cord-029160-z2sxr3dx	2020	Therefore, the first channel through which the pandemic has affected the global economy concerns the interruption of the supply chains, hitting what has been identified as the productive heart of the world, that is East Asia, and China in particular (Buckley and Strange 2015) . Unsurprisingly, with the outbreak of the pandemic, this complex global interconnection of production-and the crucial role that the "factory of the world" plays in this context-has prompted part of the economic literature to warn about the need for many countries to promote supplier diversification with the aim of reducing their dependence on imports of intermediate goods from China (Javorcik 2020; Monga 2020). Finally, an industrial policy aimed at strengthening the position of European national industries in the value chains of strategic productions could help reduce the social and economic costs and risks of hyper-specialization.
cord-031072-uit0nm20	2020	In contrast to Italian creditors, the foreign-law holdout creditors in the Greek restructuring in 2012 had the rights to declare cross defaults, accelerate the debt and sue for recovery in English, Swiss or Japanese courts under the explicit consents to jurisdiction and waivers of immunities from suit and execution in the contracts. Theresa Arnold, Mitu Gulati and Ugo Panizza • Euro area sovereign debt in the era of The CACs in the Italian foreign-law bonds, such as the one issued in October 2019, are buttressed with all sorts of potent investor protections including acceleration clauses, cross default provisions, waivers of immunity and consents to jurisdiction. If faced with a debt crisis situation and the need to protect against holdouts, Italy will likely wish to retroactively add the two enhancements mentioned above-the option of using single-shot CACs and the disenfranchisement of the ECB-to all of its already-issued and outstanding local-law-governed debt.
cord-033328-ny011lj3	2020	Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. In particular, as I will claim in analysing the Italian policies (Sections IV.1.a and IV.1.b), the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation in a pandemic requires power sharing across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process in order to adopt consistent measures based on the constant monitoring and updating of the nationwide epidemiological risk assessment.
cord-158219-hk55bzqm	2020	We compare the evolution (from January to May 2020) of the daily mobility flows in Italy, measured by means of nation-wide mobile phone data, and the evolution of transmissibility, measured by the net reproduction number, i.e., the mean number of secondary infections generated by one primary infector in the presence of control interventions and human behavioural adaptations. We also find a strong relationship between the number of days above the epidemic threshold before the mobility flows reduce significantly as an effect of lockdowns, and the total number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections per 100k inhabitants, thus indirectly showing the effectiveness of the lockdown and the other non-pharmaceutical interventions in the containment of the contagion. The relationship between human mobility and viral transmissibility during the COVID-19 epidemics in Italy Page 10 Net Reproduction Number R t Epidemiologic Data Figure 4 and 5 show the evolution of the mobility self-flows (blue curves), the net reproduction number (orange curves) and the number of positive cases (grey curves) for the northern regions and central-southern regions, respectively.
cord-186031-b1f9wtfn	2020	When analysing the emerging 4 communities, we find that they correspond to 1 Right wing parties and media (in steel blue) 2 Center left wing (dark red) 3 5 Stars Movement (M5S ), in dark orange 4 Institutional accounts (in sky blue) Details about the political situation in Italy during the period of data collection can be found in the Supplementary Material, Section 1.2: ''Italian political situation during the Covid-19 pandemics''. In line with previous results on the validated network of verified users, the table clearly shows how the vast majority of the news coming from sources considered scarce or non reputable are tweeted and retweeted by the center-right and right wing communities; 98% of the domains tagged as NR are shared by them.
cord-230294-bjy2ixcj	2020	We address this gap through social media by introducing MERCURIAL (Multi-layer Co-occurrence Networks for Emotional Profiling), a framework which exploits linguistic networks of words and hashtags to reconstruct social discourse describing real-world events. Emotional profiling conveys information about basic affective dimensions such how positive/negative or how arousing a message is, and also includes the analysis of more fine-grained emotions such as fear or trust that might be associated with the lockdown and people''s hopes for the future [9, 30, 22] . By extracting individual words from the hashtags of a given network, it is possible to reconstruct the emotional profile of the social discourse around the focal hashtags #sciacalli, #italylockdown and #iorestoacasa. Not surprisingly, the social discourse around #sciacalli shows a less prominent positive emotional profile, with a higher probability of featuring hashtags eliciting anxiety, negative valence and increased states of arousal, as it can be seen in Figure 2 (center, top) .
cord-258229-l716wjwn	2020	The COMET trial includes three phases: phase one consists in the dissemination of a survey on the impact of lockdown and its related containment measures on the mental health of the Italian general population; the second phase consists in the development of a new psychosocial online supportive intervention [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] for the management of the consequences on mental health of the pandemic; the last phase consists in the evaluation of the efficacy and feasibility of the experimental psychosocial intervention in a randomized control trial. In order to evaluate factors associated with the severity of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms at DASS-21 (primary outcomes), multivariate linear regression models were performed, including as independent variables: being infected by COVID-19, having a pre-existing mental disorder, being a healthcare professional.
cord-258431-8zgwj2fa	2020	The eQTLs analysis located in and targeting ACE2 revealed a high distribution of eQTL variants in different brain tissues, suggesting a possible link between ACE2 genetic variability and the neurological complications in patients with COVID-19. The final goal of the study has been the research of variants potentially affecting ACE2 expression and function, which may contribute to SARS-Cov-2 spreading among worldwide populations, and may have a clinical significance regarding the clinical variability and outcome displayed by patients with COVID-19. The final goal of the study has been the research of variants potentially affecting ACE2 expression and function, which may contribute to SARS-Cov-2 spreading among worldwide populations, and may have a clinical significance regarding the clinical variability and outcome displayed by patients with COVID-19. Moreover, they found a higher allelic frequency of eQTL variants, which is associated with higher ACE2 expression in tissues, suggesting a different susceptibility or response to SARS-Cov-2 infection with respect to other populations under similar conditions [28] .
cord-267644-guzn0peq	2020	We perform a statistical analysis for understanding the effect of the environmental temperature on the exponential growth rate of the cases infected by COVID-19 for US and Italian regions. In particular, we analyze the datasets of regional infected cases, derive the growth rates for regions characterized by a readable exponential growth phase in their evolution spread curve and plot them against the environmental temperatures averaged within the same regions, derive the relationship between temperature and growth rate, and evaluate its statistical confidence. The results clearly support the first reported statistically significant relationship of negative correlation between the average environmental temperature and exponential growth rates of the infected cases. First, we derive the exponential growth rates of the infected cases characterizing each examined region of US and Italy; then, we plot these values against the environmental temperatures of each region, and perform the corresponding statistical analysis.
cord-271027-4omocd8q	2020	While it is possible to reason that observed variation in the number and severity of cases stem from the initial number of infected individuals, the difference in the testing policies and social aspects of community transmissions, the factors that could explain high discrepancy in areas with a similar level of healthcare still remain unknown. A generalized Poisson model was fitted to estimate the association among the data showing the number of infected cases per million and the atmospheric factors. Binary classifier based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was implemented to test the capacity of the atmospheric variables to predict the epidemic escalation of the number of positive cases per million on the basis of a combination of where l= PM2.5, PM10, NH 3 dM A l and O 3 . The expected number of infected cases in the total of 107 Italian provinces were predicted for the months of March (Spring), June (Summer), September (Autumn) and December (Winter) using the real measured values for PM2.5 and O 3 atmospheric factors from 2018 seasonal datasets.
cord-273181-fsrdu4tq	2020	Our estimates suggest basic reproduction number averaged over all the regions of 3.29, confirming that epidemiological figures of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy are higher than those observed at the early stage of Wuhan (China) outbreak. As it is widely known, Table S2 shows that COVID-19 epidemic affected (and is affecting) harder the northern Italian regions, with N=16859 and NA=89384 on April 24th, i.e. more than 80% of the cases of the country (with 54,7% of the Italian resident population), if we aggregate epidemiological and demographic data of the northern regions (Lombardia, Piemonte, Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Liguria, Valle D''Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige) plus Marche and Toscana regions. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.12.20076794 doi: medRxiv preprint Caption: ( + ) Date of epidemic onset February 24 th ; (*) the original incidence data related to Trento and Bolzano were merged into a single region called Trentino-Alto Adige resulting in a geographical disaggregation of Italy into 20 regions.
cord-274366-t138l6px	2020	Taking advantage of the Network of Italian Genomes (NIG), a consortium established to generate a public database (NIG-db) containing aggregate variant frequencies data for the Italian population (http://www.nig.cineca.it/), here we describe the genetic variation of ACE2 in the Italian population, one of the newly affected countries by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak causing COVID-19. In order to shed light on the role of ACE2 variants on interindividual variability and susceptibility to COVID-19 in Italian population we performed WES analysis on a cohort of 131 patients and 258 controls who agreed in participating to the study (see "Materials and methods"). These variants which surround residual essentials for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding were predicted to likely affect the cleavage-dependent virion intake, such as the polymorphic c.2158A>G p.(Asn720Asp) (allele frequency 0.011) which lies four amino acids from the cleavage sequence of TMPRSS2 or to have a substantial impact on protein structure and spike protein interaction by MD simulation (Fig. 3a) .
cord-281585-8dh4wg4x	2020	The economic and psychological impact of the epidemic on Italian people will be great; however, the efficacy of lockdown is now manifesting with decreasing new infected cases as well as the number of patients hospitalized. However, private dermatologists are connected through an online network with the hospital structure: they can send patients who need urgent visits as well as can support the research activity of our University. In southern Italy, the epidemic has not reached the numbers of the northern regions, and we hope we don''t face the same terrible emergency in the immediate future thanks to the all restrictive measures actually in place. Dermatology practices as vectors for COVID-19 transmission: a call for immediate cessation of non-emergent dermatology visits Emergency management for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for the dermatology department Global coronavirus pandemic (2019-nCOV): implication for an Italian medium size dermatological clinic of a II level hospital
cord-290975-2kmvyovm	2020	In this paper, we aim at evaluating the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic, and the relative containment measures, have had on a real-life sample of patients suffering from substance use disorders (SUDs) and/or behavioral addictions. Within the general population, problems such as feelings of frustration, aggressive behavior (2) , post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression, anxiety, insomnia, perceived stress, and adjustment disorder symptoms (ADS) have increased (3) , with the consequent risk of self-medication through the abuse of alcohol and/or psychoactive substances and with a greater tendency to engage in pathological behaviors (gambling and internet addiction). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic, and the relative containment measures adopted by the Italian Government, had on patients with SUDs and/or behavioral addictions; to assess the psychopathological burden in terms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic load; and to evaluate the relevance of craving symptoms and their correlation with psychiatric symptoms and quality of life.
cord-291837-qz4g4v1u	2020	We perform a statistical analysis for understanding the effect of the environmental temperature on the exponential growth rate of the cases infected by COVID-19 for US and Italian regions. In particular, we analyze the datasets of regional infected cases, derive the growth rates for regions characterized by readable exponential growth phase in their evolution spread curve and plot them against the environmental temperatures averaged within the same regions, derive the relationship between temperature and growth rate, and evaluate its statistical confidence. The results clearly support the first reported statistically significant relationship of negative correlation between the average environmental temperature and exponential growth rates of the infected cases. First, we derive the exponential growth rates of the infected cases characterizing each examined region of Italy and US; then, we plot these values against the environmental temperatures of each region, and perform the corresponding statistical analysis.
cord-298872-gbi74g0n	2020	It is only necessary to collect the cumulative data of the daily infected over a week in some of the most important cities involved in the outbreak, to form a unique sequence of these numbers and then to calculate the first digit distribution. The main idea is to estimate an approximating function for the epidemic growth curve within a time horizon of Tf days, using only the first seven epidemic data points of fifty Italian cities, accounting for about the 30% of the population, considered as a unique sequence formed of 50x7 data-points, called 50_cities sequence. To classify various possible approximant curves we have calculated their Benford gof, showed in the Table 1 , together with the gof of the real Italian epidemic data, the logistic curve, of the cubic curve and of the 50_cities.
cord-306017-4wf4yhyz	2020	As well known, Italy is one of the Countries in a worldwide context more severely affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and some of the northern regions paid the highest price in terms of deaths among health care workers (HCWs).The ''Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro'' (INAIL), the Italian public insurance body that protects workers in the event of accidents and occupational diseases, reported that 40% of the 236 filedfatal cases involved HCWs [1] . From a negligent pandemic point of view, this may mean that if the hospital À even a no-COVID one -does not provide for all these measures, and one or more cases of SARS-COV-2 positive patients are detected in the healthcare facility, a presumption of liability may be enough to pursuing a negligent pandemic crime (article 452, Italian penal code).
