Carrel name: keyword-lung-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-lung-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-000295-ft5wl70x.json key: cord-000295-ft5wl70x authors: Tomankova, Tereza; Petrek, Martin; Kriegova, Eva title: Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in the lung date: 2010-11-23 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-159 sha: doc_id: 295 cord_uid: ft5wl70x file: cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.json key: cord-000254-bufbjdmw authors: Clement, Annick; Nathan, Nadia; Epaud, Ralph; Fauroux, Brigitte; Corvol, Harriet title: Interstitial lung diseases in children date: 2010-08-20 journal: Orphanet J Rare Dis DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 sha: doc_id: 254 cord_uid: bufbjdmw file: cache/cord-000307-iv18eiap.json key: cord-000307-iv18eiap authors: Capelozzi, Vera Luiza; Parra, Edwin Roger; Ximenes, Manoel; Bammann, Ricardo Helbert; Barbas, Carmen Silvia Valente; Duarte, Marid Irmd Seixas title: Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure date: 2010-12-17 journal: Clinics (Sao Paulo) DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322010001200003 sha: doc_id: 307 cord_uid: iv18eiap file: cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.json key: cord-000492-ec5qzurk authors: Devaney, James; Contreras, Maya; Laffey, John G title: Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date: 2011-06-20 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/cc10216 sha: doc_id: 492 cord_uid: ec5qzurk file: cache/cord-001117-llb4f74a.json key: cord-001117-llb4f74a authors: Ji, Wen-Jie; Ma, Yong-Qiang; Zhou, Xin; Zhang, Yi-Dan; Lu, Rui-Yi; Guo, Zhao-Zeng; Sun, Hai-Ying; Hu, Dao-Chuan; Yang, Guo-Hong; Li, Yu-Ming; Wei, Lu-Qing title: Spironolactone Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Injury Partially via Modulating Mononuclear Phagocyte Phenotype Switching in Circulating and Alveolar Compartments date: 2013-11-19 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081090 sha: doc_id: 1117 cord_uid: llb4f74a file: cache/cord-001473-aki28lhp.json key: cord-001473-aki28lhp authors: Chen, Qi Xing; Song, Sheng Wen; Chen, Qing Hua; Zeng, Cong Li; Zheng, Xia; Wang, Jun Lu; Fang, Xiang Ming title: Silencing airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin exacerbates sepsis-induced acute lung injury date: 2014-08-06 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0470-8 sha: doc_id: 1473 cord_uid: aki28lhp file: cache/cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.json key: cord-002627-3jwu4pf2 authors: Wu, Nan-Chun; Liao, Fan-Ting; Cheng, Hao-min; Sung, Shih-Hsien; Yang, Yu-Chun; Wang, Jiun-Jr title: Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation date: 2017-07-26 journal: BMC Pulm Med DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0448-9 sha: doc_id: 2627 cord_uid: 3jwu4pf2 file: cache/cord-003558-7lvqpz21.json key: cord-003558-7lvqpz21 authors: Davies, Patrick; Yasin, Samra; Gates, Simon; Bird, David; Silvestre, Catarina title: Clinical Scenarios of the Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography in Paediatric Intensive Care date: 2019-03-29 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41774-1 sha: doc_id: 3558 cord_uid: 7lvqpz21 file: cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.json key: cord-004092-wb150n8w authors: Nieman, Gary F.; Gatto, Louis A.; Andrews, Penny; Satalin, Joshua; Camporota, Luigi; Daxon, Benjamin; Blair, Sarah J.; Al-khalisy, Hassan; Madden, Maria; Kollisch-Singule, Michaela; Aiash, Hani; Habashi, Nader M. title: Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date: 2020-01-06 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0619-3 sha: doc_id: 4092 cord_uid: wb150n8w file: cache/cord-004405-l5rif2lu.json key: cord-004405-l5rif2lu authors: Bleyer, Martina; Kunze, Marius; Gruber-Dujardin, Eva; Mätz-Rensing, Kerstin title: Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (Callithrix jacchus) date: 2017-03-01 journal: Primate Biol DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-17-2017 sha: doc_id: 4405 cord_uid: l5rif2lu file: cache/cord-001945-ueccexxc.json key: cord-001945-ueccexxc authors: Yang, Ce; Jiang, Jianxin; Yang, Xuetao; Wang, Haiyan; Du, Juan title: Stem/progenitor cells in endogenous repairing responses: new toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury date: 2016-02-11 journal: J Transl Med DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0804-1 sha: doc_id: 1945 cord_uid: ueccexxc file: cache/cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.json key: cord-003655-uo0hdrgc authors: de Vries, Rory D.; Rennick, Linda J.; Duprex, W. Paul; de Swart, Rik L. title: Paramyxovirus Infections in Ex Vivo Lung Slice Cultures of Different Host Species date: 2018-03-27 journal: Methods Protoc DOI: 10.3390/mps1020012 sha: doc_id: 3655 cord_uid: uo0hdrgc file: cache/cord-005228-187d3pxz.json key: cord-005228-187d3pxz authors: Wang, Jian; Li, Fengqi; Tian, Zhigang title: Role of microbiota on lung homeostasis and diseases date: 2017-10-09 journal: Sci China Life Sci DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9151-1 sha: doc_id: 5228 cord_uid: 187d3pxz file: cache/cord-005476-q6o5239w.json key: cord-005476-q6o5239w authors: Griesenbach, U; Geddes, D M; Alton, E W F W title: Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: an example for lung gene therapy date: 2004-09-29 journal: Gene Ther DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302368 sha: doc_id: 5476 cord_uid: q6o5239w file: cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.json key: cord-005573-mryrl1s1 authors: Raimondi, Francesco; Yousef, Nadya; Migliaro, Fiorella; Capasso, Letizia; De Luca, Daniele title: Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date: 2018-07-20 journal: Pediatr Res DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0114-9 sha: doc_id: 5573 cord_uid: mryrl1s1 file: cache/cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.json key: cord-005774-7z6uyn6p authors: Hammer, J.; Newth, C. 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L. title: Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit date: 1995 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf01704742 sha: doc_id: 5774 cord_uid: 7z6uyn6p file: cache/cord-006289-2k8c22u8.json key: cord-006289-2k8c22u8 authors: Chu, Shi-Jye; Huang, Kun-Lun; Wu, Shu-Yu; Ko, Fu-Chang; Wu, Geng-Chin; Li, Rui-Ying; Li, Min-Hui title: Systemic Administration of FC-77 Dampens Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats date: 2013-06-27 journal: Inflammation DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9678-z sha: doc_id: 6289 cord_uid: 2k8c22u8 file: cache/cord-006605-tsk3pakb.json key: cord-006605-tsk3pakb authors: Jesmin, Subrina; Gando, Satoshi; Zaedi, Sohel; Sakuraya, Fumika title: Differential Expression, Time Course and Distribution of Four PARs in Rats with Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury date: 2006-11-30 journal: Inflammation DOI: 10.1007/s10753-006-9017-8 sha: doc_id: 6605 cord_uid: tsk3pakb file: cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.json key: cord-005941-e4fvj54l authors: Hamm, H.; Fabel, H.; Bartsch, W. title: The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date: 1992 journal: Clin Investig DOI: 10.1007/bf00180279 sha: doc_id: 5941 cord_uid: e4fvj54l file: cache/cord-009983-naht0ik6.json key: cord-009983-naht0ik6 authors: Kim, Yoon Hee; Kim, Kyung Won; Lee, Kyung Eun; Lee, Mi‐Jung; Kim, Sang Kyum; Kim, Se Hoon; Shim, Hyo Sup; Lee, Chang Young; Kim, Myung‐Joon; Sohn, Myung Hyun; Kim, Kyu‐Earn title: Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in humidifier disinfectant‐associated children's interstitial lung disease date: 2015-06-25 journal: Pediatr Pulmonol DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23226 sha: doc_id: 9983 cord_uid: naht0ik6 file: cache/cord-006676-a21tdgns.json key: cord-006676-a21tdgns authors: Abul, H.; Abul, A.; Khan, I.; Matthew, T.C.; Ayed, A.; Al-Athary, E. title: Levels of IL-8 and myeloperoxidase in the lungs of pneumonia patients date: 2001 journal: Mol Cell Biochem DOI: 10.1023/a:1007264411006 sha: doc_id: 6676 cord_uid: a21tdgns file: cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.json key: cord-010078-8lkkez3n authors: nan title: Invited Speakers date: 2010-11-24 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x sha: doc_id: 10078 cord_uid: 8lkkez3n file: cache/cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.json key: cord-011408-z8lw8nc6 authors: Peters, Matthew J. title: Electronic cigarettes: Tumultuous times date: 2019-11-06 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/resp.13725 sha: doc_id: 11408 cord_uid: z8lw8nc6 file: cache/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.json key: cord-006452-mmdk2xom authors: Chen, Jing; Tang, Yue; Liu, Yun; Dou, Yushun title: Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases date: 2018-10-18 journal: AAPS PharmSciTech DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1183-0 sha: doc_id: 6452 cord_uid: mmdk2xom file: cache/cord-008510-mnpu27kl.json key: cord-008510-mnpu27kl authors: Lipscomb, Mary F.; Bice, David E.; Lyons, C. Richard; Schuyler, Mark R.; Wilkes, David title: The Regulation of Pulmonary Immunity date: 2008-04-10 journal: Adv Immunol DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60634-3 sha: doc_id: 8510 cord_uid: mnpu27kl file: cache/cord-006888-qfnukav4.json key: cord-006888-qfnukav4 authors: nan title: Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008 date: 2008-10-21 journal: Ir J Med Sci DOI: 10.1007/s11845-008-0235-y sha: doc_id: 6888 cord_uid: qfnukav4 file: cache/cord-009764-m9flptcv.json key: cord-009764-m9flptcv authors: Bossé, Ynuk title: The Strain on Airway Smooth Muscle During a Deep Inspiration to Total Lung Capacity date: 2019-01-18 journal: J Eng Sci Med Diagn Ther DOI: 10.1115/1.4042309 sha: doc_id: 9764 cord_uid: m9flptcv parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. file: cache/cord-006624-or0cpc6j.json key: cord-006624-or0cpc6j authors: Kamler, M.; Pizanis, N. title: Aktueller Stand der Lungentransplantation: Pulmonale und nichtpulmonale Komplikationen date: 2013-05-31 journal: Z Herz Thorax Gefasschir DOI: 10.1007/s00398-013-1005-3 sha: doc_id: 6624 cord_uid: or0cpc6j file: cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.json key: cord-006862-5va1yyit authors: nan title: ITS ASM 2012 date: 2012-11-04 journal: Ir J Med Sci DOI: 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z sha: doc_id: 6862 cord_uid: 5va1yyit file: cache/cord-009774-tqhexzdp.json key: cord-009774-tqhexzdp authors: Neyman, Greg; Irvin, Charlene Babcock title: A Single Ventilator for Multiple Simulated Patients to Meet Disaster Surge date: 2008-06-28 journal: Acad Emerg Med DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2006.05.009 sha: doc_id: 9774 cord_uid: tqhexzdp file: cache/cord-011781-0yswqubf.json key: cord-011781-0yswqubf authors: Svanberg, Emilie Krite; Larsson, Jim; Rasmussen, Martin; Larsson, Marcus; Leander, Dennis; Bergsten, Sara; Bood, Joakim; Greisen, Gorm; Fellman, Vineta title: Changes in pulmonary oxygen content are detectable with laser absorption spectroscopy: proof of concept in newborn piglets date: 2020-06-13 journal: Pediatr Res DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0971-x sha: doc_id: 11781 cord_uid: 0yswqubf file: cache/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.json key: cord-016300-vw11c2wt authors: Jain, Kewal K. title: Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases date: 2017-09-18 journal: The Handbook of Biomarkers DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7431-3_16 sha: doc_id: 16300 cord_uid: vw11c2wt file: cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.json key: cord-018659-rxzy6k3b authors: Danziger-Isakov, Lara; Munoz, Flor M.; Estabrook, Michele title: Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date: 2018-01-08 journal: Solid Organ Transplantation in Infants and Children DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07284-5_71 sha: doc_id: 18659 cord_uid: rxzy6k3b file: cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.json key: cord-006700-df8ard9o authors: Müller-Redetzky, Holger C.; Suttorp, Norbert; Witzenrath, Martin title: Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date: 2014-03-06 journal: Cell Tissue Res DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1821-0 sha: doc_id: 6700 cord_uid: df8ard9o file: cache/cord-012884-56z95uca.json key: cord-012884-56z95uca authors: Bargagli, Elena; Refini, Rosa Metella; d’Alessandro, Miriana; Bergantini, Laura; Cameli, Paolo; Vantaggiato, Lorenza; Bini, Luca; Landi, Claudia title: Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date: 2020-08-07 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165663 sha: doc_id: 12884 cord_uid: 56z95uca file: cache/cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.json key: cord-018134-k4vdqlgs authors: Eisenberg, Ronald L. title: Pneumonia date: 2019-11-01 journal: What Radiology Residents Need to Know: Chest Radiology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16826-1_6 sha: doc_id: 18134 cord_uid: k4vdqlgs file: cache/cord-009766-mdmqcvww.json key: cord-009766-mdmqcvww authors: Comerford, Andrew; Förster, Christiane; Wall, Wolfgang A. title: Structured Tree Impedance Outflow Boundary Conditions for 3D Lung Simulations date: 2010-08-01 journal: J Biomech Eng DOI: 10.1115/1.4001679 sha: doc_id: 9766 cord_uid: mdmqcvww file: cache/cord-016617-qadf0xut.json key: cord-016617-qadf0xut authors: Lagstein, Amir; Myers, Jeffrey title: Airway Pathology in Lung Transplants date: 2013-06-14 journal: Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome in Lung Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7636-8_2 sha: doc_id: 16617 cord_uid: qadf0xut file: cache/cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.json key: cord-011345-w0ke1tqz authors: Howe, Sarah L.; März, Melanie; Krüger-Ziolek, Sabine; Laufer, Bernhard; Pretty, Chris; Shaw, Geoffery M.; Desaive, Thomas; Möller, Knut; Chase, J. Geoffrey title: Measuring lung mechanics of expiratory tidal breathing with non-invasive breath occlusion date: 2020-05-14 journal: Biomed Eng Online DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00777-0 sha: doc_id: 11345 cord_uid: w0ke1tqz file: cache/cord-016790-by7cxz1g.json key: cord-016790-by7cxz1g authors: Ahuja, Jitesh; Kapnadak, Siddhartha G.; Pipavath, Sudhakar title: Imaging of Lung Transplantation date: 2018-04-24 journal: Lung Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_19 sha: doc_id: 16790 cord_uid: by7cxz1g file: cache/cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.json key: cord-020764-5tq9cr7o authors: Vertrees, Roger A.; Goodwin, Thomas; Jordan, Jeffrey M.; Zwischenberger, Joseph B. title: Tissue Culture Models date: 2010-05-21 journal: Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_15 sha: doc_id: 20764 cord_uid: 5tq9cr7o file: cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.json key: cord-017412-1avevzya authors: Losada, Liliana; Ghedin, Elodie; Morris, Alison; Chu, Hong Wei; Nierman, William C. title: The Human Lung Microbiome date: 2010-10-11 journal: Metagenomics of the Human Body DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7 sha: doc_id: 17412 cord_uid: 1avevzya file: cache/cord-016659-26zz8kaw.json key: cord-016659-26zz8kaw authors: Chen, Feng; Ren, Meiji; Li, Hongjun title: Influenza date: 2016-06-23 journal: Radiology of Influenza DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_8 sha: doc_id: 16659 cord_uid: 26zz8kaw file: cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.json key: cord-018452-qyf2vymf authors: Sica, Valentina; Izzo, Valentina title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date: 2016-03-07 journal: Autophagy Networks in Inflammation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16 sha: doc_id: 18452 cord_uid: qyf2vymf file: cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.json key: cord-023288-sqr33y72 authors: nan title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x sha: doc_id: 23288 cord_uid: sqr33y72 file: cache/cord-017016-twwa9djm.json key: cord-017016-twwa9djm authors: Tomashefski, Joseph F.; Dail, David H. title: Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date: 2008 journal: Dail and Hammar’s Pulmonary Pathology DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_5 sha: doc_id: 17016 cord_uid: twwa9djm file: cache/cord-022082-1dq623oe.json key: cord-022082-1dq623oe authors: Greaves, Peter title: Respiratory Tract date: 2007-09-28 journal: Histopathology of Preclinical Toxicity Studies DOI: 10.1016/b978-044452771-4/50007-9 sha: doc_id: 22082 cord_uid: 1dq623oe file: cache/cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.json key: cord-024141-9sdbhw2g authors: Liu, Haiyan; Zhang, Jun; Lin, Fan title: Lung and Mediastinum date: 2017-09-02 journal: Handbook of Practical Fine Needle Aspiration and Small Tissue Biopsies DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57386-1_6 sha: doc_id: 24141 cord_uid: 9sdbhw2g file: cache/cord-022136-3q24qxsr.json key: cord-022136-3q24qxsr authors: Maru, Yoshiro title: Explanation of Metastasis by Homeostatic Inflammation date: 2016-02-02 journal: Inflammation and Metastasis DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56024-1_15 sha: doc_id: 22136 cord_uid: 3q24qxsr file: cache/cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.json key: cord-260132-lqpk3ig7 authors: Quartuccio, Luca; Semerano, Luca; Benucci, Maurizio; Boissier, Marie-Christophe; De Vita, Salvatore title: Urgent avenues in the treatment of COVID-19: Targeting downstream inflammation to prevent catastrophic syndrome date: 2020-04-19 journal: Joint Bone Spine DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.03.011 sha: doc_id: 260132 cord_uid: lqpk3ig7 file: cache/cord-011337-cyku17s8.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-011337-cyku17s8 authors: Hsu, Fushun; How, Cheng-Hung; Huang, Shang-Ran; Chen, Yi-Tsun; Chen, Jin-Shing; Hsin, Ho-Tsung title: Locating stridor caused by tumor compression by using a multichannel electronic stethoscope: a case report date: 2020-05-09 journal: J Clin Monit Comput DOI: 10.1007/s10877-020-00517-8 sha: doc_id: 11337 cord_uid: cyku17s8 file: cache/cord-018086-klels5e3.json key: cord-018086-klels5e3 authors: Van der Kaaij, N.P.; Bogers, A.J.J.C.; Lachmann, B. title: Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant date: 2005 journal: Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2005 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-26272-5_6 sha: doc_id: 18086 cord_uid: klels5e3 file: cache/cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.json key: cord-018243-hyvu9nuq authors: Salman, Huda; Cooke, Kenneth R.; Lazarus, Hillard M. title: Fibrosing Alveolitis in Hematologic Malignancy Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation date: 2010-08-19 journal: Pulmonary Involvement in Patients with Hematological Malignancies DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_42 sha: doc_id: 18243 cord_uid: hyvu9nuq file: cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.json key: cord-023239-06a03o14 authors: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 journal: Pediatr Pulmonol DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23455 sha: doc_id: 23239 cord_uid: 06a03o14 file: cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.json key: cord-016690-3gsq724l authors: Li, Hongjun title: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date: 2013-09-30 journal: Radiology of HIV/AIDS DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17 sha: doc_id: 16690 cord_uid: 3gsq724l file: cache/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.json key: cord-016814-tf17dpo5 authors: Enes, Sara Rolandsson; Uriarte, Juan J.; Pouliot, Robert A.; Weiss, Daniel J. title: Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD date: 2019-08-07 journal: Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Lung Disease DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29403-8_6 sha: doc_id: 16814 cord_uid: tf17dpo5 file: cache/cord-023311-7wqdlha4.json key: cord-023311-7wqdlha4 authors: nan title: Oral Session date: 2010-11-24 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01864.x sha: doc_id: 23311 cord_uid: 7wqdlha4 file: cache/cord-265658-wjqezs0v.json key: cord-265658-wjqezs0v authors: Carranza-Rosales, Pilar; Carranza-Torres, Irma Edith; Guzmán-Delgado, Nancy Elena; Lozano-Garza, Gerardo; Villarreal-Treviño, Licet; Molina-Torres, Carmen; Villarreal, Javier Vargas; Vera-Cabrera, Lucio; Castro-Garza, Jorge title: Modeling tuberculosis pathogenesis through ex vivo lung tissue infection date: 2017-09-12 journal: Tuberculosis (Edinb) DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.09.002 sha: doc_id: 265658 cord_uid: wjqezs0v file: cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.json key: cord-017021-n6rpuvwd authors: Marriott, Deborah J.; Orla Morrissey, C. title: Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date: 2018-08-31 journal: Essentials in Lung Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90933-2_15 sha: doc_id: 17021 cord_uid: n6rpuvwd file: cache/cord-006760-mgrxo21j.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-006760-mgrxo21j authors: Lee, James C.; Diamond, Joshua M.; Christie, Jason D. title: Critical care management of the lung transplant recipient date: 2012-06-22 journal: Curr Respir Care Rep DOI: 10.1007/s13665-012-0018-9 sha: doc_id: 6760 cord_uid: mgrxo21j file: cache/cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.json key: cord-276732-u2d1z4ip authors: Mauri, Tommaso; Zambelli, Vanessa; Cappuzzello, Claudia; Bellani, Giacomo; Dander, Erica; Sironi, Marina; Castiglioni, Vittoria; Doni, Andrea; Mantovani, Alberto; Biondi, Andrea; Garlanda, Cecilia; D’amico, Giovanna; Pesenti, Antonio title: Intraperitoneal adoptive transfer of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery from acid aspiration acute lung injury in mice date: 2017-03-06 journal: Intensive Care Med Exp DOI: 10.1186/s40635-017-0126-5 sha: doc_id: 276732 cord_uid: u2d1z4ip file: cache/cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.json key: cord-030130-n1x6gcn2 authors: Hurtado, Daniel E.; Erranz, Benjamín; Lillo, Felipe; Sarabia-Vallejos, Mauricio; Iturrieta, Pablo; Morales, Felipe; Blaha, Katherine; Medina, Tania; Diaz, Franco; Cruces, Pablo title: Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation date: 2020-08-06 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00725-0 sha: doc_id: 30130 cord_uid: n1x6gcn2 file: cache/cord-258362-6qk2brax.json key: cord-258362-6qk2brax authors: Chang, A.B.; Byrnes, C.A.; Everard, M.L. title: Diagnosing and preventing chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis() date: 2010-12-04 journal: Paediatr Respir Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2010.10.008 sha: doc_id: 258362 cord_uid: 6qk2brax file: cache/cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.json key: cord-027684-5tpgyjzt authors: Protić, Alen; Bura, Matej; Juričić, Kazimir title: A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report date: 2020-06-24 journal: J Med Case Rep DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02409-6 sha: doc_id: 27684 cord_uid: 5tpgyjzt file: cache/cord-277455-r69j2tnw.json key: cord-277455-r69j2tnw authors: Lim, Jun Hyeok; Ryu, Jeong-Seon; Cho, Sang Yong; Kim, Hyun-Jung; Jeon, Sang Hoon; Kim, Jung Soo; Nam, Hae-Seong; Cho, Jae Hwa; Kwak, Seung Min; Lee, Hong Lyeol title: Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage date: 2018-03-21 journal: Open Med (Wars) DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0009 sha: doc_id: 277455 cord_uid: r69j2tnw file: cache/cord-018001-ris02bff.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-018001-ris02bff authors: Garrido, Guillermo; Dhillon, Gundeep S. title: Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date: 2018-06-23 journal: Psychosocial Care of End-Stage Organ Disease and Transplant Patients DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94914-7_26 sha: doc_id: 18001 cord_uid: ris02bff file: cache/cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.json key: cord-034406-i1hbx3pz authors: Matthews, Abigail A.; Ee, Pui Lai Rachel; Ge, Ruowen title: Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases date: 2020-10-30 journal: Mol Biomed DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00014-z sha: doc_id: 34406 cord_uid: i1hbx3pz file: cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.json key: cord-031033-v4yetn4f authors: Martin-Loeches, Ignacio; Dickson, Robert; Torres, Antoni; Hanberger, Håkan; Lipman, Jeffrey; Antonelli, Massimo; de Pascale, Gennaro; Bozza, Fernando; Vincent, Jean Louis; Murthy, Srinivas; Bauer, Michael; Marshall, John; Cilloniz, Catia; Bos, Lieuwe D. title: The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date: 2020-08-31 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03219-4 sha: doc_id: 31033 cord_uid: v4yetn4f file: cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.json key: cord-034469-ew90eef4 authors: Dos Santos Rocha, Andre; Fodor, Gergely H.; Kassai, Miklos; Degrugilliers, Loic; Bayat, Sam; Petak, Ferenc; Habre, Walid title: Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-10-31 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01559-x sha: doc_id: 34469 cord_uid: ew90eef4 file: cache/cord-280857-0o1ikwks.json key: cord-280857-0o1ikwks authors: Goligher, Ewan C.; Jonkman, Annemijn H.; Dianti, Jose; Vaporidi, Katerina; Beitler, Jeremy R.; Patel, Bhakti K.; Yoshida, Takeshi; Jaber, Samir; Dres, Martin; Mauri, Tommaso; Bellani, Giacomo; Demoule, Alexandre; Brochard, Laurent; Heunks, Leo title: Clinical strategies for implementing lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation: avoiding insufficient and excessive effort date: 2020-11-02 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06288-9 sha: doc_id: 280857 cord_uid: 0o1ikwks file: cache/cord-283078-vz98pp4h.json key: cord-283078-vz98pp4h authors: Zakaria, Dina Mohamed; 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Zhang, Hua; Su, Lijie; Yang, Peng; Xin, Zhiqiang; Zou, Junwei; Ren, Shuangyi; Zuo, Yunfei title: Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells date: 2015-07-07 journal: Mol Cell Biochem DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2465-4 sha: doc_id: 6541 cord_uid: ror7z8h7 file: cache/cord-006924-1i3kf01j.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-006924-1i3kf01j authors: nan title: Abstracts from USCAP 2020: Pulmonary, Mediastinum, Pleura, and Peritoneum Pathology (1869-1980) date: 2020-03-05 journal: Lab Invest DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0400-0 sha: doc_id: 6924 cord_uid: 1i3kf01j file: cache/cord-016369-tnvlafa2.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-016369-tnvlafa2 authors: Lu, Puxuan; Zhou, Boping; Yuan, Jing; Yang, Guilin title: Human Infected H5N1 Avian Influenza date: 2016-06-23 journal: Radiology of Influenza DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_10 sha: doc_id: 16369 cord_uid: tnvlafa2 file: cache/cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-006653-fy0yg0xh authors: Popper, Helmut H. title: Interstitial lung diseases—can pathologists arrive at an etiology-based diagnosis? A critical update date: 2012-12-07 journal: Virchows Arch DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1305-0 sha: doc_id: 6653 cord_uid: fy0yg0xh file: cache/cord-016374-38fk66zb.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-016374-38fk66zb authors: Shi, Yuxin; Lu, Puxuan; Yang, Yuxin; Hu, Chunhong; Jin, Haiying; Kong, Lili title: Human Infected H7N9 Avian Influenza date: 2016-06-23 journal: Radiology of Influenza DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_11 sha: doc_id: 16374 cord_uid: 38fk66zb file: cache/cord-017856-4fccnygg.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-017856-4fccnygg authors: Roden, Anja C.; Tazelaar, Henry D. title: Pathology of Lung Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Mediated date: 2018-04-24 journal: Lung Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_13 sha: doc_id: 17856 cord_uid: 4fccnygg file: cache/cord-016211-8j8n9enn.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-016211-8j8n9enn authors: Lu, Puxuan; Zhao, Qingxia title: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza date: 2015-04-30 journal: Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume 1 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9882-2_18 sha: doc_id: 16211 cord_uid: 8j8n9enn file: cache/cord-278846-nqj7ctk3.json key: cord-278846-nqj7ctk3 authors: Ogger, Patricia P.; Byrne, Adam J. title: Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease date: 2020-11-12 journal: Mucosal Immunol DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5 sha: doc_id: 278846 cord_uid: nqj7ctk3 file: cache/cord-284974-e7vl774c.json key: cord-284974-e7vl774c authors: Filipovic, N.; Saveljic, I.; Hamada, K.; Tsuda, A. title: Abrupt Deterioration of COVID-19 Patients and Spreading of SARS COV-2 Virions in the Lungs date: 2020-11-02 journal: Ann Biomed Eng DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02676-w sha: doc_id: 284974 cord_uid: e7vl774c file: cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.json key: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 authors: nan title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date: 2008-03-12 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x sha: doc_id: 23331 cord_uid: jrvmgnu3 file: cache/cord-264308-y6xuxj16.json key: cord-264308-y6xuxj16 authors: Liu, Rui; An, Liwei; Liu, Ge; Li, Xiaoyu; Tang, Wei; Chen, Xulin title: Mouse lung slices: An ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses date: 2015-05-26 journal: Antiviral Res DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.05.008 sha: doc_id: 264308 cord_uid: y6xuxj16 file: cache/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.json key: cord-023509-tvqpv6fp authors: Corrin, Bryan; Nicholson, Andrew G. title: Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date: 2011-03-02 journal: Pathology of the Lungs DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 sha: doc_id: 23509 cord_uid: tvqpv6fp file: cache/cord-016947-8f22ukjc.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-016947-8f22ukjc authors: Mueller-Mang, Christina; Ringl, Helmut; Herold, Christian title: Interstitial Lung Diseases date: 2017-08-24 journal: Multislice CT DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_151 sha: doc_id: 16947 cord_uid: 8f22ukjc file: cache/cord-102958-q8jamg07.json key: cord-102958-q8jamg07 authors: Hahka, Taija M.; Xia, Zhiqiu; Hong, Juan; Kitzerow, Oliver; Nahama, Alexis; Zucker, Irving H.; Wang, Hanjun title: Resiniferatoxin (RTX) ameliorates acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a rodent model of lung injury date: 2020-09-14 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.14.296731 sha: doc_id: 102958 cord_uid: q8jamg07 file: cache/cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.json key: cord-280374-yj0r4rwt authors: Jain, Richa; Gupta, Kirti; Bhatia, Anmol; Bansal, Arun; Bansal, Deepak title: Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient date: 2018-01-04 journal: Indian Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s13312-017-1172-5 sha: doc_id: 280374 cord_uid: yj0r4rwt file: cache/cord-287622-xnksvy21.json key: cord-287622-xnksvy21 authors: Carpagnano, Giovanna E; Lacedonia, Donato; Palladino, Grazia Pia; Logrieco, Giuseppe; Crisetti, Elisabetta; Susca, Antonia; Logrieco, Antonio; Foschino-Barbaro, Maria P title: Aspergillus spp. colonization in exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia Region of Italy date: 2014-02-18 journal: BMC Pulm Med DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-22 sha: doc_id: 287622 cord_uid: xnksvy21 file: cache/cord-265606-c1zo47sw.json key: cord-265606-c1zo47sw authors: Feng, Zhe-Min; Zhuang, Zhen-Jie; He, Wen-Bo; Ding, Jian-Ping; Yang, Wen-Jun; Chen, Xue-Yuan title: Lung Cancer with Diffuse Ground-glass Shadow in Two Lungs and Respiratory Failure date: 2016-08-05 journal: Chin Med J (Engl) DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.186632 sha: doc_id: 265606 cord_uid: c1zo47sw file: cache/cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-016869-pzwlxtd6 authors: Pal, Subrata title: The Lung and Its Transplantation and Artificial Replacement date: 2013-01-08 journal: Design of Artificial Human Joints & Organs DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6255-2_15 sha: doc_id: 16869 cord_uid: pzwlxtd6 file: cache/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-016235-2lhrkmrv authors: Roden, Anja C.; Tazelaar, Henry D. title: Lung date: 2010-05-17 journal: Pathology of Solid Organ Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79343-4_7 sha: doc_id: 16235 cord_uid: 2lhrkmrv file: cache/cord-021744-x320625f.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-021744-x320625f authors: Thompson, Mark S. title: Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis date: 2017-11-17 journal: Small Animal Medical Differential Diagnosis DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-49830-2.00002-0 sha: doc_id: 21744 cord_uid: x320625f file: cache/cord-267979-k70gnrdw.json key: cord-267979-k70gnrdw authors: Yıldız-Peköz, Ayca; Ehrhardt, Carsten title: Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery date: 2020-09-23 journal: Pharmaceutics DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100911 sha: doc_id: 267979 cord_uid: k70gnrdw file: cache/cord-024183-1mrdjc39.json key: cord-024183-1mrdjc39 authors: Hutchison, Alastair A.; Leclerc, Francis; Nève, Véronique; Pillow, J. Jane; Robinson, Paul D. title: The Respiratory System date: 2013-10-08 journal: Pediatric and Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_4 sha: doc_id: 24183 cord_uid: 1mrdjc39 file: cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.json key: cord-023308-af5nihyi authors: nan title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date: 2008-03-12 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x sha: doc_id: 23308 cord_uid: af5nihyi file: cache/cord-261640-ehc123p7.json key: cord-261640-ehc123p7 authors: Smith, Maxwell L.; Gotway, Michael B.; Crotty Alexander, Laura E.; Hariri, Lida P. title: Vaping-related lung injury date: 2020-10-27 journal: Virchows Arch DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02943-0 sha: doc_id: 261640 cord_uid: ehc123p7 file: cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.json key: cord-257114-pxmflm2c authors: BURGUETE, SERGIO R.; MASELLI, DIEGO J.; FERNANDEZ, JUAN F.; LEVINE, STEPHANIE M. title: Lung transplant infection date: 2012-12-26 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02196.x sha: doc_id: 257114 cord_uid: pxmflm2c file: cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.json key: cord-026005-f2khcjdy authors: López, Alfonso; Martinson, Shannon A. title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 journal: Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 sha: doc_id: 26005 cord_uid: f2khcjdy file: cache/cord-285270-amh99u0j.json key: cord-285270-amh99u0j authors: Husain, Shahid; Mooney, Martha L.; Danziger-Isakov, Lara; Mattner, Frauke; Singh, Nina; Avery, Robin; Ison, Michael; Humar, Atul; Padera, Robert F.; Lawler, Leo P.; Fisher, Andy; Drew, Richard J.; Gould, Kate F.; Sole, Amparo; Studer, Sean; Munoz, Patricia; Singer, Lianne G.; Hannan, Margaret title: A 2010 working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in cardiothoracic transplant recipients date: 2011-03-17 journal: J Heart Lung Transplant DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.701 sha: doc_id: 285270 cord_uid: amh99u0j file: cache/cord-016280-d47e3art.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-016280-d47e3art authors: Friedberg, Joseph S.; Kucharczuk, John C. title: Pleura: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders date: 2008 journal: Surgery DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_75 sha: doc_id: 16280 cord_uid: d47e3art file: cache/cord-274474-u2fdicgz.json key: cord-274474-u2fdicgz authors: Majumder, Joydeb; Minko, Tamara title: Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Respiratory Diseases: Cancer, Fibrosis, and Coronavirus date: 2020-10-13 journal: Adv Ther (Weinh) DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000203 sha: doc_id: 274474 cord_uid: u2fdicgz file: cache/cord-290233-5skk3nj4.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-290233-5skk3nj4 authors: Wang, K.; Kang, S.; Tian, R.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y. title: Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area date: 2020-03-23 journal: Clin Radiol DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.004 sha: doc_id: 290233 cord_uid: 5skk3nj4 file: cache/cord-289103-6i7wf41w.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-289103-6i7wf41w authors: McElyea, Christine; Do, Christopher; Killu, Keith title: Lung ultrasound artifacts in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-08-25 journal: J Ultrasound DOI: 10.1007/s40477-020-00526-y sha: doc_id: 289103 cord_uid: 6i7wf41w file: cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.json key: cord-286771-77hs34jm authors: Cruces, Pablo; Retamal, Jaime; Hurtado, Daniel E.; Erranz, Benjamín; Iturrieta, Pablo; González, Carlos; Díaz, Franco title: A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-08-10 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03197-7 sha: doc_id: 286771 cord_uid: 77hs34jm file: cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.json key: cord-284332-p4c1fneh authors: Bosma, Karen J.; Taneja, Ravi; Lewis, James F. title: Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date: 2012-09-19 journal: Drugs DOI: 10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000 sha: doc_id: 284332 cord_uid: p4c1fneh file: cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-017030-tzuyo6tx authors: Henao-Martínez, Andrés F.; Montoya, José G. title: Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date: 2018-12-08 journal: Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_2 sha: doc_id: 17030 cord_uid: tzuyo6tx file: cache/cord-288371-uyj4iske.json key: cord-288371-uyj4iske authors: Arrieta, Oscar; Cardona, Andrés F.; Lara, Luis; Heredia, David; Barrón, Feliciano; Zatarain-Barrón, Zyanya Lucia; Lozano, Francisco; de Lima, Vladmir Cordeiro; Maldonado, Federico; Corona-Cruz, Francisco; Ramos, Maritza; Cabrera, Luis; Martin, Claudio; Corrales, Luis; Cuello, Mauricio; Arroyo-Hernández, Marisol; Aman, Enrique; Bacon, Ludwing; Baez, Renata; Benitez, Sergio; Botero, Antonio; Burotto, Mauricio; Caglevic, Christian; Ferraris, Gustavo; Freitas, Helano; Kaen, Diego Lucas; Lamot, Sebastián; Lyons, Gustavo; Mas, Luis; Mata, Andrea; Mathias, Clarissa; Muñoz, Alvaro; Patane, Ana Karina; Oblitas, George; Pino, Luis; Raez, Luis E.; Remon, Jordi; Rojas, Leonardo; Rolfo, Christian; Ruiz-Patiño, Alejandro; Samtani, Suraj; Viola, Lucia; Viteri, Santiago; Rosell, Rafael title: Recommendations for detection, prioritization, and treatment of thoracic oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The THOCOoP cooperative group date: 2020-06-20 journal: Crit Rev Oncol Hematol DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103033 sha: doc_id: 288371 cord_uid: uyj4iske file: cache/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-023306-3gdfo6vd authors: nan title: TSANZ Oral Abstracts date: 2010-03-01 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01735.x sha: doc_id: 23306 cord_uid: 3gdfo6vd file: cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu authors: Starkel, Julie L.; Stapke, Christina; Stanley-O’Malley, Abigail; Noland, Diana title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 journal: Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition Therapy DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 sha: doc_id: 16009 cord_uid: qa7bcsbu file: cache/cord-252810-rko3e5va.json key: cord-252810-rko3e5va authors: Basil, Maria C.; Katzen, Jeremy; Engler, Anna E.; Guo, Minzhe; Herriges, Michael J.; Kathiriya, Jaymin J.; Windmueller, Rebecca; Ysasi, Alexandra B.; Zacharias, William J.; Chapman, Hal A.; Kotton, Darrell N.; Rock, Jason R.; Snoeck, Hans-Willem; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana; Whitsett, Jeffrey A.; Morrisey, Edward E. title: The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date: 2020-04-02 journal: Cell Stem Cell DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.009 sha: doc_id: 252810 cord_uid: rko3e5va file: cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-017248-a37t31u1 authors: nan title: Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date: 2010-05-17 journal: Handbook of Autopsy Practice DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17 sha: doc_id: 17248 cord_uid: a37t31u1 file: cache/cord-290226-rtoasm2l.json key: cord-290226-rtoasm2l authors: Scassellati, Catia; Galoforo, Antonio Carlo; Bonvicini, Cristian; Esposito, Ciro; Ricevuti, Giovanni title: Ozone: a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant property as potential new strategy in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders date: 2020-08-15 journal: Ageing Res Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101138 sha: doc_id: 290226 cord_uid: rtoasm2l file: cache/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.json key: cord-268729-n7slf5tx authors: Wissinger, E L; Saldana, J; Didierlaurent, A; Hussell, T title: Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease date: 2008-05-07 journal: Mucosal Immunol DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.16 sha: doc_id: 268729 cord_uid: n7slf5tx file: cache/cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.json key: cord-290677-3gdcyrrz authors: De Virgiliis, Francesco; Di Giovanni, Simone title: Lung innervation in the eye of a cytokine storm: neuroimmune interactions and COVID-19 date: 2020-08-25 journal: Nat Rev Neurol DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0402-y sha: doc_id: 290677 cord_uid: 3gdcyrrz file: cache/cord-291145-rdg31p17.json key: cord-291145-rdg31p17 authors: Rice, Shawn J.; Hyland, Victoria; Behera, Madhusmita; Ramalingam, Suresh S.; Bunn, Paul; Belani, Chandra P. title: Guidance on the clinical management of E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)? date: 2020-08-29 journal: J Thorac Oncol DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.08.012 sha: doc_id: 291145 cord_uid: rdg31p17 file: cache/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.json key: cord-306076-ygfnkgqp authors: Fujita, Yu; Takeshita, Fumitaka; Kuwano, Kazuyoshi; Ochiya, Takahiro title: RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date: 2013-02-06 journal: Pharmaceuticals (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/ph6020223 sha: doc_id: 306076 cord_uid: ygfnkgqp file: cache/cord-295156-trzkb9ne.json key: cord-295156-trzkb9ne authors: Cheong, Dorothy H.J.; Daniel Tan, W.S.; Fred Wong, W.S.; Tran, Thai title: Anti-malarial drug, artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of respiratory diseases date: 2020-05-13 journal: Pharmacol Res DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104901 sha: doc_id: 295156 cord_uid: trzkb9ne file: cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.json key: cord-292862-ezrkg0dc authors: Myerson, Jacob W.; Patel, Priyal N.; Habibi, Nahal; Walsh, Landis R.; Lee, Yi-Wei; Luther, David C.; Ferguson, Laura T.; Zaleski, Michael H.; Zamora, Marco E.; Marcos-Contreras, Oscar A.; Glassman, Patrick M.; Johnston, Ian; Hood, Elizabeth D.; Shuvaeva, Tea; Gregory, Jason V.; Kiseleva, Raisa Y.; Nong, Jia; Rubey, Kathryn M.; Greineder, Colin F.; Mitragotri, Samir; Worthen, George S.; Rotello, Vincent M.; Lahann, Joerg; Muzykantov, Vladimir R.; Brenner, Jacob S. title: Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date: 2020-04-18 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 sha: doc_id: 292862 cord_uid: ezrkg0dc file: cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.json key: cord-308461-4lhh3du0 authors: Ueki, Hiroshi; Wang, I-Hsuan; Zhao, Dongming; Gunzer, Matthias; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro title: Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date: 2020-01-29 journal: Nat Protoc DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y sha: doc_id: 308461 cord_uid: 4lhh3du0 file: cache/cord-315085-rucfowvv.json key: cord-315085-rucfowvv authors: Sekulic, Miroslav; Harper, Holly; Nezami, Behtash G; Shen, Daniel L; Sekulic, Simona Pichler; Koeth, Aaron T; Harding, Clifford V; Gilmore, Hannah; Sadri, Navid title: Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in FFPE Samples and Histopathologic Findings in Fatal SARS-CoV-2 Cases date: 2020-05-26 journal: Am J Clin Pathol DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa091 sha: doc_id: 315085 cord_uid: rucfowvv file: cache/cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.json key: cord-315948-o4uj3l8r authors: Kim, Se Yong; Kim, Se Jin; Yoon, Doran; Hong, Seung Wook; Park, Sehhoon; Ock, Chan-Young title: A Case of Statin-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis due to Rosuvastatin date: 2015-06-30 journal: Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) DOI: 10.4046/trd.2015.78.3.281 sha: doc_id: 315948 cord_uid: o4uj3l8r file: cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.json key: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 authors: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 journal: Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 sha: doc_id: 306266 cord_uid: 8qdrshz3 file: cache/cord-313785-8tipkksu.json key: cord-313785-8tipkksu authors: d'Ettorre, Gabriella; Ceccarelli, Giancarlo; Marazzato, Massimiliano; Campagna, Giuseppe; Pinacchio, Claudia; Alessandri, Francesco; Ruberto, Franco; Rossi, Giacomo; Celani, Luigi; Scagnolari, Carolina; Mastropietro, Cristina; Trinchieri, Vito; Recchia, Gregorio Egidio; Mauro, Vera; Antonelli, Guido; Pugliese, Francesco; Mastroianni, Claudio Maria title: Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 journal: Front Med (Lausanne) DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 sha: doc_id: 313785 cord_uid: 8tipkksu file: cache/cord-309722-04pp3lv0.json key: cord-309722-04pp3lv0 authors: Qiu, Yingshan; Lam, Jenny K. W.; Leung, Susan W. S.; Liang, Wanling title: Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways—From Bench to Bedside date: 2016-09-20 journal: Molecules DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091249 sha: doc_id: 309722 cord_uid: 04pp3lv0 file: cache/cord-336782-0zkb39v1.json key: cord-336782-0zkb39v1 authors: Fraile Gutiérrez, V.; Ayuela Azcárate, J. M.; Pérez Torres, D.; Zapata, L.; Rodríguez Yakushev, A. L.; Ochagavía Calvo, A. title: Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine date: 2020-11-02 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.medine.2020.10.002 sha: doc_id: 336782 cord_uid: 0zkb39v1 file: cache/cord-300124-voyjcjzw.json key: cord-300124-voyjcjzw authors: Soldati, Gino; Smargiassi, Andrea; Inchingolo, Riccardo; Demi, Libertario title: Reply to colorimetric triage for patients with COVID‐19 date: 2020-08-27 journal: J Ultrasound Med DOI: 10.1002/jum.15460 sha: doc_id: 300124 cord_uid: voyjcjzw file: cache/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.json key: cord-301935-0qjo94ty authors: Varma, Ratna; Soleas, John P.; Waddell, Thomas K.; Karoubi, Golnaz; McGuigan, Alison P. title: Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date: 2020-08-22 journal: Adv Drug Deliv Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005 sha: doc_id: 301935 cord_uid: 0qjo94ty file: cache/cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.json key: cord-328266-bjs6ywlf authors: Gunasekaran, Muthukumar; Bansal, Sandhya; Ravichandran, Ranjithkumar; Sharma, Monal; Perincheri, Sudhir; Rodriguez, Francisco; Hachem, Ramsey; Fisher, Cynthia E.; Limaye, Ajit P.; Omar, Ashraf; Smith, Michael A.; Bremner, Ross M.; Mohanakumar, Thalachallour title: Respiratory viral infection in lung transplantation induces exosomes that trigger chronic rejection date: 2020-04-30 journal: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.12.009 sha: doc_id: 328266 cord_uid: bjs6ywlf file: cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.json key: cord-335382-fk4um9nw authors: Farver, Carol F.; Zander, Dani S. title: Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-08-10 journal: Molecular Pathology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00018-4 sha: doc_id: 335382 cord_uid: fk4um9nw file: cache/cord-332650-05oz5zwz.json key: cord-332650-05oz5zwz authors: Fiorelli, Silvia; Massullo, Domenico; Ibrahim, Mohsen; Piccioni, Federico; Andreetti, Claudio; Vanni, Camilla; Rocco, Monica; Rendina, Erino Angelo; Menna, Cecilia title: Perspectives in surgical and anaesthetic management of lung cancer in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-08-26 journal: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa295 sha: doc_id: 332650 cord_uid: 05oz5zwz file: cache/cord-342150-dadc8whz.json key: cord-342150-dadc8whz authors: Lindahl, Sten G. E. title: Using the prone position could help to combat the development of fast hypoxia in some patients with COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-17 journal: Acta Paediatr DOI: 10.1111/apa.15382 sha: doc_id: 342150 cord_uid: dadc8whz file: cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.json key: cord-341472-29opvzrj authors: Curley, Gerard F.; Laffey, John G. title: Future therapies for ARDS date: 2014-12-04 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3578-z sha: doc_id: 341472 cord_uid: 29opvzrj file: cache/cord-353013-7cx0gnum.json key: cord-353013-7cx0gnum authors: DENG, Pengbo; HU, Chengping; LI, Yuanyuan; CAO, Liming; YANG, Huaping; LI, Min; AN, Jian; JIANG, Juan; GU, Qihua title: Bronchial Fistula: Rare Complication of Treatment with Anlotinib date: 2020-10-20 journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.40 sha: doc_id: 353013 cord_uid: 7cx0gnum file: cache/cord-337789-pabaoiqs.json key: cord-337789-pabaoiqs authors: Oprinca, George-Călin; Muja, Lilioara-Alexandra title: Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis date: 2020-08-27 journal: Int J Legal Med DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02406-w sha: doc_id: 337789 cord_uid: pabaoiqs file: cache/cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.json key: cord-336560-m5u6ryy9 authors: Boudewijns, Robbert; Thibaut, Hendrik Jan; Kaptein, Suzanne J. F.; Li, Rong; Vergote, Valentijn; Seldeslachts, Laura; De Keyzer, Carolien; Bervoets, Lindsey; Sharma, Sapna; Van Weyenbergh, Johan; Liesenborghs, Laurens; Ma, Ji; Jansen, Sander; Van Looveren, Dominique; Vercruysse, Thomas; Jochmans, Dirk; Wang, Xinyu; Martens, Erik; Roose, Kenny; De Vlieger, Dorien; Schepens, Bert; Van Buyten, Tina; Jacobs, Sofie; Liu, Yanan; Martí-Carreras, Joan; Vanmechelen, Bert; Wawina-Bokalanga, Tony; Delang, Leen; Rocha-Pereira, Joana; Coelmont, Lotte; Chiu, Winston; Leyssen, Pieter; Heylen, Elisabeth; Schols, Dominique; Wang, Lanjiao; Close, Lila; Matthijnssens, Jelle; Van Ranst, Marc; Compernolle, Veerle; Schramm, Georg; Van Laere, Koen; Saelens, Xavier; Callewaert, Nico; Opdenakker, Ghislain; Maes, Piet; Weynand, Birgit; Cawthorne, Christopher; Velde, Greetje Vande; Wang, Zhongde; Neyts, Johan; Dallmeier, Kai title: STAT2 signaling as double-edged sword restricting viral dissemination but driving severe pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters date: 2020-07-02 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.23.056838 sha: doc_id: 336560 cord_uid: m5u6ryy9 file: cache/cord-317993-012hx4kc.json key: cord-317993-012hx4kc authors: Movia, Dania; Prina-Mello, Adriele title: Preclinical Development of Orally Inhaled Drugs (OIDs)—Are Animal Models Predictive or Shall We Move Towards In Vitro Non-Animal Models? date: 2020-07-24 journal: Animals (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/ani10081259 sha: doc_id: 317993 cord_uid: 012hx4kc file: cache/cord-355122-x3v80bdp.json key: cord-355122-x3v80bdp authors: Desterke, Christophe; Turhan, Ali G.; Bennaceur-Griscelli, Annelise; Griscelli, Frank title: PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19 date: 2020-09-25 journal: iScience DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101611 sha: doc_id: 355122 cord_uid: x3v80bdp file: cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.json key: cord-334528-xenq90xj authors: Chen, Hsing I title: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date: 2011-03-17 journal: J Geriatr Cardiol DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044 sha: doc_id: 334528 cord_uid: xenq90xj file: cache/cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.json key: cord-338070-y8zi8iz9 authors: Liu, Wei; Ren, Xiaojuan; Wang, Qian; Zhang, Yan; Du, Junfeng title: Pharmacological inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by olaparib ameliorates influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice date: 2020-08-31 journal: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04020-5 sha: doc_id: 338070 cord_uid: y8zi8iz9 file: cache/cord-349226-xzlc1pni.json key: cord-349226-xzlc1pni authors: Khatiwada, Saroj; Subedi, Astha title: Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications date: 2020-08-05 journal: Hum Microb J DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2020.100073 sha: doc_id: 349226 cord_uid: xzlc1pni file: cache/cord-344206-53g7yjf9.json key: cord-344206-53g7yjf9 authors: Ray, Archita; Jaiswal, Ashish; Dutta, Joytri; Singh, Sabita; Mabalirajan, Ulaganathan title: A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases date: 2020-09-21 journal: Mitochondrion DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.09.004 sha: doc_id: 344206 cord_uid: 53g7yjf9 file: cache/cord-356174-40k6m7l0.json key: cord-356174-40k6m7l0 authors: Ducloyer, Mathilde; Gaborit, Benjamin; Toquet, Claire; Castain, Louise; Bal, Antonin; Arrigoni, Pierre Paul; Lecomte, Raphaël; Clement, Renaud; Sagan, Christine title: Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations date: 2020-08-06 journal: Int J Legal Med DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02390-1 sha: doc_id: 356174 cord_uid: 40k6m7l0 file: cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.json key: cord-352532-xqphom6x authors: Papanikolaou, Ilias C; Sharma, Om P title: 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date: 2013-12-31 journal: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 sha: doc_id: 352532 cord_uid: xqphom6x file: cache/cord-348672-e34103b1.json key: cord-348672-e34103b1 authors: Zhang, Jiaqi; Bai, Wenliang; Guo, Chao; Liu, Lei; Wang, Guige; Huang, Cheng; Chen, Yeye; Zhang, Ye; Li, Shanqing title: Postoperative Short-term Outcomes Between Sublobar Resection and Lobectomy in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma date: 2020-10-01 journal: Cancer Manag Res DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s266376 sha: doc_id: 348672 cord_uid: e34103b1 file: cache/cord-343842-2klytw6c.json key: cord-343842-2klytw6c authors: Takamura, Shiki title: Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cells date: 2017-07-01 journal: Viral Immunol DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016 sha: doc_id: 343842 cord_uid: 2klytw6c file: cache/cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-308071-1bk3xuwf authors: Lang, Christian; Jaksch, Peter; Hoda, Mir Alireza; Lang, György; Staudinger, Thomas; Tschernko, Edda; Zapletal, Bernhard; Geleff, Silvana; Prosch, Helmut; Gawish, Riem; Knapp, Sylvia; Robak, Oliver; Thalhammer, Florian; Indra, Alexander; Koestenberger, Markus; Strassl, Robert; Klikovits, Thomas; Ali, Kamran; Fischer, Gottfried; Klepetko, Walter; Hoetzenecker, Konrad; Schellongowski, Peter title: Lung transplantation for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in a PCR-positive patient date: 2020-08-25 journal: Lancet Respir Med DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30361-1 sha: doc_id: 308071 cord_uid: 1bk3xuwf file: cache/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-313431-swkcdvx8 authors: Becerra-Diaz, Mireya; Song, Mason; Heller, Nicola title: Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung date: 2020-08-07 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698 sha: doc_id: 313431 cord_uid: swkcdvx8 file: cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-323566-jck799zq authors: Cheung, Oi-Yee; Graziano, Paolo; Smith, Maxwell L. title: Acute Lung Injury date: 2017-11-05 journal: Practical Pulmonary Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5 sha: doc_id: 323566 cord_uid: jck799zq file: cache/cord-322756-ouvn71r9.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-322756-ouvn71r9 authors: Chow, Michael Y.T.; Qiu, Yingshan; Lam, Jenny K.W. title: Inhaled RNA Therapy: From Promise to Reality date: 2020-09-04 journal: Trends Pharmacol Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.08.002 sha: doc_id: 322756 cord_uid: ouvn71r9 file: cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-310840-h49dx92d authors: Eslamy, Hedieh K.; Newman, Beverley title: Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date: 2011-09-30 journal: Radiologic Clinics of North America DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 sha: doc_id: 310840 cord_uid: h49dx92d file: cache/cord-329066-9xo5zztv.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-329066-9xo5zztv authors: Yuan, Kai; Feng, Yanyan; Wang, Hesong; Zhao, Lu; Wang, Wei; Wang, Ting; Feng, Yuyin; Huang, Guangrui; Xu, Anlong title: FGL2 is positively correlated with enhanced antitumor responses mediated by T cells in lung adenocarcinoma date: 2020-03-13 journal: PeerJ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8654 sha: doc_id: 329066 cord_uid: 9xo5zztv file: cache/cord-335597-anrzcsrt.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-335597-anrzcsrt authors: nan title: 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie date: 2020-10-26 journal: Wien Klin Wochenschr DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3 sha: doc_id: 335597 cord_uid: anrzcsrt file: cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.json key: cord-023211-kt5gt26t authors: nan title: Poster Session Abstracts date: 2007-08-29 journal: Pediatr Pulmonol DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20700 sha: doc_id: 23211 cord_uid: kt5gt26t Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-lung-cord === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61980 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60628 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011408-z8lw8nc6 author: Peters, Matthew J. title: Electronic cigarettes: Tumultuous times date: 2019-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60024 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60118 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61703 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61722 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60487 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61495 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009774-tqhexzdp author: Neyman, Greg title: A Single Ventilator for Multiple Simulated Patients to Meet Disaster Surge date: 2008-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009774-tqhexzdp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009774-tqhexzdp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009774-tqhexzdp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018134-k4vdqlgs author: Eisenberg, Ronald L. title: Pneumonia date: 2019-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004405-l5rif2lu author: Bleyer, Martina title: Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (Callithrix jacchus) date: 2017-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004405-l5rif2lu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004405-l5rif2lu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004405-l5rif2lu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277455-r69j2tnw author: Lim, Jun Hyeok title: Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage date: 2018-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277455-r69j2tnw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277455-r69j2tnw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277455-r69j2tnw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260132-lqpk3ig7 author: Quartuccio, Luca title: Urgent avenues in the treatment of COVID-19: Targeting downstream inflammation to prevent catastrophic syndrome date: 2020-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006624-or0cpc6j author: Kamler, M. title: Aktueller Stand der Lungentransplantation: Pulmonale und nichtpulmonale Komplikationen date: 2013-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006624-or0cpc6j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006624-or0cpc6j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-006624-or0cpc6j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016790-by7cxz1g author: Ahuja, Jitesh title: Imaging of Lung Transplantation date: 2018-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016790-by7cxz1g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016790-by7cxz1g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016790-by7cxz1g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265658-wjqezs0v author: Carranza-Rosales, Pilar title: Modeling tuberculosis pathogenesis through ex vivo lung tissue infection date: 2017-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265658-wjqezs0v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265658-wjqezs0v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265658-wjqezs0v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253891-d1ei287l author: Geddes, Duncan title: The history of respiratory disease management date: 2016-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006676-a21tdgns author: Abul, H. title: Levels of IL-8 and myeloperoxidase in the lungs of pneumonia patients date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006676-a21tdgns.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006676-a21tdgns.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-006676-a21tdgns.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027684-5tpgyjzt author: Protić, Alen title: A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284974-e7vl774c author: Filipovic, N. title: Abrupt Deterioration of COVID-19 Patients and Spreading of SARS COV-2 Virions in the Lungs date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284974-e7vl774c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284974-e7vl774c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284974-e7vl774c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003558-7lvqpz21 author: Davies, Patrick title: Clinical Scenarios of the Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography in Paediatric Intensive Care date: 2019-03-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003558-7lvqpz21.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003558-7lvqpz21.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003558-7lvqpz21.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011345-w0ke1tqz author: Howe, Sarah L. title: Measuring lung mechanics of expiratory tidal breathing with non-invasive breath occlusion date: 2020-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016659-26zz8kaw author: Chen, Feng title: Influenza date: 2016-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016659-26zz8kaw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016659-26zz8kaw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016659-26zz8kaw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018086-klels5e3 author: Van der Kaaij, N.P. title: Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018086-klels5e3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018086-klels5e3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018086-klels5e3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005774-7z6uyn6p author: Hammer, J. title: Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit date: 1995 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003655-uo0hdrgc author: de Vries, Rory D. title: Paramyxovirus Infections in Ex Vivo Lung Slice Cultures of Different Host Species date: 2018-03-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001473-aki28lhp author: Chen, Qi Xing title: Silencing airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin exacerbates sepsis-induced acute lung injury date: 2014-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001473-aki28lhp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001473-aki28lhp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001473-aki28lhp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009983-naht0ik6 author: Kim, Yoon Hee title: Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in humidifier disinfectant‐associated children's interstitial lung disease date: 2015-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009983-naht0ik6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009983-naht0ik6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009983-naht0ik6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011337-cyku17s8 author: Hsu, Fushun title: Locating stridor caused by tumor compression by using a multichannel electronic stethoscope: a case report date: 2020-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011337-cyku17s8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011337-cyku17s8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011337-cyku17s8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006605-tsk3pakb author: Jesmin, Subrina title: Differential Expression, Time Course and Distribution of Four PARs in Rats with Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury date: 2006-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006605-tsk3pakb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006605-tsk3pakb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006605-tsk3pakb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001117-llb4f74a author: Ji, Wen-Jie title: Spironolactone Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Injury Partially via Modulating Mononuclear Phagocyte Phenotype Switching in Circulating and Alveolar Compartments date: 2013-11-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001117-llb4f74a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001117-llb4f74a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-001117-llb4f74a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000307-iv18eiap author: Capelozzi, Vera Luiza title: Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure date: 2010-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000307-iv18eiap.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000307-iv18eiap.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000307-iv18eiap.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010994-1ynel55w author: Abe, Kyoko title: Nicorandil, a K(ATP) Channel Opener, Attenuates Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Isolated Rat Lungs date: 2020-02-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010994-1ynel55w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010994-1ynel55w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010994-1ynel55w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276732-u2d1z4ip author: Mauri, Tommaso title: Intraperitoneal adoptive transfer of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery from acid aspiration acute lung injury in mice date: 2017-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011781-0yswqubf author: Svanberg, Emilie Krite title: Changes in pulmonary oxygen content are detectable with laser absorption spectroscopy: proof of concept in newborn piglets date: 2020-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011781-0yswqubf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011781-0yswqubf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011781-0yswqubf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006289-2k8c22u8 author: Chu, Shi-Jye title: Systemic Administration of FC-77 Dampens Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats date: 2013-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006289-2k8c22u8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006289-2k8c22u8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006289-2k8c22u8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006760-mgrxo21j author: Lee, James C. title: Critical care management of the lung transplant recipient date: 2012-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006760-mgrxo21j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006760-mgrxo21j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006760-mgrxo21j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005228-187d3pxz author: Wang, Jian title: Role of microbiota on lung homeostasis and diseases date: 2017-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005228-187d3pxz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005228-187d3pxz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005228-187d3pxz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009766-mdmqcvww author: Comerford, Andrew title: Structured Tree Impedance Outflow Boundary Conditions for 3D Lung Simulations date: 2010-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009766-mdmqcvww.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009766-mdmqcvww.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009766-mdmqcvww.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287622-xnksvy21 author: Carpagnano, Giovanna E title: Aspergillus spp. colonization in exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia Region of Italy date: 2014-02-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287622-xnksvy21.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287622-xnksvy21.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287622-xnksvy21.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000295-ft5wl70x author: Tomankova, Tereza title: Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in the lung date: 2010-11-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000295-ft5wl70x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000295-ft5wl70x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000295-ft5wl70x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000492-ec5qzurk author: Devaney, James title: Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date: 2011-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030130-n1x6gcn2 author: Hurtado, Daniel E. title: Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation date: 2020-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265606-c1zo47sw author: Feng, Zhe-Min title: Lung Cancer with Diffuse Ground-glass Shadow in Two Lungs and Respiratory Failure date: 2016-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265606-c1zo47sw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265606-c1zo47sw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265606-c1zo47sw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031033-v4yetn4f author: Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title: The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005476-q6o5239w author: Griesenbach, U title: Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: an example for lung gene therapy date: 2004-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005476-q6o5239w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005476-q6o5239w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005476-q6o5239w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005573-mryrl1s1 author: Raimondi, Francesco title: Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date: 2018-07-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280374-yj0r4rwt author: Jain, Richa title: Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient date: 2018-01-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016300-vw11c2wt author: Jain, Kewal K. title: Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases date: 2017-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016369-tnvlafa2 author: Lu, Puxuan title: Human Infected H5N1 Avian Influenza date: 2016-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016369-tnvlafa2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016369-tnvlafa2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016369-tnvlafa2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034469-ew90eef4 author: Dos Santos Rocha, Andre title: Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012884-56z95uca author: Bargagli, Elena title: Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-012884-56z95uca.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018452-qyf2vymf author: Sica, Valentina title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date: 2016-03-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006452-mmdk2xom author: Chen, Jing title: Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases date: 2018-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018243-hyvu9nuq author: Salman, Huda title: Fibrosing Alveolitis in Hematologic Malignancy Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation date: 2010-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018659-rxzy6k3b author: Danziger-Isakov, Lara title: Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date: 2018-01-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016617-qadf0xut author: Lagstein, Amir title: Airway Pathology in Lung Transplants date: 2013-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016617-qadf0xut.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016617-qadf0xut.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016617-qadf0xut.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258362-6qk2brax author: Chang, A.B. title: Diagnosing and preventing chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis() date: 2010-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258362-6qk2brax.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258362-6qk2brax.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258362-6qk2brax.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283078-vz98pp4h author: Zakaria, Dina Mohamed title: Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats date: 2020-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283078-vz98pp4h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283078-vz98pp4h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283078-vz98pp4h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001945-ueccexxc author: Yang, Ce title: Stem/progenitor cells in endogenous repairing responses: new toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury date: 2016-02-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001945-ueccexxc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001945-ueccexxc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001945-ueccexxc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018001-ris02bff author: Garrido, Guillermo title: Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date: 2018-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018001-ris02bff.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006541-ror7z8h7 author: Liu, Xiaoli title: Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells date: 2015-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006541-ror7z8h7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006541-ror7z8h7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006541-ror7z8h7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280857-0o1ikwks author: Goligher, Ewan C. title: Clinical strategies for implementing lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation: avoiding insufficient and excessive effort date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280857-0o1ikwks.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280857-0o1ikwks.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280857-0o1ikwks.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004092-wb150n8w author: Nieman, Gary F. title: Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date: 2020-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024141-9sdbhw2g author: Liu, Haiyan title: Lung and Mediastinum date: 2017-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002627-3jwu4pf2 author: Wu, Nan-Chun title: Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation date: 2017-07-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260729-b12v3c8c author: de Lang, Anna title: Functional Genomics Highlights Differential Induction of Antiviral Pathways in the Lungs of SARS-CoV–Infected Macaques date: 2007-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260729-b12v3c8c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260729-b12v3c8c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-260729-b12v3c8c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author: Vijayan, Vannan K. title: Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date: 2013-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266067-wrouqdcj author: Haywood, Nathan title: Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016869-pzwlxtd6 author: Pal, Subrata title: The Lung and Its Transplantation and Artificial Replacement date: 2013-01-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276927-rxudwp2v author: Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title: Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2012-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017412-1avevzya author: Losada, Liliana title: The Human Lung Microbiome date: 2010-10-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017412-1avevzya.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016211-8j8n9enn author: Lu, Puxuan title: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza date: 2015-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016211-8j8n9enn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016211-8j8n9enn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-016211-8j8n9enn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264308-y6xuxj16 author: Liu, Rui title: Mouse lung slices: An ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses date: 2015-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264308-y6xuxj16.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264308-y6xuxj16.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264308-y6xuxj16.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034406-i1hbx3pz author: Matthews, Abigail A. title: Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases date: 2020-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017856-4fccnygg author: Roden, Anja C. title: Pathology of Lung Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Mediated date: 2018-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267979-k70gnrdw author: Yıldız-Peköz, Ayca title: Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267979-k70gnrdw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267979-k70gnrdw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267979-k70gnrdw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006700-df8ard9o author: Müller-Redetzky, Holger C. title: Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date: 2014-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261640-ehc123p7 author: Smith, Maxwell L. title: Vaping-related lung injury date: 2020-10-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261640-ehc123p7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261640-ehc123p7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261640-ehc123p7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021744-x320625f author: Thompson, Mark S. title: Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis date: 2017-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021744-x320625f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021744-x320625f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021744-x320625f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289103-6i7wf41w author: McElyea, Christine title: Lung ultrasound artifacts in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289103-6i7wf41w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289103-6i7wf41w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289103-6i7wf41w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020764-5tq9cr7o author: Vertrees, Roger A. title: Tissue Culture Models date: 2010-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71964 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005941-e4fvj54l author: Hamm, H. title: The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date: 1992 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016814-tf17dpo5 author: Enes, Sara Rolandsson title: Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD date: 2019-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016947-8f22ukjc author: Mueller-Mang, Christina title: Interstitial Lung Diseases date: 2017-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016947-8f22ukjc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016947-8f22ukjc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016947-8f22ukjc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022136-3q24qxsr author: Maru, Yoshiro title: Explanation of Metastasis by Homeostatic Inflammation date: 2016-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022136-3q24qxsr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022136-3q24qxsr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022136-3q24qxsr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300124-voyjcjzw author: Soldati, Gino title: Reply to colorimetric triage for patients with COVID‐19 date: 2020-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300124-voyjcjzw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300124-voyjcjzw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300124-voyjcjzw.