Distant Reader - keyword-lockdown-cord

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader cord process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of CORD, a data set of scholarly articles on the topic of COVID-19. The actual query was: keywords:lockdown. The results of this query were saved in a cache and transformed into a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 35 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 89,107 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 4,455 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 52. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

lockdown, covid, data, time, health, period, study, pandemic, also, cases, may, number, population, social, people, analysis, model, countries, measures, patients, impact, deaths, will, use, control, first, however, local, reported, i, coronavirus, using, high, based, level, increase, due, home, economic, one, infection, two, day, table, life, disease, death, total, participants, significant

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life, Strategic assessment of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: comparative lockdown scenario analysis, public perception, and management for sustainability, and A cross-sectional study of psychological wellbeing of Indian adults during the Covid-19 lockdown: Different strokes for different folks.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

lockdown period, social distancing, air quality, public health, granted medrxiv, author funder, mental health, copyright holder, international license, made available, partial lockdown, physical activity, glycemic control, version posted, local lockdowns, time series, rights reserved, air pollution, lockdown rules, coronavirus disease, doc id, cord uid, lockdown scenario, lockdown measures, population density, electricity consumption, psychological distress, outdoor recreation, national lockdown, type diabetes, strict lockdown, health care, machine learning, moving average, medrxiv preprint, community transmission, lockdown scenarios, recreation activity, electricity demand, local lockdown, novel coronavirus, urban areas, will increase, lgbt adults, lockdown periods, depressive symptoms, nationwide lockdown, lockdown fatigue, vehicle emissions, lockdown policies

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are COPD in the time of COVID-19: An analysis of acute exacerbations and reported behavioural changes in patients with COPD Significant reduced traffic in Beijing failed to relieve haze pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown: implications for haze mitigation, and Modelling lockdown and exit strategies for COVID-19 in Singapore.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

lockdown, covid-19, india, death, u.s., time, t1dm, strategy, singapore, service, scenario, release, recreation, population, pm2.5, phq-9, people, patient, pandemic, pakistan, online, lsoa, local, life, lgbt, italy, international, indian, increase, gres, graz, google, glycemic, gdp, gad-7, french, france, feature, england, emission, emergency, electricity, drug, das, couple, country, copd, china, child, cerfb

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be lockdown, and Coronavirus lockdown effect on type 1 diabetes management οn children wearing insulin pump equipped with continuous glucose monitoring system is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

lockdown, covid, data - The Value of Greenspace Under Pandemic Lockdown
lockdown, covid, 2020 - Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life
lockdown, covid, study - Significant reduced traffic in Beijing failed to relieve haze pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown: implications for haze mitigation
lockdown, 2020, preprint - Population heterogeneity is a critical factor of the kinetics of the COVID-19 epidemics
lockdown, covid, 2020 - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Regional Lockdown Policies in the Containment of Covid-19: Evidence from Pakistan

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

lockdown, data, time, period, study, health, pandemic, cases, people, number, population, analysis, model, countries, patients, measures, deaths, impact, level, participants, infection, home, control, life, death, disease, preprint, country, anxiety, results, risk, stress, lockdowns, case, effects, areas, transmission, group, day, coronavirus, emissions, use, days, license, activity, quality, individuals, community, years, air

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

using, shows, increased, reported, included, reduce, compared, based, making, estimated, followed, observed, provide, found, considered, related, take, suggest, see, affected, given, indicating, lead, identified, associated, presented, assessing, experienced, requiring, assuming, remained, need, expected, infected, implemented, display, granted, result, described, performed, causing, protecting, predicted, continue, calculated, starting, limited, imposed, moved, changed

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

COVID-19, TB, March, India, UK, Beijing, Fig, SARS, China, Health, CoV-2, Table, PM2.5, Bangladesh, April, May, ORVal, England, CC, Google, June, January, National, Lockdown, US, GDP, Italy, Coronavirus, COPD, Covid-19, February, Pakistan, CI, ED, ND, BY, •, LGBT, World, France, CERFB, sha, DOI, University, Government, GRES, medRxiv, Appendix, ICU, Online

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

we, our, it, their, they, its, i, you, them, us, your, his, her, he, themselves, my, itself, one, me, she, him, myself, yourself, ours, herself, u, ourselves, himself, hers

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

covid-19, social, local, high, economic, significant, different, available, higher, first, total, pre, psychological, public, many, non, national, large, lockdown, average, positive, long, daily, physical, new, possible, mental, urban, infected, normal, similar, several, important, low, early, international, severe, previous, negative, likely, secondary, excess, lower, current, key, effective, second, greater, partial, general

also, however, well, even, therefore, respectively, significantly, first, less, prior, relatively, indeed, particularly, moreover, already, rather, now, highly, often, just, still, especially, finally, far, much, hence, likely, yet, earlier, potentially, substantially, almost, rapidly, later, currently, better, similarly, additionally, statistically, nearly, frequently, back, mainly, furthermore, approximately, previously, directly, likewise, specifically, daily

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.