cord-000166-36bfeoqv	2010	We construct and analyze a mathematical model for a population in which some people wear facemasks during the pandemic and quantify impact of these masks on the spread of influenza. The results show that if N95 respirators are only 20% effective in reducing susceptibility and infectivity, only 10% of the population would have to wear them to reduce the number of influenza A (H1N1) cases by 20%. With the implementation of N95 respirators Table 3 exhibits a reduction in the cumulative number of cases of almost 200,000, or a 19% decrease, when 10% of the population wears masks and they are 20% effective. With 10% of the population wearing N95 respirators with effectiveness at 20% in reducing both susceptibility and infectivity there is a 19% reduction in the cumulative number of cases. Even at 50% effectiveness in reducing both susceptibility and infectivity and with 50% of the population wearing surgical masks only a 6% reduction in the number of cumulative cases is seen.
cord-017140-k4lzwfge	2018	• Patient with suspected contagious respiratory infection-during transport, examination, treatment, etc.; use a face mask-also on the patient-to protect others and the environment from contamination. Department management is responsible for training, use and control of face masks, respirators and eye protection and that the equipment and written guidelines are available [5] . P3 mask is used by the surgical team and during all sterile procedures: in the case of operative treatment of patients with special types of airborne infection such as tuberculosis, etc., see above. However, surgical masks are not approved as protection against airborne infections: [5, 14, 24, 25] "Harmful microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) or components of microorganisms (e.g. endotoxins) may occur in air, either in dust, smoke or aerosols, or even finer distributed as droplet nuclei where all liquid has dried in. Transmission of microbes via small particles and droplet nuclei from influenza patients is not adequately controlled by the use of surgical mask [50] [51] [52] .
cord-025744-pynqwj5t	2020	Even though wearing a mask may indirectly protect the wearer in that increased mask usage by the general public may reduce overall transmission of COVID-19, Olson''s logic asserts that individuals would instead free ride based on the expectation that other group members would adopt mask usage. Going forward, how likely are you to voluntarily (i.e., without being required to do so) wear a mask or any sort of protective face covering out in public as a preventative measure against COVID-19? When compared with the control group, the collective interest treatment increases the average respondent''s inclination to wear a mask by 0.505 points on the 11-point continuous scale. The results of Model 1 demonstrate that Canadians are more willing to wear masks as a measure to protect others from COVID-19 rather than themselves.
cord-031440-0irbypnt	2020	title: Adaptation for endoscopy of a ventilation mask using a glove finger like a filter: trying to reduce aerosols Adaptation for endoscopy of a ventilation mask using a glove finger like a filter: trying to reduce aerosols Lázaro Arango, MD, FASGE, Claudia Díaz, MD, Fabián Puentes, Andrés Sánchez, MD, Mario Jaramillo We have adapted them using bands with holes that are anchored to the pins (Fig. 2) , thus creating an almost perfect seal with the patient''s face. 2. We place the mask on the patient''s face, making an almost complete seal in which the bands perfectly fit the pins (Fig. 5 ). 4. In the central hole of the ventilation mask, we place the glove finger (Fig. 7) and make a small cut with scissors (Fig. 8) . Use of a new face shield for patients of the endoscopy unit to avoid aerosol exchange in the COVID-19 era New protection barrier for endoscopic procedures in the era of pandemic COVID-19.
cord-034298-9hpkmjvu	2020	Our online study conducted in early June 2020 shows that masculine toughness is consistently related to higher negative feelings and lower positive feelings about mask wearing. Table 1 presents the ordinary least squares (OLS) models for masculine toughness on negative reactions to mask wearing for the full sample and separately for subsamples of men and women. In each model, the effect of masculine toughness is positive and significant; a stronger belief that men should be tough corresponds to greater levels of negativity regarding mask wearing, in line with H 1 . Broadly, we find that men and women who embrace masculine norms of toughness are equally likely to feel negative affective responses toward the idea of wearing masks, even after accounting for other predictors such as partisanship and ideology. Additionally, while toughness predicts positive attitudes toward mask wearing for men and women, the negative effect is larger for men.
cord-035203-dnoc0xcv	2020	Complete decontamination of PLA surfaces from externally applied Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and SARS-CoV-2 was achieved using all disinfectants tested, and human adenovirus was completely inactivated by sodium hypochlorite-containing disinfectant. In the present study, we have investigated FDM 3D-printed PLA structure and porosity after exposure to common chemical disinfectants including ethanol, isopropanol and a commercial disinfectant containing sodium hypochlorite, which are easily accessible. In addition, we examined the efficiency of PLA disinfection after artificial contamination with bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli), a yeast fungus (Candida albicans), viruses (SARS-CoV-2 and human adenovirus -HAdV) or natural contamination by wearing the masks. The effect of immersing in three chemical disinfectants (96% ethanol, 70% isopropanol and the commercial disinfectant and bleach SAVO Original, Unilever ČR s.r.o., Czech Republic containing 0.85% sodium hypochlorite diluted with water (2:9)) was tested by repeated (5 × 15 min) cycles and long-term (24 h) exposure. Effect of ethanol, isopropanol and sodium hypochlorite on disinfection of PLA material contaminated with bacteria, yeast fungus or viruses
cord-048483-umvrwgaw	2008	METHODOLOGY: We assessed transmission reduction potential provided by personal respirators, surgical masks and home-made masks when worn during a variety of activities by healthy volunteers and a simulated patient. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Any type of general mask use is likely to decrease viral exposure and infection risk on a population level, in spite of imperfect fit and imperfect adherence, personal respirators providing most protection. This is different from deployment of masks in the general population during an outbreak of an infectious disease, where anyone may encounter the infectious micro-organism, implying much greater heterogeneity, in training levels (experience and understanding), goodness of fit of a mask, and activities interfering with mask use and thus reducing potential reduction of transmission. Three different experiments were undertaken to assess 1) shortterm protection for different types of masks worn during 10-15 minutes by the same volunteer following a standardized protocol, 2) long-term protection of a specific mask worn continuously by a volunteer for 3 hours during regular activities, and 3) effectiveness of different types of mask in preventing outgoing transmission by a simulated infectious subject.
cord-102315-ncjdsbn4	2020	It is currently believed that these masks and respirators cannot be cleaned with 70 to 75% alcohol-water solutions, as past wet/dry experiments show that filtration efficiency can drop by ~40% after the first such treatment. The mechanism seems to be the removal of water molecules adsorbed on the fiber surfaces, a hypothesis which is supported by two independent observations: (A) the filtering efficiency increases non-linearly with the weight loss during drying, and (B) filtration efficiency shows an abrupt recovery as the vacuum pressure drops from 13 to 6 mBar, the range physically attributable to the removal of adsorbed water. We report here the discovery that decontaminating polypropylene microfiber filters in a 70% v/v solution of ethanol and deionized (DI) water, using standard medical procedures including air drying, does not permanently damage the microfibers as has been suggested 3, 4, 7 . We describe the easily constructed experimental setup that we use for measuring filtration efficiency, present results with 70% v/v ethanol treatment and the effectiveness of vacuum drying on .
cord-104138-qagyaegp	2020	Here we investigated how three face mask types (N95, surgical and cloth) affect acoustic analysis of speech and perceived intelligibility in healthy subjects. We compared speech produced with and without the different masks on acoustic measures of timing, frequency, perturbation and power spectral density. Our data show that face masks change the speech signal, but some specific acoustic features remain largely unaffected (e.g., measures of voice quality) irrespective of mask type. Where the interaction was significant, planned comparisons were made for each 1Khz frequency band to determine differences between masks types compared to no mask. For recordings produced with the tabletop microphone, there was a significant effect of mask type for percentage of pauses (F3,7.87=8.17, p=0.008), and spectral tilt (F3,8.39=15.43, p=0.001) ( Table 1) . We observed significant differences in acoustic power distribution across relevant frequency bands for speech in all three mask conditions compared to no mask.
cord-134278-pe41vebc	2020	However, large-scale monitoring of mask recognition does not only require a well-performing Artificial Intelligence, but also ensure that no privacy issues are introduced, as surveillance is a deterrent for citizens and regulations like General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) demand strict regulations of such personal data. In this work, we show how a privacy-preserving mask recognition artifact could look like, demonstrate different options for implementation and evaluate performances. While this solution entails many upsides, e.g., scalability and automation capabilities, it needs to be in-line with the privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and it needs to be understood by citizens to trust and accept the approach: The protection of personal data, e.g., video streams revealing individuals'' faces, is regionally required by legal regulations, such as the GDPR in the European Union [5] 1 .
cord-148354-3nl3js2x	2020	We simulate the aerodynamic flow through the mask and the spatial spread of droplet ejecta resulting from respiratory events such as coughing or sneezing. We present the viral load in the air and deposited around the person, and show that wearing even a simple cloth mask substantially decreases the extent of spatial spread of virus particles when an infected person coughs or sneezes. 30 Here, we employ Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to address the influence of homemade face masks on the turbulent clouds that result due to sneezing events, and on the lateral extent of spread of ejecta. When an infected person not wearing a mask sneezes or coughs, virus particles in the large droplets rapidly drop to the floor. Our simulation results conclusively demonstrate that wearing even just a simple cotton mask has a dramatic influence on the air flow and spread of ejecta after a respiratory event.
cord-158415-qwxyuuz7	2020	Our system consists of a dual-stage Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture capable of detecting masked and unmasked faces and can be integrated with pre-installed CCTV cameras. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) (LeCun et al., 1998 ) is a key aspect in modern Computer Vision tasks like pattern object detection, image classification, pattern recognition tasks, etc. Multiple algorithms based on Regional Proposal Network like Fast RCNN (Girshick, 2015) and Faster RCNN (Ren et al., 2015) have achieved higher accuracy and better results than most single stage detectors. The detected faces (regions of interest) extracted from this stage are then batched together and passed to the second stage of our architecture, which is a CNN based Face Mask Classifier. The output of this stage is an image (or video frame) with localized faces, classified as masked or unmasked.
cord-171219-jkoegawm	2020	We present and discuss both the pressure drop and the particle transmission as a function of flow to permit comparison of relative protection for a set of proposed filter and mask designs. Controlled flow of aerosolized air propagates from the IP chamber to the CE chamber and enters the MP chamber through either (a) a mask-donning dummy head or (b) a clamped-material tester depending on the state of two ball valves (Figure 2c ). The chambers are connected sequentially IP-CE-MP with gas flow fittings and feature calibrated sensors capable of measuring flow rate, pressure drops, and aerosol particle distribution in different size ranges. Aerosol particle distributions are measured before and after the mask or the filter material and the experiment is repeated with an open system and a control high-performance mask (3M-1860 N95 standard) for comparison.
cord-225145-m5udub60	2020	We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. To validate these theoretical models, we compare their predictions against a new empirical data set we have collected that includes whether regions have universal masking cultures or policies, their daily case growth rates, and their percentage reduction from peak daily case growth rates.
cord-253786-dvh2wnwj	2020	title: Comment on: Frequency of face touching with and without a mask in pediatric hematology/oncology health care professionals: For application to the COVID‐19 pandemic Comment on: Frequency of face touching with and without a mask in pediatric hematology/oncology health care professionals: For application to the COVID-19 pandemic 2 It took place in health care professionals (HCP), who would have had access to and use of masks throughout training and practice. 4 There is no evidence that decreased face touches while wearing masks can be applied to public populations. Further studies should be completed, allowing for more personFurther to this, public health campaigns regarding correct mask protocol and avoiding face touching can be evaluated for efficacy; this could involve randomising groups to receive training and then observing mask use. Frequency of face touching with and without a mask in pediatric hematology/oncology health care professionals.
cord-253827-5vodag6c	2020	We estimate the impact of mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada, including regulations on businesses and gatherings, school closures, travel and self-isolation, and long-term care homes. 2 Counterfactual policy simulations using our empirical estimates suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced weekly new cases in Canada by 25 to 40% on average by mid-August relative to the actually observed numbers, which translates into 700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week. Our results on business/gathering regulations and school closure suggest that reduced restrictions and the associated increase in business or workplace activity and gatherings or school re-opening can offset, in whole or in part, the estimated effect of mask mandates on case growth, both in our sample and subsequently. CKS (2020), whose estimation strategy we follow, exploit U.S. state-level variation in the timing of mask mandates for employees in public-facing businesses, and find that these mandates are associated with 9 to 10 percentage points reduction in the weekly growth rate of cases.
cord-254861-lpzx878m	2020	To the Editor W e read the recent article titled, "Utility of Substandard Facemask Options for Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic" by Abd-Elsayed and Karru 1 with great interest. The respirator is comprised of an anesthesia mask, inline ventilator filter, or high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and elastic straps ( Figure A) . 3 Also, a case report from Singapore demonstrated 41 health care workers (HCWs) who came in contact with COVID-19 patients during aerosolizing procedures. Alternatively, the authors of this letter used 2 tourniquets fashioned together instead of rubber bands to create a better seal ( Figure C) . After using this technique and performing a user seal An Interim Solution to the Decreased Availability of Respirators Against COVID-19 Figure. Solutions to the shortage of N95 respirators are crucial for protecting health care workers from contracting the virus and becoming a vector of transmission to others. Utility of substandard face mask options for health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic
cord-255062-7ozdmb09	2020	This article highlights the likely benefits of face mask containers in promoting safe, appropriate, and extended use of medical masks by healthcare workers in settings where a sustainable supply of medical masks may be limited. However, if medical masks are to be worn continuously by healthcare workers for up to 8 hours or more every working day, then there should be provision to temporarily and safely store them for extended use during the day, especially when they are not visibly soiled, wet, damp, or damaged. In the wake of global supply shortages, 7 appropriately designed face mask containers could be useful in promoting safe extended use of medical masks, especially in resourcelimited healthcare settings. With the growing call for universal masking as a key costeffective strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, it is my view that the benefits of face mask containers in promoting appropriate use of masks and enabling extended and safe use far outweigh the risks.
cord-257519-mug5g92f	2020	Results: The data obtained reveal that the dosage received inside the manufactured UVGI-irradiator depends not only on the distance between the luminaires plane and the base of the respirators but also on the orientation and shape of the masks. The data obtained reveal that the dosage received inside the manufactured UVGI-irradiator depends not only on the distance between the luminaires plane and the base of the respirators but also, on the orientation and shape of the masks. In this case, the exposure time should be calculated in order to warrant the dosage in the inner part of the FFRs. Some simulations were also made in order to find the shadows and areas with less irradiance inside the box. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20057224 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 4 : left) Representation of the experimental data obtained in the disinfection box; Right) simulated light distribution maps in pseudocolor maps inside the UVGI irradiator.
cord-257997-btj4ckkz	2012	The masks protection performance against viral aerosol and face fit factor was determined in order to evaluate the protection efficiency of different level protection mask. Face fit factor of 150 Fig. 1 Rig for testing filtration efficiency of respiratory protection equipments against viral aerosol Aerobiologia (2013) 29:365-372 367 means that the air inside the mask is 150 times as clean as the air outside the mask. If do not consider the face fit factor, both the surgical mask and N95 or N99 mask had good protection efficiency against viral aerosol in our study. The surgical masks and N95 or N99 mask used in this study were sealed to the face of the manikin, so their efficiency determined during viral aerosol protection experiments is defined as the efficiency of the filter material. Though the efficiency of the filter material of tested masks against viral aerosol was all [95 %, the protection factors determined by TSI8020 and N95 components were different greatly.
cord-258846-v6aaflzc	2020	In developing countries such as Thailand, Japan, Mexico, Vietnam, and South Africa, where surgical and N95 masks have been reserved for health care providers or are scarce, the main alternative for the general public seems to be the use of nonmedical reusable masks made up of fabric or cloth. Considering that plastic pollution in the marine environment is a global issue, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic-induced changes, an increasing number of research papers have raised concerns about plastic waste management and the improper disposal of PPE (Sharma et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020) . As textiles have become an important source of microplastics, arguably, it is important to consider including reusable masks in microplastic research to address questions concerning its contribution to microfiber generation during machineand hand-laundering. Covid-19 face masks: a potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment
cord-258859-iaiosjlu	2020	In the context of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) cases globally, there is a lack of consensus across cultures on whether wearing face masks is an effective physical intervention against disease transmission. This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context. The mask is generally used 278 by general public, while the respirator or a filtering face piece, which is designed to 279 protect the wearer from exposure to airborne contaminants, is mainly used by health care 280 workers especially during AGP (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 281 2020).
cord-260429-5wsj003j	2020	title: Widespread use of face masks in public may slow the spread of SARS CoV-2: an ecological study Individual level studies have found that the use of face masks was protective for the acquisition and transmission of a range of respiratory viruses including SARS CoV1. Methods At a country level, linear regression was used to assess the association between COVID19 diagnoses per inhabitant and the national promotion of face masks in public (coded as a binary variable), controlling for the age of the COVID19 epidemic and testing intensity. Conclusion Whilst these results are susceptible to residual confounding, they do provide ecological level support to the individual level studies that found face mask usage to reduce the transmission and acquisition of respiratory viral infections. /2020 In this ecological study we found that countries that promoted widespread face mask 185 usage had lower cumulative numbers of COVID-19 diagnosed after controlling for 186 testing intensity and age of the epidemic.
cord-261580-zghq7mcg	2020	This work reports the design and fabrication steps of a simple cloth face mask, which may be considered as a last resort for those wishing to have some protection and protect others from aerosol and droplet spread. Van de Sande has suggested the deployment of masks in the general population during an outbreak of an infectious disease, where anyone may encounter the infectious micro-organism, implying much greater heterogeneity, Fig. 1 The pattern for the home made mask in training levels (experience and understanding), goodness of fit of a mask and activities interfering with mask use and thus reducing potential reduction of transmission [5] . In its current guidance to optimise use of face masks during the pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identifies three levels of operational status: conventional, contingency and crisis [13] . The cloth face mask is simple, cheap and made from materials that are globally available.
cord-262200-2enorlii	2020	authors: nan For healthcare workers, the choice of mask may vary depending on whether they are in contact with patients presumed to be healthy, suspect or affected by COVID-19, and according to the type of care [1] . In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, three types of masks are available to healthcare workers: • surgical masks, also known as masks for medical use or anti-projection masks ( the National Academy of Surgery, May 23, 2020. These rules must apply even in the non-COVID sector, as any patient is a potential carrier of the coronavirus, • an FFP2 mask without protection valve during acts exposing to fine particle aerosols or viruses (ENT examination, nasal sampling, intubation/extubation, bronchial fibroscopy, dental care, respiratory physiotherapy. The creation of abacuses from the morphological parameters of the face could help in the choice of a personalized mask; • to use over-gowns, gloves and goggles in addition to the FFP2 mask in certain circumstances, as SARS-CoV-2 contamination may pass through other entry points than the respiratory tract.
cord-262920-yjsl6kck	2020	With the intent of evaluating filtration efficiency without purporting to replicate NIOSH equivalency, the methods designed in this study are aimed at testing masks with relevant, reproducible aerosol distributions at face velocities appropriate for human respiration. and for the purposes of this study was further substantiated by measuring across a series of dilution factors (with and without mask material in place) to gain multi-point measurements across a range of test aerosol concentrations at a given face velocity (see Section S4 and Fig. S6 ). We also evaluated a rapid screening approach with the understanding that initial screening of large inventories is necessary to determine which masks/respirators warrant further testing and also that some communities and facilities may be constrained in terms of available instrumentation for aerosol measurement and flow control. The methods presented here rely upon regular comparisons to NIOSH N95 benchmark masks, as absolute filtration efficiencies will vary with changes in flow rates and aerosol sizes measured (e.g., Fig. 5 ).
cord-266123-q75f12vh	2020	Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation *Correspondence: lmh.roger@msa.hinet.net † Wang Jong Yi and Lin Ming Hung contributed equally to this work 1 Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pintung 90741, Taiwan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article enhance the distribution-related outcomes of scarce public health management resources to target populations and communities. Given their proven performance record as being a reliable resource for helping to implement public health promotion initiatives by the Taiwanese government, community pharmacies were enlisted to assist in the distribution of face masks to citizens across the country. The community pharmacy-based approach to the distribution and sale of prevention face masks to citizens for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a new and innovative engagement of pharmacists in contributing to the efficient, reliable, equitable, and costeffective implementation of public health promotion and protection initiatives by the government.
cord-266173-gmz6oxf6	2020	
cord-266377-3krv9ekb	2020	In our survey, we examined six possible psychological reasons for wearing masks: three involved individuals'' perception of the severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing the infection risks both for themselves and for others; the remaining three involved other psychological driving forces. By contrast, frequency of mask usage depended much less on the participants'' perceived severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing infection risk both for themselves and for others. Even though the expectation of risk reduction (personal or collective) explained only small portion of mask usage, motivations superficially irrelevant to disease mitigation strongly promoted mask-wearing behavior; conformity to the social norm was the most prominent driving force for wearing masks. Despite these limitations, this study has empirically revealed that the expectation of risk reduction does not greatly promote mask-wearing countermeasures against COVID-19, suggesting that the nudge approach (i.e., taking advantage of people''s conformity) may be more promising.
cord-266814-0l78gpg3	2020	
cord-267699-h7ftu3ax	2020	title: A RAPID SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFICACY OF FACE MASKS AND RESPIRATORS AGAINST CORONAVIRUSES AND OTHER RESPIRATORY TRANSMISSIBLE VIRUSES FOR THE COMMUNITY, HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND SICK PATIENTS METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials on use of respiratory protection by healthcare workers, sick patients and community members was conducted. A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials on use of respiratory protection by healthcare workers, sick patients and community members was conducted. The aim of this study was to review the randomised controlled trials evidence for use of masks and respirators by the community, health care workers and sick patients for prevention of infection. (17) We conducted a randomised controlled trial comparing the targeted strategy tested in the two North American studies, with the wearing of respiratory protection during an entire shift, and showed efficacy for continual (but not targeted) use of a respirator (19) .
cord-269568-vwkawh6x	2020	
cord-269665-byuv48wi	2011	
cord-270766-rasjpg8v	2020	In this article, we aim to give an idea on how to save the number of face masks used but still provides the same protective values using a Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) mask and a common surgical facemask. In this article, we aim to give an idea on how to save the number of face masks used Arch Med Res E20_298 2 but still provides the same protective values using a Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) mask and a common surgical facemask. Because of the above reasons, this commentary aims to provide a novel idea on how to combine the use of a reusable CPR mask and a piece of the surgical face mask to limit the amount of face mask uses but still have the same protective value. By proving that the CPR mask is totally sealed with the isolation examination experiment, the filter is 100% provided by the surgical facemask thus giving the exact same protection value.
cord-271822-ohkki0ke	2020	We use qualitative visualizations of emulated coughs and sneezes to examine how materialand design-choices impact the extent to which droplet-laden respiratory jets are blocked. We outline the procedure for setting up simple visualization experiments using easily available materials, which may help healthcare professionals, medical researchers, and manufacturers in assessing the effectiveness of face masks and other personal protective equipment qualitatively. 7 The rationale behind the recommendation for using masks or other face coverings is to reduce the risk of cross-infection via the transmission of respiratory droplets from infected to healthy individuals. 8, 9 The pathogen responsible for COVID-19 is found primarily in respiratory droplets that are expelled by infected individuals during coughing, sneezing, or even talking and breathing. Various studies have investigated the effectiveness of medical-grade face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) in reducing the possibility of cross-infection via these droplets.
cord-273565-0en2sl3q	2020	
cord-274201-9qsqj91d	2020	
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cord-275693-ej76fsxa	2020	
cord-280220-q4aqkr0w	2020	
cord-282879-28nhr1hv	2020	
cord-283555-pgel6i3y	2020	► There is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community, which should drive urgent public health policy while we await the results of further research. 1 There is limited clinical evidence that wearing a disposable face mask, enhancing hand hygiene practice or social distancing can reduce transmission of respiratory viral infections in the community, 2 3 although there is mechanistic basis for these measures to work. I aim to provide further clarification of the evidence and ethics on this issue (which can provide grounds alternative and/or supplementary to the precautionary principle applied by Greenhalgh et al) and make a plea to the World Health Organisation (WHO) and policy makers to reformulate current recommendations with a view to enhancing the practice of wearing a face mask in the community. While social distancing and hand washing form the main recommendations, there is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community.
cord-284484-oak1lfmi	2019	
cord-284925-vy2li9lz	2020	We also endeavor to answer the key frequently asked questions in areas of the coronaviruses, COVID-19, disease transmission, personal protection, mask selection, and special measures in ophthalmic practices. Ophthalmologists are at risk of COVID-19 infection, since routine ophthalmic examinations are usually performed in a setting with close doctor-patient contact. We have also shared the precautions and strategies that we have implemented in our ophthalmic practice, based on our previous and current successful experiences in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the current COVID-19 outbreaks in Hong Kong. For healthcare workers, surgical masks should be worn when performing sterile procedures, or as general protection against droplets infections. The close proximity of patients and doctors during eye examination, the presence of tears and liquids for anesthesia and dilation, or the potential aerosol or droplets from "air puff" tonometry, all pose a high risk for infective transmission. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings
cord-285425-3v1bid02	2017	OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the efficacy of medical masks and respirators in protecting against respiratory infections using pooled data from two homogenous randomised control clinical trials (RCTs). There is currently a lack of consensus around the efficacy of medical masks and respirators for healthcare workers (HCWs) against influenza, with only five published randomised control trials (RCTs) in HCWs conducted to date. 3, 4 Finally, a recent study examined the efficacy of cloth masks compared to medical mask and control groups, and found that cloth masks may increase the risk of infection in HCWs. 5 Guidelines for respiratory protection have been driven by presumed transmission mode alone, and under an assumption that influenza and other pathogens are spread by one mode alone. A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit-tested and non-fit-tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers.
cord-288354-7ruoysxu	2020	We argue that the current results can be broadly framed in the COM-B model (Michie et al., 2011) , but future researchers should also apply more specific theories (Arden & Chilcot, 2020; Bish & Michie, 2010; Teasdale et al., 2012) to develop interventions and encourage face mask wearing via perceptual change. The FMPS can encourage researchers to integrate face mask wearing with studies on protective behavioursespecially those focusing on the importance of perceptions as done in the current article. Such findings can provide an approach to study face mask wearing, wherein the eight dimensions identified in the current article can be incorporated into associated frameworks and the FMPS can be used as an indicator of intervention effectiveness. To ensure that an adequate scope of face mask perceptions was assessed in the FMPS while being reasonably concise, we developed items for categories with more than a 10% frequency in participants'' qualitative responses for either personal or public perceptions.
cord-288483-y9fyslgo	2020	
cord-288569-sitxa2ul	2020	1 There are currently many types of masks/respirators available, ranging from simple surgical masks designed to protect wearers from microorganism transmission and fit loosely to the user''s face, through N95 masks used to prevent users from inhaling small airborne particles. Surgical masks are designed to protect against droplets or particles with a diameter of >100 μm, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is essentially spherical, albeit slightly pleomorphic, with a diameter of 60-140 nm and 100 times smaller than the pore diameter. Long et al 5 conclude in their meta-analysis that the use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not associated with a lower risk of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Wang et al 1 indicated that 10 of 213 medical professionals with no mask were infected by COVID-19 as compared with 0 of 278 wearing N95 respirators. 6 To conclude, the use of protective masks can and should be the first protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission to medical personnel.
cord-289521-zun6tp2o	2020	
cord-291392-19vj647z	2020	
cord-292173-95t89yee	2020	
cord-292201-e7k7gn9q	2020	
cord-292587-hp4zd8lr	2017	We expect that the development of technologies that overcome the existing challenges in current respiratory protective devices will lead to a timely and effective response to the next outbreak. We expect that the development of technologies that overcome the existing challenges in current respiratory protective devices will lead to a timely and effective response to the next outbreak. While effective management and availability of control measures are crucial to an outbreak response, the pathogens [ 1 1 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] (virus/bacteria/ fungi) captured on filters are an intrinsic concern because of fear of cross-infection, new aerosol release, and contaminated waste. Hence, production of a filter that inactivates the collected pathogens would bring key improvements to current surgical masks and respirators, resulting in increased protection, reduced risk of cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection, and recyclability without decontamination ( Figure 1 ).
cord-295806-imuk73xa	2020	
cord-296216-odzm7lml	2020	Here we adapt and evaluate a full-face snorkel mask for use as personal protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers, who lack appropriate alternatives during the COVID-19 crisis in the spring of 2020. The modified flow path for use as PPE (general hospital usage), is very similar to the stock configuration of the mask: all inhale breath is directed through the filter, and the majority of exhale air is directed through the chin valve. 24.20078907 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 5 A qualitative fit test was performed by the standard University of Utah Operating Room team using the same protocol suggested by CDC and NIOSH on elastomeric respirators and N95 masks. The successful results for the fit test with the different individuals used in this study indicate that the Dolphino and Decathlon masks both form acceptable seals, showing also that the custom adapter and the chin valve do not generate significant leaks.
cord-297295-lsewt5t2	2020	
cord-298227-av1ev8ta	2020	Many governments have instructed the population to wear simple mouth-and-nose covers or surgical face masks to protect themselves from droplet infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in public. First of all, we show that the masks protect people in the surrounding area quite well, since the flow resistance of the face masks effectively prevents the spread of exhaled air, e.g. when breathing, speaking, singing, coughing and sneezing. Thirdly, we show that even simple mouth-and-nose covers made of good filter material cannot reliably protect against droplet infection in contaminated ambient air, since most of the air flows through gaps at the edge of the masks. However, if the distance rules cannot be observed and the risk of inhalation-based infection becomes high because many people in the vicinity are infectious and the air exchange rate is small, improved filtration efficiency masks are needed, to take full advantage of the three fundamental protective mechanisms these masks provide.
cord-298433-tev33cjh	2006	
cord-298793-9vq3bogn	2013	
cord-301063-kqlra788	2020	
cord-301723-zz24wmv7	2020	
cord-303034-w72oeoxq	2020	To understand the demographics of mask wearers and resistors, and the impact of mandates on mask-wearing behavior, we observed shoppers (n = 9935) entering retail stores during periods of June, July, and August 2020. Wearing a mask in public is currently a controversial and politicized issue in the United States, even with case evidence from other countries that face coverings help to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . To facilitate greater understanding and reliable experimental data on whether gender, age, location, and the presence of mask mandates influence mask wearing in the United States, we conducted a direct observational study at retail stores in Wisconsin. It is not surprising that our June data showed that older individuals wear masks more than middle-age and young people because older adults are at higher risk for more severe cases of COVID-19.
cord-304170-cmeiqvnp	2020	authors: van Straten, B.; de Man, P.; van den Dobbelsteen, J.; Koeleman, H.; van der Eijk, A.; Horeman, T. title: Sterilization of disposable face masks by means of standardized dry and steam sterilization processes; an alternative in the fight against mask shortages due to COVID-19 In preparation for that scarcity we performed a study to investigate the possibility of reprocessing disposable FFP2 face masks in order to verify their re-usability with a method that could be applied in practice using already available equipment. The results of our experiences and experiments indicate that our sterilization process did not influence the functionality of the masks tested. The sterilization process of available standard autoclaves in hospitals may have to be adjusted in order to use this sterilization method. However, our method seems to be a potentially useful way to reuse mouth masks; other hospitals facing a shortage of masks may wish to test and validate this approach to reusing masks.
cord-304941-yg4x7c8n	2020	
cord-305066-g042y51w	2020	
cord-305282-x2zzzw43	2020	This investigation found that dry heat and UVC irradiance could effectively disinfect the mask material without creating significant damage to surgical mask. Methods of disinfection studied include 100 ℃ dry heat, steaming, boiling, autoclave, 75% and 95% ethanol, UVC irradiance and household detergent. In assessing the destructive level of different disinfection treatments to surgical masks, filtration efficiency and fluid repellency were the parameters being focused in this study. Bead-like droplets were observed in all the samples treated with non-fluid disinfection methods, such as dry heat and UVC irradiation. For the samples underwent other disinfection treatments, the fluid-repelling layers were concluded to be damaged as the water droplets on the mask surface could not retain bead shape. Except household detergent water, all disinfection methods were effective in eliminating S.aureus in the mask material. Non-fluid contacting disinfection methods such as UVC irradiation and dry heat retained the highest performance regarding filtration efficiency, structural consistence and surface hydrophobicity even after three cycles of treatments.
cord-305419-l68ewxar	2020	
cord-305867-i7wdwjph	2020	
cord-306244-8gjng3o9	2020	
cord-307167-mj2vrxdj	2020	
cord-308638-lrgvwjti	2020	
cord-308857-otsrexqu	2020	
cord-309575-7orflz20	2020	Indeed, this point was summarized well by Craig Jelinek, President and CEO of Costco, who stated, "This is not simply a matter of personal choice; a face covering protects not just the wearer, but others too… and our employees are on the front lines." 9 Similar to smoking inside retail shops, restaurants, or public transportation, today''s mask-less patron impedes workers'' rights to safe and healthy occupational environments in addition to posing risks to other patrons. Although a mask refuser or smoker might argue that other patrons could simply frequent mask-wearing/smoke-free establishments, or even not go out at all, such logic neglects workplace rights and risks to workers'' health. Although smoke-free policies are not universal in restaurants and bars (contested locations for mask wearing as well), existing smoking bans offer a clear precedent-a precedent wherein worker''s rights to a healthy work environment ultimately take precedence over patrons'' preferences.
cord-310948-nt378esz	2020	
cord-311795-kvv3fx2n	2019	
cord-314216-xx5xbjqu	2020	
cord-314422-u2elzgl8	2020	
cord-316126-j51dik7f	2020	title: SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been intense debate over SARS-CoV-2''s mode of transmission and appropriate personal protective equipment for health care workers in low-risk settings. This review attempts to summarize current cumulative data on SARS-CoV-2''s modes of transmission and identify gaps in research while offering preliminary answers to the question on everyone''s mind: is the airborne route significant and should we modify our COVID-19 PPE recommendations for frontline workers in low-risk settings? Given that substantial disagreement persists on the importance of natural aerosol generation by COVID-19 patients, and consequently, the necessary level of respiratory protection in non-AGP contexts, our review will focus on transmission and PPE in low-risk health care settings.
cord-316266-6m9g3bdr	2020	
cord-317047-86rb6hov	2020	
cord-317915-0javg3m8	2020	
cord-318660-47dqa1dd	2020	
cord-318835-sd9hbocg	2020	
cord-321847-4a6eb4mr	2020	
cord-322521-by0e6h7s	2020	We developed a solution for immediate use: a mask adaptor, outfitted with a quarter section of an N95 respirator that maintains the N95 seal standard, thereby quadrupling the N95 supply. Filter efficacy was quantitatively evaluated using a computerized N95 fit test machine (PortaCount Respirator Fit Tester, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA) that measures the concentration of particles leaking into the mask, either through the filter itself or through gaps around the mask components and in the face seal. To validate that it is possible to maintain the N95 filter efficacy standard with our novel mask adaptor, the final prototype was tested on six individuals using the PortaCount computerized N95 fit test machine. Filter efficacy of the mask was quantitatively evaluated using a computerized N95 fit test machine, confirming the use of this mask adaptor design as a valid means of extending the mask supply while maintaining the N95 standard.
cord-322923-zxraxgl1	2020	
cord-324444-t697xw4y	2020	
cord-324585-2rx84imv	2020	
cord-326039-pnf2xjox	2009	
cord-326519-1r3jdffu	2020	
cord-326565-s62inw07	2020	
cord-329945-p5hljkkm	2020	States mainly adopt the method of social distance between people to reach 6 feet to prevent infection, but for the COVID-19 pandemic, it may not be effective as we supposed. First of all, the disease is highly contagious, and whether a virus with a reproduction number of more than 2 can achieve true isolation through the so-called social distance by feet is a matter of probability rather than mathematics. A recent MIT study published in JAMA found that social distance requires 27 feet to be guaranteed not to be infected, which is not operational in real life 3 . In addition, there are a large number of asymptomatic infections in this outbreak. In fact, in high-risk areas with a large number of patients, without sufficient testing to confirm clean, everyone can only be seen as potential infected, including themselves. In fact, there have been cases of concentrated infection by a large number of people in confined spaces 6 .
cord-332512-28utunid	2020	Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths. Moreover, mask use decreases the effective transmission rate in nearly linear proportion to the product of mask effectiveness (as a fraction of potentially infectious contacts blocked) and coverage rate (as a fraction of the general population), while the impact on epidemiologic outcomes (death, hospitalizations) is highly nonlinear, indicating masks could synergize with other non-pharmaceutical measures. In summary, the benefit to routine face mask use by the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain, but our initial mathematical modeling work suggests a possible strong potential benefit to near universal adoption of even weakly effective homemade masks that may synergize with, not replace, other control and mitigation measures.
cord-332532-419wnq7x	2020	
cord-332577-2z5pchyq	2020	
cord-333379-wtdhdcjz	2020	
cord-334166-vll4s0xq	2020	
cord-337372-y43prnko	2011	A limited effort was made to identify additional studies: reference lists of review articles were examined; the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control''s (ECDC) Antimicrobial Resistance and Health Care Associated Infection Programme was consulted; and MEC''s and AN''s hardcopy literature files were hand-searched. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Two of these studies compared N95 respirators (designed to seal tightly to the wearer''s face and filter out very small particles or aerosols that may contain viruses) and surgical masks (used to block large droplets from coming into contact with the wearer''s mouth or nose) amongst healthcare workers; one trial found a lower rate of clinical respiratory illness associated with the use of non-fit-tested N95 respirators compared with medical masks, 6 whilst a non-inferiority trial found that masks and respirators offered similar protection to nurses against laboratory-confirmed influenza infection.
cord-341695-9l2lmzyr	2020	Both the filtration efficiencies and electrostatic potential of the cotton mask had no change after 5 times of common hand disinfection ( Figure 2 and is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20223982 doi: medRxiv preprint For a type of selected surgical masks (brand 1), the average electrostatic potential decreased as the number of common hand disinfection increased (Figure 3a) . The electrostatic potential of all tested N95 respirators had no statistically significant difference after common hand disinfection up to 10 times, which indicated that using alcohol-based is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20223982 doi: medRxiv preprint filtration efficiencies of the surgical masks decreased as the number of common hand disinfection increased (Figure 3b ).
cord-342357-g8m57t67	2020	SARS-CoV-2 has become a pandemic disease declared by the World Health Organization, consequently each nation has taken a series of actions managed by the government in order to prevent the spread of this dangerous virus. Those masks are medical devices that should be handled properly; unfortunately in our study, observation of the population during the so-called "phase 2" has very often shown an inappropriate use of any type of mask which reduces its effectiveness. The data collected show important results that indicate how citizens'' behavior may not be perfectly correct; the use of a medical device, such as a mask, which has an extremely important role in preventing the spread of infections in the air, must comply with very precise principles. Public health measures to control the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome during the outbreak in Toronto
cord-342666-7el8o6qq	2020	
cord-343535-r8rsbfs3	2020	This is the first study that has endeavoured to explore the design and fabrication of an antiviral face mask using licorice root extract, which has antimicrobial properties due to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhizin (GL). Theoretical estimation signifies that an 85 L/min rate of airflow through the face mask is possible which ensures good breathability over an extensive range of pressure drops and pore sizes. Finally, it can be concluded that licorice root membrane may be used to produce a biobased face mask to control COVID-19 spread. No study on the development of biobased face masks using licorice root membrane was found in the literature. In this paper, we have proposed the potential of the licorice root membrane as a nanofiber that can be used in the production of a face mask.
cord-345883-ncot7tvn	2018	Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as conceptual framework, this study explores the role of socio-cognitive factors that affect the decision of wearing a pollution mask in the context of young educated people. To conduct the empirical investigation, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was applied to determine the role that socio-cognitive factors play on the decision of wearing a pollution mask among a sample of Chinese students. Previous research had proven the validity of the theory-based psychological models in explaining the intention to take preventive measure for limiting the health effects of air pollution [18, 19] . Attitude, social norm, self-efficacy, and past behaviour were all positively related to the intention of wearing a pollution mask and also highly significant (specifically, β A = 0.23, p < 0.01, β SN = 0.37, p < 0.01, β SN = 0.32, p < 0.01, β PB = 0.12, p < 0.01).
cord-347390-xz5a99cr	2020	With the emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it is essential that face masks demonstrating significant anti-droplet and hydrophobic characteristics are developed and distributed. In this study, a commercial compressed-polyurethane (C-PU) mask was modified by applying a hydrophobic and anti-droplet coating using a silica sol, which was formed by the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) under alkaline conditions and hydrolyzed hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) to achieve hydrophobization. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 The methodology for fabricating a stable hydrophobic coating on a mask surface utilizing silica 202 sol as well as HDTMS is discussed in materials and methods section and summarized in 203 Scheme 1.
cord-351506-ubaoxxg0	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Mask‐wearing in the wake of COVID‐19 brings new challenges to our ability to communicate and perceive emotion through full facial expression, our most effective and universally shared form of communication, and BTX may offer a positive solution to decrease negative emotions and promote well‐being for both the mask‐wearer and all who come in contact with that individual. 5 With these restrictions now being slowly lifted, patients are once again receiving this most common and valued aesthetic procedure for its desired effect of facial muscle paralysis to diminish or eliminate unwanted frown lines and "crow''s feet." 6 Today however, these effects are now complemented by a mask that hides the lower half of the face, interfering with emotional processing and our ability to interpret each other''s emotions through facial expression.
cord-354111-rj6te7fz	2020	The World Health Organization''s director general, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said that, as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, demand for personal protective equipment was 100 times higher than average, and prices had risen to 20 times higher resulting in global stocks of masks and respirators being insufficient to meet supply (Boseley, 2020) . Authors of a recent systematic review of ten randomized control trials found limited evidence for face mask effectiveness in preventing influenza virus transmission either when worn by the infected person to avoid transmission or when worn by uninfected people to reduce exposure (Xiao et al., 2020) Summing up evidence Pawlowski (2020) notes that surgical masks are designed for surgeons to wear to prevent the transmission of pathogens from their nose and mouth to the surgical field; they are not intended to avoid viruses being inhaled through the mask.
cord-354127-sb8tovy2	2020	title: Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding the use of cloth face coverings, by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, during the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. Considering the scarcity of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), the SBN recommends that all asymptomatic chronic renal patients, as well as the general population, should wear protection masks, based on recommendations from the Ministry of Health (MH), through Informative Note 3/2020-CGGAP/DESF/ SAPS/MS1.