Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 107 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106 mask 26 N95 14 COVID-19 11 face 10 SARS 7 PPE 6 droplet 5 respirator 3 respiratory 3 particle 3 figure 3 covid-19 2 study 2 protection 2 infection 2 efficiency 2 cloth 2 Fig 2 CoV-2 1 worker 1 wear 1 water 1 virus 1 trial 1 transmission 1 toughness 1 temperature 1 surgical 1 surface 1 state 1 stage 1 skin 1 sample 1 real 1 public 1 protective 1 privacy 1 pollution 1 patient 1 option 1 material 1 masking 1 mandate 1 international 1 human 1 health 1 headache 1 group 1 flow 1 filter Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 7301 mask 1671 face 1382 % 1353 use 1290 study 1012 respirator 924 particle 922 infection 795 transmission 791 case 783 patient 773 virus 754 protection 744 droplet 678 health 673 pandemic 621 risk 614 aerosol 586 time 538 influenza 515 worker 511 result 502 filtration 500 air 496 effect 480 author 471 rate 470 healthcare 467 disease 456 datum 454 care 451 model 448 review 442 efficiency 435 material 424 size 417 control 416 preprint 404 test 398 filter 388 factor 381 number 370 flow 368 analysis 367 cloth 365 hand 362 coronavirus 352 figure 342 people 334 individual Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 939 N95 759 COVID-19 674 SARS 450 al 404 CoV-2 388 et 383 PPE 311 Health 274 . 166 Table 160 China 157 Fig 146 April 131 • 128 Coronavirus 115 PLA 114 H1N1 113 Disease 102 Control 97 CC 96 BY 94 ND 93 sha 93 World 92 medRxiv 91 CDC 89 Prevention 87 DOI 83 NC 82 HCWs 81 Figure 80 Organization 78 Mask 76 NIOSH 75 United 68 States 66 Use 64 US 64 M 64 Care 64 Canada 63 Wuhan 62 New 61 June 60 March 60 Aerosol 58 National 58 Influenza 58 Face 57 Pandemic Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1347 we 1052 it 504 they 163 them 131 i 75 you 68 themselves 46 us 30 one 29 he 19 itself 12 she 8 yourself 7 oneself 6 me 3 ours 3 him 2 ourselves 2 himself 2 herself 2 em 2 covid-19 1 myself 1 infection 1 her 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 11783 be 2047 have 1528 use 1255 wear 642 do 574 show 540 include 492 reduce 453 make 404 provide 388 base 366 compare 358 report 345 prevent 330 protect 318 find 315 test 275 suggest 274 increase 268 perform 261 allow 255 give 249 require 245 recommend 242 follow 233 filter 228 consider 223 associate 218 take 215 measure 202 see 202 display 197 need 196 control 187 observe 180 remain 179 evaluate 173 grant 169 cause 160 infect 157 conduct 157 apply 156 determine 156 certify 154 confirm 152 identify 150 result 149 lead 147 relate 147 develop Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1653 not 956 respiratory 852 surgical 642 other 639 also 636 high 590 such 545 more 545 - 489 medical 440 well 436 protective 433 however 427 only 400 available 380 different 355 low 344 public 329 large 329 effective 320 significant 312 most 307 infectious 288 clinical 283 small 278 as 270 non 268 fit 265 facial 264 viral 263 airborne 254 many 252 personal 250 even 239 first 237 social 234 general 227 covid-19 226 therefore 209 long 192 same 192 important 190 new 189 human 184 current 179 possible 176 less 175 acute 172 then 171 severe Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123 most 64 least 60 good 36 high 34 Most 21 large 18 small 16 great 13 low 13 bad 9 N95s 7 late 5 strong 5 simple 5 big 3 young 3 fine 3 early 2 slow 2 safe 2 few 2 dark 2 cheap 2 broad 2 Least 1 quiet 1 p=0.016 1 new 1 light 1 harsh 1 fast 1 easy 1 binom.t 1 -Which 1 -E Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 189 most 41 least 19 well 2 worst 1 lowest 1 hard 1 -therefore Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111 doi.org 2 www.annemergmed.com 2 github.com 2 dek.ai 2 covid19statepolicy.org 1 youtu.be 1 www.youtube.com 1 www.osha.gov 1 www.nad.org 1 www.graphpad.com 1 www.gisaid.org 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.facebook.com 1 www.anzctr.org.au 1 pubs.acs.org 1 plotdigitizer.sourceforge.net 1 osf.io 1 orcid.org 1 jada.ada.org 1 dx.doi.org 1 docs.google.com 1 covid19statepolicy 1 adaptateur-masque.planktonplanet.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 22 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.20078907 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20223982 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.31.20185371 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20057224 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.24.20201178 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.25.20139907 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.12.20059709 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.12.20152157 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.11.20224030 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.28.20221705 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20045617 3 http://doi.org/10 2 http://www.annemergmed.com 2 http://dek.ai/masks4all 2 http://covid19statepolicy.org 1 http://youtu.be/pGXiUyAoEd8a 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--nN7k0Rc9U 1 http://www.osha.gov/pls/ 1 http://www.nad.org/covid19-communication-access-recs-for 1 http://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/confInterval1/ 1 http://www.gisaid.org 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01918/ 1 http://www.facebook.com/groups/ 1 http://www.anzctr.org.au 1 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c03252 1 http://plotdigitizer.sourceforge.net 1 http://osf.io/8wt37/ 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8978-7932 1 http://jada.ada.org/ 1 http://github.com/kylecombes/mic-repeater-android 1 http://github.com/C19-SFU-Econ/data 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240785.g004 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240785.g003 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20055624 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048652 1 http://doi.org/ 1 http://docs.google.com/ 1 http://covid19statepolicy 1 http://adaptateur-masque.planktonplanet.org/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 lmh.roger@msa.hinet.net 1 jason.hancock@uconn.edu 1 donal.sheets@uconn.edu Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 masks are not 17 n95 filtering facepiece 12 masks do not 12 masks reduce exposure 9 mask is not 9 masks were not 7 mask does not 5 masks are available 5 masks are unavailable 5 masks did not 5 masks is not 5 studies did not 5 study did not 4 filtration test methods 4 masks are often 4 masks is also 4 n95 filtering face 4 use did not 3 cases was logmar 3 mask was also 3 mask was then 3 masks are also 3 masks are commonly 3 masks are likely 3 masks are unlikely 3 masks are usually 3 masks are widely 3 masks were more 3 patients did not 3 respirators are not 3 study are available 3 use is likely 3 virus is not 2 % did not 2 % wore masks 2 aerosols is not 2 cases is not 2 cases were culture 2 covid-19 is highly 2 covid-19 is not 2 covid-19 using personalised 2 droplets are also 2 droplets are usually 2 infection were consistently 2 infection were higher 2 influenza was also 2 mask did not 2 mask filter material 2 mask had good 2 mask is able Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 masks are not available 3 authors have no conflicts 2 masks were not effective 1 % did not adequately 1 % wore no mask 1 aerosols is not predominant 1 air are not sufficient 1 author has no financial 1 authors have no conflict 1 cases is not nearly 1 cases is not significantly 1 cases were not cases 1 covid-19 is not only 1 effect is not visible 1 effect was not significantly 1 infection found no difference 1 mask had no adequate 1 mask had no change 1 mask had no efficiency 1 mask have no statistically 1 mask is not as 1 mask is not much 1 mask is not tightly 1 mask provides no reduction 1 masks are no longer 1 masks are not appropriate 1 masks are not as 1 masks are not comfortable 1 masks are not due 1 masks are not electrostatic 1 masks are not formally 1 masks are not necessary 1 masks are not normally 1 masks are not standardized 1 masks are not sufficient 1 masks are not tightly 1 masks did not significantly 1 masks is not as 1 masks is not inferior 1 masks provide no effective 1 masks showed no differences 1 masks showed no efficacy 1 masks were not always 1 masks were not generally 1 masks were not individually 1 masks were not initially 1 masks were not superior 1 patient is not dirty 1 patients is not adequately 1 rate had no noticeable A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-305066-g042y51w author = Abd-Elsayed, Alaa title = Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-20 keywords = N95; mask summary = doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004841 id = cord-332577-2z5pchyq author = Adolph, C. title = Governor partisanship explains the adoption of statewide mandates to wear face coverings date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19; mandate; mask; state summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185371 id = cord-306244-8gjng3o9 author = Alizargar, Javad title = Wearing masks and the fight against the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-29 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.05.011 id = cord-017140-k4lzwfge author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = Protection of Upper Respiratory Tract, Mouth and Eyes date = 2018-09-25 keywords = infection; mask; protection; respiratory summary = • Patient with suspected contagious respiratory infection-during transport, examination, treatment, etc.; use a face mask-also on the patient-to protect others and the environment from contamination. Department management is responsible for training, use and control of face masks, respirators and eye protection and that the equipment and written guidelines are available [5] . P3 mask is used by the surgical team and during all sterile procedures: in the case of operative treatment of patients with special types of airborne infection such as tuberculosis, etc., see above. However, surgical masks are not approved as protection against airborne infections: [5, 14, 24, 25] "Harmful microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) or components of microorganisms (e.g. endotoxins) may occur in air, either in dust, smoke or aerosols, or even finer distributed as droplet nuclei where all liquid has dried in. Transmission of microbes via small particles and droplet nuclei from influenza patients is not adequately controlled by the use of surgical mask [50] [51] [52] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_13 id = cord-031440-0irbypnt author = Arango, Lázaro title = Adaptation for endoscopy of a ventilation mask using a glove finger like a filter: trying to reduce aerosols date = 2020-09-04 keywords = mask summary = title: Adaptation for endoscopy of a ventilation mask using a glove finger like a filter: trying to reduce aerosols Adaptation for endoscopy of a ventilation mask using a glove finger like a filter: trying to reduce aerosols Lázaro Arango, MD, FASGE, Claudia Díaz, MD, Fabián Puentes, Andrés Sánchez, MD, Mario Jaramillo We have adapted them using bands with holes that are anchored to the pins (Fig. 2) , thus creating an almost perfect seal with the patient''s face. 2. We place the mask on the patient''s face, making an almost complete seal in which the bands perfectly fit the pins (Fig. 5 ). 4. In the central hole of the ventilation mask, we place the glove finger (Fig. 7) and make a small cut with scissors (Fig. 8) . Use of a new face shield for patients of the endoscopy unit to avoid aerosol exchange in the COVID-19 era New protection barrier for endoscopic procedures in the era of pandemic COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.vgie.2020.07.013 id = cord-275370-bt45gnqk author = Arellano-Cotrina, Josabet Johana title = Effectiveness and Recommendations for the Use of Dental Masks in the Prevention of COVID-19: A Literature Review date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; N95; mask summary = doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.255 id = cord-257519-mug5g92f author = Baluja, A. title = UV light dosage distribution over irregular respirator surfaces. Methods and implications for safety date = 2020-04-11 keywords = UVGI; mask; respirator summary = Results: The data obtained reveal that the dosage received inside the manufactured UVGI-irradiator depends not only on the distance between the luminaires plane and the base of the respirators but also on the orientation and shape of the masks. The data obtained reveal that the dosage received inside the manufactured UVGI-irradiator depends not only on the distance between the luminaires plane and the base of the respirators but also, on the orientation and shape of the masks. In this case, the exposure time should be calculated in order to warrant the dosage in the inner part of the FFRs. Some simulations were also made in order to find the shadows and areas with less irradiance inside the box. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20057224 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 4 : left) Representation of the experimental data obtained in the disinfection box; Right) simulated light distribution maps in pseudocolor maps inside the UVGI irradiator. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.07.20057224 id = cord-284484-oak1lfmi author = Barratt, Ruth title = Enablers of, and barriers to, optimal glove and mask use for routine care in the emergency department: an ethnographic study of Australian clinicians date = 2019-12-04 keywords = IPC; PPE; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.auec.2019.10.002 id = cord-311795-kvv3fx2n author = Barratt, Ruth title = Clinician perceptions of respiratory infection risk; a rationale for research into mask use in routine practice date = 2019-08-31 keywords = PPE; disease; mask; protective summary = doi = 10.1016/j.idh.2019.01.003 id = cord-322923-zxraxgl1 author = Bayersdorfer, Jennifer title = Novel Manufacturing of Simple Masks in Response to International Shortages: Bacterial and Particulate Filtration Efficiency Testing date = 2020-07-16 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.019 id = cord-314422-u2elzgl8 author = Bothra, Atul title = Retroauricular dermatitis with vehement use of ear loop face masks during COVID19 pandemic date = 2020-06-03 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1111/jdv.16692 id = cord-298793-9vq3bogn author = Bunyan, D. title = Respiratory and facial protection: a critical review of recent literature date = 2013-11-30 keywords = N95; mask; respirator summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.07.011 id = cord-308638-lrgvwjti author = Chalikonda, Sricharan title = Implementation of an Elastomeric Mask Program as a Strategy to Eliminate Disposable N95 Mask Use and Resterilization: Results from a Large Academic Medical Center date = 2020-06-11 keywords = N95; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.05.022 id = cord-283555-pgel6i3y author = Chan, Tak Kwong title = Universal masking for COVID-19: evidence, ethics and recommendations date = 2020-05-26 keywords = face; mask summary = ► There is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community, which should drive urgent public health policy while we await the results of further research. 1 There is limited clinical evidence that wearing a disposable face mask, enhancing hand hygiene practice or social distancing can reduce transmission of respiratory viral infections in the community, 2 3 although there is mechanistic basis for these measures to work. I aim to provide further clarification of the evidence and ethics on this issue (which can provide grounds alternative and/or supplementary to the precautionary principle applied by Greenhalgh et al) and make a plea to the World Health Organisation (WHO) and policy makers to reformulate current recommendations with a view to enhancing the practice of wearing a face mask in the community. While social distancing and hand washing form the main recommendations, there is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002819 id = cord-158415-qwxyuuz7 author = Chavda, Amit title = Multi-Stage CNN Architecture for Face Mask Detection date = 2020-09-16 keywords = Mask; face; stage summary = Our system consists of a dual-stage Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture capable of detecting masked and unmasked faces and can be integrated with pre-installed CCTV cameras. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) (LeCun et al., 1998 ) is a key aspect in modern Computer Vision tasks like pattern object detection, image classification, pattern recognition tasks, etc. Multiple algorithms based on Regional Proposal Network like Fast RCNN (Girshick, 2015) and Faster RCNN (Ren et al., 2015) have achieved higher accuracy and better results than most single stage detectors. The detected faces (regions of interest) extracted from this stage are then batched together and passed to the second stage of our architecture, which is a CNN based Face Mask Classifier. The output of this stage is an image (or video frame) with localized faces, classified as masked or unmasked. doi = nan id = cord-343535-r8rsbfs3 author = Chowdhury, Mohammad Asaduzzaman title = Prospect of biobased antiviral face mask to limit the coronavirus outbreak date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; face; mask summary = This is the first study that has endeavoured to explore the design and fabrication of an antiviral face mask using licorice root extract, which has antimicrobial properties due to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhizin (GL). Theoretical estimation signifies that an 85 L/min rate of airflow through the face mask is possible which ensures good breathability over an extensive range of pressure drops and pore sizes. Finally, it can be concluded that licorice root membrane may be used to produce a biobased face mask to control COVID-19 spread. No study on the development of biobased face masks using licorice root membrane was found in the literature. In this paper, we have proposed the potential of the licorice root membrane as a nanofiber that can be used in the production of a face mask. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110294 id = cord-253786-dvh2wnwj author = Church, Lauren Elizabeth title = Comment on: Frequency of face touching with and without a mask in pediatric hematology/oncology health care professionals: For application to the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-08-03 keywords = mask summary = title: Comment on: Frequency of face touching with and without a mask in pediatric hematology/oncology health care professionals: For application to the COVID‐19 pandemic Comment on: Frequency of face touching with and without a mask in pediatric hematology/oncology health care professionals: For application to the COVID-19 pandemic 2 It took place in health care professionals (HCP), who would have had access to and use of masks throughout training and practice. 4 There is no evidence that decreased face touches while wearing masks can be applied to public populations. Further studies should be completed, allowing for more personFurther to this, public health campaigns regarding correct mask protocol and avoiding face touching can be evaluated for efficacy; this could involve randomising groups to receive training and then observing mask use. Frequency of face touching with and without a mask in pediatric hematology/oncology health care professionals. doi = 10.1002/pbc.28634 id = cord-342357-g8m57t67 author = Cumbo, Enzo title = Management and use of filter masks in the “none-medical” population during the Covid-19 period date = 2020-09-21 keywords = FFP3; mask summary = SARS-CoV-2 has become a pandemic disease declared by the World Health Organization, consequently each nation has taken a series of actions managed by the government in order to prevent the spread of this dangerous virus. Those masks are medical devices that should be handled properly; unfortunately in our study, observation of the population during the so-called "phase 2" has very often shown an inappropriate use of any type of mask which reduces its effectiveness. The data collected show important results that indicate how citizens'' behavior may not be perfectly correct; the use of a medical device, such as a mask, which has an extremely important role in preventing the spread of infections in the air, must comply with very precise principles. Public health measures to control the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome during the outbreak in Toronto doi = 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104997 id = cord-321847-4a6eb4mr author = Eckl, L. title = Gender- and age-related differences in misuse of face masks in COVID-19 prevention in central European cities date = 2020-11-13 keywords = face; mask summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.11.11.20224030 id = cord-310948-nt378esz author = Edwards, N. J. title = Quantifying Respiratory Airborne Particle Dispersion Control Through Improvised Reusable Masks date = 2020-07-14 keywords = dispersion; exhalation; mask; particle summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.07.12.20152157 id = cord-332512-28utunid author = Eikenberry, Steffen E. title = To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-11 keywords = New; Washington; York; mask summary = Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths. Moreover, mask use decreases the effective transmission rate in nearly linear proportion to the product of mask effectiveness (as a fraction of potentially infectious contacts blocked) and coverage rate (as a fraction of the general population), while the impact on epidemiologic outcomes (death, hospitalizations) is highly nonlinear, indicating masks could synergize with other non-pharmaceutical measures. In summary, the benefit to routine face mask use by the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain, but our initial mathematical modeling work suggests a possible strong potential benefit to near universal adoption of even weakly effective homemade masks that may synergize with, not replace, other control and mitigation measures. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20055624 id = cord-318835-sd9hbocg author = Felfeli, Tina title = Utility of patient face masks to limit droplet spread from simulated coughs at the slit lamp date = 2020-07-27 keywords = droplet; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.06.010 id = cord-292201-e7k7gn9q author = Fodjo, Joseph Nelson Siewe title = Mass masking as a way to contain COVID-19 and exit lockdown in low- and middle-income countries date = 2020-07-17 keywords = covid-19; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.015 id = cord-308857-otsrexqu author = Goel, Saurav title = Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; coronavirus; figure; human; mask; surface; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300 id = cord-303034-w72oeoxq author = Haischer, Michael H. title = Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; United; mask summary = To understand the demographics of mask wearers and resistors, and the impact of mandates on mask-wearing behavior, we observed shoppers (n = 9935) entering retail stores during periods of June, July, and August 2020. Wearing a mask in public is currently a controversial and politicized issue in the United States, even with case evidence from other countries that face coverings help to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . To facilitate greater understanding and reliable experimental data on whether gender, age, location, and the presence of mask mandates influence mask wearing in the United States, we conducted a direct observational study at retail stores in Wisconsin. It is not surprising that our June data showed that older individuals wear masks more than middle-age and young people because older adults are at higher risk for more severe cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240785 id = cord-345883-ncot7tvn author = Hansstein, Francesca Valeria title = Exploring motivations behind pollution-mask use in a sample of young adults in urban China date = 2018-12-04 keywords = China; behaviour; health; mask; pollution summary = Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as conceptual framework, this study explores the role of socio-cognitive factors that affect the decision of wearing a pollution mask in the context of young educated people. To conduct the empirical investigation, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was applied to determine the role that socio-cognitive factors play on the decision of wearing a pollution mask among a sample of Chinese students. Previous research had proven the validity of the theory-based psychological models in explaining the intention to take preventive measure for limiting the health effects of air pollution [18, 19] . Attitude, social norm, self-efficacy, and past behaviour were all positively related to the intention of wearing a pollution mask and also highly significant (specifically, β A = 0.23, p < 0.01, β SN = 0.37, p < 0.01, β SN = 0.32, p < 0.01, β PB = 0.12, p < 0.01). doi = 10.1186/s12992-018-0441-y id = cord-341695-9l2lmzyr author = He, W. title = Filtration Performance Degradation of In-Use Masks by Vapors from Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers and the Mitigation Solutions date = 2020-11-04 keywords = N95; mask summary = Both the filtration efficiencies and electrostatic potential of the cotton mask had no change after 5 times of common hand disinfection ( Figure 2 and is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20223982 doi: medRxiv preprint For a type of selected surgical masks (brand 1), the average electrostatic potential decreased as the number of common hand disinfection increased (Figure 3a) . The electrostatic potential of all tested N95 respirators had no statistically significant difference after common hand disinfection up to 10 times, which indicated that using alcohol-based is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20223982 doi: medRxiv preprint filtration efficiencies of the surgical masks decreased as the number of common hand disinfection increased (Figure 3b ). doi = 10.1101/2020.11.01.20223982 id = cord-304941-yg4x7c8n author = Hossain, Emroj title = Recharging and rejuvenation of decontaminated N95 masks date = 2020-09-01 keywords = N95; efficiency; mask summary = doi = 10.1063/5.0023940 id = cord-288354-7ruoysxu author = Howard, Matt C. title = Understanding face mask use to prevent coronavirus and other illnesses: Development of a multidimensional face mask perceptions scale date = 2020-06-26 keywords = FMPS; face; mask summary = We argue that the current results can be broadly framed in the COM-B model (Michie et al., 2011) , but future researchers should also apply more specific theories (Arden & Chilcot, 2020; Bish & Michie, 2010; Teasdale et al., 2012) to develop interventions and encourage face mask wearing via perceptual change. The FMPS can encourage researchers to integrate face mask wearing with studies on protective behavioursespecially those focusing on the importance of perceptions as done in the current article. Such findings can provide an approach to study face mask wearing, wherein the eight dimensions identified in the current article can be incorporated into associated frameworks and the FMPS can be used as an indicator of intervention effectiveness. To ensure that an adequate scope of face mask perceptions was assessed in the FMPS while being reasonably concise, we developed items for categories with more than a 10% frequency in participants'' qualitative responses for either personal or public perceptions. doi = 10.1111/bjhp.12453 id = cord-322521-by0e6h7s author = Imbrie-Moore, Annabel M. title = Quadrupling the N95 Supply during the COVID-19 Crisis with an Innovative 3D-Printed Mask Adaptor date = 2020-07-23 keywords = N95; mask summary = We developed a solution for immediate use: a mask adaptor, outfitted with a quarter section of an N95 respirator that maintains the N95 seal standard, thereby quadrupling the N95 supply. Filter efficacy was quantitatively evaluated using a computerized N95 fit test machine (PortaCount Respirator Fit Tester, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA) that measures the concentration of particles leaking into the mask, either through the filter itself or through gaps around the mask components and in the face seal. To validate that it is possible to maintain the N95 filter efficacy standard with our novel mask adaptor, the final prototype was tested on six individuals using the PortaCount computerized N95 fit test machine. Filter efficacy of the mask was quantitatively evaluated using a computerized N95 fit test machine, confirming the use of this mask adaptor design as a valid means of extending the mask supply while maintaining the N95 standard. doi = 10.3390/healthcare8030225 id = cord-317047-86rb6hov author = Ippolito, Mariachiara title = Medical masks and Respirators for the Protection of Healthcare Workers from SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses date = 2020-04-27 keywords = mask; respirator summary = doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.04.009 id = cord-318660-47dqa1dd author = Jain, Mehr title = Efficacy and Use of Cloth Masks: A Scoping Review date = 2020-09-13 keywords = PPE; cloth; mask summary = doi = 10.7759/cureus.10423 id = cord-334166-vll4s0xq author = Jones, Huw AS title = Reducing Aerosolised Particles and Droplet Spread in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery during COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-15 keywords = ESS; droplet; mask summary = doi = 10.1002/lary.29065 id = cord-316266-6m9g3bdr author = Jones, Peter title = What proportion of healthcare worker masks carry virus? A systematic review date = 2020-06-24 keywords = HCW; mask summary = doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13581 id = cord-301723-zz24wmv7 author = Jotz, Geraldo Pereira title = Why We Need to Use and which Mask Types are Effective against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)? date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1713588 id = cord-225145-m5udub60 author = Kai, De title = Universal Masking is Urgent in the COVID-19 Pandemic: SEIR and Agent Based Models, Empirical Validation, Policy Recommendations date = 2020-04-22 keywords = ABM; COVID-19; SEIR; mask; masking summary = We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. To validate these theoretical models, we compare their predictions against a new empirical data set we have collected that includes whether regions have universal masking cultures or policies, their daily case growth rates, and their percentage reduction from peak daily case growth rates. doi = nan id = cord-253827-5vodag6c author = Karaivanov, A. title = Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Canada; Ontario; September; Table; mask summary = We estimate the impact of mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada, including regulations on businesses and gatherings, school closures, travel and self-isolation, and long-term care homes. 