Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 160 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10918 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 43 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157 lung 34 patient 31 cell 23 pulmonary 20 COPD 17 disease 17 Fig 15 ARDS 13 study 13 SARS 12 respiratory 10 infection 8 asthma 8 ALI 7 result 7 increase 7 acute 7 RNA 7 FEV1 7 COVID-19 6 transplant 6 pneumonia 6 drug 6 delivery 6 IL-6 5 asm 5 airway 5 PCR 5 OSA 5 LPS 5 IPF 4 tumor 4 treatment 4 transplantation 4 figure 4 fibrosis 4 covid-19 4 cause 4 alveolar 4 CMV 4 CFTR 4 CD8 3 type 3 stem 3 rejection 3 recipient 3 macrophage 3 human 3 gene 3 child Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 17434 lung 11241 cell 10197 patient 7453 % 6350 disease 5071 study 4814 infection 3265 airway 2885 treatment 2562 tissue 2535 case 2530 asthma 2477 effect 2417 result 2414 pneumonia 2401 function 2390 protein 2364 fibrosis 2313 level 2300 response 2264 mouse 2221 expression 2196 injury 2157 year 2068 child 2059 change 1998 type 1973 factor 1972 therapy 1930 virus 1842 cancer 1823 group 1823 gene 1776 time 1706 role 1705 macrophage 1702 p 1688 diagnosis 1663 inflammation 1632 analysis 1628 syndrome 1611 model 1592 day 1537 drug 1533 datum 1526 age 1510 blood 1494 control 1492 risk 1484 method Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2843 al 2728 CF 2407 et 2064 . 1909 CFTR 1410 COPD 1153 Fig 1075 ARDS 947 T 920 CT 781 • 644 Lung 639 SARS 481 RNA 475 FEV1 442 C 435 II 406 COVID-19 394 CD8 383 LPS 381 ALI 378 A 376 PCR 362 airways 360 siRNA 355 mg 349 SP 346 FEV 330 TB 328 IL-6 315 IPF 299 IV 299 CMV 293 ILD 288 TNF 281 CoV-2 276 USA 276 HIV 273 B 265 AIDS 263 Hospital 260 P. 259 IL-8 257 Pseudomonas 254 uenza 253 University 253 TGF 252 bronchoalveolar 251 L 250 BAL Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 3506 it 3373 we 1204 they 507 i 300 them 271 he 131 she 125 us 88 itself 59 one 37 you 34 themselves 9 him 9 her 5 imagej 4 himself 3 me 3 linc00520 2 ourselves 2 mrnas 2 mg 2 i- 2 em 1 α1-pdx 1 z8lw8nc6 1 who 1 u 1 pdcs 1 p110a 1 ours 1 or=0.12 1 nsclcs 1 il13ra2 1 il-8 1 il-1β 1 icam-2 1 https://github.com/cdesterke/volacanoimmune 1 haecs 1 abt-263 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 57610 be 10696 have 4334 use 3094 increase 3031 show 2992 include 2665 associate 2500 induce 1999 cause 1859 see 1826 follow 1643 compare 1562 reduce 1536 do 1511 find 1475 suggest 1439 report 1390 develop 1375 identify 1332 demonstrate 1325 occur 1310 base 1130 lead 1111 result 1100 perform 1076 relate 1072 require 1037 determine 1023 provide 1014 involve 988 improve 980 decrease 943 measure 939 indicate 936 describe 920 observe 883 affect 882 treat 859 assess 841 know 835 mediate 802 remain 751 detect 744 produce 736 express 732 characterize 716 present 709 consider 675 make 671 support Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5942 pulmonary 4697 not 4243 respiratory 3861 - 3640 also 2859 high 2751 acute 2650 clinical 2638 other 2413 more 2297 such 2127 most 2095 low 2067 human 1976 however 1827 chronic 1802 inflammatory 1767 well 1566 severe 1477 small 1448 non 1443 common 1430 alveolar 1417 early 1376 epithelial 1346 only 1320 significant 1277 specific 1264 important 1256 normal 1254 immune 1220 different 1185 large 1141 first 1120 viral 1109 interstitial 1090 cystic 1072 as 1071 positive 1015 further 986 primary 984 many 930 significantly 912 bronchial 902 long 894 present 861 often 838 bacterial 837 similar 820 less Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 524 most 253 least 190 Most 167 good 147 high 58 great 38 low 34 large 21 common 18 strong 17 early 14 late 10 small 8 big 7 close 7 bad 6 young 6 short 4 new 4 long 4 fast 3 easy 3 dense 3 csMSN 2 weak 2 tt 2 thick 2 slight 2 sick 2 poor 2 old 2 light 2 Least 2 AuNPs 2 -β 1 µCP 1 ~20 1 straight 1 simple 1 scRNA 1 safe 1 regeneration±atypia 1 near 1 mild 1 heavy 1 g1-arr 1 fine 1 farth 1 deep 1 cheap Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1603 most 172 least 74 well 4 s1p 4 highest 2 worst 1 youngest 1 fast 1 -wheeze Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 dx.doi.org 4 github.com 3 www.jgc301.com 3 www.cdc.gov 3 www 3 doi.org 2 www.who.int 2 www.mdpi.com 2 www.dovepress.com 1 www.vaincrelecancer-nrb.org 1 www.tbfacts.org 1 www.spotfire.com 1 www.southernbiotech.com 1 www.sign.ac.uk 1 www.sigmaaldrich.com 1 www.sciencedirect.com 1 www.rosettabio.com 1 www.pneumotox.com 1 www.pnas.org 1 www.pediatrics.wisc.edu 1 www.lungmap.net 1 www.leicabiosystems.com 1 www.kinematica.ch 1 www.ingenuity.com 1 www.improvingchroniccare.org): 1 www.imgenex.com 1 www.gov.uk 1 www.gisaid.org 1 www.genet.sickkids.on.ca 1 www.dako.com 1 www.cambrex 1 www.bytefish.de 1 www.britthoracic.org.uk 1 www.biorxiv.org 1 www.ambion.com 1 www.agilent.com 1 www.r-proje 1 smart.servier.com 1 research.cchmc.org 1 portal.genego.com 1 portal.gdc 1 pangolin.cog-uk.io 1 onlinelibrary.wiley.com 1 nextstrain.org 1 kmplot.com 1 imagej.nih.gov 1 imagej.net 1 gepia.cancer-pku.cn 1 expression.microslu.washington.edu 1 dna00.bio.kyutech.ac.jp Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 3 http://www.jgc301.com 3 http://www 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.vaincrelecancer-nrb.org/ 1 http://www.tbfacts.org/tbstatistics.html 1 http://www.spotfire.com/ 1 http://www.southernbiotech.com/ 1 http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/101/index.html 1 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/ 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286742030489X?via%3Dihub 1 http://www.rosettabio.com/ 1 http://www.pneumotox.com 1 http://www.pnas.org/ 1 http://www.pediatrics.wisc.edu/childrenshosp/CF/nbs.html> 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/1/2/12/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/16/5663/s1 1 http://www.lungmap.net 1 http://www.leicabiosystems.com/digitalpathology/manage/aperio-imagescope/ 1 http://www.kinematica.ch 1 http://www.ingenuity.com/ 1 http://www.improvingchroniccare.org): 1 http://www.imgenex.com/ 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-testsand-testing-kits-for-coronavirus-covid-19-work 1 http://www.gisaid.org 1 http://www.genet.sickkids.on.ca/StatisticsPage 1 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 1 http://www.dovepress.com/cancer-management-and-research-journal 1 http://www.dako.com/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/pdfs/evali-discharge-readiness-11 1 http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-22 1 http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ 1 http://www.cambrex 1 http://www.bytefish.de/blog/pca_lda_with_gnu_octave/ 1 http://www.britthoracic.org.uk/Portals/0/Guidelines/ 1 http://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.004655v1 1 http://www.ambion.com/ 1 http://www.agilent.com/ 1 http://www.R-proje 1 http://smart.servier.com 1 http://research.cchmc.org/ 1 http://portal.genego.com/ 1 http://portal.gdc 1 http://pangolin.cog-uk.io 1 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.13696 1 http://nextstrain.org 1 http://kmplot.com/analysis/ 1 http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ 1 http://imagej.net/Colour_Deconvolu 1 http://github.com/cdesterke/volacanoimmune Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 3 jgc@mail.sciencep.com 2 eitank@hadassah.org.il 1 ustcwj@mail.ustc.edu.cn 1 tzg@ustc.edu.cn 1 quiquesoto@gmail.com 1 p.sly@uq.edu.au 1 lihongjun00113@126.com 1 gmorana61@gmail.com 1 franck.grisceli@gustaveroussy.fr 1 christian-f.poets@med.uni-tuebingen.de Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 years was confi 26 levels were significantly 20 patients did not 10 cells are also 10 cells are not 9 % were current 9 % were female 9 cells is not 9 diseases including asthma 9 fibrosis related diabetes 9 studies have also 8 % were male 8 asthma are underway 8 cells are present 8 cells following incubation 8 cells were then 8 effect was not 8 expression was not 8 expression was positively 8 levels were not 8 results are consistent 7 cells do not 7 cells were also 7 diseases including lung 7 expression was significantly 7 injury is not 7 levels are higher 7 levels were higher 7 results were similar 7 studies are available 7 treatment is not 6 asthma is more 6 infection is usually 6 infections are common 6 infections following lung 6 levels are significantly 6 lung does not 6 lungs are still 6 patients do not 6 patients had positive 6 patients were male 6 patients were more 6 pneumonia is also 6 pneumonia is most 6 results do not 6 studies are necessary 6 study are available 6 study does not 5 % had at 5 % were non Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 effect was not specific 4 expression was not significantly 4 mice have no baseline 4 patient had no further 3 levels were not significantly 3 mice was not significantly 3 results have not yet 2 cells are not immortal 2 effect is not consistent 2 fibrosis is not present 2 lungs are not sterile 2 studies are not available 2 study was not sufficiently 1 % had no osas 1 % reporting no asthma 1 airways are not present 1 airways is not accurately 1 airways is not clear 1 case showed no obvious 1 cases are not necessarily 1 cases showed no significant 1 cells are not always 1 cells are not highly 1 cells are not normally 1 cells are not predefined 1 cells are not prominent 1 cells are not typically 1 cells did not substantially 1 cells do not appreciably 1 cells had no growth 1 cells has not yet 1 cells is not as 1 cells is not exclusive 1 cells is not specific 1 cells was not significantly 1 cells were not distinguishable 1 cf are not yet 1 cf is not yet 1 changes are not always 1 changes are not specific 1 changes do not necessarily 1 changes were not sufficient 1 children are not able 1 children are not small 1 disease is not easily 1 disease was not likely 1 disease were not statistically 1 diseases involve not only 1 effect has not yet 1 effect was not as A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-010994-1ynel55w author = Abe, Kyoko title = Nicorandil, a K(ATP) Channel Opener, Attenuates Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Isolated Rat Lungs date = 2020-02-21 keywords = lung summary = Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether nicorandil reduces the risk of IR injury in an isolated buffer perfused rat lung model, and whether nicorandil''s beneficial effects are a result of its K ATP channel opener properties and nitric oxide production, or are attributable to activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. (1) nicorandil administration before ischemia ameliorated increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability after IR in isolated rat lung preparations; (2) the protective effects of nicorandil against IR lung injury was blocked by glibenclamide as a K ATP channel blocker and ODQ as a sGC inhibitor. [6] , isoflurane-sevoflurane administration before ischemia attenuated IR injury without a significant PVR change in isolated rat lungs which was similar to the results in the present study. These results suggest that the protective effects of nicorandil after IR lung injury can be explained by the activation of a K ATP channel opener as well as that of the sGC-cGMP pathway. doi = 10.1007/s00408-020-00339-0 id = cord-006676-a21tdgns author = Abul, H. title = Levels of IL-8 and myeloperoxidase in the lungs of pneumonia patients date = 2001 keywords = IL-8; bal; lung summary = Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is considered as the major polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) chemoattractant cytokine in lung diseases such as asthma and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The level of IL-8 mRNA, protein and myeloperoxidase present in the cells of the bronchioalveolar lavages (BALs) taken from the areas of known pneumonic consolidations on chest X-ray (infected lung) are compared with the BALs obtained from areas of no obvious infiltrate (non-infected lung). Therefore this study is designed to measure the site-specific increase in the level of IL-8 in the lung of patients with bacterial pneumonia as compared to that of the non-smoking control group. The level of IL-8 mRNA and protein present in the BAL obtained from subsegmental bronchi of experimental and control group of patients were determined by RT-PCR assay and enzyme immunoassay respectively. In this study we also determined the level of myeloperoxidase activity in the cells collected from 1 ml of BAL each from the infected and non-infected lung. doi = 10.1023/a:1007264411006 id = cord-016790-by7cxz1g author = Ahuja, Jitesh title = Imaging of Lung Transplantation date = 2018-04-24 keywords = lung; transplantation summary = Significant advances in imaging techniques and recognition of air trapping in exhalation images and other patterns /distribution of parenchymal abnormalities have led to routine use of HRCT for diagnostic evaluation in patients manifesting respiratory decline in the lung transplant recipient. Pneumothorax is the most common pleural complication [7] Airway anastomotic complications should be suspected if pneumothorax persists or enlarges after the early postoperative period (>7 days after transplantation). Pleural effusion is also a common complication secondary to increased capillary permeability and impaired lymphatic drainage of the allograft lung during the early postoperative period ( Fig. 19 .5a, b). Viral infections can predispose lung transplant recipients to a b Fig. 19.16 (a, b) obliterative bronchiolitis [18, 19] , a manifestation of chronic rejection. It usually occurs 6 months after transplantation, and risk factors include prior episodes of recurrent acute rejection or infections, particularly CMV pneumonia. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_19 id = cord-288371-uyj4iske author = Arrieta, Oscar title = Recommendations for detection, prioritization, and treatment of thoracic oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The THOCOoP cooperative group date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; Cancer; cell; lung; patient; small summary = Long-term Follow-up on NRG Oncology RTOG 0915 (NCCTG N0927): A Randomized Phase 2 Study Comparing 2 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Schedules for Medically Inoperable Patients With Stage I Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Durvalumab plus platinum–etoposide versus platinum–etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Phase III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG 2597): induction chemotherapy followed by either standard thoracic radiotherapy or hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy for patients with unresectable stage IIIA and B non-small-cell lung cancer Usefulness of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in evaluating response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced non small-cell lung cancer: a prospective cohort study Randomized phase III trial of single-agent pemetrexed versus carboplatin and pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 Carboplatin-or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: the COCIS meta-analysis of individual patient data doi = 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103033 id = cord-257114-pxmflm2c author = BURGUETE, SERGIO R. title = Lung transplant infection date = 2012-12-26 keywords = BOS; CMV; LTR; infection; lung; transplant summary = This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. Resistant Gramnegative organisms pose perhaps the greatest risk, and some studies suggest an association between pretransplant colonizing organisms from patients with suppurative lung disease and pneumonias following LT. A Cochrane Review comparing prophylaxis in different groups of solid organ transplant patients with antivirals versus placebo or no treatment showed a significant reduction in disease (relative risk 0.42), infection (relative risk 0.61), mortality from CMV disease (relative risk 0.26) and allcause mortality (relative risk 0.63). 114 In general, the choice for antifungal prophylaxis depends, in part, on the presence of specific risk factors such as colonization with Aspergillus, presence of airway stents or ischaemia, single lung transplantation, CMV infection, hypogammaglobulinaemia or treatment of acute rejection. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02196.x id = cord-276927-rxudwp2v author = Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title = Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2012-08-23 keywords = ARDS; acute; lung; patient; peep; respiratory summary = Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Incorporation of modified risk factors such as acute increase of respiratory rate, presence of tachypnea, detection of pulse oximeter desaturation, increased necessity of oxygen supplementation, presence of low pH, acidosis, or hypoxemia in an arterial blood gas sample in clinical practice can improve the clinicians'' ability to perform early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in ARDS [17] . doi = 10.1155/2012/952168 id = cord-012884-56z95uca author = Bargagli, Elena title = Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date = 2020-08-07 keywords = IPF; PPAR; fibrosis; lung; metabolic summary = These findings suggest that oxidative stress and iron metabolic disorder create positive feedback, promoting the progression of fibrosis (Table 1 ; Figure 2 Studies on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, also used in IPF therapy [67] , have shown that HIF-1α expression not only influences glycolytic activity, but also mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation under hypoxic conditions [61] . Curiously, it has been reported that the first-line antidiabetic drug metformin exerts potent antifibrotic effects by modulating metabolic pathways, activating PPAR-γ signalling, inhibiting TGF-β, suppressing collagen formation and inducing lipogenic differentiation in lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients [79] , but unfortunately it does not have clinically relevant outcomes in patients [80] . Leptin levels are reported to be elevated in serum and correlated with the severity of lung fibrosis, since leptin significantly promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, decreases autophagosome formation, inhibits the lipidation of LC3I to LC3II, and up-regulates the expression of p62 by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [88] involved in the onset and development of IPF (Figure 3) . doi = 10.3390/ijms21165663 id = cord-252810-rko3e5va author = Basil, Maria C. title = The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date = 2020-04-02 keywords = airway; at1; at2; cell; epithelial; human; lung summary = Recent transcriptional interrogation of the distal epithelium in IPF identified activation of cell stress and senescence pathways, and murine modeling of AT2 cell dysfunction from expression of either mutant SFTPC, loss of telomere function, and increased mechanical tension have provided in vivo proof of concept that disruption of AT2 cell homeostasis is a driver of lung fibrosis (Katzen et An emerging hypothesis of IPF pathogenesis is that the dysfunctional AT2 cell loses its facultative progenitor capacity creating a regenerative void for lung repair. Importantly, these cellular trajectory models require experimental validation either in the form of cell-type-specific genetic lineage tracing in mice or the use of cellular barcoding strategies in non-murine systems such as was performed in a recent study to predict the differentiation of lung epithelial progenitors from pluripotent stem cells (Hurley et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.009 id = cord-313431-swkcdvx8 author = Becerra-Diaz, Mireya title = Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COPD; DHEA; cell; lung; macrophage; monocyte; sex; testosterone summary = The opposite effects seen in different inflammatory contexts highlight the need for a deeper and broader study of the androgen/ARmediated modulation of monocytes and macrophages, as these cells participate in both the initial and late phases of immune responses in a variety of diseases. Studies of androgen receptor function in human monocytes and macrophages have focused primarily on the roles of male sex and sex hormones in promoting atherosclerotic foam cell formation (196) and inhibiting cutaneous wound healing (186, 215) . There is a paucity of literature regarding how introducing or depleting exogenous sex hormones (such as in female-to-male transgender individuals receiving testosterone supplementation or women with estrogen blockade) affects the function of blood monocytes and lung macrophages in men and women with asthma. Modulation of monocyte and macrophage function mediated by the interaction of androgen and AR has been examined mostly by correlative studies in humans following lifespan changes in sex hormones or using hormonal manipulation in mouse models of lung disease. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698 id = cord-004405-l5rif2lu author = Bleyer, Martina title = Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (Callithrix jacchus) date = 2017-03-01 keywords = common; lung; marmoset summary = Especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental marmoset studies. Histopathological examination of lung tissue from toxicological and experimental studies requires detailed knowledge of the spectrum of spontaneously occur-ring lung pathology of this laboratory animal species to identify possible drug-induced or disease-associated pulmonary lesions and to distinguish these from species-specific background lesions. (2009) also performed a retrospective study on the spontaneous pathology of common marmosets including the morphological diagnoses of pneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary extramedullary hematopoiesis, and lymphosarcoma in the lungs. doi = 10.5194/pb-4-17-2017 id = cord-284332-p4c1fneh author = Bosma, Karen J. title = Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date = 2012-09-19 keywords = ALI; ARDS; acute; lung; mortality; patient; respiratory; study summary = [47] Although both of these studies were conducted prior to the 1994 AECC definition, ARDS was strictly defined in the aforementioned studies, including a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <150 or intrapulmonary shunt >20% in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and who had diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph without clinical evidence of heart failure as pulmonary arterial occlusion pressures were <18 mmHg. Building on the results of these two studies, Sinuff and colleagues [48] developed practice guidelines for prophylactic ketoconazole use, and tested the implementation and efficacy of these guidelines in two ICUs (one control and one active comparator). [119] A phase II study enrolling 98 patients with ALI compared an antioxidant enteral feeding formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid, g-linolenic acid and antioxidant vitamins with placebo, and observed improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary inflammation, fewer days of mechanical ventilation and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures in the treatment arm, although there was no difference in mortality between this approach and the control group. doi = 10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000 id = cord-009764-m9flptcv author = Bossé, Ynuk title = The Strain on Airway Smooth Muscle During a Deep Inspiration to Total Lung Capacity date = 2019-01-18 keywords = Airway; FRC; Lung; TLC; asm; strain summary = doi = 10.1115/1.4042309 id = cord-336560-m5u6ryy9 author = Boudewijns, Robbert title = STAT2 signaling as double-edged sword restricting viral dissemination but driving severe pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters date = 2020-07-02 keywords = Fig; RNA; SARS; STAT2; lung summary = Our results reveal the importance of STAT2-dependent interferon responses in the pathogenesis and virus control during SARS-CoV-2 infection and may help rationalizing new strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The lack of readily accessible serum markers or the absence of overt disease symptoms in hamsters prompted us to establish a non-invasive means to score for lung infection and SARS-CoV-2 induced lung disease by computed tomography (CT) as used in standard patient care to aid COVID-19 diagnosis with high sensitivity and monitor progression/recovery 7, 33, 35, 36 . Similar as in humans 37 , semiquantitative lung pathology scores were obtained from high-resolution chest micro-CT scans of freebreathing animals 38 The increase in replication of SARS-CoV-2 seen in IL28R-a -/hamsters, on one hand, combined with a tempered inflammatory response and lung injury as compared to WT hamsters, on the other hand, is in line with the role of type III IFN plays during respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-1 53 . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.23.056838 id = cord-000307-iv18eiap author = Capelozzi, Vera Luiza title = Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure date = 2010-12-17 keywords = H1N1; figure; lung summary = BACKGROUND: Cases of H1N1 and other pulmonary infections evolve to acute respiratory failure and death when co‐infections or lung injury predominate over the immune response, thus requiring early diagnosis to improve treatment. 6 Swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can cause severe acute respiratory failure (ARF), requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) in 15-30% of previously healthy young to middle-aged people. 14 Thus, pathological findings obtained by an OLB, coupled to ultrastructural and immunologic analysis, may have an impact on decisions about changes in treatment strategies employed for these critically ill patients, and also provide a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of S-OIV infection. The objective of this study was to analyze pathologically and ultrastructurally S-OIV lung infection and the pulmonary immune response in a series of five cases with OLB. This case series documents for the first time the pathological and ultrastructural findings of lung tissue from five patients admitted to the ICU with ARF and S-OIV infection who were submitted to OLB. doi = 10.1590/s1807-59322010001200003 id = cord-287622-xnksvy21 author = Carpagnano, Giovanna E title = Aspergillus spp. colonization in exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia Region of Italy date = 2014-02-18 keywords = EBC; cancer; lung summary = Given the recent interest in the infective origin of lung cancer, with this preliminary study we aim to give our small contribution to this field of research by analysing the fungal microbiome of the exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients from Puglia, a region of Italy. METHODS: We enrolled 43 lung cancer patients and 21 healthy subjects that underwent exhaled breath condensate and bronchial brushing collection. Among these studies, one emerging from our group recently analysed viral colonization in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, involving a sample from airways that is completely non-invasive and apparently suitable for microbiological studies ( [2] , unpublished data). For the first time to our knowledge, we tested fungal microbioma of exhaled breath condensate and paired bronchial brushing of patients with diagnosed lung cancer and of healthy subjects and in 27.9% of lung cancer patients we detected the presence of mold (Aspergillus niger, A. doi = 10.1186/1471-2466-14-22 id = cord-265658-wjqezs0v author = Carranza-Rosales, Pilar title = Modeling tuberculosis pathogenesis through ex vivo lung tissue infection date = 2017-09-12 keywords = PCLTS; lung summary = Several in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been used to study TB pathogenesis and induction of immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Precision cut lung tissue slices (PCLTS) is an experimental model, in which all the usual cell types of the organ are found, the tissue architecture and the interactions amongst the different cells are maintained. PCLTS in good physiological conditions, monitored by MTT assay and histology, were infected with either virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the TB vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Lung tissue slices have been used for toxicity studies [3] , biotransformation [4] , metabolism of xenobiotics [5] , and to study infectious agents like coronavirus [6] , retrovirus [7] , influenza and parainfluenza viral strains [2,8e12] , viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex [13, 14] , respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and only one bacteria Chlamydophila pneumonia [15] . doi = 10.1016/j.tube.2017.09.002 id = cord-258362-6qk2brax author = Chang, A.B. title = Diagnosing and preventing chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis() date = 2010-12-04 keywords = CSLD; HRCT; bronchiectasis; lung summary = 8, 9 In this paper, we discuss the limitations of current diagnostic criteria, precursors of bronchiectasis and the evidence (albeit limited) on why children with protracted bronchitis, suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis require vigilant medical follow-up and appropriate therapies. Prior to the ''diagnosis'' of ''idiopathic bronchiectasis'' being made on the basis of a HRCT scan, the patient (children and adults) may have been labelled as having recurrent viral infections, asthma, and/or chronic bronchitis. A study from Scotland 45 described that respiratory disease in early life was associated with a higher risk in adulthood of chronic productive cough, dyspnoea and doctor diagnosis of asthma, bronchitis or emphysema (adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.40 to 6.95 for these outcomes). Despite the known importance of exacerbations in most chronic respiratory diseases (e.g. asthma, 62,73 COPD 74 ) data are scarce for the triggers, definitions, associated clinical features and evidence for treatment of bronchiectasis in both children and adults. doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2010.10.008 id = cord-016659-26zz8kaw author = Chen, Feng title = Influenza date = 2016-06-23 keywords = lung; pneumonia summary = Chest X-ray demonstrates mainly interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, initially with poorly defined thickening of the lung markings, predominantly both lower lung field significantly; increased density of the lung markings resembling to GGO. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia mainly as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, early with poorly defined but enhanced lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lung fields. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, with initial radiological signs of enhanced but poorly defined lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lungs. CT scan demonstrates uniform shaped consolidations with lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular and patches of opacity in different sizes along bronchical bundle as well as lobular atelectasis or focal emphysema. CT scan demonstrates consolidations with uniform shape and lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular or patches of opacities of different sizes along bronchial bundles as well as lobular atelectasis and focal emphysema. doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_8 id = cord-334528-xenq90xj author = Chen, Hsing I title = Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date = 2011-03-17 keywords = ALI; ARDS; acute; lung; pulmonary summary = This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs doi = 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044 id = cord-006452-mmdk2xom author = Chen, Jing title = Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases date = 2018-10-18 keywords = COPD; RNA; acid; delivery; lung; nucleic summary = Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) . doi = 10.1208/s12249-018-1183-0 id = cord-001473-aki28lhp author = Chen, Qi Xing title = Silencing airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin exacerbates sepsis-induced acute lung injury date = 2014-08-06 keywords = ALI; hepcidin; lung summary = The knockdown of airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin aggravated the polymicrobial sepsis-induced lung injury and pulmonary bacterial infection and increased mortality (53.33% in Ad-shHepc1-treated mice versus 12.5% in Ad-shNeg-treated mice, P <0.05). The severe lung injury in the airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin knockdown mice is at least partially related to the altered intracellular iron level and function of alveolar macrophages. These results demonstrated that in the current study the intratracheal administration of Ad-shHepc1 only silenced the hepcidin gene transcription in AECs, which was in accordance with previous studies that adenovirus-mediated intratracheal gene delivery specifically inhibited targeted gene expression in lung epithelial cells but not in alveolar macrophages and other organs [29, 30] . The current study explored the role of AEC-derived hepcidin in polymicrobial sepsis-induced ALI, which is at least partially related to the altered intracellular iron level and function of alveolar macrophages. doi = 10.1186/s13054-014-0470-8 id = cord-295156-trzkb9ne author = Cheong, Dorothy H.J. title = Anti-malarial drug, artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of respiratory diseases date = 2020-05-13 keywords = DHA; a549; artemisinin; cell; lung summary = Artemisinins can regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote cell cycle arrest, drive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce Bak or Bax-dependent or independent apoptosis. Artemisinins can regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote cell cycle arrest, drive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce Bak or Bax-dependent or independent apoptosis. The apoptotic effects of artemisinins and its derivatives are largely observed in lung cancer cell lines and have been found to induce both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis (Table 3) . Tong and colleagues observed that artemisinin, DHA and artesunate were all able to reduce tumour growth in an A549-induced mouse xenograft model via inhibition of the Wnt-5a/b/β-catenin signaling pathway [22] . Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104901 id = cord-323566-jck799zq author = Cheung, Oi-Yee title = Acute Lung Injury date = 2017-11-05 keywords = ARDS; DAD; Fig; acute; lung; pulmonary summary = Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a histologic pattern of acute lung injury with a clinical presentation similar to that of classic DAD, in terms of both potential etiologic disorders and outcome. 104 Histologically, the disease is characterized by acute and organizing lung injury showing classic features (Fig. 6.34 ) of (1) alveolar septal edema, (2) eosinophilic airspace macrophages, (3) tissue and airspace eosinophils in variable numbers, and (4) marked reactive atypia of alveolar type II cells (eSlide 6.5). Considerations in the differential diagnosis include infection, connective tissue disease, acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), drug effect, and other causes of DAD. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5 id = cord-322756-ouvn71r9 author = Chow, Michael Y.T. title = Inhaled RNA Therapy: From Promise to Reality date = 2020-09-04 keywords = RNA; delivery; lung; pulmonary; table summary = Studies investigating RNA therapeutics in pulmonary diseases have rapidly expanded and drug administration by inhalation allows the direct delivery of RNA therapeutics to the target site of action while minimizing systemic exposure. Interestingly, it has been known for over a decade that naked RNA, including both siRNA and mRNA, can be transfected in the lung following pulmonary delivery, as shown in many in vivo studies [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . Both studies demonstrated a gene-silencing effect of the powder formulations in lung tissues following intratracheal administration in mouse models of lung cancer, taking these delivery systems one step closer to clinical application. To take advantage of this phenomenon, pulmonary surfactant and surfactant protein B-coated dextran-based nanoparticles were developed for siRNA delivery, with successful gene-silencing effects observed in healthy mice and in a model of acute lung injury (ALI), respectively, following pulmonary administration [29, 69] (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2020.08.002 id = cord-006289-2k8c22u8 author = Chu, Shi-Jye title = Systemic Administration of FC-77 Dampens Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats date = 2013-06-27 keywords = FC-77; P<0.05; lung summary = Systemic administration of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) reportedly attenuates acute lung injury induced by acid aspiration and phorbol myristate acetate. TNF-α and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations in perfusate samples and MDA concentration and MPO activities in lung tissues were also significantly increased. As shown in Fig. 6 , MDA concentration and MPO activity in lung tissues significantly increased in the IR group compared with those in the control group (P< 0.05). In this study, we demonstrated that pretreatment with FC-77 had beneficial effects on IR-induced increases in PAP, K f , lung weight gain, LW/BW ratio, W/D lung ratio, protein concentration in BALF, and TNF-α and CINC-1 concentrations in perfusate; and MDA concentration, MPO activity, and neutrophil infiltration in lung tissues. These results are in agreement with recent findings of decreased neutrophil accumulation, MPO activity, and oxidative damage in lung tissues by systemic PFC administration in a rat lung injury model [15] . doi = 10.1007/s10753-013-9678-z id = cord-000254-bufbjdmw author = Clement, Annick title = Interstitial lung diseases in children date = 2010-08-20 keywords = ILD; TGF; alveolar; cell; child; disease; disorder; interstitial; lung; pulmonary summary = Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children represents a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality (around 15%) [1, 2] . These disorders, more prevalent in young children, include diffuse developmental disorders, lung growth abnormalities, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, surfactant dysfunction disorders, disorders related to systemic diseases, disorders of immunocompromised host, and disorders of normal host caused by various insults such as aspiration syndrome or infections [8] . Several studies in the adult literature have reported an increased incidence of EBV and CMV infection in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, associated with virus DNA-positive lung tissue biopsies in several cases [147] . doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 id = cord-009766-mdmqcvww author = Comerford, Andrew title = Structured Tree Impedance Outflow Boundary Conditions for 3D Lung Simulations date = 2010-08-01 keywords = flow; lung; pressure summary = In this paper, we develop structured tree outflow boundary conditions for modeling the airflow in patient specific human lungs. Furthermore, simulations of a hypothetical diseased lung (restricted flow in the superior left lobe) under mechanical ventilation show that the mean pressure at the outlets of the 3D domain is about 28% higher. This hypothetical model illustrates potential causes of volutrauma in the human lung and furthermore demonstrates how different clinical scenarios can be studied without the need to assume the unknown flow distribution into the downstream region. Due to the acceleration periods and high frequency oscillations, the mechanical ventilation is expected to lead to different flow and pressure dynamics due to the considerably higher slew rates. In Fig. 6 , the spatial pressure distribution is compared for the two different boundary conditions: traction free ͑up to seven generation model͒ and impedance ͑seven generation model plus up to 13 generations of the 1D tree depending on the outlet size͒. doi = 10.1115/1.4001679 id = cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author = Corrin, Bryan title = Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date = 2011-03-02 keywords = Fig; alveolar; asbestos; cause; disease; drug; dust; effect; exposure; fibre; fibrosis; high; interstitial; lung; patient; pneumoconiosis; pulmonary; respiratory; silica; worker summary = As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term ''acute silicosis'' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms ''accelerated silicosis'' or ''cellular phase silicosis'' have been substituted for ''acute silicosis'' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 id = cord-286771-77hs34jm author = Cruces, Pablo title = A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-08-10 keywords = ARDS; SILI; lung summary = Protective lowtidal volume (Vt) mechanical ventilation (MV), including delivering a physiologic low Vt adjusted by ideal body weight, is currently the standard of care for patients requiring invasive respiratory support, like moderate and severe ARDS. Additionally, we found a significant progression of regional Fig. 2 Regional volumetric strain maps in a 3-h murine model of patient self-inflicted lung injury randomized to two groups: Group I: subjects with induced lung injury on low tidal volume mechanical ventilation at the beginning of the experiment (T1) and at the end of the experiment (T3) (upper left and right panels). Ventilation-induced lung injury exists in spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory failure: yes Can high-flow nasal cannula reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure compared with conventional oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03197-7 id = cord-341472-29opvzrj author = Curley, Gerard F. title = Future therapies for ARDS date = 2014-12-04 keywords = ARDS; lung summary = authors: Curley, Gerard F.; Laffey, John G. Despite more than 150 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of multiple potential therapies, the only interventions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that reduce mortality are those that minimize ventilator-induced lung injury [1] . In pre-clinical studies, heparin has been found to reduce alveolar fibrin deposition and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Interferon beta (IFN-b) increases endothelial expression of CD73, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, which in turn binds to pulmonary A2B receptors and exerts multiple protective effects in pre-clinical models. A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutarylcoenzyme a reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP Study) The effect of intravenous interferon-beta-1a (FP-1201) on lung CD73 expression and on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality: an open-label study Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study doi = 10.1007/s00134-014-3578-z id = cord-353013-7cx0gnum author = DENG, Pengbo title = Bronchial Fistula: Rare Complication of Treatment with Anlotinib date = 2020-10-20 keywords = lung; patient; treatment summary = The six patients shared some common characteristics: advanced age, male, concurrent infection symptoms, diabetes mellitus (DM), advanced squamous cell and small cell lung cancers, centrally located tumors, tumor measuring ≥5 cm in longest diameter, and newly formed tumor cavitation after multi-line treatment especially after receiving radiotherapy. Case 2: A 63-year-old Chinese male smoker diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the right lung [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 19del, stage IVb] in 2016, with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) (poorly controlled), who successively received the following: four series of chemotherapy cycles with gemcitabine (GEM)+carboplatin (CBP); four months of targeted therapy (icotinib); 36 Gy (3 Gy×12 fractions) sequential radiation therapy on the lung tumor and mediastinal lymph node metastasis; and two chemotherapy cycles with paclitaxel (PTX); was started on anlotinib (orally, 12 mg once daily on day 1 to 14 of a 21-day cycle) in 2018 for four months. doi = 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.40 id = cord-018659-rxzy6k3b author = Danziger-Isakov, Lara title = Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date = 2018-01-08 keywords = CMV; infection; lung summary = cenocepacia has been associated with increased posttransplant mortality (relative risk 8.4) with one study reporting 1-year survival of 29% compared to 92% in those uninfected and is considered by many centers as a contraindication to transplant (Shoham and Shah 2013) . Risk factors for invasive disease include ischemia at the anastomosis site, single lung transplant, hypogammaglobulinemia, placement of bronchial stent, CMV infection, and colonization (Robertson et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients should include input from an infectious diseases specialist particularly regarding drug choice and dosage. Epidemiology and Risk Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and particularly lung transplant recipients are at increased risk of medical complications and mortality when acquiring common respiratory viral infections (Manuel et al. There are no other vaccines available for the prevention of respiratory infection in most pediatric lung transplant recipients. Posttransplant, infections remain a significant factor causing both morbidity and mortality in pediatric lung transplant recipients. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-07284-5_71 id = cord-003558-7lvqpz21 author = Davies, Patrick title = Clinical Scenarios of the Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography in Paediatric Intensive Care date = 2019-03-29 keywords = EIT; lung; peep summary = We present the clinical use of EIT in six conditions: Asthma, Ventilation weaning and expansion recoil, Sequential Lobar Collapse, Targeted Physiotherapy, Pleural Effusion assessment, and PEEP optimisation. Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a radiation-free functional modality that enables bedside imaging and monitoring of lung function and expansion. It has been used in various clinical settings including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), establishing the best positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] , the response of the lungs to recruitment manoeuvres [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] and trying to minimize areas of collapse and hyperinflation 6, 17 . Clinical interest in this method has been driven by the need for bedside monitoring of the dynamics of the lungs and the effects of ventilatory manoeuvres, including changes in ventilator settings, suctioning, chest drains, positioning and physiotherapy. Clinical interest in this method has been driven by the need for bedside monitoring of the dynamics of the lungs and the effects of ventilatory manoeuvres, including changes in ventilator settings, suctioning, chest drains, positioning and physiotherapy. doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-41774-1 id = cord-290677-3gdcyrrz author = De Virgiliis, Francesco title = Lung innervation in the eye of a cytokine storm: neuroimmune interactions and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; lung summary = In line with these findings, virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in humans seems to be mediated by the vagus nerve 53 , raising the possibility that the dyspnoea and respiratory failure observed in patients with severe COVID-19 is exacerbated by neuroimmune crosstalk in the lungs. A plausible hypothesis is that these NAMs act in concert with neuronal cells to control inflammation, and that malfunctioning of this system in older or immunocompromised people could contribute to the cytokine storm and ARDS in patients with severe COVID-19 or other respiratory virus infections. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, specific tissueresident macrophages that are involved in modulating inflammation following viral infection are in close contact with vagal fibres innervating the lungs, and this ''neuroimmune synapse'' could be one of the keys to controlling aberrant inflammation in patients with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1038/s41582-020-0402-y id = cord-355122-x3v80bdp author = Desterke, Christophe title = PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = SARS; Supplemental; cell; covid-19; figure; lung summary = Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time, the involvement of the PPARγ complex in severe COVID-19 lung disease and suggest strongly its role in the major monocyte / macrophage-mediated inflammatory storm. A differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed on lung biopsies from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors; this revealed widespread repression of many gene pathways in COVID-19 lungs (Supplemental Figures 4A-4B) , which could affect major functionalities of the cells in this organ. Specifically, the gene-set enrichment analysis (performed using the ''hallmarks'' gene set of the MsigDB database) highlighted repression of the mitosis spindle and p53 pathway (cell cycle gatekeeper) in samples of COVID-19 lungs compared to those of healthy donors (NES = -3.45 and -2.77, respectively, with p-value<0.001, Supplemental Figure 5A ). Mononuclear cells, monocytes, and macrophages were found in positions similar to the COVID-19 lung samples, suggesting major infiltrations in this tissue (Supplemental Figure 4E ) and confirming the results of the ''xcell'' immune score analysis (Supplemental Figure 4C ). doi = 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101611 id = cord-000492-ec5qzurk author = Devaney, James title = Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date = 2011-06-20 keywords = ALI; ARDS; gene; lung summary = Plasmid transfer (closed Easily produced at low cost No specifi c cell targeting Electroporation-mediated gene transfer of the dsDNA circles) Very ineffi cient Na + ,K + -ATPase rescues endotoxin-induced lung injury [60] Nonviral DNA complexes Complexes protect DNA Less effi cient than viral vectors Cationic lipid-mediated transfer of the Na + ,K + -(lipoplexes or polyplexes) Modifying transgene DNA to eliminate bacterial motifs [75, 76] Development of high-effi ciency tissue-specifi c promoters [77] [78] [79] [80] Development of promoters that regulate gene expression [83] Enhanced therapeutic targeting Nebulization technologies [9] Strategies to target the pulmonary endothelium [10] Improved cellular uptake of vector Surface active agents to enhance vector spread [84] Reduce ubiquitination of viral capsid proteins [85] Better therapeutic targets Enhancement or restoration of lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function [86] Strengthening lung defense mechanisms against injury [87] Speeding clearance of infl ammation and infection Enhancement of the repair process following ALI/ARDS [88] . doi = 10.1186/cc10216 id = cord-034469-ew90eef4 author = Dos Santos Rocha, Andre title = Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-10-31 keywords = ARDS; PVV; lung; ventilation summary = Here, we compare structural, molecular and functional outcomes reflecting regional inflammation between PVV and conventional pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) in a pediatric model of healthy lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CONCLUSIONS: Variable ventilation based on a physiological respiratory pattern, compared to conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, reduced global and regional inflammation in both healthy and injured lungs of juvenile rabbits. Conversely, ventilating the lungs with PVV resulted in a significant decrease in tissue damping in control animals (T1-T5, p < 0.01), whereas no change in respiratory mechanics was detected in the ARDS model. In the present study, a combined approach consisting of lung functional and structural assessment was used to investigate differences in the global and regional effects of PVV and the conventional monotonous pressure-controlled mode in a pediatric model of normal lungs and ARDS. doi = 10.1186/s12931-020-01559-x id = cord-356174-40k6m7l0 author = Ducloyer, Mathilde title = Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; PMCT; SARS; lung summary = A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) using a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Post-mortem virology studies detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1 lineage) in the nasopharynx, plasma, lung biopsies, pleural effusion and faeces confirming the persistence of viral ribonucleic acid 48 h after death. This case is one of the first to describe complete post-mortem data for a COVID-19 death and highlights the ability of PMCT to detect severe involvement of the lungs before autopsy in an apparently natural death. The present pathology results are concordant with previously reported findings and reinforce the disease pathogenesis hypothesis of combined viral replication with an inappropriate immune response. Concerning the post-mortem virology data, this case demonstrated that RNA from SARS-CoV-2 was still detectable in blood, faeces, the lungs and the upper airways more than 48 h after death. doi = 10.1007/s00414-020-02390-1 id = cord-018134-k4vdqlgs author = Eisenberg, Ronald L. title = Pneumonia date = 2019-11-01 keywords = Fig; lung; pneumonia summary = • Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia that is most common in debilitated middle-aged and older men with alcoholism (about two-thirds of cases); high mortality rate • Tends to form a voluminous exudate that produces a homogeneous parenchymal consolidation containing an air bronchogram • Lobar enlargement (especially the right upper) with the characteristic bulging fissure sign (Fig. 6 .17) ○ Bulging fissure sign also in Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia (predominantly in compromised hosts, such as chronic pulmonary disease, immune deficiency, alcoholism, diabetes) (see Fig. e6 .22) • Most frequently result from infectious particles reaching the lung from an infected heart valve (especially the tricuspid), intravenous catheter, or injected debris • Persons at risk include drug abusers, immunocompromised patients, individuals with septal defects, and those with indwelling venous catheters, pacemakers, or prosthetic heart valves • Initially, multiple ill-defined round or wedge-shaped opacities with a swirling pattern that are usually peripheral and tend to involve the lower lobes (starry night sign -mimicking the brush strokes in van Gogh''s painting of that name) • Cavitary pulmonary nodules tend to develop rapidly (1-2 days) doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-16826-1_6 id = cord-016814-tf17dpo5 author = Enes, Sara Rolandsson title = Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD date = 2019-08-07 keywords = COPD; MSC; cell; lung; mesenchymal; patient; stem summary = Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. performed a Phase I, prospective, open-label study (NCT01306513) where they aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenously infused bone marrow-derived MSCs for ten patients with severe emphysema that had serial lung volume reduction surgeries (LVRS). Current clinical trials that aimed to evaluate the effect of MSC administration in COPD patients differ in a wide range of factors such as routes of administration, number of MSC administered, number of administrations, use of fresh MSCs or culture-expanded MSCs. Furthermore, all the investigations discussed above, were phase I-II studies that were underpowered in order to detect potential efficacy and no improved pulmonary function or respiratory quality of life was observed. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-29403-8_6 id = cord-310840-h49dx92d author = Eslamy, Hedieh K. title = Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date = 2011-09-30 keywords = Fig; child; infection; lung; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 id = cord-335382-fk4um9nw author = Farver, Carol F. title = Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-08-10 keywords = EGFR; LAM; Molecular; Pathology; cause; cell; disease; figure; gene; lung; patient; pulmonary; tumor; type summary = When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00018-4 id = cord-265606-c1zo47sw author = Feng, Zhe-Min title = Lung Cancer with Diffuse Ground-glass Shadow in Two Lungs and Respiratory Failure date = 2016-08-05 keywords = diffuse; lung summary = Pulmonary ground-glass shadow is a common clinical imaging manifestation shared by many pulmonary diseases such as interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fungal infection, parasitic infection, viral pneumonia, and heart failure. In this study, a case of lung adenocarcinoma complicated with respiratory failure is reported to show diffuse uniform ground-glass shadow in the chest computed tomography (CT). On auxiliary examination, chest CT scan [ Figure 1b -1e, November 12, 2014] found diffused uniform ground-glass shadow in two lungs with no enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. In clinical practice, the chest CT scan showed ground-glass-like change due to diffuse exudation in two lungs often suggests special pathogen infection (such as hematogenous pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary fungal infection, and viral pneumonia), exogenous allergic pulmonary inflammation, interstitial pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, etc. In summary, the diffuse, uniform ground-glass shadow as the main imaging features of lung cancer in chest CT is very rare. doi = 10.4103/0366-6999.186632 id = cord-284974-e7vl774c author = Filipovic, N. title = Abrupt Deterioration of COVID-19 Patients and Spreading of SARS COV-2 Virions in the Lungs date = 2020-11-02 keywords = lung summary = Our calculation shows that this abrupt deteriorate may be caused by a sudden shift in the spread of virus-laden bioaerosols through the airways to many different regions of the lungs from the initial site of infection. While many mechanisms possibly contribute to spread of the infection, such as lymphatic circulation, we hypothesize that a major driver of the abrupt deterioration several days after the initial infection is caused by a sudden shift in the spread of virus-laden bioaerosols through the airways to many different regions of the lungs from the initial site of infection. This shift of airflow pattern distributes virus-laden bioaersols to other, even distant, parts of the lungs (Figure 1c) . (c) However, as the disease progresses, the production of virus-laden bioaerosols increases, the tissues available for gas exchange become smaller and smaller as the infected lesion becomes larger and larger. doi = 10.1007/s10439-020-02676-w id = cord-332650-05oz5zwz author = Fiorelli, Silvia title = Perspectives in surgical and anaesthetic management of lung cancer in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; lung; patient summary = During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is relevant to consider carefully the lung cancer surgical centre to which patients are referred, taking into account the different levels of complexity of lung cancer management in terms of diagnostic processes and surgical indications. The following suggestions and perspectives are provided by a European high-volume referral centre where locally advanced lung cancer patients are treated surgically in a COVID-19 hospital that guarantees a COVID-free therapeutic pathway. Hence, we need a fast-track algorithm for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies ( Fig. 1A -C) to be used in patients with stage IA-IIIA lung cancer, to guide the use of computed tomography (CT) and fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans and the pretest risk of malignancy and cytological/histological diagnostic procedures ( Fig. 2A) . Although talc slurry is a viable choice for patients who are not suitable for thoracoscopy, video-assisted thoracic surgery procedures with talc poudrage are strongly indicated for patients with stage IV lung cancer even during the COVID-19 outbreak because of the significant qualityof-life improvement and the favourable benefit/risk ratio. doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa295 id = cord-336782-0zkb39v1 author = Fraile Gutiérrez, V. title = Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; SARS; lung; patient; ultrasound summary = title: Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia clinical presentation with fever and cough accompanied by multifocal nodular (round or oval) ground-glass opacities in the lungs that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and requires admission to an Intensive Care Medicine Service (ICMS) in a high percentage of patients. Ultrasound can be a very useful tool during the management of the COVID-19 pandemic because it provides real-time non-invasive bedside images of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). • It is superior to the simple x-ray for the detection of pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia, interstitial syndrome, and for the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea • In the thoracic ultrasound, the clinical signs are the determinant factor regarding the interpretation of the data obtained. doi = 10.1016/j.medine.2020.10.002 id = cord-016280-d47e3art author = Friedberg, Joseph S. title = Pleura: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders date = 2008 keywords = chest; effusion; lung; patient; pleural; pneumothorax; treatment; tube summary = In addition to the discomfort, chest tube placement may be accompanied by a number of complications including empyema, lung injury and bleeding, and death." Therefore, coagulation profiles and immunocompetency should be taken into consideration for all patients considered for this procedure . If a large air leak is anticipated or if there is significant effusion associated with the pneumothorax, then a standard 28-French chest tube should be placed. Some of the indications for surgical treatment of a spontaneous pneumothorax include a second pneumothorax (ipsilateral recurrence or a new pneumothorax on the contralateral side); tension physiology; synchronous bilateral pneumothoraces; associated hemothorax (likely secondary to a tom adhesion and complicating approximately 5% of spontaneous pneumothoraces); failure of tube thoracostomy; and lifestyle factors. Chylothorax is an exudative effusion caused by disruption of the lymphatics in the chest, most commonly the thoracic duct, and subsequent drainage of chyle into the pleural space. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_75 id = cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author = Fujita, Yu title = RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date = 2013-02-06 keywords = COPD; RNA; delivery; disease; lung; siRNA summary = Although the success in delivering siRNAs intranasally in rodents cannot be completely extrapolated to human use because of the significant differences in lung anatomy [37] , this approach has potential for the clinical application of siRNAs. Phase II clinical trials have been initiated for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, making use of intranasal application of naked chemically modified siRNA molecules that target viral gene products [17, 38] (see Section 3.1.1. The simultaneously inhibition of several genes would also minimize the risk of drug resistance normally encountered with small molecule-based therapies, involving siRNAs and miRNAs. There have already been significant improvements in siRNAs for primary or metastatic lung cancer treatment by targeting oncogenes such as Akt1 [9] , Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [12] , overexpressed genes such as the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) [77] , NUPR1 [53] and EZH2 [78] . doi = 10.3390/ph6020223 id = cord-018001-ris02bff author = Garrido, Guillermo title = Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date = 2018-06-23 keywords = lung; recipient; risk; transplant; transplantation summary = Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. The impact of these disruptions on lung transplant outcomes remains unclear, though it is possible that these changes lead to higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary edema and infections, worse airway clearance, and ineffective cough [6] . Patients who undergo lung transplantation have multiple risk factors to develop acute kidney injury (AKI) post-transplant, including decreased renal perfusion before, during, and/or after surgery, drug toxicities, and systemic infections. Viral infections contribute to morbidity and mortality from acute infection and have been associated with an increased risk of rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, lymphoproliferative and other neoplastic diseases, and other extra pulmonary organ damage [77] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-94914-7_26 id = cord-253891-d1ei287l author = Geddes, Duncan title = The history of respiratory disease management date = 2016-04-23 keywords = disease; lung summary = Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Over the past 150 years: C Infections have declined but returned while asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have surged C Scientific advances, especially in imaging and microbiology, have improved diagnosis C New targeted treatments with antibiotics, corticosteroids, ventilatory support and lung surgery have revolutionized management C Delivery of care has shifted from inefficient remedies for the rich to specialized treatment for all Duncan Geddes MD FRCP CBE is an Honorary Consultant at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at Imperial College, London, UK. Delivery of care Lung medicine was a major part of the general doctor''s workload in the 19th century until the 1850s sanatorium movement e well The Rack e and this specialization led on to chest clinics. doi = 10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.03.006 id = cord-280857-0o1ikwks author = Goligher, Ewan C. title = Clinical strategies for implementing lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation: avoiding insufficient and excessive effort date = 2020-11-02 keywords = diaphragm; lung; respiratory; ventilation summary = This review summarizes practical strategies for achieving lung and diaphragm-protective targets at the bedside, focusing on inspiratory and expiratory ventilator settings, monitoring of inspiratory effort or respiratory drive, management of dyssynchrony, and sedation considerations. Several strategies can be used to facilitate lung and diaphragm protective ventilation, including modulation of ventilator inspiratory and expiratory assist, drugs that modify respiratory drive and/or effort, extracorporeal CO 2 removal (ECCO 2 R) and electrical stimulation of the respiratory muscles, as shown in Fig. 2 . [7] also showed that higher ECCO 2 R support reduced P 0.1 , respiratory muscle effort, and transpulmonary pressure in spontaneously breathing patients recovering from severe ARDS [74] . These preliminary findings suggest that partial neuromuscular blockade could be a feasible approach to achieving lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation targets in patients with high respiratory effort. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06288-9 id = cord-022082-1dq623oe author = Greaves, Peter title = Respiratory Tract date = 2007-09-28 keywords = BALT; Clara; cell; drug; epithelium; lung; mouse; nasal; pulmonary; rat; respiratory; study summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-044452771-4/50007-9 id = cord-005476-q6o5239w author = Griesenbach, U title = Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: an example for lung gene therapy date = 2004-09-29 keywords = CFTR; gene; lung; transfer summary = Over the last decade, the gene therapy community has recognized that there is not even one vector that is good for all applications, but that the gene transfer agent (GTA) has to be carefully chosen depending on the cell type to be targeted, the number of treatments (one versus repeat administration) required, and the size and nature (secreted versus cellular product) of the gene to be delivered. In an attempt to increase the transfection efficiency of adenoviral vectors in vivo, Gregory et al 17 assessed the effects of sodium caprate (a tight junction opener) application to the luminal surface of AECs in mouse lung, with the rationale that CAR expression is higher on the basolateral surface of epithelial cells. RSV and PIV3 target human ciliated airway epithelial cells: efficient gene transfer vectors for cystic fibrosis lung disease doi = 10.1038/sj.gt.3302368 id = cord-328266-bjs6ywlf author = Gunasekaran, Muthukumar title = Respiratory viral infection in lung transplantation induces exosomes that trigger chronic rejection date = 2020-04-30 keywords = CLAD; RVI; exosome; lung summary = CONCLUSIONS Circulating exosomes isolated from lung transplant recipients diagnosed with respiratory viral infections contained lung self-antigens, viral antigens, and 20S proteasome and elicited immune responses to lung self-antigens that resulted in development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction in immunized mice. Previously reported risk factors for CLAD include acute rejection, 4−6 cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis, 7 antibodies (Abs) to donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 8, 9 Abs to non-HLA lung-associated self-antigens (SAgs), 10−12 primary graft dysfunction, 13 and respiratory viral infections (RVIs). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RVI-induced allograft injury may induce circulating exosomes that contain donor HLA, SAgs, and viral antigens, which may activate donor-specific immune responses and increase the risk of CLAD. Col-V, collagen-V; Ka1T, K-alpha-1 tubulin; LTxR, lung transplant recipient; OD, optical density; RVI, respiratory viral infection; SAg, self-antigen. Exosomes isolated from serum samples of patients with RVI and from stable LTxRs were used to detect the presence of lung-associated SAgs and viral antigens using immunoblot. doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2019.12.009 id = cord-102958-q8jamg07 author = Hahka, Taija M. title = Resiniferatoxin (RTX) ameliorates acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a rodent model of lung injury date = 2020-09-14 keywords = ALI; RTX; TRPV1; lung summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.09.14.296731 id = cord-005941-e4fvj54l author = Hamm, H. title = The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date = 1992 keywords = ARDS; alveolar; lung; pulmonary; surfactant summary = Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. The fate of secreted surfactant material seems to be determined by five mechanisms: -Intraalveolar catabolism -Phagocytosis and degradation by alveolar macrophages [110, 118] -Removal by the mucociliary escalator -Recycling into the alveolar type II cell -Redistribution into other surrounding tissue Clearance studies in rabbits [140] have shown that approximately 7% of radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine is removed via the upper airways in 24 h, suggesting that this pathway is only of minor importance. These studies may indicate that the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar type II cells is enhanced surfactant lipid synthesis, while chronic low-dose exposure leads to a decrease in surfactant synthesis capacity. Effects of ozone on phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II cells isolated from adult rat lung doi = 10.1007/bf00180279 id = cord-005774-7z6uyn6p author = Hammer, J. title = Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit date = 1995 keywords = FRC; infant; lung; respiratory summary = This review will focus on techniques which are used to measure thoracoabdominal asynchrony, tidal breathing flow-volume loops, small airway function (forced expiratory maneuvers), respiratory mechanics and lung volumes in critically ill infants and children. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. doi = 10.1007/bf01704742 id = cord-266067-wrouqdcj author = Haywood, Nathan title = Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-09-17 keywords = ARDS; EVLP; IVLP; lung; perfusion summary = The ability of EVLP to rehabilitate lungs injured in a porcine sepsis model [21] has provided the basis for a similar application-the use of isolated lung perfusion in vivo in the management of ARDS. Here, early animal studies have demonstrated the ability of in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) to rehabilitate sepsis-induced ARDS [22] . Below, we review the history and current evidence for isolated lung perfusion techniques, with a focus on how EVLP has provided the basis for and led to investigations into the use of IVLP for the treatment of ARDS. Using both murine and porcine models, we have demonstrated that the addition of a selective adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonist to the EVLP perfusate is associated with less pulmonary edema, lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved lung function [43, 44] . doi = 10.3390/ijms21186820 id = cord-017030-tzuyo6tx author = Henao-Martínez, Andrés F. title = Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date = 2018-12-08 keywords = CMV; aspergillus; heart; infection; lung; recipient; transplant; transplantation summary = There are several factors predisposing thoracic transplant recipients to infections: (A) factors present before transplantation: age, presence of comorbidities (e.g., chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, etc.), nutrition status, latent infections, colonization with healthcare-associated organisms, and occult community-acquired infections; (B) factors during the surgery: duration of the transplant procedure, graft injury including ischemic time, colonization or latent infection of the graft, surgical instrumentation (e.g., mechanical ventilation, invasive devices such as catheters, drains, Foley catheters, etc.), ICU stay, and need for re-interventions; and (C) factors present after transplant: degree of immunosuppression, CMV infection, and rejections ( Mechanical ventilation (MV) for >5 days immediately following transplant surgery and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) from airway cultures in the recipient were considered risk factors for invasive SA infections in a retrospective study of patients with lung and heart-lung transplants [20] . doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_2 id = cord-011345-w0ke1tqz author = Howe, Sarah L. title = Measuring lung mechanics of expiratory tidal breathing with non-invasive breath occlusion date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Fig; lung summary = Currently, there are no commonly practiced methods to non-invasively measure both resistive and elastic lung mechanics during tidal breathing, preventing the important information provided by lung mechanics from being utilised. This study presents a novel method to easily assess lung mechanics of spontaneously breathing subjects using a dynamic elastance, single-compartment lung model. The lung mechanics measured were respiratory system elastance and resistance, separated from the exponentially decaying flow, and interrupter resistance calculated at shutter closure. CONCLUSIONS: This test was able to identify reasonable dynamic lung elastance and occlusion resistance values, providing new insight into expiratory breathing effort. Lung elastance calculated at shutter opening is presented in Table 2 , and the effect of added resistance on elastance is shown in Fig. 5 . As a result, monitoring decay rate of flow in response to shuttering or other pressure impulses only gives information on lung elastance. doi = 10.1186/s12938-020-00777-0 id = cord-011337-cyku17s8 author = Hsu, Fushun title = Locating stridor caused by tumor compression by using a multichannel electronic stethoscope: a case report date = 2020-05-09 keywords = Fig; lung; sound; source summary = An energy-based localization algorithm was used to successfully locate the sound source of the stridor caused by tumor compression. The peak value of the stridor derived from the four sensors can be used to locate the source of the sound according to an energy-ratio least-squares method described in the following section. However, the focal stridor derived from tumor compression of the branching bronchus in this case is Fig. 4 Illustration of six localizing hyperspheres (colored circles) derived from four acoustic sensors (blue stars) and the estimated center of the source location (red star) more likely to be incorrectly identified as wheeze because of its ambiguous presentation during the expiratory phase and past medical history. We successfully located the sound source to be a circular area (mean radius = 9.40 mm and radial standard deviation = 14.97 mm) by using a simple energy decay model (Fig. 1a) . Acoustic mapping of the lung based on source localization of adventitious respiratory sound components doi = 10.1007/s10877-020-00517-8 id = cord-030130-n1x6gcn2 author = Hurtado, Daniel E. title = Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation date = 2020-08-06 keywords = lung; regional summary = title: Progression of regional lung strain and heterogeneity in lung injury: assessing the evolution under spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation BACKGROUND: Protective mechanical ventilation (MV) aims at limiting global lung deformation and has been associated with better clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. We hypothesize that regional deformation in lung injury progresses in time in spontaneous-breathing lungs, whereas it remains uniform in subjects under controlled MV. In this work, we studied the lung regional strain distribution, heterogeneity, and deformation progression in subjects spontaneously breathing and subjects on controlled low-V t MV in a murine lung-injury model. We found that a significant progression in regional volumetric strain and heterogeneity was observed after 3 h of spontaneous breathing in injured lungs. We identified a progression of regional deformation and heterogeneity in injured lungs under spontaneous breathing, but not in low V t MV subjects. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00725-0 id = cord-285270-amh99u0j author = Husain, Shahid title = A 2010 working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in cardiothoracic transplant recipients date = 2011-03-17 keywords = CTTX; infection; lung; transplant summary = In the absence of standardized diagnosis and the presence of unique clinical syndromes, it is not surprising that considerable differences exist in the number of reported incidences of disease and the outcomes of various infections in cardiothoracic transplant (CTTX) recipients. 2 Definitions of invasive fungal infection (IFI) were based on those proposed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group of the National Institutes of Health (EORTC/MSG), 3 whereas definitions from the American Society of Transplantation and other source documents represented the foundation for defining viral infections. For these reasons, a specific classification of bacterial pneumoniae in CTTX recipients is proposed based on radiographic findings, clinical symptoms, microbiology and histopathology (including consideration of acute rejection in lung transplant patients). No attempt is made to redefine atypical mycobacterial infections or pulmonary tracheobronchitis in lung transplant recipients and the use of existing definitions from European and North American societies are encouraged until further data emerge. doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.701 id = cord-024183-1mrdjc39 author = Hutchison, Alastair A. title = The Respiratory System date = 2013-10-08 keywords = BPD; FEV; FRC; TLC; airway; lung; pulmonary; respiratory summary = After airway occlusion at mid-expiration, there is a biphasic change in P ao : the immediate rapid rise in P ao represents the resistive pressure drop across the conducting airways and is followed by a secondary slower increase in P ao (often referred to as P dif ) generally attributed to stress recovery in the respiratory tissues (lung and chest wall) and gas redistribution associated with ventilation inhomogeneity (Bates et al. To describe flow (F), lung volumes (V), and respiratory pressure (P) measurements together with resistance (R) and compliance (C) measurements in restrictive lung diseases, obstructive lung diseases, and neuromuscular disorders (NMD) decrease in TLC, in general, is relatively less than that of VC because of normal chest wall recoil and inspiratory muscle function in most patients (Martinez and Flaherty 2006) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_4 id = cord-016300-vw11c2wt author = Jain, Kewal K. title = Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases date = 2017-09-18 keywords = COPD; biomarker; level; lung; patient summary = Association of ECM turnover with severity and outcome of COPD has been assessed in a prospective, observational, multicenter study, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grades II to IV, and serum samples were analyzed at stable state, during exacerbation as well as 4 weeks after exacerbation (Stolz et al. A study has revealed that serum levels of the neuroendocrine activity biomarker chromagranin A (CgA) are increased in male smokers with impaired lung function, and are associated with both respiratory symptoms and the degree of airway obstruction (Sorhaug et al. Although the aim of management of patients with asthma is to control their symptoms and prevent exacerbations and morbidity of the disease, optimal management may require assessment and monitoring of biomarkers, i.e., objective measures of lung dysfunction and inflammation. Several biomarkers have been assessed following treatment with corticosteroids including measures of lung function, peripheral blood and sputum indices of inflammation, exhaled gases and breath condensates. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-7431-3_16 id = cord-280374-yj0r4rwt author = Jain, Richa title = Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient date = 2018-01-04 keywords = CMV; SOS; hepatic; lung summary = title: Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome and busulfan-induced lung injury in a post-autologous stem cell transplant recipient He subsequently developed both hepatic veno-occlusive disease and busulfan-induced lung injury. In our case other bacterial infections typically seen in an immunocompromised child are also unlikely in view of sterile cultures, complete absence of fever and normal Creactive protein (CRP).Though this clinical presentation can be caused by infection with PCJ, it is an uncommon infection. The non-infective etiologies causing respiratory symptoms in a post-transplant setting can be pulmonary GvHD, Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), Cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP) and SOS. The final diagnosis is neuroblastoma stage IV, day + 68 post auto-SCT (Bu-Mel) with pneumonitis, ARDS and multi-organ failure; likely etiology being fungal pneumonia or CMV pneumonia and hepatitis secondary to ischemia with underlying SOS. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation doi = 10.1007/s13312-017-1172-5 id = cord-006605-tsk3pakb author = Jesmin, Subrina title = Differential Expression, Time Course and Distribution of Four PARs in Rats with Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury date = 2006-11-30 keywords = ALI; LPS; PAR-1; lung summary = The hypothesis that the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) protein is regulated at the level of transcription and that PAR isoforms, PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3, and PAR-4, in lung tissue show different patterns of expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was tested. LPS administration induced significant increases in the expression of PAR isoforms (protein) at the level of transcription in ALI. We conclude that LPS induces increase in protein expression of PAR isoforms at the level of transcription in rats with ALI. Here, we also found that LPS induces increases in the protein expression of PARs isoforms 1 to 4 in the lung of rats. While our previous study demonstrated the immunolocalization of PAR-1 in these cells and tissues in LPS-treated rabbits, the present study showed strong immunoreactivities for all isoforms of PARs in the endothelium, alveolar epithelium, and lung macrophages using a rat model of ALI [10] . doi = 10.1007/s10753-006-9017-8 id = cord-001117-llb4f74a author = Ji, Wen-Jie title = Spironolactone Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Injury Partially via Modulating Mononuclear Phagocyte Phenotype Switching in Circulating and Alveolar Compartments date = 2013-11-19 keywords = BALF; USA; lung; macrophage summary = Moreover, serial flow cytometry analysis in blood, BALF and enzymatically digested lung tissue, revealed that spironolactone could partially inhibit bleomycin-induced circulating Ly6C(hi) monocyte expansion, and reduce alternative activation (F4/80+CD11c+CD206+) of mononuclear phagocyte in alveoli, whereas the phenotype of interstitial macrophage (F4/80+CD11c-) remained unaffected by spironolactone during investigation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present work provides the experimental evidence that spironolactone could attenuate bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis, partially via inhibition of MR-mediated circulating monocyte and alveolar macrophage phenotype switching. Based on current evidence, we speculated that pharmacological inhibition of MR with clinically approved drug, may regulate lung macrophage phenotype switching, as well as their progenitors, bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, and may confer novel therapeutic potential in a murine model of bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081090 id = cord-006624-or0cpc6j author = Kamler, M. title = Aktueller Stand der Lungentransplantation: Pulmonale und nichtpulmonale Komplikationen date = 2013-05-31 keywords = PGD; Patienten; der; die; lung; und summary = Das primäre Organversagen (" primary graft dysfunction", PGD) ist mit einer Inzidenz zwischen 14 und 23% weiterhin eine bedeutsame Komplikation in der perioperativen Phase der Lungentransplantation [7] . In einer retrospektiven Studie an 122 Mukoviszidosepatienten nach Lungentransplantation konnte gezeigt werden, dass in diesem speziellen Kollektiv 2 Faktoren mit PGD zusammenhängen: Die Ischämiezeit des 2. Möglicherweise führen transfundierte "Anti-human-leukocyte-antigen"(Anti-HLA)-Antikörper und/oder die Gegenwart von Antikörpern in Blutprodukten mit konsekutiver Neutrophilenaktivierung zu einer Lungenschädigung. B. den Nieren, geht selbst das Vorliegen von bis zu 6 HLA-Missmatches nicht mit einer Beeinträchtigung des Graft-Überlebens einher [24] ; dies allerdings unter potenter Immunsuppression der modernen Ära [19] . Aus dem aktuellen Bericht des Registers der International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) geht hervor, dass auch bei den Lungen bis zu 6 Missmatches nur in einer moderaten Erhöhung der Zehnjahreletalität resultieren (relatives Risiko 1,06; p-Wert 0,0001, [5] ). doi = 10.1007/s00398-013-1005-3 id = cord-349226-xzlc1pni author = Khatiwada, Saroj title = Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; lung; respiratory summary = To date there is no direct evidence from human or animal studies on the role of lung microbiome in modifying COVID-19 disease; however, related studies support that microbiome can play an essential role in developing immunity against viral infections. The COVID-19 disease is caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 [4] . The COVID-19 disease begins with the invasion of lungs by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the major complications that develop subsequently are related to lung infection and immune response generation, therefore, lung microbiome might play an important role from initiation to the progression of this disease [16] . The SARS-CoV-2 viral infection occurs amid the local environment of diverse microbiota; therefore, it is apparent that lung microbiota can have an impact on the initiation, development, and progression of the COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1016/j.humic.2020.100073 id = cord-315948-o4uj3l8r author = Kim, Se Yong title = A Case of Statin-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis due to Rosuvastatin date = 2015-06-30 keywords = lung summary = Chest radiography showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs, along with several subpleural ground-glass opacity nodules; and a foamy alveolar macrophage appearance was confirmed on bronchoalveolar lavage. Although the histopathological findings are also non-diagnostic, based on prior reports and studies, the possibility of diagnosis is significantly increased if the alveolar macrophages have a foamy appearance, as confirmed by cytology, along with the patient'' s clinical history 8 . The alveolar macrophages finally had a foamy appearance that was revealed by cytology with increased lymphocytes and eosinophils on cellular profile of BAL fluid. Thereafter, after discontinuing rosuvastatin and initiating steroid therapy, the patient'' s symptoms and radiologic findings had improved. Therefore, to our knowledge, our patient was the first diagnosed with rosuvastatin-induced interstitial lung disease in Korea. We believe a foamy macrophage appearance could help in the diagnosis of SILI, coupled with the clinical symptoms and radiologic findings, and clinicians should consider the potential for rosuvastatin-induced lung injury. doi = 10.4046/trd.2015.78.3.281 id = cord-009983-naht0ik6 author = Kim, Yoon Hee title = Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in humidifier disinfectant‐associated children''s interstitial lung disease date = 2015-06-25 keywords = TGF; lung summary = 21 There have been many efforts to determine the clinical prognostic factors of the humidifier disinfectant-associated children''s interstitial lung disease (HD-chILD) because this ILD progressed rapidly and was refractory to all treatment in non-survivors, whereas the clinical course in survivors tended to be highly favorable. These findings suggest that TGF-b1 may play a key role in the repair of damaged lung and control of excessive inflammation in acute lung injury, rather functioning in promoting the progression of irreversible, fatal fibrosis. 