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71782 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70646 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315948-o4uj3l8r author: Kim, Se Yong title: A Case of Statin-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis due to Rosuvastatin date: 2015-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017021-n6rpuvwd author: Marriott, Deborah J. title: Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date: 2018-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290233-5skk3nj4 author: Wang, K. title: Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area date: 2020-03-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290233-5skk3nj4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290233-5skk3nj4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290233-5skk3nj4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285270-amh99u0j author: Husain, Shahid title: A 2010 working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in cardiothoracic transplant recipients date: 2011-03-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285270-amh99u0j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285270-amh99u0j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285270-amh99u0j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341472-29opvzrj author: Curley, Gerard F. title: Future therapies for ARDS date: 2014-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000254-bufbjdmw author: Clement, Annick title: Interstitial lung diseases in children date: 2010-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342150-dadc8whz author: Lindahl, Sten G. E. title: Using the prone position could help to combat the development of fast hypoxia in some patients with COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342150-dadc8whz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342150-dadc8whz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-342150-dadc8whz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291145-rdg31p17 author: Rice, Shawn J. title: Guidance on the clinical management of E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)? date: 2020-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291145-rdg31p17.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291145-rdg31p17.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291145-rdg31p17.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344206-53g7yjf9 author: Ray, Archita title: A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344206-53g7yjf9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344206-53g7yjf9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-344206-53g7yjf9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308071-1bk3xuwf author: Lang, Christian title: Lung transplantation for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in a PCR-positive patient date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313785-8tipkksu author: d'Ettorre, Gabriella title: Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313785-8tipkksu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313785-8tipkksu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313785-8tipkksu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286771-77hs34jm author: Cruces, Pablo title: A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352532-xqphom6x author: Papanikolaou, Ilias C title: 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328266-bjs6ywlf author: Gunasekaran, Muthukumar title: Respiratory viral infection in lung transplantation induces exosomes that trigger chronic rejection date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332650-05oz5zwz author: Fiorelli, Silvia title: Perspectives in surgical and anaesthetic management of lung cancer in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332650-05oz5zwz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332650-05oz5zwz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332650-05oz5zwz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348672-e34103b1 author: Zhang, Jiaqi title: Postoperative Short-term Outcomes Between Sublobar Resection and Lobectomy in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348672-e34103b1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348672-e34103b1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348672-e34103b1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353013-7cx0gnum author: DENG, Pengbo title: Bronchial Fistula: Rare Complication of Treatment with Anlotinib date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353013-7cx0gnum.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353013-7cx0gnum.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-353013-7cx0gnum.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356174-40k6m7l0 author: Ducloyer, Mathilde title: Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations date: 2020-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356174-40k6m7l0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356174-40k6m7l0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-356174-40k6m7l0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349226-xzlc1pni author: Khatiwada, Saroj title: Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349226-xzlc1pni.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349226-xzlc1pni.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349226-xzlc1pni.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295156-trzkb9ne author: Cheong, Dorothy H.J. title: Anti-malarial drug, artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of respiratory diseases date: 2020-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295156-trzkb9ne.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295156-trzkb9ne.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-295156-trzkb9ne.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315085-rucfowvv author: Sekulic, Miroslav title: Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in FFPE Samples and Histopathologic Findings in Fatal SARS-CoV-2 Cases date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315085-rucfowvv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315085-rucfowvv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315085-rucfowvv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290677-3gdcyrrz author: De Virgiliis, Francesco title: Lung innervation in the eye of a cytokine storm: neuroimmune interactions and COVID-19 date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338070-y8zi8iz9 author: Liu, Wei title: Pharmacological inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by olaparib ameliorates influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336782-0zkb39v1 author: Fraile Gutiérrez, V. title: Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336782-0zkb39v1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336782-0zkb39v1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336782-0zkb39v1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334528-xenq90xj author: Chen, Hsing I title: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date: 2011-03-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336560-m5u6ryy9 author: Boudewijns, Robbert title: STAT2 signaling as double-edged sword restricting viral dissemination but driving severe pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters date: 2020-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337789-pabaoiqs author: Oprinca, George-Călin title: Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis date: 2020-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337789-pabaoiqs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337789-pabaoiqs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-337789-pabaoiqs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288371-uyj4iske author: Arrieta, Oscar title: Recommendations for detection, prioritization, and treatment of thoracic oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The THOCOoP cooperative group date: 2020-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288371-uyj4iske.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288371-uyj4iske.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-288371-uyj4iske.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author: Ueki, Hiroshi title: Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date: 2020-01-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268729-n7slf5tx author: Wissinger, E L title: Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease date: 2008-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-268729-n7slf5tx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317993-012hx4kc author: Movia, Dania title: Preclinical Development of Orally Inhaled Drugs (OIDs)—Are Animal Models Predictive or Shall We Move Towards In Vitro Non-Animal Models? date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317993-012hx4kc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317993-012hx4kc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317993-012hx4kc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257114-pxmflm2c author: BURGUETE, SERGIO R. title: Lung transplant infection date: 2012-12-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329066-9xo5zztv author: Yuan, Kai title: FGL2 is positively correlated with enhanced antitumor responses mediated by T cells in lung adenocarcinoma date: 2020-03-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329066-9xo5zztv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329066-9xo5zztv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329066-9xo5zztv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322756-ouvn71r9 author: Chow, Michael Y.T. title: Inhaled RNA Therapy: From Promise to Reality date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322756-ouvn71r9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322756-ouvn71r9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-322756-ouvn71r9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355122-x3v80bdp author: Desterke, Christophe title: PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19 date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355122-x3v80bdp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355122-x3v80bdp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-355122-x3v80bdp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author: Fujita, Yu title: RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date: 2013-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016235-2lhrkmrv author: Roden, Anja C. title: Lung date: 2010-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274474-u2fdicgz author: Majumder, Joydeb title: Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Respiratory Diseases: Cancer, Fibrosis, and Coronavirus date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274474-u2fdicgz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274474-u2fdicgz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274474-u2fdicgz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323566-jck799zq author: Cheung, Oi-Yee title: Acute Lung Injury date: 2017-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323566-jck799zq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301935-0qjo94ty author: Varma, Ratna title: Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date: 2020-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017030-tzuyo6tx author: Henao-Martínez, Andrés F. title: Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date: 2018-12-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017016-twwa9djm author: Tomashefski, Joseph F. title: Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017016-twwa9djm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017016-twwa9djm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017016-twwa9djm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016280-d47e3art author: Friedberg, Joseph S. title: Pleura: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016280-d47e3art.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016280-d47e3art.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016280-d47e3art.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343842-2klytw6c author: Takamura, Shiki title: Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cells date: 2017-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343842-2klytw6c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343842-2klytw6c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-343842-2klytw6c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh author: Bosma, Karen J. title: Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date: 2012-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252810-rko3e5va author: Basil, Maria C. title: The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292862-ezrkg0dc author: Myerson, Jacob W. title: Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date: 2020-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309722-04pp3lv0 author: Qiu, Yingshan title: Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways—From Bench to Bedside date: 2016-09-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309722-04pp3lv0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309722-04pp3lv0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309722-04pp3lv0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290226-rtoasm2l author: Scassellati, Catia title: Ozone: a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant property as potential new strategy in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders date: 2020-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290226-rtoasm2l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290226-rtoasm2l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290226-rtoasm2l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016690-3gsq724l author: Li, Hongjun title: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date: 2013-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006862-5va1yyit author: nan title: ITS ASM 2012 date: 2012-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313431-swkcdvx8 author: Becerra-Diaz, Mireya title: Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006924-1i3kf01j author: nan title: Abstracts from USCAP 2020: Pulmonary, Mediastinum, Pleura, and Peritoneum Pathology (1869-1980) date: 2020-03-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006924-1i3kf01j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006924-1i3kf01j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006924-1i3kf01j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023303-fxus38mp author: nan title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023288-sqr33y72 author: nan title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006888-qfnukav4 author: nan title: Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008 date: 2008-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author: nan title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008510-mnpu27kl author: Lipscomb, Mary F. title: The Regulation of Pulmonary Immunity date: 2008-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008510-mnpu27kl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008510-mnpu27kl.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-008510-mnpu27kl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023239-06a03o14 author: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023239-06a03o14.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023308-af5nihyi author: nan title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024183-1mrdjc39 author: Hutchison, Alastair A. title: The Respiratory System date: 2013-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024183-1mrdjc39.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024183-1mrdjc39.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-024183-1mrdjc39.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw author: Farver, Carol F. title: Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author: Corrin, Bryan title: Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date: 2011-03-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author: nan title: Symposium summaries date: 2004-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy author: López, Alfonso title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017248-a37t31u1 author: nan title: Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date: 2010-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023211-kt5gt26t author: nan title: Poster Session Abstracts date: 2007-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 19 resourceName b'cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-lung-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000295-ft5wl70x author = Tomankova, Tereza title = Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in the lung date = 2010-11-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4778 sentences = 318 flesch = 46 summary = These short, single-stranded RNA molecules originate from larger precursor molecules that fold to produce hairpin structures, which are subsequently processed by ribonucleases Drosha/Pasha and Dicer to form mature miRNAs. MiRNAs play role in the posttranscriptional regulation of about one third of human genes, mainly via degradation of target mRNAs. Whereas the target mRNAs are often involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes ranging from developmental timing to apoptosis, miRNAs have a strong potential to regulate fundamental biological processes also in the lung compartment. Small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal role in the posttranscriptional regulation of numerous human genes, mainly via degradation of target mRNAs. There is evidence that the lung has a very specific miRNA expression profile undergoing changes during the lung development. cache = ./cache/cord-000295-ft5wl70x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000295-ft5wl70x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000307-iv18eiap author = Capelozzi, Vera Luiza title = Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure date = 2010-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3986 sentences = 243 flesch = 44 summary = BACKGROUND: Cases of H1N1 and other pulmonary infections evolve to acute respiratory failure and death when co‐infections or lung injury predominate over the immune response, thus requiring early diagnosis to improve treatment. 6 Swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can cause severe acute respiratory failure (ARF), requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) in 15-30% of previously healthy young to middle-aged people. 14 Thus, pathological findings obtained by an OLB, coupled to ultrastructural and immunologic analysis, may have an impact on decisions about changes in treatment strategies employed for these critically ill patients, and also provide a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of S-OIV infection. The objective of this study was to analyze pathologically and ultrastructurally S-OIV lung infection and the pulmonary immune response in a series of five cases with OLB. This case series documents for the first time the pathological and ultrastructural findings of lung tissue from five patients admitted to the ICU with ARF and S-OIV infection who were submitted to OLB. cache = ./cache/cord-000307-iv18eiap.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000307-iv18eiap.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000254-bufbjdmw author = Clement, Annick title = Interstitial lung diseases in children date = 2010-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15049 sentences = 819 flesch = 35 summary = Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children represents a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality (around 15%) [1, 2] . These disorders, more prevalent in young children, include diffuse developmental disorders, lung growth abnormalities, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, surfactant dysfunction disorders, disorders related to systemic diseases, disorders of immunocompromised host, and disorders of normal host caused by various insults such as aspiration syndrome or infections [8] . Several studies in the adult literature have reported an increased incidence of EBV and CMV infection in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, associated with virus DNA-positive lung tissue biopsies in several cases [147] . cache = ./cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000492-ec5qzurk author = Devaney, James title = Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date = 2011-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6012 sentences = 313 flesch = 39 summary = Plasmid transfer (closed Easily produced at low cost No specifi c cell targeting Electroporation-mediated gene transfer of the dsDNA circles) Very ineffi cient Na + ,K + -ATPase rescues endotoxin-induced lung injury [60] Nonviral DNA complexes Complexes protect DNA Less effi cient than viral vectors Cationic lipid-mediated transfer of the Na + ,K + -(lipoplexes or polyplexes) Modifying transgene DNA to eliminate bacterial motifs [75, 76] Development of high-effi ciency tissue-specifi c promoters [77] [78] [79] [80] Development of promoters that regulate gene expression [83] Enhanced therapeutic targeting Nebulization technologies [9] Strategies to target the pulmonary endothelium [10] Improved cellular uptake of vector Surface active agents to enhance vector spread [84] Reduce ubiquitination of viral capsid proteins [85] Better therapeutic targets Enhancement or restoration of lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function [86] Strengthening lung defense mechanisms against injury [87] Speeding clearance of infl ammation and infection Enhancement of the repair process following ALI/ARDS [88] . cache = ./cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001473-aki28lhp author = Chen, Qi Xing title = Silencing airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin exacerbates sepsis-induced acute lung injury date = 2014-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4507 sentences = 258 flesch = 44 summary = The knockdown of airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin aggravated the polymicrobial sepsis-induced lung injury and pulmonary bacterial infection and increased mortality (53.33% in Ad-shHepc1-treated mice versus 12.5% in Ad-shNeg-treated mice, P <0.05). The severe lung injury in the airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin knockdown mice is at least partially related to the altered intracellular iron level and function of alveolar macrophages. These results demonstrated that in the current study the intratracheal administration of Ad-shHepc1 only silenced the hepcidin gene transcription in AECs, which was in accordance with previous studies that adenovirus-mediated intratracheal gene delivery specifically inhibited targeted gene expression in lung epithelial cells but not in alveolar macrophages and other organs [29, 30] . The current study explored the role of AEC-derived hepcidin in polymicrobial sepsis-induced ALI, which is at least partially related to the altered intracellular iron level and function of alveolar macrophages. cache = ./cache/cord-001473-aki28lhp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001473-aki28lhp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002627-3jwu4pf2 author = Wu, Nan-Chun title = Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation date = 2017-07-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8504 sentences = 424 flesch = 39 summary = Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. Intravenous administration of Cu/Zn SOD during HTV ventilation can prevent lung function impairment and lung injury via reducing pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation, preserving pulmonary surfactant expression, and enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. In this study, HTV ventilation was shown to activate NF-κB and increase VCAM-1, MMP-9 and TNF-α protein expressions, whilst each factor plays a role in lung function impairment, and that was effectively attenuated by intravenous treatment of Cu/Zn SOD. cache = ./cache/cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003558-7lvqpz21 author = Davies, Patrick title = Clinical Scenarios of the Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography in Paediatric Intensive Care date = 2019-03-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4016 sentences = 240 flesch = 44 summary = We present the clinical use of EIT in six conditions: Asthma, Ventilation weaning and expansion recoil, Sequential Lobar Collapse, Targeted Physiotherapy, Pleural Effusion assessment, and PEEP optimisation. Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a radiation-free functional modality that enables bedside imaging and monitoring of lung function and expansion. It has been used in various clinical settings including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), establishing the best positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] , the response of the lungs to recruitment manoeuvres [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] and trying to minimize areas of collapse and hyperinflation 6, 17 . Clinical interest in this method has been driven by the need for bedside monitoring of the dynamics of the lungs and the effects of ventilatory manoeuvres, including changes in ventilator settings, suctioning, chest drains, positioning and physiotherapy. Clinical interest in this method has been driven by the need for bedside monitoring of the dynamics of the lungs and the effects of ventilatory manoeuvres, including changes in ventilator settings, suctioning, chest drains, positioning and physiotherapy. cache = ./cache/cord-003558-7lvqpz21.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003558-7lvqpz21.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004092-wb150n8w author = Nieman, Gary F. title = Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date = 2020-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8067 sentences = 435 flesch = 50 summary = Understanding how ARDS alters the dynamic alveolar inflation physiology enables us to adjust the mechanical breath profile (MB P -all airway pressures, volumes, flows, rates and the time at inspiration and expiration at which they are applied) necessary to minimize VILI [12] . The ARDSnet Low Vt (LVt) method is intended to protect the non-dependent normal lung tissue from overdistension (OD) and reduce alveolar recruitment/ derecruitment (R/D) with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), while resting severely injured tissue by allowing it to remain collapsed throughout the ventilation cycle [2] . Abbreviations ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; VILI: ventilator-induced lung injury; APRV: airway pressure release ventilation; FRC: functional residual capacity; TCAV: time-controlled adaptive ventilation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; TC-PEEP: time controlled-positive end expiratory pressure; T Low : time at low pressure; T High : time at high pressure; P High : pressure at inspiration; P Low : pressure at expiration; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; E FT : expiratory flow termination; E FP : expiratory flow peak; RCT : randomized controlled trial; OLA: open lung approach; MB P : mechanical breath pattern; CT: computerized axial tomography. cache = ./cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003655-uo0hdrgc author = de Vries, Rory D. title = Paramyxovirus Infections in Ex Vivo Lung Slice Cultures of Different Host Species date = 2018-03-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3061 sentences = 179 flesch = 56 summary = Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation and ex vivo infection of lung slices from different mammalian host species with various respiratory paramyxoviruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins, and suggest follow-up experiments including immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The combination of these viable lung slices with recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins [7] [8] [9] allows for accurate, sensitive and reproducible assessment of respiratory virus infection and dissemination over time. We have validated this technique by infecting lung slices of multiple host species (cotton rats, ferrets, dogs and macaques) with various paramyxoviruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins (measles virus (MV), canine distemper virus (CDV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV)) [10] . Using a (blunt-end) needle or flexible catheter, the fresh lungs are inflated through the trachea (or primary bronchus, if inflation of a half lung or single lobe is desired) with low-melting point agarose mixed with culture medium. cache = ./cache/cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004405-l5rif2lu author = Bleyer, Martina title = Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (Callithrix jacchus) date = 2017-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3877 sentences = 187 flesch = 33 summary = Especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental marmoset studies. Histopathological examination of lung tissue from toxicological and experimental studies requires detailed knowledge of the spectrum of spontaneously occur-ring lung pathology of this laboratory animal species to identify possible drug-induced or disease-associated pulmonary lesions and to distinguish these from species-specific background lesions. (2009) also performed a retrospective study on the spontaneous pathology of common marmosets including the morphological diagnoses of pneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary extramedullary hematopoiesis, and lymphosarcoma in the lungs. cache = ./cache/cord-004405-l5rif2lu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004405-l5rif2lu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001117-llb4f74a author = Ji, Wen-Jie title = Spironolactone Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Injury Partially via Modulating Mononuclear Phagocyte Phenotype Switching in Circulating and Alveolar Compartments date = 2013-11-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4964 sentences = 257 flesch = 34 summary = Moreover, serial flow cytometry analysis in blood, BALF and enzymatically digested lung tissue, revealed that spironolactone could partially inhibit bleomycin-induced circulating Ly6C(hi) monocyte expansion, and reduce alternative activation (F4/80+CD11c+CD206+) of mononuclear phagocyte in alveoli, whereas the phenotype of interstitial macrophage (F4/80+CD11c-) remained unaffected by spironolactone during investigation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present work provides the experimental evidence that spironolactone could attenuate bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis, partially via inhibition of MR-mediated circulating monocyte and alveolar macrophage phenotype switching. Based on current evidence, we speculated that pharmacological inhibition of MR with clinically approved drug, may regulate lung macrophage phenotype switching, as well as their progenitors, bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, and may confer novel therapeutic potential in a murine model of bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis. cache = ./cache/cord-001117-llb4f74a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001117-llb4f74a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001945-ueccexxc author = Yang, Ce title = Stem/progenitor cells in endogenous repairing responses: new toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury date = 2016-02-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6703 sentences = 325 flesch = 36 summary = All these findings indicate Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the exogenous and endogenous stem/progenitor cells as well as the regular delivery routes in the repair and regeneration in acute lung injury that the bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells exhibit the mobilizing courses, and play a substantial role in the regression of excessive inflammatory responses and repair in injured lungs. Concerning the protective roles of bone marrow-and peripheral blood-derived EPCs in ALI, recent studies showed that their peripheral infusion could lead to homing in injured lung tissues [24] , relieving the inflammatory injury [25, 26] and promote the endothelial repair and recovery of immune function dissonance [26, 27] , which may be enhanced by the treatment of simvastatin [28] . cache = ./cache/cord-001945-ueccexxc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001945-ueccexxc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005476-q6o5239w author = Griesenbach, U title = Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: an example for lung gene therapy date = 2004-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5903 sentences = 290 flesch = 44 summary = Over the last decade, the gene therapy community has recognized that there is not even one vector that is good for all applications, but that the gene transfer agent (GTA) has to be carefully chosen depending on the cell type to be targeted, the number of treatments (one versus repeat administration) required, and the size and nature (secreted versus cellular product) of the gene to be delivered. In an attempt to increase the transfection efficiency of adenoviral vectors in vivo, Gregory et al 17 assessed the effects of sodium caprate (a tight junction opener) application to the luminal surface of AECs in mouse lung, with the rationale that CAR expression is higher on the basolateral surface of epithelial cells. RSV and PIV3 target human ciliated airway epithelial cells: efficient gene transfer vectors for cystic fibrosis lung disease cache = ./cache/cord-005476-q6o5239w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005476-q6o5239w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005228-187d3pxz author = Wang, Jian title = Role of microbiota on lung homeostasis and diseases date = 2017-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5001 sentences = 250 flesch = 39 summary = In humans, lung microbiota have been identified in healthy donors and in patients with chronic pulmonary disease, and the composition of lung microbiota is similar as the microbiota in the upper respiratory tract, but the number is lower, likely resulting from transient entry rather than independent communities with indistinguishable structure (Charlson et al., 2011) . In our previous studies, we found that the microbiota in upper respiratory tract also provided protection against lethal inflammation in the lungs caused by influenza infection in a TLR2-and alveolar macrophagedependent manner. Priming SPF mice with TLR2-ligand + Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract in human, promoted the differentiation of M2 macrophages with immunosuppressive function, which then significantly reduced influenza-mediated inflammatory response in the lungs (Wang et al., 2013) (Figure 1C ). aureus), a common microbiota in upper respiratory tract and lung, promote the differentiation of M2 alveolar macrophages then provide protection against lethal inflammation in the lungs caused by influenza infection. cache = ./cache/cord-005228-187d3pxz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005228-187d3pxz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006289-2k8c22u8 author = Chu, Shi-Jye title = Systemic Administration of FC-77 Dampens Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats date = 2013-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4296 sentences = 246 flesch = 48 summary = Systemic administration of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) reportedly attenuates acute lung injury induced by acid aspiration and phorbol myristate acetate. TNF-α and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations in perfusate samples and MDA concentration and MPO activities in lung tissues were also significantly increased. As shown in Fig. 6 , MDA concentration and MPO activity in lung tissues significantly increased in the IR group compared with those in the control group (P< 0.05). In this study, we demonstrated that pretreatment with FC-77 had beneficial effects on IR-induced increases in PAP, K f , lung weight gain, LW/BW ratio, W/D lung ratio, protein concentration in BALF, and TNF-α and CINC-1 concentrations in perfusate; and MDA concentration, MPO activity, and neutrophil infiltration in lung tissues. These results are in agreement with recent findings of decreased neutrophil accumulation, MPO activity, and oxidative damage in lung tissues by systemic PFC administration in a rat lung injury model [15] . cache = ./cache/cord-006289-2k8c22u8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006289-2k8c22u8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005774-7z6uyn6p author = Hammer, J. title = Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit date = 1995 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5005 sentences = 232 flesch = 45 summary = This review will focus on techniques which are used to measure thoracoabdominal asynchrony, tidal breathing flow-volume loops, small airway function (forced expiratory maneuvers), respiratory mechanics and lung volumes in critically ill infants and children. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. cache = ./cache/cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005941-e4fvj54l author = Hamm, H. title = The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date = 1992 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12897 sentences = 644 flesch = 38 summary = Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. The fate of secreted surfactant material seems to be determined by five mechanisms: -Intraalveolar catabolism -Phagocytosis and degradation by alveolar macrophages [110, 118] -Removal by the mucociliary escalator -Recycling into the alveolar type II cell -Redistribution into other surrounding tissue Clearance studies in rabbits [140] have shown that approximately 7% of radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine is removed via the upper airways in 24 h, suggesting that this pathway is only of minor importance. These studies may indicate that the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar type II cells is enhanced surfactant lipid synthesis, while chronic low-dose exposure leads to a decrease in surfactant synthesis capacity. Effects of ozone on phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II cells isolated from adult rat lung cache = ./cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005573-mryrl1s1 author = Raimondi, Francesco title = Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date = 2018-07-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5975 sentences = 323 flesch = 41 summary = We report the description of the main ultrasound features of neonatal respiratory disorders and functional applications of LUS aiming to help a clinical decision (such as surfactant administration, chest drainage etc). 24 However, the same process seems more variable and heterogeneous in human neonates, as LUS appearance may be influenced by respiratory support, gestational age, fluid intake, pre-existing condition (pure RDS or a more complex situation with superimposed lung inflammation and surfactant catabolism, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)) and the eventual simultaneous development of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In the meantime, available data demonstrate that a visually calculated LUS score is a useful and easy tool to predict surfactant need in preterm neonates with RDS, to evaluate lung aeration while titrating the respiratory support or to be used as a research outcome measure. cache = ./cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006605-tsk3pakb author = Jesmin, Subrina title = Differential Expression, Time Course and Distribution of Four PARs in Rats with Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury date = 2006-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4505 sentences = 223 flesch = 43 summary = The hypothesis that the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) protein is regulated at the level of transcription and that PAR isoforms, PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3, and PAR-4, in lung tissue show different patterns of expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was tested. LPS administration induced significant increases in the expression of PAR isoforms (protein) at the level of transcription in ALI. We conclude that LPS induces increase in protein expression of PAR isoforms at the level of transcription in rats with ALI. Here, we also found that LPS induces increases in the protein expression of PARs isoforms 1 to 4 in the lung of rats. While our previous study demonstrated the immunolocalization of PAR-1 in these cells and tissues in LPS-treated rabbits, the present study showed strong immunoreactivities for all isoforms of PARs in the endothelium, alveolar epithelium, and lung macrophages using a rat model of ALI [10] . cache = ./cache/cord-006605-tsk3pakb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006605-tsk3pakb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006676-a21tdgns author = Abul, H. title = Levels of IL-8 and myeloperoxidase in the lungs of pneumonia patients date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3622 sentences = 209 flesch = 50 summary = Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is considered as the major polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) chemoattractant cytokine in lung diseases such as asthma and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The level of IL-8 mRNA, protein and myeloperoxidase present in the cells of the bronchioalveolar lavages (BALs) taken from the areas of known pneumonic consolidations on chest X-ray (infected lung) are compared with the BALs obtained from areas of no obvious infiltrate (non-infected lung). Therefore this study is designed to measure the site-specific increase in the level of IL-8 in the lung of patients with bacterial pneumonia as compared to that of the non-smoking control group. The level of IL-8 mRNA and protein present in the BAL obtained from subsegmental bronchi of experimental and control group of patients were determined by RT-PCR assay and enzyme immunoassay respectively. In this study we also determined the level of myeloperoxidase activity in the cells collected from 1 ml of BAL each from the infected and non-infected lung. cache = ./cache/cord-006676-a21tdgns.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006676-a21tdgns.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009983-naht0ik6 author = Kim, Yoon Hee title = Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in humidifier disinfectant‐associated children's interstitial lung disease date = 2015-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4452 sentences = 251 flesch = 46 summary = 21 There have been many efforts to determine the clinical prognostic factors of the humidifier disinfectant-associated children's interstitial lung disease (HD-chILD) because this ILD progressed rapidly and was refractory to all treatment in non-survivors, whereas the clinical course in survivors tended to be highly favorable. These findings suggest that TGF-b1 may play a key role in the repair of damaged lung and control of excessive inflammation in acute lung injury, rather functioning in promoting the progression of irreversible, fatal fibrosis. 29, 30 In the HD-chILD of this study, the role of TGF-b1 seemed to be very complex in relating with repairing damaged lung, controlling severe inflammation, and promoting pulmonary fibrosis. In conclusion, this study confirmed the possible role of TGF-b1 in the repair of damaged lung and control of vigorous inflammation, in acute lung injury associated with unexpected exposure to humidifier disinfectants in young children. cache = ./cache/cord-009983-naht0ik6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009983-naht0ik6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011408-z8lw8nc6 author = Peters, Matthew J. title = Electronic cigarettes: Tumultuous times date = 2019-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1497 sentences = 83 flesch = 57 summary = Less than 3 years later, it appears that Donald Trump's developing emergency is not an infectious disease but two phenomena related to electronic cigarettes (EC)-an extraordinary rise of EC use in youth 2 and a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with EC product use. 7 In the previous case reports, the course was described as favourable after cessation of EC use, but it is too early to determine the extent of residual lung injury in the current outbreak. Youth use of EC in the United States has been described as an epidemic by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 13 with this assertion further supported by the latest data from the Monitoring the Future study. Characteristics of a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use or vaping-United States Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping cache = ./cache/cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006452-mmdk2xom author = Chen, Jing title = Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases date = 2018-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6605 sentences = 361 flesch = 38 summary = Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) . cache = ./cache/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008510-mnpu27kl author = Lipscomb, Mary F. title = The Regulation of Pulmonary Immunity date = 2008-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30201 sentences = 1433 flesch = 39 summary = Demonstration that lung cells regulate both nonspecific inflammation and immunity through the expression of adhesion molecules and the secretion of cytokines offers hope for ways to design more effective vaccines, enhance microbial clearance in immune-suppressed hosts, and to suppress manifestations of immunologically mediated lung disease. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. Models to examine immune responses to various respiratory antigens were developed in many animal strains, including mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, dogs, monkeys, horses, and cattle; antigens were delivered via aerosol, intranasal, intratracheal, or intrabronchial instillation. cache = ./cache/cord-008510-mnpu27kl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008510-mnpu27kl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006888-qfnukav4 author = nan title = Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008 date = 2008-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30369 sentences = 1866 flesch = 53 summary = 2 This study explored anxiety, depression and QoL of a small group of patients (n = 5), predominantly male (66.7%), mean age 74 years, using the Marie Curie ''breathing space'' outpatient clinic over a four week period. Methods: CF patients attending CUH completed a questionnaire relating to personal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, correlated with pulmonary function and exacerbation-rate data. This ongoing study indicates that a clinical pharmacy led management programme can reduce the need for hospital care in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and improve aspects of their health related quality of life. There is a need for wider availability of joint hospital/ community based initiatives such as COPD Outreach and PRPs. Pulmonary rehabilitation has established efficacy, but patients often require follow-up care or maintenance. Patient data (MDS/ISWT/endurance shuttle walking test(ESWT)) from our pulmonary rehabilitation programme were initially analysed (n = 214; median FEV 1 = 1.04 L; mean age = 69 yrs). cache = ./cache/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009774-tqhexzdp author = Neyman, Greg title = A Single Ventilator for Multiple Simulated Patients to Meet Disaster Surge date = 2008-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1832 sentences = 108 flesch = 47 summary = Results Using readily available plastic tubing set up to minimize dead space volume, the four lung simulators were easily ventilated for 12 hours using one ventilator. In pressure control (set at 25 mm H(2)O), the mean tidal volume was 1,884 mL (approximately 471 mL/lung simulator) with an average minute ventilation of 30.2 L/min (or 7.5 L/min/lung simulator). In volume control (set at 2 L), the mean peak pressure was 28 cm H(2)O and the minute ventilation was 32.5 L/min total (8.1 L/min/lung simulator). While further study is necessary, this pilot study suggests significant potential for the expanded use of a single ventilator during cases of disaster surge involving multiple casualties with respiratory failure. The test lungs were used to simulate one patient each on the modified ventilator circuit. The final configuration was a simulation of four patients on a single ventilator in parallel operation (Figure 3 ). cache = ./cache/cord-009774-tqhexzdp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009774-tqhexzdp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006624-or0cpc6j author = Kamler, M. title = Aktueller Stand der Lungentransplantation: Pulmonale und nichtpulmonale Komplikationen date = 2013-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3260 sentences = 405 flesch = 39 summary = Das primäre Organversagen (" primary graft dysfunction", PGD) ist mit einer Inzidenz zwischen 14 und 23% weiterhin eine bedeutsame Komplikation in der perioperativen Phase der Lungentransplantation [7] . In einer retrospektiven Studie an 122 Mukoviszidosepatienten nach Lungentransplantation konnte gezeigt werden, dass in diesem speziellen Kollektiv 2 Faktoren mit PGD zusammenhängen: Die Ischämiezeit des 2. Möglicherweise führen transfundierte "Anti-human-leukocyte-antigen"(Anti-HLA)-Antikörper und/oder die Gegenwart von Antikörpern in Blutprodukten mit konsekutiver Neutrophilenaktivierung zu einer Lungenschädigung. B. den Nieren, geht selbst das Vorliegen von bis zu 6 HLA-Missmatches nicht mit einer Beeinträchtigung des Graft-Überlebens einher [24] ; dies allerdings unter potenter Immunsuppression der modernen Ära [19] . Aus dem aktuellen Bericht des Registers der International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) geht hervor, dass auch bei den Lungen bis zu 6 Missmatches nur in einer moderaten Erhöhung der Zehnjahreletalität resultieren (relatives Risiko 1,06; p-Wert 0,0001, [5] ). cache = ./cache/cord-006624-or0cpc6j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006624-or0cpc6j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011781-0yswqubf author = Svanberg, Emilie Krite title = Changes in pulmonary oxygen content are detectable with laser absorption spectroscopy: proof of concept in newborn piglets date = 2020-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4606 sentences = 252 flesch = 50 summary = BACKGROUND: Using an optical method based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, we previously assessed oxygen (O(2)) and water vapor (H(2)O) content in a tissue phantom of the preterm infant lung. METHODS: Five mechanically ventilated piglets were subjected to stepwise increased and decreased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), to atelectasis using a balloon catheter in the right bronchus, and to pneumothorax by injecting air in the pleural cavity. CONCLUSIONS: The optical method detected FiO(2) variations and discriminated the two induced lung pathologies, providing a rationale for further development into a minimally invasive device for real-time monitoring gas changes in the lungs of sick newborn infants. 14 We hypothesized that the GASMAS method with an external as well as an internal light source probe would detect changes in pulmonary O 2 gas concentration, including responses to induced local lung pathologies in newborn piglets. cache = ./cache/cord-011781-0yswqubf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011781-0yswqubf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018659-rxzy6k3b author = Danziger-Isakov, Lara title = Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date = 2018-01-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6901 sentences = 340 flesch = 33 summary = cenocepacia has been associated with increased posttransplant mortality (relative risk 8.4) with one study reporting 1-year survival of 29% compared to 92% in those uninfected and is considered by many centers as a contraindication to transplant (Shoham and Shah 2013) . Risk factors for invasive disease include ischemia at the anastomosis site, single lung transplant, hypogammaglobulinemia, placement of bronchial stent, CMV infection, and colonization (Robertson et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients should include input from an infectious diseases specialist particularly regarding drug choice and dosage. Epidemiology and Risk Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and particularly lung transplant recipients are at increased risk of medical complications and mortality when acquiring common respiratory viral infections (Manuel et al. There are no other vaccines available for the prevention of respiratory infection in most pediatric lung transplant recipients. Posttransplant, infections remain a significant factor causing both morbidity and mortality in pediatric lung transplant recipients. cache = ./cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006862-5va1yyit author = nan title = ITS ASM 2012 date = 2012-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25959 sentences = 1689 flesch = 52 summary = 10 .45 % (n = 202) of attendances were for non-respiratory diseases as the clinic also provides follow-up for general medical patients post hospital admission. Higher levels of exercise participation were seen in the younger age groups (p = 0.585 Introduction: Respiratory diseases, largely represented by COPD, are the third most common cause of acute hospital admission.Our aim was to audit the prescribing habits of inhaled, nebulised medication and oxygen by doctors in a general hospital. Our study was designed to determine the baseline and post-treatment values of total lymphocyte count and its subsets in HIV-negative patients diagnosed with active pulmonary MTB. The results of this study indicate that AAT can inhibit LTB 4 signaling thereby reducing the proteolytic activity of neutrophils and propose AAT aerosolized augmentation therapy as an effective treatment for LTB 4 associated pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis and severe asthma. cache = ./cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016300-vw11c2wt author = Jain, Kewal K. title = Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases date = 2017-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5578 sentences = 271 flesch = 42 summary = Association of ECM turnover with severity and outcome of COPD has been assessed in a prospective, observational, multicenter study, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grades II to IV, and serum samples were analyzed at stable state, during exacerbation as well as 4 weeks after exacerbation (Stolz et al. A study has revealed that serum levels of the neuroendocrine activity biomarker chromagranin A (CgA) are increased in male smokers with impaired lung function, and are associated with both respiratory symptoms and the degree of airway obstruction (Sorhaug et al. Although the aim of management of patients with asthma is to control their symptoms and prevent exacerbations and morbidity of the disease, optimal management may require assessment and monitoring of biomarkers, i.e., objective measures of lung dysfunction and inflammation. Several biomarkers have been assessed following treatment with corticosteroids including measures of lung function, peripheral blood and sputum indices of inflammation, exhaled gases and breath condensates. cache = ./cache/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006700-df8ard9o author = Müller-Redetzky, Holger C. title = Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date = 2014-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10609 sentences = 582 flesch = 32 summary = However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation via either the alveolar (e.g., in pneumonia and mechanical ventilation) or the vascular lumen (e.g., in bacteremia and sepsis), pulmonary endothelial barrier homeostasis may be disturbed, resulting in increased permeability, protein-rich fluid extravasation, lung oedema and finally acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with mortality rates ranging from 27 to 45 % depending on severity (Ranieri, et al. Although the underlying mechanisms of leukocyte mediated barrier failure are of highest scientific interest, therapeutic interference to ameliorate acute lung injury by depletion or blocking of cell recruitment should raise concerns as neutrophils and monocytes are key players of pulmonary and systemic innate immune responses and therapeutic intervention at this level might leave the patient functionally immunosuppressed. In mice, Ang-1-induced Tie-2 receptor phosphorylation stimulated the p190RhoGTPaseactivating protein (p190RhoGAP) via PI3-kinase and Rac1 to inactivate RhoA, resulting in reduced F-actin stress fibre formation and diminished endothelial permeability (Mammoto et al. cache = ./cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012884-56z95uca author = Bargagli, Elena title = Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6485 sentences = 322 flesch = 31 summary = These findings suggest that oxidative stress and iron metabolic disorder create positive feedback, promoting the progression of fibrosis (Table 1 ; Figure 2 Studies on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, also used in IPF therapy [67] , have shown that HIF-1α expression not only influences glycolytic activity, but also mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation under hypoxic conditions [61] . Curiously, it has been reported that the first-line antidiabetic drug metformin exerts potent antifibrotic effects by modulating metabolic pathways, activating PPAR-γ signalling, inhibiting TGF-β, suppressing collagen formation and inducing lipogenic differentiation in lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients [79] , but unfortunately it does not have clinically relevant outcomes in patients [80] . Leptin levels are reported to be elevated in serum and correlated with the severity of lung fibrosis, since leptin significantly promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, decreases autophagosome formation, inhibits the lipidation of LC3I to LC3II, and up-regulates the expression of p62 by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [88] involved in the onset and development of IPF (Figure 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009766-mdmqcvww author = Comerford, Andrew title = Structured Tree Impedance Outflow Boundary Conditions for 3D Lung Simulations date = 2010-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6330 sentences = 365 flesch = 48 summary = In this paper, we develop structured tree outflow boundary conditions for modeling the airflow in patient specific human lungs. Furthermore, simulations of a hypothetical diseased lung (restricted flow in the superior left lobe) under mechanical ventilation show that the mean pressure at the outlets of the 3D domain is about 28% higher. This hypothetical model illustrates potential causes of volutrauma in the human lung and furthermore demonstrates how different clinical scenarios can be studied without the need to assume the unknown flow distribution into the downstream region. Due to the acceleration periods and high frequency oscillations, the mechanical ventilation is expected to lead to different flow and pressure dynamics due to the considerably higher slew rates. In Fig. 6 , the spatial pressure distribution is compared for the two different boundary conditions: traction free ͑up to seven generation model͒ and impedance ͑seven generation model plus up to 13 generations of the 1D tree depending on the outlet size͒. cache = ./cache/cord-009766-mdmqcvww.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009766-mdmqcvww.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018134-k4vdqlgs author = Eisenberg, Ronald L. title = Pneumonia date = 2019-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2010 sentences = 167 flesch = 45 summary = • Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia that is most common in debilitated middle-aged and older men with alcoholism (about two-thirds of cases); high mortality rate • Tends to form a voluminous exudate that produces a homogeneous parenchymal consolidation containing an air bronchogram • Lobar enlargement (especially the right upper) with the characteristic bulging fissure sign (Fig. 6 .17) ○ Bulging fissure sign also in Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia (predominantly in compromised hosts, such as chronic pulmonary disease, immune deficiency, alcoholism, diabetes) (see Fig. e6 .22) • Most frequently result from infectious particles reaching the lung from an infected heart valve (especially the tricuspid), intravenous catheter, or injected debris • Persons at risk include drug abusers, immunocompromised patients, individuals with septal defects, and those with indwelling venous catheters, pacemakers, or prosthetic heart valves • Initially, multiple ill-defined round or wedge-shaped opacities with a swirling pattern that are usually peripheral and tend to involve the lower lobes (starry night sign -mimicking the brush strokes in van Gogh's painting of that name) • Cavitary pulmonary nodules tend to develop rapidly (1-2 days) cache = ./cache/cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016617-qadf0xut author = Lagstein, Amir title = Airway Pathology in Lung Transplants date = 2013-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7577 sentences = 352 flesch = 34 summary = This classifi cation system can also be applied to larger specimens, such as surgical lung biopsies, explanted allografts, and autopsy material, with the recognition that some fi ndings, especially chronic vascular rejection (Grade D), are relatively uncommon and virtually never identifi ed on TBBx. ACR and graft atherosclerosis will not be further discussed as they are beyond the scope of this chapter. As is true in small airways, infl ammation in large airways is not specifi c for rejection and is commonly present with clinical (or subclinical) infection, aspiration, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other inhalational injuries. In a study of CMV and pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed by open lung biopsy and TBBx, Tazelaar [ 50 ] noted perivascular lymphocytic infi ltrates similar to those seen in acute rejection in 42 % of CMV cases and 21 % of pneumocystis cases. cache = ./cache/cord-016617-qadf0xut.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016617-qadf0xut.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011345-w0ke1tqz author = Howe, Sarah L. title = Measuring lung mechanics of expiratory tidal breathing with non-invasive breath occlusion date = 2020-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3894 sentences = 263 flesch = 55 summary = Currently, there are no commonly practiced methods to non-invasively measure both resistive and elastic lung mechanics during tidal breathing, preventing the important information provided by lung mechanics from being utilised. This study presents a novel method to easily assess lung mechanics of spontaneously breathing subjects using a dynamic elastance, single-compartment lung model. The lung mechanics measured were respiratory system elastance and resistance, separated from the exponentially decaying flow, and interrupter resistance calculated at shutter closure. CONCLUSIONS: This test was able to identify reasonable dynamic lung elastance and occlusion resistance values, providing new insight into expiratory breathing effort. Lung elastance calculated at shutter opening is presented in Table 2 , and the effect of added resistance on elastance is shown in Fig. 5 . As a result, monitoring decay rate of flow in response to shuttering or other pressure impulses only gives information on lung elastance. cache = ./cache/cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016790-by7cxz1g author = Ahuja, Jitesh title = Imaging of Lung Transplantation date = 2018-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3295 sentences = 214 flesch = 34 summary = Significant advances in imaging techniques and recognition of air trapping in exhalation images and other patterns /distribution of parenchymal abnormalities have led to routine use of HRCT for diagnostic evaluation in patients manifesting respiratory decline in the lung transplant recipient. Pneumothorax is the most common pleural complication [7] Airway anastomotic complications should be suspected if pneumothorax persists or enlarges after the early postoperative period (>7 days after transplantation). Pleural effusion is also a common complication secondary to increased capillary permeability and impaired lymphatic drainage of the allograft lung during the early postoperative period ( Fig. 19 .5a, b). Viral infections can predispose lung transplant recipients to a b Fig. 19.16 (a, b) obliterative bronchiolitis [18, 19] , a manifestation of chronic rejection. It usually occurs 6 months after transplantation, and risk factors include prior episodes of recurrent acute rejection or infections, particularly CMV pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-016790-by7cxz1g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016790-by7cxz1g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020764-5tq9cr7o author = Vertrees, Roger A. title = Tissue Culture Models date = 2010-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11293 sentences = 580 flesch = 39 summary = Scientists have developed diverse and unique tissue culture systems that contain air-liquid barriers of lung epithelium and subjected these cells to various gaseous toxicants to determine what occurs following inhalation of various chemicals. In addition to the characterization of responses to inhaled agents, epithelial cell cultures, notably alveolar epithelium obtained from fetal lung tissue, have allowed investigators to characterize the liquid transport phenotype that occurs in the developing lung. Primary cell cultures of human airway smooth muscle tissue can be obtained utilizing a method described by Halayko et al. Additionally, if investigators do not wish to use currently established lung cancer cell lines, obtaining clinical samples for use in tissue culture models is relatively easy. This model is composed of a coculture of in vitro threedimensional human bronchoepithelial TLAs engineered using a rotating-wall vessel to mimic the characteristics of in vivo tissue and to provide a tool to study human respiratory viruses and host-pathogen cell interactions. cache = ./cache/cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017412-1avevzya author = Losada, Liliana title = The Human Lung Microbiome date = 2010-10-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10013 sentences = 499 flesch = 39 summary = Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations cache = ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016659-26zz8kaw author = Chen, Feng title = Influenza date = 2016-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4127 sentences = 206 flesch = 43 summary = Chest X-ray demonstrates mainly interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, initially with poorly defined thickening of the lung markings, predominantly both lower lung field significantly; increased density of the lung markings resembling to GGO. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia mainly as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, early with poorly defined but enhanced lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lung fields. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, with initial radiological signs of enhanced but poorly defined lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lungs. CT scan demonstrates uniform shaped consolidations with lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular and patches of opacity in different sizes along bronchical bundle as well as lobular atelectasis or focal emphysema. CT scan demonstrates consolidations with uniform shape and lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular or patches of opacities of different sizes along bronchial bundles as well as lobular atelectasis and focal emphysema. cache = ./cache/cord-016659-26zz8kaw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016659-26zz8kaw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023288-sqr33y72 author = nan title = Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30158 sentences = 1762 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017016-twwa9djm author = Tomashefski, Joseph F. title = Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20053 sentences = 1313 flesch = 40 summary = These occult aspirations may lead to interstitial fibrosis, and perhaps account for the 20% to 54 % incidence of associated and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis in patients with esophageal abnormalities, most commonly hiatal hernia or simple reflux,39,40 The role of reflux in asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and sudden infant death syndrome has been reviewed by Allen et al. 130 In their reviews, Phillips and Rao l3l and Penner and colleagues130 note that similar predisposing factors as those with community-acquired pneumonia, such as aspiration and abscess formation, pertain to this entity, but the location helps distinguish it from the other typical sites of aspiration, When in the upper lobes, it appears to progress through necrotizing pneumonia with thrombosis of arteries (pulmonary and bronchial) and veins, [129] [130] [131] Although not strictly abiding by the foregoing definition (of localization in upper lobe), in one case total unilateral lung gangrene was attributed to hilar vessel involvement following treatment of a massive hilar recurrence of Hodgkin's disease. cache = ./cache/cord-017016-twwa9djm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017016-twwa9djm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018452-qyf2vymf author = Sica, Valentina title = Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date = 2016-03-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6989 sentences = 324 flesch = 35 summary = Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition cache = ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022136-3q24qxsr author = Maru, Yoshiro title = Explanation of Metastasis by Homeostatic Inflammation date = 2016-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12045 sentences = 615 flesch = 45 summary = Treatment of B16 melanoma cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipid A at 1 μg/ ml each for 48 h, which induced CCL2 expression, followed by extensive washing and subcutaneous implantation, reduced the tumor growth compared with untreated B16 cells in both wild-type and TLR4-KO mice. Expression of endogenous ligands, such as S100A8 and SAA3, in endothelial cells in sterile premetastatic lungs is induced by primary tumor-derived growth factors, such as CCL2, from the circulation side and the paracrine signaling goes in an opposite direction from the circulation to airway side to result in amplification of SAA3 in club cells. Detailed analysis of stimulation and expression pattern of S100A8, SAA3, and TNFα revealed that the triggering mechanism is primary tumor-secreted CCL2 that activates CCR2 in the hyperpermeable regions in the lungs to induce S100A8 expression in the endothelial cells. cache = ./cache/cord-022136-3q24qxsr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022136-3q24qxsr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024141-9sdbhw2g author = Liu, Haiyan title = Lung and Mediastinum date = 2017-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7361 sentences = 650 flesch = 44 summary = • The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the lung specifies that immunohistochemistry is required for lung cancer diagnosis, not only for small biopsies and fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens but also for certain resected specimens such as solid adenocarcinoma (ADC), nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and sarcomatoid carcinomas. • The role of cytopathologists has expanded to not only making a specific diagnosis, including histopathological subtyping of tumors, but also to thoughtfully utilizing the limited material for necessary genetic studies to help personalize treatment strategies for advanced lung cancer patients. Representative images of the FNA smears and cellblock material were shown in Fig. 6 .39a-d.The cytological features raise a differential diagnosis that includes neuroendocrine tumor, spindle cell tumors, including sarcomatoid carcinoma and metastatic melanoma of the spindle cell type. cache = ./cache/cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011337-cyku17s8 author = Hsu, Fushun title = Locating stridor caused by tumor compression by using a multichannel electronic stethoscope: a case report date = 2020-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3513 sentences = 208 flesch = 51 summary = An energy-based localization algorithm was used to successfully locate the sound source of the stridor caused by tumor compression. The peak value of the stridor derived from the four sensors can be used to locate the source of the sound according to an energy-ratio least-squares method described in the following section. However, the focal stridor derived from tumor compression of the branching bronchus in this case is Fig. 4 Illustration of six localizing hyperspheres (colored circles) derived from four acoustic sensors (blue stars) and the estimated center of the source location (red star) more likely to be incorrectly identified as wheeze because of its ambiguous presentation during the expiratory phase and past medical history. We successfully located the sound source to be a circular area (mean radius = 9.40 mm and radial standard deviation = 14.97 mm) by using a simple energy decay model (Fig. 1a) . Acoustic mapping of the lung based on source localization of adventitious respiratory sound components cache = ./cache/cord-011337-cyku17s8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011337-cyku17s8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018086-klels5e3 author = Van der Kaaij, N.P. title = Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4315 sentences = 231 flesch = 40 summary = Lung Ischemia-reperfusion Injury: Inactive ATP-dependent Membrane Pumps and Intracellular Calcium Accumulation Under normal conditions, the action of the Na + /K + -ATPase pump sets up a gradient of high extracellular Na + relative to intracellular levels, which in turn drives the Na + /Ca 2+exchanger, so that Ca 2+ is pumped out of the cell. Prostacyclin plays an important role in vascular function because it inhibits platelet adhe-Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant 53 Fig. 3 . To study the complex pathophysiology of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and to investigate surfactant treatment possibilities, an animal model is often used. Since surfactant is rate limiting for the transfer of proteins across the alveolo-capillary membrane and is either inactivated or lost due to the increased endothelial permeability after lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, a further influx of proteins is facilitated. Semik and colleagues showed that the decreased function of AT II cells after lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is prevented by surfactant treatment [42] . cache = ./cache/cord-018086-klels5e3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018086-klels5e3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260132-lqpk3ig7 author = Quartuccio, Luca title = Urgent avenues in the treatment of COVID-19: Targeting downstream inflammation to prevent catastrophic syndrome date = 2020-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2463 sentences = 116 flesch = 39 summary = Currently, the humanized monoclonal antibody anti-interleukin-6 receptor (anti-IL-6R), namely tocilizumab, appears as a promising tool to turn off the cytokine storm, which dramatically complicates the course of the infection in some patients, causing a rapidly fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. Importantly, SARS-CoV patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit showed higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts, as well as higher levels of D-dimer, creatine kinase, and creatine, emphasizing the role of the systemic inflammation downstream the virus infection, and the transformation of the infectious disease into a systemic immunological and inflammatory disease. Lung pathology in 2003 SARS-CoV patients showed epithelial cell proliferation and desquamation, hyaline membranes formation along alveolar walls and cells infiltration (lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes) during the early stage of the disease, while, of note, increased fibrosis and multinucleated epithelial giant cells formation at a later stage, highlighting the existence of a two-phase lung injury. cache = ./cache/cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018243-hyvu9nuq author = Salman, Huda title = Fibrosing Alveolitis in Hematologic Malignancy Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation date = 2010-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6990 sentences = 357 flesch = 31 summary = This chapter will address the chronic lung complications that lead to pulmonary fibrosis and persistent organ dysfunction in each context with specific focus on hematologic malignancy patients treated using HSCT. Hematologic malignancy patients treated with chemotherapy or chest wall radiation therapy, or those who proceed to receive a HSCT may develop a wide variety inflammatory noninfectious lung disorders that ultimately may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. The diagnosis of drug-induced respiratory disease often is complex because: (1)1 patients may be exposed to several pneumo-toxic drugs concurrently or in sequence due to earlier treatment failure; (2)2 time to onset of pulmonary toxicity may be delayed, making it difficult to ascertain which agent is responsible for the pulmonary reaction; (3)3 the combination of drugs to treat malignant hematologic conditions may lead to unexpected drug interactions, producing enhanced toxicity compared with the toxicity of each agent considered separately; and (4)4 radiation therapy to the chest or TBI. cache = ./cache/cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023239-06a03o14 author = nan title = II. Topic Sessions date = 2016-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33469 sentences = 1470 flesch = 39 summary = The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. cache = ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016690-3gsq724l author = Li, Hongjun title = HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date = 2013-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26772 sentences = 1583 flesch = 46 summary = Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy. cache = ./cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016814-tf17dpo5 author = Enes, Sara Rolandsson title = Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD date = 2019-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10751 sentences = 521 flesch = 40 summary = Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. performed a Phase I, prospective, open-label study (NCT01306513) where they aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenously infused bone marrow-derived MSCs for ten patients with severe emphysema that had serial lung volume reduction surgeries (LVRS). Current clinical trials that aimed to evaluate the effect of MSC administration in COPD patients differ in a wide range of factors such as routes of administration, number of MSC administered, number of administrations, use of fresh MSCs or culture-expanded MSCs. Furthermore, all the investigations discussed above, were phase I-II studies that were underpowered in order to detect potential efficacy and no improved pulmonary function or respiratory quality of life was observed. cache = ./cache/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265658-wjqezs0v author = Carranza-Rosales, Pilar title = Modeling tuberculosis pathogenesis through ex vivo lung tissue infection date = 2017-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3239 sentences = 162 flesch = 45 summary = Several in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been used to study TB pathogenesis and induction of immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Precision cut lung tissue slices (PCLTS) is an experimental model, in which all the usual cell types of the organ are found, the tissue architecture and the interactions amongst the different cells are maintained. PCLTS in good physiological conditions, monitored by MTT assay and histology, were infected with either virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the TB vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Lung tissue slices have been used for toxicity studies [3] , biotransformation [4] , metabolism of xenobiotics [5] , and to study infectious agents like coronavirus [6] , retrovirus [7] , influenza and parainfluenza viral strains [2,8e12] , viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex [13, 14] , respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and only one bacteria Chlamydophila pneumonia [15] . cache = ./cache/cord-265658-wjqezs0v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265658-wjqezs0v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017021-n6rpuvwd author = Marriott, Deborah J. title = Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date = 2018-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11695 sentences = 672 flesch = 39 summary = • physical factors such as denervation of the allograft resulting in a reduced cough reflex and anastomotic site stenosis with distal infection • the 'net state of immunosuppression'-the result of all factors including host immune system, anti-rejection immunosuppressive therapy and concomitant viral infections such as cytomegalovirus that contribute to a patient's risk of infection • epidemiological exposure to organisms, including donor-derived infections, community acquired infections, travel related infections and healthcare associated infections • the use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the post-transplant period Longer treatment is required for severe or disseminated infection or for infection involving the central nervous system and/or bone and joint and in pulmonary disease with ongoing AFB detectable in sputum (>2 months) • streptomycin should not be used in the lung transplant setting because of the associated high-risk of nephrotoxicity. cache = ./cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006760-mgrxo21j author = Lee, James C. title = Critical care management of the lung transplant recipient date = 2012-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5045 sentences = 239 flesch = 35 summary = Given the severity of illness of such patients at the time of surgery, lung transplant recipients require particular attention in the immediate post-operative period to ensure optimal short-term and long-term outcomes. Causes and treatment of conditions affecting early morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients will be detailed, including primary graft dysfunction, cardiovascular and surgical complications, and immunologic and infectious issues. This review aims to summarize the most important aspects of the critical care management of the lung transplant recipient in the peri-operative time period [3] [4] [5] [6] . The immediate post-operative period in the ICU remains the most critical for the lung transplant recipient, requiring continuous hemodynamic monitoring, often maximal ventilatory support, and close observation of chest tube output for evidence of bleeding or other surgical complications. If the critically ill lung transplant recipient experiences peri-operative hypotension, aggressive diuresis for PGD, and is on numerous potentially other nephrotoxic medications, renal dysfunction may be prolonged and severe, leading to serious long-term complications. cache = ./cache/cord-006760-mgrxo21j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006760-mgrxo21j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030130-n1x6gcn2 author = Hurtado, Daniel E. title = Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation date = 2020-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5387 sentences = 280 flesch = 47 summary = title: Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation BACKGROUND: Protective mechanical ventilation (MV) aims at limiting global lung deformation and has been associated with better clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. We hypothesize that regional deformation in lung injury progresses in time in spontaneous-breathing lungs, whereas it remains uniform in subjects under controlled MV. In this work, we studied the lung regional strain distribution, heterogeneity, and deformation progression in subjects spontaneously breathing and subjects on controlled low-V t MV in a murine lung-injury model. We found that a significant progression in regional volumetric strain and heterogeneity was observed after 3 h of spontaneous breathing in injured lungs. We identified a progression of regional deformation and heterogeneity in injured lungs under spontaneous breathing, but not in low V t MV subjects. cache = ./cache/cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276732-u2d1z4ip author = Mauri, Tommaso title = Intraperitoneal adoptive transfer of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery from acid aspiration acute lung injury in mice date = 2017-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4445 sentences = 210 flesch = 47 summary = -Arterial blood gas analysis for gas exchange -Wet-to-dry ratio as index of edema -Micro-CT scan to measure change over time in non-aerated lung tissue expressed as percentage of the whole lung tissue, with more negative values representing larger decrease of alveolar collapse; -Histopathology examination performed according to previous study [12] evaluating alveolar serofibrinous exudate and alveolar hemorrhage -Bronchoalveolar lavage for differential cell count, total protein content (with bicinchoninic acid method) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (CXCL1, previously named KC), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assayed by ELISA -Blood withdrawal for PTX3 levels measurement in plasma (ELISA assay) (b)In 1 week from lung injury D-dimer (marker of fibrinolysis) [20] and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), an enzyme that participates in collagen degradation [21] , were detected by ELISA and by western blot in lungs lysate, respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277455-r69j2tnw author = Lim, Jun Hyeok title = Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage date = 2018-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1363 sentences = 93 flesch = 47 summary = title: Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage We report a case of a 63-year-old man presenting with rapid-onset refractory severe thrombocytopenia, development of massive hemoptysis, and death from respiratory failure. SCLC differs from non-small-cell lung cancer in its rapid tumor doubling time, high growth fraction, early development of widespread metastasis, and better response to platinum doublets chemotherapy. Hematologic abnormalities such as anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are reported to be occasionally accompanied by bone marrow metastasis or paraneoplastic phenomenon [5, 6] . Herein, we report an SCLC patient who presented with rapid-onset, refractory severe thrombocytopenia and development of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an SCLC patient presenting with fatal pulmonary hemorrhage due to refractory thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow involvement in small cell lung cancer: prognostic significance and correlation with hematological and biochemical parameters Is bone marrow examination in small-cell lung cancer really necessary? cache = ./cache/cord-277455-r69j2tnw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277455-r69j2tnw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018001-ris02bff author = Garrido, Guillermo title = Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date = 2018-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5544 sentences = 306 flesch = 31 summary = Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. The impact of these disruptions on lung transplant outcomes remains unclear, though it is possible that these changes lead to higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary edema and infections, worse airway clearance, and ineffective cough [6] . Patients who undergo lung transplantation have multiple risk factors to develop acute kidney injury (AKI) post-transplant, including decreased renal perfusion before, during, and/or after surgery, drug toxicities, and systemic infections. Viral infections contribute to morbidity and mortality from acute infection and have been associated with an increased risk of rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, lymphoproliferative and other neoplastic diseases, and other extra pulmonary organ damage [77] . cache = ./cache/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258362-6qk2brax author = Chang, A.B. title = Diagnosing and preventing chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis() date = 2010-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5448 sentences = 331 flesch = 43 summary = 8, 9 In this paper, we discuss the limitations of current diagnostic criteria, precursors of bronchiectasis and the evidence (albeit limited) on why children with protracted bronchitis, suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis require vigilant medical follow-up and appropriate therapies. Prior to the 'diagnosis' of 'idiopathic bronchiectasis' being made on the basis of a HRCT scan, the patient (children and adults) may have been labelled as having recurrent viral infections, asthma, and/or chronic bronchitis. A study from Scotland 45 described that respiratory disease in early life was associated with a higher risk in adulthood of chronic productive cough, dyspnoea and doctor diagnosis of asthma, bronchitis or emphysema (adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.40 to 6.95 for these outcomes). Despite the known importance of exacerbations in most chronic respiratory diseases (e.g. asthma, 62,73 COPD 74 ) data are scarce for the triggers, definitions, associated clinical features and evidence for treatment of bronchiectasis in both children and adults. cache = ./cache/cord-258362-6qk2brax.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258362-6qk2brax.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027684-5tpgyjzt author = Protić, Alen title = A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2494 sentences = 131 flesch = 50 summary = title: A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report CONCLUSION: Use of a pulmonary artery catheter and two respirators in our patient's case proved to be a successful method for recruiting the atelectatic lung while maintaining protective ventilation of the lung segments without atelectasis. Due to atelectasis of the left lung that persisted during the second week of treatment in the ICU, bronchoscopy with bronchoaspiration and recruitment maneuvers were performed several times. We performed lung ultrasound, which showed atelectasis of the major part of the left lower lobe and the posterior part of the upper lobe on the 34th day of the patient's stay in the ICU. In our clinical practice, we often use the CPAP recruitment maneuver, usually with 40 cmH 2 O pressure for 40 seconds if the patient does not have any hemodynamic instability. cache = ./cache/cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034469-ew90eef4 author = Dos Santos Rocha, Andre title = Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4840 sentences = 262 flesch = 40 summary = Here, we compare structural, molecular and functional outcomes reflecting regional inflammation between PVV and conventional pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) in a pediatric model of healthy lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CONCLUSIONS: Variable ventilation based on a physiological respiratory pattern, compared to conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, reduced global and regional inflammation in both healthy and injured lungs of juvenile rabbits. Conversely, ventilating the lungs with PVV resulted in a significant decrease in tissue damping in control animals (T1-T5, p < 0.01), whereas no change in respiratory mechanics was detected in the ARDS model. In the present study, a combined approach consisting of lung functional and structural assessment was used to investigate differences in the global and regional effects of PVV and the conventional monotonous pressure-controlled mode in a pediatric model of normal lungs and ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031033-v4yetn4f author = Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title = The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5110 sentences = 235 flesch = 27 summary = In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study found that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome represents a new tool for diagnosis in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Alternatively, the mere onset of critical illness-be it sepsis, ARDS or any number of conditions, is associated with alterations of the gut Fig. 2 Island model for the development of lung injury based on sites of dysbiosis microbiome, which may be independent of antibiotic administration [61] . cache = ./cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283078-vz98pp4h author = Zakaria, Dina Mohamed title = Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats date = 2020-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6553 sentences = 369 flesch = 48 summary = title: Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats The aim of this study was to explore the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow on Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis in albino rats. In such context, the current study, assessed the effect of stem cell therapy using MSCs for treatment of BLM induced lung fibrosis model. Examination of lung sections in rats that received cell free media CFG, revealed excessive thickening of the inter-alveolar septa associated with evident cellular infiltration. Histological examination of H & E stained sections from the BLM induced fibrosis group FG, revealed evident distortion of lung architecture, where marked thickening of the inter-alveolar septa and collapsed alveoli were noticed in a patchy distribution over much of the lung tissue. cache = ./cache/cord-283078-vz98pp4h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283078-vz98pp4h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034406-i1hbx3pz author = Matthews, Abigail A. title = Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases date = 2020-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8739 sentences = 395 flesch = 40 summary = Biologic therapeutics such as protein/polypeptide drugs are conventionally administered systemically via intravenous injection for the treatment of diseases including lung diseases, although this approach leads to low target site accumulation and the potential risk for systemic side effects. In comparison, topical delivery of protein drugs to the lung via inhalation is deemed to be a more effective approach for lung diseases, as proteins would directly reach the target in the lung while exhibiting poor diffusion into the systemic circulation, leading to higher lung drug retention and efficacy while minimising toxicity to other organs. This means that high concentrations of the protein drug can be attained in the lung via pulmonary delivery, suggesting that lower doses of inhaled protein can have an equivalent or even superior therapeutic effect for lung diseases when compared to the higher doses that would be needed from systemic administration [9] . cache = ./cache/cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280857-0o1ikwks author = Goligher, Ewan C. title = Clinical strategies for implementing lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation: avoiding insufficient and excessive effort date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6146 sentences = 274 flesch = 25 summary = This review summarizes practical strategies for achieving lung and diaphragm-protective targets at the bedside, focusing on inspiratory and expiratory ventilator settings, monitoring of inspiratory effort or respiratory drive, management of dyssynchrony, and sedation considerations. Several strategies can be used to facilitate lung and diaphragm protective ventilation, including modulation of ventilator inspiratory and expiratory assist, drugs that modify respiratory drive and/or effort, extracorporeal CO 2 removal (ECCO 2 R) and electrical stimulation of the respiratory muscles, as shown in Fig. 2 . [7] also showed that higher ECCO 2 R support reduced P 0.1 , respiratory muscle effort, and transpulmonary pressure in spontaneously breathing patients recovering from severe ARDS [74] . These preliminary findings suggest that partial neuromuscular blockade could be a feasible approach to achieving lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation targets in patients with high respiratory effort. cache = ./cache/cord-280857-0o1ikwks.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280857-0o1ikwks.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266067-wrouqdcj author = Haywood, Nathan title = Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6939 sentences = 348 flesch = 44 summary = The ability of EVLP to rehabilitate lungs injured in a porcine sepsis model [21] has provided the basis for a similar application-the use of isolated lung perfusion in vivo in the management of ARDS. Here, early animal studies have demonstrated the ability of in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) to rehabilitate sepsis-induced ARDS [22] . Below, we review the history and current evidence for isolated lung perfusion techniques, with a focus on how EVLP has provided the basis for and led to investigations into the use of IVLP for the treatment of ARDS. Using both murine and porcine models, we have demonstrated that the addition of a selective adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonist to the EVLP perfusate is associated with less pulmonary edema, lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved lung function [43, 44] . cache = ./cache/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author = nan title = Symposium summaries date = 2004-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 55670 sentences = 2569 flesch = 45 summary = • relevant past history • recently recommended home physiotherapy program including inhalation therapy (agents, order and timing), airway clearance therapy (ACT) and physical exercise program and adherence • the possibility of gastroesophageal reflux 5 in relation to physiotherapy • clinical status including subjective and objective measures of the following -amount, color, consistency and ease of expectoration of sputum -oximetry/pulmonary function tests/peak expiratory flow rate -breath sounds on auscultation, respiratory rate and pattern of breathing -exercise tolerance (current activity & incidental exercise/ exercise tolerance tests) -musculo-skeletal problems (posture, pain, muscle tightness/weakness, oedema) -urinary incontinence during coughing and forced expirations Assessment of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) is important to better understand disease and treatment-related factors that impact function and well-being, and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies and methods of drug delivery. cache = ./cache/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010994-1ynel55w author = Abe, Kyoko title = Nicorandil, a K(ATP) Channel Opener, Attenuates Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Isolated Rat Lungs date = 2020-02-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3600 sentences = 206 flesch = 58 summary = Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether nicorandil reduces the risk of IR injury in an isolated buffer perfused rat lung model, and whether nicorandil's beneficial effects are a result of its K ATP channel opener properties and nitric oxide production, or are attributable to activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. (1) nicorandil administration before ischemia ameliorated increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability after IR in isolated rat lung preparations; (2) the protective effects of nicorandil against IR lung injury was blocked by glibenclamide as a K ATP channel blocker and ODQ as a sGC inhibitor. [6] , isoflurane-sevoflurane administration before ischemia attenuated IR injury without a significant PVR change in isolated rat lungs which was similar to the results in the present study. These results suggest that the protective effects of nicorandil after IR lung injury can be explained by the activation of a K ATP channel opener as well as that of the sGC-cGMP pathway. cache = ./cache/cord-010994-1ynel55w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010994-1ynel55w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author = Vijayan, Vannan K. title = Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date = 2013-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6671 sentences = 452 flesch = 39 summary = The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on the microscopical demonstration of Leishmania amastigotes in the relevant tissue aspirates or biopsies such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or liver, skin slit smears, or in the peripheral blood buffy coat [ 19 ] . The important helminthic parasites that cause lung diseases include cestodes ( Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis ), trematodes ( Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma japonicum , and Paragonimus westermani ), and nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis , Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , Brugia timori , Dirofi laria immitis , Dirofi laria repens , Toxocara canis or cati , and Trichinella spiralis ). A diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to ascariasis can be made in an endemic region in a patient who presents with dyspnea, dry cough, fever, and eosinophilia. cache = ./cache/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253891-d1ei287l author = Geddes, Duncan title = The history of respiratory disease management date = 2016-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2191 sentences = 128 flesch = 61 summary = Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Over the past 150 years: C Infections have declined but returned while asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have surged C Scientific advances, especially in imaging and microbiology, have improved diagnosis C New targeted treatments with antibiotics, corticosteroids, ventilatory support and lung surgery have revolutionized management C Delivery of care has shifted from inefficient remedies for the rich to specialized treatment for all Duncan Geddes MD FRCP CBE is an Honorary Consultant at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at Imperial College, London, UK. Delivery of care Lung medicine was a major part of the general doctor's workload in the 19th century until the 1850s sanatorium movement e well The Rack e and this specialization led on to chest clinics. cache = ./cache/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260729-b12v3c8c author = de Lang, Anna title = Functional Genomics Highlights Differential Induction of Antiviral Pathways in the Lungs of SARS-CoV–Infected Macaques date = 2007-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6800 sentences = 335 flesch = 51 summary = As opposed to many in vitro experiments, SARS-CoV induced a wide range of type I interferons (IFNs) and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in the lungs of macaques. In order to elucidate early host responses during the acute phase of SARS-CoV infection, we infected cynomolgus macaques with SARS-CoV and used macaque-specific microarrays and real-time (RT)-PCR techniques to study host gene expression profiles. In this study, we simultaneously examined virus replication and host-response gene expression profiles in macaque lungs during the acute phase of SARS to gain more insight into the early events that take place after SARS-CoV infection. In order to visualize the host response in the lungs of SARS-CoV-infected macaques, IFN-b production and translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 was studied using immunohistochemistry. The expression of IFN-b, which strongly correlated to the amount of virus present, continued throughout day 4 and was confirmed using immunohistochemistry; IFN-b-positive cells could be detected in the lungs of the SARS-CoV-infected macaques. cache = ./cache/cord-260729-b12v3c8c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260729-b12v3c8c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276927-rxudwp2v author = Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title = Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2012-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7991 sentences = 374 flesch = 35 summary = Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Incorporation of modified risk factors such as acute increase of respiratory rate, presence of tachypnea, detection of pulse oximeter desaturation, increased necessity of oxygen supplementation, presence of low pH, acidosis, or hypoxemia in an arterial blood gas sample in clinical practice can improve the clinicians' ability to perform early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in ARDS [17] . cache = ./cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023303-fxus38mp author = nan title = Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30161 sentences = 1760 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006541-ror7z8h7 author = Liu, Xiaoli title = Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells date = 2015-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4663 sentences = 251 flesch = 53 summary = title: Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells Strikingly, serum DC-SIGNR levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients with brain metastasis compared to those without metastasis (P = 0.0283). The DC-SIGNR level in the serum of patients with lung cancer (14.9434 ± 0.3152 mg/ml) was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (3.4696 ± 0.2471 mg/ml) (P = 0.0003; Fig. 1a) . Serum concentrations of DC-SIGNR correlated significantly with lung cancer patients who have brain metastasis Our study demonstrated that serum levels of DC-SIGNR in lung cancer patients were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals. Furthermore, we found that the serum DC-SIGNR levels correlated significantly with brain metastasis and serum NK cells percentage in lung cancer patients. In the present study, we detected a significantly negative correlation between serum levels of DC-SIGNR and serum percentage of NK cells in lung cancer patients. cache = ./cache/cord-006541-ror7z8h7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006541-ror7z8h7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006924-1i3kf01j author = nan title = Abstracts from USCAP 2020: Pulmonary, Mediastinum, Pleura, and Peritoneum Pathology (1869-1980) date = 2020-03-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25334 sentences = 1479 flesch = 50 summary = Results: Patients' characteristics of 77 cases were as following; median age was 60 years old (range 33-77); 67 male and ten female; 16/16/41/4 of clinical Stage I/II/II/VI; 21 chemotherapy, 52 chemoradiation and 4 radiotherapy; 52 adenocarcinomas, 18 squamous cell carcinomas and seven other types of histology. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of piR-796 piRNA, which was identified by small RNAseq, in resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to analyze the correlation with the clinic-pathological features. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that OTP expression was only rarely identified in non-pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors/carcinomas, which further validated the previous report of OTP to be a highly specific marker for diagnosing PCs. The diagnostic sensitivity for PCs in this study appears to be lower than the previous report, which is probably due to the small number of cases included. cache = ./cache/cord-006924-1i3kf01j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006924-1i3kf01j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016369-tnvlafa2 author = Lu, Puxuan title = Human Infected H5N1 Avian Influenza date = 2016-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3925 sentences = 232 flesch = 54 summary = Due to virus infi ltration, the lung of patients with human infected H5N1 avian infl uenza is demonstrated with fl akes of opacity that is predominantly exudates by chest X-ray or chest CT scan, namely the ground glass opacity and lung consolidation. After the invasive assisting mechanical ventilation is retrieved with subsequent normal body temperature, breathing rate and WBC count, the both lungs are still radiologically demonstrated with strips, fl akes, grid like, and patches of consolidation opacity, indicating inconsistency between chest radiology and clinical symptoms due to long-term progression of the lesions. All the fi ndings indicated that ground glass opacity and large consolidation opacity are early signs of human infected avian infl uenza by chest radiology. By chest CT scan, pneumonia induced by H5N1 avian infl uenza virus is demonstrated with large ground glass opacity and consolidation opacity in both lungs that distribute extensively and progress rapidly. cache = ./cache/cord-016369-tnvlafa2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016369-tnvlafa2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017856-4fccnygg author = Roden, Anja C. title = Pathology of Lung Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Mediated date = 2018-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7785 sentences = 408 flesch = 35 summary = Acute rejection is an important risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, the clinical manifestation of chronic airway rejection in lung allograft recipients. Obliterative bronchiolitis is only infrequently identified in lung allografts by transbronchial biopsy, and the sensitivity of this morphologic finding for the presence of chronic rejection is only between 15 and 28% [48] [49] [50] . Because of the lack of specific histologic findings of AMR, a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis was recommended that includes the following: (1) the presence of circulating antibodies (HLA antibodies, anti-endothelial and anti-epithelial antibodies), (2) focal or diffuse C4d deposition (Fig. 13 .11a-c), (3) histologic features of acute lung injury or hemorrhage (diffuse alveolar damage, capillary injury associated with neutrophils and nuclear debris, i.e., capillaritis), and (4) clinical signs of graft dysfunction [78] . The transbronchial allograft biopsy is currently the gold standard to evaluate the graft for cellular rejection and to exclude its clinical mimickers in lung transplant patients. cache = ./cache/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016211-8j8n9enn author = Lu, Puxuan title = Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza date = 2015-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9573 sentences = 570 flesch = 50 summary = Statistical analysis has demonstrated that 60-70 % human infection of avian infl uenza is severe, which may clinically develop into acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Within 1 week after onset, the conditions may rapidly progress and deteriorate into acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, multiple organ failure, shock, Reye syndrome, and secondary bacterial infection and septicemia. In severe cases of human infection by avian infl uenza, the patients develop pleuritis and pleural effusion at the middle or advanced stage, mostly 6-12 days after the onset. The patients experience typical symptoms of human infection with avian infl uenza, including fever with a body temperature above 38 °C, headache, general pain, fatigue, dry throat, and poor appetite. Some severe cases with human infection of avian infl uenza might develop rapid heart rate, nodal tachycardia, and acute heart failure at day 10-18 after the onset. cache = ./cache/cord-016211-8j8n9enn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016211-8j8n9enn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284974-e7vl774c author = Filipovic, N. title = Abrupt Deterioration of COVID-19 Patients and Spreading of SARS COV-2 Virions in the Lungs date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 793 sentences = 55 flesch = 59 summary = Our calculation shows that this abrupt deteriorate may be caused by a sudden shift in the spread of virus-laden bioaerosols through the airways to many different regions of the lungs from the initial site of infection. While many mechanisms possibly contribute to spread of the infection, such as lymphatic circulation, we hypothesize that a major driver of the abrupt deterioration several days after the initial infection is caused by a sudden shift in the spread of virus-laden bioaerosols through the airways to many different regions of the lungs from the initial site of infection. This shift of airflow pattern distributes virus-laden bioaersols to other, even distant, parts of the lungs (Figure 1c) . (c) However, as the disease progresses, the production of virus-laden bioaerosols increases, the tissues available for gas exchange become smaller and smaller as the infected lesion becomes larger and larger. cache = ./cache/cord-284974-e7vl774c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284974-e7vl774c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264308-y6xuxj16 author = Liu, Rui title = Mouse lung slices: An ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses date = 2015-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7663 sentences = 403 flesch = 55 summary = In this study, we established an ex vivo model using mouse lung slices to evaluate both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection. Our results suggested that mouse lung slices provide a robust, convenient and cost-efficient model for the assessment of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. Our results showed that the lung slice model provides a robust, convenient and cost-economical method for the screening and evaluation of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. To meet the goal of this study in the establishment of an ex vivo mouse slice model for the screening and evaluation of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs against influenza infection in one assay, ensuring that the ex vivo model has similar patterns in influenza-induced cytokine and chemokine responses is critical. cache = ./cache/cord-264308-y6xuxj16.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264308-y6xuxj16.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author = nan title = Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30165 sentences = 1762 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author = Corrin, Bryan title = Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date = 2011-03-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 42576 sentences = 2457 flesch = 45 summary = As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term 'acute silicosis' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms 'accelerated silicosis' or 'cellular phase silicosis' have been substituted for 'acute silicosis' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. cache = ./cache/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016947-8f22ukjc author = Mueller-Mang, Christina title = Interstitial Lung Diseases date = 2017-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11260 sentences = 619 flesch = 39 summary = The term idiopathic interstitial pneumonias refers to a group of seven entities with distinct histologic patterns: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), characterized by the pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP); nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP); cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP); respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD); desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP); lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP); and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). In contrast to the heterogeneous lung involvement and the typical a b Fig. 6 (a, b) Axial CT image in a 63-year-old man with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) shows bilateral reticular opacities, honeycombing (black arrowheads), and traction bronchiectasis (arrow). In UIP (right) the lung abnormalities show a typical apico-basal gradient with predominance of honeycombing Fig. 9 HRCT shows characteristic subpleural sparing of reticular opacities (arrows) in a 67-year-old patient with NSIP and alveoli, with preservation of the lung architecture. cache = ./cache/cord-016947-8f22ukjc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016947-8f22ukjc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280374-yj0r4rwt author = Jain, Richa title = Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient date = 2018-01-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2847 sentences = 199 flesch = 41 summary = title: Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient He subsequently developed both hepatic veno-occlusive disease and busulfan-induced lung injury. In our case other bacterial infections typically seen in an immunocompromised child are also unlikely in view of sterile cultures, complete absence of fever and normal Creactive protein (CRP).Though this clinical presentation can be caused by infection with PCJ, it is an uncommon infection. The non-infective etiologies causing respiratory symptoms in a post-transplant setting can be pulmonary GvHD, Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), Cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP) and SOS. The final diagnosis is neuroblastoma stage IV, day + 68 post auto-SCT (Bu-Mel) with pneumonitis, ARDS and multi-organ failure; likely etiology being fungal pneumonia or CMV pneumonia and hepatitis secondary to ischemia with underlying SOS. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation cache = ./cache/cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287622-xnksvy21 author = Carpagnano, Giovanna E title = Aspergillus spp. colonization in exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia Region of Italy date = 2014-02-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2990 sentences = 150 flesch = 44 summary = Given the recent interest in the infective origin of lung cancer, with this preliminary study we aim to give our small contribution to this field of research by analysing the fungal microbiome of the exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia, a region of Italy. METHODS: We enrolled 43 lung cancer patients and 21 healthy subjects that underwent exhaled breath condensate and bronchial brushing collection. Among these studies, one emerging from our group recently analysed viral colonization in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, involving a sample from airways that is completely non-invasive and apparently suitable for microbiological studies ( [2] , unpublished data). For the first time to our knowledge, we tested fungal microbioma of exhaled breath condensate and paired bronchial brushing of patients with diagnosed lung cancer and of healthy subjects and in 27.9% of lung cancer patients we detected the presence of mold (Aspergillus niger, A. cache = ./cache/cord-287622-xnksvy21.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287622-xnksvy21.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265606-c1zo47sw author = Feng, Zhe-Min title = Lung Cancer with Diffuse Ground-glass Shadow in Two Lungs and Respiratory Failure date = 2016-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2307 sentences = 144 flesch = 47 summary = Pulmonary ground-glass shadow is a common clinical imaging manifestation shared by many pulmonary diseases such as interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fungal infection, parasitic infection, viral pneumonia, and heart failure. In this study, a case of lung adenocarcinoma complicated with respiratory failure is reported to show diffuse uniform ground-glass shadow in the chest computed tomography (CT). On auxiliary examination, chest CT scan [ Figure 1b -1e, November 12, 2014] found diffused uniform ground-glass shadow in two lungs with no enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. In clinical practice, the chest CT scan showed ground-glass-like change due to diffuse exudation in two lungs often suggests special pathogen infection (such as hematogenous pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary fungal infection, and viral pneumonia), exogenous allergic pulmonary inflammation, interstitial pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, etc. In summary, the diffuse, uniform ground-glass shadow as the main imaging features of lung cancer in chest CT is very rare. cache = ./cache/cord-265606-c1zo47sw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265606-c1zo47sw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024183-1mrdjc39 author = Hutchison, Alastair A. title = The Respiratory System date = 2013-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28083 sentences = 1539 flesch = 48 summary = After airway occlusion at mid-expiration, there is a biphasic change in P ao : the immediate rapid rise in P ao represents the resistive pressure drop across the conducting airways and is followed by a secondary slower increase in P ao (often referred to as P dif ) generally attributed to stress recovery in the respiratory tissues (lung and chest wall) and gas redistribution associated with ventilation inhomogeneity (Bates et al. To describe flow (F), lung volumes (V), and respiratory pressure (P) measurements together with resistance (R) and compliance (C) measurements in restrictive lung diseases, obstructive lung diseases, and neuromuscular disorders (NMD) decrease in TLC, in general, is relatively less than that of VC because of normal chest wall recoil and inspiratory muscle function in most patients (Martinez and Flaherty 2006) . cache = ./cache/cord-024183-1mrdjc39.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024183-1mrdjc39.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016235-2lhrkmrv author = Roden, Anja C. title = Lung date = 2010-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12865 sentences = 674 flesch = 35 summary = Unlike the situation with heart transplant recipients, chronic vascular rejection in lung transplants has not resulted in graft loss; however, some patients develop pulmonary hypertension particularly those with BOS [92, 111] . However, based on the link between acute rejection and development of BOS, surveillance transbronchial biopsies in asymptomatic lung transplant recipients has become common practice in many large lung transplantation centers because evidence suggests that patients who have multiple episodes of low grade (A1) lesions within the first 12 months posttransplantation develop early onset BOS. A study [49] in which surveillance transbronchial biopsies were performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks posttransplantation, at the time of symptoms, and for follow-up of acute rejection or CMV pneumonia showed that patients who develop acute small airways rejection within the first year after transplantation are at risk of development of BOS at 1.76, 3.3, and 5.5 years after detection of B3/ B4 lesion (by 1996 ISHLT criteria, see Table 7 .2), B2 lesion or B0/B1 lesion, respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016869-pzwlxtd6 author = Pal, Subrata title = The Lung and Its Transplantation and Artificial Replacement date = 2013-01-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1882 sentences = 122 flesch = 66 summary = The nasal cavity is divided into two portions by a cartilagenous septum and is lined by fine hairs that filter the dust particles from the air. The pulmonary artery from the heart containing impure blood enters the lungs and branches into minute capillaries that surround the alveoli. This air then enters the pharynx, then the larynx, and then into the trachea. Artificial lungs mimic the function of real lungs, adding oxygen to, and removing carbon dioxide from, the blood. On the other hand, current artificial lungs are only capable of a maximum gas exchange rate of 0.25-0.40 l/min, limiting their use to the short-term respiratory support for patients at rest. Silicone has been used as the membrane material in some commercially available artificial lungs due to its biocompatibility, durability, stability, and high permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide. cache = ./cache/cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021744-x320625f author = Thompson, Mark S. title = Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis date = 2017-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4066 sentences = 428 flesch = 53 summary = Variable incubation period, prodromal phase: nervousness, anxiety, paresthesia Progress to forebrain signs ("furious" form of rabies): irritability, restlessness, pica, photophobia, increased saliva production with decreasing ability to swallow, hyperesthesia progressing to incoordination, seizures, and death May also progress to "dumb" form: paralysis, lower motor disease, leading to coma, respiratory paralysis, and death PSEUDORABIES Suspected to be result from ingestion of infected raw pork Neurologic dysfunction: ataxia, abnormal papillary light response, restlessness, trismus, cervical rigidity, ptyalism, tachypnea, excoriation from pruritus of head and neck; vomiting, diarrhea; most dogs die within 48 hours • Useful for detecting pericardial effusion (racetrack sign) and pleural effusion • Advantage: less air interference than transthoracic TFAST views • Assessment of the weak or collapsed patient's volume status by observing dynamics of caudal vena cava (CVC) as it passes through diaphragm cache = ./cache/cord-021744-x320625f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021744-x320625f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267979-k70gnrdw author = Yıldız-Peköz, Ayca title = Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3257 sentences = 159 flesch = 38 summary = This Special Issue brings together recent advances in the areas of inhalation device testing, aerosol formulation development, use of in vitro and in silico models in pulmonary drug deposition and drug disposition studies, and pulmonary delivery of complex drugs, such as vaccines, antibiotics and peptides, to or via the lungs. The development of modern-day inhalers, e.g., pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and more recently, dry powder inhalers (DPIs), jet and vibrating mesh nebulisers (VMNs), and soft mist inhalers (SMIs), has given pulmonary drug delivery a momentum boost that transformed a therapeutic niche into a market predicted to hit US$41.5 billion by 2026 [1] . Development of an innovative, carrier-based dry powder inhalation formulation containing spray-dried meloxicam potassium to improve the in vitro and in silico aerodynamic properties Excipient interactions in glucagon dry powder inhaler formulation for pulmonary delivery Inhalable dry powder of bedaquiline for pulmonary tuberculosis: In vitro physicochemical characterization, antimicrobial activity and safety studies cache = ./cache/cord-267979-k70gnrdw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267979-k70gnrdw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023308-af5nihyi author = nan title = COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30159 sentences = 1761 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261640-ehc123p7 author = Smith, Maxwell L. title = Vaping-related lung injury date = 2020-10-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3699 sentences = 194 flesch = 40 summary = Although lung diseases caused by vaping have been reported since the modern invention of the electronic cigarette, in the summer of 2019, patients began to present to health care centers at epidemic levels with an acute respiratory illness relating to vaping, which the Center for Disease Control termed E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Perhaps due to the precedent set in the literature, the finding of lipid-laden macrophages in BAL specimens in the early stage of the EVALI epidemic in 2019 led investigators to conclude that the lung injury was related to a form of exogenous lipoid pneumonia related to vaping [17, 21, 22] . Despite the low sensitivity and specificity of Oil red-O, it remains on many clinical Fig. 6 a, b The histologic distinction between exogenous lipoid pneumonia and electronic cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) is dramatic and distinctive. cache = ./cache/cord-261640-ehc123p7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261640-ehc123p7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257114-pxmflm2c author = BURGUETE, SERGIO R. title = Lung transplant infection date = 2012-12-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11389 sentences = 648 flesch = 36 summary = This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. Resistant Gramnegative organisms pose perhaps the greatest risk, and some studies suggest an association between pretransplant colonizing organisms from patients with suppurative lung disease and pneumonias following LT. A Cochrane Review comparing prophylaxis in different groups of solid organ transplant patients with antivirals versus placebo or no treatment showed a significant reduction in disease (relative risk 0.42), infection (relative risk 0.61), mortality from CMV disease (relative risk 0.26) and allcause mortality (relative risk 0.63). 114 In general, the choice for antifungal prophylaxis depends, in part, on the presence of specific risk factors such as colonization with Aspergillus, presence of airway stents or ischaemia, single lung transplantation, CMV infection, hypogammaglobulinaemia or treatment of acute rejection. cache = ./cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026005-f2khcjdy author = López, Alfonso title = Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date = 2017-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 57323 sentences = 2749 flesch = 34 summary = Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285270-amh99u0j author = Husain, Shahid title = A 2010 working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in cardiothoracic transplant recipients date = 2011-03-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4678 sentences = 299 flesch = 29 summary = In the absence of standardized diagnosis and the presence of unique clinical syndromes, it is not surprising that considerable differences exist in the number of reported incidences of disease and the outcomes of various infections in cardiothoracic transplant (CTTX) recipients. 2 Definitions of invasive fungal infection (IFI) were based on those proposed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group of the National Institutes of Health (EORTC/MSG), 3 whereas definitions from the American Society of Transplantation and other source documents represented the foundation for defining viral infections. For these reasons, a specific classification of bacterial pneumoniae in CTTX recipients is proposed based on radiographic findings, clinical symptoms, microbiology and histopathology (including consideration of acute rejection in lung transplant patients). No attempt is made to redefine atypical mycobacterial infections or pulmonary tracheobronchitis in lung transplant recipients and the use of existing definitions from European and North American societies are encouraged until further data emerge. cache = ./cache/cord-285270-amh99u0j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285270-amh99u0j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016280-d47e3art author = Friedberg, Joseph S. title = Pleura: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14487 sentences = 746 flesch = 44 summary = In addition to the discomfort, chest tube placement may be accompanied by a number of complications including empyema, lung injury and bleeding, and death." Therefore, coagulation profiles and immunocompetency should be taken into consideration for all patients considered for this procedure . If a large air leak is anticipated or if there is significant effusion associated with the pneumothorax, then a standard 28-French chest tube should be placed. Some of the indications for surgical treatment of a spontaneous pneumothorax include a second pneumothorax (ipsilateral recurrence or a new pneumothorax on the contralateral side); tension physiology; synchronous bilateral pneumothoraces; associated hemothorax (likely secondary to a tom adhesion and complicating approximately 5% of spontaneous pneumothoraces); failure of tube thoracostomy; and lifestyle factors. Chylothorax is an exudative effusion caused by disruption of the lymphatics in the chest, most commonly the thoracic duct, and subsequent drainage of chyle into the pleural space. cache = ./cache/cord-016280-d47e3art.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016280-d47e3art.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290233-5skk3nj4 author = Wang, K. title = Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area date = 2020-03-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3197 sentences = 152 flesch = 50 summary = Data were gathered regarding the presence of chest computed tomography (CT) abnormalities; the distribution, morphology, density, location, and stage of abnormal shadows on chest CT; and observing the correlation between the severity of chest infection and lymphocyte ratio and blood oxygen saturation (SPO(2)) in patients. This study analysed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and imaging data of 114 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to Xiaogan Hospital, Xiaogan, Hubei, China, to describe the lung imaging manifestations and disease development in patients with COVID-19, further explore the correlations between imaging manifestations and clinical data, and clarify the role of chest computed tomography (CT) imaging examination in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease. Chest CT examination was performed during the quarantine period, and the result showed two GGO nodule shadows in both lower lungs, suggesting a high possibility of viral pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-290233-5skk3nj4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290233-5skk3nj4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274474-u2fdicgz author = Majumder, Joydeb title = Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Respiratory Diseases: Cancer, Fibrosis, and Coronavirus date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10098 sentences = 634 flesch = 46 summary = The present review summarizes recent advances in the development of nanocarrier based therapeutics for local and targeted delivery of drugs, nucleic acids and imaging agents for diagnostics and treatment of various diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and coronavirus. [1, 2] Therefore, methods of developing new therapeutic solutions as well as improving the current therapies for the common lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and coronavirus infections remain the main focus in the fields of targeted drug delivery. In this review, we will summarize recent reports on the development of lipid and polymer based nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs and nucleic acids for the treatment of lung cancer. In a similar study, we used a complex liposomal drug delivery system containing anticancer drug doxorubicin and both MRP1 and BCL2 targeting antisense oligonucleotides for inhalation treatment in lung cancer cells. cache = ./cache/cord-274474-u2fdicgz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274474-u2fdicgz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289103-6i7wf41w author = McElyea, Christine title = Lung ultrasound artifacts in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1758 sentences = 94 flesch = 50 summary = As of the summer of 2020, there are more than 12.5 million reported cases of COVID-19 caused by the Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing a pandemic that has presented many challenges in the traditional approach to patients with hypoxemia and shortness of breath or respiratory failure. Eight (8) In patient A, the findings described were noted in the upper anterior lung zones bilaterally, while a chest x-ray obtained concurrently demonstrated infiltrate in bilateral lower lateral lung zones. We were able to capture these early changes since ultrasound was used earlier in COVID patients as we suspect pneumonia in those patients even with a normal CXR as inpatient A, representing part of the early interstitial and parenchymal lung disease and the early manifestation and development of shred sign, not described in previous literature. Point-of-care lung ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease-19 pnemoniae: a case report and potential applications during COVID-19 outbreak cache = ./cache/cord-289103-6i7wf41w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289103-6i7wf41w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284332-p4c1fneh author = Bosma, Karen J. title = Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date = 2012-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14516 sentences = 721 flesch = 37 summary = [47] Although both of these studies were conducted prior to the 1994 AECC definition, ARDS was strictly defined in the aforementioned studies, including a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <150 or intrapulmonary shunt >20% in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and who had diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph without clinical evidence of heart failure as pulmonary arterial occlusion pressures were <18 mmHg. Building on the results of these two studies, Sinuff and colleagues [48] developed practice guidelines for prophylactic ketoconazole use, and tested the implementation and efficacy of these guidelines in two ICUs (one control and one active comparator). [119] A phase II study enrolling 98 patients with ALI compared an antioxidant enteral feeding formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid, g-linolenic acid and antioxidant vitamins with placebo, and observed improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary inflammation, fewer days of mechanical ventilation and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures in the treatment arm, although there was no difference in mortality between this approach and the control group. cache = ./cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017030-tzuyo6tx author = Henao-Martínez, Andrés F. title = Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date = 2018-12-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11531 sentences = 740 flesch = 32 summary = There are several factors predisposing thoracic transplant recipients to infections: (A) factors present before transplantation: age, presence of comorbidities (e.g., chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, etc.), nutrition status, latent infections, colonization with healthcare-associated organisms, and occult community-acquired infections; (B) factors during the surgery: duration of the transplant procedure, graft injury including ischemic time, colonization or latent infection of the graft, surgical instrumentation (e.g., mechanical ventilation, invasive devices such as catheters, drains, Foley catheters, etc.), ICU stay, and need for re-interventions; and (C) factors present after transplant: degree of immunosuppression, CMV infection, and rejections ( Mechanical ventilation (MV) for >5 days immediately following transplant surgery and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) from airway cultures in the recipient were considered risk factors for invasive SA infections in a retrospective study of patients with lung and heart-lung transplants [20] . cache = ./cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286771-77hs34jm author = Cruces, Pablo title = A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5933 sentences = 314 flesch = 40 summary = Protective lowtidal volume (Vt) mechanical ventilation (MV), including delivering a physiologic low Vt adjusted by ideal body weight, is currently the standard of care for patients requiring invasive respiratory support, like moderate and severe ARDS. Additionally, we found a significant progression of regional Fig. 2 Regional volumetric strain maps in a 3-h murine model of patient self-inflicted lung injury randomized to two groups: Group I: subjects with induced lung injury on low tidal volume mechanical ventilation at the beginning of the experiment (T1) and at the end of the experiment (T3) (upper left and right panels). Ventilation-induced lung injury exists in spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory failure: yes Can high-flow nasal cannula reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure compared with conventional oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?: a systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288371-uyj4iske author = Arrieta, Oscar title = Recommendations for detection, prioritization, and treatment of thoracic oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The THOCOoP cooperative group date = 2020-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6664 sentences = 382 flesch = 46 summary = Long-term Follow-up on NRG Oncology RTOG 0915 (NCCTG N0927): A Randomized Phase 2 Study Comparing 2 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Schedules for Medically Inoperable Patients With Stage I Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Durvalumab plus platinum–etoposide versus platinum–etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Phase III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG 2597): induction chemotherapy followed by either standard thoracic radiotherapy or hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy for patients with unresectable stage IIIA and B non-small-cell lung cancer Usefulness of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in evaluating response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced non small-cell lung cancer: a prospective cohort study Randomized phase III trial of single-agent pemetrexed versus carboplatin and pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 Carboplatin-or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: the COCIS meta-analysis of individual patient data cache = ./cache/cord-288371-uyj4iske.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288371-uyj4iske.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22266 sentences = 1187 flesch = 45 summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. cache = ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017248-a37t31u1 author = nan title = Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date = 2010-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 48753 sentences = 4281 flesch = 41 summary = Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. cache = ./cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252810-rko3e5va author = Basil, Maria C. title = The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14828 sentences = 678 flesch = 40 summary = Recent transcriptional interrogation of the distal epithelium in IPF identified activation of cell stress and senescence pathways, and murine modeling of AT2 cell dysfunction from expression of either mutant SFTPC, loss of telomere function, and increased mechanical tension have provided in vivo proof of concept that disruption of AT2 cell homeostasis is a driver of lung fibrosis (Katzen et An emerging hypothesis of IPF pathogenesis is that the dysfunctional AT2 cell loses its facultative progenitor capacity creating a regenerative void for lung repair. Importantly, these cellular trajectory models require experimental validation either in the form of cell-type-specific genetic lineage tracing in mice or the use of cellular barcoding strategies in non-murine systems such as was performed in a recent study to predict the differentiation of lung epithelial progenitors from pluripotent stem cells (Hurley et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290226-rtoasm2l author = Scassellati, Catia title = Ozone: a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant property as potential new strategy in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders date = 2020-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15536 sentences = 1112 flesch = 42 summary = In addition, Nrf2 regulates also the constitutive and inducible expression of antioxidants including, but not limited to, Superoxide Dismutases (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), phase II enzymes of drug metabolism and HSPs (Galie et al., 2018 , Bocci, V., Valacchi, 2015 , Pedruzzi et al., 2012 (Figure 1) . We observed that OzoneOP exerts a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat models of cochlear, hepatic, intestinal, renal, cardiac, lung and skeletal ischemia through an oxidative preconditioning mechanism that prevents the increase of the endogenous pro-oxidant and stimulates antioxidant mechanisms (Table 2 ). Modulation of age-related changes in oxidative stress markers and energy status in the rat heart and hippocampus: a significant role for ozone therapy cache = ./cache/cord-290226-rtoasm2l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290226-rtoasm2l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268729-n7slf5tx author = Wissinger, E L title = Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease date = 2008-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10085 sentences = 562 flesch = 36 summary = Their role in limiting lung inflammation can be clearly seen in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)infected mice where pDC depletion leads to increased viral replication and enhanced immunopathology in the lungs 70, 71 . TNF receptor-II and very late antigen--1 synergize to protect CD8 T cells in the influenza virus infected airways from apoptosis, 110 whereas engagement of Qa-1b by CD94 / NKG2A transmits a negative signal that limits immune pathology. 128 Therapeutic administration of antibodies that block macrophage inflammatory protein-2 during influenza infection reduces neutrophil recruitment by 49 % and improves lung pathology without altering viral clearance. Viruses induce local production of IFN-by T and non-T cells in the respiratory tract, and its neutralization not only reduces local lung cellularity and systemic humoral responses to influenza virus infection in mice, 207 but may also delay viral clearance. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells limit viral replication, pulmonary infl ammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus infection cache = ./cache/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290677-3gdcyrrz author = De Virgiliis, Francesco title = Lung innervation in the eye of a cytokine storm: neuroimmune interactions and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6108 sentences = 278 flesch = 34 summary = In line with these findings, virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in humans seems to be mediated by the vagus nerve 53 , raising the possibility that the dyspnoea and respiratory failure observed in patients with severe COVID-19 is exacerbated by neuroimmune crosstalk in the lungs. A plausible hypothesis is that these NAMs act in concert with neuronal cells to control inflammation, and that malfunctioning of this system in older or immunocompromised people could contribute to the cytokine storm and ARDS in patients with severe COVID-19 or other respiratory virus infections. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, specific tissueresident macrophages that are involved in modulating inflammation following viral infection are in close contact with vagal fibres innervating the lungs, and this 'neuroimmune synapse' could be one of the keys to controlling aberrant inflammation in patients with severe COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author = Fujita, Yu title = RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date = 2013-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8419 sentences = 495 flesch = 43 summary = Although the success in delivering siRNAs intranasally in rodents cannot be completely extrapolated to human use because of the significant differences in lung anatomy [37] , this approach has potential for the clinical application of siRNAs. Phase II clinical trials have been initiated for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, making use of intranasal application of naked chemically modified siRNA molecules that target viral gene products [17, 38] (see Section 3.1.1. The simultaneously inhibition of several genes would also minimize the risk of drug resistance normally encountered with small molecule-based therapies, involving siRNAs and miRNAs. There have already been significant improvements in siRNAs for primary or metastatic lung cancer treatment by targeting oncogenes such as Akt1 [9] , Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [12] , overexpressed genes such as the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) [77] , NUPR1 [53] and EZH2 [78] . cache = ./cache/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291145-rdg31p17 author = Rice, Shawn J. title = Guidance on the clinical management of E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)? date = 2020-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2898 sentences = 171 flesch = 53 summary = The number of patients with E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) continued to rise through the summer before peaking in September 2019. Using bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) fluid from EVALI patients and healthy donors who have not used THC-containing products, researchers used isotope dilution mass spectrometry and identified vitamin E acetate in over 90% of EVALI cases versus none in the healthy controls. EVALI patients report using 4 various types of vaping liquids containing products of THC, nicotine, and cannabidiol (CBD) 34 . Characteristics of Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients 37 in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury -38 United States After Hospital Discharge in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product 33 Use-Associated Lung Injury -United States E-cigarette, or 1 vaping, product use-associated lung injury in adolescents: a review of imaging features Pediatric Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of Electronic 4 Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-associated Lung Injury (EVALI) cache = ./cache/cord-291145-rdg31p17.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291145-rdg31p17.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295156-trzkb9ne author = Cheong, Dorothy H.J. title = Anti-malarial drug, artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of respiratory diseases date = 2020-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6272 sentences = 307 flesch = 43 summary = Artemisinins can regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote cell cycle arrest, drive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce Bak or Bax-dependent or independent apoptosis. Artemisinins can regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote cell cycle arrest, drive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce Bak or Bax-dependent or independent apoptosis. The apoptotic effects of artemisinins and its derivatives are largely observed in lung cancer cell lines and have been found to induce both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis (Table 3) . Tong and colleagues observed that artemisinin, DHA and artesunate were all able to reduce tumour growth in an A549-induced mouse xenograft model via inhibition of the Wnt-5a/b/β-catenin signaling pathway [22] . Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells cache = ./cache/cord-295156-trzkb9ne.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295156-trzkb9ne.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292862-ezrkg0dc author = Myerson, Jacob W. title = Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date = 2020-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14275 sentences = 744 flesch = 46 summary = We show that polystyrene nanoparticles and five liposome formulations do not accumulate in injured lungs, indicating that nanostructures that are not based on protein are not intrinsically drawn to marginated neutrophils in acute inflammation. 6, 10, 14, 18 Single cell suspensions prepared from mouse lungs were probed by flow cytometry to further characterize pulmonary neutrophils in naïve mice and in mice following LPS-induced inflammation. The protein component of each particle was labeled with 125 I for tracing in biodistributions, and assessed 30 minutes after IV administration of NPs. Both absolute LDNG lung uptake and ratio of lung uptake to liver uptake registered a ~25-fold increase between naïve control and LPS-injured animals (Figure 2A , Supplementary Table 1) . As with LDNGs and albumin NPs in Figure 2C -H, single cell suspensions were prepared from LPS-inflamed and naïve control lungs after circulation of fluorescent DBCO-IgG liposomes. cache = ./cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author = Ueki, Hiroshi title = Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date = 2020-01-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8337 sentences = 517 flesch = 47 summary = Unlike ex vivo methods, which involve isolated or sliced lungs, in vivo imaging using two-photon excitation microscopy of live animals enables researchers to observe hemodynamics, migration and extravasation of immune cells, as well as interactions among immune cells during influenza virus infection. To detect multiple fluorescent signals excited simultaneously by a two-photon excitation laser, fluorochromes with different spectra and equal brightness must be selected; however, there is currently no comprehensive database of fluorescent reagents, fluorescent reporter viruses, and reporter mouse lines available for lung in vivo imaging. Our system uses suction-based lung stabilization 16, 28 to improve an existing in vivo two-photon imaging system for influenza virus-infected lung as a model of an acute inflammatory respiratory disease 5 . In vivo two-photon imaging is performed under conditions of single stimulation with a two-photon excitation laser; limitations exist regarding available fluorescent reagents/proteins for multiple labeling of target cells and lung architecture. cache = ./cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315085-rucfowvv author = Sekulic, Miroslav title = Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in FFPE Samples and Histopathologic Findings in Fatal SARS-CoV-2 Cases date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5025 sentences = 302 flesch = 47 summary = In this study we report postmortem findings and detection and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA from formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) samples of multiple organs collected in 2 patients with antemortem detection of SARS-CoV-2. The patient's medical history was otherwise notable for dementia, radiologic evidence of a left lung mass (managed with hospice care), coronary artery disease (status post coronary artery bypass grafting), atrial fibrillation (biventricular pacemaker implanted), congestive heart failure, peripheral artery disease (status post iliac stenting), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, gout, smoking, cerebrovascular accidents, and urinary tract infections. On day 1 after admission, ❚Image 2❚ (Case 1) Postmortem microscopic examination of the lungs showed diffuse alveolar damage characterized by hyaline membrane formation (A, ×100) and scattered squamous metaplasia of distal airways (B, ×100) on a background of emphysematous changes. cache = ./cache/cord-315085-rucfowvv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315085-rucfowvv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author = Scully, Crispian title = Respiratory medicine date = 2014-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13246 sentences = 698 flesch = 42 summary = Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. cache = ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315948-o4uj3l8r author = Kim, Se Yong title = A Case of Statin-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis due to Rosuvastatin date = 2015-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1733 sentences = 105 flesch = 44 summary = Chest radiography showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs, along with several subpleural ground-glass opacity nodules; and a foamy alveolar macrophage appearance was confirmed on bronchoalveolar lavage. Although the histopathological findings are also non-diagnostic, based on prior reports and studies, the possibility of diagnosis is significantly increased if the alveolar macrophages have a foamy appearance, as confirmed by cytology, along with the patient' s clinical history 8 . The alveolar macrophages finally had a foamy appearance that was revealed by cytology with increased lymphocytes and eosinophils on cellular profile of BAL fluid. Thereafter, after discontinuing rosuvastatin and initiating steroid therapy, the patient' s symptoms and radiologic findings had improved. Therefore, to our knowledge, our patient was the first diagnosed with rosuvastatin-induced interstitial lung disease in Korea. We believe a foamy macrophage appearance could help in the diagnosis of SILI, coupled with the clinical symptoms and radiologic findings, and clinicians should consider the potential for rosuvastatin-induced lung injury. cache = ./cache/cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336782-0zkb39v1 author = Fraile Gutiérrez, V. title = Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6658 sentences = 394 flesch = 47 summary = title: Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia clinical presentation with fever and cough accompanied by multifocal nodular (round or oval) ground-glass opacities in the lungs that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and requires admission to an Intensive Care Medicine Service (ICMS) in a high percentage of patients. Ultrasound can be a very useful tool during the management of the COVID-19 pandemic because it provides real-time non-invasive bedside images of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). • It is superior to the simple x-ray for the detection of pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia, interstitial syndrome, and for the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea • In the thoracic ultrasound, the clinical signs are the determinant factor regarding the interpretation of the data obtained. cache = ./cache/cord-336782-0zkb39v1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336782-0zkb39v1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313785-8tipkksu author = d'Ettorre, Gabriella title = Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3786 sentences = 196 flesch = 43 summary = The patients evaluated in this study were hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto Abbreviations: ABX, antibiotics; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALT, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavIrus disease 19; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FDR, False Discovery Rate; GLA, gut lung axis; Hb, hemoglobin; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; IRQ, interquartile range; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2; OB-, oral bacteriotherapy not administered group; OB+, oral bacteriotherapy administered group; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; TCZ, Tocilizumab. The observed partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ), the fraction of inspired oxygen FiO 2 , the disappearance of symptoms associated to COVID-19, adverse events, and the number of patients transferred to ICU were collected at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days from the start of oral bacteriotherapy and hospitalization for all the patients independently from the treatments. cache = ./cache/cord-313785-8tipkksu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313785-8tipkksu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309722-04pp3lv0 author = Qiu, Yingshan title = Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways—From Bench to Bedside date = 2016-09-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13203 sentences = 800 flesch = 42 summary = Notes: AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness; ALI, Acute lung injury; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CD86, cluster of differentiation 86; C-kit, a stem cell factor receptor; DCs, dendritic cells; HMGB1A, high mobility group box-1 A peptide; IFU, infectious unit; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Mpl, myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene; OVA, ovalbumin; R3V6, an arginine-rich peptide; Rip2, receptor-interacting protein 2; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; S1Plyase, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, SOCS, Suppressors of cytokine signaling protein 3; STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6; Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase; Tf-PEI, transferrin polyethylenimine; T h 2, T helper 2 cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor. After siRNA targeting, SOCS3 was intranasally administered to the lungs of chronic asthmatic mouse model [12] , the silencing of SOCS3 down-regulated the expression of T h 2 cell associated cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, leading to substantial reduction of airway inflammation, AHR as well as IgE production. cache = ./cache/cord-309722-04pp3lv0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309722-04pp3lv0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328266-bjs6ywlf author = Gunasekaran, Muthukumar title = Respiratory viral infection in lung transplantation induces exosomes that trigger chronic rejection date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4909 sentences = 251 flesch = 46 summary = CONCLUSIONS Circulating exosomes isolated from lung transplant recipients diagnosed with respiratory viral infections contained lung self-antigens, viral antigens, and 20S proteasome and elicited immune responses to lung self-antigens that resulted in development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction in immunized mice. Previously reported risk factors for CLAD include acute rejection, 4−6 cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis, 7 antibodies (Abs) to donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 8, 9 Abs to non-HLA lung-associated self-antigens (SAgs), 10−12 primary graft dysfunction, 13 and respiratory viral infections (RVIs). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RVI-induced allograft injury may induce circulating exosomes that contain donor HLA, SAgs, and viral antigens, which may activate donor-specific immune responses and increase the risk of CLAD. Col-V, collagen-V; Ka1T, K-alpha-1 tubulin; LTxR, lung transplant recipient; OD, optical density; RVI, respiratory viral infection; SAg, self-antigen. Exosomes isolated from serum samples of patients with RVI and from stable LTxRs were used to detect the presence of lung-associated SAgs and viral antigens using immunoblot. cache = ./cache/cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301935-0qjo94ty author = Varma, Ratna title = Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date = 2020-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10320 sentences = 515 flesch = 35 summary = Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. We then discuss the evolution of directed differentiation protocols to find opportunities for creating specific populations of airway and lung epithelia through targeted manipulation of key signaling pathways in 2D and 3D models. While the cell fate of early proximal and distal lineages is directed through chemical signals, the lung epithelium itself undergoes marked changes in architecture, a process known as branching morphogenesis [79, 92] . In the future, human PSC-derived lung tissue models have the potential to enable exploration of infection, disease and regeneration mechanisms of action to impact drug discovery and drug development, and further inform patient-specific drug selection. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature airway epithelia expressing functional CFTR protein cache = ./cache/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300124-voyjcjzw author = Soldati, Gino title = Reply to colorimetric triage for patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 702 sentences = 53 flesch = 43 summary = To the Editor: We thank Dr Antúnez Montes for his interesting proposal to link the colorimetric triage for patients with COVID-19 based on both POCUS findings and clinical parameters and our LUS scoring system and acquisition protocol together in a joint classification. In a pandemic context, patients admitted to the ED with nonspecific respiratory symptoms but suspected of COVID-19 should undergo an early LUS examination performed according to a standardized acquisition protocol and scoring system. 1 Patients should be kept isolated and hospitalized while waiting for virologic tests in cases with LUS findings suggestive of pulmonary involvement compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia: ie, the presence of areas with a score of 2 or 3 concurrently with altered intrapulmonary gas exchanges (yellow and red colorimetric triage). Proposal for international standardization of the use of lung ultrasound for patients with COVID-19: a simple, quantitative, reproducible method Lung ultrasonography for early management of patients with respiratory symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic cache = ./cache/cord-300124-voyjcjzw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300124-voyjcjzw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335382-fk4um9nw author = Farver, Carol F. title = Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 32320 sentences = 1613 flesch = 40 summary = When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] . cache = ./cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342150-dadc8whz author = Lindahl, Sten G. E. title = Using the prone position could help to combat the development of fast hypoxia in some patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2000 sentences = 110 flesch = 43 summary = Since ventilation distribution does not change between supine and prone positions, the higher expression of nitric oxide in dorsal lung vessels than in ventral vessels is likely to be the most important mechanism behind enhanced oxygenation in the prone position. • Gravity is only one variable responsible for ventilation/ perfusion matching and is executed in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, gas distribution and regulation of lung vascular tone. Based on this review, it is concluded that gravity is one of the variables responsible for V/Q matching, but in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, gas distribution and regulation of lung vascular tone. In view of the unchanged ventilation distribution of prone and supine, it currently seems that the most important mechanism is different regulation of lung vascularity in dorsal and ventral lung regions, due to expression of the potent vasodilator NO. cache = ./cache/cord-342150-dadc8whz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342150-dadc8whz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332650-05oz5zwz author = Fiorelli, Silvia title = Perspectives in surgical and anaesthetic management of lung cancer in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3273 sentences = 156 flesch = 38 summary = During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is relevant to consider carefully the lung cancer surgical centre to which patients are referred, taking into account the different levels of complexity of lung cancer management in terms of diagnostic processes and surgical indications. The following suggestions and perspectives are provided by a European high-volume referral centre where locally advanced lung cancer patients are treated surgically in a COVID-19 hospital that guarantees a COVID-free therapeutic pathway. Hence, we need a fast-track algorithm for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies ( Fig. 1A -C) to be used in patients with stage IA-IIIA lung cancer, to guide the use of computed tomography (CT) and fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans and the pretest risk of malignancy and cytological/histological diagnostic procedures ( Fig. 2A) . Although talc slurry is a viable choice for patients who are not suitable for thoracoscopy, video-assisted thoracic surgery procedures with talc poudrage are strongly indicated for patients with stage IV lung cancer even during the COVID-19 outbreak because of the significant qualityof-life improvement and the favourable benefit/risk ratio. cache = ./cache/cord-332650-05oz5zwz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332650-05oz5zwz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337789-pabaoiqs author = Oprinca, George-Călin title = Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis date = 2020-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4995 sentences = 282 flesch = 47 summary = This paper describes three autopsy cases with postmortem diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with detailed macroscopic examination as well as advanced microscopic studies of organ tissues collected using hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunohistochemical markers. Microscopic evaluation revealed viral cytopathic effect of type II pneumocytes with a couple of cells that presented cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions and who tend to form clusters mimicking multinucleated giant cells. This paper describes three autopsy cases with unknown cause of death, with full macroscopic examination as well as histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of collected organ tissues, including the lung from which reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) tests were made to determine SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microscopic examination of the pulmonary tissue revealed large areas of alveolar damage with destruction of the alveolar wall lining and intra-alveolar septa, marked vascular congestion, accompanied by intra-alveolar hemorrhage. cache = ./cache/cord-337789-pabaoiqs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337789-pabaoiqs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341472-29opvzrj author = Curley, Gerard F. title = Future therapies for ARDS date = 2014-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1547 sentences = 90 flesch = 39 summary = authors: Curley, Gerard F.; Laffey, John G. Despite more than 150 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of multiple potential therapies, the only interventions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that reduce mortality are those that minimize ventilator-induced lung injury [1] . In pre-clinical studies, heparin has been found to reduce alveolar fibrin deposition and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Interferon beta (IFN-b) increases endothelial expression of CD73, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, which in turn binds to pulmonary A2B receptors and exerts multiple protective effects in pre-clinical models. A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutarylcoenzyme a reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP Study) The effect of intravenous interferon-beta-1a (FP-1201) on lung CD73 expression and on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality: an open-label study Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study cache = ./cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353013-7cx0gnum author = DENG, Pengbo title = Bronchial Fistula: Rare Complication of Treatment with Anlotinib date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4357 sentences = 232 flesch = 57 summary = The six patients shared some common characteristics: advanced age, male, concurrent infection symptoms, diabetes mellitus (DM), advanced squamous cell and small cell lung cancers, centrally located tumors, tumor measuring ≥5 cm in longest diameter, and newly formed tumor cavitation after multi-line treatment especially after receiving radiotherapy. Case 2: A 63-year-old Chinese male smoker diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the right lung [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 19del, stage IVb] in 2016, with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) (poorly controlled), who successively received the following: four series of chemotherapy cycles with gemcitabine (GEM)+carboplatin (CBP); four months of targeted therapy (icotinib); 36 Gy (3 Gy×12 fractions) sequential radiation therapy on the lung tumor and mediastinal lymph node metastasis; and two chemotherapy cycles with paclitaxel (PTX); was started on anlotinib (orally, 12 mg once daily on day 1 to 14 of a 21-day cycle) in 2018 for four months. cache = ./cache/cord-353013-7cx0gnum.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353013-7cx0gnum.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336560-m5u6ryy9 author = Boudewijns, Robbert title = STAT2 signaling as double-edged sword restricting viral dissemination but driving severe pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters date = 2020-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5019 sentences = 308 flesch = 51 summary = Our results reveal the importance of STAT2-dependent interferon responses in the pathogenesis and virus control during SARS-CoV-2 infection and may help rationalizing new strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The lack of readily accessible serum markers or the absence of overt disease symptoms in hamsters prompted us to establish a non-invasive means to score for lung infection and SARS-CoV-2 induced lung disease by computed tomography (CT) as used in standard patient care to aid COVID-19 diagnosis with high sensitivity and monitor progression/recovery 7, 33, 35, 36 . Similar as in humans 37 , semiquantitative lung pathology scores were obtained from high-resolution chest micro-CT scans of freebreathing animals 38 The increase in replication of SARS-CoV-2 seen in IL28R-a -/hamsters, on one hand, combined with a tempered inflammatory response and lung injury as compared to WT hamsters, on the other hand, is in line with the role of type III IFN plays during respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-1 53 . cache = ./cache/cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317993-012hx4kc author = Movia, Dania title = Preclinical Development of Orally Inhaled Drugs (OIDs)—Are Animal Models Predictive or Shall We Move Towards In Vitro Non-Animal Models? date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6885 sentences = 369 flesch = 42 summary = SIMPLE SUMMARY: This commentary focuses on the methods currently available to test the efficacy and safety of new orally inhaled drugs for the treatment of uncurable respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis or lung cancer, prior to entering human experimentation. Inhalation is the preferred administration method for treating respiratory diseases [13] , as: (i) it delivers the drug directly at the site of action, resulting in a rapid therapeutic onset with considerably lower drug doses, (ii) it is painless and minimally invasive thus improving patients' compliance, and (iii) it avoids first-pass metabolism, providing optimal pharmacokinetic conditions for drug absorption and reducing systemic side effects [14] [15] [16] . In the context of OID preclinical testing, lung organoids can be used for modeling respiratory diseases and, therefore, as a platform for screening the efficacy of inhalation therapies [115, 116] . cache = ./cache/cord-317993-012hx4kc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317993-012hx4kc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355122-x3v80bdp author = Desterke, Christophe title = PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7873 sentences = 368 flesch = 43 summary = Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time, the involvement of the PPARγ complex in severe COVID-19 lung disease and suggest strongly its role in the major monocyte / macrophage-mediated inflammatory storm. A differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed on lung biopsies from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors; this revealed widespread repression of many gene pathways in COVID-19 lungs (Supplemental Figures 4A-4B) , which could affect major functionalities of the cells in this organ. Specifically, the gene-set enrichment analysis (performed using the 'hallmarks' gene set of the MsigDB database) highlighted repression of the mitosis spindle and p53 pathway (cell cycle gatekeeper) in samples of COVID-19 lungs compared to those of healthy donors (NES = -3.45 and -2.77, respectively, with p-value<0.001, Supplemental Figure 5A ). Mononuclear cells, monocytes, and macrophages were found in positions similar to the COVID-19 lung samples, suggesting major infiltrations in this tissue (Supplemental Figure 4E ) and confirming the results of the 'xcell' immune score analysis (Supplemental Figure 4C ). cache = ./cache/cord-355122-x3v80bdp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355122-x3v80bdp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349226-xzlc1pni author = Khatiwada, Saroj title = Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4312 sentences = 231 flesch = 35 summary = To date there is no direct evidence from human or animal studies on the role of lung microbiome in modifying COVID-19 disease; however, related studies support that microbiome can play an essential role in developing immunity against viral infections. The COVID-19 disease is caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 [4] . The COVID-19 disease begins with the invasion of lungs by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the major complications that develop subsequently are related to lung infection and immune response generation, therefore, lung microbiome might play an important role from initiation to the progression of this disease [16] . The SARS-CoV-2 viral infection occurs amid the local environment of diverse microbiota; therefore, it is apparent that lung microbiota can have an impact on the initiation, development, and progression of the COVID-19 disease. cache = ./cache/cord-349226-xzlc1pni.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349226-xzlc1pni.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334528-xenq90xj author = Chen, Hsing I title = Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date = 2011-03-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5307 sentences = 380 flesch = 37 summary = This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs cache = ./cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338070-y8zi8iz9 author = Liu, Wei title = Pharmacological inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by olaparib ameliorates influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4108 sentences = 234 flesch = 50 summary = This study aimed to explore the effects of PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib on IAV-induced lung injury and the underlying mechanisms. To the expectations, mice in the olaparib group showed higher survival rate compared with that in the IAV group in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that olaparib could powerfully protect against influenza virus challenge in by H&E staining and the quantitative analysis of histological changes in the lung tissues (e) (n = 8 for each group). The detection of cytokine/chemokine in BALF samples at day 6 post-infection showed that IL-6, MCP-1, G-CSF, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL3, and RANTES were remarkably increased in the IAV group compared with those in the control group, while olaparib treatment significantly reduced the abnormal increased levels of the above cytokine/chemokines, which was similar with the results obtained from lung tissue (Fig. 4a-h) . To explore the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of olaparib against IAV-induced injury to murine lungs, western blot was performed to detect the PARPs, the marker of apoptosis. cache = ./cache/cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344206-53g7yjf9 author = Ray, Archita title = A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2171 sentences = 154 flesch = 35 summary = title: A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases As ciliated airway epithelium and type 2 alveolar epithelia require intense energy for executing their key functions like ciliary beating and surfactant production, it is no surprise that defects in mitochondrial function in these cells could perturb lung homeostasis and engage in the pathophysiology of lung diseases. Thus, the regulation of mitochondrial calcium in lung epithelia seems to be critical in lung homeostasis and could be decisive in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases. All these indicate the feasible role of 182 mitochondria and mitochondrial calcium towards lung homeostasis. Mitochondria: at the crossroads of regulating lung epithelial cell 792 function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dysfunction of mitochondria Ca 2+ uptake in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial 799 cells Mitochondrial regulation of airway smooth 941 muscle functions in health and pulmonary diseases Mitochondrial dysfunction in the aged lung and COPD: A role 1006 for mitochondrial calcium cache = ./cache/cord-344206-53g7yjf9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344206-53g7yjf9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356174-40k6m7l0 author = Ducloyer, Mathilde title = Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations date = 2020-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2874 sentences = 176 flesch = 46 summary = A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) using a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Post-mortem virology studies detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1 lineage) in the nasopharynx, plasma, lung biopsies, pleural effusion and faeces confirming the persistence of viral ribonucleic acid 48 h after death. This case is one of the first to describe complete post-mortem data for a COVID-19 death and highlights the ability of PMCT to detect severe involvement of the lungs before autopsy in an apparently natural death. The present pathology results are concordant with previously reported findings and reinforce the disease pathogenesis hypothesis of combined viral replication with an inappropriate immune response. Concerning the post-mortem virology data, this case demonstrated that RNA from SARS-CoV-2 was still detectable in blood, faeces, the lungs and the upper airways more than 48 h after death. cache = ./cache/cord-356174-40k6m7l0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356174-40k6m7l0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352532-xqphom6x author = Papanikolaou, Ilias C title = 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3341 sentences = 207 flesch = 41 summary = The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. cache = ./cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348672-e34103b1 author = Zhang, Jiaqi title = Postoperative Short-term Outcomes Between Sublobar Resection and Lobectomy in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3250 sentences = 188 flesch = 42 summary = Before PSM, there were statistically significant differences in age (p=0.015), hospitalization costs (p=0.042), lymphadenectomy (p=0.000), pathological staging (p=0.000), number of lymph nodes removed (p=0.000), number of positive lymph nodes (p=0.034), chest drainage duration (p=0.000), total chest drainage (p=0.000), length of postoperative hospital stays (p=0.000), postoperative D-dimer level (p=0.030) and perioperative lymphocyte margin (LM) (p=0.003) between sublobar resection and lobectomy. Whether with PSM analysis or not, there were no significant differences in other blood test results, such as inflammation indicators, postoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin level, perioperative activity of daily living (ADL) scale scoring margin, complications, postoperative admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and readmission within 30 days. 21, 22 Our study suggested that patients showed similar clinical outcomes in postoperative complications, postoperative admission to ICU, ADL scale scores margin, and readmission within 30 days among different lung resections. cache = ./cache/cord-348672-e34103b1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348672-e34103b1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308071-1bk3xuwf author = Lang, Christian title = Lung transplantation for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in a PCR-positive patient date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2432 sentences = 128 flesch = 46 summary = Herein, we report the first case of lung transplantation for a patient with a persistently positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time RT-PCR test result. This decision was based on the following considerations: (1) virus culture was negative and real-time RT-PCR Ct values were high; (2) it was more than 5 weeks since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 infection; (3) no alternative treatment options were available; (4) the case was a single-organ failure in a young patient; (5) it was a preseptic condition originating from the lungs; and (6) there were no other obvious barriers for long-term recovery. To our knowledge, available evidence for lung transplant ation in COVID-19 is limited to two preliminary reports from China, suggesting that this treatment might be an option for SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative patients. 11, 12 The case we present here extends the reports from China by showing that lung transplantation can be done in patients with positive RT-PCR results, provided that Vero cell cultures confirm non-infectivity. cache = ./cache/cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343842-2klytw6c author = Takamura, Shiki title = Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cells date = 2017-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10329 sentences = 427 flesch = 44 summary = This review will focus primarily on influenza and parainfluenza virus infections and discuss recent insights into the course of CD8 + T RM cell establishment in the lung interstitium/ parenchyma and airways, from initial priming, to tissue migration, local differentiation, and maintenance. This influx (3-5 days) is a part of acute response during respiratory virus infections (44) , and antigen-nonspecific memory CD8 + T cells recruited to the lung airways provide ''innate'' protection (64) . Nevertheless, the lack of CCR5 alone has essentially no impact on the active recruitment of expanded antigen-specific effector CD8 + T cells to the lung (5-10 days) (30, 66) , suggesting the redundancy of signals through various inflammatory chemokine receptors in this process. Cutting edge: antigen is not required for the activation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 + T cells in the lung airways cache = ./cache/cord-343842-2klytw6c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343842-2klytw6c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313431-swkcdvx8 author = Becerra-Diaz, Mireya title = Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14972 sentences = 789 flesch = 40 summary = The opposite effects seen in different inflammatory contexts highlight the need for a deeper and broader study of the androgen/ARmediated modulation of monocytes and macrophages, as these cells participate in both the initial and late phases of immune responses in a variety of diseases. Studies of androgen receptor function in human monocytes and macrophages have focused primarily on the roles of male sex and sex hormones in promoting atherosclerotic foam cell formation (196) and inhibiting cutaneous wound healing (186, 215) . There is a paucity of literature regarding how introducing or depleting exogenous sex hormones (such as in female-to-male transgender individuals receiving testosterone supplementation or women with estrogen blockade) affects the function of blood monocytes and lung macrophages in men and women with asthma. Modulation of monocyte and macrophage function mediated by the interaction of androgen and AR has been examined mostly by correlative studies in humans following lifespan changes in sex hormones or using hormonal manipulation in mouse models of lung disease. cache = ./cache/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323566-jck799zq author = Cheung, Oi-Yee title = Acute Lung Injury date = 2017-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8311 sentences = 630 flesch = 39 summary = Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a histologic pattern of acute lung injury with a clinical presentation similar to that of classic DAD, in terms of both potential etiologic disorders and outcome. 104 Histologically, the disease is characterized by acute and organizing lung injury showing classic features (Fig. 6.34 ) of (1) alveolar septal edema, (2) eosinophilic airspace macrophages, (3) tissue and airspace eosinophils in variable numbers, and (4) marked reactive atypia of alveolar type II cells (eSlide 6.5). Considerations in the differential diagnosis include infection, connective tissue disease, acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), drug effect, and other causes of DAD. cache = ./cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322756-ouvn71r9 author = Chow, Michael Y.T. title = Inhaled RNA Therapy: From Promise to Reality date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7283 sentences = 454 flesch = 44 summary = Studies investigating RNA therapeutics in pulmonary diseases have rapidly expanded and drug administration by inhalation allows the direct delivery of RNA therapeutics to the target site of action while minimizing systemic exposure. Interestingly, it has been known for over a decade that naked RNA, including both siRNA and mRNA, can be transfected in the lung following pulmonary delivery, as shown in many in vivo studies [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . Both studies demonstrated a gene-silencing effect of the powder formulations in lung tissues following intratracheal administration in mouse models of lung cancer, taking these delivery systems one step closer to clinical application. To take advantage of this phenomenon, pulmonary surfactant and surfactant protein B-coated dextran-based nanoparticles were developed for siRNA delivery, with successful gene-silencing effects observed in healthy mice and in a model of acute lung injury (ALI), respectively, following pulmonary administration [29, 69] (Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-322756-ouvn71r9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322756-ouvn71r9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329066-9xo5zztv author = Yuan, Kai title = FGL2 is positively correlated with enhanced antitumor responses mediated by T cells in lung adenocarcinoma date = 2020-03-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5139 sentences = 293 flesch = 47 summary = A high expression level of FGL2 was correlated with better prognostic outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma patients, including overall survival and progression-free survival. Thus, we propose that high FGL2 expression, which is positively associated with enhanced antitumor activities mediated by T cells, is a beneficial marker for lung adenocarcinoma treatment outcomes. We used the TIMER database to explore the correlation between immune cell infiltration and FGL2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma. GO analysis indicated that FGL2-correlated genes were enriched in the immune response, the adaptive immune response, the positive regulation of T cell proliferation, the positive regulation of interferon-gamma production, the positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production, T cell activation, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, T cell costimulation, T cell differentiation, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent, etc (Fig. 4A) . cache = ./cache/cord-329066-9xo5zztv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329066-9xo5zztv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023211-kt5gt26t author = nan title = Poster Session Abstracts date = 2007-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 221224 sentences = 11772 flesch = 52 summary = Previous studies performed using fluorescence halide efflux measurements and short-circuit current voltage clamp have shown that treatment with PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) agonists, such as pioglitazone and FLL (FMOC-L-leucine), resulted in an increased biosynthesis and trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the cell surface. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Recent progress in the development of small molecule correctors and potentiators capable of restoring CFTR function have increased the need for pre-clinical test models including cultured airway epithelial cells from human CF patients as well as CF mouse models. Clinical studies have linked increased sputum and peripheral blood neutrophil MPO activity with increased airflow obstruction in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of the same age, gender, airway bacterial flora, and CFTR genotype. Because patients expressing low levels of normal CFTR mRNA (5-20%) have mild disease symptoms, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of the ciliated cell-specific FOXJ1 promoter into gene therapy vectors may be useful for treatment of CF. cache = ./cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-005228-187d3pxz cord-016659-26zz8kaw cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-334528-xenq90xj cord-355122-x3v80bdp Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-000295-ft5wl70x cord-000492-ec5qzurk cord-000307-iv18eiap cord-000254-bufbjdmw cord-001473-aki28lhp cord-003558-7lvqpz21 cord-002627-3jwu4pf2 cord-001117-llb4f74a cord-004405-l5rif2lu cord-003655-uo0hdrgc cord-001945-ueccexxc cord-005476-q6o5239w cord-004092-wb150n8w cord-005228-187d3pxz cord-005774-7z6uyn6p cord-005573-mryrl1s1 cord-006289-2k8c22u8 cord-005941-e4fvj54l cord-006605-tsk3pakb cord-006676-a21tdgns cord-009983-naht0ik6 cord-010078-8lkkez3n 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cord-353013-7cx0gnum cord-341472-29opvzrj cord-349226-xzlc1pni cord-317993-012hx4kc cord-336560-m5u6ryy9 cord-338070-y8zi8iz9 cord-344206-53g7yjf9 cord-356174-40k6m7l0 cord-352532-xqphom6x cord-348672-e34103b1 cord-308071-1bk3xuwf cord-023509-tvqpv6fp cord-016009-qa7bcsbu cord-355122-x3v80bdp cord-322756-ouvn71r9 cord-329066-9xo5zztv cord-343842-2klytw6c cord-323566-jck799zq cord-334528-xenq90xj cord-310840-h49dx92d cord-023216-avn8f2w3 cord-313431-swkcdvx8 cord-335597-anrzcsrt cord-335382-fk4um9nw cord-017248-a37t31u1 cord-026005-f2khcjdy cord-023211-kt5gt26t Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-023211-kt5gt26t cord-023509-tvqpv6fp cord-008510-mnpu27kl cord-023509-tvqpv6fp cord-001945-ueccexxc cord-006700-df8ard9o number of items: 160 sum of words: 1,626,718 average size in words: 10,917 average readability score: 43 nouns: lung; patients; cells; disease; cell; infection; study; treatment; lungs; asthma; airway; fibrosis; pneumonia; expression; injury; function; results; studies; tissue; children; cases; cancer; protein; mice; inflammation; data; diagnosis; years; levels; therapy; response; role; changes; time; syndrome; infections; type; virus; blood; diseases; age; risk; analysis; patient; effects; transplantation; gene; macrophages; chest; group verbs: used; increased; showed; including; associated; induced; causes; seen; following; compared; reduced; found; suggesting; reported; developed; identified; demonstrated; occurs; based; lead; resulted; performed; related; required; determined; provided; involved; improve; decrease; measured; indicates; describes; observed; affecting; treat; assessed; known; mediated; remains; detected; produce; expressed; characterized; present; considering; make; supported; containing; inhaled; predicting adjectives: pulmonary; respiratory; acute; clinical; human; high; chronic; inflammatory; severe; non; alveolar; common; epithelial; small; significant; specific; important; normal; immune; different; early; viral; interstitial; cystic; positive; lower; low; primary; many; first; large; bronchial; present; higher; bacterial; similar; anti; several; pleural; therapeutic; single; multiple; new; possible; systemic; recent; major; potential; cellular; vascular adverbs: also; however; well; significantly; often; usually; therefore; commonly; even; respectively; particularly; recently; previously; especially; still; less; clinically; highly; furthermore; generally; currently; prior; mainly; frequently; approximately; rapidly; relatively; now; directly; typically; potentially; rather; moreover; together; first; predominantly; later; primarily; sometimes; poorly; almost; rarely; probably; finally; widely; alone; much; likely; least; strongly pronouns: it; we; their; our; its; they; i; them; he; his; she; us; her; itself; one; you; themselves; your; my; him; imagej; himself; me; linc00520; ourselves; mrnas; mg; i-; em; ≥200; α1-pdx; z8lw8nc6; who; u; strains).260.2; stockley.451; s; predicted(range; pdcs; p110a; p)ppgpp; ours; or=0.12; nsclcs; iu/; il13ra2; il-8; il-1β; icam-2; https://github.com/cdesterke/volacanoimmune proper nouns: CF; CFTR; COPD; Fig; ARDS; T; CT; •; Lung; SARS; RNA; FEV1; C; II; COVID-19; CD8; LPS; ALI; A; PCR; airways; siRNA; mg; SP; FEV; TB; IL-6; IPF; IV; CMV; ILD; TNF; CoV-2; USA; HIV; B; AIDS; Hospital; P.; IL-8; Pseudomonas; uenza; University; TGF; bronchoalveolar; L; BAL; ATP; RSV; Fibrosis keywords: lung; patient; cell; pulmonary; copd; disease; ards; study; sars; respiratory; covid-19; infection; asthma; ali; rna; result; increase; fev1; acute; transplant; pneumonia; il-6; fibrosis; drug; delivery; airway; pcr; osa; lps; ipf; asm; tumor; treatment; transplantation; cmv; cftr; cd8; cause; alveolar; uip; type; tgf; stem; rejection; recipient; pbs; macrophage; ild; human; hospital one topic; one dimension: lung file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001429/ titles(s): Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in the lung three topics; one dimension: patients; lung; lung file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167830/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121759/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590920301016 titles(s): Poster Session Abstracts | Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions | The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future five topics; three dimensions: lung pulmonary may; lung patients asthma; lung cells cell; patients cftr cells; lung cells pulmonary file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121759/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169210/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7131473/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167830/, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 titles(s): Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions | Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management | The Regulation of Pulmonary Immunity | Poster Session Abstracts | Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment Type: cord title: keyword-lung-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 18:07 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:lung ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-010994-1ynel55w author: Abe, Kyoko title: Nicorandil, a K(ATP) Channel Opener, Attenuates Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Isolated Rat Lungs date: 2020-02-21 words: 3600.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010994-1ynel55w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010994-1ynel55w.txt summary: Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether nicorandil reduces the risk of IR injury in an isolated buffer perfused rat lung model, and whether nicorandil''s beneficial effects are a result of its K ATP channel opener properties and nitric oxide production, or are attributable to activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. (1) nicorandil administration before ischemia ameliorated increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability after IR in isolated rat lung preparations; (2) the protective effects of nicorandil against IR lung injury was blocked by glibenclamide as a K ATP channel blocker and ODQ as a sGC inhibitor. [6] , isoflurane-sevoflurane administration before ischemia attenuated IR injury without a significant PVR change in isolated rat lungs which was similar to the results in the present study. These results suggest that the protective effects of nicorandil after IR lung injury can be explained by the activation of a K ATP channel opener as well as that of the sGC-cGMP pathway. abstract: PURPOSE: Nicorandil is a hybrid between nitrates and K(ATP) channel opener activators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nicorandil’s effects on ischemia–reperfusion (IR) lung injury and examine the mechanism of its effects. METHODS: Isolated rat lungs were divided into 6 groups. In the sham group, the lungs were perfused and ventilated for 150 min. In the IR group, after perfusion and ventilation for 30 min, they were interrupted (ischemia) for 60 min, and then resumed for 60 min. In the nicorandil (N) + IR group, nicorandil 6 mg was added before ischemia (nicorandil concentration was 75 µg ml(−1)). In the glibenclamide + N + IR group, the L-NAME (N(ω)-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) + N + IR group and ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one) + N + IR group, glibenclamide 3 µM, L-NAME 100 µM, and ODQ 30 µM were added 5 min before nicorandil administration, respectively. We measured the coefficient of filtration (Kfc) of the lungs, total pulmonary vascular resistance, and the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (WW/DW ratio). RESULTS: Kfc was significantly increased after 60 min reperfusion compared with baseline in the IR group, but no change in the sham group. An increase in Kfc was inhibited in the N + IR group compared with the IR group (0.92 ± 0.28 vs. 2.82 ± 0.68 ml min(−1) mmHg(−1) 100 g(−1); P < 0.01). Also, nicorandil attenuated WW/DW ratio was compared with IR group (8.3 ± 0.41 vs. 10.9 ± 2.5; P < 0.05). Nicorandil’s inhibitory effect was blocked by glibenclamide and ODQ (P < 0.01), but not by L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS: Nicorandil attenuated IR injury in isolated rat lungs. This protective effect appears to involve its activation as K(ATP) channel opener as well as that of the sGC-cGMP pathway. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223246/ doi: 10.1007/s00408-020-00339-0 id: cord-006676-a21tdgns author: Abul, H. title: Levels of IL-8 and myeloperoxidase in the lungs of pneumonia patients date: 2001 words: 3622.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006676-a21tdgns.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006676-a21tdgns.txt summary: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is considered as the major polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) chemoattractant cytokine in lung diseases such as asthma and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The level of IL-8 mRNA, protein and myeloperoxidase present in the cells of the bronchioalveolar lavages (BALs) taken from the areas of known pneumonic consolidations on chest X-ray (infected lung) are compared with the BALs obtained from areas of no obvious infiltrate (non-infected lung). Therefore this study is designed to measure the site-specific increase in the level of IL-8 in the lung of patients with bacterial pneumonia as compared to that of the non-smoking control group. The level of IL-8 mRNA and protein present in the BAL obtained from subsegmental bronchi of experimental and control group of patients were determined by RT-PCR assay and enzyme immunoassay respectively. In this study we also determined the level of myeloperoxidase activity in the cells collected from 1 ml of BAL each from the infected and non-infected lung. abstract: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is considered as the major polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) chemoattractant cytokine in lung diseases such as asthma and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, controversial results were obtained regarding the involvement of IL-8 in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. This study examines the role of IL-8 in the recruitment and activation of PMNs in the lung of pneumonia patients. The interesting aspect of this study is that it is a site- specific analysis of the infected and uninfected lungs of the same patient. The level of IL-8 mRNA, protein and myeloperoxidase present in the cells of the bronchioalveolar lavages (BALs) taken from the areas of known pneumonic consolidations on chest X-ray (infected lung) are compared with the BALs obtained from areas of no obvious infiltrate (non-infected lung). The results obtained from the infected and non-infected lungs of pneumonic patients were further compared with that of a control group of non-smoking patients. The level of IL-8 mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and ELISA respectively. There was a significant increase in the level of IL-8 mRNA in the infected lung as compared to its level in the non-infected lung (p < 0.001). In correlation with the increase in mRNA, IL-8 protein concentrations in BAL fluids from the infected lung were 6 fold higher than those taken from the non-infected lung (p < 0.0001). This pattern was also consistent with MPO activity in the BALs (4.5 fold more MPO activity in the infected lung as compared to that of the non-infected lung), indicating that IL-8 is directly implicated in neutrophil accumulation that follows acute respiratory infection. The results of the present study, therefore, indicate the involvement of IL-8 in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102223/ doi: 10.1023/a:1007264411006 id: cord-016790-by7cxz1g author: Ahuja, Jitesh title: Imaging of Lung Transplantation date: 2018-04-24 words: 3295.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016790-by7cxz1g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016790-by7cxz1g.txt summary: Significant advances in imaging techniques and recognition of air trapping in exhalation images and other patterns /distribution of parenchymal abnormalities have led to routine use of HRCT for diagnostic evaluation in patients manifesting respiratory decline in the lung transplant recipient. Pneumothorax is the most common pleural complication [7] Airway anastomotic complications should be suspected if pneumothorax persists or enlarges after the early postoperative period (>7 days after transplantation). Pleural effusion is also a common complication secondary to increased capillary permeability and impaired lymphatic drainage of the allograft lung during the early postoperative period ( Fig. 19 .5a, b). Viral infections can predispose lung transplant recipients to a b Fig. 19.16 (a, b) obliterative bronchiolitis [18, 19] , a manifestation of chronic rejection. It usually occurs 6 months after transplantation, and risk factors include prior episodes of recurrent acute rejection or infections, particularly CMV pneumonia. abstract: Lung transplantation has become a viable treatment option for end-stage lung disease. Common indications for lung transplantation are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Either single or bilateral lung transplantation can be performed, but bilateral lung recipients appear to have a better median survival than single lung recipients. Complications after lung transplantation are common and may have nonspecific clinical and radiologic manifestations. The time point at which these complications occur relative to the date of transplant is crucial in formulating a differential diagnosis and recognizing them accurately. Significant advances in imaging techniques and recognition of air trapping in exhalation images and other patterns /distribution of parenchymal abnormalities have led to routine use of HRCT for diagnostic evaluation in patients manifesting respiratory decline in the lung transplant recipient. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121182/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_19 id: cord-288371-uyj4iske author: Arrieta, Oscar title: Recommendations for detection, prioritization, and treatment of thoracic oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The THOCOoP cooperative group date: 2020-06-20 words: 6664.0 sentences: 382.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288371-uyj4iske.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288371-uyj4iske.txt summary: Long-term Follow-up on NRG Oncology RTOG 0915 (NCCTG N0927): A Randomized Phase 2 Study Comparing 2 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Schedules for Medically Inoperable Patients With Stage I Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Durvalumab plus platinum–etoposide versus platinum–etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Phase III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG 2597): induction chemotherapy followed by either standard thoracic radiotherapy or hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy for patients with unresectable stage IIIA and B non-small-cell lung cancer Usefulness of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in evaluating response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced non small-cell lung cancer: a prospective cohort study Randomized phase III trial of single-agent pemetrexed versus carboplatin and pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 Carboplatin-or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: the COCIS meta-analysis of individual patient data abstract: The world currently faces a pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2. Relevant information has emerged regarding the higher risk of poor outcomes in lung cancer patients. As such, lung cancer patients must be prioritized in terms of prevention, detection and treatment. On May 7th, 45 experts in thoracic cancers from 11 different countries were invited to participate. A core panel of experts regarding thoracic oncology care amidst the pandemic gathered virtually, and a total of 60 initial recommendations were drafted based on available evidence. By May 16th, 44 experts had agreed to participate, and voted on each recommendation using a Delphi panel on a live voting event. Consensus was reached regarding the recommendations (>66% strongly agree/agree) for 57 questions. Strong consensus (>80% strongly agree/agree) was reached for 45 questions. Patients with lung cancer represent a particularly vulnerable population during this time. Special care must be taken to maintain treatment while avoiding exposure. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1040842820301712 doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103033 id: cord-257114-pxmflm2c author: BURGUETE, SERGIO R. title: Lung transplant infection date: 2012-12-26 words: 11389.0 sentences: 648.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt summary: This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. Resistant Gramnegative organisms pose perhaps the greatest risk, and some studies suggest an association between pretransplant colonizing organisms from patients with suppurative lung disease and pneumonias following LT. A Cochrane Review comparing prophylaxis in different groups of solid organ transplant patients with antivirals versus placebo or no treatment showed a significant reduction in disease (relative risk 0.42), infection (relative risk 0.61), mortality from CMV disease (relative risk 0.26) and allcause mortality (relative risk 0.63). 114 In general, the choice for antifungal prophylaxis depends, in part, on the presence of specific risk factors such as colonization with Aspergillus, presence of airway stents or ischaemia, single lung transplantation, CMV infection, hypogammaglobulinaemia or treatment of acute rejection. abstract: Lung transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic procedure for the treatment of end‐stage pulmonary parenchymal and vascular disease. Despite improved survival rates over the decades, lung transplant recipients have lower survival rates than other solid organ transplant recipients. The morbidity and mortality following lung transplantation is largely due to infection‐ and rejection‐related complications. This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. The epidemiology, diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment and outcomes for the different microbial pathogens will be reviewed. The effects of infection on lung transplant rejection will also be discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591266/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02196.x id: cord-276927-rxudwp2v author: Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title: Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2012-08-23 words: 7991.0 sentences: 374.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt summary: Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Incorporation of modified risk factors such as acute increase of respiratory rate, presence of tachypnea, detection of pulse oximeter desaturation, increased necessity of oxygen supplementation, presence of low pH, acidosis, or hypoxemia in an arterial blood gas sample in clinical practice can improve the clinicians'' ability to perform early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in ARDS [17] . abstract: This paper, based on relevant literature articles and the authors' clinical experience, presents a goal-oriented respiratory management for critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that can help improve clinicians' ability to care for these patients. Early recognition of ARDS modified risk factors and avoidance of aggravating factors during hospital stay such as nonprotective mechanical ventilation, multiple blood products transfusions, positive fluid balance, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and gastric aspiration can help decrease its incidence. An early extensive clinical, laboratory, and imaging evaluation of “at risk patients” allows a correct diagnosis of ARDS, assessment of comorbidities, and calculation of prognostic indices, so that a careful treatment can be planned. Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Revaluation of ARDS patients on the third day of evolution (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), biomarkers and response to infection therapy) allows changes in the initial treatment plans and can help decrease ARDS mortality. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/952168 doi: 10.1155/2012/952168 id: cord-012884-56z95uca author: Bargagli, Elena title: Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date: 2020-08-07 words: 6485.0 sentences: 322.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012884-56z95uca.txt summary: These findings suggest that oxidative stress and iron metabolic disorder create positive feedback, promoting the progression of fibrosis (Table 1 ; Figure 2 Studies on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, also used in IPF therapy [67] , have shown that HIF-1α expression not only influences glycolytic activity, but also mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation under hypoxic conditions [61] . Curiously, it has been reported that the first-line antidiabetic drug metformin exerts potent antifibrotic effects by modulating metabolic pathways, activating PPAR-γ signalling, inhibiting TGF-β, suppressing collagen formation and inducing lipogenic differentiation in lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients [79] , but unfortunately it does not have clinically relevant outcomes in patients [80] . Leptin levels are reported to be elevated in serum and correlated with the severity of lung fibrosis, since leptin significantly promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, decreases autophagosome formation, inhibits the lipidation of LC3I to LC3II, and up-regulates the expression of p62 by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [88] involved in the onset and development of IPF (Figure 3) . abstract: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibroproliferative disorder limited to the lung. New findings, starting from our proteomics studies on IPF, suggest that systemic involvement with altered molecular mechanisms and metabolic disorder is an underlying cause of fibrosis. The role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IPF has not been extensively studied, despite a recent surge of interest. In particular, our studies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), the hypoxia/oxidative stress response, and changes in iron and lipid metabolism are involved in onset of IPF. These processes appear to interact in an intricate manner and to be related to different fibrosing pathologies not directly linked to the lung environment. The disordered metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and hormones has been documented in lung, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Correcting these metabolic alterations may offer a new strategy for treating fibrosis. This paper focuses on the role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IPF and is a continuation of our previous studies, investigating metabolic dysregulation as a new target for fibrosis therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7461042/ doi: 10.3390/ijms21165663 id: cord-252810-rko3e5va author: Basil, Maria C. title: The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date: 2020-04-02 words: 14828.0 sentences: 678.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt summary: Recent transcriptional interrogation of the distal epithelium in IPF identified activation of cell stress and senescence pathways, and murine modeling of AT2 cell dysfunction from expression of either mutant SFTPC, loss of telomere function, and increased mechanical tension have provided in vivo proof of concept that disruption of AT2 cell homeostasis is a driver of lung fibrosis (Katzen et An emerging hypothesis of IPF pathogenesis is that the dysfunctional AT2 cell loses its facultative progenitor capacity creating a regenerative void for lung repair. Importantly, these cellular trajectory models require experimental validation either in the form of cell-type-specific genetic lineage tracing in mice or the use of cellular barcoding strategies in non-murine systems such as was performed in a recent study to predict the differentiation of lung epithelial progenitors from pluripotent stem cells (Hurley et al., 2020) . abstract: The respiratory system, which includes the trachea, airways, and distal alveoli, is a complex multi-cellular organ that intimately links with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange. In this review and as members of the NIH/NHLBI-supported Progenitor Cell Translational Consortium, we discuss key aspects of lung repair and regeneration. We focus on the cellular compositions within functional niches, cell-cell signaling in homeostatic health, the responses to injury, and new methods to study lung repair and regeneration. We also provide future directions for an improved understanding of the cell biology of the respiratory system, as well as new therapeutic avenues. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590920301016 doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.009 id: cord-313431-swkcdvx8 author: Becerra-Diaz, Mireya title: Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung date: 2020-08-07 words: 14972.0 sentences: 789.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt summary: The opposite effects seen in different inflammatory contexts highlight the need for a deeper and broader study of the androgen/ARmediated modulation of monocytes and macrophages, as these cells participate in both the initial and late phases of immune responses in a variety of diseases. Studies of androgen receptor function in human monocytes and macrophages have focused primarily on the roles of male sex and sex hormones in promoting atherosclerotic foam cell formation (196) and inhibiting cutaneous wound healing (186, 215) . There is a paucity of literature regarding how introducing or depleting exogenous sex hormones (such as in female-to-male transgender individuals receiving testosterone supplementation or women with estrogen blockade) affects the function of blood monocytes and lung macrophages in men and women with asthma. Modulation of monocyte and macrophage function mediated by the interaction of androgen and AR has been examined mostly by correlative studies in humans following lifespan changes in sex hormones or using hormonal manipulation in mouse models of lung disease. abstract: Androgens, the predominant male sex hormones, drive the development and maintenance of male characteristics by binding to androgen receptor (AR). As androgens are systemically distributed throughout the whole organism, they affect many tissues and cell types in addition to those in male sexual organs. It is now clear that the immune system is a target of androgen action. In the lungs, many immune cells express ARs and are responsive to androgens. In this review, we describe the effects of androgens and ARs on lung myeloid immune cells—monocytes and macrophages—as they relate to health and disease. In particular, we highlight the effect of androgens on lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung fibrosis. We also discuss the therapeutic use of androgens and how circulating androgens correlate with lung disease. In addition to human studies, we also discuss how mouse models have helped to uncover the effect of androgens on monocytes and macrophages in lung disease. Although the role of estrogen and other female hormones has been broadly analyzed in the literature, we focus on the new perspectives of androgens as modulators of the immune system that target myeloid cells during lung inflammation. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698 id: cord-004405-l5rif2lu author: Bleyer, Martina title: Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (Callithrix jacchus) date: 2017-03-01 words: 3877.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004405-l5rif2lu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004405-l5rif2lu.txt summary: Especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental marmoset studies. Histopathological examination of lung tissue from toxicological and experimental studies requires detailed knowledge of the spectrum of spontaneously occur-ring lung pathology of this laboratory animal species to identify possible drug-induced or disease-associated pulmonary lesions and to distinguish these from species-specific background lesions. (2009) also performed a retrospective study on the spontaneous pathology of common marmosets including the morphological diagnoses of pneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary extramedullary hematopoiesis, and lymphosarcoma in the lungs. abstract: Data on spontaneous pathology are substantially scarce for common marmosets, compared to other laboratory animals, but is essential for the interpretation of histological findings in the context of toxicological and experimental studies. Especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. In this study, lung tissue of 638 common marmosets from the marmoset colony of the German Primate Center was examined histologically. The analysis revealed a high incidence of predominantly mild and multifocal interstitial pneumonia (32.99 %) of unknown etiology in most cases. Only few marmosets exhibited lobar pneumonia (1.41 %) and bronchopneumonia (0.94), which were mainly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lung immaturity and atelectasis were common histological findings in newborn marmosets. Typical background lesions included anthracosis (8.15 %), hemosiderosis (1.72 %), extramedullary hematopoiesis (11.6 %), mineralization (10.97 %), and inflammatory cell foci (10.34 %). In addition, three cases of pulmonary arteriopathy (0.47 %) and 1 case of foreign-body granuloma (0.16 %) were detected in the marmoset study cohort. The high prevalence of circulatory disturbances (congestion, edema, hemorrhage) and changes in air content (secondary atelectasis, alveolar emphysema) could partly be explained by euthanasia-related artifacts or agonal changes. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental marmoset studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041528/ doi: 10.5194/pb-4-17-2017 id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh author: Bosma, Karen J. title: Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date: 2012-09-19 words: 14516.0 sentences: 721.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt summary: [47] Although both of these studies were conducted prior to the 1994 AECC definition, ARDS was strictly defined in the aforementioned studies, including a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <150 or intrapulmonary shunt >20% in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and who had diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph without clinical evidence of heart failure as pulmonary arterial occlusion pressures were <18 mmHg. Building on the results of these two studies, Sinuff and colleagues [48] developed practice guidelines for prophylactic ketoconazole use, and tested the implementation and efficacy of these guidelines in two ICUs (one control and one active comparator). [119] A phase II study enrolling 98 patients with ALI compared an antioxidant enteral feeding formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid, g-linolenic acid and antioxidant vitamins with placebo, and observed improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary inflammation, fewer days of mechanical ventilation and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures in the treatment arm, although there was no difference in mortality between this approach and the control group. abstract: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arises from direct and indirect injury to the lungs and results in a life-threatening form of respiratory failure in a heterogeneous, critically ill patient population. Critical care technologies used to support patients with ARDS, including strategies for mechanical ventilation, have resulted in improved outcomes in the last decade. However, there is still a need for effective pharmacotherapies to treat ARDS, as mortality rates remain high. To date, no single pharmacotherapy has proven effective in decreasing mortality in adult patients with ARDS, although exogenous surfactant replacement has been shown to reduce mortality in the paediatric population with ARDS from direct causes. Several promising therapies are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials for treatment of ARDS in its acute and subacute, exudative phases. These include exogenous surfactant therapy, β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, antioxidants, immunomodulating agents and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Recent research has also focused on prevention of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress in patients at risk. Drugs such as captopril, rosiglitazone and incyclinide (COL-3), a tetracycline derivative, have shown promising results in animal models, but have not yet been tested clinically. Further research is needed to discover therapies to treat ARDS in its late, fibroproliferative phase. Given the vast number of negative clinical trials to date, it is unlikely that a single pharmacotherapy will effectively treat all patients with ARDS from differing causes. Future randomized controlled trials should target specific, more homogeneous subgroups of patients for single or combination therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568833/ doi: 10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000 id: cord-009764-m9flptcv author: Bossé, Ynuk title: The Strain on Airway Smooth Muscle During a Deep Inspiration to Total Lung Capacity date: 2019-01-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The deep inspiration (DI) maneuver entices a great deal of interest because of its ability to temporarily ease the flow of air into the lungs. This salutary effect of a DI is proposed to be mediated, at least partially, by momentarily increasing the operating length of airway smooth muscle (ASM). Concerningly, this premise is largely derived from a growing body of in vitro studies investigating the effect of stretching ASM by different magnitudes on its contractility. The relevance of these in vitro findings remains uncertain, as the real range of strains ASM undergoes in vivo during a DI is somewhat elusive. In order to understand the regulation of ASM contractility by a DI and to infer on its putative contribution to the bronchodilator effect of a DI, it is imperative that in vitro studies incorporate levels of strains that are physiologically relevant. This review summarizes the methods that may be used in vivo in humans to estimate the strain experienced by ASM during a DI from functional residual capacity (FRC) to total lung capacity (TLC). The strengths and limitations of each method, as well as the potential confounders, are also discussed. A rough estimated range of ASM strains is provided for the purpose of guiding future in vitro studies that aim at quantifying the regulatory effect of DI on ASM contractility. However, it is emphasized that, owing to the many limitations and confounders, more studies will be needed to reach conclusive statements. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164505/ doi: 10.1115/1.4042309 id: cord-336560-m5u6ryy9 author: Boudewijns, Robbert title: STAT2 signaling as double-edged sword restricting viral dissemination but driving severe pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters date: 2020-07-02 words: 5019.0 sentences: 308.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336560-m5u6ryy9.txt summary: Our results reveal the importance of STAT2-dependent interferon responses in the pathogenesis and virus control during SARS-CoV-2 infection and may help rationalizing new strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The lack of readily accessible serum markers or the absence of overt disease symptoms in hamsters prompted us to establish a non-invasive means to score for lung infection and SARS-CoV-2 induced lung disease by computed tomography (CT) as used in standard patient care to aid COVID-19 diagnosis with high sensitivity and monitor progression/recovery 7, 33, 35, 36 . Similar as in humans 37 , semiquantitative lung pathology scores were obtained from high-resolution chest micro-CT scans of freebreathing animals 38 The increase in replication of SARS-CoV-2 seen in IL28R-a -/hamsters, on one hand, combined with a tempered inflammatory response and lung injury as compared to WT hamsters, on the other hand, is in line with the role of type III IFN plays during respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-1 53 . abstract: Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19, the world is being shaken to its core with numerous hospitalizations and hundreds of thousands of deaths. In search for key targets of effective therapeutics, robust animal models mimicking COVID-19 in humans are urgently needed. Here, we show that productive SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of mice is limited and restricted by early type I interferon responses. In contrast, we show that Syrian hamsters are highly permissive to SARS- CoV-2 and develop bronchopneumonia and a strong inflammatory response in the lungs with neutrophil infiltration and edema. Moreover, we identify an exuberant innate immune response as a key player in pathogenesis, in which STAT2 signaling plays a dual role, driving severe lung injury on the one hand, yet restricting systemic virus dissemination on the other. Finally, we assess SARS-CoV- 2-induced lung pathology in hamsters by micro-CT alike used in clinical practice. Our results reveal the importance of STAT2-dependent interferon responses in the pathogenesis and virus control during SARS-CoV-2 infection and may help rationalizing new strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.23.056838 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.23.056838 id: cord-000307-iv18eiap author: Capelozzi, Vera Luiza title: Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure date: 2010-12-17 words: 3986.0 sentences: 243.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000307-iv18eiap.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000307-iv18eiap.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Cases of H1N1 and other pulmonary infections evolve to acute respiratory failure and death when co‐infections or lung injury predominate over the immune response, thus requiring early diagnosis to improve treatment. 6 Swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can cause severe acute respiratory failure (ARF), requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) in 15-30% of previously healthy young to middle-aged people. 14 Thus, pathological findings obtained by an OLB, coupled to ultrastructural and immunologic analysis, may have an impact on decisions about changes in treatment strategies employed for these critically ill patients, and also provide a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of S-OIV infection. The objective of this study was to analyze pathologically and ultrastructurally S-OIV lung infection and the pulmonary immune response in a series of five cases with OLB. This case series documents for the first time the pathological and ultrastructural findings of lung tissue from five patients admitted to the ICU with ARF and S-OIV infection who were submitted to OLB. abstract: BACKGROUND: Cases of H1N1 and other pulmonary infections evolve to acute respiratory failure and death when co‐infections or lung injury predominate over the immune response, thus requiring early diagnosis to improve treatment. OBJECTIVE: To perform a detailed histopathological analysis of the open lung biopsy specimens from five patients with ARDS with confirmed H1N1. METHODS: Lung specimens underwent microbiologic analysis, and examination by optical and electron microscopy. Immunophenotyping was used to characterize macrophages, natural killer, T and B cells, and expression of cytokines and iNOS. RESULTS: The pathological features observed were necrotizing bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, alveolar hemorrhage and abnormal immune response. Ultrastructural analysis showed viral‐like particles in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Viral‐like particles can be successfully demonstrated in lung tissue by ultrastructural examination, without confirmation of the virus by RT‐PCR on nasopharyngeal aspirates. Bronchioles and epithelium, rather than endothelium, are probably the primary target of infection, and diffuse alveolar damage the consequence of the effect of airways obliteration and dysfunction on innate immunity, suggesting that treatment should be focused on epithelial repair. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3020331/ doi: 10.1590/s1807-59322010001200003 id: cord-287622-xnksvy21 author: Carpagnano, Giovanna E title: Aspergillus spp. colonization in exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia Region of Italy date: 2014-02-18 words: 2990.0 sentences: 150.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287622-xnksvy21.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287622-xnksvy21.txt summary: Given the recent interest in the infective origin of lung cancer, with this preliminary study we aim to give our small contribution to this field of research by analysing the fungal microbiome of the exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia, a region of Italy. METHODS: We enrolled 43 lung cancer patients and 21 healthy subjects that underwent exhaled breath condensate and bronchial brushing collection. Among these studies, one emerging from our group recently analysed viral colonization in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, involving a sample from airways that is completely non-invasive and apparently suitable for microbiological studies ( [2] , unpublished data). For the first time to our knowledge, we tested fungal microbioma of exhaled breath condensate and paired bronchial brushing of patients with diagnosed lung cancer and of healthy subjects and in 27.9% of lung cancer patients we detected the presence of mold (Aspergillus niger, A. abstract: BACKGROUND: Airways of lung cancer patients are often colonized by fungi. Some of these colonizing fungi, under particular conditions, produce cancerogenic mycotoxins. Given the recent interest in the infective origin of lung cancer, with this preliminary study we aim to give our small contribution to this field of research by analysing the fungal microbiome of the exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia, a region of Italy. METHODS: We enrolled 43 lung cancer patients and 21 healthy subjects that underwent exhaled breath condensate and bronchial brushing collection. The fungal incidence and nature of sample collected were analysed by using a selected media for Aspergillus species. RESULTS: For the first time we were able to analyse the fungal microbioma of the exhaled breath condensate. 27.9% of lung cancer patients showed a presence of Aspergillus niger, or A. ochraceus or Penicillium ssp. while none of the healthy subjects did so. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed the high percentage of fungal colonization of the airways of lung cancer patients from Puglia, suggesting the need to conduct further analyses in this field in order to evaluate the exact pathogenetic role of these fungi in lung cancer as well as to propose efficient, empirical therapy. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-14-22 doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-22 id: cord-265658-wjqezs0v author: Carranza-Rosales, Pilar title: Modeling tuberculosis pathogenesis through ex vivo lung tissue infection date: 2017-09-12 words: 3239.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265658-wjqezs0v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265658-wjqezs0v.txt summary: Several in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been used to study TB pathogenesis and induction of immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Precision cut lung tissue slices (PCLTS) is an experimental model, in which all the usual cell types of the organ are found, the tissue architecture and the interactions amongst the different cells are maintained. PCLTS in good physiological conditions, monitored by MTT assay and histology, were infected with either virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the TB vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Lung tissue slices have been used for toxicity studies [3] , biotransformation [4] , metabolism of xenobiotics [5] , and to study infectious agents like coronavirus [6] , retrovirus [7] , influenza and parainfluenza viral strains [2,8e12] , viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex [13, 14] , respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and only one bacteria Chlamydophila pneumonia [15] . abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been used to study TB pathogenesis and induction of immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Precision cut lung tissue slices (PCLTS) is an experimental model, in which all the usual cell types of the organ are found, the tissue architecture and the interactions amongst the different cells are maintained. PCLTS in good physiological conditions, monitored by MTT assay and histology, were infected with either virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the TB vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Histological analysis showed that bacilli infecting lung tissue slices were observed in the alveolar septa, alveolar light spaces, near to type II pneumocytes, and inside macrophages. Mycobacterial infection of PCLTS induced TNF-α production, which is consistent with previous M. tuberculosis in vitro and in vivo studies. This is the first report of using PCLTS as a system to study M. tuberculosis infection. The PCLTS model provides a useful tool to evaluate the innate immune responses and other aspects during the early stages of mycobacterial infection. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1472979217301324 doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.09.002 id: cord-258362-6qk2brax author: Chang, A.B. title: Diagnosing and preventing chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis() date: 2010-12-04 words: 5448.0 sentences: 331.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258362-6qk2brax.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258362-6qk2brax.txt summary: 8, 9 In this paper, we discuss the limitations of current diagnostic criteria, precursors of bronchiectasis and the evidence (albeit limited) on why children with protracted bronchitis, suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis require vigilant medical follow-up and appropriate therapies. Prior to the ''diagnosis'' of ''idiopathic bronchiectasis'' being made on the basis of a HRCT scan, the patient (children and adults) may have been labelled as having recurrent viral infections, asthma, and/or chronic bronchitis. A study from Scotland 45 described that respiratory disease in early life was associated with a higher risk in adulthood of chronic productive cough, dyspnoea and doctor diagnosis of asthma, bronchitis or emphysema (adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.40 to 6.95 for these outcomes). Despite the known importance of exacerbations in most chronic respiratory diseases (e.g. asthma, 62,73 COPD 74 ) data are scarce for the triggers, definitions, associated clinical features and evidence for treatment of bronchiectasis in both children and adults. abstract: Current diagnostic labelling of childhood bronchiectasis by radiology has substantial limitations. These include the requirement for two high resolution computerised tomography [HRCT] scans (with associated adversity of radiation) if criteria is adhered to, adoption of radiological criteria for children from adult data, relatively high occurrence of false negative, and to a smaller extent false positive, in conventional HRCT scans when compared to multi-detector CT scans, determination of irreversible airway dilatation, and absence of normative data on broncho-arterial ratio in children. A paradigm presenting a spectrum related to airway bacteria, with associated degradation and inflammation products causing airway damage if untreated, entails protracted bacterial bronchitis (at the mild end) to irreversible airway dilatation with cystic formation as determined by HRCT (at the severe end of the spectrum). Increasing evidence suggests that progression of airway damage can be limited by intensive treatment, even in those predestined to have bronchiectasis (eg immune deficiency). Treatment is aimed at achieving a cure in those at the milder end of the spectrum to limiting further deterioration in those with severe ‘irreversible’ radiological bronchiectasis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526054210001028 doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2010.10.008 id: cord-016659-26zz8kaw author: Chen, Feng title: Influenza date: 2016-06-23 words: 4127.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016659-26zz8kaw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016659-26zz8kaw.txt summary: Chest X-ray demonstrates mainly interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, initially with poorly defined thickening of the lung markings, predominantly both lower lung field significantly; increased density of the lung markings resembling to GGO. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia mainly as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, early with poorly defined but enhanced lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lung fields. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, with initial radiological signs of enhanced but poorly defined lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lungs. CT scan demonstrates uniform shaped consolidations with lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular and patches of opacity in different sizes along bronchical bundle as well as lobular atelectasis or focal emphysema. CT scan demonstrates consolidations with uniform shape and lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular or patches of opacities of different sizes along bronchial bundles as well as lobular atelectasis and focal emphysema. abstract: Influenza, abbreviated as flu, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which is mainly spread along with droplets with strong infectivity. The influenza virus may cause epidemics or pandemics of influenza and its incidence ranks the first among legally listed infectious diseases. The prevalence of influenza peaks in autumns and winters, with short illness course and self limitation. However, influenza can be complicated by pneumonia or other serious complications that may cause death in populations of infants, young children, the elderly, those with underlying heart and lung disease and those with compromised immunity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121016/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_8 id: cord-334528-xenq90xj author: Chen, Hsing I title: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date: 2011-03-17 words: 5307.0 sentences: 380.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt summary: This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be associated with various disorders. Recent investigation has involved clinical studies in collaboration with clinical investigators and pathologists on the pathogenetic mechanisms of ALI or ARDS caused by various disorders. This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783284/ doi: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044 id: cord-006452-mmdk2xom author: Chen, Jing title: Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases date: 2018-10-18 words: 6605.0 sentences: 361.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt summary: Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) . abstract: Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. The susceptibility of nucleic acids to degradation and the complex structure of lungs retard the effective pulmonary delivery of nucleic acid drug. To overcome these barriers, different strategies have been exploited to increase the delivery efficiency using chemically synthesized nucleic acids, vector encapsulation, proper formulation, and administration route. However, several limitations regarding off-target effects and immune stimulation of nucleic acid drugs hamper their translation into the clinical practice. Therefore, their successful clinical application will ultimately rely on well-developed carriers and methods to ensure safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. The latest advances of nucleic acid drugs under clinical evaluation to treat pulmonary disorders will also be detailed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101845/ doi: 10.1208/s12249-018-1183-0 id: cord-001473-aki28lhp author: Chen, Qi Xing title: Silencing airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin exacerbates sepsis-induced acute lung injury date: 2014-08-06 words: 4507.0 sentences: 258.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001473-aki28lhp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001473-aki28lhp.txt summary: The knockdown of airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin aggravated the polymicrobial sepsis-induced lung injury and pulmonary bacterial infection and increased mortality (53.33% in Ad-shHepc1-treated mice versus 12.5% in Ad-shNeg-treated mice, P <0.05). The severe lung injury in the airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin knockdown mice is at least partially related to the altered intracellular iron level and function of alveolar macrophages. These results demonstrated that in the current study the intratracheal administration of Ad-shHepc1 only silenced the hepcidin gene transcription in AECs, which was in accordance with previous studies that adenovirus-mediated intratracheal gene delivery specifically inhibited targeted gene expression in lung epithelial cells but not in alveolar macrophages and other organs [29, 30] . The current study explored the role of AEC-derived hepcidin in polymicrobial sepsis-induced ALI, which is at least partially related to the altered intracellular iron level and function of alveolar macrophages. abstract: INTRODUCTION: The production of antimicrobial peptides by airway epithelial cells is an important component of the innate immune response to pulmonary infection and inflammation. Hepcidin is a β-defensin-like antimicrobial peptide and acts as a principal iron regulatory hormone. Hepcidin is mostly produced by hepatocytes, but is also expressed by other cells, such as airway epithelial cells. However, nothing is known about its function in lung infections and inflammatory diseases. We therefore sought to investigate the role of airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. METHODS: Acute lung injury was induced by polymicrobial sepsis via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. Adenovirus-mediated short hairpin RNA specific for the mouse hepcidin gene hepc1 and control adenovirus were intratracheally injected into mice. The adenovirus-mediated knockdown of hepcidin in airway epithelial cells was evaluated in vivo. Lung injury and the seven-day survival rate were assessed. The levels of hepcidin-related iron export protein ferroportin were measured, and the iron content and function of alveolar macrophages were evaluated. RESULTS: The hepcidin level in airway epithelial cells was upregulated during polymicrobial sepsis. The knockdown of airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin aggravated the polymicrobial sepsis-induced lung injury and pulmonary bacterial infection and increased mortality (53.33% in Ad-shHepc1-treated mice versus 12.5% in Ad-shNeg-treated mice, P <0.05). The knockdown of hepcidin in airway epithelial cells also led to reduced ferroportin degradation and a low intracellular iron content in alveolar macrophages. Moreover, alveolar macrophages form the airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin knockdown mice showed impaired phagocytic ability than those from the control mice. CONCLUSIONS: Airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin plays an important role in CLP-induced acute lung injury. The severe lung injury in the airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin knockdown mice is at least partially related to the altered intracellular iron level and function of alveolar macrophages. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243715/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0470-8 id: cord-295156-trzkb9ne author: Cheong, Dorothy H.J. title: Anti-malarial drug, artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of respiratory diseases date: 2020-05-13 words: 6272.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295156-trzkb9ne.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295156-trzkb9ne.txt summary: Artemisinins can regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote cell cycle arrest, drive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce Bak or Bax-dependent or independent apoptosis. Artemisinins can regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote cell cycle arrest, drive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce Bak or Bax-dependent or independent apoptosis. The apoptotic effects of artemisinins and its derivatives are largely observed in lung cancer cell lines and have been found to induce both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis (Table 3) . Tong and colleagues observed that artemisinin, DHA and artesunate were all able to reduce tumour growth in an A549-induced mouse xenograft model via inhibition of the Wnt-5a/b/β-catenin signaling pathway [22] . Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells abstract: Artemisinins are sesquiterpene lactones with a peroxide moiety that are isolated from the herb Artemisia annua. It has been used for centuries for the treatment of fever and chills, and has been recently approved for the treatment of malaria due to its endoperoxidase properties. Progressively, research has found that artemisinins displayed multiple pharmacological actions against inflammation, viral infections, and cell and tumour proliferation, making them effective against diseases. Moreover, it has displayed a relatively safe toxicity profile. The use of artemisinins against different respiratory diseases has been investigated in lung cancer models and inflammatory-driven respiratory disorders. These studies revealed the ability of artemisinins in attenuating proliferation, inflammation, invasion, and metastasis, and in inducing apoptosis. Artemisinins can regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote cell cycle arrest, drive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce Bak or Bax-dependent or independent apoptosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive update of the current knowledge of the effects of artemisinins in relation to respiratory diseases to identify gaps that need to be filled in the course of repurposing artemisinins for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In addition, we postulate whether artemisinins can also be repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19 given its anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104901 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104901 id: cord-323566-jck799zq author: Cheung, Oi-Yee title: Acute Lung Injury date: 2017-11-05 words: 8311.0 sentences: 630.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt summary: Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a histologic pattern of acute lung injury with a clinical presentation similar to that of classic DAD, in terms of both potential etiologic disorders and outcome. 104 Histologically, the disease is characterized by acute and organizing lung injury showing classic features (Fig. 6.34 ) of (1) alveolar septal edema, (2) eosinophilic airspace macrophages, (3) tissue and airspace eosinophils in variable numbers, and (4) marked reactive atypia of alveolar type II cells (eSlide 6.5). Considerations in the differential diagnosis include infection, connective tissue disease, acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), drug effect, and other causes of DAD. abstract: A wide variety of insults can produce acute lung damage, inclusive of those that injure the lungs directly. The clinical syndrome of acute onset respiratory distress, dyspnea, and bilateral infiltrates is referred to as acute respiratory distress syndrome. The histologic counterpart of acute respiratory distress syndrome is diffuse alveolar damage, classically characterized by hyaline membranes. Other histologic features of acute lung injury include intraalveolar fibrin, organization, interstitial edema, and reactive pneumocytes. Diffuse alveolar damage and other histologic features of acute lung injury are nonspecific as to etiology, and once identified require the pathologist to search the biopsy for further features that may help identify a specific etiology. This chapter reviews the temporal sequence of acute lung injury and explores the large variety of specific etiologic causes with emphasis on helpful histologic features to identify. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323442848000065 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5 id: cord-322756-ouvn71r9 author: Chow, Michael Y.T. title: Inhaled RNA Therapy: From Promise to Reality date: 2020-09-04 words: 7283.0 sentences: 454.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322756-ouvn71r9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322756-ouvn71r9.txt summary: Studies investigating RNA therapeutics in pulmonary diseases have rapidly expanded and drug administration by inhalation allows the direct delivery of RNA therapeutics to the target site of action while minimizing systemic exposure. Interestingly, it has been known for over a decade that naked RNA, including both siRNA and mRNA, can be transfected in the lung following pulmonary delivery, as shown in many in vivo studies [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . Both studies demonstrated a gene-silencing effect of the powder formulations in lung tissues following intratracheal administration in mouse models of lung cancer, taking these delivery systems one step closer to clinical application. To take advantage of this phenomenon, pulmonary surfactant and surfactant protein B-coated dextran-based nanoparticles were developed for siRNA delivery, with successful gene-silencing effects observed in healthy mice and in a model of acute lung injury (ALI), respectively, following pulmonary administration [29, 69] (Table 1) . abstract: RNA-based medicine is receiving growing attention for its diverse roles and potential therapeutic capacity. The largest obstacle in its clinical translation remains identifying a safe and effective delivery system. Studies investigating RNA therapeutics in pulmonary diseases have rapidly expanded and drug administration by inhalation allows the direct delivery of RNA therapeutics to the target site of action while minimizing systemic exposure. In this review, we highlight recent developments in pulmonary RNA delivery systems with the use of nonviral vectors. We also discuss the major knowledge gaps that require thorough investigation and provide insights that will help advance this exciting field towards the bedside. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165614720301802 doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.08.002 id: cord-006289-2k8c22u8 author: Chu, Shi-Jye title: Systemic Administration of FC-77 Dampens Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats date: 2013-06-27 words: 4296.0 sentences: 246.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006289-2k8c22u8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006289-2k8c22u8.txt summary: Systemic administration of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) reportedly attenuates acute lung injury induced by acid aspiration and phorbol myristate acetate. TNF-α and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations in perfusate samples and MDA concentration and MPO activities in lung tissues were also significantly increased. As shown in Fig. 6 , MDA concentration and MPO activity in lung tissues significantly increased in the IR group compared with those in the control group (P< 0.05). In this study, we demonstrated that pretreatment with FC-77 had beneficial effects on IR-induced increases in PAP, K f , lung weight gain, LW/BW ratio, W/D lung ratio, protein concentration in BALF, and TNF-α and CINC-1 concentrations in perfusate; and MDA concentration, MPO activity, and neutrophil infiltration in lung tissues. These results are in agreement with recent findings of decreased neutrophil accumulation, MPO activity, and oxidative damage in lung tissues by systemic PFC administration in a rat lung injury model [15] . abstract: Systemic administration of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) reportedly attenuates acute lung injury induced by acid aspiration and phorbol myristate acetate. However, the effects of PFCs on ischemia–reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury have not been investigated. Typical acute lung injury was induced in rats by 60 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion in isolated and perfused rat lung model. Rat lungs were randomly assigned to receive PBS (control), 1 % FC-77, IR only, or IR with different doses of FC-77 (0.1 %, 0.5 %, or 1 %). Subsequently, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), perfusate, and lung tissues were collected to evaluate the degree of lung injury. IR caused a significant increase in the following parameters: pulmonary arterial pressure, capillary filtration coefficient, lung weight gain, lung weight/body weight ratio, wet/dry lung weight ratio, and protein concentration in BALF. TNF-α and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations in perfusate samples and MDA concentration and MPO activities in lung tissues were also significantly increased. Histopathology showed increased septal thickness and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues. Furthermore, NF-κB activity was significantly increased in the lungs. However, pretreatment with 1 % FC-77 prior to IR significantly attenuated the increases in these parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that systemic FC-77 administration had a protective effect on IR-induced acute lung injury. These protective mechanisms may have been mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB activation and attenuation of subsequent inflammatory response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101555/ doi: 10.1007/s10753-013-9678-z id: cord-000254-bufbjdmw author: Clement, Annick title: Interstitial lung diseases in children date: 2010-08-20 words: 15049.0 sentences: 819.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt summary: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children represents a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality (around 15%) [1, 2] . These disorders, more prevalent in young children, include diffuse developmental disorders, lung growth abnormalities, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, surfactant dysfunction disorders, disorders related to systemic diseases, disorders of immunocompromised host, and disorders of normal host caused by various insults such as aspiration syndrome or infections [8] . Several studies in the adult literature have reported an increased incidence of EBV and CMV infection in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, associated with virus DNA-positive lung tissue biopsies in several cases [147] . abstract: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. These disorders are characterized by inflammatory and fibrotic changes that affect alveolar walls. Typical features of ILD include dyspnea, diffuse infiltrates on chest radiographs, and abnormal pulmonary function tests with restrictive ventilatory defect and/or impaired gas exchange. Many pathological situations can impair gas exchange and, therefore, may contribute to progressive lung damage and ILD. Consequently, diagnosis approach needs to be structured with a clinical evaluation requiring a careful history paying attention to exposures and systemic diseases. Several classifications for ILD have been proposed but none is entirely satisfactory especially in children. The present article reviews current concepts of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology and diagnostic approaches, as well as therapeutic strategies. The following diagnostic grouping is used to discuss the various causes of pediatric ILD: 1) exposure-related ILD; 2) systemic disease-associated ILD; 3) alveolar structure disorder-associated ILD; and 4) ILD specific to infancy. Therapeutic options include mainly anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and/or anti-fibrotic drugs. The outcome is highly variable with a mortality rate around 15%. An overall favorable response to corticosteroid therapy is observed in around 50% of cases, often associated with sequelae such as limited exercise tolerance or the need for long-term oxygen therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939531/ doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 id: cord-009766-mdmqcvww author: Comerford, Andrew title: Structured Tree Impedance Outflow Boundary Conditions for 3D Lung Simulations date: 2010-08-01 words: 6330.0 sentences: 365.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009766-mdmqcvww.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009766-mdmqcvww.txt summary: In this paper, we develop structured tree outflow boundary conditions for modeling the airflow in patient specific human lungs. Furthermore, simulations of a hypothetical diseased lung (restricted flow in the superior left lobe) under mechanical ventilation show that the mean pressure at the outlets of the 3D domain is about 28% higher. This hypothetical model illustrates potential causes of volutrauma in the human lung and furthermore demonstrates how different clinical scenarios can be studied without the need to assume the unknown flow distribution into the downstream region. Due to the acceleration periods and high frequency oscillations, the mechanical ventilation is expected to lead to different flow and pressure dynamics due to the considerably higher slew rates. In Fig. 6 , the spatial pressure distribution is compared for the two different boundary conditions: traction free ͑up to seven generation model͒ and impedance ͑seven generation model plus up to 13 generations of the 1D tree depending on the outlet size͒. abstract: In this paper, we develop structured tree outflow boundary conditions for modeling the airflow in patient specific human lungs. The utilized structured tree is used to represent the nonimageable vessels beyond the 3D domain. The coupling of the two different scales (1D and 3D) employs a Dirichlet–Neumann approach. The simulations are performed under a variety of conditions such as light breathing and constant flow ventilation (which is characterized by very rapid acceleration and deceleration). All results show that the peripheral vessels significantly impact the pressure, however, the flow is relatively unaffected, reinforcing the fact that the majority of the lung impedance is due to the lower generations rather than the peripheral vessels. Furthermore, simulations of a hypothetical diseased lung (restricted flow in the superior left lobe) under mechanical ventilation show that the mean pressure at the outlets of the 3D domain is about 28% higher. This hypothetical model illustrates potential causes of volutrauma in the human lung and furthermore demonstrates how different clinical scenarios can be studied without the need to assume the unknown flow distribution into the downstream region. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164507/ doi: 10.1115/1.4001679 id: cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author: Corrin, Bryan title: Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date: 2011-03-02 words: 42576.0 sentences: 2457.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt summary: As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term ''acute silicosis'' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms ''accelerated silicosis'' or ''cellular phase silicosis'' have been substituted for ''acute silicosis'' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170212/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 id: cord-286771-77hs34jm author: Cruces, Pablo title: A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-08-10 words: 5933.0 sentences: 314.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt summary: Protective lowtidal volume (Vt) mechanical ventilation (MV), including delivering a physiologic low Vt adjusted by ideal body weight, is currently the standard of care for patients requiring invasive respiratory support, like moderate and severe ARDS. Additionally, we found a significant progression of regional Fig. 2 Regional volumetric strain maps in a 3-h murine model of patient self-inflicted lung injury randomized to two groups: Group I: subjects with induced lung injury on low tidal volume mechanical ventilation at the beginning of the experiment (T1) and at the end of the experiment (T3) (upper left and right panels). Ventilation-induced lung injury exists in spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory failure: yes Can high-flow nasal cannula reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure compared with conventional oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?: a systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: Deterioration of lung function during the first week of COVID-19 has been observed when patients remain with insufficient respiratory support. Patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI) is theorized as the responsible, but there is not robust experimental and clinical data to support it. Given the limited understanding of P-SILI, we describe the physiological basis of P-SILI and we show experimental data to comprehend the role of regional strain and heterogeneity in lung injury due to increased work of breathing. In addition, we discuss the current approach to respiratory support for COVID-19 under this point of view. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03197-7 doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03197-7 id: cord-341472-29opvzrj author: Curley, Gerard F. title: Future therapies for ARDS date: 2014-12-04 words: 1547.0 sentences: 90.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt summary: authors: Curley, Gerard F.; Laffey, John G. Despite more than 150 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of multiple potential therapies, the only interventions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that reduce mortality are those that minimize ventilator-induced lung injury [1] . In pre-clinical studies, heparin has been found to reduce alveolar fibrin deposition and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Interferon beta (IFN-b) increases endothelial expression of CD73, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, which in turn binds to pulmonary A2B receptors and exerts multiple protective effects in pre-clinical models. A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutarylcoenzyme a reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP Study) The effect of intravenous interferon-beta-1a (FP-1201) on lung CD73 expression and on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality: an open-label study Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472571/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-014-3578-z id: cord-353013-7cx0gnum author: DENG, Pengbo title: Bronchial Fistula: Rare Complication of Treatment with Anlotinib date: 2020-10-20 words: 4357.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353013-7cx0gnum.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353013-7cx0gnum.txt summary: The six patients shared some common characteristics: advanced age, male, concurrent infection symptoms, diabetes mellitus (DM), advanced squamous cell and small cell lung cancers, centrally located tumors, tumor measuring ≥5 cm in longest diameter, and newly formed tumor cavitation after multi-line treatment especially after receiving radiotherapy. Case 2: A 63-year-old Chinese male smoker diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the right lung [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 19del, stage IVb] in 2016, with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) (poorly controlled), who successively received the following: four series of chemotherapy cycles with gemcitabine (GEM)+carboplatin (CBP); four months of targeted therapy (icotinib); 36 Gy (3 Gy×12 fractions) sequential radiation therapy on the lung tumor and mediastinal lymph node metastasis; and two chemotherapy cycles with paclitaxel (PTX); was started on anlotinib (orally, 12 mg once daily on day 1 to 14 of a 21-day cycle) in 2018 for four months. abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Anlotinib is a newly developed small molecule multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that was approved for the treatment of patients with lung cancer in China. We aim to report 3 cases of rare complication of anlotinib-bronchial fistula (BF) during the treatment of lung cancer patients and summarize the possible causes. METHODS: We collected three patients who developed BF due to anlotinib treatment, and conducted a search of Medline and PubMed for medical literature published between 2018 and 2020 using the following search terms: "anlotinib, " "lung cancer, " and "fistula." RESULTS: Our literature search produced two case reports (three patients) which, in addition to our three patients. We collated the patients' clinical characteristics including demographic information, cancer type, imaging features, treatment received, risk factors for anlotinib related BF, and treatment-related outcomes. The six patients shared some common characteristics: advanced age, male, concurrent infection symptoms, diabetes mellitus (DM), advanced squamous cell and small cell lung cancers, centrally located tumors, tumor measuring ≥5 cm in longest diameter, and newly formed tumor cavitation after multi-line treatment especially after receiving radiotherapy. Fistula types included broncho-pericardial fistula, broncho-pleural fistula, and esophago-tracheobronchial fistula. Six patients all died within 6 months. CONCLUSION: Although anlotinib is relatively safe, it is still necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of BF, a rare treatment side effect that threatens the quality of life and overall survival of patients. Anlotinib, therefore, requires selective use and close observation of high-risk patients. url: https://doi.org/10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.40 doi: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.40 id: cord-018659-rxzy6k3b author: Danziger-Isakov, Lara title: Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date: 2018-01-08 words: 6901.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt summary: cenocepacia has been associated with increased posttransplant mortality (relative risk 8.4) with one study reporting 1-year survival of 29% compared to 92% in those uninfected and is considered by many centers as a contraindication to transplant (Shoham and Shah 2013) . Risk factors for invasive disease include ischemia at the anastomosis site, single lung transplant, hypogammaglobulinemia, placement of bronchial stent, CMV infection, and colonization (Robertson et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients should include input from an infectious diseases specialist particularly regarding drug choice and dosage. Epidemiology and Risk Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and particularly lung transplant recipients are at increased risk of medical complications and mortality when acquiring common respiratory viral infections (Manuel et al. There are no other vaccines available for the prevention of respiratory infection in most pediatric lung transplant recipients. Posttransplant, infections remain a significant factor causing both morbidity and mortality in pediatric lung transplant recipients. abstract: Infectious complications cause significant acute morbidity and mortality after pediatric lung transplantation. With the lung graft in direct communication with the environment, it is susceptible to a variety of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Appreciation for pretransplant risk factors in addition to perioperative and posttransplant exposures is necessary to anticipate, diagnose, and treat infections in this population. Further, epidemiologic associations between infection and chronic allograft dysfunction have been reported and suggest consequences of infectious events may have substantial impact. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123596/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07284-5_71 id: cord-003558-7lvqpz21 author: Davies, Patrick title: Clinical Scenarios of the Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography in Paediatric Intensive Care date: 2019-03-29 words: 4016.0 sentences: 240.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003558-7lvqpz21.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003558-7lvqpz21.txt summary: We present the clinical use of EIT in six conditions: Asthma, Ventilation weaning and expansion recoil, Sequential Lobar Collapse, Targeted Physiotherapy, Pleural Effusion assessment, and PEEP optimisation. Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a radiation-free functional modality that enables bedside imaging and monitoring of lung function and expansion. It has been used in various clinical settings including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), establishing the best positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] , the response of the lungs to recruitment manoeuvres [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] and trying to minimize areas of collapse and hyperinflation 6, 17 . Clinical interest in this method has been driven by the need for bedside monitoring of the dynamics of the lungs and the effects of ventilatory manoeuvres, including changes in ventilator settings, suctioning, chest drains, positioning and physiotherapy. Clinical interest in this method has been driven by the need for bedside monitoring of the dynamics of the lungs and the effects of ventilatory manoeuvres, including changes in ventilator settings, suctioning, chest drains, positioning and physiotherapy. abstract: EIT is a radiation-free functional modality that enables bedside imaging and monitoring of lung function and expansion. Clinical interest in this method has been driven by the need for bedside monitoring of the dynamics of the lungs and the effects of ventilatory manoeuvres, including changes in ventilator settings, suctioning, chest drains, positioning and physiotherapy. We aimed to describe the use of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) as a clinical tool in a tertiary Paediatric Intensive Care unit. Children requiring intensive care with a variety of clinical conditions had an electrode belt with 16 electrodes wrapped around the chest, which sequentially applied a small alternating current from each electrode pair. The signal gives information on both real time, regional, global, and relative data. With the correct application, and understanding of the monitor, much clinical information can be gained, with potentially significant patient benefit. We present the clinical use of EIT in six conditions: Asthma, Ventilation weaning and expansion recoil, Sequential Lobar Collapse, Targeted Physiotherapy, Pleural Effusion assessment, and PEEP optimisation. Screenshots and analyses are offered displaying the pragmatic use of this technology. Electrical Impedance Tomography is a clinically useful tool on the Paediatric Intensive Care unit. It allows monitoring of a patient’s respiratory function in ways which are not possible through any other means. An understanding of respiratory physiology will allow use of this information to improve patient outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441075/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41774-1 id: cord-290677-3gdcyrrz author: De Virgiliis, Francesco title: Lung innervation in the eye of a cytokine storm: neuroimmune interactions and COVID-19 date: 2020-08-25 words: 6108.0 sentences: 278.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290677-3gdcyrrz.txt summary: In line with these findings, virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in humans seems to be mediated by the vagus nerve 53 , raising the possibility that the dyspnoea and respiratory failure observed in patients with severe COVID-19 is exacerbated by neuroimmune crosstalk in the lungs. A plausible hypothesis is that these NAMs act in concert with neuronal cells to control inflammation, and that malfunctioning of this system in older or immunocompromised people could contribute to the cytokine storm and ARDS in patients with severe COVID-19 or other respiratory virus infections. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, specific tissueresident macrophages that are involved in modulating inflammation following viral infection are in close contact with vagal fibres innervating the lungs, and this ''neuroimmune synapse'' could be one of the keys to controlling aberrant inflammation in patients with severe COVID-19. abstract: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has caused a global pandemic. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common feature of severe forms of COVID-19 and can lead to respiratory failure, especially in older individuals. The increasing recognition of the neurotropic potential of SARS-CoV-2 has sparked interest in the role of the nervous system in respiratory failure in people with COVID-19. However, the neuroimmune interactions in the lung in the context of ARDS are poorly understood. In this Perspectives article, we propose the concept of the neuroimmune unit as a critical determinant of lung function in the context of COVID-19, inflammatory conditions and ageing, focusing particularly on the involvement of the vagus nerve. We discuss approaches such as neurostimulation and pharmacological neuromodulation to reduce tissue inflammation with the aim of preventing respiratory failure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32843733/ doi: 10.1038/s41582-020-0402-y id: cord-355122-x3v80bdp author: Desterke, Christophe title: PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19 date: 2020-09-25 words: 7873.0 sentences: 368.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355122-x3v80bdp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355122-x3v80bdp.txt summary: Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time, the involvement of the PPARγ complex in severe COVID-19 lung disease and suggest strongly its role in the major monocyte / macrophage-mediated inflammatory storm. A differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed on lung biopsies from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors; this revealed widespread repression of many gene pathways in COVID-19 lungs (Supplemental Figures 4A-4B) , which could affect major functionalities of the cells in this organ. Specifically, the gene-set enrichment analysis (performed using the ''hallmarks'' gene set of the MsigDB database) highlighted repression of the mitosis spindle and p53 pathway (cell cycle gatekeeper) in samples of COVID-19 lungs compared to those of healthy donors (NES = -3.45 and -2.77, respectively, with p-value<0.001, Supplemental Figure 5A ). Mononuclear cells, monocytes, and macrophages were found in positions similar to the COVID-19 lung samples, suggesting major infiltrations in this tissue (Supplemental Figure 4E ) and confirming the results of the ''xcell'' immune score analysis (Supplemental Figure 4C ). abstract: The molecular mechanisms of cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19 infections are poorly understood. To uncover these events, we performed transcriptome analyses of lung biopsies from COVID-19 patients, revealing a gene enrichment pattern similar to that of PPARγ-knockout macrophages. Single-cell gene expression analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids revealed a characteristic trajectory of PPARγ-related disturbance in the CD14+/CD16+ cells. We identified a correlation with the disease severity and the reduced expression of several members of the PPARγ complex such as EP300, RXRA, RARA, SUMO1, NR3C1, CCDC88A. CHIP-seq analyses confirmed repression of the PPARγ-RXRA-NR3C1 cistrome in COVID-19 lung samples. Further analysis of protein-protein networks highlighted an interaction between the PPARγ-associated protein SUMO1 and a nucleoprotein of the SARS virus. Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time, the involvement of the PPARγ complex in severe COVID-19 lung disease and suggest strongly its role in the major monocyte / macrophage-mediated inflammatory storm. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33015591/ doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101611 id: cord-000492-ec5qzurk author: Devaney, James title: Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date: 2011-06-20 words: 6012.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt summary: Plasmid transfer (closed Easily produced at low cost No specifi c cell targeting Electroporation-mediated gene transfer of the dsDNA circles) Very ineffi cient Na + ,K + -ATPase rescues endotoxin-induced lung injury [60] Nonviral DNA complexes Complexes protect DNA Less effi cient than viral vectors Cationic lipid-mediated transfer of the Na + ,K + -(lipoplexes or polyplexes) Modifying transgene DNA to eliminate bacterial motifs [75, 76] Development of high-effi ciency tissue-specifi c promoters [77] [78] [79] [80] Development of promoters that regulate gene expression [83] Enhanced therapeutic targeting Nebulization technologies [9] Strategies to target the pulmonary endothelium [10] Improved cellular uptake of vector Surface active agents to enhance vector spread [84] Reduce ubiquitination of viral capsid proteins [85] Better therapeutic targets Enhancement or restoration of lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function [86] Strengthening lung defense mechanisms against injury [87] Speeding clearance of infl ammation and infection Enhancement of the repair process following ALI/ARDS [88] . abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) confer substantial morbidity and mortality, and have no specific therapy. The accessibility of the distal lung epithelium via the airway route, and the relatively transient nature of ALI/ARDS, suggest that the disease may be amenable to gene-based therapies. Ongoing advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS have revealed multiple therapeutic targets for gene-based approaches. Strategies to enhance or restore lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function, to strengthen lung defense mechanisms against injury, to speed clearance of infection and to enhance the repair process following ALI/ARDS have all demonstrated promise in preclinical models. Despite three decades of gene therapy research, however, the clinical potential for gene-based approaches to lung diseases including ALI/ARDS remains to be realized. Multiple barriers to effective pulmonary gene therapy exist, including the pulmonary architecture, pulmonary defense mechanisms against inhaled particles, the immunogenicity of viral vectors and the poor transfection efficiency of nonviral delivery methods. Deficits remain in our knowledge regarding the optimal molecular targets for gene-based approaches. Encouragingly, recent progress in overcoming these barriers offers hope for the successful translation of gene-based approaches for ALI/ARDS to the clinical setting. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218971/ doi: 10.1186/cc10216 id: cord-034469-ew90eef4 author: Dos Santos Rocha, Andre title: Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-10-31 words: 4840.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt summary: Here, we compare structural, molecular and functional outcomes reflecting regional inflammation between PVV and conventional pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) in a pediatric model of healthy lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CONCLUSIONS: Variable ventilation based on a physiological respiratory pattern, compared to conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, reduced global and regional inflammation in both healthy and injured lungs of juvenile rabbits. Conversely, ventilating the lungs with PVV resulted in a significant decrease in tissue damping in control animals (T1-T5, p < 0.01), whereas no change in respiratory mechanics was detected in the ARDS model. In the present study, a combined approach consisting of lung functional and structural assessment was used to investigate differences in the global and regional effects of PVV and the conventional monotonous pressure-controlled mode in a pediatric model of normal lungs and ARDS. abstract: BACKGROUND: Benefits of variable mechanical ventilation based on the physiological breathing pattern have been observed both in healthy and injured lungs. These benefits have not been characterized in pediatric models and the effect of this ventilation mode on regional distribution of lung inflammation also remains controversial. Here, we compare structural, molecular and functional outcomes reflecting regional inflammation between PVV and conventional pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) in a pediatric model of healthy lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: New-Zealand White rabbit pups (n = 36, 670 ± 20 g [half-width 95% confidence interval]), with healthy lungs or after induction of ARDS, were randomized to five hours of mechanical ventilation with PCV or PVV. Regional lung aeration, inflammation and perfusion were assessed using x-ray computed tomography, positron-emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography, respectively. Ventilation parameters, blood gases and respiratory tissue elastance were recorded hourly. RESULTS: Mechanical ventilation worsened respiratory elastance in healthy and ARDS animals ventilated with PCV (11 ± 8%, 6 ± 3%, p < 0.04), however, this trend was improved by PVV (1 ± 4%, − 6 ± 2%). Animals receiving PVV presented reduced inflammation as assessed by lung normalized [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in healthy (1.49 ± 0.62 standardized uptake value, SUV) and ARDS animals (1.86 ± 0.47 SUV) compared to PCV (2.33 ± 0.775 and 2.28 ± 0.3 SUV, respectively, p < 0.05), particularly in the well and poorly aerated lung zones. No benefit of PVV could be detected on regional blood perfusion or blood gas parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Variable ventilation based on a physiological respiratory pattern, compared to conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, reduced global and regional inflammation in both healthy and injured lungs of juvenile rabbits. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7602830/ doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01559-x id: cord-356174-40k6m7l0 author: Ducloyer, Mathilde title: Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations date: 2020-08-06 words: 2874.0 sentences: 176.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356174-40k6m7l0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356174-40k6m7l0.txt summary: A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) using a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Post-mortem virology studies detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1 lineage) in the nasopharynx, plasma, lung biopsies, pleural effusion and faeces confirming the persistence of viral ribonucleic acid 48 h after death. This case is one of the first to describe complete post-mortem data for a COVID-19 death and highlights the ability of PMCT to detect severe involvement of the lungs before autopsy in an apparently natural death. The present pathology results are concordant with previously reported findings and reinforce the disease pathogenesis hypothesis of combined viral replication with an inappropriate immune response. Concerning the post-mortem virology data, this case demonstrated that RNA from SARS-CoV-2 was still detectable in blood, faeces, the lungs and the upper airways more than 48 h after death. abstract: A 75-year-old man presented to a French hospital with a 4-day fever after returning from a coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) cluster region. A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) using a nasopharyngeal swab sample. After he returned home and a telephone follow-up, he was found deceased 9 days after first showing symptoms. Whole-body, non-enhanced, post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and a forensic autopsy were performed approximately 48 h after death, with sanitary precautions. The PMCT showed bilateral and diffuse crazy-paving lung opacities, with bilateral pleural effusions. Post-mortem virology studies detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1 lineage) in the nasopharynx, plasma, lung biopsies, pleural effusion and faeces confirming the persistence of viral ribonucleic acid 48 h after death. Microscopic examination showed that severe lung damage was responsible for his death. The main abnormality was diffuse alveolar damage, associated with different stages of inflammation and fibrosis. This case is one of the first to describe complete post-mortem data for a COVID-19 death and highlights the ability of PMCT to detect severe involvement of the lungs before autopsy in an apparently natural death. The present pathology results are concordant with previously reported findings and reinforce the disease pathogenesis hypothesis of combined viral replication with an inappropriate immune response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32767018/ doi: 10.1007/s00414-020-02390-1 id: cord-018134-k4vdqlgs author: Eisenberg, Ronald L. title: Pneumonia date: 2019-11-01 words: 2010.0 sentences: 167.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018134-k4vdqlgs.txt summary: • Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia that is most common in debilitated middle-aged and older men with alcoholism (about two-thirds of cases); high mortality rate • Tends to form a voluminous exudate that produces a homogeneous parenchymal consolidation containing an air bronchogram • Lobar enlargement (especially the right upper) with the characteristic bulging fissure sign (Fig. 6 .17) ○ Bulging fissure sign also in Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia (predominantly in compromised hosts, such as chronic pulmonary disease, immune deficiency, alcoholism, diabetes) (see Fig. e6 .22) • Most frequently result from infectious particles reaching the lung from an infected heart valve (especially the tricuspid), intravenous catheter, or injected debris • Persons at risk include drug abusers, immunocompromised patients, individuals with septal defects, and those with indwelling venous catheters, pacemakers, or prosthetic heart valves • Initially, multiple ill-defined round or wedge-shaped opacities with a swirling pattern that are usually peripheral and tend to involve the lower lobes (starry night sign -mimicking the brush strokes in van Gogh''s painting of that name) • Cavitary pulmonary nodules tend to develop rapidly (1-2 days) abstract: This chapter describes the imaging patterns of pneumonia (lobar, lobular, interstitial, round) and its complications (abscess, empyema, pneumatocele); bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; and the many manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL : The online version of this chapter (10.1007/978-3-030-16826-1_6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122935/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-16826-1_6 id: cord-016814-tf17dpo5 author: Enes, Sara Rolandsson title: Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD date: 2019-08-07 words: 10751.0 sentences: 521.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt summary: Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. performed a Phase I, prospective, open-label study (NCT01306513) where they aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenously infused bone marrow-derived MSCs for ten patients with severe emphysema that had serial lung volume reduction surgeries (LVRS). Current clinical trials that aimed to evaluate the effect of MSC administration in COPD patients differ in a wide range of factors such as routes of administration, number of MSC administered, number of administrations, use of fresh MSCs or culture-expanded MSCs. Furthermore, all the investigations discussed above, were phase I-II studies that were underpowered in order to detect potential efficacy and no improved pulmonary function or respiratory quality of life was observed. abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive life-threatening disease that is significantly increasing in prevalence and is predicted to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. At present, there are no true curative treatments that can stop the progression of the disease, and new therapeutic strategies are desperately needed. Advances in cell-based therapies provide a platform for the development of new therapeutic approaches in severe lung diseases such as COPD. At present, a lot of focus is on mesenchymal stem (stromal) cell (MSC)-based therapies, mainly due to their immunomodulatory properties. Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. Importantly, the completed appropriately conducted clinical trials uniformly demonstrate that MSC treatment in COPD patients is well tolerated and no toxicities have been observed. All clinical trials performed so far, have been phase I/II studies, underpowered for the detection of potential efficacy. There are several challenges ahead for this field such as standardized isolation and culture procedures to obtain a cell product with high quality and reproducibility, administration strategies, improvement of methods to measure outcomes, and development of potency assays. Moreover, COPD is a complex pathology with a diverse spectrum of clinical phenotypes, and therefore it is essential to develop methods to select the subpopulation of patients that is most likely to potentially respond to MSC administration. In this chapter, we will discuss the current state of the art of MSC-based cell therapy for COPD and the hurdles that need to be overcome. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121219/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29403-8_6 id: cord-310840-h49dx92d author: Eslamy, Hedieh K. title: Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date: 2011-09-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by a wide variety of organisms in pediatric patients. The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The overarching goal of this article is to review cause, role of imaging, imaging techniques, and the spectrum of acute and chronic pneumonias in children. Pneumonia in the neonate and immunocompromised host is also discussed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033838911000777 doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw author: Farver, Carol F. title: Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-08-10 words: 32320.0 sentences: 1613.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt summary: When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] . abstract: Pulmonary pathology includes a large spectrum of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases that affect the lung. Many of these are a result of the unusual relationship of the lung with the outside world. Every breath that a human takes brings the outside world into the body in the form of infectious agents, organic and inorganic particles, and noxious agents of all types. Although the lung has many defense mechanisms to protect itself from these insults, these are not infallible; therefore, lung pathology arises. Damage to the lung is particularly important given the role of the lung in the survival of the organism. Any impairment of lung function has widespread effects throughout the body, since all organs depend on the lungs for the oxygen they need. Pulmonary pathology catalogs the changes in the lung tissues and the mechanisms through which these occur. This chapter presents a review of lung pathology and the current state of knowledge about the pathogenesis of each disease. It suggests that a clear understanding of both morphology and mechanism is required for the development of new therapies and preventive measures. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123744197000184 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00018-4 id: cord-265606-c1zo47sw author: Feng, Zhe-Min title: Lung Cancer with Diffuse Ground-glass Shadow in Two Lungs and Respiratory Failure date: 2016-08-05 words: 2307.0 sentences: 144.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265606-c1zo47sw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265606-c1zo47sw.txt summary: Pulmonary ground-glass shadow is a common clinical imaging manifestation shared by many pulmonary diseases such as interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fungal infection, parasitic infection, viral pneumonia, and heart failure. In this study, a case of lung adenocarcinoma complicated with respiratory failure is reported to show diffuse uniform ground-glass shadow in the chest computed tomography (CT). On auxiliary examination, chest CT scan [ Figure 1b -1e, November 12, 2014] found diffused uniform ground-glass shadow in two lungs with no enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. In clinical practice, the chest CT scan showed ground-glass-like change due to diffuse exudation in two lungs often suggests special pathogen infection (such as hematogenous pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary fungal infection, and viral pneumonia), exogenous allergic pulmonary inflammation, interstitial pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, etc. In summary, the diffuse, uniform ground-glass shadow as the main imaging features of lung cancer in chest CT is very rare. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.186632 doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.186632 id: cord-284974-e7vl774c author: Filipovic, N. title: Abrupt Deterioration of COVID-19 Patients and Spreading of SARS COV-2 Virions in the Lungs date: 2020-11-02 words: 793.0 sentences: 55.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284974-e7vl774c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284974-e7vl774c.txt summary: Our calculation shows that this abrupt deteriorate may be caused by a sudden shift in the spread of virus-laden bioaerosols through the airways to many different regions of the lungs from the initial site of infection. While many mechanisms possibly contribute to spread of the infection, such as lymphatic circulation, we hypothesize that a major driver of the abrupt deterioration several days after the initial infection is caused by a sudden shift in the spread of virus-laden bioaerosols through the airways to many different regions of the lungs from the initial site of infection. This shift of airflow pattern distributes virus-laden bioaersols to other, even distant, parts of the lungs (Figure 1c) . (c) However, as the disease progresses, the production of virus-laden bioaerosols increases, the tissues available for gas exchange become smaller and smaller as the infected lesion becomes larger and larger. abstract: A unique feature of COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia is an abrupt progression to respiratory failure. Our calculation shows that this abrupt deteriorate may be caused by a sudden shift in the spread of virus-laden bioaerosols through the airways to many different regions of the lungs from the initial site of infection. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10439-020-02676-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33140243/ doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02676-w id: cord-332650-05oz5zwz author: Fiorelli, Silvia title: Perspectives in surgical and anaesthetic management of lung cancer in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-08-26 words: 3273.0 sentences: 156.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332650-05oz5zwz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332650-05oz5zwz.txt summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is relevant to consider carefully the lung cancer surgical centre to which patients are referred, taking into account the different levels of complexity of lung cancer management in terms of diagnostic processes and surgical indications. The following suggestions and perspectives are provided by a European high-volume referral centre where locally advanced lung cancer patients are treated surgically in a COVID-19 hospital that guarantees a COVID-free therapeutic pathway. Hence, we need a fast-track algorithm for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies ( Fig. 1A -C) to be used in patients with stage IA-IIIA lung cancer, to guide the use of computed tomography (CT) and fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans and the pretest risk of malignancy and cytological/histological diagnostic procedures ( Fig. 2A) . Although talc slurry is a viable choice for patients who are not suitable for thoracoscopy, video-assisted thoracic surgery procedures with talc poudrage are strongly indicated for patients with stage IV lung cancer even during the COVID-19 outbreak because of the significant qualityof-life improvement and the favourable benefit/risk ratio. abstract: Early in 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quickly spread globally, giving rise to a pandemic. In this critical scenario, patients with lung cancer need to continue to receive optimal care and at the same be shielded from infection with the potentially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Upgrades to the prevention and control of infection have become paramount in order to lower the risk of hospital contagion. Aerosol-generating procedures such as endotracheal intubation or endoscopic procedures may expose health care workers to a high risk of infection. Moreover, thoracic anaesthesia usually requires highly complex airway management procedures because of the need for one-lung isolation and one-lung ventilation. Therefore, in the current pandemic, providing a fast-track algorithm for scientifically standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations for patients with lung cancer is urgent. Suggestions for improving existing contagion control guidelines are needed, even in the case of non-symptomatic patients who possibly are responsible for virus spread. A COVID-19-specific intraoperative management strategy designed to reduce risk of infection in both health care workers and patients is also required. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa295 doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa295 id: cord-336782-0zkb39v1 author: Fraile Gutiérrez, V. title: Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine date: 2020-11-02 words: 6658.0 sentences: 394.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336782-0zkb39v1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336782-0zkb39v1.txt summary: title: Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia clinical presentation with fever and cough accompanied by multifocal nodular (round or oval) ground-glass opacities in the lungs that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and requires admission to an Intensive Care Medicine Service (ICMS) in a high percentage of patients. Ultrasound can be a very useful tool during the management of the COVID-19 pandemic because it provides real-time non-invasive bedside images of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). • It is superior to the simple x-ray for the detection of pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia, interstitial syndrome, and for the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea • In the thoracic ultrasound, the clinical signs are the determinant factor regarding the interpretation of the data obtained. abstract: The clinical picture of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is characterized in its more severe form, by an acute respiratory failure which can worsen to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and get complicated with thrombotic events and heart dysfunction. Therefore, admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is common. Ultrasound, which has become an everyday tool in the ICU, can be very useful during COVID-19 pandemic, since it provides the clinician with information which can be interpreted and integrated within a global assessment during the physical examination. A description of some of the potential applications of ultrasound is depicted in this document, in order to supply the physicians taking care of these patients with a adapted guide to the intensive care setting. Some of its applications since ICU admission include verification of the correct position of the endotracheal tube, contribution to safe cannulation of lines, and identification of complications and thrombotic events. Furthermore, pleural and lung ultrasound can be an alternative diagnostic test to assess the degree of involvement of the lung parenchyma by means of the evaluation of specific ultrasound patterns, identification of pleural effusions and barotrauma. Echocardiography provides information of heart involvement, detects cor pulmonale and shock states. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173572720301752 doi: 10.1016/j.medine.2020.10.002 id: cord-016280-d47e3art author: Friedberg, Joseph S. title: Pleura: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders date: 2008 words: 14487.0 sentences: 746.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016280-d47e3art.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016280-d47e3art.txt summary: In addition to the discomfort, chest tube placement may be accompanied by a number of complications including empyema, lung injury and bleeding, and death." Therefore, coagulation profiles and immunocompetency should be taken into consideration for all patients considered for this procedure . If a large air leak is anticipated or if there is significant effusion associated with the pneumothorax, then a standard 28-French chest tube should be placed. Some of the indications for surgical treatment of a spontaneous pneumothorax include a second pneumothorax (ipsilateral recurrence or a new pneumothorax on the contralateral side); tension physiology; synchronous bilateral pneumothoraces; associated hemothorax (likely secondary to a tom adhesion and complicating approximately 5% of spontaneous pneumothoraces); failure of tube thoracostomy; and lifestyle factors. Chylothorax is an exudative effusion caused by disruption of the lymphatics in the chest, most commonly the thoracic duct, and subsequent drainage of chyle into the pleural space. abstract: Disorders of the pleura and pleural space reflect some of the oldest diseases encountered in surgical history. Hippocrates described the symptoms of empyema 2400 years ago: “Empyema may be recognized by the following symptoms: In the first place the fever is constant, less during the day and greater at night, and copious sweats supervene. There is a desire to cough and the patient expectorates nothing worth mentioning.” He also described an open drainage procedure: “When the fifteenth day after rupture has appeared, prepare a warm bath, set him upon a stool, which is not wobbly, someone should hold his hands, then shake him by the shoulders and listen to see on which side a noise is heard. And right at this place, preferably on the left, make an incision, then it produces death more rarely.”1,2 Beyond providing less-wobbly stools, few advances were made for more than 2000 years that allowed surgeons to routinely enter the pleural cavity, the fear being a potentially fatal pneumothorax. With the advent of positive pressure ventilation in the early 1900s, pneumothorax was no longer a prohibitive risk, and the era of surgical intervention in the pleural cavity had begun.3 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120517/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_75 id: cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author: Fujita, Yu title: RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date: 2013-02-06 words: 8419.0 sentences: 495.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt summary: Although the success in delivering siRNAs intranasally in rodents cannot be completely extrapolated to human use because of the significant differences in lung anatomy [37] , this approach has potential for the clinical application of siRNAs. Phase II clinical trials have been initiated for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, making use of intranasal application of naked chemically modified siRNA molecules that target viral gene products [17, 38] (see Section 3.1.1. The simultaneously inhibition of several genes would also minimize the risk of drug resistance normally encountered with small molecule-based therapies, involving siRNAs and miRNAs. There have already been significant improvements in siRNAs for primary or metastatic lung cancer treatment by targeting oncogenes such as Akt1 [9] , Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [12] , overexpressed genes such as the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) [77] , NUPR1 [53] and EZH2 [78] . abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules, i.e. small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are central to RNAi. Drug discovery studies and novel treatments of siRNAs are currently targeting a wide range of diseases, including various viral infections and cancers. Lung diseases in general are attractive targets for siRNA therapeutics because of their lethality and prevalence. In addition, the lung is anatomically accessible to therapeutic agents via the intrapulmonary route. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that miRNAs play an important role in lung abnormalities, such as inflammation and oncogenesis. Therefore, miRNAs are being targeted for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we present strategies for RNAi delivery and discuss the current state-of-the-art RNAi-based therapeutics for various lung diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6020223 doi: 10.3390/ph6020223 id: cord-018001-ris02bff author: Garrido, Guillermo title: Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date: 2018-06-23 words: 5544.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt summary: Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. The impact of these disruptions on lung transplant outcomes remains unclear, though it is possible that these changes lead to higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary edema and infections, worse airway clearance, and ineffective cough [6] . Patients who undergo lung transplantation have multiple risk factors to develop acute kidney injury (AKI) post-transplant, including decreased renal perfusion before, during, and/or after surgery, drug toxicities, and systemic infections. Viral infections contribute to morbidity and mortality from acute infection and have been associated with an increased risk of rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, lymphoproliferative and other neoplastic diseases, and other extra pulmonary organ damage [77] . abstract: Lung transplant prolongs life and improves quality of life in patients with end-stage lung disease. However, survival of lung transplant recipients is shorter compared to patients with other solid organ transplants, due to many unique features of the lung allograft. Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. This chapter discusses medical course and complications that patients might experience after lung transplantation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122723/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94914-7_26 id: cord-253891-d1ei287l author: Geddes, Duncan title: The history of respiratory disease management date: 2016-04-23 words: 2191.0 sentences: 128.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt summary: Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Over the past 150 years: C Infections have declined but returned while asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have surged C Scientific advances, especially in imaging and microbiology, have improved diagnosis C New targeted treatments with antibiotics, corticosteroids, ventilatory support and lung surgery have revolutionized management C Delivery of care has shifted from inefficient remedies for the rich to specialized treatment for all Duncan Geddes MD FRCP CBE is an Honorary Consultant at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at Imperial College, London, UK. Delivery of care Lung medicine was a major part of the general doctor''s workload in the 19th century until the 1850s sanatorium movement e well The Rack e and this specialization led on to chest clinics. abstract: Lung diseases have shifted from infections – tuberculosis, pneumonia – to diseases of dirty air – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. New diseases have emerged from industrial pollution and HIV, while better imaging has revealed others previously unrecognized. Scientific advances in microbiology, imaging and clinical measurement have improved diagnosis and allowed better targeted treatment. Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Delivery of care has shifted from sanatoria for the rich but nothing at all for the poor, to hospitals and universal coverage. Generalists have turned into super-specialists and doctors have been joined by growing numbers of professions allied to medicine (PAMs). Management of lung disease has vastly improved but the impact of disease remains. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357303916300068 doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.03.006 id: cord-280857-0o1ikwks author: Goligher, Ewan C. title: Clinical strategies for implementing lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation: avoiding insufficient and excessive effort date: 2020-11-02 words: 6146.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 25.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280857-0o1ikwks.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280857-0o1ikwks.txt summary: This review summarizes practical strategies for achieving lung and diaphragm-protective targets at the bedside, focusing on inspiratory and expiratory ventilator settings, monitoring of inspiratory effort or respiratory drive, management of dyssynchrony, and sedation considerations. Several strategies can be used to facilitate lung and diaphragm protective ventilation, including modulation of ventilator inspiratory and expiratory assist, drugs that modify respiratory drive and/or effort, extracorporeal CO 2 removal (ECCO 2 R) and electrical stimulation of the respiratory muscles, as shown in Fig. 2 . [7] also showed that higher ECCO 2 R support reduced P 0.1 , respiratory muscle effort, and transpulmonary pressure in spontaneously breathing patients recovering from severe ARDS [74] . These preliminary findings suggest that partial neuromuscular blockade could be a feasible approach to achieving lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation targets in patients with high respiratory effort. abstract: Mechanical ventilation may have adverse effects on both the lung and the diaphragm. Injury to the lung is mediated by excessive mechanical stress and strain, whereas the diaphragm develops atrophy as a consequence of low respiratory effort and injury in case of excessive effort. The lung and diaphragm-protective mechanical ventilation approach aims to protect both organs simultaneously whenever possible. This review summarizes practical strategies for achieving lung and diaphragm-protective targets at the bedside, focusing on inspiratory and expiratory ventilator settings, monitoring of inspiratory effort or respiratory drive, management of dyssynchrony, and sedation considerations. A number of potential future adjunctive strategies including extracorporeal CO(2) removal, partial neuromuscular blockade, and neuromuscular stimulation are also discussed. While clinical trials to confirm the benefit of these approaches are awaited, clinicians should become familiar with assessing and managing patients’ respiratory effort, based on existing physiological principles. To protect the lung and the diaphragm, ventilation and sedation might be applied to avoid excessively weak or very strong respiratory efforts and patient-ventilator dysynchrony. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06288-9 doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06288-9 id: cord-022082-1dq623oe author: Greaves, Peter title: Respiratory Tract date: 2007-09-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The chapter describes different aspects of the respiratory tract. In preclinical safety studies, pathologies of the respiratory system can be a result of an intercurrent disease or can be induced by systemically administered drugs. Intranasal or inhalation modes of therapy pose particular challenges in terms of the formulations and technologies required to administer a drug. A complex technology is developed to support the assessment of adverse effects of inhaled substances in rodent and nonrodent species, and the extrapolation of experimental findings to humans. The nasal chambers are the structures that are first to be subjected to the effects of inhaled substances, whether microorganisms or chemical substances. In rodents, the relatively small size of the nose and nasal sinuses facilitates a histological examination. Findings show that infectious agents cause inflammation in the nose and nasal sinuses, and this may be associated with inflammation in the conjunctiva, the middle ear, and the oral cavity. It has been observed that a particular response of the rodent nasal mucosa to some irritant substances, including pharmaceutical agents, is the formation of rounded eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium, and to a lesser extent in respiratory and glandular epithelial cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152448/ doi: 10.1016/b978-044452771-4/50007-9 id: cord-005476-q6o5239w author: Griesenbach, U title: Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: an example for lung gene therapy date: 2004-09-29 words: 5903.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005476-q6o5239w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005476-q6o5239w.txt summary: Over the last decade, the gene therapy community has recognized that there is not even one vector that is good for all applications, but that the gene transfer agent (GTA) has to be carefully chosen depending on the cell type to be targeted, the number of treatments (one versus repeat administration) required, and the size and nature (secreted versus cellular product) of the gene to be delivered. In an attempt to increase the transfection efficiency of adenoviral vectors in vivo, Gregory et al 17 assessed the effects of sodium caprate (a tight junction opener) application to the luminal surface of AECs in mouse lung, with the rationale that CAR expression is higher on the basolateral surface of epithelial cells. RSV and PIV3 target human ciliated airway epithelial cells: efficient gene transfer vectors for cystic fibrosis lung disease abstract: Gene therapy is currently being evaluated for a wide range of acute and chronic lung diseases. The requirement of gene transfer into the individual cell types of the complex lung structure will very much depend on the target disease. Over the last decade, the gene therapy community has recognized that there is not even one vector that is good for all applications, but that the gene transfer agent has to be carefully chosen. Gene therapy is particularly attractive for diseases that currently do not have satisfactory treatment options and probably easier for monogenic disorders than for complex diseases. Cystic fibrosis (CF) fulfills these criteria and is therefore a good candidate for gene therapy-based treatment. This review will focus on CF as an example for lung gene therapy and discuss the progress made in this field over the last couple of years. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092152/ doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302368 id: cord-328266-bjs6ywlf author: Gunasekaran, Muthukumar title: Respiratory viral infection in lung transplantation induces exosomes that trigger chronic rejection date: 2020-04-30 words: 4909.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328266-bjs6ywlf.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS Circulating exosomes isolated from lung transplant recipients diagnosed with respiratory viral infections contained lung self-antigens, viral antigens, and 20S proteasome and elicited immune responses to lung self-antigens that resulted in development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction in immunized mice. Previously reported risk factors for CLAD include acute rejection, 4−6 cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis, 7 antibodies (Abs) to donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 8, 9 Abs to non-HLA lung-associated self-antigens (SAgs), 10−12 primary graft dysfunction, 13 and respiratory viral infections (RVIs). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RVI-induced allograft injury may induce circulating exosomes that contain donor HLA, SAgs, and viral antigens, which may activate donor-specific immune responses and increase the risk of CLAD. Col-V, collagen-V; Ka1T, K-alpha-1 tubulin; LTxR, lung transplant recipient; OD, optical density; RVI, respiratory viral infection; SAg, self-antigen. Exosomes isolated from serum samples of patients with RVI and from stable LTxRs were used to detect the presence of lung-associated SAgs and viral antigens using immunoblot. abstract: BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections can increase the risk of chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation, but the mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we determined whether symptomatic respiratory viral infections after lung transplantation induce circulating exosomes that contain lung-associated self-antigens and assessed whether these exosomes activate immune responses to self-antigens. METHODS Serum samples were collected from lung transplant recipients with symptomatic lower- and upper-tract respiratory viral infections and from non-symptomatic stable recipients. Exosomes were isolated via ultracentrifugation; purity was determined using sucrose cushion; and presence of lung self-antigens, 20S proteasome, and viral antigens for rhinovirus, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were determined using immunoblot. Mice were immunized with circulating exosomes from each group and resulting differential immune responses and lung histology were analyzed. RESULTS Exosomes containing self-antigens, 20S proteasome, and viral antigens were detected at significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) in serum of recipients with symptomatic respiratory viral infections (n = 35) as compared with stable controls (n = 32). Mice immunized with exosomes from recipients with respiratory viral infections developed immune responses to self-antigens, fibrosis, small airway occlusion, and significant cellular infiltration; mice immunized with exosomes from controls did not (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Circulating exosomes isolated from lung transplant recipients diagnosed with respiratory viral infections contained lung self-antigens, viral antigens, and 20S proteasome and elicited immune responses to lung self-antigens that resulted in development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction in immunized mice. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053249820300127 doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.12.009 id: cord-102958-q8jamg07 author: Hahka, Taija M. title: Resiniferatoxin (RTX) ameliorates acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a rodent model of lung injury date: 2020-09-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with cytokine release, pulmonary edema and in the longer term, fibrosis. A severe cytokine storm and pulmonary pathology can cause respiratory failure due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is one of the major causes of mortality associated with ALI. In this study, we aimed to determine a novel neural component through cardiopulmonary spinal afferents that mediates lung pathology during ALI/ARDS. We ablated cardiopulmonary spinal afferents through either epidural T1-T4 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) application or intra-stellate ganglia delivery of a selective afferent neurotoxin, resiniferatoxin (RTX) in rats 3 days post bleomycin-induced lung injury. Our data showed that both epidural and intra-stellate ganglia injection of RTX significantly reduced plasma extravasation and reduced the level of lung pro-inflammatory cytokines providing proof of principle that cardiopulmonary spinal afferents are involved in lung pathology post ALI. Considering the translational potential of stellate ganglia delivery of RTX, we further examined the effects of stellate RTX on blood gas exchange and lung edema in the ALI rat model. Our data suggest that intra-stellate ganglia injection of RTX improved pO2 and blood acidosis 7 days post ALI. It also reduced wet lung weight in bleomycin treated rats, indicating a reduction in lung edema. Taken together, this study suggests that cardiopulmonary spinal afferents play a critical role in lung inflammation and edema post ALI. This study shows the translational potential for ganglionic administration of RTX in ARDS. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.14.296731 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.14.296731 id: cord-005941-e4fvj54l author: Hamm, H. title: The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date: 1992 words: 12897.0 sentences: 644.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt summary: Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. The fate of secreted surfactant material seems to be determined by five mechanisms: -Intraalveolar catabolism -Phagocytosis and degradation by alveolar macrophages [110, 118] -Removal by the mucociliary escalator -Recycling into the alveolar type II cell -Redistribution into other surrounding tissue Clearance studies in rabbits [140] have shown that approximately 7% of radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine is removed via the upper airways in 24 h, suggesting that this pathway is only of minor importance. These studies may indicate that the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar type II cells is enhanced surfactant lipid synthesis, while chronic low-dose exposure leads to a decrease in surfactant synthesis capacity. Effects of ozone on phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II cells isolated from adult rat lung abstract: Pulmonary surfactant is synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II cells and constitutes an important component of the alveolar lining fluid. It comprises a unique mixture of phospholipids and surfactant-specific proteins. More than 30 years after its first biochemical characterization, knowledge of the composition and functions of the surfactant complex has grown considerably. Its classically known role is to decrease surface tension in alveolar air spaces to a degree that facilitates adequate ventilation of the peripheral lung. More recently, other important surfactant functions have come into view. Probably most notable among these, surfactant has been demonstrated to enhance local pulmonary defense mechanisms and to modulate immune responses in the alveolar milieu. These findings have prompted interest in the role and the possible alterations of the surfactant system in a variety of lung diseases and in environmental impacts on the lung. However, only a limited number of studies investigating surfactant changes in human lung disease have hitherto been published. Preliminary results suggest that surfactant analyses, e.g., from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, may reveal quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of the surfactant system in human lung disorders. It is hypothesized that in the future, surfactant studies may become one of our clinical tools to evaluate the activity and severity of peripheral lung diseases. In certain disorders they may also gain diagnostic significance. Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095985/ doi: 10.1007/bf00180279 id: cord-005774-7z6uyn6p author: Hammer, J. title: Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit date: 1995 words: 5005.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005774-7z6uyn6p.txt summary: This review will focus on techniques which are used to measure thoracoabdominal asynchrony, tidal breathing flow-volume loops, small airway function (forced expiratory maneuvers), respiratory mechanics and lung volumes in critically ill infants and children. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. abstract: As a result of the previous shortage of tools to assess objectively the overall physiological status of the respiratory system in infants and young children, it has been difficult to measure the degree of physiological disorder or the response to therapy in respiratory diseases such as BPD, the pediatric version of ARDS, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, asthma and croup in this patient population. The newborn — four-year old child is particularly difficult to study because of their lack of cooperation and size. The recent progress in computer technology made pulmonary function testing available for this age range and opened up new possibilities for monitoring changes in disease processes affecting the respiratory system. This may improve medical management of infants and children with lung and heart diseases in particular. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. In many circumstances, arterial CO(2) is approximated by alveolar (end-tidal) CO(2) and the arterial oxygen saturation is obtained from pulse oximetry accurately if perfusion is adequate. The mechanical time constant and FRC are easily measured by the techniques described above and together provide important information concerning appropriate ventilator settings for a given disease. The described techniques bring new insights and awareness, but also new responsibilities in the management of infants and children with respiratory compromise. Not all of these techniques need to be applied to all infants in the ICU. Not all the assumptions upon which some of the techniques we have described are based will prove true. Any such methods which do not withstand solid scientific testing must be quickly discarded and replaced with better and (hopefully) easier methods. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095417/ doi: 10.1007/bf01704742 id: cord-266067-wrouqdcj author: Haywood, Nathan title: Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-09-17 words: 6939.0 sentences: 348.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt summary: The ability of EVLP to rehabilitate lungs injured in a porcine sepsis model [21] has provided the basis for a similar application-the use of isolated lung perfusion in vivo in the management of ARDS. Here, early animal studies have demonstrated the ability of in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) to rehabilitate sepsis-induced ARDS [22] . Below, we review the history and current evidence for isolated lung perfusion techniques, with a focus on how EVLP has provided the basis for and led to investigations into the use of IVLP for the treatment of ARDS. Using both murine and porcine models, we have demonstrated that the addition of a selective adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonist to the EVLP perfusate is associated with less pulmonary edema, lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved lung function [43, 44] . abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and current management has a dramatic impact on healthcare resource utilization. While our understanding of this disease has improved, the majority of treatment strategies remain supportive in nature and are associated with continued poor outcomes. There is a dramatic need for the development and breakthrough of new methods for the treatment of ARDS. Isolated machine lung perfusion is a promising surgical platform that has been associated with the rehabilitation of injured lungs and the induction of molecular and cellular changes in the lung, including upregulation of anti-inflammatory and regenerative pathways. Initially implemented in an ex vivo fashion to evaluate marginal donor lungs prior to transplantation, recent investigations of isolated lung perfusion have shifted in vivo and are focused on the management of ARDS. This review presents current tenants of ARDS management and isolated lung perfusion, with a focus on how ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has paved the way for current investigations utilizing in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) in the treatment of severe ARDS. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186820 doi: 10.3390/ijms21186820 id: cord-017030-tzuyo6tx author: Henao-Martínez, Andrés F. title: Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date: 2018-12-08 words: 11531.0 sentences: 740.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt summary: There are several factors predisposing thoracic transplant recipients to infections: (A) factors present before transplantation: age, presence of comorbidities (e.g., chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, etc.), nutrition status, latent infections, colonization with healthcare-associated organisms, and occult community-acquired infections; (B) factors during the surgery: duration of the transplant procedure, graft injury including ischemic time, colonization or latent infection of the graft, surgical instrumentation (e.g., mechanical ventilation, invasive devices such as catheters, drains, Foley catheters, etc.), ICU stay, and need for re-interventions; and (C) factors present after transplant: degree of immunosuppression, CMV infection, and rejections ( Mechanical ventilation (MV) for >5 days immediately following transplant surgery and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) from airway cultures in the recipient were considered risk factors for invasive SA infections in a retrospective study of patients with lung and heart-lung transplants [20] . abstract: Half a century has passed since the first orthotopic heart transplant took place. Surgical innovations allowed for heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation to save lives of patients with incurable chronic cardiopulmonary conditions. The complexity of the surgical interventions, chronic host health conditions, and antirejection immunosuppressive medications makes infectious complications common. Infections have remained one of the main barriers for successful transplantation and a source of significant morbidity and mortality. Recognition of infections and its management in this setting require outstanding clinical skills since transplant recipients may not exhibit classic signs or symptoms of disease, and laboratory work has some pitfalls. The prevention, identification, and management of infectious diseases complications in this population are a priority to undertake to improve the medical outcomes of transplantation. Herein, we reviewed the historical aspects, epidemiology, and prophylaxis of infections in heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation. We also discuss the most prevalent organisms affecting the host and the organ systems involved. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121494/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_2 id: cord-011345-w0ke1tqz author: Howe, Sarah L. title: Measuring lung mechanics of expiratory tidal breathing with non-invasive breath occlusion date: 2020-05-14 words: 3894.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011345-w0ke1tqz.txt summary: Currently, there are no commonly practiced methods to non-invasively measure both resistive and elastic lung mechanics during tidal breathing, preventing the important information provided by lung mechanics from being utilised. This study presents a novel method to easily assess lung mechanics of spontaneously breathing subjects using a dynamic elastance, single-compartment lung model. The lung mechanics measured were respiratory system elastance and resistance, separated from the exponentially decaying flow, and interrupter resistance calculated at shutter closure. CONCLUSIONS: This test was able to identify reasonable dynamic lung elastance and occlusion resistance values, providing new insight into expiratory breathing effort. Lung elastance calculated at shutter opening is presented in Table 2 , and the effect of added resistance on elastance is shown in Fig. 5 . As a result, monitoring decay rate of flow in response to shuttering or other pressure impulses only gives information on lung elastance. abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lung mechanics measurements provide clinically useful information about disease progression and lung health. Currently, there are no commonly practiced methods to non-invasively measure both resistive and elastic lung mechanics during tidal breathing, preventing the important information provided by lung mechanics from being utilised. This study presents a novel method to easily assess lung mechanics of spontaneously breathing subjects using a dynamic elastance, single-compartment lung model. METHODS: A spirometer with a built-in shutter was used to occlude expiration during tidal breathing, creating exponentially decaying flow when the shutter re-opened. The lung mechanics measured were respiratory system elastance and resistance, separated from the exponentially decaying flow, and interrupter resistance calculated at shutter closure. Progressively increasing resistance was added to the spirometer mouthpiece to simulate upper airway obstruction. The lung mechanics of 17 healthy subjects were successfully measured through spirometry. RESULTS: N = 17 (8 female, 9 male) healthy subjects were recruited. Measured decay rates ranged from 5 to 42/s, subjects with large variation of decay rates showed higher muscular breathing effort. Lung elastance measurements ranged from 3.9 to 21.2 cmH[Formula: see text] O/L, with no clear trend between change in elastance and added resistance. Resistance calculated from decay rate and elastance ranged from 0.15 to 1.95 cmH[Formula: see text] Os/L. These very small resistance values are due to the airflow measured originating from low-resistance areas in the centre of airways. Occlusion resistance measurements were as expected for healthy subjects, and increased as expected as resistance was added. CONCLUSIONS: This test was able to identify reasonable dynamic lung elastance and occlusion resistance values, providing new insight into expiratory breathing effort. Clinically, this lung function test could impact current practice. It does not require high levels of cooperation from the subject, allowing a wider cohort of patients to be assessed more easily. Additionally, this test can be simply implemented in a small standalone device, or with standard lung function testing equipment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224083/ doi: 10.1186/s12938-020-00777-0 id: cord-011337-cyku17s8 author: Hsu, Fushun title: Locating stridor caused by tumor compression by using a multichannel electronic stethoscope: a case report date: 2020-05-09 words: 3513.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011337-cyku17s8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011337-cyku17s8.txt summary: An energy-based localization algorithm was used to successfully locate the sound source of the stridor caused by tumor compression. The peak value of the stridor derived from the four sensors can be used to locate the source of the sound according to an energy-ratio least-squares method described in the following section. However, the focal stridor derived from tumor compression of the branching bronchus in this case is Fig. 4 Illustration of six localizing hyperspheres (colored circles) derived from four acoustic sensors (blue stars) and the estimated center of the source location (red star) more likely to be incorrectly identified as wheeze because of its ambiguous presentation during the expiratory phase and past medical history. We successfully located the sound source to be a circular area (mean radius = 9.40 mm and radial standard deviation = 14.97 mm) by using a simple energy decay model (Fig. 1a) . Acoustic mapping of the lung based on source localization of adventitious respiratory sound components abstract: A 67-year-old male patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was admitted to a hospital in northern Taiwan for progressive dyspnea and productive cough with an enlarged left upper lobe tumor (5.3 × 6.8 × 3.9 cm(3)). Previous chest auscultation on outpatient visits had yielded diffuse wheezes. A localized stridor (fundamental frequency of 125 Hz) was captured using a multichannel electronic stethoscope comprising four microelectromechanical system microphones. An energy-based localization algorithm was used to successfully locate the sound source of the stridor caused by tumor compression. The results of the algorithm were compatible with the findings obtained from computed tomography and bronchoscopy (mean radius = 9.40 mm and radial standard deviation = 14.97 mm). We demonstrated a potential diagnostic aid for pulmonary diseases through sound-source localization technology based on respiratory monitoring. The proposed technique can facilitate detection when advanced imaging tools are not immediately available. Continuing effort on the development of more precise estimation is warranted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224060/ doi: 10.1007/s10877-020-00517-8 id: cord-030130-n1x6gcn2 author: Hurtado, Daniel E. title: Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation date: 2020-08-06 words: 5387.0 sentences: 280.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030130-n1x6gcn2.txt summary: title: Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation BACKGROUND: Protective mechanical ventilation (MV) aims at limiting global lung deformation and has been associated with better clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. We hypothesize that regional deformation in lung injury progresses in time in spontaneous-breathing lungs, whereas it remains uniform in subjects under controlled MV. In this work, we studied the lung regional strain distribution, heterogeneity, and deformation progression in subjects spontaneously breathing and subjects on controlled low-V t MV in a murine lung-injury model. We found that a significant progression in regional volumetric strain and heterogeneity was observed after 3 h of spontaneous breathing in injured lungs. We identified a progression of regional deformation and heterogeneity in injured lungs under spontaneous breathing, but not in low V t MV subjects. abstract: BACKGROUND: Protective mechanical ventilation (MV) aims at limiting global lung deformation and has been associated with better clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. In ARDS lungs without MV support, the mechanisms and evolution of lung tissue deformation remain understudied. In this work, we quantify the progression and heterogeneity of regional strain in injured lungs under spontaneous breathing and under MV. METHODS: Lung injury was induced by lung lavage in murine subjects, followed by 3 h of spontaneous breathing (SB-group) or 3 h of low V(t) mechanical ventilation (MV-group). Micro-CT images were acquired in all subjects at the beginning and at the end of the ventilation stage following induction of lung injury. Regional strain, strain progression and strain heterogeneity were computed from image-based biomechanical analysis. Three-dimensional regional strain maps were constructed, from which a region-of-interest (ROI) analysis was performed for the regional strain, the strain progression, and the strain heterogeneity. RESULTS: After 3 h of ventilation, regional strain levels were significantly higher in 43.7% of the ROIs in the SB-group. Significant increase in regional strain was found in 1.2% of the ROIs in the MV-group. Progression of regional strain was found in 100% of the ROIs in the SB-group, whereas the MV-group displayed strain progression in 1.2% of the ROIs. Progression in regional strain heterogeneity was found in 23.4% of the ROIs in the SB-group, while the MV-group resulted in 4.7% of the ROIs showing significant changes. Deformation progression is concurrent with an increase of non-aerated compartment in SB-group (from 13.3% ± 1.6% to 37.5% ± 3.1%), being higher in ventral regions of the lung. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous breathing in lung injury promotes regional strain and strain heterogeneity progression. In contrast, low V(t) MV prevents regional strain and heterogeneity progression in injured lungs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7407426/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00725-0 id: cord-285270-amh99u0j author: Husain, Shahid title: A 2010 working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in cardiothoracic transplant recipients date: 2011-03-17 words: 4678.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285270-amh99u0j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285270-amh99u0j.txt summary: In the absence of standardized diagnosis and the presence of unique clinical syndromes, it is not surprising that considerable differences exist in the number of reported incidences of disease and the outcomes of various infections in cardiothoracic transplant (CTTX) recipients. 2 Definitions of invasive fungal infection (IFI) were based on those proposed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group of the National Institutes of Health (EORTC/MSG), 3 whereas definitions from the American Society of Transplantation and other source documents represented the foundation for defining viral infections. For these reasons, a specific classification of bacterial pneumoniae in CTTX recipients is proposed based on radiographic findings, clinical symptoms, microbiology and histopathology (including consideration of acute rejection in lung transplant patients). No attempt is made to redefine atypical mycobacterial infections or pulmonary tracheobronchitis in lung transplant recipients and the use of existing definitions from European and North American societies are encouraged until further data emerge. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419994/ doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.701 id: cord-024183-1mrdjc39 author: Hutchison, Alastair A. title: The Respiratory System date: 2013-10-08 words: 28083.0 sentences: 1539.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024183-1mrdjc39.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024183-1mrdjc39.txt summary: After airway occlusion at mid-expiration, there is a biphasic change in P ao : the immediate rapid rise in P ao represents the resistive pressure drop across the conducting airways and is followed by a secondary slower increase in P ao (often referred to as P dif ) generally attributed to stress recovery in the respiratory tissues (lung and chest wall) and gas redistribution associated with ventilation inhomogeneity (Bates et al. To describe flow (F), lung volumes (V), and respiratory pressure (P) measurements together with resistance (R) and compliance (C) measurements in restrictive lung diseases, obstructive lung diseases, and neuromuscular disorders (NMD) decrease in TLC, in general, is relatively less than that of VC because of normal chest wall recoil and inspiratory muscle function in most patients (Martinez and Flaherty 2006) . abstract: This chapter addresses upper airway physiology for the pediatric intensivist, focusing on functions that affect ventilation, with an emphasis on laryngeal physiology and control in breathing. Effective control of breathing ensures that the airway is protected, maintains volume homeostasis, and provides ventilation. Upper airway structures are effectors for all of these functions that affect the entire airway. Nasal functions include air conditioning and protective reflexes that can be exaggerated and involve circulatory changes. Oral cavity and pharyngeal patency enable airflow and feeding, but during sleep pharyngeal closure can result in apnea. Coordination of breathing with sucking and nutritive swallowing alters during development, while nonnutritive swallowing at all ages limits aspiration. Laryngeal functions in breathing include protection of the subglottic airway, active maintenance of its absolute volume, and control of tidal flow patterns. These are vital functions for normal lung growth in fetal life and during rapid adaptations to breathing challenges from birth through adulthood. Active central control of breathing focuses on the coordination of laryngeal and diaphragmatic activities, which adapts according to the integration of central and peripheral inputs. For the intensivist, knowledge of upper airway physiology can be applied to improve respiratory support. In a second part the mechanical properties of the respiratory system as a critical component of the chain of events that result in translation of the output of the respiratory rhythm generator to ventilation are described. A comprehensive understanding of respiratory mechanics is essential to the delivery of optimized and individualized mechanical ventilation. The basic elements of respiratory mechanics will be described and developmental changes in the airways, lungs, and chest wall that impact on measurement of respiratory mechanics with advancing postnatal age are reviewed. This will be follwowed by two sections, the first on respiratory mechanics in various neonatal pathologies and the second in pediatric pathologies. The latter can be classified in three categories. First, restrictive diseases may be of pulmonary origin, such as chronic interstitial lung diseases or acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, which are usually associated with reduced lung compliance. Restrictive diseases may also be due to chest wall abnormalities such as obesity or scoliosis (idiopathic or secondary to neuromuscular diseases), which are associated with a reduction in chest wall compliance. Second, obstructive diseases are represented by asthma and wheezing disorders, cystic fibrosis, long term sequelae of neonatal lung disease and bronchiolitis obliterans following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Obstructive diseases are defined by a reduced FEV1/VC ratio. Third, neuromuscular diseases, mainly represented by DMD and SMA, are associated with a decrease in vital capacity linked to respiratory muscle weakness that is better detected by PImax, PEmax and SNIP measurements. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193717/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_4 id: cord-016300-vw11c2wt author: Jain, Kewal K. title: Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases date: 2017-09-18 words: 5578.0 sentences: 271.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt summary: Association of ECM turnover with severity and outcome of COPD has been assessed in a prospective, observational, multicenter study, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grades II to IV, and serum samples were analyzed at stable state, during exacerbation as well as 4 weeks after exacerbation (Stolz et al. A study has revealed that serum levels of the neuroendocrine activity biomarker chromagranin A (CgA) are increased in male smokers with impaired lung function, and are associated with both respiratory symptoms and the degree of airway obstruction (Sorhaug et al. Although the aim of management of patients with asthma is to control their symptoms and prevent exacerbations and morbidity of the disease, optimal management may require assessment and monitoring of biomarkers, i.e., objective measures of lung dysfunction and inflammation. Several biomarkers have been assessed following treatment with corticosteroids including measures of lung function, peripheral blood and sputum indices of inflammation, exhaled gases and breath condensates. abstract: Lungs and airways are affected by several pathologies, the most important of which are inflammation, infection and cancer. Some of the biomarkers of these pathologies are similar to those found in involvement of other organs. This chapter will briefly discuss general issues of biomarkers of pulmonary disorders listed in Table 16.1. Biomarkers of lung cancer are described in Chapter 13. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120545/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7431-3_16 id: cord-280374-yj0r4rwt author: Jain, Richa title: Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient date: 2018-01-04 words: 2847.0 sentences: 199.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280374-yj0r4rwt.txt summary: title: Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient He subsequently developed both hepatic veno-occlusive disease and busulfan-induced lung injury. In our case other bacterial infections typically seen in an immunocompromised child are also unlikely in view of sterile cultures, complete absence of fever and normal Creactive protein (CRP).Though this clinical presentation can be caused by infection with PCJ, it is an uncommon infection. The non-infective etiologies causing respiratory symptoms in a post-transplant setting can be pulmonary GvHD, Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), Cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP) and SOS. The final diagnosis is neuroblastoma stage IV, day + 68 post auto-SCT (Bu-Mel) with pneumonitis, ARDS and multi-organ failure; likely etiology being fungal pneumonia or CMV pneumonia and hepatitis secondary to ischemia with underlying SOS. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation abstract: Veno-occlusive disease of the liver is mostly encountered as a complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with myeloablative regimens with an incidence estimated to be 13.7%. It is clinically characterized by tender hepatomegaly, jaundice, weight gain and ascites. Strong clinical suspicion and an early recognition of clinical signs are essential to establish the diagnosis and institute effective regimen. Another complication of cytotoxic drugs given for cancers, is development of busulfan-induced lung injury. A strong index of suspicion is needed for its diagnosis, especially in setting where opportunistic fungal and viral infections manifest similarly. We illustrate the clinical and autopsy finings in a 2½-year-old boy who received autologous stem-cell transplantation following resection of stage IV neuroblastoma. He subsequently developed both hepatic veno-occlusive disease and busulfan-induced lung injury. The autopsy findings are remarkable for their rarity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28984258/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-017-1172-5 id: cord-006605-tsk3pakb author: Jesmin, Subrina title: Differential Expression, Time Course and Distribution of Four PARs in Rats with Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury date: 2006-11-30 words: 4505.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006605-tsk3pakb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006605-tsk3pakb.txt summary: The hypothesis that the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) protein is regulated at the level of transcription and that PAR isoforms, PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3, and PAR-4, in lung tissue show different patterns of expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was tested. LPS administration induced significant increases in the expression of PAR isoforms (protein) at the level of transcription in ALI. We conclude that LPS induces increase in protein expression of PAR isoforms at the level of transcription in rats with ALI. Here, we also found that LPS induces increases in the protein expression of PARs isoforms 1 to 4 in the lung of rats. While our previous study demonstrated the immunolocalization of PAR-1 in these cells and tissues in LPS-treated rabbits, the present study showed strong immunoreactivities for all isoforms of PARs in the endothelium, alveolar epithelium, and lung macrophages using a rat model of ALI [10] . abstract: The hypothesis that the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) protein is regulated at the level of transcription and that PAR isoforms, PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3, and PAR-4, in lung tissue show different patterns of expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was tested. Male Wistar rats were rendered endotoxemic by intra-peritoneal injection of LPS (15 mg/kg body weight). We examined the expression of protein and mRNA and the immunohistochemical localization of PAR isoforms in lung tissues 1, 3, 6, and 10 h after LPS administration. Induction of ALI by LPS was confirmed based on histopathological changes. LPS administration induced significant increases in the expression of PAR isoforms (protein) at the level of transcription in ALI. While the time course of PAR-1 and -2 expressions were different, those of PAR-3 and -4 were almost similar. An immunohistochemical analysis showed localization of PAR isoforms in the vascular endothelium, alveolar epithelium, and alveolar macrophages. However, the cellular distribution patterns of PAR isoforms were different. We conclude that LPS induces increase in protein expression of PAR isoforms at the level of transcription in rats with ALI. The differential expression patterns (over a time course) and distribution of PAR isoforms suggests a distinct role for each isoform in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced ALI. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102102/ doi: 10.1007/s10753-006-9017-8 id: cord-001117-llb4f74a author: Ji, Wen-Jie title: Spironolactone Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Injury Partially via Modulating Mononuclear Phagocyte Phenotype Switching in Circulating and Alveolar Compartments date: 2013-11-19 words: 4964.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001117-llb4f74a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001117-llb4f74a.txt summary: Moreover, serial flow cytometry analysis in blood, BALF and enzymatically digested lung tissue, revealed that spironolactone could partially inhibit bleomycin-induced circulating Ly6C(hi) monocyte expansion, and reduce alternative activation (F4/80+CD11c+CD206+) of mononuclear phagocyte in alveoli, whereas the phenotype of interstitial macrophage (F4/80+CD11c-) remained unaffected by spironolactone during investigation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present work provides the experimental evidence that spironolactone could attenuate bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis, partially via inhibition of MR-mediated circulating monocyte and alveolar macrophage phenotype switching. Based on current evidence, we speculated that pharmacological inhibition of MR with clinically approved drug, may regulate lung macrophage phenotype switching, as well as their progenitors, bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, and may confer novel therapeutic potential in a murine model of bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis. abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent experimental studies provide evidence indicating that manipulation of the mononuclear phagocyte phenotype could be a feasible approach to alter the severity and persistence of pulmonary injury and fibrosis. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has been reported as a target to regulate macrophage polarization. The present work was designed to investigate the therapeutic potential of MR antagonism in bleomycin-induced acute lung injury and fibrosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We first demonstrated the expression of MR in magnetic bead-purified Ly6G-/CD11b+ circulating monocytes and in alveolar macrophages harvested in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from C57BL/6 mice. Then, a pharmacological intervention study using spironolactone (20mg/kg/day by oral gavage) revealed that MR antagonism led to decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine production (downregulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor β1, and interleukin-1β at mRNA and protein levels) and collagen deposition (decreased lung total hydroxyproline content and collagen positive area by Masson’ trichrome staining) in bleomycin treated (2.5mg/kg, via oropharyngeal instillation) male C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, serial flow cytometry analysis in blood, BALF and enzymatically digested lung tissue, revealed that spironolactone could partially inhibit bleomycin-induced circulating Ly6C(hi) monocyte expansion, and reduce alternative activation (F4/80+CD11c+CD206+) of mononuclear phagocyte in alveoli, whereas the phenotype of interstitial macrophage (F4/80+CD11c-) remained unaffected by spironolactone during investigation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present work provides the experimental evidence that spironolactone could attenuate bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis, partially via inhibition of MR-mediated circulating monocyte and alveolar macrophage phenotype switching. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3834272/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081090 id: cord-006624-or0cpc6j author: Kamler, M. title: Aktueller Stand der Lungentransplantation: Pulmonale und nichtpulmonale Komplikationen date: 2013-05-31 words: 3260.0 sentences: 405.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006624-or0cpc6j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006624-or0cpc6j.txt summary: Das primäre Organversagen (" primary graft dysfunction", PGD) ist mit einer Inzidenz zwischen 14 und 23% weiterhin eine bedeutsame Komplikation in der perioperativen Phase der Lungentransplantation [7] . In einer retrospektiven Studie an 122 Mukoviszidosepatienten nach Lungentransplantation konnte gezeigt werden, dass in diesem speziellen Kollektiv 2 Faktoren mit PGD zusammenhängen: Die Ischämiezeit des 2. Möglicherweise führen transfundierte "Anti-human-leukocyte-antigen"(Anti-HLA)-Antikörper und/oder die Gegenwart von Antikörpern in Blutprodukten mit konsekutiver Neutrophilenaktivierung zu einer Lungenschädigung. B. den Nieren, geht selbst das Vorliegen von bis zu 6 HLA-Missmatches nicht mit einer Beeinträchtigung des Graft-Überlebens einher [24] ; dies allerdings unter potenter Immunsuppression der modernen Ära [19] . Aus dem aktuellen Bericht des Registers der International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) geht hervor, dass auch bei den Lungen bis zu 6 Missmatches nur in einer moderaten Erhöhung der Zehnjahreletalität resultieren (relatives Risiko 1,06; p-Wert 0,0001, [5] ). abstract: Lung transplantation is an established therapeutic option for selected patients with various end stage pulmonary diseases which prolongs survival and improves quality of life. A multitude of pulmonary and non-pulmonary complications can lead to significant morbidity thus impairing short and long-term survival. Early recognition and fast treatment of these complications are fundamental measures to prevent secondary destructive incidents. This article reviews the most frequent complications arising after lung transplantation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102131/ doi: 10.1007/s00398-013-1005-3 id: cord-349226-xzlc1pni author: Khatiwada, Saroj title: Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications date: 2020-08-05 words: 4312.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349226-xzlc1pni.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349226-xzlc1pni.txt summary: To date there is no direct evidence from human or animal studies on the role of lung microbiome in modifying COVID-19 disease; however, related studies support that microbiome can play an essential role in developing immunity against viral infections. The COVID-19 disease is caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 [4] . The COVID-19 disease begins with the invasion of lungs by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the major complications that develop subsequently are related to lung infection and immune response generation, therefore, lung microbiome might play an important role from initiation to the progression of this disease [16] . The SARS-CoV-2 viral infection occurs amid the local environment of diverse microbiota; therefore, it is apparent that lung microbiota can have an impact on the initiation, development, and progression of the COVID-19 disease. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly emerging disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease begins as an infection of lungs, which is self-limiting in the majority of infections; however, some develop severe respiratory distress and organ failures. Lung microbiome, though neglected previously have received interest recently because of its association with several respiratory diseases and immunity. Lung microbiome can modify the risk and consequences of COVID-19 disease by activating an innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, we examine the current evidence on COVID-19 disease and lung microbiome, and how lung microbiome can affect SARS-CoV-2 infection and the outcomes of this disease. To date there is no direct evidence from human or animal studies on the role of lung microbiome in modifying COVID-19 disease; however, related studies support that microbiome can play an essential role in developing immunity against viral infections. Future studies need to be undertaken to find the relationship between lung microbiome and COVID-19 disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humic.2020.100073 doi: 10.1016/j.humic.2020.100073 id: cord-315948-o4uj3l8r author: Kim, Se Yong title: A Case of Statin-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis due to Rosuvastatin date: 2015-06-30 words: 1733.0 sentences: 105.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315948-o4uj3l8r.txt summary: Chest radiography showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs, along with several subpleural ground-glass opacity nodules; and a foamy alveolar macrophage appearance was confirmed on bronchoalveolar lavage. Although the histopathological findings are also non-diagnostic, based on prior reports and studies, the possibility of diagnosis is significantly increased if the alveolar macrophages have a foamy appearance, as confirmed by cytology, along with the patient'' s clinical history 8 . The alveolar macrophages finally had a foamy appearance that was revealed by cytology with increased lymphocytes and eosinophils on cellular profile of BAL fluid. Thereafter, after discontinuing rosuvastatin and initiating steroid therapy, the patient'' s symptoms and radiologic findings had improved. Therefore, to our knowledge, our patient was the first diagnosed with rosuvastatin-induced interstitial lung disease in Korea. We believe a foamy macrophage appearance could help in the diagnosis of SILI, coupled with the clinical symptoms and radiologic findings, and clinicians should consider the potential for rosuvastatin-induced lung injury. abstract: Statins lower the hyperlipidemia and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events and related mortality. A 60-year-old man who was diagnosed with a transient ischemic attack was started on acetyl-L-carnitine, cilostazol, and rosuvastatin. After rosuvastatin treatment for 4 weeks, the patient presented with sudden onset fever, cough, and dyspnea. His symptoms were aggravated despite empirical antibiotic treatment. All infectious pathogens were excluded based on results of culture and polymerase chain reaction of the bronchoscopic wash specimens. Chest radiography showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs, along with several subpleural ground-glass opacity nodules; and a foamy alveolar macrophage appearance was confirmed on bronchoalveolar lavage. We suspected rosuvastatin-induced lung injury, discontinued rosuvastatin and initiated prednisolone 1 mg/kg tapered over 2weeks. After initiating steroid therapy, his symptoms and radiologic findings significantly improved. We suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential for rosuvastatin-induced lung injury. url: https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2015.78.3.281 doi: 10.4046/trd.2015.78.3.281 id: cord-009983-naht0ik6 author: Kim, Yoon Hee title: Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in humidifier disinfectant‐associated children''s interstitial lung disease date: 2015-06-25 words: 4452.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009983-naht0ik6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009983-naht0ik6.txt summary: 21 There have been many efforts to determine the clinical prognostic factors of the humidifier disinfectant-associated children''s interstitial lung disease (HD-chILD) because this ILD progressed rapidly and was refractory to all treatment in non-survivors, whereas the clinical course in survivors tended to be highly favorable. These findings suggest that TGF-b1 may play a key role in the repair of damaged lung and control of excessive inflammation in acute lung injury, rather functioning in promoting the progression of irreversible, fatal fibrosis. 29, 30 In the HD-chILD of this study, the role of TGF-b1 seemed to be very complex in relating with repairing damaged lung, controlling severe inflammation, and promoting pulmonary fibrosis. In conclusion, this study confirmed the possible role of TGF-b1 in the repair of damaged lung and control of vigorous inflammation, in acute lung injury associated with unexpected exposure to humidifier disinfectants in young children. abstract: BACKGROUND: Humidifier disinfectant‐associated children's interstitial lung disease has an unpredictable clinical course with a high morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the differences in clinical findings between survivors and non‐survivors of humidifier disinfectant‐associated children's interstitial lung disease. To evaluate dynamic changes in serum cytokines related to inflammation and fibrosis in lung injury, and to determine whether these changes are predictive of survival in this disease. METHODS: We evaluated 17 children with humidifier disinfectant‐associated children's interstitial lung disease, from whom serum samples were obtained weekly during hospitalization. The severity of chest tomographic and lung pathologic findings was scored. Levels of several cytokines were measured in the serial serum samples. RESULTS: Seven of the 17 children were survivors. Compared to survivors, non‐survivors had greater ground‐glass attenuation on follow‐up chest tomography, higher admission neutrophil counts, and more macrophages on pathologic findings. Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 persisted at an elevated level (1,000–1,500 pg/ml) in survivors, whereas it decreased abruptly in non‐survivors. At the time of this decrease, non‐survivors had clinical worsening of their respiratory failure. Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 was positively correlated with PaO(2)/FiO(2) (r = 0.481, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Non‐survivors exhibited more inflammatory clinical findings than survivors. Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 remained elevated in survivors, suggesting that it affected the clinical course of humidifier disinfectant‐associated children's interstitial lung disease. The prognosis of this lung disease may depend more on controlling excessive inflammation and repairing damaged lung than on fibrosis, and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 may play a key role in this process. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:173–182. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167780/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.23226 id: cord-016617-qadf0xut author: Lagstein, Amir title: Airway Pathology in Lung Transplants date: 2013-06-14 words: 7577.0 sentences: 352.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016617-qadf0xut.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016617-qadf0xut.txt summary: This classifi cation system can also be applied to larger specimens, such as surgical lung biopsies, explanted allografts, and autopsy material, with the recognition that some fi ndings, especially chronic vascular rejection (Grade D), are relatively uncommon and virtually never identifi ed on TBBx. ACR and graft atherosclerosis will not be further discussed as they are beyond the scope of this chapter. As is true in small airways, infl ammation in large airways is not specifi c for rejection and is commonly present with clinical (or subclinical) infection, aspiration, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other inhalational injuries. In a study of CMV and pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed by open lung biopsy and TBBx, Tazelaar [ 50 ] noted perivascular lymphocytic infi ltrates similar to those seen in acute rejection in 42 % of CMV cases and 21 % of pneumocystis cases. abstract: The histologic diagnosis of lung transplant rejection is based on the assessment of perivascular mononuclear cell inflammation, airway inflammation and fibrosis, and vasculopathic changes. This chapter describes the pathologic features of acute and chronic rejection of the small airways (i.e., lymphocytic and obliterative bronchiolitis). As transbronchial lung biopsy is the mainstay for the assessment of rejection, a brief discussion of some of the limitations of this technique is provided from the pathologist’s perspective. Several important and common entities that can mimic airway rejection are described with practical guidance for distinguishing these potential confounders on transbronchial biopsy. The non-rejection findings that are discussed include the normal biopsy, nonspecific forms of chronic bronchiolitis, cytomegalovirus and pneumocystis pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, and aspiration pneumonia. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120967/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7636-8_2 id: cord-308071-1bk3xuwf author: Lang, Christian title: Lung transplantation for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in a PCR-positive patient date: 2020-08-25 words: 2432.0 sentences: 128.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308071-1bk3xuwf.txt summary: Herein, we report the first case of lung transplantation for a patient with a persistently positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time RT-PCR test result. This decision was based on the following considerations: (1) virus culture was negative and real-time RT-PCR Ct values were high; (2) it was more than 5 weeks since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 infection; (3) no alternative treatment options were available; (4) the case was a single-organ failure in a young patient; (5) it was a preseptic condition originating from the lungs; and (6) there were no other obvious barriers for long-term recovery. To our knowledge, available evidence for lung transplant ation in COVID-19 is limited to two preliminary reports from China, suggesting that this treatment might be an option for SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative patients. 11, 12 The case we present here extends the reports from China by showing that lung transplantation can be done in patients with positive RT-PCR results, provided that Vero cell cultures confirm non-infectivity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32857987/ doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30361-1 id: cord-006760-mgrxo21j author: Lee, James C. title: Critical care management of the lung transplant recipient date: 2012-06-22 words: 5045.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006760-mgrxo21j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006760-mgrxo21j.txt summary: Given the severity of illness of such patients at the time of surgery, lung transplant recipients require particular attention in the immediate post-operative period to ensure optimal short-term and long-term outcomes. Causes and treatment of conditions affecting early morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients will be detailed, including primary graft dysfunction, cardiovascular and surgical complications, and immunologic and infectious issues. This review aims to summarize the most important aspects of the critical care management of the lung transplant recipient in the peri-operative time period [3] [4] [5] [6] . The immediate post-operative period in the ICU remains the most critical for the lung transplant recipient, requiring continuous hemodynamic monitoring, often maximal ventilatory support, and close observation of chest tube output for evidence of bleeding or other surgical complications. If the critically ill lung transplant recipient experiences peri-operative hypotension, aggressive diuresis for PGD, and is on numerous potentially other nephrotoxic medications, renal dysfunction may be prolonged and severe, leading to serious long-term complications. abstract: Lung transplantation provides the prospect of improved survival and quality of life for patients with end stage lung and pulmonary vascular diseases. Given the severity of illness of such patients at the time of surgery, lung transplant recipients require particular attention in the immediate post-operative period to ensure optimal short-term and long-term outcomes. The management of such patients involves active involvement of a multidisciplinary team versed in common post-operative complications. This review provides an overview of such complications as they pertain to the practitioners caring for post-operative lung transplant recipients. Causes and treatment of conditions affecting early morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients will be detailed, including primary graft dysfunction, cardiovascular and surgical complications, and immunologic and infectious issues. Additionally, lung donor management issues and bridging the critically ill potential lung transplant recipient to transplantation will be discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102351/ doi: 10.1007/s13665-012-0018-9 id: cord-016690-3gsq724l author: Li, Hongjun title: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date: 2013-09-30 words: 26772.0 sentences: 1583.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt summary: Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy. abstract: Lungs are the most commonly involved organ by HIV/AIDS related diseases, and pulmonary infections are the main reasons for the increasing death rate from AIDS. Pathogens of HIV related pulmonary infections include parasites, fungi, mycobacteria, viruses, bacteria and toxoplasma gondii. According to international reports, pathogens have different geographical distribution, which is also closely related to the socioeconomic status of the region to produce varied AIDS related diseases spectra. For instance, in the United States, pneumocystis carnii pneumonia (PCP), tuberculosis and recurrent bacterial pneumonia (at least twice within 1 year) occur frequently in HIV infected patients. An international report published 10 years ago indicated that PCP is the most common and serious pulmonary opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients. Now its incidence has dropped with the application of antiretroviral treatment and preventive measures. PCP will continue to occur initially in patients who are aware of their HIV infection. In addition, HIV related viral and parasitic infections have been reported both domestically and internationally. In this section, the clinical manifestations and imaging findings of HIV related pulmonary infections are analyzed and discussed, which provide effective diagnosis basis, so as to reduce the incidence of HIV-related pulmonary infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121050/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17 id: cord-277455-r69j2tnw author: Lim, Jun Hyeok title: Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage date: 2018-03-21 words: 1363.0 sentences: 93.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277455-r69j2tnw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277455-r69j2tnw.txt summary: title: Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage We report a case of a 63-year-old man presenting with rapid-onset refractory severe thrombocytopenia, development of massive hemoptysis, and death from respiratory failure. SCLC differs from non-small-cell lung cancer in its rapid tumor doubling time, high growth fraction, early development of widespread metastasis, and better response to platinum doublets chemotherapy. Hematologic abnormalities such as anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are reported to be occasionally accompanied by bone marrow metastasis or paraneoplastic phenomenon [5, 6] . Herein, we report an SCLC patient who presented with rapid-onset, refractory severe thrombocytopenia and development of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an SCLC patient presenting with fatal pulmonary hemorrhage due to refractory thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow involvement in small cell lung cancer: prognostic significance and correlation with hematological and biochemical parameters Is bone marrow examination in small-cell lung cancer really necessary? abstract: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a lung cancer histological subtype unusual in its favorable response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Life-threatening manifestations at presentation are rarely reported and should be an important clinical concern. We report a case of a 63-year-old man presenting with rapid-onset refractory severe thrombocytopenia, development of massive hemoptysis, and death from respiratory failure. This case provides clinicians a reference for this unusual presentation and carries clinical implications for managing SCLC patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29607415/ doi: 10.1515/med-2018-0009 id: cord-342150-dadc8whz author: Lindahl, Sten G. E. title: Using the prone position could help to combat the development of fast hypoxia in some patients with COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-17 words: 2000.0 sentences: 110.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342150-dadc8whz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342150-dadc8whz.txt summary: Since ventilation distribution does not change between supine and prone positions, the higher expression of nitric oxide in dorsal lung vessels than in ventral vessels is likely to be the most important mechanism behind enhanced oxygenation in the prone position. • Gravity is only one variable responsible for ventilation/ perfusion matching and is executed in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, gas distribution and regulation of lung vascular tone. Based on this review, it is concluded that gravity is one of the variables responsible for V/Q matching, but in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, gas distribution and regulation of lung vascular tone. In view of the unchanged ventilation distribution of prone and supine, it currently seems that the most important mechanism is different regulation of lung vascularity in dorsal and ventral lung regions, due to expression of the potent vasodilator NO. abstract: The world is facing an explosive COVID‐19 pandemic. Some cases rapidly develop deteriorating lung function, which causes deep hypoxaemia and requires urgent treatment. Many centres have started treating patients in the prone position, and oxygenation has improved considerably in some cases. Questions have been raised regarding the mechanisms behind this. The mini review provides some insights into the role of supine and prone body positions and summarises the latest understanding of the responsible mechanisms. The scope for discussion is outside the neonatal period and entirely based on experimental and clinical experiences related to adults. The human respiratory system is a complex interplay of many different variables. Therefore, this mini review has prioritised previous and ongoing research to find explanations based on three scientific areas: gravity, lung structure and fractal geometry and vascular regulation. It concludes that gravity is one of the variables responsible for ventilation/perfusion matching but in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, ventilation and regulation of lung vascular tone. Since ventilation distribution does not change between supine and prone positions, the higher expression of nitric oxide in dorsal lung vessels than in ventral vessels is likely to be the most important mechanism behind enhanced oxygenation in the prone position. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32484966/ doi: 10.1111/apa.15382 id: cord-008510-mnpu27kl author: Lipscomb, Mary F. title: The Regulation of Pulmonary Immunity date: 2008-04-10 words: 30201.0 sentences: 1433.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008510-mnpu27kl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008510-mnpu27kl.txt summary: Demonstration that lung cells regulate both nonspecific inflammation and immunity through the expression of adhesion molecules and the secretion of cytokines offers hope for ways to design more effective vaccines, enhance microbial clearance in immune-suppressed hosts, and to suppress manifestations of immunologically mediated lung disease. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. Models to examine immune responses to various respiratory antigens were developed in many animal strains, including mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, dogs, monkeys, horses, and cattle; antigens were delivered via aerosol, intranasal, intratracheal, or intrabronchial instillation. abstract: Thechapter describes the cells and structures of the lung that participate in pulmonary immunity and how the lung responds to challenges fromforeign antigens, with particular emphasis on animal models that have been developed to explore these issues. Some ligands-receptor interactions are specific while others are not, and it is the particular pattern of surface molecules and secreted factors expressed by interacting immune cells that determines the type of immune response that develops during central processing. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. Immune cells and structures of the lung and lung immunity to noninfectious particulate and soluble antigens are discussed. Several models for regulation of pulmonary immunity such as models for immunity in lung infections, models for hypersensitivity lung disease, models for lung transplantation, and graft versus host are also presented. Demonstration that lung cells regulate both nonspecific inflammation and immunity through the expression of adhesion molecules and the secretion of cytokines offers hope for ways to design more effective vaccines, enhance microbial clearance in immune-suppressed hosts, and to suppress manifestations of immunologically mediated lung disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7131473/ doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60634-3 id: cord-024141-9sdbhw2g author: Liu, Haiyan title: Lung and Mediastinum date: 2017-09-02 words: 7361.0 sentences: 650.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024141-9sdbhw2g.txt summary: • The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the lung specifies that immunohistochemistry is required for lung cancer diagnosis, not only for small biopsies and fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens but also for certain resected specimens such as solid adenocarcinoma (ADC), nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and sarcomatoid carcinomas. • The role of cytopathologists has expanded to not only making a specific diagnosis, including histopathological subtyping of tumors, but also to thoughtfully utilizing the limited material for necessary genetic studies to help personalize treatment strategies for advanced lung cancer patients. Representative images of the FNA smears and cellblock material were shown in Fig. 6 .39a-d.The cytological features raise a differential diagnosis that includes neuroendocrine tumor, spindle cell tumors, including sarcomatoid carcinoma and metastatic melanoma of the spindle cell type. abstract: Fine needle aspiration and small tissue biopsies have become a primary modality to achieve a definitive diagnosis of a mass-like lesion of the lung and mediastinum. This chapter delineated cytologic and histologic features of common and rare neoplastic and nonneoplastic mass-like lesions of the lung and mediastinum. The utilities and pitfalls of commonly used diagnostic immunohistochemical (IHC) stains, such as TTF1, Napsin A, p40 and CK5/6, and small diagnostic IHC panels, were described. Multiple challenging and yet practical cases at the end of the chapter were used to reemphasize important points illustrated throughout the chapter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189424/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-57386-1_6 id: cord-264308-y6xuxj16 author: Liu, Rui title: Mouse lung slices: An ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses date: 2015-05-26 words: 7663.0 sentences: 403.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264308-y6xuxj16.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264308-y6xuxj16.txt summary: In this study, we established an ex vivo model using mouse lung slices to evaluate both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection. Our results suggested that mouse lung slices provide a robust, convenient and cost-efficient model for the assessment of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. Our results showed that the lung slice model provides a robust, convenient and cost-economical method for the screening and evaluation of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. To meet the goal of this study in the establishment of an ex vivo mouse slice model for the screening and evaluation of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs against influenza infection in one assay, ensuring that the ex vivo model has similar patterns in influenza-induced cytokine and chemokine responses is critical. abstract: The influenza A virus is notoriously known for its ability to cause recurrent epidemics and global pandemics. Antiviral therapy is effective when treatment is initiated within 48 h of symptom onset, and delaying treatment beyond this time frame is associated with decreased efficacy. Research on anti-inflammatory therapy to ameliorate influenza-induced inflammation is currently underway and seems important to the impact on the clinical outcome. Both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed. Current methods for evaluating the efficacy of anti-influenza drugs rely mostly on transformed cells and animals. Transformed cell models are distantly related to physiological and pathological conditions. Although animals are the best choices for preclinical drug testing, they are not time- or cost-efficient. In this study, we established an ex vivo model using mouse lung slices to evaluate both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection. Both influenza virus PR8 (H1N1) and A/Human/Hubei/3/2005 (H3N2) can replicate efficiently in mouse lung slices and trigger significant cytokine and chemokine responses. The induction of selected cytokines and chemokines were found to have a positive correlation between ex vivo and in vivo experiments, suggesting that the ex vivo cultured lung slices may closely resemble the lung functionally in an in vivo configuration when challenged by influenza virus. Furthermore, a set of agents with known antiviral and/or anti-inflammatory activities were tested to validate the ex vivo model. Our results suggested that mouse lung slices provide a robust, convenient and cost-efficient model for the assessment of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. This ex vivo model may predict the efficacy of drug candidates’ antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016635421500128X doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.05.008 id: cord-338070-y8zi8iz9 author: Liu, Wei title: Pharmacological inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by olaparib ameliorates influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice date: 2020-08-31 words: 4108.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338070-y8zi8iz9.txt summary: This study aimed to explore the effects of PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib on IAV-induced lung injury and the underlying mechanisms. To the expectations, mice in the olaparib group showed higher survival rate compared with that in the IAV group in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that olaparib could powerfully protect against influenza virus challenge in by H&E staining and the quantitative analysis of histological changes in the lung tissues (e) (n = 8 for each group). The detection of cytokine/chemokine in BALF samples at day 6 post-infection showed that IL-6, MCP-1, G-CSF, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL3, and RANTES were remarkably increased in the IAV group compared with those in the control group, while olaparib treatment significantly reduced the abnormal increased levels of the above cytokine/chemokines, which was similar with the results obtained from lung tissue (Fig. 4a-h) . To explore the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of olaparib against IAV-induced injury to murine lungs, western blot was performed to detect the PARPs, the marker of apoptosis. abstract: Treatments against influenza A viruses (IAV) have to be updated regularly due to antigenic drift and drug resistance. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are considered effective therapeutic targets of acute lung inflammatory injury. This study aimed to explore the effects of PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib on IAV-induced lung injury and the underlying mechanisms. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were intranasally infected with IAV strain H1N1 to mimic pneumonia experimentally. Olaparib at different doses was intraperitoneally injected 2 days before and 5 consecutive days after virus stimulation. On day 6 post-infection, lung tissues as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were sampled for histological and biochemical analyses. Olaparib increased the survival rate of IAV mice dose-dependently. Olaparib remarkably reduced IAV mRNA expression, myeloperoxidase (MPO) level, and inflammatory cell infiltration in IAV lungs. Moreover, olaparib significantly reduced the level of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6, and IL-4 and increased IL-10 in IAV lungs. Also, olaparib efficiently reduced IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), TNF-α, chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL10, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand (CCL)3, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) release in IAV BALF. Olaparib decreased PARylated protein content and p65, IκBα phosphorylation in IAV lung tissues. This study successfully constructed the pneumonia murine model using IAV. Olaparib decreased IAV-induced mortality in mice, lung injury, and cytokine production possibly via modulation of PARP-1/NF-κB axis. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10096-020-04020-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-04020-5 doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-04020-5 id: cord-006541-ror7z8h7 author: Liu, Xiaoli title: Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells date: 2015-07-07 words: 4663.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006541-ror7z8h7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006541-ror7z8h7.txt summary: title: Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells Strikingly, serum DC-SIGNR levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients with brain metastasis compared to those without metastasis (P = 0.0283). The DC-SIGNR level in the serum of patients with lung cancer (14.9434 ± 0.3152 mg/ml) was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (3.4696 ± 0.2471 mg/ml) (P = 0.0003; Fig. 1a) . Serum concentrations of DC-SIGNR correlated significantly with lung cancer patients who have brain metastasis Our study demonstrated that serum levels of DC-SIGNR in lung cancer patients were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals. Furthermore, we found that the serum DC-SIGNR levels correlated significantly with brain metastasis and serum NK cells percentage in lung cancer patients. In the present study, we detected a significantly negative correlation between serum levels of DC-SIGNR and serum percentage of NK cells in lung cancer patients. abstract: Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein (DC-SIGNR) is a type II transmembrane protein which has been reported to bind a variety of pathogens as well as participate in immunoregulation. But the association between the level of DC-SIGNR and lung cancer is unknown. To investigate the clinical diagnostic significance of DC-SIGNR in lung cancer, we investigated serum DC-SIGNR levels in 173 lung cancer patients and 134 healthy individuals using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that serum DC-SIGNR levels in lung cancer patients were lower than that in healthy controls (P = 0.0003). A cut-off value of 3.8998 ng/L for DC-SIGNR predicted the presence of lung cancer with 78.03 % sensitivity and 49.25 % specificity (area under the curve = 0.6212, P = 0.0003). Strikingly, serum DC-SIGNR levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients with brain metastasis compared to those without metastasis (P = 0.0283). Moreover, the serum concentrations of DC-SIGNR in lung cancer patients also correlated significantly with serum natural killer cells percentage (P = 0.0017). In addition, immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated that the expression of DC-SIGNR in lung tissues of 31 lung cancer patients and 13 tuberculosis patients was significantly lower than that in 18 normal lung tissues (P = 0.0418, 0.0289), and there is no significant difference between tuberculosis tissues and lung cancer tissues (P = 0.2696). These results suggest that DC-SIGNR maybe a promising biological molecule that has the potential for clinical research of lung cancer, whereas its underlying roles are needed to be investigated in further studies. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11010-015-2465-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101997/ doi: 10.1007/s11010-015-2465-4 id: cord-017412-1avevzya author: Losada, Liliana title: The Human Lung Microbiome date: 2010-10-11 words: 10013.0 sentences: 499.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt summary: Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations abstract: The human lower respiratory tract is considered sterile in normal healthy individuals (Flanagan et al., 2007; Speert, 2006) despite the fact that every day we breathe in multiple microorganisms present in the air and aspirate thousands of organisms from the mouth and nasopharynx. This apparent sterility is maintained by numerous interrelated components of the lung physical structures such as the mucociliary elevator and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems (discussed below) (reviewed in (Diamond et al., 2000; Gerritsen, 2000)). However, it is possible that the observed sterility might be a result of the laboratory practices applied to study the flora of the lungs. Historically, researchers faced with a set of diseases characterized by a changing and largely cryptic lung microbiome have lacked tools to study lung ecology as a whole and have concentrated on familiar, cultivatable candidate pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121966/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7 id: cord-016211-8j8n9enn author: Lu, Puxuan title: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza date: 2015-04-30 words: 9573.0 sentences: 570.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016211-8j8n9enn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016211-8j8n9enn.txt summary: Statistical analysis has demonstrated that 60-70 % human infection of avian infl uenza is severe, which may clinically develop into acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Within 1 week after onset, the conditions may rapidly progress and deteriorate into acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, multiple organ failure, shock, Reye syndrome, and secondary bacterial infection and septicemia. In severe cases of human infection by avian infl uenza, the patients develop pleuritis and pleural effusion at the middle or advanced stage, mostly 6-12 days after the onset. The patients experience typical symptoms of human infection with avian infl uenza, including fever with a body temperature above 38 °C, headache, general pain, fatigue, dry throat, and poor appetite. Some severe cases with human infection of avian infl uenza might develop rapid heart rate, nodal tachycardia, and acute heart failure at day 10-18 after the onset. abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by some viral strains of avian influenza virus A. Its severity is highly diverse ranging from common cold-like symptoms to septicemia, shock, multiple organ failure, Reye syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, and other complications leading to death. According to the laws, human infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza has been legally listed as class B infectious diseases in China. And it has been stipulated that it should be managed according to class A infectious diseases in China. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120431/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9882-2_18 id: cord-016369-tnvlafa2 author: Lu, Puxuan title: Human Infected H5N1 Avian Influenza date: 2016-06-23 words: 3925.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016369-tnvlafa2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016369-tnvlafa2.txt summary: Due to virus infi ltration, the lung of patients with human infected H5N1 avian infl uenza is demonstrated with fl akes of opacity that is predominantly exudates by chest X-ray or chest CT scan, namely the ground glass opacity and lung consolidation. After the invasive assisting mechanical ventilation is retrieved with subsequent normal body temperature, breathing rate and WBC count, the both lungs are still radiologically demonstrated with strips, fl akes, grid like, and patches of consolidation opacity, indicating inconsistency between chest radiology and clinical symptoms due to long-term progression of the lesions. All the fi ndings indicated that ground glass opacity and large consolidation opacity are early signs of human infected avian infl uenza by chest radiology. By chest CT scan, pneumonia induced by H5N1 avian infl uenza virus is demonstrated with large ground glass opacity and consolidation opacity in both lungs that distribute extensively and progress rapidly. abstract: Avian influenza is an infectious disease caused by avian influenza virus, which is also known as avian plague or European avian plague. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120627/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_10 id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy author: López, Alfonso title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 words: 57323.0 sentences: 2749.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt summary: Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271179/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 id: cord-274474-u2fdicgz author: Majumder, Joydeb title: Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Respiratory Diseases: Cancer, Fibrosis, and Coronavirus date: 2020-10-13 words: 10098.0 sentences: 634.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274474-u2fdicgz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274474-u2fdicgz.txt summary: The present review summarizes recent advances in the development of nanocarrier based therapeutics for local and targeted delivery of drugs, nucleic acids and imaging agents for diagnostics and treatment of various diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and coronavirus. [1, 2] Therefore, methods of developing new therapeutic solutions as well as improving the current therapies for the common lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and coronavirus infections remain the main focus in the fields of targeted drug delivery. In this review, we will summarize recent reports on the development of lipid and polymer based nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs and nucleic acids for the treatment of lung cancer. In a similar study, we used a complex liposomal drug delivery system containing anticancer drug doxorubicin and both MRP1 and BCL2 targeting antisense oligonucleotides for inhalation treatment in lung cancer cells. abstract: Systemic delivery of therapeutics for treatment of lung diseases has several limitations including poor organ distribution of delivered payload with relatively low accumulation of active substances in the lungs and severe adverse side effects. In contrast, nanocarrier based therapeutics provide a broad range of opportunities due to their ability to encapsulate substances with different aqueous solubility, transport distinct types of cargo, target therapeutics specifically to the deceased organ, cell, or cellular organelle limiting adverse side effects and increasing the efficacy of therapy. Moreover, many nanotherapeutics can be delivered by inhalation locally to the lungs avoiding systemic circulation. In addition, nanoscale based delivery systems can be multifunctional, simultaneously carrying out several tasks including diagnostics, treatment and suppression of cellular resistance to the treatment. Nanoscale delivery systems improve the clinical efficacy of conventional therapeutics allowing new approaches for the treatment of respiratory diseases which are difficult to treat or possess intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment. The present review summarizes recent advances in the development of nanocarrier based therapeutics for local and targeted delivery of drugs, nucleic acids and imaging agents for diagnostics and treatment of various diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and coronavirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33173809/ doi: 10.1002/adtp.202000203 id: cord-017021-n6rpuvwd author: Marriott, Deborah J. title: Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date: 2018-08-31 words: 11695.0 sentences: 672.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt summary: • physical factors such as denervation of the allograft resulting in a reduced cough reflex and anastomotic site stenosis with distal infection • the ''net state of immunosuppression''-the result of all factors including host immune system, anti-rejection immunosuppressive therapy and concomitant viral infections such as cytomegalovirus that contribute to a patient''s risk of infection • epidemiological exposure to organisms, including donor-derived infections, community acquired infections, travel related infections and healthcare associated infections • the use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the post-transplant period Longer treatment is required for severe or disseminated infection or for infection involving the central nervous system and/or bone and joint and in pulmonary disease with ongoing AFB detectable in sputum (>2 months) • streptomycin should not be used in the lung transplant setting because of the associated high-risk of nephrotoxicity. abstract: The lungs are the only transplanted organ in direct contact with the ‘outside world’. Infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in lung transplantation. Early accurate diagnosis and optimal management is essential to prevent short and long term complications. Bacteria, including Mycobacteria and Nocardia, viruses and fungi are common pathogens. Organisms may be present in the recipient prior to transplantation, transmitted with the donor lungs or acquired after transplantation. The degree of immunosuppression and the routine use of antimicrobial prophylaxis alters the pattern of post-transplant infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121478/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-90933-2_15 id: cord-031033-v4yetn4f author: Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title: The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date: 2020-08-31 words: 5110.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 27.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt summary: In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study found that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome represents a new tool for diagnosis in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Alternatively, the mere onset of critical illness-be it sepsis, ARDS or any number of conditions, is associated with alterations of the gut Fig. 2 Island model for the development of lung injury based on sites of dysbiosis microbiome, which may be independent of antibiotic administration [61] . abstract: During critical illness, there are a multitude of forces such as antibiotic use, mechanical ventilation, diet changes and inflammatory responses that could bring the microbiome out of balance. This so-called dysbiosis of the microbiome seems to be involved in immunological responses and may influence outcomes even in individuals who are not as vulnerable as a critically ill ICU population. It is therefore probable that dysbiosis of the microbiome is a consequence of critical illness and may, subsequently, shape an inadequate response to these circumstances. Bronchoscopic studies have revealed that the carina represents the densest site of bacterial DNA along healthy airways, with a tapering density with further bifurcations. This likely reflects the influence of micro-aspiration as the primary route of microbial immigration in healthy adults. Though bacterial DNA density grows extremely sparse at smaller airways, bacterial signal is still consistently detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, likely reflecting the fact that lavage via a wedged bronchoscope samples an enormous surface area of small airways and alveoli. The dogma of lung sterility also violated numerous observations that long predated culture-independent microbiology. The body’s resident microbial consortia (gut and/or respiratory microbiota) affect normal host inflammatory and immune response mechanisms. Disruptions in these host-pathogen interactions have been associated with infection and altered innate immunity. In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7457224/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03219-4 id: cord-022136-3q24qxsr author: Maru, Yoshiro title: Explanation of Metastasis by Homeostatic Inflammation date: 2016-02-02 words: 12045.0 sentences: 615.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022136-3q24qxsr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022136-3q24qxsr.txt summary: Treatment of B16 melanoma cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipid A at 1 μg/ ml each for 48 h, which induced CCL2 expression, followed by extensive washing and subcutaneous implantation, reduced the tumor growth compared with untreated B16 cells in both wild-type and TLR4-KO mice. Expression of endogenous ligands, such as S100A8 and SAA3, in endothelial cells in sterile premetastatic lungs is induced by primary tumor-derived growth factors, such as CCL2, from the circulation side and the paracrine signaling goes in an opposite direction from the circulation to airway side to result in amplification of SAA3 in club cells. Detailed analysis of stimulation and expression pattern of S100A8, SAA3, and TNFα revealed that the triggering mechanism is primary tumor-secreted CCL2 that activates CCR2 in the hyperpermeable regions in the lungs to induce S100A8 expression in the endothelial cells. abstract: If inflammation caused by either non-self or self molecules can disseminate throughout the body and inflammatory sites actively allow entry of circulating tumor cells and assist regrowth, then circulating tumor cells metastasize to the sites of inflammation. However, disrupted sites of homeostatic inflammation do not necessarily guarantee metastatic spread and subsequent regrowth. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153410/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-56024-1_15 id: cord-034406-i1hbx3pz author: Matthews, Abigail A. title: Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases date: 2020-10-30 words: 8739.0 sentences: 395.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034406-i1hbx3pz.txt summary: Biologic therapeutics such as protein/polypeptide drugs are conventionally administered systemically via intravenous injection for the treatment of diseases including lung diseases, although this approach leads to low target site accumulation and the potential risk for systemic side effects. In comparison, topical delivery of protein drugs to the lung via inhalation is deemed to be a more effective approach for lung diseases, as proteins would directly reach the target in the lung while exhibiting poor diffusion into the systemic circulation, leading to higher lung drug retention and efficacy while minimising toxicity to other organs. This means that high concentrations of the protein drug can be attained in the lung via pulmonary delivery, suggesting that lower doses of inhaled protein can have an equivalent or even superior therapeutic effect for lung diseases when compared to the higher doses that would be needed from systemic administration [9] . abstract: Biologic therapeutics such as protein/polypeptide drugs are conventionally administered systemically via intravenous injection for the treatment of diseases including lung diseases, although this approach leads to low target site accumulation and the potential risk for systemic side effects. In comparison, topical delivery of protein drugs to the lung via inhalation is deemed to be a more effective approach for lung diseases, as proteins would directly reach the target in the lung while exhibiting poor diffusion into the systemic circulation, leading to higher lung drug retention and efficacy while minimising toxicity to other organs. This review examines the important considerations and challenges in designing an inhaled protein therapeutics for local lung delivery: the choice of inhalation device, structural changes affecting drug deposition in diseased lungs, clearance mechanisms affecting an inhaled protein drug’s lung accumulation, protein stability, and immunogenicity. Possible approaches to overcoming these issues will also be discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7595758/ doi: 10.1186/s43556-020-00014-z id: cord-276732-u2d1z4ip author: Mauri, Tommaso title: Intraperitoneal adoptive transfer of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery from acid aspiration acute lung injury in mice date: 2017-03-06 words: 4445.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276732-u2d1z4ip.txt summary: -Arterial blood gas analysis for gas exchange -Wet-to-dry ratio as index of edema -Micro-CT scan to measure change over time in non-aerated lung tissue expressed as percentage of the whole lung tissue, with more negative values representing larger decrease of alveolar collapse; -Histopathology examination performed according to previous study [12] evaluating alveolar serofibrinous exudate and alveolar hemorrhage -Bronchoalveolar lavage for differential cell count, total protein content (with bicinchoninic acid method) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (CXCL1, previously named KC), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assayed by ELISA -Blood withdrawal for PTX3 levels measurement in plasma (ELISA assay) (b)In 1 week from lung injury D-dimer (marker of fibrinolysis) [20] and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), an enzyme that participates in collagen degradation [21] , were detected by ELISA and by western blot in lungs lysate, respectively. abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might act as fine-tuners of inflammation during acute lung injury. We assessed the effects of adoptive transfer of MSCs in acid aspiration acute lung injury and explored the role of long pentraxin PTX3. METHODS: We conducted a prospective experimental interventional study on wild-type (WT) and PTX3-deficient (PTX3(−/−)) mice. Acute lung injury was induced in WT and PTX3(−/−) mice by instillation of hydrochloric acid into the right bronchus. One hour later, animals received intraperitoneal sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), WT-MSCs (1 × 10(6)) or PTX3(−/−)-MSCs (1 × 10(6)). Twenty-four hours after injury, we measured the effects of treatments on arterial blood gases, wet/dry lung weight (W/D), CT scan analysis of lung collapse, neutrophils, TNFα and CXCL1 in bronchoalveolar lavage, and plasma PTX3. d-dimer was assayed in 1 week and OH-proline in 2 weeks to track the fibrotic evolution. RESULTS: In 24 h, in comparison to PBS, WT-MSCs improved oxygenation and reduced W/D and alveolar collapse. These effects were associated with decreased concentrations of alveolar neutrophils and cytokines. WT-MSCs increased d-dimer concentration and decreased OH-proline levels, too. Treatment with PTX3(−/−)-MSCs ameliorated oxygenation, W/D, and alveolar TNFα, though to a lesser extent than WT-MSCs. PTX3(−/−)-MSCs did not improve lung collapse, neutrophil count, CXCL1, d-dimer, and OH-proline concentrations. The protective effects of WT-MSCs were dampened by lack of endogenous PTX3, too. CONCLUSIONS: In acid aspiration acute lung injury, MSCs improve pulmonary function and limit fibrosis by fine-tuning inflammation. The role of PTX3 in determining MSCs’ effects might merit further scrutiny. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-017-0126-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40635-017-0126-5 doi: 10.1186/s40635-017-0126-5 id: cord-289103-6i7wf41w author: McElyea, Christine title: Lung ultrasound artifacts in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-08-25 words: 1758.0 sentences: 94.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289103-6i7wf41w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289103-6i7wf41w.txt summary: As of the summer of 2020, there are more than 12.5 million reported cases of COVID-19 caused by the Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing a pandemic that has presented many challenges in the traditional approach to patients with hypoxemia and shortness of breath or respiratory failure. Eight (8) In patient A, the findings described were noted in the upper anterior lung zones bilaterally, while a chest x-ray obtained concurrently demonstrated infiltrate in bilateral lower lateral lung zones. We were able to capture these early changes since ultrasound was used earlier in COVID patients as we suspect pneumonia in those patients even with a normal CXR as inpatient A, representing part of the early interstitial and parenchymal lung disease and the early manifestation and development of shred sign, not described in previous literature. Point-of-care lung ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease-19 pnemoniae: a case report and potential applications during COVID-19 outbreak abstract: Lung ultrasound is an essential tool in critical care, made more so by the enhanced precautions associated with the Covid-19 pandemic. Here we describe 2 cases of multiple, small shred signs seen on ultrasound of Covid-19 patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-020-00526-y doi: 10.1007/s40477-020-00526-y id: cord-317993-012hx4kc author: Movia, Dania title: Preclinical Development of Orally Inhaled Drugs (OIDs)—Are Animal Models Predictive or Shall We Move Towards In Vitro Non-Animal Models? date: 2020-07-24 words: 6885.0 sentences: 369.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317993-012hx4kc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317993-012hx4kc.txt summary: SIMPLE SUMMARY: This commentary focuses on the methods currently available to test the efficacy and safety of new orally inhaled drugs for the treatment of uncurable respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis or lung cancer, prior to entering human experimentation. Inhalation is the preferred administration method for treating respiratory diseases [13] , as: (i) it delivers the drug directly at the site of action, resulting in a rapid therapeutic onset with considerably lower drug doses, (ii) it is painless and minimally invasive thus improving patients'' compliance, and (iii) it avoids first-pass metabolism, providing optimal pharmacokinetic conditions for drug absorption and reducing systemic side effects [14] [15] [16] . In the context of OID preclinical testing, lung organoids can be used for modeling respiratory diseases and, therefore, as a platform for screening the efficacy of inhalation therapies [115, 116] . abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: This commentary focuses on the methods currently available to test the efficacy and safety of new orally inhaled drugs for the treatment of uncurable respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis or lung cancer, prior to entering human experimentation. The key question that the authors try to address in this manuscript is whether there is value in using and refining current animal models for this pre-clinical testing, or whether these should be relinquished in favor of new, more human-relevant non-animal methods. ABSTRACT: Respiratory diseases constitute a huge burden in our society, and the global respiratory drug market currently grows at an annual rate between 4% and 6%. Inhalation is the preferred administration method for treating respiratory diseases, as it: (i) delivers the drug directly at the site of action, resulting in a rapid onset; (ii) is painless, thus improving patients’ compliance; and (iii) avoids first-pass metabolism reducing systemic side effects. Inhalation occurs through the mouth, with the drug generally exerting its therapeutic action in the lungs. In the most recent years, orally inhaled drugs (OIDs) have found application also in the treatment of systemic diseases. OIDs development, however, currently suffers of an overall attrition rate of around 70%, meaning that seven out of 10 new drug candidates fail to reach the clinic. Our commentary focuses on the reasons behind the poor OIDs translation into clinical products for the treatment of respiratory and systemic diseases, with particular emphasis on the parameters affecting the predictive value of animal preclinical tests. We then review the current advances in overcoming the limitation of animal animal-based studies through the development and adoption of in vitro, cell-based new approach methodologies (NAMs). url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081259 doi: 10.3390/ani10081259 id: cord-016947-8f22ukjc author: Mueller-Mang, Christina title: Interstitial Lung Diseases date: 2017-08-24 words: 11260.0 sentences: 619.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016947-8f22ukjc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016947-8f22ukjc.txt summary: The term idiopathic interstitial pneumonias refers to a group of seven entities with distinct histologic patterns: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), characterized by the pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP); nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP); cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP); respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD); desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP); lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP); and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). In contrast to the heterogeneous lung involvement and the typical a b Fig. 6 (a, b) Axial CT image in a 63-year-old man with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) shows bilateral reticular opacities, honeycombing (black arrowheads), and traction bronchiectasis (arrow). In UIP (right) the lung abnormalities show a typical apico-basal gradient with predominance of honeycombing Fig. 9 HRCT shows characteristic subpleural sparing of reticular opacities (arrows) in a 67-year-old patient with NSIP and alveoli, with preservation of the lung architecture. abstract: The term interstitial lung diseases (ILD) comprises a diverse group of diseases that lead to inflammation and fibrosis of the alveoli, distal airways, and septal interstitium of the lungs. The ILD consist of disorders of known cause (e.g., collagen vascular diseases, drug-related diseases) as well as disorders of unknown etiology. The latter include idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs), and a group of miscellaneous, rare, but nonetheless interesting, diseases. In patients with ILD, MDCT enriches the diagnostic armamentarium by allowing volumetric high-resolution scanning, i.e., continuous data acquisition with thin collimation and a high spatial frequency reconstruction algorithm. CT is a key method in the identification and management of patients with ILD. It not only improves the detection and characterization of parenchymal abnormalities, but also increases the accuracy of diagnosis. The spectrum of morphologic characteristics that are indicative of interstitial lung disease is relatively limited and includes the linear and reticular pattern, the nodular pattern, the increased attenuation pattern (such as ground-glass opacities and consolidation), and the low attenuation pattern (such as emphysema and cystic lung diseases). In the correct clinical context, some patterns or combination of patterns, together with the anatomic distribution of the abnormality, i.e., from the lung apex to the base, or peripheral subpleural versus central bronchovascular, can lead the interpreter to a specific diagnosis. However, due to an overlap of the CT morphology between the various entities, the final diagnosis of many ILD requires close cooperation between clinicians and radiologists and complementary lung biopsy is recommended in many cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121385/ doi: 10.1007/174_2017_151 id: cord-292862-ezrkg0dc author: Myerson, Jacob W. title: Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date: 2020-04-18 words: 14275.0 sentences: 744.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt summary: We show that polystyrene nanoparticles and five liposome formulations do not accumulate in injured lungs, indicating that nanostructures that are not based on protein are not intrinsically drawn to marginated neutrophils in acute inflammation. 6, 10, 14, 18 Single cell suspensions prepared from mouse lungs were probed by flow cytometry to further characterize pulmonary neutrophils in naïve mice and in mice following LPS-induced inflammation. The protein component of each particle was labeled with 125 I for tracing in biodistributions, and assessed 30 minutes after IV administration of NPs. Both absolute LDNG lung uptake and ratio of lung uptake to liver uptake registered a ~25-fold increase between naïve control and LPS-injured animals (Figure 2A , Supplementary Table 1) . As with LDNGs and albumin NPs in Figure 2C -H, single cell suspensions were prepared from LPS-inflamed and naïve control lungs after circulation of fluorescent DBCO-IgG liposomes. abstract: Acute lung inflammation has severe morbidity, as seen in COVID-19 patients. Lung inflammation is accompanied or led by massive accumulation of neutrophils in pulmonary capillaries (“margination”). We sought to identify nanostructural properties that predispose nanoparticles to accumulate in pulmonary marginated neutrophils, and therefore to target severely inflamed lungs. We designed a library of nanoparticles and conducted an in vivo screen of biodistributions in naive mice and mice treated with lipopolysaccharides. We found that supramolecular organization of protein in nanoparticles predicts uptake in inflamed lungs. Specifically, nanoparticles with agglutinated protein (NAPs) efficiently home to pulmonary neutrophils, while protein nanoparticles with symmetric structure (e.g. viral capsids) are ignored by pulmonary neutrophils. We validated this finding by engineering protein-conjugated liposomes that recapitulate NAP targeting to neutrophils in inflamed lungs. We show that NAPs can diagnose acute lung injury in SPECT imaging and that NAP-like liposomes can mitigate neutrophil extravasation and pulmonary edema arising in lung inflammation. Finally, we demonstrate that ischemic ex vivo human lungs selectively take up NAPs, illustrating translational potential. This work demonstrates that structure-dependent interactions with neutrophils can dramatically alter the biodistribution of nanoparticles, and NAPs have significant potential in detecting and treating respiratory conditions arising from injury or infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 id: cord-006700-df8ard9o author: Müller-Redetzky, Holger C. title: Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date: 2014-03-06 words: 10609.0 sentences: 582.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt summary: However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation via either the alveolar (e.g., in pneumonia and mechanical ventilation) or the vascular lumen (e.g., in bacteremia and sepsis), pulmonary endothelial barrier homeostasis may be disturbed, resulting in increased permeability, protein-rich fluid extravasation, lung oedema and finally acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with mortality rates ranging from 27 to 45 % depending on severity (Ranieri, et al. Although the underlying mechanisms of leukocyte mediated barrier failure are of highest scientific interest, therapeutic interference to ameliorate acute lung injury by depletion or blocking of cell recruitment should raise concerns as neutrophils and monocytes are key players of pulmonary and systemic innate immune responses and therapeutic intervention at this level might leave the patient functionally immunosuppressed. In mice, Ang-1-induced Tie-2 receptor phosphorylation stimulated the p190RhoGTPaseactivating protein (p190RhoGAP) via PI3-kinase and Rac1 to inactivate RhoA, resulting in reduced F-actin stress fibre formation and diminished endothelial permeability (Mammoto et al. abstract: The lungs provide a large inner surface to guarantee respiration. In lung alveoli, a delicate membrane formed by endo- and epithelial cells with their fused basal lamina ensures rapid and effective gas exchange between alveolar and vascular compartments while concurrently forming a robust barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation, tightly regulated endothelial barrier leakiness is required for leukocyte transmigration. Further, endothelial barrier disruption may result in uncontrolled extravasation of protein-rich fluids. This brief review summarizes some important mechanisms of pulmonary endothelial barrier regulation and disruption, focusing on the role of specific cell populations, coagulation and complement cascades and mediators including angiopoietins, specific sphingolipids, adrenomedullin and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species for the regulation of pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Further, current therapeutic perspectives against development of lung injury are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102256/ doi: 10.1007/s00441-014-1821-0 id: cord-009774-tqhexzdp author: Neyman, Greg title: A Single Ventilator for Multiple Simulated Patients to Meet Disaster Surge date: 2008-06-28 words: 1832.0 sentences: 108.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009774-tqhexzdp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009774-tqhexzdp.txt summary: Results Using readily available plastic tubing set up to minimize dead space volume, the four lung simulators were easily ventilated for 12 hours using one ventilator. In pressure control (set at 25 mm H(2)O), the mean tidal volume was 1,884 mL (approximately 471 mL/lung simulator) with an average minute ventilation of 30.2 L/min (or 7.5 L/min/lung simulator). In volume control (set at 2 L), the mean peak pressure was 28 cm H(2)O and the minute ventilation was 32.5 L/min total (8.1 L/min/lung simulator). While further study is necessary, this pilot study suggests significant potential for the expanded use of a single ventilator during cases of disaster surge involving multiple casualties with respiratory failure. The test lungs were used to simulate one patient each on the modified ventilator circuit. The final configuration was a simulation of four patients on a single ventilator in parallel operation (Figure 3 ). abstract: Objectives To determine if a ventilator available in an emergency department could quickly be modified to provide ventilation for four adults simultaneously. Methods Using lung simulators, readily available plastic tubing, and ventilators (840 Series Ventilator; Puritan‐Bennett), human lung simulators were added in parallel until the ventilator was ventilating the equivalent of four adults. Data collected included peak pressure, positive end‐expiratory pressure, total tidal volume, and total minute ventilation. Any obvious asymmetry in the delivery of gas to the lung simulators was also documented. The ventilator was run for almost 12 consecutive hours (5.5 hours of pressure control and more than six hours of volume control). Results Using readily available plastic tubing set up to minimize dead space volume, the four lung simulators were easily ventilated for 12 hours using one ventilator. In pressure control (set at 25 mm H(2)O), the mean tidal volume was 1,884 mL (approximately 471 mL/lung simulator) with an average minute ventilation of 30.2 L/min (or 7.5 L/min/lung simulator). In volume control (set at 2 L), the mean peak pressure was 28 cm H(2)O and the minute ventilation was 32.5 L/min total (8.1 L/min/lung simulator). Conclusions A single ventilator may be quickly modified to ventilate four simulated adults for a limited time. The volumes delivered in this simulation should be able to sustain four 70‐kg individuals. While further study is necessary, this pilot study suggests significant potential for the expanded use of a single ventilator during cases of disaster surge involving multiple casualties with respiratory failure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164837/ doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2006.05.009 id: cord-004092-wb150n8w author: Nieman, Gary F. title: Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date: 2020-01-06 words: 8067.0 sentences: 435.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt summary: Understanding how ARDS alters the dynamic alveolar inflation physiology enables us to adjust the mechanical breath profile (MB P -all airway pressures, volumes, flows, rates and the time at inspiration and expiration at which they are applied) necessary to minimize VILI [12] . The ARDSnet Low Vt (LVt) method is intended to protect the non-dependent normal lung tissue from overdistension (OD) and reduce alveolar recruitment/ derecruitment (R/D) with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), while resting severely injured tissue by allowing it to remain collapsed throughout the ventilation cycle [2] . Abbreviations ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; VILI: ventilator-induced lung injury; APRV: airway pressure release ventilation; FRC: functional residual capacity; TCAV: time-controlled adaptive ventilation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; TC-PEEP: time controlled-positive end expiratory pressure; T Low : time at low pressure; T High : time at high pressure; P High : pressure at inspiration; P Low : pressure at expiration; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; E FT : expiratory flow termination; E FP : expiratory flow peak; RCT : randomized controlled trial; OLA: open lung approach; MB P : mechanical breath pattern; CT: computerized axial tomography. abstract: Mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains unacceptably high at approximately 39%. One of the only treatments is supportive: mechanical ventilation. However, improperly set mechanical ventilation can further increase the risk of death in patients with ARDS. Recent studies suggest that ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) is caused by exaggerated regional lung strain, particularly in areas of alveolar instability subject to tidal recruitment/derecruitment and stress-multiplication. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that if a ventilation strategy can maintain stable lung inflation and homogeneity, regional dynamic strain would be reduced and VILI attenuated. A time-controlled adaptive ventilation (TCAV) method was developed to minimize dynamic alveolar strain by adjusting the delivered breath according to the mechanical characteristics of the lung. The goal of this review is to describe how the TCAV method impacts pathophysiology and protects lungs with, or at high risk of, acute lung injury. We present work from our group and others that identifies novel mechanisms of VILI in the alveolar microenvironment and demonstrates that the TCAV method can reduce VILI in translational animal ARDS models and mortality in surgical/trauma patients. Our TCAV method utilizes the airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) mode and is based on opening and collapsing time constants, which reflect the viscoelastic properties of the terminal airspaces. Time-controlled adaptive ventilation uses inspiratory and expiratory time to (1) gradually “nudge” alveoli and alveolar ducts open with an extended inspiratory duration and (2) prevent alveolar collapse using a brief (sub-second) expiratory duration that does not allow time for alveolar collapse. The new paradigm in TCAV is configuring each breath guided by the previous one, which achieves real-time titration of ventilator settings and minimizes instability induced tissue damage. This novel methodology changes the current approach to mechanical ventilation, from arbitrary to personalized and adaptive. The outcome of this approach is an open and stable lung with reduced regional strain and greater lung protection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6944723/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0619-3 id: cord-278846-nqj7ctk3 author: Ogger, Patricia P. title: Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease date: 2020-11-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Airway macrophages (AMs) play key roles in the maintenance of lung immune tolerance. Tissue tailored, highly specialised and strategically positioned, AMs are critical sentinels of lung homoeostasis. In the last decade, there has been a revolution in our understanding of how metabolism underlies key macrophage functions. While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. This review focuses on how metabolic alterations underlie AM phenotype and function during CLDs. Particular emphasis is given to how our new understanding of AM metabolic plasticity may be exploited to develop AM-focused therapies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33184475/ doi: 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5 id: cord-337789-pabaoiqs author: Oprinca, George-Călin title: Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis date: 2020-08-27 words: 4995.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337789-pabaoiqs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337789-pabaoiqs.txt summary: This paper describes three autopsy cases with postmortem diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with detailed macroscopic examination as well as advanced microscopic studies of organ tissues collected using hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunohistochemical markers. Microscopic evaluation revealed viral cytopathic effect of type II pneumocytes with a couple of cells that presented cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions and who tend to form clusters mimicking multinucleated giant cells. This paper describes three autopsy cases with unknown cause of death, with full macroscopic examination as well as histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of collected organ tissues, including the lung from which reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) tests were made to determine SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microscopic examination of the pulmonary tissue revealed large areas of alveolar damage with destruction of the alveolar wall lining and intra-alveolar septa, marked vascular congestion, accompanied by intra-alveolar hemorrhage. abstract: This paper describes three autopsy cases with postmortem diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with detailed macroscopic examination as well as advanced microscopic studies of organ tissues collected using hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunohistochemical markers. Two of the cases were admitted briefly in the County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, and one was found deceased at his home address. All three autopsies were completed at the County morgue, in the COVID-19 restricted area, using complete protective equipment. The lungs of the patients seemed to be the center organ of invasion and pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus with diffuse areas of condensation, subpleural retraction zones but with different aspect of the classic bacterial bronchopneumonia. Microscopic evaluation revealed viral cytopathic effect of type II pneumocytes with a couple of cells that presented cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions and who tend to form clusters mimicking multinucleated giant cells. Hyaline membranes and destruction of the alveolar wall as well as microthrombi formation within the small blood vessels were constantly found in almost all our three cases. The spleen had sustained white pulp atrophy with absence of lymphoid follicles. There were no microscopic signs of viral infection on the myocardium or the other organs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32851474/ doi: 10.1007/s00414-020-02406-w id: cord-016869-pzwlxtd6 author: Pal, Subrata title: The Lung and Its Transplantation and Artificial Replacement date: 2013-01-08 words: 1882.0 sentences: 122.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016869-pzwlxtd6.txt summary: The nasal cavity is divided into two portions by a cartilagenous septum and is lined by fine hairs that filter the dust particles from the air. The pulmonary artery from the heart containing impure blood enters the lungs and branches into minute capillaries that surround the alveoli. This air then enters the pharynx, then the larynx, and then into the trachea. Artificial lungs mimic the function of real lungs, adding oxygen to, and removing carbon dioxide from, the blood. On the other hand, current artificial lungs are only capable of a maximum gas exchange rate of 0.25-0.40 l/min, limiting their use to the short-term respiratory support for patients at rest. Silicone has been used as the membrane material in some commercially available artificial lungs due to its biocompatibility, durability, stability, and high permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide. abstract: The human thoracic cavity houses a pair of lungs, the left lung and the right lung. The left lung is slightly smaller (since the heart is placed a bit to the left in the body) and has two lobes, and the right lung is bigger, with three lobes. They are spongy and elastic organs that are broad at the bottom and taper at the top. They consist of air sacs, the alveoli. Many alveoli group together and open into a common space. From this space arise the alveolar ducts, which join together to form bronchioles. The bronchioles connect them to the respiratory tract. The lungs also have blood vessels, the branches of the pulmonary artery and veins (Fig. 15.1). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121294/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6255-2_15 id: cord-352532-xqphom6x author: Papanikolaou, Ilias C title: 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date: 2013-12-31 words: 3341.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt summary: The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781416043904000011 doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 id: cord-011408-z8lw8nc6 author: Peters, Matthew J. title: Electronic cigarettes: Tumultuous times date: 2019-11-06 words: 1497.0 sentences: 83.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011408-z8lw8nc6.txt summary: Less than 3 years later, it appears that Donald Trump''s developing emergency is not an infectious disease but two phenomena related to electronic cigarettes (EC)-an extraordinary rise of EC use in youth 2 and a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with EC product use. 7 In the previous case reports, the course was described as favourable after cessation of EC use, but it is too early to determine the extent of residual lung injury in the current outbreak. Youth use of EC in the United States has been described as an epidemic by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 13 with this assertion further supported by the latest data from the Monitoring the Future study. Characteristics of a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use or vaping-United States Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping abstract: See related https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.13696 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7228303/ doi: 10.1111/resp.13725 id: cord-006653-fy0yg0xh author: Popper, Helmut H. title: Interstitial lung diseases—can pathologists arrive at an etiology-based diagnosis? A critical update date: 2012-12-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) encompass a group of diseases with a wide range of etiologies and a variety of tissue reactions within the lung. In many instances, a careful evaluation of the tissue reactions will result in a specific diagnosis or at least in a narrow range of differentials, which will assist the clinician to arrive at a definite diagnosis, when combining our interpretation with the clinical presentation of the patient and high-resolution computed tomography. In this review, we will exclude granulomatous pneumonias as well as vascular diseases (primary arterial pulmonary hypertension and vasculitis); however, pulmonary hypertension as a complication of interstitial processes will be mentioned. Few entities of pneumoconiosis presenting as an interstitial process will be included, whereas those with granulomatous reactions will be excluded. Drug reactions will be touched on within interstitial pneumonias, but will not be a major focus. In contrast to the present-day preferred descriptive pattern recognition, it is the author’s strong belief that pathologists should always try to dig out the etiology from a tissue specimen and not being satisfied with just a pattern description. It is the difference of sorting tissue reactions into boxes by their main pattern, without recognizing minor or minute reactions, which sometimes will guide one to the correct etiology-oriented interpretation. In the author’s personal perspective, tissue reactions can even be sorted by their timeliness, and therefore, ordered by the time of appearance, providing an insight into the pathogenesis and course of a disease. Also, underlying immune mechanisms will be discussed briefly as far as they are essential to understand the disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00428-012-1305-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102182/ doi: 10.1007/s00428-012-1305-0 id: cord-027684-5tpgyjzt author: Protić, Alen title: A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report date: 2020-06-24 words: 2494.0 sentences: 131.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027684-5tpgyjzt.txt summary: title: A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report CONCLUSION: Use of a pulmonary artery catheter and two respirators in our patient''s case proved to be a successful method for recruiting the atelectatic lung while maintaining protective ventilation of the lung segments without atelectasis. Due to atelectasis of the left lung that persisted during the second week of treatment in the ICU, bronchoscopy with bronchoaspiration and recruitment maneuvers were performed several times. We performed lung ultrasound, which showed atelectasis of the major part of the left lower lobe and the posterior part of the upper lobe on the 34th day of the patient''s stay in the ICU. In our clinical practice, we often use the CPAP recruitment maneuver, usually with 40 cmH 2 O pressure for 40 seconds if the patient does not have any hemodynamic instability. abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung atelectasis are nonventilated parts of lung tissue and occur as a result of the collapse of the pulmonary parenchyma (alveoli). Various therapeutic procedures for inflating the collapsed pulmonary parenchyma, such as bronchial aspiration and/or standard recruitment maneuvers, are not always successful. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 23-year-old Croatian man with a parapharyngeal abscess on the left side of the neck with spreading of infection in the mediastinum and left side of the thorax and consequent major atelectasis of the left lung. The patient was mechanically ventilated. We decided to apply a new method in which a pulmonary artery catheter was placed (guided by bronchoscope) on the entrance to the lower left bronchus. The pulmonary artery catheter balloon was inflated to achieve bronchial closure. Using another respirator, we ventilated the affected lobe separately with continuously high pressure of 30 cmH(2)O. After 30 minutes, we removed the pulmonary artery catheter from the lower left bronchus and placed it in the upper left bronchus and repeated the procedure. Our method allowed a significantly longer duration (30 minutes) of continuously high pressure of 30 cmH(2)O separately to only one of the total of five lobes of the lungs while the other four lobes were simultaneously ventilated continuously with protective ventilation mode. CONCLUSION: Use of a pulmonary artery catheter and two respirators in our patient’s case proved to be a successful method for recruiting the atelectatic lung while maintaining protective ventilation of the lung segments without atelectasis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7311183/ doi: 10.1186/s13256-020-02409-6 id: cord-309722-04pp3lv0 author: Qiu, Yingshan title: Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways—From Bench to Bedside date: 2016-09-20 words: 13203.0 sentences: 800.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309722-04pp3lv0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309722-04pp3lv0.txt summary: Notes: AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness; ALI, Acute lung injury; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CD86, cluster of differentiation 86; C-kit, a stem cell factor receptor; DCs, dendritic cells; HMGB1A, high mobility group box-1 A peptide; IFU, infectious unit; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Mpl, myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene; OVA, ovalbumin; R3V6, an arginine-rich peptide; Rip2, receptor-interacting protein 2; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; S1Plyase, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, SOCS, Suppressors of cytokine signaling protein 3; STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6; Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase; Tf-PEI, transferrin polyethylenimine; T h 2, T helper 2 cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor. After siRNA targeting, SOCS3 was intranasally administered to the lungs of chronic asthmatic mouse model [12] , the silencing of SOCS3 down-regulated the expression of T h 2 cell associated cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, leading to substantial reduction of airway inflammation, AHR as well as IgE production. abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process. Since its discovery, tremendous efforts have been made to translate RNAi technology into therapeutic applications for the treatment of different human diseases including respiratory diseases, by manipulating the expression of disease-associated gene(s). Similar to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, the major hurdle of RNAi therapy is delivery. Pulmonary delivery is a promising approach of delivering RNAi therapeutics directly to the airways for treating local conditions and minimizing systemic side effects. It is a non-invasive route of administration that is generally well accepted by patients. However, pulmonary drug delivery is a challenge as the lungs pose a series of anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers to drug delivery. Understanding these barriers is essential for the development an effective RNA delivery system. In this review, the different barriers to pulmonary drug delivery are introduced. The potential of RNAi molecules as new class of therapeutics, and the latest preclinical and clinical studies of using RNAi therapeutics in different respiratory conditions are discussed in details. We hope this review can provide some useful insights for moving inhaled RNAi therapeutics from bench to bedside. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27657028/ doi: 10.3390/molecules21091249 id: cord-260132-lqpk3ig7 author: Quartuccio, Luca title: Urgent avenues in the treatment of COVID-19: Targeting downstream inflammation to prevent catastrophic syndrome date: 2020-04-19 words: 2463.0 sentences: 116.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260132-lqpk3ig7.txt summary: Currently, the humanized monoclonal antibody anti-interleukin-6 receptor (anti-IL-6R), namely tocilizumab, appears as a promising tool to turn off the cytokine storm, which dramatically complicates the course of the infection in some patients, causing a rapidly fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. Importantly, SARS-CoV patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit showed higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts, as well as higher levels of D-dimer, creatine kinase, and creatine, emphasizing the role of the systemic inflammation downstream the virus infection, and the transformation of the infectious disease into a systemic immunological and inflammatory disease. Lung pathology in 2003 SARS-CoV patients showed epithelial cell proliferation and desquamation, hyaline membranes formation along alveolar walls and cells infiltration (lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes) during the early stage of the disease, while, of note, increased fibrosis and multinucleated epithelial giant cells formation at a later stage, highlighting the existence of a two-phase lung injury. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1297319X20300476 doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.03.011 id: cord-005573-mryrl1s1 author: Raimondi, Francesco title: Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date: 2018-07-20 words: 5975.0 sentences: 323.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt summary: We report the description of the main ultrasound features of neonatal respiratory disorders and functional applications of LUS aiming to help a clinical decision (such as surfactant administration, chest drainage etc). 24 However, the same process seems more variable and heterogeneous in human neonates, as LUS appearance may be influenced by respiratory support, gestational age, fluid intake, pre-existing condition (pure RDS or a more complex situation with superimposed lung inflammation and surfactant catabolism, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)) and the eventual simultaneous development of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In the meantime, available data demonstrate that a visually calculated LUS score is a useful and easy tool to predict surfactant need in preterm neonates with RDS, to evaluate lung aeration while titrating the respiratory support or to be used as a research outcome measure. abstract: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is the latest amongst imaging techniques: it is a radiation-free, inexpensive, point-of-care tool that the clinician can use at the bedside. This review summarises the rapidly growing scientific evidence on LUS in neonatology, dividing it into descriptive and functional applications. We report the description of the main ultrasound features of neonatal respiratory disorders and functional applications of LUS aiming to help a clinical decision (such as surfactant administration, chest drainage etc). Amongst the functional applications, we propose SAFE (Sonographic Algorithm for liFe threatening Emergencies) as a standardised protocol for emergency functional LUS in critical neonates. SAFE has been funded by a specific grant issued by the European Society for Paediatric Research. Future potential development of LUS in neonatology might be linked to its quantitative evaluation: we also discuss available data and research directions using computer-aided diagnostic techniques. Finally, tools and opportunities to teach LUS and expand the research network are briefly presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094915/ doi: 10.1038/s41390-018-0114-9 id: cord-344206-53g7yjf9 author: Ray, Archita title: A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases date: 2020-09-21 words: 2171.0 sentences: 154.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344206-53g7yjf9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344206-53g7yjf9.txt summary: title: A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases As ciliated airway epithelium and type 2 alveolar epithelia require intense energy for executing their key functions like ciliary beating and surfactant production, it is no surprise that defects in mitochondrial function in these cells could perturb lung homeostasis and engage in the pathophysiology of lung diseases. Thus, the regulation of mitochondrial calcium in lung epithelia seems to be critical in lung homeostasis and could be decisive in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases. All these indicate the feasible role of 182 mitochondria and mitochondrial calcium towards lung homeostasis. Mitochondria: at the crossroads of regulating lung epithelial cell 792 function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dysfunction of mitochondria Ca 2+ uptake in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial 799 cells Mitochondrial regulation of airway smooth 941 muscle functions in health and pulmonary diseases Mitochondrial dysfunction in the aged lung and COPD: A role 1006 for mitochondrial calcium abstract: With the increasing appreciation of mitochondria in modulating cellular homeostasis, various disease biology researchers have started exploring the detailed role of mitochondria in multiple diseases beyond neuronal and muscular diseases. In this context, emerging shreds of evidence in lung biology indicated the meticulous role of lung epithelia in provoking a plethora of lung diseases in contrast to earlier beliefs. As lung epithelia are ceaselessly exposed to the environment, they need to have multiple protective mechanisms to maintain the integrity of lung structure and function. As ciliated airway epithelium and type 2 alveolar epithelia require intense energy for executing their key functions like ciliary beating and surfactant production, it is no surprise that defects in mitochondrial function in these cells could perturb lung homeostasis and engage in the pathophysiology of lung diseases. On one hand, intracellular calcium plays a central role in executing key functions of lung epithelia, and on the other hand maintenance of intracellular calcium needs the buffering role of mitochondria. Thus, the regulation of mitochondrial calcium in lung epithelia seems to be critical in lung homeostasis and could be decisive in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567724920301902?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.09.004 id: cord-291145-rdg31p17 author: Rice, Shawn J. title: Guidance on the clinical management of E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)? date: 2020-08-29 words: 2898.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291145-rdg31p17.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291145-rdg31p17.txt summary: The number of patients with E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) continued to rise through the summer before peaking in September 2019. Using bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) fluid from EVALI patients and healthy donors who have not used THC-containing products, researchers used isotope dilution mass spectrometry and identified vitamin E acetate in over 90% of EVALI cases versus none in the healthy controls. EVALI patients report using 4 various types of vaping liquids containing products of THC, nicotine, and cannabidiol (CBD) 34 . Characteristics of Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients 37 in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury -38 United States After Hospital Discharge in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product 33 Use-Associated Lung Injury -United States E-cigarette, or 1 vaping, product use-associated lung injury in adolescents: a review of imaging features Pediatric Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of Electronic 4 Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-associated Lung Injury (EVALI) abstract: In the summer of 2019 there was a rise in clusters of adolescents and young adults in the United States reporting to emergency departments with acute respiratory distress related to e-cigarette or vaping usage. The number of patients with E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) continued to rise through the summer before peaking in September 2019. Through the efforts of state and federal public health agencies, officials were able to define the condition, identify the relationship of the respiratory injury to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing products, and stem the rise in new cases. In this report, we present a comprehensive review of the clinical characteristics and features of EVALI patients and present guidelines for patient care and management to inform and navigate clinicians who may encounter these patients in their clinical practice. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1556086420306729?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.08.012 id: cord-016235-2lhrkmrv author: Roden, Anja C. title: Lung date: 2010-05-17 words: 12865.0 sentences: 674.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt summary: Unlike the situation with heart transplant recipients, chronic vascular rejection in lung transplants has not resulted in graft loss; however, some patients develop pulmonary hypertension particularly those with BOS [92, 111] . However, based on the link between acute rejection and development of BOS, surveillance transbronchial biopsies in asymptomatic lung transplant recipients has become common practice in many large lung transplantation centers because evidence suggests that patients who have multiple episodes of low grade (A1) lesions within the first 12 months posttransplantation develop early onset BOS. A study [49] in which surveillance transbronchial biopsies were performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks posttransplantation, at the time of symptoms, and for follow-up of acute rejection or CMV pneumonia showed that patients who develop acute small airways rejection within the first year after transplantation are at risk of development of BOS at 1.76, 3.3, and 5.5 years after detection of B3/ B4 lesion (by 1996 ISHLT criteria, see Table 7 .2), B2 lesion or B0/B1 lesion, respectively. abstract: Experiments with animals in the 1940 and 1950s demonstrated that lung transplantation was technically possible [33]. In 1963, Dr. James Hardy performed the first human lung transplantation. The recipient survived 18 days, ultimately succumbing to renal failure and malnutrition [58]. From 1963 through 1978, multiple attempts at lung transplantation failed because of rejection and complications at the bronchial anastomosis. In the 1980s, improvements in immunosuppression, especially the introduction of cyclosporin A, and enhanced surgical techniques led to renewed interest in organ transplantation. In 1981, a 45-year-old-woman received the first successful heart–lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) [106]. She survived 5 years after the procedure. Two years later the first successful single lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) [128] was reported, and in 1986 the first double lung transplantation for emphysema [25] was performed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120462/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-79343-4_7 id: cord-017856-4fccnygg author: Roden, Anja C. title: Pathology of Lung Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Mediated date: 2018-04-24 words: 7785.0 sentences: 408.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt summary: Acute rejection is an important risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, the clinical manifestation of chronic airway rejection in lung allograft recipients. Obliterative bronchiolitis is only infrequently identified in lung allografts by transbronchial biopsy, and the sensitivity of this morphologic finding for the presence of chronic rejection is only between 15 and 28% [48] [49] [50] . Because of the lack of specific histologic findings of AMR, a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis was recommended that includes the following: (1) the presence of circulating antibodies (HLA antibodies, anti-endothelial and anti-epithelial antibodies), (2) focal or diffuse C4d deposition (Fig. 13 .11a-c), (3) histologic features of acute lung injury or hemorrhage (diffuse alveolar damage, capillary injury associated with neutrophils and nuclear debris, i.e., capillaritis), and (4) clinical signs of graft dysfunction [78] . The transbronchial allograft biopsy is currently the gold standard to evaluate the graft for cellular rejection and to exclude its clinical mimickers in lung transplant patients. abstract: Acute rejection is an important risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, the clinical manifestation of chronic airway rejection in lung allograft recipients. Patients with acute rejection might be asymptomatic or present with symptoms that are not specific and can be also seen in other conditions. Clinical tests such as pulmonary function tests and imaging studies among others usually are abnormal; however, their results are also not specific for acute rejection. Histopathologic features of acute rejection in adequate samples of transbronchial lung biopsy of the lung allograft are currently the gold standard to assess for acute rejection in lung transplant recipients. Acute alloreactive injury can affect both the vasculature and the airways. Currently, the guidelines of the 2007 International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation consensus conference are recommended for the histopathologic assessment of rejection. There are no specific morphologic features recognized to diagnose antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in lung allografts. Therefore, the diagnosis of AMR currently requires a “triple test” including clinical features, serologic evidence of donor-specific antibodies, and pathologic findings supportive of AMR. Complement 4d deposition is used to support a diagnosis of AMR in many solid organ transplants; however, its significance for the diagnosis of AMR in lung allografts is not entirely clear. This chapter discusses the currently recommended guidelines for the assessment of cellular rejection of lung allografts and summarizes our knowledge about morphologic features and immunophenotypic tests that might help in the diagnosis of AMR. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122533/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_13 id: cord-018243-hyvu9nuq author: Salman, Huda title: Fibrosing Alveolitis in Hematologic Malignancy Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation date: 2010-08-19 words: 6990.0 sentences: 357.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018243-hyvu9nuq.txt summary: This chapter will address the chronic lung complications that lead to pulmonary fibrosis and persistent organ dysfunction in each context with specific focus on hematologic malignancy patients treated using HSCT. Hematologic malignancy patients treated with chemotherapy or chest wall radiation therapy, or those who proceed to receive a HSCT may develop a wide variety inflammatory noninfectious lung disorders that ultimately may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. The diagnosis of drug-induced respiratory disease often is complex because: (1)1 patients may be exposed to several pneumo-toxic drugs concurrently or in sequence due to earlier treatment failure; (2)2 time to onset of pulmonary toxicity may be delayed, making it difficult to ascertain which agent is responsible for the pulmonary reaction; (3)3 the combination of drugs to treat malignant hematologic conditions may lead to unexpected drug interactions, producing enhanced toxicity compared with the toxicity of each agent considered separately; and (4)4 radiation therapy to the chest or TBI. abstract: Although advances in antineoplastic therapy have considerably improved the survival of patients with hematological malignancies, current treatment modalities increase the risk of late complications. Several forms of chronic pulmonary dysfunction due to infectious or noninfectious causes commonly occur in the months to years after chemo-radiotherapy and can be fatal or result in long-term morbidity. The judicious use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents has tipped the balance toward noninfectious etiologies. Hence, while opportunistic infections still contribute to chronic lung disease, late sequelae resulting from antineoplastic therapy have been identified and reported. Patients who proceed to receive hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) are particularly prone to developing lung complications. Pulmonary dysfunction occurring after HSCT may manifest with obstructive or restrictive pulmonary mechanics and may range in severity from subtle, subclinical functional changes to frank respiratory failure. Insights generated using animal models suggest that the immunologic mechanisms contributing to lung inflammation after HSCT may be similar to those responsible for graft-versus host disease. In sum, chronic fibrotic pulmonary dysfunction is a frequent and significant complication facing survivors of hematologic malignancies and their practitioners. The high incidence and suboptimal response to current support care and immunosuppressive therapy underscore the need for heightened awareness and continued research in this area. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123073/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_42 id: cord-290226-rtoasm2l author: Scassellati, Catia title: Ozone: a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant property as potential new strategy in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders date: 2020-08-15 words: 15536.0 sentences: 1112.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290226-rtoasm2l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290226-rtoasm2l.txt summary: In addition, Nrf2 regulates also the constitutive and inducible expression of antioxidants including, but not limited to, Superoxide Dismutases (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), phase II enzymes of drug metabolism and HSPs (Galie et al., 2018 , Bocci, V., Valacchi, 2015 , Pedruzzi et al., 2012 (Figure 1) . We observed that OzoneOP exerts a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat models of cochlear, hepatic, intestinal, renal, cardiac, lung and skeletal ischemia through an oxidative preconditioning mechanism that prevents the increase of the endogenous pro-oxidant and stimulates antioxidant mechanisms (Table 2 ). Modulation of age-related changes in oxidative stress markers and energy status in the rat heart and hippocampus: a significant role for ozone therapy abstract: Systems medicine is founded on a mechanism-based approach and identifies in this way specific therapeutic targets. This approach has been applied for the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 plays a central role in different pathologies including neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), which are characterized by common pathogenetic features. We here present wide scientific background indicating how a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant/anti-apoptotic and pro-autophagy properties such as the ozone (O(3)) can represent a potential new strategy to delay neurodegeneration. Our hypothesis is based on different evidence demonstrating the interaction between O(3) and Nrf2 system. Through a meta-analytic approach, we found a significant modulation of O(3) on endogenous antioxidant-Nrf2 (p < 0.00001, Odd Ratio (OR) = 1.71 95%CI:1.17-2.25) and vitagene-Nrf2 systems (p < 0.00001, OR = 1.80 95%CI:1.05-2.55). O(3) activates also immune, anti-inflammatory signalling, proteasome, releases growth factors, improves blood circulation, and has antimicrobial activity, with potential effects on gut microbiota. Thus, we provides a consistent rationale to implement future clinical studies to apply the oxygen-ozone (O(2)-O(3)) therapy in an early phase of aging decline, when it is still possible to intervene before to potentially develop a more severe neurodegenerative pathology. We suggest that O(3) along with other antioxidants (polyphenols, mushrooms) implicated in the same Nrf2-mechanisms, can showed neurogenic potential, providing evidence as new preventive strategies in aging and in NDs. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101138 doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101138 id: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 words: 13246.0 sentences: 698.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt summary: Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. abstract: ●. Upper respiratory infections are commonplace, especially in young people, and are often contagious; ●. Lower respiratory infections are often contagious and some are potentially fatal; ●. Asthma is common and may be life-threatening; ●. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common and disabling; ●. Tuberculosis worldwide is an important infection, affecting people with HIV/AIDS or malnutrition particularly; ●. Lung cancer is common and usually has a poor prognosis. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780702054013000151 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 id: cord-315085-rucfowvv author: Sekulic, Miroslav title: Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in FFPE Samples and Histopathologic Findings in Fatal SARS-CoV-2 Cases date: 2020-05-26 words: 5025.0 sentences: 302.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315085-rucfowvv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315085-rucfowvv.txt summary: In this study we report postmortem findings and detection and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA from formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) samples of multiple organs collected in 2 patients with antemortem detection of SARS-CoV-2. The patient''s medical history was otherwise notable for dementia, radiologic evidence of a left lung mass (managed with hospice care), coronary artery disease (status post coronary artery bypass grafting), atrial fibrillation (biventricular pacemaker implanted), congestive heart failure, peripheral artery disease (status post iliac stenting), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, gout, smoking, cerebrovascular accidents, and urinary tract infections. On day 1 after admission, ❚Image 2❚ (Case 1) Postmortem microscopic examination of the lungs showed diffuse alveolar damage characterized by hyaline membrane formation (A, ×100) and scattered squamous metaplasia of distal airways (B, ×100) on a background of emphysematous changes. abstract: OBJECTIVES: To report methods and findings of 2 autopsies with molecular evaluation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive individuals. METHODS: Postmortem examination was completed following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention public guidelines. Numerous formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue types from each case were surveyed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SARS-CoV-2 viral genome was sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) from FFPE lung tissue blocks. RESULTS: Postmortem examinations revealed diffuse alveolar damage, while no viral-associated hepatic, cardiac, or renal damage was observed. Viral RNA was detected in lungs, bronchi, lymph nodes, and spleen in both cases using qRT-PCR method. RNA sequencing using NGS in case 1 revealed mutations most consistent with Western European Clade A2a with ORF1a L3606F mutation. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 testing and viral sequencing can be performed from FFPE tissue. Detection and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in combination with morphological findings from postmortem tissue examination can aid in gaining a better understanding of the virus’s pathophysiologic effects on human health. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa091 doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa091 id: cord-016374-38fk66zb author: Shi, Yuxin title: Human Infected H7N9 Avian Influenza date: 2016-06-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Human infected H7N9 avian influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by subtype H7N9 of avian influenza virus. Since the first case was reported in Yangzi River Delta of China in Feb. 2013, the total cases with definitive diagnosis had been up to 451 cases, including 176 cases of death, by Dec. 31, 2014, with a mortality rate of roughly 39 %. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120633/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_11 id: cord-018452-qyf2vymf author: Sica, Valentina title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date: 2016-03-07 words: 6989.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt summary: Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition abstract: Lung diseases are among the most common and widespread disorders worldwide. They refer to many different pathological conditions affecting the pulmonary system in acute or chronic forms, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infections, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and many other breath complications. Environmental, epigenetic and genetic co-factors are responsible for these pathologies that can lead to respiratory failure, and, even, ultimately death. Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. This chapter summarizes recent advances in understanding the pathophysiological functions of autophagy and its possible roles in the causation and/or prevention of human lung diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123327/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16 id: cord-261640-ehc123p7 author: Smith, Maxwell L. title: Vaping-related lung injury date: 2020-10-27 words: 3699.0 sentences: 194.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261640-ehc123p7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261640-ehc123p7.txt summary: Although lung diseases caused by vaping have been reported since the modern invention of the electronic cigarette, in the summer of 2019, patients began to present to health care centers at epidemic levels with an acute respiratory illness relating to vaping, which the Center for Disease Control termed E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Perhaps due to the precedent set in the literature, the finding of lipid-laden macrophages in BAL specimens in the early stage of the EVALI epidemic in 2019 led investigators to conclude that the lung injury was related to a form of exogenous lipoid pneumonia related to vaping [17, 21, 22] . Despite the low sensitivity and specificity of Oil red-O, it remains on many clinical Fig. 6 a, b The histologic distinction between exogenous lipoid pneumonia and electronic cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) is dramatic and distinctive. abstract: The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased in popularity dramatically over the past decade. Although lung diseases caused by vaping have been reported since the modern invention of the electronic cigarette, in the summer of 2019, patients began to present to health care centers at epidemic levels with an acute respiratory illness relating to vaping, which the Center for Disease Control termed E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). This review discusses electronic nicotine delivery systems as well as the etiology, clinical presentation, imaging findings, pathologic features, treatment, and long-term consequences of EVALI. We conclude with the practical impact EVALI has had on the practice of pathology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33106908/ doi: 10.1007/s00428-020-02943-0 id: cord-300124-voyjcjzw author: Soldati, Gino title: Reply to colorimetric triage for patients with COVID‐19 date: 2020-08-27 words: 702.0 sentences: 53.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300124-voyjcjzw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300124-voyjcjzw.txt summary: To the Editor: We thank Dr Antúnez Montes for his interesting proposal to link the colorimetric triage for patients with COVID-19 based on both POCUS findings and clinical parameters and our LUS scoring system and acquisition protocol together in a joint classification. In a pandemic context, patients admitted to the ED with nonspecific respiratory symptoms but suspected of COVID-19 should undergo an early LUS examination performed according to a standardized acquisition protocol and scoring system. 1 Patients should be kept isolated and hospitalized while waiting for virologic tests in cases with LUS findings suggestive of pulmonary involvement compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia: ie, the presence of areas with a score of 2 or 3 concurrently with altered intrapulmonary gas exchanges (yellow and red colorimetric triage). Proposal for international standardization of the use of lung ultrasound for patients with COVID-19: a simple, quantitative, reproducible method Lung ultrasonography for early management of patients with respiratory symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852117/ doi: 10.1002/jum.15460 id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 words: 22266.0 sentences: 1187.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt summary: Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. abstract: Lung disease rivals the position for the top cause of death worldwide. Causes and pathology of the myriad lung diseases are varied, yet nutrition can either affect the outcome or support treatment in the majority of cases. This chapter explores the modifiable risk factors, from lifestyle changes to dietary intake to specific nutrients, anti-nutrients, and toxins helpful for the nutritionist or dietitian working with lung disease patients. General lung health is discussed, and three major disease states are explored in detail, including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although all lung diseases have diverse causes, many integrative and functional medical nutrition therapies are available and are not being utilized in practice today. This chapter begins the path toward better nutrition education for the integrative and functional medicine professional. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120155/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id: cord-011781-0yswqubf author: Svanberg, Emilie Krite title: Changes in pulmonary oxygen content are detectable with laser absorption spectroscopy: proof of concept in newborn piglets date: 2020-06-13 words: 4606.0 sentences: 252.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011781-0yswqubf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011781-0yswqubf.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Using an optical method based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, we previously assessed oxygen (O(2)) and water vapor (H(2)O) content in a tissue phantom of the preterm infant lung. METHODS: Five mechanically ventilated piglets were subjected to stepwise increased and decreased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), to atelectasis using a balloon catheter in the right bronchus, and to pneumothorax by injecting air in the pleural cavity. CONCLUSIONS: The optical method detected FiO(2) variations and discriminated the two induced lung pathologies, providing a rationale for further development into a minimally invasive device for real-time monitoring gas changes in the lungs of sick newborn infants. 14 We hypothesized that the GASMAS method with an external as well as an internal light source probe would detect changes in pulmonary O 2 gas concentration, including responses to induced local lung pathologies in newborn piglets. abstract: BACKGROUND: Using an optical method based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, we previously assessed oxygen (O(2)) and water vapor (H(2)O) content in a tissue phantom of the preterm infant lung. Here we applied this method on newborn piglets with induced lung complications. METHODS: Five mechanically ventilated piglets were subjected to stepwise increased and decreased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), to atelectasis using a balloon catheter in the right bronchus, and to pneumothorax by injecting air in the pleural cavity. Two diode lasers (764 nm for O(2) gas absorption and 820 nm for H(2)O absorption) were combined in a probe delivering light either externally, on the skin, or internally, through the esophagus. The detector probe was placed dermally. RESULTS: Calculated O(2) concentrations increased from 20% (IQR 17−23%) when ventilated with room air to 97% (88−108%) at FiO(2) 1.0. H(2)O was only detectable with the internal light source. Specific light absorption and transmission patterns were identified in response to atelectasis and pneumothorax, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The optical method detected FiO(2) variations and discriminated the two induced lung pathologies, providing a rationale for further development into a minimally invasive device for real-time monitoring gas changes in the lungs of sick newborn infants. IMPACT: Optical spectroscopy can detect pulmonary complications in an animal model. Oxygen concentrations can be evaluated in the lungs. Presents a novel minimally invasive method to detect lung oxygenation and complications. Potential to be developed into a lung monitoring method in newborn infants. Potential for bed-side detection of pulmonary complications in newborn infants. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7322222/ doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-0971-x id: cord-343842-2klytw6c author: Takamura, Shiki title: Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cells date: 2017-07-01 words: 10329.0 sentences: 427.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343842-2klytw6c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343842-2klytw6c.txt summary: This review will focus primarily on influenza and parainfluenza virus infections and discuss recent insights into the course of CD8 + T RM cell establishment in the lung interstitium/ parenchyma and airways, from initial priming, to tissue migration, local differentiation, and maintenance. This influx (3-5 days) is a part of acute response during respiratory virus infections (44) , and antigen-nonspecific memory CD8 + T cells recruited to the lung airways provide ''''innate'''' protection (64) . Nevertheless, the lack of CCR5 alone has essentially no impact on the active recruitment of expanded antigen-specific effector CD8 + T cells to the lung (5-10 days) (30, 66) , suggesting the redundancy of signals through various inflammatory chemokine receptors in this process. Cutting edge: antigen is not required for the activation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 + T cells in the lung airways abstract: Respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. Thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-lasting protective immunity to those pathogens is a major public health priority. CD8(+) Tissue-resident memory T (T(RM)) cells are a newly defined population that resides permanently in the nonlymphoid tissues including the lung. These cells are capable of providing local protection immediately after infection, thereby promoting rapid host recovery. Recent studies have offered new insights into the anatomical niches that harbor lung CD8(+) T(RM) cells, and also identified the requirement and limitations of T(RM) maintenance. However, it remains controversial whether lung CD8(+) T(RM) cells are continuously replenished by new cells from the circulation or permanently lodged in this site. A better understanding of how lung CD8(+) T(RM) cells are generated and maintained and the tissue-specific factors that drive local T(RM) formation is required for optimal vaccine development. This review focuses on recent advance in our understanding of CD8(+) T(RM) cell establishment and maintenance in the lung, and describes how those processes are uniquely regulated in this tissue. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28418771/ doi: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016 id: cord-021744-x320625f author: Thompson, Mark S. title: Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis date: 2017-11-17 words: 4066.0 sentences: 428.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021744-x320625f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021744-x320625f.txt summary: Variable incubation period, prodromal phase: nervousness, anxiety, paresthesia Progress to forebrain signs ("furious" form of rabies): irritability, restlessness, pica, photophobia, increased saliva production with decreasing ability to swallow, hyperesthesia progressing to incoordination, seizures, and death May also progress to "dumb" form: paralysis, lower motor disease, leading to coma, respiratory paralysis, and death PSEUDORABIES Suspected to be result from ingestion of infected raw pork Neurologic dysfunction: ataxia, abnormal papillary light response, restlessness, trismus, cervical rigidity, ptyalism, tachypnea, excoriation from pruritus of head and neck; vomiting, diarrhea; most dogs die within 48 hours • Useful for detecting pericardial effusion (racetrack sign) and pleural effusion • Advantage: less air interference than transthoracic TFAST views • Assessment of the weak or collapsed patient''s volume status by observing dynamics of caudal vena cava (CVC) as it passes through diaphragm abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151958/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-49830-2.00002-0 id: cord-000295-ft5wl70x author: Tomankova, Tereza title: Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in the lung date: 2010-11-23 words: 4778.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000295-ft5wl70x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000295-ft5wl70x.txt summary: These short, single-stranded RNA molecules originate from larger precursor molecules that fold to produce hairpin structures, which are subsequently processed by ribonucleases Drosha/Pasha and Dicer to form mature miRNAs. MiRNAs play role in the posttranscriptional regulation of about one third of human genes, mainly via degradation of target mRNAs. Whereas the target mRNAs are often involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes ranging from developmental timing to apoptosis, miRNAs have a strong potential to regulate fundamental biological processes also in the lung compartment. Small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal role in the posttranscriptional regulation of numerous human genes, mainly via degradation of target mRNAs. There is evidence that the lung has a very specific miRNA expression profile undergoing changes during the lung development. abstract: To date, at least 900 different microRNA (miRNA) genes have been discovered in the human genome. These short, single-stranded RNA molecules originate from larger precursor molecules that fold to produce hairpin structures, which are subsequently processed by ribonucleases Drosha/Pasha and Dicer to form mature miRNAs. MiRNAs play role in the posttranscriptional regulation of about one third of human genes, mainly via degradation of target mRNAs. Whereas the target mRNAs are often involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes ranging from developmental timing to apoptosis, miRNAs have a strong potential to regulate fundamental biological processes also in the lung compartment. However, the knowledge of the role of miRNAs in physiological and pathological conditions in the lung is still limited. This review, therefore, summarizes current knowledge of the mechanism, function of miRNAs and their contribution to lung development and homeostasis. Besides the involvement of miRNAs in pulmonary physiological conditions, there is evidence that abnormal miRNA expression may lead to pathological processes and development of various pulmonary diseases. Next, the review describes current state-of-art on the miRNA expression profiles in smoking-related diseases including lung cancerogenesis, in immune system mediated pulmonary diseases and fibrotic processes in the lung. From the current research it is evident that miRNAs may play role in the posttranscriptional regulation of key genes in human pulmonary diseases. Further studies are, therefore, necessary to explore miRNA expression profiles and their association with target mRNAs in human pulmonary diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001429/ doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-159 id: cord-017016-twwa9djm author: Tomashefski, Joseph F. title: Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date: 2008 words: 20053.0 sentences: 1313.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017016-twwa9djm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017016-twwa9djm.txt summary: These occult aspirations may lead to interstitial fibrosis, and perhaps account for the 20% to 54 % incidence of associated and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis in patients with esophageal abnormalities, most commonly hiatal hernia or simple reflux,39,40 The role of reflux in asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and sudden infant death syndrome has been reviewed by Allen et al. 130 In their reviews, Phillips and Rao l3l and Penner and colleagues130 note that similar predisposing factors as those with community-acquired pneumonia, such as aspiration and abscess formation, pertain to this entity, but the location helps distinguish it from the other typical sites of aspiration, When in the upper lobes, it appears to progress through necrotizing pneumonia with thrombosis of arteries (pulmonary and bronchial) and veins, [129] [130] [131] Although not strictly abiding by the foregoing definition (of localization in upper lobe), in one case total unilateral lung gangrene was attributed to hilar vessel involvement following treatment of a massive hilar recurrence of Hodgkin''s disease. abstract: The conducting airways play a pivotal role in the spectrum of pulmonary pathology, not only as conduits for injurious agents to enter the lung, but also as an anatomic compartment that is affected by a diverse array of primary or secondary bronchocentric diseases. This chapter discusses aspiration and bronchial obstruction in detail, with emphasis on the aspiration of toxic, infective, or particulate matter. Lung abscess, a frequent complication of obstruction or aspiration, is also reviewed. Both aspiration and lung abscess are reconsidered within the context of pulmonary infectious disease mainly in Chapter 8 on bacterial infections, and to some extent in the chapters on mycobacterial (Chapter 9), fungal (Chapter 10), and parasitic diseases (Chapter 14). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121473/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_5 id: cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author: Ueki, Hiroshi title: Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date: 2020-01-29 words: 8337.0 sentences: 517.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt summary: Unlike ex vivo methods, which involve isolated or sliced lungs, in vivo imaging using two-photon excitation microscopy of live animals enables researchers to observe hemodynamics, migration and extravasation of immune cells, as well as interactions among immune cells during influenza virus infection. To detect multiple fluorescent signals excited simultaneously by a two-photon excitation laser, fluorochromes with different spectra and equal brightness must be selected; however, there is currently no comprehensive database of fluorescent reagents, fluorescent reporter viruses, and reporter mouse lines available for lung in vivo imaging. Our system uses suction-based lung stabilization 16, 28 to improve an existing in vivo two-photon imaging system for influenza virus-infected lung as a model of an acute inflammatory respiratory disease 5 . In vivo two-photon imaging is performed under conditions of single stimulation with a two-photon excitation laser; limitations exist regarding available fluorescent reagents/proteins for multiple labeling of target cells and lung architecture. abstract: In vivo two-photon imaging is a valuable technique for studies of viral pathogenesis and host responses to infection in vivo. In this protocol, we describe a methodology for analyzing influenza virus–infected lung in vivo by two-photon imaging microscopy. We describe the surgical procedure, how to stabilize the lung, and an approach to analyzing the data. Further, we provide a database of fluorescent dyes, antibodies, and reporter mouse lines that can be used in combination with a reporter influenza virus (Color-flu) for multicolor analysis. Setup of this model typically takes ~30 min and enables the observation of influenza virus–infected lungs for >4 h during the acute phase of the inflammation and at least 1 h in the lethal phase. This imaging system, which we termed two-photon IMPRESS (imaging pathophysiology research system), is broadly applicable to analyses of other respiratory pathogens and reveals disease progression at the cellular level in vivo. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y doi: 10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y id: cord-018086-klels5e3 author: Van der Kaaij, N.P. title: Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant date: 2005 words: 4315.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018086-klels5e3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018086-klels5e3.txt summary: Lung Ischemia-reperfusion Injury: Inactive ATP-dependent Membrane Pumps and Intracellular Calcium Accumulation Under normal conditions, the action of the Na + /K + -ATPase pump sets up a gradient of high extracellular Na + relative to intracellular levels, which in turn drives the Na + /Ca 2+exchanger, so that Ca 2+ is pumped out of the cell. Prostacyclin plays an important role in vascular function because it inhibits platelet adhe-Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant 53 Fig. 3 . To study the complex pathophysiology of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and to investigate surfactant treatment possibilities, an animal model is often used. Since surfactant is rate limiting for the transfer of proteins across the alveolo-capillary membrane and is either inactivated or lost due to the increased endothelial permeability after lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, a further influx of proteins is facilitated. Semik and colleagues showed that the decreased function of AT II cells after lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is prevented by surfactant treatment [42] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122874/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-26272-5_6 id: cord-301935-0qjo94ty author: Varma, Ratna title: Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date: 2020-08-22 words: 10320.0 sentences: 515.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt summary: Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. We then discuss the evolution of directed differentiation protocols to find opportunities for creating specific populations of airway and lung epithelia through targeted manipulation of key signaling pathways in 2D and 3D models. While the cell fate of early proximal and distal lineages is directed through chemical signals, the lung epithelium itself undergoes marked changes in architecture, a process known as branching morphogenesis [79, 92] . In the future, human PSC-derived lung tissue models have the potential to enable exploration of infection, disease and regeneration mechanisms of action to impact drug discovery and drug development, and further inform patient-specific drug selection. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature airway epithelia expressing functional CFTR protein abstract: Chronic lung diseases remain major healthcare burdens, for which the only curative treatment is lung transplantation. In vitro human models are promising platforms for identifying and testing novel compounds to potentially decrease this burden. Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is an important strategy to generate lung cells to create such models. Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. In this review, we describe how lung development has formed the basis for directed differentiation protocols, and discuss the utility of available protocols for lung epithelial cell generation and drug development. We further highlight tissue engineering strategies for manipulating biophysical signals during directed differentiation such that future protocols can recapitulate both chemical and physical cues present during lung development. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0169409X20301162 doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005 id: cord-020764-5tq9cr7o author: Vertrees, Roger A. title: Tissue Culture Models date: 2010-05-21 words: 11293.0 sentences: 580.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020764-5tq9cr7o.txt summary: Scientists have developed diverse and unique tissue culture systems that contain air-liquid barriers of lung epithelium and subjected these cells to various gaseous toxicants to determine what occurs following inhalation of various chemicals. In addition to the characterization of responses to inhaled agents, epithelial cell cultures, notably alveolar epithelium obtained from fetal lung tissue, have allowed investigators to characterize the liquid transport phenotype that occurs in the developing lung. Primary cell cultures of human airway smooth muscle tissue can be obtained utilizing a method described by Halayko et al. Additionally, if investigators do not wish to use currently established lung cancer cell lines, obtaining clinical samples for use in tissue culture models is relatively easy. This model is composed of a coculture of in vitro threedimensional human bronchoepithelial TLAs engineered using a rotating-wall vessel to mimic the characteristics of in vivo tissue and to provide a tool to study human respiratory viruses and host-pathogen cell interactions. abstract: The use of tissue cultures as a research tool to investigate the pathophysiologic bases of diseases has become essential in the current age of molecular biomedical research. Although it will always be necessary to translate and validate the observations seen in vitro to the patient or animal, the ability to investigate the role(s) of individual variables free from confounders is paramount toward increasing our understanding of the physiology of the lung and the role of its cellular components in disease. Additionally, it is not feasible to conduct certain research in humans because of ethical constraints, yet investigators may still be interested in the physiologic response in human tissues; in vitro characterization of human tissue is an acceptable choice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147448/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_15 id: cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author: Vijayan, Vannan K. title: Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date: 2013-06-05 words: 6671.0 sentences: 452.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt summary: The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on the microscopical demonstration of Leishmania amastigotes in the relevant tissue aspirates or biopsies such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or liver, skin slit smears, or in the peripheral blood buffy coat [ 19 ] . The important helminthic parasites that cause lung diseases include cestodes ( Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis ), trematodes ( Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma japonicum , and Paragonimus westermani ), and nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis , Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , Brugia timori , Dirofi laria immitis , Dirofi laria repens , Toxocara canis or cati , and Trichinella spiralis ). A diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to ascariasis can be made in an endemic region in a patient who presents with dyspnea, dry cough, fever, and eosinophilia. abstract: The protozoal and helminthic parasites that traverse the respiratory tract during their life cycles can cause lung diseases, though the most common habitats of these parasites are the gastrointestinal tract and the blood or lymphatic circulations. These diseases are commonly encountered in the tropical regions of the world. However, parasitic lung diseases are increasingly being reported from other parts of the world due to an increase in the occurrence of immunosuppression (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, organ transplantations, the use of immunosuppressive drugs) and transcontinental travel. The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. These diseases can also mimic common respiratory diseases such as bacterial pneumonias, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchial asthma, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension. The diagnosis of parasitic lung diseases is a challenge to physicians, if they are not aware of the entity or these diseases are not investigated properly. The diagnosis of these diseases is based on the identification of the causative organism in the stool, sputum, other body fluids, or tissue specimens. Radiological imaging studies of the thorax including chest radiographs, high-resolution computerized tomograms, and ultrasonograms may aid in the diagnosis. In certain situations, invasive investigations such as fiberoptic bronchoscopic evaluation (transbronchial lung biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage studies) and thoracic surgical procedures (thoracoscopy and open lung biopsy) may be required for a diagnosis and also to exclude other lung diseases. Serologic and molecular diagnostic methods are being developed for accurate diagnosis of the parasitic diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124114/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-37609-2_1 id: cord-005228-187d3pxz author: Wang, Jian title: Role of microbiota on lung homeostasis and diseases date: 2017-10-09 words: 5001.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005228-187d3pxz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005228-187d3pxz.txt summary: In humans, lung microbiota have been identified in healthy donors and in patients with chronic pulmonary disease, and the composition of lung microbiota is similar as the microbiota in the upper respiratory tract, but the number is lower, likely resulting from transient entry rather than independent communities with indistinguishable structure (Charlson et al., 2011) . In our previous studies, we found that the microbiota in upper respiratory tract also provided protection against lethal inflammation in the lungs caused by influenza infection in a TLR2-and alveolar macrophagedependent manner. Priming SPF mice with TLR2-ligand + Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract in human, promoted the differentiation of M2 macrophages with immunosuppressive function, which then significantly reduced influenza-mediated inflammatory response in the lungs (Wang et al., 2013) (Figure 1C ). aureus), a common microbiota in upper respiratory tract and lung, promote the differentiation of M2 alveolar macrophages then provide protection against lethal inflammation in the lungs caused by influenza infection. abstract: The lungs, as a place of gas exchange, are continuously exposed to environmental stimuli, such as allergens, microbes, and pollutants. The development of the culture-independent technique for microbiological analysis, such as 16S rRNA sequencing, has uncovered that the lungs are not sterile and, in fact, colonized by diverse communities of microbiota. The function of intestinal microbiota in modulating mucosal homeostasis and defense has been widely studied; however, the potential function of lung microbiota in regulating immunity and homeostasis has just begun. Increasing evidence indicates the relevance of microbiota to lung homeostasis and disease. In this review, we describe the distribution and composition of microbiota in the respiratory system and discuss the potential function of lung microbiota in both health and acute/chronic lung disease. In addition, we also discuss the recent understanding of the gut-lung axis, because several studies have revealed that the immunological interaction among the gut, the lung, and the microbiota was involved in this issue. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089139/ doi: 10.1007/s11427-017-9151-1 id: cord-290233-5skk3nj4 author: Wang, K. title: Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area date: 2020-03-23 words: 3197.0 sentences: 152.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290233-5skk3nj4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290233-5skk3nj4.txt summary: Data were gathered regarding the presence of chest computed tomography (CT) abnormalities; the distribution, morphology, density, location, and stage of abnormal shadows on chest CT; and observing the correlation between the severity of chest infection and lymphocyte ratio and blood oxygen saturation (SPO(2)) in patients. This study analysed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and imaging data of 114 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to Xiaogan Hospital, Xiaogan, Hubei, China, to describe the lung imaging manifestations and disease development in patients with COVID-19, further explore the correlations between imaging manifestations and clinical data, and clarify the role of chest computed tomography (CT) imaging examination in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease. Chest CT examination was performed during the quarantine period, and the result showed two GGO nodule shadows in both lower lungs, suggesting a high possibility of viral pneumonia. abstract: AIM: To report the epidemiological, clinical, and radiological characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Xiaogan, Hubei, China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The complete clinical and imaging data of 114 confirmed COVID-19 patients treated in Xiaogan Hospital were analysed retrospectively. Data were gathered regarding the presence of chest computed tomography (CT) abnormalities; the distribution, morphology, density, location, and stage of abnormal shadows on chest CT; and observing the correlation between the severity of chest infection and lymphocyte ratio and blood oxygen saturation (SPO(2)) in patients. RESULTS: Chest CT revealed abnormal lung shadows in 110 patients. Regarding lesion distribution, multi-lobe lesions in both lungs were present in most patients (80 cases; 72.7%). Lesions most frequently involved both the peripheral zone and the central zone (62 cases; 56.4%). Regarding lesion morphology, 56 cases (50.1%) demonstrated patchy shadows that were partially fused into large areas. Thirty cases showed ground-glass opacity (27.3%), 30 cases showed the consolidation change (27.3%), and the remaining 50 cases showed both types of changes (45.4%). The progressing stage was the most common stage (54 cases; 49.1%). CT results showed a negative correlation with SPO(2) and lymphocyte numbers (p<0.05), with r-values of −0.446 and −0.780, respectively. CONCLUSION: Spiral CT is a sensitive examination method, which can be applied to make an early diagnosis and for evaluation of progression, with a diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy better than that of nucleic acid detection. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S000992602030088X doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.004 id: cord-268729-n7slf5tx author: Wissinger, E L title: Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease date: 2008-05-07 words: 10085.0 sentences: 562.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.txt summary: Their role in limiting lung inflammation can be clearly seen in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)infected mice where pDC depletion leads to increased viral replication and enhanced immunopathology in the lungs 70, 71 . TNF receptor-II and very late antigen--1 synergize to protect CD8 T cells in the influenza virus infected airways from apoptosis, 110 whereas engagement of Qa-1b by CD94 / NKG2A transmits a negative signal that limits immune pathology. 128 Therapeutic administration of antibodies that block macrophage inflammatory protein-2 during influenza infection reduces neutrophil recruitment by 49 % and improves lung pathology without altering viral clearance. Viruses induce local production of IFN-by T and non-T cells in the respiratory tract, and its neutralization not only reduces local lung cellularity and systemic humoral responses to influenza virus infection in mice, 207 but may also delay viral clearance. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells limit viral replication, pulmonary infl ammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus infection abstract: Inflammatory lung disease to innocuous antigens or infectious pathogens is a common occurrence and in some cases, life threatening. Often, the inflammatory infiltrate that accompanies these events contributes to pathology by deleterious effects on otherwise healthy tissue and by compromising lung function by consolidating (blocking) the airspaces. A fine balance, therefore, exists between a lung immune response and immune-mediated damage, and in some the “threshold of ignorance” may be set too low. In most cases, the contributing, potentially offending, cell population or immune pathway is known, as are factors that regulate them. Why then are targeted therapeutic strategies to manipulate them not more commonplace in clinical medicine? This review highlights immune homeostasis in the lung, how and why this is lost during acute lung infection, and strategies showing promise as future immune therapeutics. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/mi.2008.16) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2008.16 doi: 10.1038/mi.2008.16 id: cord-002627-3jwu4pf2 author: Wu, Nan-Chun title: Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation date: 2017-07-26 words: 8504.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002627-3jwu4pf2.txt summary: Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. Intravenous administration of Cu/Zn SOD during HTV ventilation can prevent lung function impairment and lung injury via reducing pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation, preserving pulmonary surfactant expression, and enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. In this study, HTV ventilation was shown to activate NF-κB and increase VCAM-1, MMP-9 and TNF-α protein expressions, whilst each factor plays a role in lung function impairment, and that was effectively attenuated by intravenous treatment of Cu/Zn SOD. abstract: BACKGROUND: Positive-pressure mechanical ventilation is essential in assisting patients with respiratory failure in the intensive care unit and facilitating oxygenation in the operating room. However, it was also recognized as a primary factor leading to hospital-acquired pulmonary dysfunction, in which pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation had been known to play important roles. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant, and possesses anti-inflammatory capacity. In this study, we aimed to study the efficacy of Cu/Zn SOD, administered intravenously during high tidal volume (HTV) ventilation, to prevent impairment of lung function. METHODS: Thirty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: 5 h ventilation with (A) low tidal volume (LTV; 8 mL/kg; n = 10), (B) high tidal volume (HTV; 18 mL/kg; n = 14), or (C) HTV and intravenous treatment of Cu/Zn SOD at a dose of 1000 U/kg/h (HTV + SOD; n = 14). Lung function was evaluated both at baseline and after 5-h ventilation. Lung injury was assessed by histological examination, lung water and protein contents in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Pulmonary oxidative stress was examined by concentrations of methylguanidine (MG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in BALF, and antioxidative activity by protein expression of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) in the lung. Severity of lung inflammation was evaluated by white blood cell and differential count in BALF, and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the lung. We also examined protein expression of surfactant protein (SP)-A and D and we measured hourly changes in serum nitric oxide (NO) level. RESULTS: Five hours of LTV ventilation did not induce a major change in lung function, whereas 5 h of HTV ventilation induced apparent combined restrictive and obstructive lung disorder, together with increased pulmonary oxidative stress, decreased anti-oxidative activity and increased lung inflammation (P < 0.05). HTV ventilation also decreased SP-A and SP-D expression and suppressed serum NO level during the time course of ventilation. Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS: HTV ventilation can induce combined restrictive and obstructive lung disorders. Intravenous administration of Cu/Zn SOD during HTV ventilation can prevent lung function impairment and lung injury via reducing pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation, preserving pulmonary surfactant expression, and enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5530466/ doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0448-9 id: cord-001945-ueccexxc author: Yang, Ce title: Stem/progenitor cells in endogenous repairing responses: new toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury date: 2016-02-11 words: 6703.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001945-ueccexxc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001945-ueccexxc.txt summary: All these findings indicate Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the exogenous and endogenous stem/progenitor cells as well as the regular delivery routes in the repair and regeneration in acute lung injury that the bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells exhibit the mobilizing courses, and play a substantial role in the regression of excessive inflammatory responses and repair in injured lungs. Concerning the protective roles of bone marrow-and peripheral blood-derived EPCs in ALI, recent studies showed that their peripheral infusion could lead to homing in injured lung tissues [24] , relieving the inflammatory injury [25, 26] and promote the endothelial repair and recovery of immune function dissonance [26, 27] , which may be enhanced by the treatment of simvastatin [28] . abstract: The repair of organs and tissues has stepped into a prospective era of regenerative medicine. However, basic research and clinical practice in the lung regeneration remains crawling. Owing to the complicated three dimensional structures and above 40 types of pulmonary cells, the regeneration of lung tissues becomes a great challenge. Compelling evidence has showed that distinct populations of intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary stem/progenitor cells can regenerate epithelia as well as endothelia in various parts of the respiratory tract. Recently, the discovery of human lung stem cells and their relevant studies has opened the door of hope again, which might put us on the path to repair our injured body parts, lungs on demand. Herein, we emphasized the role of endogenous and exogenous stem/progenitor cells in lungs as well as artificial tissue repair for the injured lungs, which constitute a marvelous toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury. Finally, we further discussed the potential problems in the pulmonary remodeling and regeneration. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750219/ doi: 10.1186/s12967-016-0804-1 id: cord-329066-9xo5zztv author: Yuan, Kai title: FGL2 is positively correlated with enhanced antitumor responses mediated by T cells in lung adenocarcinoma date: 2020-03-13 words: 5139.0 sentences: 293.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329066-9xo5zztv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329066-9xo5zztv.txt summary: A high expression level of FGL2 was correlated with better prognostic outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma patients, including overall survival and progression-free survival. Thus, we propose that high FGL2 expression, which is positively associated with enhanced antitumor activities mediated by T cells, is a beneficial marker for lung adenocarcinoma treatment outcomes. We used the TIMER database to explore the correlation between immune cell infiltration and FGL2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma. GO analysis indicated that FGL2-correlated genes were enriched in the immune response, the adaptive immune response, the positive regulation of T cell proliferation, the positive regulation of interferon-gamma production, the positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production, T cell activation, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, T cell costimulation, T cell differentiation, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent, etc (Fig. 4A) . abstract: Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor, accounting for 25% of cancer-related deaths and 14% of new cancers worldwide. Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of pulmonary cancer. Although there have been some improvements in the traditional therapy of lung cancer, the outcome and prognosis of patients remain poor. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with 1.8 million new cases being diagnosed each year. Precision medicine based on genetic alterations is considered a new strategy of lung cancer treatment that requires highly specific biomarkers for precision diagnosis and treatment. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) plays important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, the diagnostic value of FGL2 in lung cancer is largely unknown. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression profile and potential functions of FGL2 in lung adenocarcinoma. We used the TCGA and Oncomine datasets to compare the FGL2 expression levels between lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. We utilized the GEPIA, PrognoScan and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases to analyze the relationship between FGL2 expression and the survival of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Then, we investigated the potential roles of FGL2 in lung adenocarcinoma with the TIMER database and functional enrichment analyses. We found that FGL2 expression was significantly lower in lung adenocarcinoma tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue. A high expression level of FGL2 was correlated with better prognostic outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma patients, including overall survival and progression-free survival. FGL2 was positively correlated with the infiltration of immune cells, including dendritic cells, CD8(+) T cells, macrophages, B cells, and CD4(+) T cells, in lung adenocarcinoma. Functional enrichment analyses also showed that a high expression level of FGL2 was positively correlated with enhanced T cell activities, especially CD8(+) T cell activation. Thus, we propose that high FGL2 expression, which is positively associated with enhanced antitumor activities mediated by T cells, is a beneficial marker for lung adenocarcinoma treatment outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8654 doi: 10.7717/peerj.8654 id: cord-267979-k70gnrdw author: Yıldız-Peköz, Ayca title: Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery date: 2020-09-23 words: 3257.0 sentences: 159.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267979-k70gnrdw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267979-k70gnrdw.txt summary: This Special Issue brings together recent advances in the areas of inhalation device testing, aerosol formulation development, use of in vitro and in silico models in pulmonary drug deposition and drug disposition studies, and pulmonary delivery of complex drugs, such as vaccines, antibiotics and peptides, to or via the lungs. The development of modern-day inhalers, e.g., pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and more recently, dry powder inhalers (DPIs), jet and vibrating mesh nebulisers (VMNs), and soft mist inhalers (SMIs), has given pulmonary drug delivery a momentum boost that transformed a therapeutic niche into a market predicted to hit US$41.5 billion by 2026 [1] . Development of an innovative, carrier-based dry powder inhalation formulation containing spray-dried meloxicam potassium to improve the in vitro and in silico aerodynamic properties Excipient interactions in glucagon dry powder inhaler formulation for pulmonary delivery Inhalable dry powder of bedaquiline for pulmonary tuberculosis: In vitro physicochemical characterization, antimicrobial activity and safety studies abstract: Pulmonary drug delivery represents an attractive, non-invasive administration option. In addition to locally acting drugs, molecules that are intended to produce systemic effects can be delivered via the pulmonary route. Several factors need to be considered in the context of delivering drugs to or via the lungs—in addition to the drug itself, its formulation into an appropriate inhalable dosage form of sufficient stability is critical. It is also essential that this formulation is paired with a suitable inhaler device, which generates an aerosol of a particle/droplet size that ensures deposition in the desired region of the respiratory tract. Lastly, the patient’s (patho-) physiology and inhalation manoeuvre are of importance. This Special Issue brings together recent advances in the areas of inhalation device testing, aerosol formulation development, use of in vitro and in silico models in pulmonary drug deposition and drug disposition studies, and pulmonary delivery of complex drugs, such as vaccines, antibiotics and peptides, to or via the lungs. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100911 doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100911 id: cord-283078-vz98pp4h author: Zakaria, Dina Mohamed title: Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats date: 2020-10-22 words: 6553.0 sentences: 369.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283078-vz98pp4h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283078-vz98pp4h.txt summary: title: Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats The aim of this study was to explore the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow on Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis in albino rats. In such context, the current study, assessed the effect of stem cell therapy using MSCs for treatment of BLM induced lung fibrosis model. Examination of lung sections in rats that received cell free media CFG, revealed excessive thickening of the inter-alveolar septa associated with evident cellular infiltration. Histological examination of H & E stained sections from the BLM induced fibrosis group FG, revealed evident distortion of lung architecture, where marked thickening of the inter-alveolar septa and collapsed alveoli were noticed in a patchy distribution over much of the lung tissue. abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung fibrosis is considered as an end stage for many lung diseases including lung inflammatory disease, autoimmune diseases and malignancy. There are limited therapeutic options with bad prognostic outcome. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow on Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis in albino rats. METHODS: 30 adult female albino rats were distributed randomly into 4 groups; negative control group, Bleomycin induced lung fibrosis group, lung fibrosis treated with bone marrow-MSCs (BM-MSCs) and lung fibrosis treated with cell free media. Lung fibrosis was induced with a single dose of intratracheal instillation of BLM. BM-MSCs or cell free media were injected intravenously 28 days after induction and rats were sacrificed after another 28 days for assessment. Minute respiratory volume (MRV), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) were recorded using spirometer (Power lab data acquisition system). Histological assessment was performed by light microscopic examination of H&E, and Masson’s trichrome stained sections and was further supported by morphometric studies. In addition, electron microscopic examination to assess ultra-structural changes was done. Confocal Laser microscopy and PCR were used as tools to ensure MSCs homing in the lung. RESULTS: Induction of lung fibrosis was confirmed by histological examination, which revealed disorganized lung architecture, thickened inter-alveolar septa due excessive collagen deposition together with inflammatory cellular infiltration. Moreover, pneumocytes depicted variable degenerative changes. Reduction in MRV, FVC and FEV1 were recorded. BM-MSCs treatment showed marked structural improvement with minimal cellular infiltration and collagen deposition and hence restored lung architecture, together with lung functions. CONCLUSION: MSCs are promising potential therapy for lung fibrosis that could restore the normal structure and function of BLM induced lung fibrosis. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13770-020-00294-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-020-00294-0 doi: 10.1007/s13770-020-00294-0 id: cord-348672-e34103b1 author: Zhang, Jiaqi title: Postoperative Short-term Outcomes Between Sublobar Resection and Lobectomy in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma date: 2020-10-01 words: 3250.0 sentences: 188.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348672-e34103b1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348672-e34103b1.txt summary: Before PSM, there were statistically significant differences in age (p=0.015), hospitalization costs (p=0.042), lymphadenectomy (p=0.000), pathological staging (p=0.000), number of lymph nodes removed (p=0.000), number of positive lymph nodes (p=0.034), chest drainage duration (p=0.000), total chest drainage (p=0.000), length of postoperative hospital stays (p=0.000), postoperative D-dimer level (p=0.030) and perioperative lymphocyte margin (LM) (p=0.003) between sublobar resection and lobectomy. Whether with PSM analysis or not, there were no significant differences in other blood test results, such as inflammation indicators, postoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin level, perioperative activity of daily living (ADL) scale scoring margin, complications, postoperative admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and readmission within 30 days. 21, 22 Our study suggested that patients showed similar clinical outcomes in postoperative complications, postoperative admission to ICU, ADL scale scores margin, and readmission within 30 days among different lung resections. abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate postoperative temporary consequences of the enrolled patients with lung adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the clinical data of patients with lung adenocarcinoma admitted by the same surgical team of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from July 2019 to December 2019. Statistical methods including propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to analyze the differences among them. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients were enrolled, including 50 patients with sublobar resection and 58 patients with lobectomy. Before PSM, there were statistically significant differences in age (p=0.015), hospitalization costs (p=0.042), lymphadenectomy (p=0.000), pathological staging (p=0.000), number of lymph nodes removed (p=0.000), number of positive lymph nodes (p=0.034), chest drainage duration (p=0.000), total chest drainage (p=0.000), length of postoperative hospital stays (p=0.000), postoperative D-dimer level (p=0.030) and perioperative lymphocyte margin (LM) (p=0.003) between sublobar resection and lobectomy. After PSM, there were statistical differences in number of lymph nodes removed (p=0.000), chest drainage duration (p=0.031) and total chest drainage (p=0.002) between sublobar resection and lobectomy. Whether with PSM analysis or not, there were no significant differences in other blood test results, such as inflammation indicators, postoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin level, perioperative activity of daily living (ADL) scale scoring margin, complications, postoperative admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and readmission within 30 days. NLR was associated with total chest drainage (p=0.000), length of postoperative hospital stays (p=0.000), postoperative D-dimer level (p=0.050) and ADL scale scoring margin (p=0.003) between sublobar resection and lobectomy. CONCLUSION: Sublobar resection, including wedge resection and segmentectomy, was as safe and feasible as lobectomy in our study, and they shared similar short-term outcomes. Postoperative NLR could be used to detect the clinical outcomes of patients. Secondary resectability of pulmonary function (SRPF) should be the main purpose of sublobar resection. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.s266376 doi: 10.2147/cmar.s266376 id: cord-313785-8tipkksu author: d''Ettorre, Gabriella title: Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 words: 3786.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313785-8tipkksu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313785-8tipkksu.txt summary: The patients evaluated in this study were hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto Abbreviations: ABX, antibiotics; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALT, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavIrus disease 19; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FDR, False Discovery Rate; GLA, gut lung axis; Hb, hemoglobin; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; IRQ, interquartile range; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2; OB-, oral bacteriotherapy not administered group; OB+, oral bacteriotherapy administered group; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; TCZ, Tocilizumab. The observed partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ), the fraction of inspired oxygen FiO 2 , the disappearance of symptoms associated to COVID-19, adverse events, and the number of patients transferred to ICU were collected at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days from the start of oral bacteriotherapy and hospitalization for all the patients independently from the treatments. abstract: Background: Gastrointestinal disorders are frequent in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 has been hypothesized to impact on host microbial flora and gut inflammation, infecting intestinal epithelial cells. Since there are currently no coded therapies or guidelines for treatment of COVID-19, this study aimed to evaluate the possible role of a specific oral bacteriotherapy as complementary therapeutic strategy to avoid the progression of COVID-19. Methods: We provide a report of 70 patients positive for COVID-19, hospitalized between March 9th and April 4th, 2020. All the patients had fever, required non-invasive oxygen therapy and presented a CT lung involvement on imaging more than 50%. Forty-two patients received hydroxychloroquine, antibiotics, and tocilizumab, alone or in combination. A second group of 28 subjects received the same therapy added with oral bacteriotherapy, using a multistrain formulation. Results: The two cohorts of patients were comparable for age, sex, laboratory values, concomitant pathologies, and the modality of oxygen support. Within 72 h, nearly all patients treated with bacteriotherapy showed remission of diarrhea and other symptoms as compared to less than half of the not supplemented group. The estimated risk of developing respiratory failure was eight-fold lower in patients receiving oral bacteriotherapy. Both the prevalence of patients transferred to ICU and mortality were higher among the patients not treated with oral bacteriotherapy. Conclusions: A specific bacterial formulation showed a significant ameliorating impact on the clinical conditions of patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results also stress the importance of the gut-lung axis in controlling the COVID-19 disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733907/ doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 id: cord-260729-b12v3c8c author: de Lang, Anna title: Functional Genomics Highlights Differential Induction of Antiviral Pathways in the Lungs of SARS-CoV–Infected Macaques date: 2007-08-10 words: 6800.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260729-b12v3c8c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260729-b12v3c8c.txt summary: As opposed to many in vitro experiments, SARS-CoV induced a wide range of type I interferons (IFNs) and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in the lungs of macaques. In order to elucidate early host responses during the acute phase of SARS-CoV infection, we infected cynomolgus macaques with SARS-CoV and used macaque-specific microarrays and real-time (RT)-PCR techniques to study host gene expression profiles. In this study, we simultaneously examined virus replication and host-response gene expression profiles in macaque lungs during the acute phase of SARS to gain more insight into the early events that take place after SARS-CoV infection. In order to visualize the host response in the lungs of SARS-CoV-infected macaques, IFN-b production and translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 was studied using immunohistochemistry. The expression of IFN-b, which strongly correlated to the amount of virus present, continued throughout day 4 and was confirmed using immunohistochemistry; IFN-b-positive cells could be detected in the lungs of the SARS-CoV-infected macaques. abstract: The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is likely mediated by disproportional immune responses and the ability of the virus to circumvent innate immunity. Using functional genomics, we analyzed early host responses to SARS-CoV infection in the lungs of adolescent cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) that show lung pathology similar to that observed in human adults with SARS. Analysis of gene signatures revealed induction of a strong innate immune response characterized by the stimulation of various cytokine and chemokine genes, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IP-10, which corresponds to the host response seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome. As opposed to many in vitro experiments, SARS-CoV induced a wide range of type I interferons (IFNs) and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in the lungs of macaques. Using immunohistochemistry, we revealed that these antiviral signaling pathways were differentially regulated in distinctive subsets of cells. Our studies emphasize that the induction of early IFN signaling may be critical to confer protection against SARS-CoV infection and highlight the strength of combining functional genomics with immunohistochemistry to further unravel the pathogenesis of SARS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696609/ doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030112 id: cord-003655-uo0hdrgc author: de Vries, Rory D. title: Paramyxovirus Infections in Ex Vivo Lung Slice Cultures of Different Host Species date: 2018-03-27 words: 3061.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003655-uo0hdrgc.txt summary: Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation and ex vivo infection of lung slices from different mammalian host species with various respiratory paramyxoviruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins, and suggest follow-up experiments including immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The combination of these viable lung slices with recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins [7] [8] [9] allows for accurate, sensitive and reproducible assessment of respiratory virus infection and dissemination over time. We have validated this technique by infecting lung slices of multiple host species (cotton rats, ferrets, dogs and macaques) with various paramyxoviruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins (measles virus (MV), canine distemper virus (CDV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV)) [10] . Using a (blunt-end) needle or flexible catheter, the fresh lungs are inflated through the trachea (or primary bronchus, if inflation of a half lung or single lobe is desired) with low-melting point agarose mixed with culture medium. abstract: In vivo experiments in animal models of disease are of crucial importance for viral tropism and pathogenesis studies. However, these experiments must be complemented with in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation and ex vivo infection of lung slices from different mammalian host species with various respiratory paramyxoviruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins, and suggest follow-up experiments including immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526457/ doi: 10.3390/mps1020012 id: cord-006862-5va1yyit author: nan title: ITS ASM 2012 date: 2012-11-04 words: 25959.0 sentences: 1689.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt summary: 10 .45 % (n = 202) of attendances were for non-respiratory diseases as the clinic also provides follow-up for general medical patients post hospital admission. Higher levels of exercise participation were seen in the younger age groups (p = 0.585 Introduction: Respiratory diseases, largely represented by COPD, are the third most common cause of acute hospital admission.Our aim was to audit the prescribing habits of inhaled, nebulised medication and oxygen by doctors in a general hospital. Our study was designed to determine the baseline and post-treatment values of total lymphocyte count and its subsets in HIV-negative patients diagnosed with active pulmonary MTB. The results of this study indicate that AAT can inhibit LTB 4 signaling thereby reducing the proteolytic activity of neutrophils and propose AAT aerosolized augmentation therapy as an effective treatment for LTB 4 associated pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis and severe asthma. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103221/ doi: 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z id: cord-006888-qfnukav4 author: nan title: Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008 date: 2008-10-21 words: 30369.0 sentences: 1866.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt summary: 2 This study explored anxiety, depression and QoL of a small group of patients (n = 5), predominantly male (66.7%), mean age 74 years, using the Marie Curie ''''breathing space'''' outpatient clinic over a four week period. Methods: CF patients attending CUH completed a questionnaire relating to personal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, correlated with pulmonary function and exacerbation-rate data. This ongoing study indicates that a clinical pharmacy led management programme can reduce the need for hospital care in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and improve aspects of their health related quality of life. There is a need for wider availability of joint hospital/ community based initiatives such as COPD Outreach and PRPs. Pulmonary rehabilitation has established efficacy, but patients often require follow-up care or maintenance. Patient data (MDS/ISWT/endurance shuttle walking test(ESWT)) from our pulmonary rehabilitation programme were initially analysed (n = 214; median FEV 1 = 1.04 L; mean age = 69 yrs). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103299/ doi: 10.1007/s11845-008-0235-y id: cord-006924-1i3kf01j author: nan title: Abstracts from USCAP 2020: Pulmonary, Mediastinum, Pleura, and Peritoneum Pathology (1869-1980) date: 2020-03-05 words: 25334.0 sentences: 1479.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006924-1i3kf01j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006924-1i3kf01j.txt summary: Results: Patients'' characteristics of 77 cases were as following; median age was 60 years old (range 33-77); 67 male and ten female; 16/16/41/4 of clinical Stage I/II/II/VI; 21 chemotherapy, 52 chemoradiation and 4 radiotherapy; 52 adenocarcinomas, 18 squamous cell carcinomas and seven other types of histology. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of piR-796 piRNA, which was identified by small RNAseq, in resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to analyze the correlation with the clinic-pathological features. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that OTP expression was only rarely identified in non-pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors/carcinomas, which further validated the previous report of OTP to be a highly specific marker for diagnosing PCs. The diagnostic sensitivity for PCs in this study appears to be lower than the previous report, which is probably due to the small number of cases included. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104466/ doi: 10.1038/s41374-020-0400-0 id: cord-010078-8lkkez3n author: nan title: Invited Speakers date: 2010-11-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169233/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x id: cord-017248-a37t31u1 author: nan title: Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date: 2010-05-17 words: 48753.0 sentences: 4281.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt summary: Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. abstract: Part II begins with a list of special histologic stains, their for use and their corresponding references. At the end of this list is a procedure for removal of formalin precipitate from tissue sections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121759/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17 id: cord-023211-kt5gt26t author: nan title: Poster Session Abstracts date: 2007-08-29 words: 221224.0 sentences: 11772.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt summary: Previous studies performed using fluorescence halide efflux measurements and short-circuit current voltage clamp have shown that treatment with PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) agonists, such as pioglitazone and FLL (FMOC-L-leucine), resulted in an increased biosynthesis and trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the cell surface. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Recent progress in the development of small molecule correctors and potentiators capable of restoring CFTR function have increased the need for pre-clinical test models including cultured airway epithelial cells from human CF patients as well as CF mouse models. Clinical studies have linked increased sputum and peripheral blood neutrophil MPO activity with increased airflow obstruction in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of the same age, gender, airway bacterial flora, and CFTR genotype. Because patients expressing low levels of normal CFTR mRNA (5-20%) have mild disease symptoms, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of the ciliated cell-specific FOXJ1 promoter into gene therapy vectors may be useful for treatment of CF. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167830/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.20700 id: cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author: nan title: Symposium summaries date: 2004-10-18 words: 55670.0 sentences: 2569.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt summary: • relevant past history • recently recommended home physiotherapy program including inhalation therapy (agents, order and timing), airway clearance therapy (ACT) and physical exercise program and adherence • the possibility of gastroesophageal reflux 5 in relation to physiotherapy • clinical status including subjective and objective measures of the following -amount, color, consistency and ease of expectoration of sputum -oximetry/pulmonary function tests/peak expiratory flow rate -breath sounds on auscultation, respiratory rate and pattern of breathing -exercise tolerance (current activity & incidental exercise/ exercise tolerance tests) -musculo-skeletal problems (posture, pain, muscle tightness/weakness, oedema) -urinary incontinence during coughing and forced expirations Assessment of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) is important to better understand disease and treatment-related factors that impact function and well-being, and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies and methods of drug delivery. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167881/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.20142 id: cord-023239-06a03o14 author: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 words: 33469.0 sentences: 1470.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt summary: The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7168082/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.23455 id: cord-023288-sqr33y72 author: nan title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 words: 30158.0 sentences: 1762.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169050/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x id: cord-023303-fxus38mp author: nan title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 words: 30161.0 sentences: 1760.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169102/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_8.x id: cord-023306-3gdfo6vd author: nan title: TSANZ Oral Abstracts date: 2010-03-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169109/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01735.x id: cord-023308-af5nihyi author: nan title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date: 2008-03-12 words: 30159.0 sentences: 1761.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169120/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x id: cord-023311-7wqdlha4 author: nan title: Oral Session date: 2010-11-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169143/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01864.x id: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author: nan title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date: 2008-03-12 words: 30165.0 sentences: 1762.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169210/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x id: cord-335597-anrzcsrt author: nan title: 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie date: 2020-10-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3 doi: 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel