id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-012884-56z95uca	Bargagli, Elena	Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis	2020-08-07		.txt	text/plain	6485	322	31	These findings suggest that oxidative stress and iron metabolic disorder create positive feedback, promoting the progression of fibrosis (Table 1 ; Figure 2 Studies on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, also used in IPF therapy [67] , have shown that HIF-1α expression not only influences glycolytic activity, but also mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation under hypoxic conditions [61] . Curiously, it has been reported that the first-line antidiabetic drug metformin exerts potent antifibrotic effects by modulating metabolic pathways, activating PPAR-γ signalling, inhibiting TGF-β, suppressing collagen formation and inducing lipogenic differentiation in lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients [79] , but unfortunately it does not have clinically relevant outcomes in patients [80] . Leptin levels are reported to be elevated in serum and correlated with the severity of lung fibrosis, since leptin significantly promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, decreases autophagosome formation, inhibits the lipidation of LC3I to LC3II, and up-regulates the expression of p62 by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [88] involved in the onset and development of IPF (Figure 3) .	./cache/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt	./txt/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt