Geolocation geolocation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 23 internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 24 hosts host NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 441 25 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 441 26 Accuracy accuracy NN cord-311190-i630n88t 441 27 limits limit VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 441 28 through through IN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 1 cramér cramér NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 2 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 442 3 rao rao NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 4 lower lower RBR cord-311190-i630n88t 442 5 bound bind VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 6 Smartphone smartphone NN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 7 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 442 8 based base VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 9 geolocation geolocation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 10 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 11 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 12 hosts host NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 442 13 Using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 442 14 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 15 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 16 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 442 17 Geolocating Geolocating NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 18 IP IP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 19 Infrastructure Infrastructure NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 20 Ripe Ripe NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 21 atlas atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 442 22 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 443 1 A a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 443 2 global global JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 443 3 internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 443 4 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 443 5 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-311190-i630n88t 444 2 commitment commitment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 3 to to IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 4 customers customer NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 444 5 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 6 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 7 Zoom Zoom NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 8 CFO CFO NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 9 explains explain VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 444 10 how how WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 444 11 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 444 12 company company NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 13 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 444 14 grappling grapple VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 444 15 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 16 increased increase VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 17 demand demand NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 18 Detecting detect VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 444 19 Anomalies Anomalies NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 444 20 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 21 Network Network NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 22 Traffic Traffic NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 23 Using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 444 24 Maximum Maximum NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 25 Entropy Entropy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 26 Estimation estimation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 27 On on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 28 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 444 29 detection detection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 30 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 31 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 32 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 33 anomalies anomaly NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 444 34 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 35 content content NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 36 delivery delivery NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 37 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 38 services services NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 444 39 Measurement Measurement NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 40 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 41 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 444 42 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 444 43 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 44 BGP bgp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 45 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 444 46 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 444 47 Definition definition NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 48 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 444 49 detection detection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 50 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 444 51 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 444 52 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 53 A a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 444 54 basisevolution basisevolution NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 55 framework framework NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 56 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 57 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 58 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 59 anomaly anomaly NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 60 detection detection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 61 Experience experience NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 62 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 63 restoration restoration NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 64 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 65 asia asia NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 66 pacific pacific NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 67 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 68 failures failure NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 444 69 from from IN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 70 taiwan taiwan NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 71 earthquake earthquake NN cord-311190-i630n88t 444 72 Quaking Quaking NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 444 73 Tables Tables NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 444 74 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 445 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 445 2 Taiwan Taiwan NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 445 3 Earthquakes Earthquakes NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 445 4 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 445 5 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 445 6 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 445 7 Routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 445 8 Table table NN cord-311190-i630n88t 446 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 446 2 Japan Japan NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 446 3 Earthquake Earthquake NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 446 4 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 447 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 447 2 Impact Impact NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 447 3 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 447 4 Traffic Traffic NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 447 5 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 447 6 Routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 447 7 Observed observe VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 447 8 by by IN cord-311190-i630n88t 447 9 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 447 10 Local Local NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 447 11 ISP isp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 448 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 448 2 PingER PingER NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 448 3 project project NN cord-311190-i630n88t 448 4 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 448 5 active active JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 448 6 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 448 7 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 448 8 monitoring monitoring NN cord-311190-i630n88t 448 9 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 448 10 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 448 11 HENP HENP NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 448 12 community community NN cord-311190-i630n88t 449 1 A a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 449 2 Preliminary Preliminary NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 3 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 4 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 449 5 Network Network NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 6 Outages Outages NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 449 7 During during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 449 8 Hurricane Hurricane NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 9 Sandy Sandy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 10 Hurricane Hurricane NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 11 Sandy Sandy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 449 13 How how WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 449 14 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 449 15 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 449 16 Routes route NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 449 17 Around around IN cord-311190-i630n88t 449 18 Damage Damage NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 19 Pingin Pingin NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 449 20 ' ' '' cord-311190-i630n88t 449 21 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 449 22 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 449 23 Rain rain NN cord-311190-i630n88t 450 1 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 450 2 impacts impact NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 450 3 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 450 4 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 450 5 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 450 6 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 450 7 Seattle Seattle NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 450 8 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 450 9 Northern Northern NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 450 10 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 450 11 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 450 12 South South NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 450 13 Korea Korea NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 451 1 How how WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 451 2 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 451 3 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 451 4 affecting affect VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 451 5 internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 451 6 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 451 7 DE DE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 451 8 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 451 9 CIX CIX NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 451 10 experiences experience VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 451 11 record record VBP cord-311190-i630n88t 451 12 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 451 13 amid amid IN cord-311190-i630n88t 