cord-309273-gtvi37gh	2020	Finally, with the goal of anticipating persons in need of treatment and improving the targeting and overall effectiveness of preventive programs, we aimed at developing machine learning models to predict individual psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, based on sociodemographic and psychological variables with maximal sensitivity in classifying subjects with high versus low levels of perceived stress. To better understand the role of stable psychological traits in predicting the level of perceived stress (PSS-10 score), a second multiple linear regression was run, adding to the previous model the scores of the five coping styles measured by the COPE-NVI-25 (COPE positive, COPE problem, COPE avoidance, COPE religion and COPE support), the BSCS total score, the internal LOC score, and the scores for the five personality traits measured by the BFI-10 (BFI-10 agreeableness, BFI-10 conscientiousness, BFI-10 emotional stability, BFI-10 extraversion and BFI-10 openness).
cord-313716-pw0odm88	2020	title: Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population This study aims to investigate the psychological distress perceived by the Italian general population during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to analyze affective temperament and adult attachment styles as potential mediators. Cyclothymic (OR: 1.17; p=0.008) and depressive (OR: 1.32; p=0.003) temperaments resulted as risk factors in subjects with moderate-to-severe psychological distress compared to mild distress, while the ASQ "Confidence" (OR: 0.92; p=0.039) and "Discomfort with closeness" (OR: 0.94; p=0.023) were protective. To the best of our knowledge, our survey results are the first showing that a relevant percentage of the Italian population might have experienced from mild to moderate-to-severe psychological distress symptoms during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, and that both temperament and AAS features may predict the extent of mental health burden.
cord-321913-zie2uv21	2020	We focused on the application of a stochastic approach in fitting the model parameters using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) solver, to improve the reliability of predictions in the medium term (30 days). We present an updated version of the predictive model of epidemic phenomena based on the approach called SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infective-Recovered), widely used to analyze infection data during the different stages of an epidemic outbreak. Figure 5a ,b shows the SEIR model prediction for the Veneto region, according to the deterministic and PSO approaches, respectively. Figure 5a ,b shows the SEIR model prediction for the Veneto region, according to the deterministic and PSO approaches, respectively. The SEIR modeling for the Piedmont region is shown in Figure 6a ,b, where the solution using the deterministic and PSO prediction are reported, respectively. The SEIR modeling for the Piedmont region is shown in Figure 6a ,b, where the solution using the deterministic and PSO prediction are reported, respectively.
cord-322577-5bboc1z0	2020	Despite several recent psychological researches on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighting that young adults represent a high risk category, no studies specifically focused on young adults'' mental health status have been carried out yet. This study aimed to assess and monitor Italian young adults'' mental health status during the first 4 weeks of lockdown through the use of a longitudinal panel design. The Syndromic Scales of Adult Self-Report 18-59 were used to assess the internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints), externalizing problems (aggressive, rule-breaking, and intrusive behavior), and personal strengths. CONCLUSIONS: The results contributed to the ongoing debate concerning the psychological impact of the COVID-19 emergency, helping to plan and develop efficient intervention projects able to take care of young adults'' mental health in the long term. This study assessed and monitored Italian young adults'' mental health status during the firsts 4 weeks of lockdown imposed by the government during the COVID-19 outbreak, from March 16 to April 16.
cord-323775-sonsrf5b	2020	We described a telephone-based surveillance on 101 euthymic Mood Disorder outpatients in Milan by a non-standardized survey to evaluate reactions to lockdown measures and the presence of quarantine stressors. The present report aims at describing the telephone-based mental illness surveillance on Mood Disorder patients attending the Mood Disorder Outpatient Center at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, with the aid of a non-standardized survey to evaluate reactions to lockdown measures. Among our sample, 76% of patients reported frustration due to restrictions, 53.5% fears about infection, 45.5% financial concerns, 44.5% psychic anxiety, 40.6% low mood, 36.6% somatization, 31.6% increased alertness, 29.7% insomnia, 20.8% self-medication with sedatives, 2.9% inadequate supplies. The purpose of our brief report is to describe the telephone-based mental illness surveillance on the quarantine effects in a sample of euthymic mood disorder patients who could not attend their scheduled psychiatric visit due to lockdown measures.
cord-327779-lt3t4shi	2020	This perspective piece focuses on the main challenges faced by Italian hospital managements: hospital overcrowding; the need for urgent reorganization of the country''s healthcare systems; the lack of data regarding COVID-19 diagnostics, clinical course, and effective treatment; individual and collective consequences of the crisis; and the importance of disease containment measures and early treatment strategies. 9 The main factors associated with stress disorders included supporting the challengingly high number of critically ill patients, scarcity of intensive care beds, unfamiliar treatment strategies, feelings of inadequacy, uncertainty about pandemic duration, the risk of infection and deficiency of personal protective equipment, high-workload shifts, and physical distress related to the need to use heavy protective uniforms. In view of the importance of identifying patients in the early stages of disease, an open letter signed by more than 100,000 Italian doctors was sent to the Italian Ministry of Health, asking for a strengthening of community assistance and the telemedicine infrastructure to allow home surveillance and care of COVID-19 patients.
cord-330057-3vucm0s1	2020	In the present study, 361 IBV QX (the most relevant field genotype in Italy) sequences were obtained between 2012 and 2016 from the two main Italian integrated poultry companies. Finally, the different viral population pattern observed in the two companies over the same time period supports the pivotal role of management and control strategies on IBV epidemiology. Almost identical results were obtained including a third "ghost" deme (i.e. an estimated deme for which no sequences were available, representative of other unsampled companies and farms) in the analysis or using the "traditional" coalescent approach. In the particular Italian QX scenario, the serially sampled (i.e. with known collection date) strains were used to infer the migration rate and history between the two integrated poultry companies (i.e. considered as different demes) over time.
cord-336257-f6yglaz8	2020	Although these results need to be considered with caution being based on self-reported data collected at the beginning of this emergency, they should be used as a starting point for further studies aimed to develop interventions to minimize both the brief and long-term psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In both countries younger age, student status, female gender and direct contact with COVID-19 infection are associated with a greater psychological impact of the emergency, involving many psychopathological dimensions (e.g., anxiety, distress, sleep disturbance) [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 26] . One of the aims of the study was to analyse the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in the different Italian territorial areas. Overall, the results highlighted high levels of anxiety, psychopathological symptoms and PTSD symptoms in Italian respondents during the first critical phase of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and of the Government measures taken to contain it.
cord-338184-899km704	2020	In the present study, mathematical models were used to test if the high Italian CFR was only apparent because it was related to an underestimation of positive cases or if it represents a real increment of Covid-19 lethality, maybe related to the difficulties of the Health National System to manage many cases in a short period and in a small region as occurred in the north of Italy. The CFR computed day by day could be high due to the need to take into account a biological delay of about 14 days between deaths and the recorded number of positive cases (8) or for the insufficient number of beds into ICUs. In the former case, there is a statistical problem, whereas, in the latter case, the health policy of other countries should take into account the Italian lesson for Covid-19.
cord-339162-l5zxic3y	2020	Higher mortality rates of older patients are expected as complicated COVID-19 is characterized by severe interstitial pneumonia followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome, thromboembolic events, and eventually multiorgan failure, a cascade of negative events that is obviously more likely in older frail patients, those with elevated multimorbidity and reduced functional reserve. The sudden explosion of the COVID-19 outbreak, with almost 10% of infected patients having respiratory failure and requiring mechanical ventilation has immediately saturated the acute care beds availability of Lombardy and northern Emilia-Romagna, including intensive care units'' (ICU) beds. From this point of view, the Italian tragedy suggests that a prompt population mass testing for detecting asymptomatic infected people along with immediate, widespread, draconian measures of social isolation, along with contract tracing and quarantine, might have more strongly reduced the rate of COVID-19 transmission, with the greatest benefit for frail patients, more prone to a complicated course of the disease.
cord-340262-5f2o7l16	2020	PURPOSE: The study evaluated the effects of the COVID-19 emergency lockdown on the psychological outcome in caregivers (children or spouses) of patients with dementia and the loss of the welfare services in these patients. Many people with dementia were deprived of care services and time of isolation had a significant negative effect on anxiety and depression in caregivers. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of the lockdown on the psychological outcome in caregivers of persons with dementia and on the loss of welfare services in these patients. The anxiety, depression and stress scores of the caregivers of patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD) were compared with those with other forms of dementia using a non-parametric test for independent samples (Mann-Whitney). Regarding the effects of the lockdown on the psychological outcome in caregivers, multiple linear regression showed that education and time spent in isolation had an important role in anxiety and depression.