29, 30 In the HD-chILD of this study, the role of TGF-b1 seemed to be very complex in relating with repairing damaged lung, controlling severe inflammation, and promoting pulmonary fibrosis. In conclusion, this study confirmed the possible role of TGF-b1 in the repair of damaged lung and control of vigorous inflammation, in acute lung injury associated with unexpected exposure to humidifier disinfectants in young children. doi = 10.1002/ppul.23226 id = cord-016617-qadf0xut author = Lagstein, Amir title = Airway Pathology in Lung Transplants date = 2013-06-14 keywords = BOOP; lung; rejection summary = This classifi cation system can also be applied to larger specimens, such as surgical lung biopsies, explanted allografts, and autopsy material, with the recognition that some fi ndings, especially chronic vascular rejection (Grade D), are relatively uncommon and virtually never identifi ed on TBBx. ACR and graft atherosclerosis will not be further discussed as they are beyond the scope of this chapter. As is true in small airways, infl ammation in large airways is not specifi c for rejection and is commonly present with clinical (or subclinical) infection, aspiration, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other inhalational injuries. In a study of CMV and pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed by open lung biopsy and TBBx, Tazelaar [ 50 ] noted perivascular lymphocytic infi ltrates similar to those seen in acute rejection in 42 % of CMV cases and 21 % of pneumocystis cases. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-7636-8_2 id = cord-308071-1bk3xuwf author = Lang, Christian title = Lung transplantation for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in a PCR-positive patient date = 2020-08-25 keywords = SARS; lung; patient summary = Herein, we report the first case of lung transplantation for a patient with a persistently positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time RT-PCR test result. This decision was based on the following considerations: (1) virus culture was negative and real-time RT-PCR Ct values were high; (2) it was more than 5 weeks since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 infection; (3) no alternative treatment options were available; (4) the case was a single-organ failure in a young patient; (5) it was a preseptic condition originating from the lungs; and (6) there were no other obvious barriers for long-term recovery. To our knowledge, available evidence for lung transplant ation in COVID-19 is limited to two preliminary reports from China, suggesting that this treatment might be an option for SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative patients. 11, 12 The case we present here extends the reports from China by showing that lung transplantation can be done in patients with positive RT-PCR results, provided that Vero cell cultures confirm non-infectivity. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30361-1 id = cord-006760-mgrxo21j author = Lee, James C. title = Critical care management of the lung transplant recipient date = 2012-06-22 keywords = ECMO; ICU; lung; transplant summary = Given the severity of illness of such patients at the time of surgery, lung transplant recipients require particular attention in the immediate post-operative period to ensure optimal short-term and long-term outcomes. Causes and treatment of conditions affecting early morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients will be detailed, including primary graft dysfunction, cardiovascular and surgical complications, and immunologic and infectious issues. This review aims to summarize the most important aspects of the critical care management of the lung transplant recipient in the peri-operative time period [3] [4] [5] [6] . The immediate post-operative period in the ICU remains the most critical for the lung transplant recipient, requiring continuous hemodynamic monitoring, often maximal ventilatory support, and close observation of chest tube output for evidence of bleeding or other surgical complications. If the critically ill lung transplant recipient experiences peri-operative hypotension, aggressive diuresis for PGD, and is on numerous potentially other nephrotoxic medications, renal dysfunction may be prolonged and severe, leading to serious long-term complications. doi = 10.1007/s13665-012-0018-9 id = cord-016690-3gsq724l author = Li, Hongjun title = HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date = 2013-09-30 keywords = AIDS; CD4; CDC; HIV; PCP; infection; lung; pulmonary summary = Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17 id = cord-277455-r69j2tnw author = Lim, Jun Hyeok title = Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage date = 2018-03-21 keywords = SCLC; lung summary = title: Small-cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage We report a case of a 63-year-old man presenting with rapid-onset refractory severe thrombocytopenia, development of massive hemoptysis, and death from respiratory failure. SCLC differs from non-small-cell lung cancer in its rapid tumor doubling time, high growth fraction, early development of widespread metastasis, and better response to platinum doublets chemotherapy. Hematologic abnormalities such as anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are reported to be occasionally accompanied by bone marrow metastasis or paraneoplastic phenomenon [5, 6] . Herein, we report an SCLC patient who presented with rapid-onset, refractory severe thrombocytopenia and development of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an SCLC patient presenting with fatal pulmonary hemorrhage due to refractory thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow involvement in small cell lung cancer: prognostic significance and correlation with hematological and biochemical parameters Is bone marrow examination in small-cell lung cancer really necessary? doi = 10.1515/med-2018-0009 id = cord-342150-dadc8whz author = Lindahl, Sten G. E. title = Using the prone position could help to combat the development of fast hypoxia in some patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = lung; prone summary = Since ventilation distribution does not change between supine and prone positions, the higher expression of nitric oxide in dorsal lung vessels than in ventral vessels is likely to be the most important mechanism behind enhanced oxygenation in the prone position. • Gravity is only one variable responsible for ventilation/ perfusion matching and is executed in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, gas distribution and regulation of lung vascular tone. Based on this review, it is concluded that gravity is one of the variables responsible for V/Q matching, but in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, gas distribution and regulation of lung vascular tone. In view of the unchanged ventilation distribution of prone and supine, it currently seems that the most important mechanism is different regulation of lung vascularity in dorsal and ventral lung regions, due to expression of the potent vasodilator NO. doi = 10.1111/apa.15382 id = cord-008510-mnpu27kl author = Lipscomb, Mary F. title = The Regulation of Pulmonary Immunity date = 2008-04-10 keywords = CD4; CD8; GVHD; Lipscomb; Mtb; antigen; cell; lung; pulmonary; role summary = Demonstration that lung cells regulate both nonspecific inflammation and immunity through the expression of adhesion molecules and the secretion of cytokines offers hope for ways to design more effective vaccines, enhance microbial clearance in immune-suppressed hosts, and to suppress manifestations of immunologically mediated lung disease. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. Models to examine immune responses to various respiratory antigens were developed in many animal strains, including mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, dogs, monkeys, horses, and cattle; antigens were delivered via aerosol, intranasal, intratracheal, or intrabronchial instillation. doi = 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60634-3 id = cord-024141-9sdbhw2g author = Liu, Haiyan title = Lung and Mediastinum date = 2017-09-02 keywords = Fig; TTF1; carcinoma; cell; lung; tumor summary = • The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the lung specifies that immunohistochemistry is required for lung cancer diagnosis, not only for small biopsies and fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens but also for certain resected specimens such as solid adenocarcinoma (ADC), nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and sarcomatoid carcinomas. • The role of cytopathologists has expanded to not only making a specific diagnosis, including histopathological subtyping of tumors, but also to thoughtfully utilizing the limited material for necessary genetic studies to help personalize treatment strategies for advanced lung cancer patients. Representative images of the FNA smears and cellblock material were shown in Fig. 6 .39a-d.The cytological features raise a differential diagnosis that includes neuroendocrine tumor, spindle cell tumors, including sarcomatoid carcinoma and metastatic melanoma of the spindle cell type. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-57386-1_6 id = cord-264308-y6xuxj16 author = Liu, Rui title = Mouse lung slices: An ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses date = 2015-05-26 keywords = Fig; IP-10; lung; slice; virus summary = In this study, we established an ex vivo model using mouse lung slices to evaluate both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection. Our results suggested that mouse lung slices provide a robust, convenient and cost-efficient model for the assessment of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. Our results showed that the lung slice model provides a robust, convenient and cost-economical method for the screening and evaluation of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. To meet the goal of this study in the establishment of an ex vivo mouse slice model for the screening and evaluation of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs against influenza infection in one assay, ensuring that the ex vivo model has similar patterns in influenza-induced cytokine and chemokine responses is critical. doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.05.008 id = cord-338070-y8zi8iz9 author = Liu, Wei title = Pharmacological inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by olaparib ameliorates influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice date = 2020-08-31 keywords = IAV; lung; olaparib summary = This study aimed to explore the effects of PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib on IAV-induced lung injury and the underlying mechanisms. To the expectations, mice in the olaparib group showed higher survival rate compared with that in the IAV group in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that olaparib could powerfully protect against influenza virus challenge in by H&E staining and the quantitative analysis of histological changes in the lung tissues (e) (n = 8 for each group). The detection of cytokine/chemokine in BALF samples at day 6 post-infection showed that IL-6, MCP-1, G-CSF, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL3, and RANTES were remarkably increased in the IAV group compared with those in the control group, while olaparib treatment significantly reduced the abnormal increased levels of the above cytokine/chemokines, which was similar with the results obtained from lung tissue (Fig. 4a-h) . To explore the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of olaparib against IAV-induced injury to murine lungs, western blot was performed to detect the PARPs, the marker of apoptosis. doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-04020-5 id = cord-006541-ror7z8h7 author = Liu, Xiaoli title = Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells date = 2015-07-07 keywords = SIGNR; lung summary = title: Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells Strikingly, serum DC-SIGNR levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients with brain metastasis compared to those without metastasis (P = 0.0283). The DC-SIGNR level in the serum of patients with lung cancer (14.9434 ± 0.3152 mg/ml) was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (3.4696 ± 0.2471 mg/ml) (P = 0.0003; Fig. 1a) . Serum concentrations of DC-SIGNR correlated significantly with lung cancer patients who have brain metastasis Our study demonstrated that serum levels of DC-SIGNR in lung cancer patients were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals. Furthermore, we found that the serum DC-SIGNR levels correlated significantly with brain metastasis and serum NK cells percentage in lung cancer patients. In the present study, we detected a significantly negative correlation between serum levels of DC-SIGNR and serum percentage of NK cells in lung cancer patients. doi = 10.1007/s11010-015-2465-4 id = cord-017412-1avevzya author = Losada, Liliana title = The Human Lung Microbiome date = 2010-10-11 keywords = COPD; HIV; asthma; lung summary = Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7 id = cord-016211-8j8n9enn author = Lu, Puxuan title = Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza date = 2015-04-30 keywords = H5N1; avian; infl; lung; patient; uenza summary = Statistical analysis has demonstrated that 60-70 % human infection of avian infl uenza is severe, which may clinically develop into acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Within 1 week after onset, the conditions may rapidly progress and deteriorate into acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, multiple organ failure, shock, Reye syndrome, and secondary bacterial infection and septicemia. In severe cases of human infection by avian infl uenza, the patients develop pleuritis and pleural effusion at the middle or advanced stage, mostly 6-12 days after the onset. The patients experience typical symptoms of human infection with avian infl uenza, including fever with a body temperature above 38 °C, headache, general pain, fatigue, dry throat, and poor appetite. Some severe cases with human infection of avian infl uenza might develop rapid heart rate, nodal tachycardia, and acute heart failure at day 10-18 after the onset. doi = 10.1007/978-94-017-9882-2_18 id = cord-016369-tnvlafa2 author = Lu, Puxuan title = Human Infected H5N1 Avian Influenza date = 2016-06-23 keywords = H5N1; avian; lung summary = Due to virus infi ltration, the lung of patients with human infected H5N1 avian infl uenza is demonstrated with fl akes of opacity that is predominantly exudates by chest X-ray or chest CT scan, namely the ground glass opacity and lung consolidation. After the invasive assisting mechanical ventilation is retrieved with subsequent normal body temperature, breathing rate and WBC count, the both lungs are still radiologically demonstrated with strips, fl akes, grid like, and patches of consolidation opacity, indicating inconsistency between chest radiology and clinical symptoms due to long-term progression of the lesions. All the fi ndings indicated that ground glass opacity and large consolidation opacity are early signs of human infected avian infl uenza by chest radiology. By chest CT scan, pneumonia induced by H5N1 avian infl uenza virus is demonstrated with large ground glass opacity and consolidation opacity in both lungs that distribute extensively and progress rapidly. doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_10 id = cord-026005-f2khcjdy author = López, Alfonso title = Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date = 2017-02-17 keywords = Fig; Mannheimia; Mycobacterium; Mycoplasma; Pasteurella; alveolar; cause; cell; disease; horse; infection; lesion; lung; nasal; pneumonia; pulmonary; respiratory; type summary = Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 id = cord-274474-u2fdicgz author = Majumder, Joydeb title = Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Respiratory Diseases: Cancer, Fibrosis, and Coronavirus date = 2020-10-13 keywords = NLC; SARS; cancer; delivery; drug; lung; nanoparticle summary = The present review summarizes recent advances in the development of nanocarrier based therapeutics for local and targeted delivery of drugs, nucleic acids and imaging agents for diagnostics and treatment of various diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and coronavirus. [1, 2] Therefore, methods of developing new therapeutic solutions as well as improving the current therapies for the common lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and coronavirus infections remain the main focus in the fields of targeted drug delivery. In this review, we will summarize recent reports on the development of lipid and polymer based nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs and nucleic acids for the treatment of lung cancer. In a similar study, we used a complex liposomal drug delivery system containing anticancer drug doxorubicin and both MRP1 and BCL2 targeting antisense oligonucleotides for inhalation treatment in lung cancer cells. doi = 10.1002/adtp.202000203 id = cord-017021-n6rpuvwd author = Marriott, Deborah J. title = Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date = 2018-08-31 keywords = Nocardia; infection; lung; recipient; transplant summary = • physical factors such as denervation of the allograft resulting in a reduced cough reflex and anastomotic site stenosis with distal infection • the ''net state of immunosuppression''-the result of all factors including host immune system, anti-rejection immunosuppressive therapy and concomitant viral infections such as cytomegalovirus that contribute to a patient''s risk of infection • epidemiological exposure to organisms, including donor-derived infections, community acquired infections, travel related infections and healthcare associated infections • the use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the post-transplant period Longer treatment is required for severe or disseminated infection or for infection involving the central nervous system and/or bone and joint and in pulmonary disease with ongoing AFB detectable in sputum (>2 months) • streptomycin should not be used in the lung transplant setting because of the associated high-risk of nephrotoxicity. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-90933-2_15 id = cord-031033-v4yetn4f author = Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title = The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date = 2020-08-31 keywords = ARDS; gut; lung; microbiome summary = In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study found that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome represents a new tool for diagnosis in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Alternatively, the mere onset of critical illness-be it sepsis, ARDS or any number of conditions, is associated with alterations of the gut Fig. 2 Island model for the development of lung injury based on sites of dysbiosis microbiome, which may be independent of antibiotic administration [61] . doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03219-4 id = cord-022136-3q24qxsr author = Maru, Yoshiro title = Explanation of Metastasis by Homeostatic Inflammation date = 2016-02-02 keywords = LPS; S100A8; SAA3; TLR4; cell; lung; rage; tumor summary = Treatment of B16 melanoma cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipid A at 1 μg/ ml each for 48 h, which induced CCL2 expression, followed by extensive washing and subcutaneous implantation, reduced the tumor growth compared with untreated B16 cells in both wild-type and TLR4-KO mice. Expression of endogenous ligands, such as S100A8 and SAA3, in endothelial cells in sterile premetastatic lungs is induced by primary tumor-derived growth factors, such as CCL2, from the circulation side and the paracrine signaling goes in an opposite direction from the circulation to airway side to result in amplification of SAA3 in club cells. Detailed analysis of stimulation and expression pattern of S100A8, SAA3, and TNFα revealed that the triggering mechanism is primary tumor-secreted CCL2 that activates CCR2 in the hyperpermeable regions in the lungs to induce S100A8 expression in the endothelial cells. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-56024-1_15 id = cord-034406-i1hbx3pz author = Matthews, Abigail A. title = Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases date = 2020-10-30 keywords = delivery; drug; formulation; lung; protein; pulmonary summary = Biologic therapeutics such as protein/polypeptide drugs are conventionally administered systemically via intravenous injection for the treatment of diseases including lung diseases, although this approach leads to low target site accumulation and the potential risk for systemic side effects. In comparison, topical delivery of protein drugs to the lung via inhalation is deemed to be a more effective approach for lung diseases, as proteins would directly reach the target in the lung while exhibiting poor diffusion into the systemic circulation, leading to higher lung drug retention and efficacy while minimising toxicity to other organs. This means that high concentrations of the protein drug can be attained in the lung via pulmonary delivery, suggesting that lower doses of inhaled protein can have an equivalent or even superior therapeutic effect for lung diseases when compared to the higher doses that would be needed from systemic administration [9] . doi = 10.1186/s43556-020-00014-z id = cord-276732-u2d1z4ip author = Mauri, Tommaso title = Intraperitoneal adoptive transfer of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery from acid aspiration acute lung injury in mice date = 2017-03-06 keywords = PBS; PTX3; lung summary = -Arterial blood gas analysis for gas exchange -Wet-to-dry ratio as index of edema -Micro-CT scan to measure change over time in non-aerated lung tissue expressed as percentage of the whole lung tissue, with more negative values representing larger decrease of alveolar collapse; -Histopathology examination performed according to previous study [12] evaluating alveolar serofibrinous exudate and alveolar hemorrhage -Bronchoalveolar lavage for differential cell count, total protein content (with bicinchoninic acid method) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (CXCL1, previously named KC), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assayed by ELISA -Blood withdrawal for PTX3 levels measurement in plasma (ELISA assay) (b)In 1 week from lung injury D-dimer (marker of fibrinolysis) [20] and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), an enzyme that participates in collagen degradation [21] , were detected by ELISA and by western blot in lungs lysate, respectively. doi = 10.1186/s40635-017-0126-5 id = cord-289103-6i7wf41w author = McElyea, Christine title = Lung ultrasound artifacts in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19; lung summary = As of the summer of 2020, there are more than 12.5 million reported cases of COVID-19 caused by the Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing a pandemic that has presented many challenges in the traditional approach to patients with hypoxemia and shortness of breath or respiratory failure. Eight (8) In patient A, the findings described were noted in the upper anterior lung zones bilaterally, while a chest x-ray obtained concurrently demonstrated infiltrate in bilateral lower lateral lung zones. We were able to capture these early changes since ultrasound was used earlier in COVID patients as we suspect pneumonia in those patients even with a normal CXR as inpatient A, representing part of the early interstitial and parenchymal lung disease and the early manifestation and development of shred sign, not described in previous literature. Point-of-care lung ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease-19 pnemoniae: a case report and potential applications during COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1007/s40477-020-00526-y id = cord-317993-012hx4kc author = Movia, Dania title = Preclinical Development of Orally Inhaled Drugs (OIDs)—Are Animal Models Predictive or Shall We Move Towards In Vitro Non-Animal Models? date = 2020-07-24 keywords = ALI; OID; cell; drug; lung; model summary = SIMPLE SUMMARY: This commentary focuses on the methods currently available to test the efficacy and safety of new orally inhaled drugs for the treatment of uncurable respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis or lung cancer, prior to entering human experimentation. Inhalation is the preferred administration method for treating respiratory diseases [13] , as: (i) it delivers the drug directly at the site of action, resulting in a rapid therapeutic onset with considerably lower drug doses, (ii) it is painless and minimally invasive thus improving patients'' compliance, and (iii) it avoids first-pass metabolism, providing optimal pharmacokinetic conditions for drug absorption and reducing systemic side effects [14] [15] [16] . In the context of OID preclinical testing, lung organoids can be used for modeling respiratory diseases and, therefore, as a platform for screening the efficacy of inhalation therapies [115, 116] . doi = 10.3390/ani10081259 id = cord-016947-8f22ukjc author = Mueller-Mang, Christina title = Interstitial Lung Diseases date = 2017-08-24 keywords = Fig; HRCT; ILD; NSIP; UIP; lung summary = The term idiopathic interstitial pneumonias refers to a group of seven entities with distinct histologic patterns: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), characterized by the pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP); nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP); cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP); respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD); desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP); lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP); and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). In contrast to the heterogeneous lung involvement and the typical a b Fig. 6 (a, b) Axial CT image in a 63-year-old man with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) shows bilateral reticular opacities, honeycombing (black arrowheads), and traction bronchiectasis (arrow). In UIP (right) the lung abnormalities show a typical apico-basal gradient with predominance of honeycombing Fig. 9 HRCT shows characteristic subpleural sparing of reticular opacities (arrows) in a 67-year-old patient with NSIP and alveoli, with preservation of the lung architecture. doi = 10.1007/174_2017_151 id = cord-292862-ezrkg0dc author = Myerson, Jacob W. title = Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date = 2020-04-18 keywords = ARDS; DBCO; LPS; PBS; Supplementary; figure; lung summary = We show that polystyrene nanoparticles and five liposome formulations do not accumulate in injured lungs, indicating that nanostructures that are not based on protein are not intrinsically drawn to marginated neutrophils in acute inflammation. 6, 10, 14, 18 Single cell suspensions prepared from mouse lungs were probed by flow cytometry to further characterize pulmonary neutrophils in naïve mice and in mice following LPS-induced inflammation. The protein component of each particle was labeled with 125 I for tracing in biodistributions, and assessed 30 minutes after IV administration of NPs. Both absolute LDNG lung uptake and ratio of lung uptake to liver uptake registered a ~25-fold increase between naïve control and LPS-injured animals (Figure 2A , Supplementary Table 1) . As with LDNGs and albumin NPs in Figure 2C -H, single cell suspensions were prepared from LPS-inflamed and naïve control lungs after circulation of fluorescent DBCO-IgG liposomes. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 id = cord-006700-df8ard9o author = Müller-Redetzky, Holger C. title = Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date = 2014-03-06 keywords = ARDS; FTY720; LPS; endothelial; injury; lung; s1p summary = However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation via either the alveolar (e.g., in pneumonia and mechanical ventilation) or the vascular lumen (e.g., in bacteremia and sepsis), pulmonary endothelial barrier homeostasis may be disturbed, resulting in increased permeability, protein-rich fluid extravasation, lung oedema and finally acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with mortality rates ranging from 27 to 45 % depending on severity (Ranieri, et al. Although the underlying mechanisms of leukocyte mediated barrier failure are of highest scientific interest, therapeutic interference to ameliorate acute lung injury by depletion or blocking of cell recruitment should raise concerns as neutrophils and monocytes are key players of pulmonary and systemic innate immune responses and therapeutic intervention at this level might leave the patient functionally immunosuppressed. In mice, Ang-1-induced Tie-2 receptor phosphorylation stimulated the p190RhoGTPaseactivating protein (p190RhoGAP) via PI3-kinase and Rac1 to inactivate RhoA, resulting in reduced F-actin stress fibre formation and diminished endothelial permeability (Mammoto et al. doi = 10.1007/s00441-014-1821-0 id = cord-009774-tqhexzdp author = Neyman, Greg title = A Single Ventilator for Multiple Simulated Patients to Meet Disaster Surge date = 2008-06-28 keywords = lung; ventilator summary = Results Using readily available plastic tubing set up to minimize dead space volume, the four lung simulators were easily ventilated for 12 hours using one ventilator. In pressure control (set at 25 mm H(2)O), the mean tidal volume was 1,884 mL (approximately 471 mL/lung simulator) with an average minute ventilation of 30.2 L/min (or 7.5 L/min/lung simulator). In volume control (set at 2 L), the mean peak pressure was 28 cm H(2)O and the minute ventilation was 32.5 L/min total (8.1 L/min/lung simulator). While further study is necessary, this pilot study suggests significant potential for the expanded use of a single ventilator during cases of disaster surge involving multiple casualties with respiratory failure. The test lungs were used to simulate one patient each on the modified ventilator circuit. The final configuration was a simulation of four patients on a single ventilator in parallel operation (Figure 3 ). doi = 10.1197/j.aem.2006.05.009 id = cord-004092-wb150n8w author = Nieman, Gary F. title = Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date = 2020-01-06 keywords = ARDS; Fig; TCAV; lung summary = Understanding how ARDS alters the dynamic alveolar inflation physiology enables us to adjust the mechanical breath profile (MB P -all airway pressures, volumes, flows, rates and the time at inspiration and expiration at which they are applied) necessary to minimize VILI [12] . The ARDSnet Low Vt (LVt) method is intended to protect the non-dependent normal lung tissue from overdistension (OD) and reduce alveolar recruitment/ derecruitment (R/D) with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), while resting severely injured tissue by allowing it to remain collapsed throughout the ventilation cycle [2] . Abbreviations ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; VILI: ventilator-induced lung injury; APRV: airway pressure release ventilation; FRC: functional residual capacity; TCAV: time-controlled adaptive ventilation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; TC-PEEP: time controlled-positive end expiratory pressure; T Low : time at low pressure; T High : time at high pressure; P High : pressure at inspiration; P Low : pressure at expiration; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; E FT : expiratory flow termination; E FP : expiratory flow peak; RCT : randomized controlled trial; OLA: open lung approach; MB P : mechanical breath pattern; CT: computerized axial tomography. doi = 10.1186/s13613-019-0619-3 id = cord-278846-nqj7ctk3 author = Ogger, Patricia P. title = Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COPD; IPF; Mtb; ROS; lung; macrophage; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5 id = cord-337789-pabaoiqs author = Oprinca, George-Călin title = Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis date = 2020-08-27 keywords = SARS; case; covid-19; lung summary = This paper describes three autopsy cases with postmortem diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with detailed macroscopic examination as well as advanced microscopic studies of organ tissues collected using hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunohistochemical markers. Microscopic evaluation revealed viral cytopathic effect of type II pneumocytes with a couple of cells that presented cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions and who tend to form clusters mimicking multinucleated giant cells. This paper describes three autopsy cases with unknown cause of death, with full macroscopic examination as well as histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of collected organ tissues, including the lung from which reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) tests were made to determine SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microscopic examination of the pulmonary tissue revealed large areas of alveolar damage with destruction of the alveolar wall lining and intra-alveolar septa, marked vascular congestion, accompanied by intra-alveolar hemorrhage. doi = 10.1007/s00414-020-02406-w id = cord-016869-pzwlxtd6 author = Pal, Subrata title = The Lung and Its Transplantation and Artificial Replacement date = 2013-01-08 keywords = air; lung summary = The nasal cavity is divided into two portions by a cartilagenous septum and is lined by fine hairs that filter the dust particles from the air. The pulmonary artery from the heart containing impure blood enters the lungs and branches into minute capillaries that surround the alveoli. This air then enters the pharynx, then the larynx, and then into the trachea. Artificial lungs mimic the function of real lungs, adding oxygen to, and removing carbon dioxide from, the blood. On the other hand, current artificial lungs are only capable of a maximum gas exchange rate of 0.25-0.40 l/min, limiting their use to the short-term respiratory support for patients at rest. Silicone has been used as the membrane material in some commercially available artificial lungs due to its biocompatibility, durability, stability, and high permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-6255-2_15 id = cord-352532-xqphom6x author = Papanikolaou, Ilias C title = 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = disease; lung; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 id = cord-011408-z8lw8nc6 author = Peters, Matthew J. title = Electronic cigarettes: Tumultuous times date = 2019-11-06 keywords = lung summary = Less than 3 years later, it appears that Donald Trump''s developing emergency is not an infectious disease but two phenomena related to electronic cigarettes (EC)-an extraordinary rise of EC use in youth 2 and a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with EC product use. 7 In the previous case reports, the course was described as favourable after cessation of EC use, but it is too early to determine the extent of residual lung injury in the current outbreak. Youth use of EC in the United States has been described as an epidemic by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 13 with this assertion further supported by the latest data from the Monitoring the Future study. Characteristics of a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use or vaping-United States Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping doi = 10.1111/resp.13725 id = cord-006653-fy0yg0xh author = Popper, Helmut H. title = Interstitial lung diseases—can pathologists arrive at an etiology-based diagnosis? A critical update date = 2012-12-07 keywords = DAD; Fig; IPF; NSIP; Suppl; UIP; disease; lung summary = doi = 10.1007/s00428-012-1305-0 id = cord-027684-5tpgyjzt author = Protić, Alen title = A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report date = 2020-06-24 keywords = left; lung summary = title: A 23-year-old man with left lung atelectasis treated with a targeted segmental recruitment maneuver: a case report CONCLUSION: Use of a pulmonary artery catheter and two respirators in our patient''s case proved to be a successful method for recruiting the atelectatic lung while maintaining protective ventilation of the lung segments without atelectasis. Due to atelectasis of the left lung that persisted during the second week of treatment in the ICU, bronchoscopy with bronchoaspiration and recruitment maneuvers were performed several times. We performed lung ultrasound, which showed atelectasis of the major part of the left lower lobe and the posterior part of the upper lobe on the 34th day of the patient''s stay in the ICU. In our clinical practice, we often use the CPAP recruitment maneuver, usually with 40 cmH 2 O pressure for 40 seconds if the patient does not have any hemodynamic instability. doi = 10.1186/s13256-020-02409-6 id = cord-309722-04pp3lv0 author = Qiu, Yingshan title = Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways—From Bench to Bedside date = 2016-09-20 keywords = RNA; RNAi; RSV; TGF; delivery; lung; siRNA; target summary = Notes: AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness; ALI, Acute lung injury; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CD86, cluster of differentiation 86; C-kit, a stem cell factor receptor; DCs, dendritic cells; HMGB1A, high mobility group box-1 A peptide; IFU, infectious unit; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Mpl, myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene; OVA, ovalbumin; R3V6, an arginine-rich peptide; Rip2, receptor-interacting protein 2; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; S1Plyase, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, SOCS, Suppressors of cytokine signaling protein 3; STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6; Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase; Tf-PEI, transferrin polyethylenimine; T h 2, T helper 2 cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor. After siRNA targeting, SOCS3 was intranasally administered to the lungs of chronic asthmatic mouse model [12] , the silencing of SOCS3 down-regulated the expression of T h 2 cell associated cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, leading to substantial reduction of airway inflammation, AHR as well as IgE production. doi = 10.3390/molecules21091249 id = cord-260132-lqpk3ig7 author = Quartuccio, Luca title = Urgent avenues in the treatment of COVID-19: Targeting downstream inflammation to prevent catastrophic syndrome date = 2020-04-19 keywords = IL-6; SARS; lung summary = Currently, the humanized monoclonal antibody anti-interleukin-6 receptor (anti-IL-6R), namely tocilizumab, appears as a promising tool to turn off the cytokine storm, which dramatically complicates the course of the infection in some patients, causing a rapidly fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. Importantly, SARS-CoV patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit showed higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts, as well as higher levels of D-dimer, creatine kinase, and creatine, emphasizing the role of the systemic inflammation downstream the virus infection, and the transformation of the infectious disease into a systemic immunological and inflammatory disease. Lung pathology in 2003 SARS-CoV patients showed epithelial cell proliferation and desquamation, hyaline membranes formation along alveolar walls and cells infiltration (lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes) during the early stage of the disease, while, of note, increased fibrosis and multinucleated epithelial giant cells formation at a later stage, highlighting the existence of a two-phase lung injury. doi = 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.03.011 id = cord-005573-mryrl1s1 author = Raimondi, Francesco title = Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date = 2018-07-20 keywords = ARDS; LUS; Lung; TTN; ultrasound summary = We report the description of the main ultrasound features of neonatal respiratory disorders and functional applications of LUS aiming to help a clinical decision (such as surfactant administration, chest drainage etc). 24 However, the same process seems more variable and heterogeneous in human neonates, as LUS appearance may be influenced by respiratory support, gestational age, fluid intake, pre-existing condition (pure RDS or a more complex situation with superimposed lung inflammation and surfactant catabolism, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)) and the eventual simultaneous development of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In the meantime, available data demonstrate that a visually calculated LUS score is a useful and easy tool to predict surfactant need in preterm neonates with RDS, to evaluate lung aeration while titrating the respiratory support or to be used as a research outcome measure. doi = 10.1038/s41390-018-0114-9 id = cord-344206-53g7yjf9 author = Ray, Archita title = A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases date = 2020-09-21 keywords = calcium; lung; mitochondrial summary = title: A looming role of mitochondrial calcium in dictating the lung epithelial integrity and pathophysiology of lung diseases As ciliated airway epithelium and type 2 alveolar epithelia require intense energy for executing their key functions like ciliary beating and surfactant production, it is no surprise that defects in mitochondrial function in these cells could perturb lung homeostasis and engage in the pathophysiology of lung diseases. Thus, the regulation of mitochondrial calcium in lung epithelia seems to be critical in lung homeostasis and could be decisive in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases. All these indicate the feasible role of 182 mitochondria and mitochondrial calcium towards lung homeostasis. Mitochondria: at the crossroads of regulating lung epithelial cell 792 function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dysfunction of mitochondria Ca 2+ uptake in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial 799 cells Mitochondrial regulation of airway smooth 941 muscle functions in health and pulmonary diseases Mitochondrial dysfunction in the aged lung and COPD: A role 1006 for mitochondrial calcium doi = 10.1016/j.mito.2020.09.004 id = cord-291145-rdg31p17 author = Rice, Shawn J. title = Guidance on the clinical management of E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)? date = 2020-08-29 keywords = EVALI; Lung summary = The number of patients with E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) continued to rise through the summer before peaking in September 2019. Using bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) fluid from EVALI patients and healthy donors who have not used THC-containing products, researchers used isotope dilution mass spectrometry and identified vitamin E acetate in over 90% of EVALI cases versus none in the healthy controls. EVALI patients report using 4 various types of vaping liquids containing products of THC, nicotine, and cannabidiol (CBD) 34 . Characteristics of Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients 37 in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury -38 United States After Hospital Discharge in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product 33 Use-Associated Lung Injury -United States E-cigarette, or 1 vaping, product use-associated lung injury in adolescents: a review of imaging features Pediatric Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of Electronic 4 Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-associated Lung Injury (EVALI) doi = 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.08.012 id = cord-016235-2lhrkmrv author = Roden, Anja C. title = Lung date = 2010-05-17 keywords = BOS; HLA; acute; lung; patient; rejection; transplantation summary = Unlike the situation with heart transplant recipients, chronic vascular rejection in lung transplants has not resulted in graft loss; however, some patients develop pulmonary hypertension particularly those with BOS [92, 111] . However, based on the link between acute rejection and development of BOS, surveillance transbronchial biopsies in asymptomatic lung transplant recipients has become common practice in many large lung transplantation centers because evidence suggests that patients who have multiple episodes of low grade (A1) lesions within the first 12 months posttransplantation develop early onset BOS. A study [49] in which surveillance transbronchial biopsies were performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks posttransplantation, at the time of symptoms, and for follow-up of acute rejection or CMV pneumonia showed that patients who develop acute small airways rejection within the first year after transplantation are at risk of development of BOS at 1.76, 3.3, and 5.5 years after detection of B3/ B4 lesion (by 1996 ISHLT criteria, see Table 7 .2), B2 lesion or B0/B1 lesion, respectively. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-79343-4_7 id = cord-017856-4fccnygg author = Roden, Anja C. title = Pathology of Lung Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Mediated date = 2018-04-24 keywords = AMR; HLA; acute; lung; rejection summary = Acute rejection is an important risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, the clinical manifestation of chronic airway rejection in lung allograft recipients. Obliterative bronchiolitis is only infrequently identified in lung allografts by transbronchial biopsy, and the sensitivity of this morphologic finding for the presence of chronic rejection is only between 15 and 28% [48] [49] [50] . Because of the lack of specific histologic findings of AMR, a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis was recommended that includes the following: (1) the presence of circulating antibodies (HLA antibodies, anti-endothelial and anti-epithelial antibodies), (2) focal or diffuse C4d deposition (Fig. 13 .11a-c), (3) histologic features of acute lung injury or hemorrhage (diffuse alveolar damage, capillary injury associated with neutrophils and nuclear debris, i.e., capillaritis), and (4) clinical signs of graft dysfunction [78] . The transbronchial allograft biopsy is currently the gold standard to evaluate the graft for cellular rejection and to exclude its clinical mimickers in lung transplant patients. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_13 id = cord-018243-hyvu9nuq author = Salman, Huda title = Fibrosing Alveolitis in Hematologic Malignancy Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation date = 2010-08-19 keywords = GVHD; HSCT; lung; patient; pulmonary summary = This chapter will address the chronic lung complications that lead to pulmonary fibrosis and persistent organ dysfunction in each context with specific focus on hematologic malignancy patients treated using HSCT. Hematologic malignancy patients treated with chemotherapy or chest wall radiation therapy, or those who proceed to receive a HSCT may develop a wide variety inflammatory noninfectious lung disorders that ultimately may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. The diagnosis of drug-induced respiratory disease often is complex because: (1)1 patients may be exposed to several pneumo-toxic drugs concurrently or in sequence due to earlier treatment failure; (2)2 time to onset of pulmonary toxicity may be delayed, making it difficult to ascertain which agent is responsible for the pulmonary reaction; (3)3 the combination of drugs to treat malignant hematologic conditions may lead to unexpected drug interactions, producing enhanced toxicity compared with the toxicity of each agent considered separately; and (4)4 radiation therapy to the chest or TBI. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_42 id = cord-290226-rtoasm2l author = Scassellati, Catia title = Ozone: a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant property as potential new strategy in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders date = 2020-08-15 keywords = GSH; MDA; Nrf2; SOD; kidney; lung; ozone; preconditioning summary = In addition, Nrf2 regulates also the constitutive and inducible expression of antioxidants including, but not limited to, Superoxide Dismutases (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), phase II enzymes of drug metabolism and HSPs (Galie et al., 2018 , Bocci, V., Valacchi, 2015 , Pedruzzi et al., 2012 (Figure 1) . We observed that OzoneOP exerts a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat models of cochlear, hepatic, intestinal, renal, cardiac, lung and skeletal ischemia through an oxidative preconditioning mechanism that prevents the increase of the endogenous pro-oxidant and stimulates antioxidant mechanisms (Table 2 ). Modulation of age-related changes in oxidative stress markers and energy status in the rat heart and hippocampus: a significant role for ozone therapy doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101138 id = cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author = Scully, Crispian title = Respiratory medicine date = 2014-06-25 keywords = COPD; HIV; cause; disease; infection; lung; patient; respiratory; treatment summary = Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 id = cord-315085-rucfowvv author = Sekulic, Miroslav title = Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in FFPE Samples and Histopathologic Findings in Fatal SARS-CoV-2 Cases date = 2020-05-26 keywords = CoV-2; FFPE; RNA; SARS; lung summary = In this study we report postmortem findings and detection and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA from formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) samples of multiple organs collected in 2 patients with antemortem detection of SARS-CoV-2. The patient''s medical history was otherwise notable for dementia, radiologic evidence of a left lung mass (managed with hospice care), coronary artery disease (status post coronary artery bypass grafting), atrial fibrillation (biventricular pacemaker implanted), congestive heart failure, peripheral artery disease (status post iliac stenting), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, gout, smoking, cerebrovascular accidents, and urinary tract infections. On day 1 after admission, ❚Image 2❚ (Case 1) Postmortem microscopic examination of the lungs showed diffuse alveolar damage characterized by hyaline membrane formation (A, ×100) and scattered squamous metaplasia of distal airways (B, ×100) on a background of emphysematous changes. doi = 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa091 id = cord-016374-38fk66zb author = Shi, Yuxin title = Human Infected H7N9 Avian Influenza date = 2016-06-23 keywords = H7N9; lung summary = doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_11 id = cord-018452-qyf2vymf author = Sica, Valentina title = Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date = 2016-03-07 keywords = Autophagy; COPD; cell; disease; lung summary = Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16 id = cord-261640-ehc123p7 author = Smith, Maxwell L. title = Vaping-related lung injury date = 2020-10-27 keywords = EVALI; lung summary = Although lung diseases caused by vaping have been reported since the modern invention of the electronic cigarette, in the summer of 2019, patients began to present to health care centers at epidemic levels with an acute respiratory illness relating to vaping, which the Center for Disease Control termed E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Perhaps due to the precedent set in the literature, the finding of lipid-laden macrophages in BAL specimens in the early stage of the EVALI epidemic in 2019 led investigators to conclude that the lung injury was related to a form of exogenous lipoid pneumonia related to vaping [17, 21, 22] . Despite the low sensitivity and specificity of Oil red-O, it remains on many clinical Fig. 6 a, b The histologic distinction between exogenous lipoid pneumonia and electronic cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) is dramatic and distinctive. doi = 10.1007/s00428-020-02943-0 id = cord-300124-voyjcjzw author = Soldati, Gino title = Reply to colorimetric triage for patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-27 keywords = lung summary = To the Editor: We thank Dr Antúnez Montes for his interesting proposal to link the colorimetric triage for patients with COVID-19 based on both POCUS findings and clinical parameters and our LUS scoring system and acquisition protocol together in a joint classification. In a pandemic context, patients admitted to the ED with nonspecific respiratory symptoms but suspected of COVID-19 should undergo an early LUS examination performed according to a standardized acquisition protocol and scoring system. 1 Patients should be kept isolated and hospitalized while waiting for virologic tests in cases with LUS findings suggestive of pulmonary involvement compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia: ie, the presence of areas with a score of 2 or 3 concurrently with altered intrapulmonary gas exchanges (yellow and red colorimetric triage). Proposal for international standardization of the use of lung ultrasound for patients with COVID-19: a simple, quantitative, reproducible method Lung ultrasonography for early management of patients with respiratory symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1002/jum.15460 id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 keywords = A1AT; COPD; IPF; asthma; disease; increase; lung; pulmonary; respiratory; vitamin summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id = cord-011781-0yswqubf author = Svanberg, Emilie Krite title = Changes in pulmonary oxygen content are detectable with laser absorption spectroscopy: proof of concept in newborn piglets date = 2020-06-13 keywords = absorption; light; lung summary = BACKGROUND: Using an optical method based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, we previously assessed oxygen (O(2)) and water vapor (H(2)O) content in a tissue phantom of the preterm infant lung. METHODS: Five mechanically ventilated piglets were subjected to stepwise increased and decreased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), to atelectasis using a balloon catheter in the right bronchus, and to pneumothorax by injecting air in the pleural cavity. CONCLUSIONS: The optical method detected FiO(2) variations and discriminated the two induced lung pathologies, providing a rationale for further development into a minimally invasive device for real-time monitoring gas changes in the lungs of sick newborn infants. 14 We hypothesized that the GASMAS method with an external as well as an internal light source probe would detect changes in pulmonary O 2 gas concentration, including responses to induced local lung pathologies in newborn piglets. doi = 10.1038/s41390-020-0971-x id = cord-343842-2klytw6c author = Takamura, Shiki title = Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cells date = 2017-07-01 keywords = CD8; cell; lung summary = This review will focus primarily on influenza and parainfluenza virus infections and discuss recent insights into the course of CD8 + T RM cell establishment in the lung interstitium/ parenchyma and airways, from initial priming, to tissue migration, local differentiation, and maintenance. This influx (3-5 days) is a part of acute response during respiratory virus infections (44) , and antigen-nonspecific memory CD8 + T cells recruited to the lung airways provide ''''innate'''' protection (64) . Nevertheless, the lack of CCR5 alone has essentially no impact on the active recruitment of expanded antigen-specific effector CD8 + T cells to the lung (5-10 days) (30, 66) , suggesting the redundancy of signals through various inflammatory chemokine receptors in this process. Cutting edge: antigen is not required for the activation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 + T cells in the lung airways doi = 10.1089/vim.2017.0016 id = cord-021744-x320625f author = Thompson, Mark S. title = Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis date = 2017-11-17 keywords = TFAST; increase; lung; normal; view summary = Variable incubation period, prodromal phase: nervousness, anxiety, paresthesia Progress to forebrain signs ("furious" form of rabies): irritability, restlessness, pica, photophobia, increased saliva production with decreasing ability to swallow, hyperesthesia progressing to incoordination, seizures, and death May also progress to "dumb" form: paralysis, lower motor disease, leading to coma, respiratory paralysis, and death PSEUDORABIES Suspected to be result from ingestion of infected raw pork Neurologic dysfunction: ataxia, abnormal papillary light response, restlessness, trismus, cervical rigidity, ptyalism, tachypnea, excoriation from pruritus of head and neck; vomiting, diarrhea; most dogs die within 48 hours • Useful for detecting pericardial effusion (racetrack sign) and pleural effusion • Advantage: less air interference than transthoracic TFAST views • Assessment of the weak or collapsed patient''s volume status by observing dynamics of caudal vena cava (CVC) as it passes through diaphragm doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-49830-2.00002-0 id = cord-000295-ft5wl70x author = Tomankova, Tereza title = Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in the lung date = 2010-11-23 keywords = RNA; lung; target summary = These short, single-stranded RNA molecules originate from larger precursor molecules that fold to produce hairpin structures, which are subsequently processed by ribonucleases Drosha/Pasha and Dicer to form mature miRNAs. MiRNAs play role in the posttranscriptional regulation of about one third of human genes, mainly via degradation of target mRNAs. Whereas the target mRNAs are often involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes ranging from developmental timing to apoptosis, miRNAs have a strong potential to regulate fundamental biological processes also in the lung compartment. Small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal role in the posttranscriptional regulation of numerous human genes, mainly via degradation of target mRNAs. There is evidence that the lung has a very specific miRNA expression profile undergoing changes during the lung development. doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-11-159 id = cord-017016-twwa9djm author = Tomashefski, Joseph F. title = Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date = 2008 keywords = Fig; aspiration; bronchial; bronchiectasis; case; chapter; cystic; fibrosis; lung; patient; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = These occult aspirations may lead to interstitial fibrosis, and perhaps account for the 20% to 54 % incidence of associated and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis in patients with esophageal abnormalities, most commonly hiatal hernia or simple reflux,39,40 The role of reflux in asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and sudden infant death syndrome has been reviewed by Allen et al. 130 In their reviews, Phillips and Rao l3l and Penner and colleagues130 note that similar predisposing factors as those with community-acquired pneumonia, such as aspiration and abscess formation, pertain to this entity, but the location helps distinguish it from the other typical sites of aspiration, When in the upper lobes, it appears to progress through necrotizing pneumonia with thrombosis of arteries (pulmonary and bronchial) and veins, [129] [130] [131] Although not strictly abiding by the foregoing definition (of localization in upper lobe), in one case total unilateral lung gangrene was attributed to hilar vessel involvement following treatment of a massive hilar recurrence of Hodgkin''s disease. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_5 id = cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author = Ueki, Hiroshi title = Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date = 2020-01-29 keywords = BSL3; Fig; PBS; cell; imaging; lung; mouse summary = Unlike ex vivo methods, which involve isolated or sliced lungs, in vivo imaging using two-photon excitation microscopy of live animals enables researchers to observe hemodynamics, migration and extravasation of immune cells, as well as interactions among immune cells during influenza virus infection. To detect multiple fluorescent signals excited simultaneously by a two-photon excitation laser, fluorochromes with different spectra and equal brightness must be selected; however, there is currently no comprehensive database of fluorescent reagents, fluorescent reporter viruses, and reporter mouse lines available for lung in vivo imaging. Our system uses suction-based lung stabilization 16, 28 to improve an existing in vivo two-photon imaging system for influenza virus-infected lung as a model of an acute inflammatory respiratory disease 5 . In vivo two-photon imaging is performed under conditions of single stimulation with a two-photon excitation laser; limitations exist regarding available fluorescent reagents/proteins for multiple labeling of target cells and lung architecture. doi = 10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y id = cord-018086-klels5e3 author = Van der Kaaij, N.P. title = Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant date = 2005 keywords = ischemia; lung summary = Lung Ischemia-reperfusion Injury: Inactive ATP-dependent Membrane Pumps and Intracellular Calcium Accumulation Under normal conditions, the action of the Na + /K + -ATPase pump sets up a gradient of high extracellular Na + relative to intracellular levels, which in turn drives the Na + /Ca 2+exchanger, so that Ca 2+ is pumped out of the cell. Prostacyclin plays an important role in vascular function because it inhibits platelet adhe-Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant 53 Fig. 3 . To study the complex pathophysiology of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and to investigate surfactant treatment possibilities, an animal model is often used. Since surfactant is rate limiting for the transfer of proteins across the alveolo-capillary membrane and is either inactivated or lost due to the increased endothelial permeability after lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, a further influx of proteins is facilitated. Semik and colleagues showed that the decreased function of AT II cells after lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is prevented by surfactant treatment [42] . doi = 10.1007/0-387-26272-5_6 id = cord-301935-0qjo94ty author = Varma, Ratna title = Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date = 2020-08-22 keywords = AEC; PSC; cell; differentiation; epithelial; human; lung; stem summary = Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. We then discuss the evolution of directed differentiation protocols to find opportunities for creating specific populations of airway and lung epithelia through targeted manipulation of key signaling pathways in 2D and 3D models. While the cell fate of early proximal and distal lineages is directed through chemical signals, the lung epithelium itself undergoes marked changes in architecture, a process known as branching morphogenesis [79, 92] . In the future, human PSC-derived lung tissue models have the potential to enable exploration of infection, disease and regeneration mechanisms of action to impact drug discovery and drug development, and further inform patient-specific drug selection. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature airway epithelia expressing functional CFTR protein doi = 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005 id = cord-020764-5tq9cr7o author = Vertrees, Roger A. title = Tissue Culture Models date = 2010-05-21 keywords = cell; culture; dimensional; human; line; lung; model; tissue summary = Scientists have developed diverse and unique tissue culture systems that contain air-liquid barriers of lung epithelium and subjected these cells to various gaseous toxicants to determine what occurs following inhalation of various chemicals. In addition to the characterization of responses to inhaled agents, epithelial cell cultures, notably alveolar epithelium obtained from fetal lung tissue, have allowed investigators to characterize the liquid transport phenotype that occurs in the developing lung. Primary cell cultures of human airway smooth muscle tissue can be obtained utilizing a method described by Halayko et al. Additionally, if investigators do not wish to use currently established lung cancer cell lines, obtaining clinical samples for use in tissue culture models is relatively easy. This model is composed of a coculture of in vitro threedimensional human bronchoepithelial TLAs engineered using a rotating-wall vessel to mimic the characteristics of in vivo tissue and to provide a tool to study human respiratory viruses and host-pathogen cell interactions. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_15 id = cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author = Vijayan, Vannan K. title = Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date = 2013-06-05 keywords = Entamoeba; diagnosis; disease; lung; patient; pulmonary summary = The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on the microscopical demonstration of Leishmania amastigotes in the relevant tissue aspirates or biopsies such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or liver, skin slit smears, or in the peripheral blood buffy coat [ 19 ] . The important helminthic parasites that cause lung diseases include cestodes ( Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis ), trematodes ( Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma japonicum , and Paragonimus westermani ), and nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis , Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , Brugia timori , Dirofi laria immitis , Dirofi laria repens , Toxocara canis or cati , and Trichinella spiralis ). A diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to ascariasis can be made in an endemic region in a patient who presents with dyspnea, dry cough, fever, and eosinophilia. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-37609-2_1 id = cord-005228-187d3pxz author = Wang, Jian title = Role of microbiota on lung homeostasis and diseases date = 2017-10-09 keywords = lung; microbiota summary = In humans, lung microbiota have been identified in healthy donors and in patients with chronic pulmonary disease, and the composition of lung microbiota is similar as the microbiota in the upper respiratory tract, but the number is lower, likely resulting from transient entry rather than independent communities with indistinguishable structure (Charlson et al., 2011) . In our previous studies, we found that the microbiota in upper respiratory tract also provided protection against lethal inflammation in the lungs caused by influenza infection in a TLR2-and alveolar macrophagedependent manner. Priming SPF mice with TLR2-ligand + Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract in human, promoted the differentiation of M2 macrophages with immunosuppressive function, which then significantly reduced influenza-mediated inflammatory response in the lungs (Wang et al., 2013) (Figure 1C ). aureus), a common microbiota in upper respiratory tract and lung, promote the differentiation of M2 alveolar macrophages then provide protection against lethal inflammation in the lungs caused by influenza infection. doi = 10.1007/s11427-017-9151-1 id = cord-290233-5skk3nj4 author = Wang, K. title = Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area date = 2020-03-23 keywords = lung summary = Data were gathered regarding the presence of chest computed tomography (CT) abnormalities; the distribution, morphology, density, location, and stage of abnormal shadows on chest CT; and observing the correlation between the severity of chest infection and lymphocyte ratio and blood oxygen saturation (SPO(2)) in patients. This study analysed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and imaging data of 114 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to Xiaogan Hospital, Xiaogan, Hubei, China, to describe the lung imaging manifestations and disease development in patients with COVID-19, further explore the correlations between imaging manifestations and clinical data, and clarify the role of chest computed tomography (CT) imaging examination in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease. Chest CT examination was performed during the quarantine period, and the result showed two GGO nodule shadows in both lower lungs, suggesting a high possibility of viral pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.004 id = cord-268729-n7slf5tx author = Wissinger, E L title = Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease date = 2008-05-07 keywords = CD8; cell; immune; infection; lung; respiratory summary = Their role in limiting lung inflammation can be clearly seen in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)infected mice where pDC depletion leads to increased viral replication and enhanced immunopathology in the lungs 70, 71 . TNF receptor-II and very late antigen--1 synergize to protect CD8 T cells in the influenza virus infected airways from apoptosis, 110 whereas engagement of Qa-1b by CD94 / NKG2A transmits a negative signal that limits immune pathology. 128 Therapeutic administration of antibodies that block macrophage inflammatory protein-2 during influenza infection reduces neutrophil recruitment by 49 % and improves lung pathology without altering viral clearance. Viruses induce local production of IFN-by T and non-T cells in the respiratory tract, and its neutralization not only reduces local lung cellularity and systemic humoral responses to influenza virus infection in mice, 207 but may also delay viral clearance. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells limit viral replication, pulmonary infl ammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus infection doi = 10.1038/mi.2008.16 id = cord-002627-3jwu4pf2 author = Wu, Nan-Chun title = Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation date = 2017-07-26 keywords = HTV; SOD; lung summary = Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. Intravenous administration of Cu/Zn SOD during HTV ventilation can prevent lung function impairment and lung injury via reducing pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation, preserving pulmonary surfactant expression, and enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. In this study, HTV ventilation was shown to activate NF-κB and increase VCAM-1, MMP-9 and TNF-α protein expressions, whilst each factor plays a role in lung function impairment, and that was effectively attenuated by intravenous treatment of Cu/Zn SOD. doi = 10.1186/s12890-017-0448-9 id = cord-001945-ueccexxc author = Yang, Ce title = Stem/progenitor cells in endogenous repairing responses: new toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury date = 2016-02-11 keywords = ALI; cell; lung; progenitor; stem summary = All these findings indicate Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the exogenous and endogenous stem/progenitor cells as well as the regular delivery routes in the repair and regeneration in acute lung injury that the bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells exhibit the mobilizing courses, and play a substantial role in the regression of excessive inflammatory responses and repair in injured lungs. Concerning the protective roles of bone marrow-and peripheral blood-derived EPCs in ALI, recent studies showed that their peripheral infusion could lead to homing in injured lung tissues [24] , relieving the inflammatory injury [25, 26] and promote the endothelial repair and recovery of immune function dissonance [26, 27] , which may be enhanced by the treatment of simvastatin [28] . doi = 10.1186/s12967-016-0804-1 id = cord-329066-9xo5zztv author = Yuan, Kai title = FGL2 is positively correlated with enhanced antitumor responses mediated by T cells in lung adenocarcinoma date = 2020-03-13 keywords = CD8; FGL2; lung summary = A high expression level of FGL2 was correlated with better prognostic outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma patients, including overall survival and progression-free survival. Thus, we propose that high FGL2 expression, which is positively associated with enhanced antitumor activities mediated by T cells, is a beneficial marker for lung adenocarcinoma treatment outcomes. We used the TIMER database to explore the correlation between immune cell infiltration and FGL2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma. GO analysis indicated that FGL2-correlated genes were enriched in the immune response, the adaptive immune response, the positive regulation of T cell proliferation, the positive regulation of interferon-gamma production, the positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production, T cell activation, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, T cell costimulation, T cell differentiation, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent, etc (Fig. 4A) . doi = 10.7717/peerj.8654 id = cord-267979-k70gnrdw author = Yıldız-Peköz, Ayca title = Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery date = 2020-09-23 keywords = HFNC; drug; lung summary = This Special Issue brings together recent advances in the areas of inhalation device testing, aerosol formulation development, use of in vitro and in silico models in pulmonary drug deposition and drug disposition studies, and pulmonary delivery of complex drugs, such as vaccines, antibiotics and peptides, to or via the lungs. The development of modern-day inhalers, e.g., pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and more recently, dry powder inhalers (DPIs), jet and vibrating mesh nebulisers (VMNs), and soft mist inhalers (SMIs), has given pulmonary drug delivery a momentum boost that transformed a therapeutic niche into a market predicted to hit US$41.5 billion by 2026 [1] . Development of an innovative, carrier-based dry powder inhalation formulation containing spray-dried meloxicam potassium to improve the in vitro and in silico aerodynamic properties Excipient interactions in glucagon dry powder inhaler formulation for pulmonary delivery Inhalable dry powder of bedaquiline for pulmonary tuberculosis: In vitro physicochemical characterization, antimicrobial activity and safety studies doi = 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100911 id = cord-283078-vz98pp4h author = Zakaria, Dina Mohamed title = Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats date = 2020-10-22 keywords = BLM; Fig; cell; fibrosis; lung summary = title: Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats The aim of this study was to explore the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow on Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis in albino rats. In such context, the current study, assessed the effect of stem cell therapy using MSCs for treatment of BLM induced lung fibrosis model. Examination of lung sections in rats that received cell free media CFG, revealed excessive thickening of the inter-alveolar septa associated with evident cellular infiltration. Histological examination of H & E stained sections from the BLM induced fibrosis group FG, revealed evident distortion of lung architecture, where marked thickening of the inter-alveolar septa and collapsed alveoli were noticed in a patchy distribution over much of the lung tissue. doi = 10.1007/s13770-020-00294-0 id = cord-348672-e34103b1 author = Zhang, Jiaqi title = Postoperative Short-term Outcomes Between Sublobar Resection and Lobectomy in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma date = 2020-10-01 keywords = lung; patient; resection summary = Before PSM, there were statistically significant differences in age (p=0.015), hospitalization costs (p=0.042), lymphadenectomy (p=0.000), pathological staging (p=0.000), number of lymph nodes removed (p=0.000), number of positive lymph nodes (p=0.034), chest drainage duration (p=0.000), total chest drainage (p=0.000), length of postoperative hospital stays (p=0.000), postoperative D-dimer level (p=0.030) and perioperative lymphocyte margin (LM) (p=0.003) between sublobar resection and lobectomy. Whether with PSM analysis or not, there were no significant differences in other blood test results, such as inflammation indicators, postoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin level, perioperative activity of daily living (ADL) scale scoring margin, complications, postoperative admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and readmission within 30 days. 21, 22 Our study suggested that patients showed similar clinical outcomes in postoperative complications, postoperative admission to ICU, ADL scale scores margin, and readmission within 30 days among different lung resections. doi = 10.2147/cmar.s266376 id = cord-313785-8tipkksu author = d''Ettorre, Gabriella title = Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; bacteriotherapy; lung; patient summary = The patients evaluated in this study were hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto Abbreviations: ABX, antibiotics; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALT, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavIrus disease 19; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FDR, False Discovery Rate; GLA, gut lung axis; Hb, hemoglobin; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; IRQ, interquartile range; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2; OB-, oral bacteriotherapy not administered group; OB+, oral bacteriotherapy administered group; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; TCZ, Tocilizumab. The observed partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ), the fraction of inspired oxygen FiO 2 , the disappearance of symptoms associated to COVID-19, adverse events, and the number of patients transferred to ICU were collected at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days from the start of oral bacteriotherapy and hospitalization for all the patients independently from the treatments. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 id = cord-260729-b12v3c8c author = de Lang, Anna title = Functional Genomics Highlights Differential Induction of Antiviral Pathways in the Lungs of SARS-CoV–Infected Macaques date = 2007-08-10 keywords = CoV; IFN; SARS; lung; stat1 summary = As opposed to many in vitro experiments, SARS-CoV induced a wide range of type I interferons (IFNs) and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in the lungs of macaques. In order to elucidate early host responses during the acute phase of SARS-CoV infection, we infected cynomolgus macaques with SARS-CoV and used macaque-specific microarrays and real-time (RT)-PCR techniques to study host gene expression profiles. In this study, we simultaneously examined virus replication and host-response gene expression profiles in macaque lungs during the acute phase of SARS to gain more insight into the early events that take place after SARS-CoV infection. In order to visualize the host response in the lungs of SARS-CoV-infected macaques, IFN-b production and translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 was studied using immunohistochemistry. The expression of IFN-b, which strongly correlated to the amount of virus present, continued throughout day 4 and was confirmed using immunohistochemistry; IFN-b-positive cells could be detected in the lungs of the SARS-CoV-infected macaques. doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030112 id = cord-003655-uo0hdrgc author = de Vries, Rory D. title = Paramyxovirus Infections in Ex Vivo Lung Slice Cultures of Different Host Species date = 2018-03-27 keywords = lung; slice; step summary = Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation and ex vivo infection of lung slices from different mammalian host species with various respiratory paramyxoviruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins, and suggest follow-up experiments including immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The combination of these viable lung slices with recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins [7] [8] [9] allows for accurate, sensitive and reproducible assessment of respiratory virus infection and dissemination over time. We have validated this technique by infecting lung slices of multiple host species (cotton rats, ferrets, dogs and macaques) with various paramyxoviruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins (measles virus (MV), canine distemper virus (CDV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV)) [10] . Using a (blunt-end) needle or flexible catheter, the fresh lungs are inflated through the trachea (or primary bronchus, if inflation of a half lung or single lobe is desired) with low-melting point agarose mixed with culture medium. doi = 10.3390/mps1020012 id = cord-006862-5va1yyit author = nan title = ITS ASM 2012 date = 2012-11-04 keywords = AAT; AATD; COPD; Hospital; IPF; Ireland; OSAS; disease; lung; patient; study; year summary = 10 .45 % (n = 202) of attendances were for non-respiratory diseases as the clinic also provides follow-up for general medical patients post hospital admission. Higher levels of exercise participation were seen in the younger age groups (p = 0.585 Introduction: Respiratory diseases, largely represented by COPD, are the third most common cause of acute hospital admission.Our aim was to audit the prescribing habits of inhaled, nebulised medication and oxygen by doctors in a general hospital. Our study was designed to determine the baseline and post-treatment values of total lymphocyte count and its subsets in HIV-negative patients diagnosed with active pulmonary MTB. The results of this study indicate that AAT can inhibit LTB 4 signaling thereby reducing the proteolytic activity of neutrophils and propose AAT aerosolized augmentation therapy as an effective treatment for LTB 4 associated pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis and severe asthma. doi = 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z id = cord-006888-qfnukav4 author = nan title = Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008 date = 2008-10-21 keywords = A1AT; AAT; COPD; FEV1; Hospital; Ireland; LPS; OSA; Society; TBNA; lung; patient; study summary = 2 This study explored anxiety, depression and QoL of a small group of patients (n = 5), predominantly male (66.7%), mean age 74 years, using the Marie Curie ''''breathing space'''' outpatient clinic over a four week period. Methods: CF patients attending CUH completed a questionnaire relating to personal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, correlated with pulmonary function and exacerbation-rate data. This ongoing study indicates that a clinical pharmacy led management programme can reduce the need for hospital care in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and improve aspects of their health related quality of life. There is a need for wider availability of joint hospital/ community based initiatives such as COPD Outreach and PRPs. Pulmonary rehabilitation has established efficacy, but patients often require follow-up care or maintenance. Patient data (MDS/ISWT/endurance shuttle walking test(ESWT)) from our pulmonary rehabilitation programme were initially analysed (n = 214; median FEV 1 = 1.04 L; mean age = 69 yrs). doi = 10.1007/s11845-008-0235-y id = cord-006924-1i3kf01j author = nan title = Abstracts from USCAP 2020: Pulmonary, Mediastinum, Pleura, and Peritoneum Pathology (1869-1980) date = 2020-03-05 keywords = BAP1; EGFR; IHC; NGS; NSCLC; UIP; case; cell; lung; patient; tumor summary = Results: Patients'' characteristics of 77 cases were as following; median age was 60 years old (range 33-77); 67 male and ten female; 16/16/41/4 of clinical Stage I/II/II/VI; 21 chemotherapy, 52 chemoradiation and 4 radiotherapy; 52 adenocarcinomas, 18 squamous cell carcinomas and seven other types of histology. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of piR-796 piRNA, which was identified by small RNAseq, in resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to analyze the correlation with the clinic-pathological features. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that OTP expression was only rarely identified in non-pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors/carcinomas, which further validated the previous report of OTP to be a highly specific marker for diagnosing PCs. The diagnostic sensitivity for PCs in this study appears to be lower than the previous report, which is probably due to the small number of cases included. doi = 10.1038/s41374-020-0400-0 id = cord-010078-8lkkez3n author = nan title = Invited Speakers date = 2010-11-24 keywords = AMS; COPD; CVD; EGFR; HAPE; ILD; Pacifi; asthma; disease; lung; patient; pulmonary; treatment summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x id = cord-017248-a37t31u1 author = nan title = Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date = 2010-05-17 keywords = Associated; Related; Synonyms; acute; aortic; artery; autopsy; blood; chapter; chronic; condition; death; disease; external; heart; lung; note; poisoning; possible; procedure; pulmonary; record; sample; study; syndrome; term; tissue; type summary = Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17 id = cord-023211-kt5gt26t author = nan title = Poster Session Abstracts date = 2007-08-29 keywords = ASL; ATP; BMI; CFF; CFQ; CFRD; CFTR; Center; Cystic; DHA; FEV1; FVC; Fibrosis; Foundation; GFP; HBE; Hospital; IL-8; Isc; MRSA; Medical; NBD1; NIH; PCR; PKA; Pseudomonas; USA; United; University; airway; cell; conclusion; dna; increase; lung; method; patient; result; study; ∆F508; ∆F508-CFTR summary = Previous studies performed using fluorescence halide efflux measurements and short-circuit current voltage clamp have shown that treatment with PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) agonists, such as pioglitazone and FLL (FMOC-L-leucine), resulted in an increased biosynthesis and trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the cell surface. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Recent progress in the development of small molecule correctors and potentiators capable of restoring CFTR function have increased the need for pre-clinical test models including cultured airway epithelial cells from human CF patients as well as CF mouse models. Clinical studies have linked increased sputum and peripheral blood neutrophil MPO activity with increased airflow obstruction in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of the same age, gender, airway bacterial flora, and CFTR genotype. Because patients expressing low levels of normal CFTR mRNA (5-20%) have mild disease symptoms, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of the ciliated cell-specific FOXJ1 promoter into gene therapy vectors may be useful for treatment of CF. doi = 10.1002/ppul.20700 id = cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author = nan title = Symposium summaries date = 2004-10-18 keywords = ASL; ATP; Bcc; CFLD; CFRD; CFTR; Cystic; Fibrosis; NBD1; PKC; Pseudomonas; airway; care; cell; disease; lung; pain; patient; study summary = • relevant past history • recently recommended home physiotherapy program including inhalation therapy (agents, order and timing), airway clearance therapy (ACT) and physical exercise program and adherence • the possibility of gastroesophageal reflux 5 in relation to physiotherapy • clinical status including subjective and objective measures of the following -amount, color, consistency and ease of expectoration of sputum -oximetry/pulmonary function tests/peak expiratory flow rate -breath sounds on auscultation, respiratory rate and pattern of breathing -exercise tolerance (current activity & incidental exercise/ exercise tolerance tests) -musculo-skeletal problems (posture, pain, muscle tightness/weakness, oedema) -urinary incontinence during coughing and forced expirations Assessment of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) is important to better understand disease and treatment-related factors that impact function and well-being, and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies and methods of drug delivery. doi = 10.1002/ppul.20142 id = cord-023239-06a03o14 author = nan title = II. Topic Sessions date = 2016-06-10 keywords = CFTR; FEV; GWAS; NCPAP; OSAS; PCD; RSV; airway; asthma; child; disease; function; lung; patient; study summary = The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. doi = 10.1002/ppul.23455 id = cord-023288-sqr33y72 author = nan title = Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x id = cord-023303-fxus38mp author = nan title = Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_8.x id = cord-023306-3gdfo6vd author = nan title = TSANZ Oral Abstracts date = 2010-03-01 keywords = Australia; COPD; GSH; IFN; IL-6; Nil; cell; lung; patient summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01735.x id = cord-023308-af5nihyi author = nan title = COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x id = cord-023311-7wqdlha4 author = nan title = Oral Session date = 2010-11-24 keywords = COPD; CPFE; group; lung; patient; pulmonary; result; signifi; study summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01864.x id = cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author = nan title = Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x id = cord-335597-anrzcsrt author = nan title = 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COPD; FEV1; SARS; covid-19; lung; patient; pulmonary; result; vat summary = doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3