451 14 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-311190-i630n88t 451 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 451 16 Call call NN cord-311190-i630n88t 451 17 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 451 18 Duty Duty NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 451 19 130768 130768 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 451 20 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 451 21 5vgoglwswy&title= 5vgoglwswy&title= CD cord-311190-i630n88t 452 1 Keeping keep VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 452 2 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 452 4 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 5 Internetup Internetup NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 452 6 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 452 8 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 9 running run VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 452 10 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 11 in_times in_times JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 452 12 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 13 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 14 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 15 crisis crisis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 16 Campus campus NN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 17 traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 18 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 452 19 e e LS cord-311190-i630n88t 452 20 - - NN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 21 Learning learning NN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 22 during during IN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 23 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 452 24 pandemic pandemic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 25 Traffic traffic NN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 26 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 452 27 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 28 Off off IN cord-311190-i630n88t 452 29 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 30 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 452 31 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 452 32 Shelf Shelf NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 452 33 Hardware Hardware NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 452 34 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 452 35 Challenges challenge NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 452 36 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 452 37 Lessons lesson NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 452 38 Learned learn VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 453 1 A a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 453 2 survey survey NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 3 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 4 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 5 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 6 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 7 platforms platform NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 453 9 related related JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 453 10 standardization standardization NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 11 efforts effort NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 12 Vantage Vantage NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 453 13 point point NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 14 selection selection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 15 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 16 IPv6 ipv6 NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 17 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 18 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 453 19 Benefits benefit NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 20 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 453 21 limitations limitation NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 22 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 23 RIPE RIPE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 453 24 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 453 25 tags tag NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 26 Pinpointing pinpointing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 27 delay delay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 28 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 453 29 forwarding forwarding NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 30 anomalies anomaly NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 31 using use VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 453 32 large large JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 453 33 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 453 34 scale scale NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 35 traceroute traceroute NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 36 measurements measurement NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 37 Disco Disco NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 453 38 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 453 39 Fast fast RB cord-311190-i630n88t 453 40 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 453 41 good good JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 453 42 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 453 43 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 453 44 cheap cheap JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 453 45 outage outage NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 46 detection detection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 47 Joint joint JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 453 48 minimization minimization NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 49 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 50 monitoring monitor VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 453 51 cost cost NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 52 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 453 53 delay delay VB cord-311190-i630n88t 453 54 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 55 overlay overlay NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 56 networks network NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 57 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 453 58 optimal optimal JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 453 59 policies policy NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 60 with with IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 61 a a DT cord-311190-i630n88t 453 62 markovian markovian JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 453 63 approach approach NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 64 Systems system NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 453 65 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 66 characterizing characterize VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 453 67 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 68 routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 69 Visualization visualization NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 70 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 453 71 monitoring monitoring NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 72 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 73 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 453 74 identification identification NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 75 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 453 76 analysis analysis NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 77 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 78 DNS dns NN cord-311190-i630n88t 453 79 issues issue NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 454 1 Tracing trace VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 454 2 cross cross NN cord-311190-i630n88t 454 3 border border NN cord-311190-i630n88t 454 4 web web NN cord-311190-i630n88t 454 5 tracking track VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 454 6 Ripe ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 454 7 ipmap ipmap VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 454 8 active active JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 454 9 geolocation geolocation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 454 10 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 454 11 mechanism mechanism NN cord-311190-i630n88t 454 12 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 454 13 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 454 14 evaluation evaluation NN cord-311190-i630n88t 455 1 Why why WRB cord-311190-i630n88t 455 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 455 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 455 4 internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 455 5 so so RB cord-311190-i630n88t 455 6 slow slow JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 455 7 ? ? . cord-311190-i630n88t 455 8 ! ! . cord-311190-i630n88t 456 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 456 2 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 456 4 3rd 3rd JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 456 5 ACM ACM NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 6 SIGCOMM SIGCOMM NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 7 Conference Conference NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 8 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 9 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 10 Measurement Measurement NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 11 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 456 12 IMC IMC NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 13 ' ' POS cord-311190-i630n88t 456 14 03 03 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 456 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 456 16 Association Association NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 17 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 18 Computing Computing NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 19 Machinery Machinery NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 20 Packet Packet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 21 Delay Delay NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 22 Variation Variation NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 23 Applicability Applicability NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 24 Statement Statement NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 25 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 26 protocol protocol NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 27 data datum NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 456 28 communication communication NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 29 service service NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 30 -IP -ip NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 31 packet packet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 32 transfer transfer NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 33 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 456 34 availability availability NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 35 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 36 parameters parameter NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 456 37 On on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 38 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 456 39 spatial spatial JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 456 40 properties property NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 456 41 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 42 internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 43 routes route NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 456 44 Italian Italian NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 45 Networking Networking NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 46 Community Community NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 47 Meeting Meeting NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 48 Summary Summary NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 456 49 Measuring measure VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 456 50 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 456 51 deployment deployment NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 52 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 53 ipv6 ipv6 RB cord-311190-i630n88t 456 54 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 456 55 Topology topology NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 56 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 456 57 routing routing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 456 58 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 456 59 performance performance NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 1 Dissecting dissect VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 457 2 video video NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 3 server server NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 4 selection selection NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 5 strategies strategy NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 457 6 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 457 8 youtube youtube NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 9 cdn cdn NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 10 Proceedings Proceedings NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 12 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 457 13 6th 6th JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 457 14 ACM ACM NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 15 SIGCOMM SIGCOMM NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 16 Conference Conference NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 17 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 18 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 19 Measurement Measurement NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 20 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 457 21 IMC IMC NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 22 ' ' POS cord-311190-i630n88t 457 23 06 06 CD cord-311190-i630n88t 457 24 Periodic periodic JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 457 25 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 26 changes change NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 457 27 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 28 ripe ripe JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 457 29 atlas atlas NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 30 Routing Routing NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 31 information information NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 32 service service NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 457 34 ris ris NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 457 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 457 36 Traceroute traceroute NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 37 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 457 38 bgp bgp VB cord-311190-i630n88t 457 39 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 40 path path NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 41 incongruities incongruity NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 457 42 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 457 43 Tech tech NN cord-311190-i630n88t 457 44 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 458 1 rep rep NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 2 . . NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 3 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 458 4 Cooperative Cooperative NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 5 Association Association NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 6 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 458 7 Internet Internet NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 8 Data Data NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 9 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 458 11 CAIDA CAIDA NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 458 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 459 1 On on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 459 2 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 459 3 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 459 4 differences difference NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 459 5 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 459 6 tcp tcp NN cord-311190-i630n88t 459 7 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 459 8 icmp icmp NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 459 9 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 459 10 network network NN cord-311190-i630n88t 459 11 measurement measurement NN cord-311190-i630n88t 460 1 The the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 460 2 Internet internet NN cord-311190-i630n88t 460 3 Worm worm NN cord-311190-i630n88t 460 4 Program Program NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 460 5 : : : cord-311190-i630n88t 461 1 An an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 461 2 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 461 3 Worm worm NN cord-311190-i630n88t 461 4 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 461 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 461 6 high high JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 461 7 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 461 8 speed speed NN cord-311190-i630n88t 461 9 networks network NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 461 10 Alessio Alessio NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 461 11 Vecchio Vecchio NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 461 12 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 461 13 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 461 14 associate associate JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 461 15 professor professor NN cord-311190-i630n88t 461 16 at at IN cord-311190-i630n88t 461 17 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 461 18 University University NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 461 19 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 461 20 Pisa Pisa NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 461 21 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 461 22 Italy Italy NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 461 23 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 462 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 462 2 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 462 3 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 462 4 involved involve VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 462 5 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 462 6 several several JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 462 7 national national JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 462 8 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 462 9 EU EU NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 462 10 - - HYPH cord-311190-i630n88t 462 11 funded fund VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 462 12 projects project NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 462 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 462 14 CONGAS CONGAS NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 462 15 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 462 16 NeutMon NeutMon NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 462 17 , , , cord-311190-i630n88t 462 18 MECPerf MECPerf NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 462 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 462 20 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 463 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 463 2 is be VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 463 3 currently currently RB cord-311190-i630n88t 463 4 serving serve VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 463 5 as as IN cord-311190-i630n88t 463 6 associate associate JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 463 7 editor editor NN cord-311190-i630n88t 463 8 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 463 9 Pervasive Pervasive NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 463 10 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 463 11 Mobile Mobile NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 463 12 Computing Computing NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 463 13 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 463 14 IEEE IEEE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 463 15 Access Access NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 463 16 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 464 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 464 2 co co VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 464 3 - - VBD cord-311190-i630n88t 464 4 launched launch VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 465 1 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 465 2 co co JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 465 3 - - JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 465 4 organized organize VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 465 5 five five CD cord-311190-i630n88t 465 6 editions edition NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 465 7 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 465 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 465 9 PerMoby PerMoby NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 465 10 workshop workshop NN cord-311190-i630n88t 465 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 465 12 an an DT cord-311190-i630n88t 465 13 IEEE IEEE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 465 14 PerCom PerCom NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 465 15 workshop workshop NN cord-311190-i630n88t 465 16 focusing focus VBG cord-311190-i630n88t 465 17 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 465 18 human human JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 465 19 mobility mobility NN cord-311190-i630n88t 465 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 465 21 . . . cord-311190-i630n88t 466 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 2 has have VBZ cord-311190-i630n88t 466 3 been be VBN cord-311190-i630n88t 466 4 TPC TPC NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 5 chair chair NN cord-311190-i630n88t 466 6 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 466 7 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 466 8 Seventh Seventh NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 9 IEEE IEEE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 10 International International NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 11 Workshop Workshop NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 12 on on IN cord-311190-i630n88t 466 13 Sensor Sensor NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 14 Networks Networks NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 15 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 466 16 Systems Systems NNPS cord-311190-i630n88t 466 17 for for IN cord-311190-i630n88t 466 18 Pervasive Pervasive NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 466 19 Computing computing NN cord-311190-i630n88t 467 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 467 2 IEEE IEEE NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 467 3 PerCom PerCom NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 467 4 PerSeNS PerSeNS NNP cord-311190-i630n88t 467 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-311190-i630n88t 467 6 and and CC cord-311190-i630n88t 467 7 in in IN cord-311190-i630n88t 467 8 the the DT cord-311190-i630n88t 467 9 technical technical JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 467 10 committee committee NN cord-311190-i630n88t 467 11 of of IN cord-311190-i630n88t 467 12 many many JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 467 13 other other JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 467 14 international international JJ cord-311190-i630n88t 467 15 events event NNS cord-311190-i630n88t 467 16 . . .