cord-340511-syy9okhi	2020	The link between air pollutants and COVID-19 mortality among Italian provinces was studied implementing a linear regression model, whereas the wide set of variables were examined by means of LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation), relating the spatial component of COVID-19 related data with a mix of environmental variables as explanatory variables. In particular, it has aimed to study the role of air pollutants and a set of environmental variables, selected from recent observations [10, 17] , in relation to the number of deaths per each Italian province affected by COVID-19. The wide set of variables were examined by means of LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation), relating the spatial component of COVID-19 related data (i.e., cases and deaths per province) with a mix of environmental variables as explanatory variables, such as annual average of PM 2,5 and PM 10 , NO 2 , numbers of trees per 100 inhabitants and urban green areas, number of vehicles and cycle paths, as reported in Table 1 .
cord-340703-vtuy806l	2020	We aimed to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD) in naïve antiretroviral (ARV) treated HIV positive patients comparing native Italian group (ItG) to a Migrants group (MiG) upon arrival in Italy. Lumbar site low BMD is an initial condition of bone loss in HIV young patients, especially in female migrants. Our study aims to emphasize the burden of bone health in naïve ARV HIV positive patients and compare the bone density of the native Italian population group (ItG) with that of HIV Migrants (MiG) upon arrival in Italy. Finally, in Table 3 , we report the logistic regression analysis between Low BMD variable (dichotomous) and the independent variables: Gender (dichotomous), BMI (continuous), Hydroxy-Vitamin D (continuous), CD4 (continuous), and Previous Fractures (dichotomous) for the total sample, ItG, and MiG. Our previous reports [13, 14] on the prevalence of Low-BMD in HIV mono-infected patients who underwent ARV therapy showed higher percentage rates of osteopenia (44.9%) and osteoporosis (20.9%) than an agerelated healthy Italian population (18%) [16] .
cord-342386-t5b8wpe2	2020	Since overall trust in public authorities did not decrease after March 11 in the whole sample, this indicates a leveling in trust attribution across the country after the introduction of new measures, which in turn could be interpreted as a shift in the perception of the emergency: whereas in early March, a significant part of the Italian population still believed the outbreak to be somehow contained to specific regions, and thus a local problem unlikely to affect everybody in the same way, the nationwide interventions announced on March 11 made it crystal clear to all that COVID-19 was indeed a national concern.
cord-342919-ls2q1g0v	2020	In the very early stage of the nationwide lockdown, 3,672 quarantined Italian adult residents (65% females, ranging from 18 to 85 years) participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey, including measures of depressive symptoms, which were measured by the Teate depression inventory, and state anxiety levels. Females, younger people, students, singles, residents in northern Italy, people who were reluctant to adhere to quarantine guidelines, and people less worried about being infected with COVID-19 were at high risk of developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic, also after controlling for state anxiety. Research evidence aims of this study were to explore (1) the likely effects of quarantine on mental health (anxiety and depressive symptoms), immediately after the nationwide lockdown issued by the Italian Government, and (2) the factors that contribute to, or mitigate, these consequences. Compared to the previous model, no statistical differences were found in sex, age, and adherence level to quarantine guidelines groups when predicting depression symptom severity, when controlling for anxiety (see Appendix A).
cord-343295-c3y6rtb7	2020	Objective: The paper aims to analyse the policies implemented by the government and their impact on health and non-health outcomes considering both scaling-up and scaling-down interventions. We investigate the impact of policies on the daily reported number of deaths, case fatality rate, confirmation rate, intensive care unit saturation, and financial and job market indicators across the three major geographical areas of Italy (North, Centre, and South). This section considers various interventions such as measures to contain the spread of the virus, policies for prevention and cure, interventions for economic stimulus, and the introduction of new health technology. This section describes the policy implemented by the government to cope with the limited capacity of the health care system and the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant technological interventions seemed to be far from having any impact on the outcomes considered (daily number of reported deaths and ICU saturation) due to delayed implementation (see Figure 10 in the appendix).
cord-347578-p54ir4rr	2020	results During the emergency, the percentage of cytology samples reported as malignant increased (p<0.001), reflecting higher percentages of breast (p=0.002) and lymph nodes FNAs (p=0.008), effusions (p<0.001) and urine (p=0.005). results During the emergency, the percentage of cytology samples reported as malignant increased (p<0.001), reflecting higher percentages of breast (p=0.002) and lymph nodes FNAs (p=0.008), effusions (p<0.001) and urine (p=0.005). Exfoliative cytological samples dropped from n=324 to n=56, while ultrasound-guided Short report Figure 1 Distribution of cytological sample types during the first 3 weeks of Italian national lockdown amid covid-19 outbreak compared with data relative to the activity from the same period in 2019. Distribution of the diagnostic classes relative to cytological samples processed during the first 3 weeks of Italian national lockdown amid covid-19 outbreak compared with data relative to the activity from the same period in 2019.
cord-347960-vl5zhxyh	2020	The present study has been developed with the aims to: a) evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures on mental health of the Italian population; b) to identify the main areas to be targeted by supportive long-term interventions for the different categories of people exposed to the pandemic. The survey includes the following self-reported questionnaires: the General Health Questionnaire -12 items (GHQ-12) (31); the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale -21 Items (DASS-21) (32); the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory -Revised (OCI-R) (33); the Insomnia Severity Index (34) ; the Severity-of-Acute-Stress-Symptoms-Adult (35); the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS) (36); the Impact of Event Scale -6 items (37); the UCLA loneliness scale -short version (38) ; the Brief COPE (39); the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory short form (40) ; the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scaleshort form (41) ; the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived social support (42); the Pattern of Care Schedule (PCS)-modified version (43); the Maslach Burnout Inventory (only for health professionals) (44) .
cord-348142-p2phkwo0	2020	In the survey, we asked participants to think about their use of digital media before going to bed, their sleep pattern and their subjective experience of time in the previous week (March 17–23, which was the second week of the lockdown) and up to the first week of February (February 3–10, before any restriction in any Italian area). We were interested in characterizing the change in digital media use before going to bed, in sleep quality and timing, and in the subjective experience of time passing, and their relationship with depression, anxiety and stress levels. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the impact of the Italian restriction measures on individuals'' daily habits, such as sleep-wake rhythms, digital media use and the experience of time. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy
cord-348573-uyuazdhk	2020	METHODS: The sample comprised 250 Italian participants who were administered Italian versions of the FCV-19S, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Severity Measure for Specific Phobia–Adult (SMSP-A). The statistical analyses carried out were as follows: (i) descriptive statistics of the FCV-19S items (i.e., means and standard deviations of the main items); (ii) construct and criterion validity of the Italian FCV-19S; (iii) the reliability of the scale, examined via composite reliability (CR) (e.g., CR values greater than 0.7 are associated with good test reliability; Fornell and Larcker 1981; Netemeyer et al. The total score of the FCV-19S was correlated with variables that have been formerly associated with fear of COVID-19 (i.e., anxiety and depression; Ahorsu et al. Concurrent validity was supported by the HADS (anxiety and depression levels among participants) and SMSP-A (phobia among participants) as indicated by the significant positive correlations for both scales (p < .001).
cord-349415-q0g0uqj6	2020	In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. Nine hundred and seventy eight adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. Moreover, it explored perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, routines and habits of life that adolescents miss most (such as going out with friends, meeting boyfriend or girlfriend, going to visit their relatives, for a total of six items), and psychological experiences related to quarantine.
cord-355898-hlkwwaqe	2020	METHODS: Presidents of SINC, LICE, and AITN endorsed three members per each society to formulate recommendations: classification of the degree of urgency of EEG clinical indications, management and behavior of physicians and neurophysiology technologists, hygiene and personal protection standards, and use of technical equipment. the neurological specialist assesses the clinical need and establishes the appropriate timing of all EEG studies in COVID+/COVID-uncertain patients, in collaboration with the team of clinicians involved in direct care; if the NPT staff is limited, the neurological specialist assesses the appropriateness of all EEG requests, regardless of COVID-19 status; the possibility of performing a prolonged EEG recording rather than repeated standard EEG examinations (20-30 min) is examined beforehand, depending on the request, in order to reduce overall NPT efforts and the contact time of COVID+/COVID-uncertain patients; the usefulness/necessity of standard activation procedures, particularly hyperventilation, is carefully assessed in the individual case.