2 Counterfactual policy simulations using our empirical estimates suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced weekly new cases in Canada by 25 to 40% on average by mid-August relative to the actually observed numbers, which translates into 700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week. Our results on business/gathering regulations and school closure suggest that reduced restrictions and the associated increase in business or workplace activity and gatherings or school re-opening can offset, in whole or in part, the estimated effect of mask mandates on case growth, both in our sample and subsequently. CKS (2020), whose estimation strategy we follow, exploit U.S. state-level variation in the timing of mask mandates for employees in public-facing businesses, and find that these mandates are associated with 9 to 10 percentage points reduction in the weekly growth rate of cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.24.20201178 id = cord-260429-5wsj003j author = Kenyon, Chris title = Widespread use of face masks in public may slow the spread of SARS CoV-2: an ecological study date = 2020-04-06 keywords = SARS; mask summary = title: Widespread use of face masks in public may slow the spread of SARS CoV-2: an ecological study Individual level studies have found that the use of face masks was protective for the acquisition and transmission of a range of respiratory viruses including SARS CoV1. Methods At a country level, linear regression was used to assess the association between COVID19 diagnoses per inhabitant and the national promotion of face masks in public (coded as a binary variable), controlling for the age of the COVID19 epidemic and testing intensity. Conclusion Whilst these results are susceptible to residual confounding, they do provide ecological level support to the individual level studies that found face mask usage to reduce the transmission and acquisition of respiratory viral infections. /2020 In this ecological study we found that countries that promoted widespread face mask 185 usage had lower cumulative numbers of COVID-19 diagnosed after controlling for 186 testing intensity and age of the epidemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.31.20048652 id = cord-324585-2rx84imv author = Konda, Abhiteja title = Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks date = 2020-04-24 keywords = mask; particle summary = doi = 10.1021/acsnano.0c03252 id = cord-296216-odzm7lml author = Kroo, L. title = Pneumask: Modified Full-Face Snorkel Masks as Reusable Personal Protective Equipment for Hospital Personnel date = 2020-04-29 keywords = April; N95; figure; international; mask summary = Here we adapt and evaluate a full-face snorkel mask for use as personal protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers, who lack appropriate alternatives during the COVID-19 crisis in the spring of 2020. The modified flow path for use as PPE (general hospital usage), is very similar to the stock configuration of the mask: all inhale breath is directed through the filter, and the majority of exhale air is directed through the chin valve. 24.20078907 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 5 A qualitative fit test was performed by the standard University of Utah Operating Room team using the same protocol suggested by CDC and NIOSH on elastomeric respirators and N95 masks. The successful results for the fit test with the different individuals used in this study indicate that the Dolphino and Decathlon masks both form acceptable seals, showing also that the custom adapter and the chin valve do not generate significant leaks. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078907 id = cord-134278-pe41vebc author = Kuhl, Niklas title = "Healthy surveillance": Designing a concept for privacy-preserving mask recognition AI in the age of pandemics date = 2020-10-20 keywords = GDPR; mask; option; privacy summary = However, large-scale monitoring of mask recognition does not only require a well-performing Artificial Intelligence, but also ensure that no privacy issues are introduced, as surveillance is a deterrent for citizens and regulations like General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) demand strict regulations of such personal data. In this work, we show how a privacy-preserving mask recognition artifact could look like, demonstrate different options for implementation and evaluate performances. While this solution entails many upsides, e.g., scalability and automation capabilities, it needs to be in-line with the privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and it needs to be understood by citizens to trust and accept the approach: The protection of personal data, e.g., video streams revealing individuals'' faces, is regionally required by legal regulations, such as the GDPR in the European Union [5] 1 . doi = nan id = cord-317915-0javg3m8 author = Kumar, Jagdesh title = Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Healthcare Workers Regarding the Use of Face Mask to Limit the Spread of the New Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-20 keywords = face; mask summary = doi = 10.7759/cureus.7737 id = cord-148354-3nl3js2x author = Kumar, Vivek title = On the utility of cloth facemasks for controlling ejecta during respiratory events date = 2020-05-05 keywords = droplet; figure; mask summary = We simulate the aerodynamic flow through the mask and the spatial spread of droplet ejecta resulting from respiratory events such as coughing or sneezing. We present the viral load in the air and deposited around the person, and show that wearing even a simple cloth mask substantially decreases the extent of spatial spread of virus particles when an infected person coughs or sneezes. 30 Here, we employ Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to address the influence of homemade face masks on the turbulent clouds that result due to sneezing events, and on the lateral extent of spread of ejecta. When an infected person not wearing a mask sneezes or coughs, virus particles in the large droplets rapidly drop to the floor. Our simulation results conclusively demonstrate that wearing even just a simple cotton mask has a dramatic influence on the air flow and spread of ejecta after a respiratory event. doi = nan id = cord-298227-av1ev8ta author = Kähler, Christian J. title = Fundamental protective mechanisms of face masks against droplet infections date = 2020-06-28 keywords = SARS; droplet; filter; infection; mask summary = Many governments have instructed the population to wear simple mouth-and-nose covers or surgical face masks to protect themselves from droplet infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in public. First of all, we show that the masks protect people in the surrounding area quite well, since the flow resistance of the face masks effectively prevents the spread of exhaled air, e.g. when breathing, speaking, singing, coughing and sneezing. Thirdly, we show that even simple mouth-and-nose covers made of good filter material cannot reliably protect against droplet infection in contaminated ambient air, since most of the air flows through gaps at the edge of the masks. However, if the distance rules cannot be observed and the risk of inhalation-based infection becomes high because many people in the vicinity are infectious and the air exchange rate is small, improved filtration efficiency masks are needed, to take full advantage of the three fundamental protective mechanisms these masks provide. doi = 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105617 id = cord-284925-vy2li9lz author = Lam, Dennis Shun Chiu title = COVID-19: Special Precautions in Ophthalmic Practice and FAQs on Personal Protection and Mask Selection date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; N95; SARS; mask summary = We also endeavor to answer the key frequently asked questions in areas of the coronaviruses, COVID-19, disease transmission, personal protection, mask selection, and special measures in ophthalmic practices. Ophthalmologists are at risk of COVID-19 infection, since routine ophthalmic examinations are usually performed in a setting with close doctor-patient contact. We have also shared the precautions and strategies that we have implemented in our ophthalmic practice, based on our previous and current successful experiences in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the current COVID-19 outbreaks in Hong Kong. For healthcare workers, surgical masks should be worn when performing sterile procedures, or as general protection against droplets infections. The close proximity of patients and doctors during eye examination, the presence of tears and liquids for anesthesia and dilation, or the potential aerosol or droplets from "air puff" tonometry, all pose a high risk for infective transmission. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings doi = 10.1097/apo.0000000000000280 id = cord-332532-419wnq7x author = Lam, Stanley Kam Ki title = Uncertainty surrounding the use of face masks in the community amid the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-16 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103651 id = cord-289521-zun6tp2o author = Leonard, Scott title = Reducing aerosol dispersion by High Flow Therapy in COVID‐19: High Resolution Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Particle Behavior during High Velocity Nasal Insufflation with a Simple Surgical Mask date = 2020-05-29 keywords = HVNI; flow; mask; particle summary = doi = 10.1002/emp2.12158 id = cord-301063-kqlra788 author = Li, Dion Tik Shun title = Facial protection in the era of COVID‐19: a narrative review date = 2020-06-07 keywords = N95; PAPR; face; mask summary = doi = 10.1111/odi.13460 id = cord-266123-q75f12vh author = Lin, Che-huei title = The pharmaceutical practice of mask distribution by pharmacists in Taiwan’s community pharmacies under the Mask Real-Name System, in response to the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-10-19 keywords = Taiwan; mask; real summary = Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation *Correspondence: lmh.roger@msa.hinet.net † Wang Jong Yi and Lin Ming Hung contributed equally to this work 1 Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pintung 90741, Taiwan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article enhance the distribution-related outcomes of scarce public health management resources to target populations and communities. Given their proven performance record as being a reliable resource for helping to implement public health promotion initiatives by the Taiwanese government, community pharmacies were enlisted to assist in the distribution of face masks to citizens across the country. The community pharmacy-based approach to the distribution and sale of prevention face masks to citizens for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a new and innovative engagement of pharmacists in contributing to the efficient, reliable, equitable, and costeffective implementation of public health promotion and protection initiatives by the government. doi = 10.1186/s12962-020-00239-3 id = cord-270766-rasjpg8v author = Luan, Phan Thien title = A Reusable Mask for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-10 keywords = mask summary = In this article, we aim to give an idea on how to save the number of face masks used but still provides the same protective values using a Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) mask and a common surgical facemask. In this article, we aim to give an idea on how to save the number of face masks used Arch Med Res E20_298 2 but still provides the same protective values using a Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) mask and a common surgical facemask. Because of the above reasons, this commentary aims to provide a novel idea on how to combine the use of a reusable CPR mask and a piece of the surgical face mask to limit the amount of face mask uses but still have the same protective value. By proving that the CPR mask is totally sealed with the isolation examination experiment, the filter is 100% provided by the surgical facemask thus giving the exact same protection value. doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.001 id = cord-305867-i7wdwjph author = MacIntyre, C Raina title = Masks in the community are an effective strategy: Author's response to Haslam et al (2020) date = 2020-09-09 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103751 id = cord-267699-h7ftu3ax author = MacIntyre, C. Raina title = A RAPID SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFICACY OF FACE MASKS AND RESPIRATORS AGAINST CORONAVIRUSES AND OTHER RESPIRATORY TRANSMISSIBLE VIRUSES FOR THE COMMUNITY, HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND SICK PATIENTS date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; mask; trial summary = title: A RAPID SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFICACY OF FACE MASKS AND RESPIRATORS AGAINST CORONAVIRUSES AND OTHER RESPIRATORY TRANSMISSIBLE VIRUSES FOR THE COMMUNITY, HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND SICK PATIENTS METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials on use of respiratory protection by healthcare workers, sick patients and community members was conducted. A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials on use of respiratory protection by healthcare workers, sick patients and community members was conducted. The aim of this study was to review the randomised controlled trials evidence for use of masks and respirators by the community, health care workers and sick patients for prevention of infection. (17) We conducted a randomised controlled trial comparing the targeted strategy tested in the two North American studies, with the wearing of respiratory protection during an entire shift, and showed efficacy for continual (but not targeted) use of a respirator (19) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103629 id = cord-269665-byuv48wi author = MacIntyre, Chandini Raina title = A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit‐tested and non‐fit‐tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers date = 2011-01-27 keywords = CRI; N95; mask; respirator summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00198.x id = cord-285425-3v1bid02 author = MacIntyre, Chandini Raina title = The efficacy of medical masks and respirators against respiratory infection in healthcare workers date = 2017-08-30 keywords = N95; mask summary = OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the efficacy of medical masks and respirators in protecting against respiratory infections using pooled data from two homogenous randomised control clinical trials (RCTs). There is currently a lack of consensus around the efficacy of medical masks and respirators for healthcare workers (HCWs) against influenza, with only five published randomised control trials (RCTs) in HCWs conducted to date. 3, 4 Finally, a recent study examined the efficacy of cloth masks compared to medical mask and control groups, and found that cloth masks may increase the risk of infection in HCWs. 5 Guidelines for respiratory protection have been driven by presumed transmission mode alone, and under an assumption that influenza and other pathogens are spread by one mode alone. A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit-tested and non-fit-tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers. doi = 10.1111/irv.12474 id = cord-104138-qagyaegp author = Magee, Michelle title = Effects of face masks on acoustic analysis and speech perception: Implications for peri-pandemic protocols date = 2020-10-08 keywords = N95; mask summary = Here we investigated how three face mask types (N95, surgical and cloth) affect acoustic analysis of speech and perceived intelligibility in healthy subjects. We compared speech produced with and without the different masks on acoustic measures of timing, frequency, perturbation and power spectral density. Our data show that face masks change the speech signal, but some specific acoustic features remain largely unaffected (e.g., measures of voice quality) irrespective of mask type. Where the interaction was significant, planned comparisons were made for each 1Khz frequency band to determine differences between masks types compared to no mask. For recordings produced with the tabletop microphone, there was a significant effect of mask type for percentage of pauses (F3,7.87=8.17, p=0.008), and spectral tilt (F3,8.39=15.43, p=0.001) ( Table 1) . We observed significant differences in acoustic power distribution across relevant frequency bands for speech in all three mask conditions compared to no mask. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.06.327452 id = cord-342666-7el8o6qq author = Mahmood, Syed Uzair title = Strategies for Rational Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Among Healthcare Providers During the COVID-19 Crisis date = 2020-05-23 keywords = PPE; mask summary = doi = 10.7759/cureus.8248 id = cord-314216-xx5xbjqu author = Malik, Talia title = COVID-19 and the Efficacy of Different Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment Used by Health Care Providers in a Health Care Setting date = 2020-04-10 keywords = N95; mask summary = doi = 10.7759/cureus.7621 id = cord-298433-tev33cjh author = Mardimae, Alexandra title = Modified N95 Mask Delivers High Inspired Oxygen Concentrations While Effectively Filtering Aerosolized Microparticles date = 2006-09-22 keywords = N95; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.06.039 id = cord-274201-9qsqj91d author = Matuschek, Christiane title = The history and value of face masks date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Die; face; mask summary = doi = 10.1186/s40001-020-00423-4 id = cord-297295-lsewt5t2 author = Matusiak, Łukasz title = Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a survey study of 876 young people date = 2020-05-14 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1111/dth.13567 id = cord-266814-0l78gpg3 author = Mondal, A. title = Utility of Cloth Masks in Preventing Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Review date = 2020-05-11 keywords = cloth; mask summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093864 id = cord-266377-3krv9ekb author = Nakayachi, Kazuya title = Why Do Japanese People Use Masks Against COVID-19, Even Though Masks Are Unlikely to Offer Protection From Infection? date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = In our survey, we examined six possible psychological reasons for wearing masks: three involved individuals'' perception of the severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing the infection risks both for themselves and for others; the remaining three involved other psychological driving forces. By contrast, frequency of mask usage depended much less on the participants'' perceived severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing infection risk both for themselves and for others. Even though the expectation of risk reduction (personal or collective) explained only small portion of mask usage, motivations superficially irrelevant to disease mitigation strongly promoted mask-wearing behavior; conformity to the social norm was the most prominent driving force for wearing masks. Despite these limitations, this study has empirically revealed that the expectation of risk reduction does not greatly promote mask-wearing countermeasures against COVID-19, suggesting that the nudge approach (i.e., taking advantage of people''s conformity) may be more promising. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01918 id = cord-102315-ncjdsbn4 author = Nazeeri, A. I. title = An Efficient Ethanol-Vacuum Method for the Decontamination and Restoration of Polypropylene Microfiber Medical Masks & Respirators date = 2020-04-16 keywords = N95; efficiency; mask; water summary = It is currently believed that these masks and respirators cannot be cleaned with 70 to 75% alcohol-water solutions, as past wet/dry experiments show that filtration efficiency can drop by ~40% after the first such treatment. The mechanism seems to be the removal of water molecules adsorbed on the fiber surfaces, a hypothesis which is supported by two independent observations: (A) the filtering efficiency increases non-linearly with the weight loss during drying, and (B) filtration efficiency shows an abrupt recovery as the vacuum pressure drops from 13 to 6 mBar, the range physically attributable to the removal of adsorbed water. We report here the discovery that decontaminating polypropylene microfiber filters in a 70% v/v solution of ethanol and deionized (DI) water, using standard medical procedures including air drying, does not permanently damage the microfibers as has been suggested 3, 4, 7 . We describe the easily constructed experimental setup that we use for measuring filtration efficiency, present results with 70% v/v ethanol treatment and the effectiveness of vacuum drying on . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.12.20059709 id = cord-351506-ubaoxxg0 author = Nestor, Mark S. title = “Masking” our emotions: Botulinum toxin, facial expression, and well‐being in the age of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-12 keywords = BTX; emotion; facial; mask summary = CONCLUSIONS: Mask‐wearing in the wake of COVID‐19 brings new challenges to our ability to communicate and perceive emotion through full facial expression, our most effective and universally shared form of communication, and BTX may offer a positive solution to decrease negative emotions and promote well‐being for both the mask‐wearer and all who come in contact with that individual. 5 With these restrictions now being slowly lifted, patients are once again receiving this most common and valued aesthetic procedure for its desired effect of facial muscle paralysis to diminish or eliminate unwanted frown lines and "crow''s feet." 6 Today however, these effects are now complemented by a mask that hides the lower half of the face, interfering with emotional processing and our ability to interpret each other''s emotions through facial expression. doi = 10.1111/jocd.13569 id = cord-255062-7ozdmb09 author = Ogoina, Dimie title = Improving Appropriate Use of Medical Masks for COVID-19 Prevention: The Role of Face Mask Containers date = 2020-08-04 keywords = mask summary = This article highlights the likely benefits of face mask containers in promoting safe, appropriate, and extended use of medical masks by healthcare workers in settings where a sustainable supply of medical masks may be limited. However, if medical masks are to be worn continuously by healthcare workers for up to 8 hours or more every working day, then there should be provision to temporarily and safely store them for extended use during the day, especially when they are not visibly soiled, wet, damp, or damaged. In the wake of global supply shortages, 7 appropriately designed face mask containers could be useful in promoting safe extended use of medical masks, especially in resourcelimited healthcare settings. With the growing call for universal masking as a key costeffective strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, it is my view that the benefits of face mask containers in promoting appropriate use of masks and enabling extended and safe use far outweigh the risks. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0886 id = cord-326519-1r3jdffu author = Orlova, Galina title = City Archipelago: Mapping (post)lockdown Moscow through its heterogeneities date = 2020-07-11 keywords = City; Hall; Moscow; mask summary = doi = 10.1111/ciso.12331 id = cord-034298-9hpkmjvu author = Palmer, Carl L. title = Toxic Mask-ulinity: The Link between Masculine Toughness and Affective Reactions to Mask Wearing in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-07-09 keywords = mask; toughness summary = Our online study conducted in early June 2020 shows that masculine toughness is consistently related to higher negative feelings and lower positive feelings about mask wearing. Table 1 presents the ordinary least squares (OLS) models for masculine toughness on negative reactions to mask wearing for the full sample and separately for subsamples of men and women. In each model, the effect of masculine toughness is positive and significant; a stronger belief that men should be tough corresponds to greater levels of negativity regarding mask wearing, in line with H 1 . Broadly, we find that men and women who embrace masculine norms of toughness are equally likely to feel negative affective responses toward the idea of wearing masks, even after accounting for other predictors such as partisanship and ideology. Additionally, while toughness predicts positive attitudes toward mask wearing for men and women, the negative effect is larger for men. doi = 10.1017/s1743923x20000422 id = cord-280220-q4aqkr0w author = Patel, Samir N. title = Bacterial dispersion associated with various patient face mask designs during simulated intravitreal injections date = 2020-10-28 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.017 id = cord-282879-28nhr1hv author = Patel, Samir N. title = The impact of physician face mask use on endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections date = 2020-09-02 keywords = face; group; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.013 id = cord-307167-mj2vrxdj author = Patel, Viren title = Beauty and the Mask date = 2020-08-10 keywords = face; mask summary = doi = 10.1097/gox.0000000000003048 id = cord-291392-19vj647z author = Poostchi, Ali title = Comment on: “Controversies regarding mask usage in ophthalmic units in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic” date = 2020-06-03 keywords = mask summary = doi = 10.1038/s41433-020-1005-y id = cord-333379-wtdhdcjz author = Rajagopaian, Sanjay title = Flattening the curve in COVID-19 using personalised protective equipment: lessons from air pollution date = 2020-05-11 keywords = N95; mask summary = doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317104 id = cord-295806-imuk73xa author = Ramirez-Moreno, J. M. title = Mask-associated de novo headache in healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. date = 2020-08-11 keywords = headache; mask; study summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.08.07.20167957 id = cord-347390-xz5a99cr author = Ray, Saikat Sinha title = Surface innovation to enhance anti-droplet and hydrophobic behavior of breathable compressed-polyurethane masks date = 2020-08-07 keywords = mask summary = With the emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it is essential that face masks demonstrating significant anti-droplet and hydrophobic characteristics are developed and distributed. In this study, a commercial compressed-polyurethane (C-PU) mask was modified by applying a hydrophobic and anti-droplet coating using a silica sol, which was formed by the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) under alkaline conditions and hydrolyzed hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) to achieve hydrophobization. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 The methodology for fabricating a stable hydrophobic coating on a mask surface utilizing silica 202 sol as well as HDTMS is discussed in materials and methods section and summarized in 203 Scheme 1. doi = 10.1016/j.eti.2020.101093 id = cord-324444-t697xw4y author = Rodriguez-Palacios, Alexander title = Textile Masks and Surface Covers - A 'Universal Droplet Reduction Model' Against Respiratory Pandemics date = 2020-04-10 keywords = droplet; edb; mask summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.07.20045617 id = cord-292587-hp4zd8lr author = Rubino, Ilaria title = Respiratory Protection against Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases date = 2017-10-31 keywords = mask; respiratory summary = We expect that the development of technologies that overcome the existing challenges in current respiratory protective devices will lead to a timely and effective response to the next outbreak. We expect that the development of technologies that overcome the existing challenges in current respiratory protective devices will lead to a timely and effective response to the next outbreak. While effective management and availability of control measures are crucial to an outbreak response, the pathogens [ 1 1 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] (virus/bacteria/ fungi) captured on filters are an intrinsic concern because of fear of cross-infection, new aerosol release, and contaminated waste. Hence, production of a filter that inactivates the collected pathogens would bring key improvements to current surgical masks and respirators, resulting in increased protection, reduced risk of cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection, and recyclability without decontamination ( Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.005 id = cord-305282-x2zzzw43 author = SUEN, C. Y. title = Feasibility of Reusing Surgical Mask Under Different Disinfection Treatments date = 2020-05-20 keywords = mask; sample; surgical summary = This investigation found that dry heat and UVC irradiance could effectively disinfect the mask material without creating significant damage to surgical mask. Methods of disinfection studied include 100 ℃ dry heat, steaming, boiling, autoclave, 75% and 95% ethanol, UVC irradiance and household detergent. In assessing the destructive level of different disinfection treatments to surgical masks, filtration efficiency and fluid repellency were the parameters being focused in this study. Bead-like droplets were observed in all the samples treated with non-fluid disinfection methods, such as dry heat and UVC irradiation. For the samples underwent other disinfection treatments, the fluid-repelling layers were concluded to be damaged as the water droplets on the mask surface could not retain bead shape. Except household detergent water, all disinfection methods were effective in eliminating S.aureus in the mask material. Non-fluid contacting disinfection methods such as UVC irradiation and dry heat retained the highest performance regarding filtration efficiency, structural consistence and surface hydrophobicity even after three cycles of treatments. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.16.20102178 id = cord-254861-lpzx878m author = Saggese, Nicholas P. title = An Interim Solution to the Decreased Availability of Respirators Against COVID-19 date = 2020-04-22 keywords = mask summary = To the Editor W e read the recent article titled, "Utility of Substandard Facemask Options for Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic" by Abd-Elsayed and Karru 1 with great interest. The respirator is comprised of an anesthesia mask, inline ventilator filter, or high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and elastic straps ( Figure A) . 3 Also, a case report from Singapore demonstrated 41 health care workers (HCWs) who came in contact with COVID-19 patients during aerosolizing procedures. Alternatively, the authors of this letter used 2 tourniquets fashioned together instead of rubber bands to create a better seal ( Figure C) . After using this technique and performing a user seal An Interim Solution to the Decreased Availability of Respirators Against COVID-19 Figure. Solutions to the shortage of N95 respirators are crucial for protecting health care workers from contracting the virus and becoming a vector of transmission to others. Utility of substandard face mask options for health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004879 id = cord-273565-0en2sl3q author = Scarano, Antonio title = Facial Skin Temperature and Discomfort When Wearing Protective Face Masks: Thermal Infrared Imaging Evaluation and Hands Moving the Mask date = 2020-06-27 keywords = N95; mask; temperature summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17134624 id = cord-262920-yjsl6kck author = Schilling, Katherine title = An accessible method for screening aerosol filtration identifies poor-performing commercial masks and respirators date = 2020-08-06 keywords = Fig; N95; NIOSH; mask summary = With the intent of evaluating filtration efficiency without purporting to replicate NIOSH equivalency, the methods designed in this study are aimed at testing masks with relevant, reproducible aerosol distributions at face velocities appropriate for human respiration. and for the purposes of this study was further substantiated by measuring across a series of dilution factors (with and without mask material in place) to gain multi-point measurements across a range of test aerosol concentrations at a given face velocity (see Section S4 and Fig. S6 ). We also evaluated a rapid screening approach with the understanding that initial screening of large inventories is necessary to determine which masks/respirators warrant further testing and also that some communities and facilities may be constrained in terms of available instrumentation for aerosol measurement and flow control. The methods presented here rely upon regular comparisons to NIOSH N95 benchmark masks, as absolute filtration efficiencies will vary with changes in flow rates and aerosol sizes measured (e.g., Fig. 5 ). doi = 10.1038/s41370-020-0258-7 id = cord-326039-pnf2xjox author = Seale, Holly title = A review of medical masks and respirators for use during an influenza pandemic date = 2009-08-18 keywords = N95; mask summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00101.x id = cord-326565-s62inw07 author = Shacham, E. title = Association of County-Wide Mask Ordinances with Reductions in Daily CoVID-19 Incident Case Growth in a Midwestern Region Over 12 Weeks date = 2020-10-30 keywords = covid-19; mask summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221705 id = cord-171219-jkoegawm author = Sheets, Donal title = An apparatus for nondestructive and rapid comparison of mask approaches in defense against infected respiratory aerosols date = 2020-06-03 keywords = mask; material summary = We present and discuss both the pressure drop and the particle transmission as a function of flow to permit comparison of relative protection for a set of proposed filter and mask designs. Controlled flow of aerosolized air propagates from the IP chamber to the CE chamber and enters the MP chamber through either (a) a mask-donning dummy head or (b) a clamped-material tester depending on the state of two ball valves (Figure 2c ). The chambers are connected sequentially IP-CE-MP with gas flow fittings and feature calibrated sensors capable of measuring flow rate, pressure drops, and aerosol particle distribution in different size ranges. Aerosol particle distributions are measured before and after the mask or the filter material and the experiment is repeated with an open system and a control high-performance mask (3M-1860 N95 standard) for comparison. doi = nan id = cord-258846-v6aaflzc author = Shruti, V.C. title = Reusable masks for COVID-19: A missing piece of the microplastic problem during the global health crisis date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = In developing countries such as Thailand, Japan, Mexico, Vietnam, and South Africa, where surgical and N95 masks have been reserved for health care providers or are scarce, the main alternative for the general public seems to be the use of nonmedical reusable masks made up of fabric or cloth. Considering that plastic pollution in the marine environment is a global issue, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic-induced changes, an increasing number of research papers have raised concerns about plastic waste management and the improper disposal of PPE (Sharma et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020) . As textiles have become an important source of microplastics, arguably, it is important to consider including reusable masks in microplastic research to address questions concerning its contribution to microfiber generation during machineand hand-laundering. Covid-19 face masks: a potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment doi = 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111777 id = cord-305419-l68ewxar author = Smart, Hiske title = Preventing Facial Pressure Injury for Health Care Providers Adhering to COVID-19 Personal Protective Equipment Requirements date = 2020-06-11 keywords = N95; PPE; mask; skin summary = doi = 10.1097/01.asw.0000669920.94084.c1 id = cord-288569-sitxa2ul author = Smereka, Jacek title = Role of Mask/Respirator Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = mask summary = 1 There are currently many types of masks/respirators available, ranging from simple surgical masks designed to protect wearers from microorganism transmission and fit loosely to the user''s face, through N95 masks used to prevent users from inhaling small airborne particles. Surgical masks are designed to protect against droplets or particles with a diameter of >100 μm, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is essentially spherical, albeit slightly pleomorphic, with a diameter of 60-140 nm and 100 times smaller than the pore diameter. Long et al 5 conclude in their meta-analysis that the use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not associated with a lower risk of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Wang et al 1 indicated that 10 of 213 medical professionals with no mask were infected by COVID-19 as compared with 0 of 278 wearing N95 respirators. 6 To conclude, the use of protective masks can and should be the first protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission to medical personnel. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004873 id = cord-275693-ej76fsxa author = Stanislau Affonso de Araujo, E. title = Teach, and teach and teach: does the average citizen use masks correctly during daily activities? Results from an observational study with more than 12,000 participants date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.25.20139907 id = cord-354111-rj6te7fz author = Stone, Teresa E. title = Editorial: Facemasks and the Covid 19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks? date = 2020-04-12 keywords = Health; mask summary = The World Health Organization''s director general, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said that, as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, demand for personal protective equipment was 100 times higher than average, and prices had risen to 20 times higher resulting in global stocks of masks and respirators being insufficient to meet supply (Boseley, 2020) . Authors of a recent systematic review of ten randomized control trials found limited evidence for face mask effectiveness in preventing influenza virus transmission either when worn by the infected person to avoid transmission or when worn by uninfected people to reduce exposure (Xiao et al., 2020) Summing up evidence Pawlowski (2020) notes that surgical masks are designed for surgeons to wear to prevent the transmission of pathogens from their nose and mouth to the surgical field; they are not intended to avoid viruses being inhaled through the mask. doi = 10.1111/nhs.12724 id = cord-261580-zghq7mcg author = Sugrue, Michael title = A cloth mask for under-resourced healthcare settings in the COVID19 pandemic date = 2020-05-12 keywords = face; mask summary = This work reports the design and fabrication steps of a simple cloth face mask, which may be considered as a last resort for those wishing to have some protection and protect others from aerosol and droplet spread. Van de Sande has suggested the deployment of masks in the general population during an outbreak of an infectious disease, where anyone may encounter the infectious micro-organism, implying much greater heterogeneity, Fig. 1 The pattern for the home made mask in training levels (experience and understanding), goodness of fit of a mask and activities interfering with mask use and thus reducing potential reduction of transmission [5] . In its current guidance to optimise use of face masks during the pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identifies three levels of operational status: conventional, contingency and crisis [13] . The cloth face mask is simple, cheap and made from materials that are globally available. doi = 10.1007/s11845-020-02241-3 id = cord-269568-vwkawh6x author = Ten Hulzen, Richard D. title = Impact of Hearing Loss and Universal Face Masking in the COVID-19 Era. date = 2020-08-03 keywords = SARS; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.027 id = cord-266173-gmz6oxf6 author = Tino, Rance title = COVID-19 and the role of 3D printing in medicine date = 2020-04-27 keywords = PPE; mask summary = doi = 10.1186/s41205-020-00064-7 id = cord-000166-36bfeoqv author = Tracht, Samantha M. title = Mathematical Modeling of the Effectiveness of Facemasks in Reducing the Spread of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) date = 2010-02-10 keywords = H1N1; N95; mask summary = We construct and analyze a mathematical model for a population in which some people wear facemasks during the pandemic and quantify impact of these masks on the spread of influenza. The results show that if N95 respirators are only 20% effective in reducing susceptibility and infectivity, only 10% of the population would have to wear them to reduce the number of influenza A (H1N1) cases by 20%. With the implementation of N95 respirators Table 3 exhibits a reduction in the cumulative number of cases of almost 200,000, or a 19% decrease, when 10% of the population wears masks and they are 20% effective. With 10% of the population wearing N95 respirators with effectiveness at 20% in reducing both susceptibility and infectivity there is a 19% reduction in the cumulative number of cases. Even at 50% effectiveness in reducing both susceptibility and infectivity and with 50% of the population wearing surgical masks only a 6% reduction in the number of cumulative cases is seen. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0009018 id = cord-035203-dnoc0xcv author = Vaňková, Eva title = Polylactic acid as a suitable material for 3D printing of protective masks in times of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Fig; PLA; SARS; mask summary = Complete decontamination of PLA surfaces from externally applied Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and SARS-CoV-2 was achieved using all disinfectants tested, and human adenovirus was completely inactivated by sodium hypochlorite-containing disinfectant. In the present study, we have investigated FDM 3D-printed PLA structure and porosity after exposure to common chemical disinfectants including ethanol, isopropanol and a commercial disinfectant containing sodium hypochlorite, which are easily accessible. In addition, we examined the efficiency of PLA disinfection after artificial contamination with bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli), a yeast fungus (Candida albicans), viruses (SARS-CoV-2 and human adenovirus -HAdV) or natural contamination by wearing the masks. The effect of immersing in three chemical disinfectants (96% ethanol, 70% isopropanol and the commercial disinfectant and bleach SAVO Original, Unilever ČR s.r.o., Czech Republic containing 0.85% sodium hypochlorite diluted with water (2:9)) was tested by repeated (5 × 15 min) cycles and long-term (24 h) exposure. Effect of ethanol, isopropanol and sodium hypochlorite on disinfection of PLA material contaminated with bacteria, yeast fungus or viruses doi = 10.7717/peerj.10259 id = cord-271822-ohkki0ke author = Verma, Siddhartha title = Visualizing the effectiveness of face masks in obstructing respiratory jets date = 2020-06-01 keywords = droplet; mask; respiratory summary = We use qualitative visualizations of emulated coughs and sneezes to examine how materialand design-choices impact the extent to which droplet-laden respiratory jets are blocked. We outline the procedure for setting up simple visualization experiments using easily available materials, which may help healthcare professionals, medical researchers, and manufacturers in assessing the effectiveness of face masks and other personal protective equipment qualitatively. 7 The rationale behind the recommendation for using masks or other face coverings is to reduce the risk of cross-infection via the transmission of respiratory droplets from infected to healthy individuals. 8, 9 The pathogen responsible for COVID-19 is found primarily in respiratory droplets that are expelled by infected individuals during coughing, sneezing, or even talking and breathing. Various studies have investigated the effectiveness of medical-grade face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) in reducing the possibility of cross-infection via these droplets. doi = 10.1063/5.0016018 id = cord-292173-95t89yee author = Villani, Federico Alcide title = COVID-19 and Dentistry: Prevention in Dental Practice, a Literature Review date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; N95; SARS; dental; mask summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124609 id = cord-309575-7orflz20 author = Vuolo, Mike title = COVID-19 Mask Requirements as a Workers’ Rights Issue: Parallels to Smoking Bans date = 2020-07-16 keywords = mask; worker summary = Indeed, this point was summarized well by Craig Jelinek, President and CEO of Costco, who stated, "This is not simply a matter of personal choice; a face covering protects not just the wearer, but others too… and our employees are on the front lines." 9 Similar to smoking inside retail shops, restaurants, or public transportation, today''s mask-less patron impedes workers'' rights to safe and healthy occupational environments in addition to posing risks to other patrons. Although a mask refuser or smoker might argue that other patrons could simply frequent mask-wearing/smoke-free establishments, or even not go out at all, such logic neglects workplace rights and risks to workers'' health. Although smoke-free policies are not universal in restaurants and bars (contested locations for mask wearing as well), existing smoking bans offer a clear precedent-a precedent wherein worker''s rights to a healthy work environment ultimately take precedence over patrons'' preferences. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.07.001 id = cord-258859-iaiosjlu author = Wang, Jiao title = Mask use during COVID-19: A risk adjusted strategy() date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; mask summary = In the context of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) cases globally, there is a lack of consensus across cultures on whether wearing face masks is an effective physical intervention against disease transmission. This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context. The mask is generally used 278 by general public, while the respirator or a filtering face piece, which is designed to 279 protect the wearer from exposure to airborne contaminants, is mainly used by health care 280 workers especially during AGP (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 281 2020). doi = 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115099 id = cord-257997-btj4ckkz author = Wen, ZhanBo title = Assessment the protection performance of different level personal respiratory protection masks against viral aerosol date = 2012-12-23 keywords = N95; N99; mask summary = The masks protection performance against viral aerosol and face fit factor was determined in order to evaluate the protection efficiency of different level protection mask. Face fit factor of 150 Fig. 1 Rig for testing filtration efficiency of respiratory protection equipments against viral aerosol Aerobiologia (2013) 29:365-372 367 means that the air inside the mask is 150 times as clean as the air outside the mask. If do not consider the face fit factor, both the surgical mask and N95 or N99 mask had good protection efficiency against viral aerosol in our study. The surgical masks and N95 or N99 mask used in this study were sealed to the face of the manikin, so their efficiency determined during viral aerosol protection experiments is defined as the efficiency of the filter material. Though the efficiency of the filter material of tested masks against viral aerosol was all [95 %, the protection factors determined by TSI8020 and N95 components were different greatly. doi = 10.1007/s10453-012-9286-7 id = cord-316126-j51dik7f author = Zhang, X. Sophie title = SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; N95; PPE; SARS; mask; study; transmission summary = title: SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been intense debate over SARS-CoV-2''s mode of transmission and appropriate personal protective equipment for health care workers in low-risk settings. This review attempts to summarize current cumulative data on SARS-CoV-2''s modes of transmission and identify gaps in research while offering preliminary answers to the question on everyone''s mind: is the airborne route significant and should we modify our COVID-19 PPE recommendations for frontline workers in low-risk settings? Given that substantial disagreement persists on the importance of natural aerosol generation by COVID-19 patients, and consequently, the necessary level of respiratory protection in non-AGP contexts, our review will focus on transmission and PPE in low-risk health care settings. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00184-20 id = cord-329945-p5hljkkm author = Zhou, Zhi‐Guo title = Mask is the possible key for self‐isolation in COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-04-08 keywords = mask summary = States mainly adopt the method of social distance between people to reach 6 feet to prevent infection, but for the COVID-19 pandemic, it may not be effective as we supposed. First of all, the disease is highly contagious, and whether a virus with a reproduction number of more than 2 can achieve true isolation through the so-called social distance by feet is a matter of probability rather than mathematics. A recent MIT study published in JAMA found that social distance requires 27 feet to be guaranteed not to be infected, which is not operational in real life 3 . In addition, there are a large number of asymptomatic infections in this outbreak. In fact, in high-risk areas with a large number of patients, without sufficient testing to confirm clean, everyone can only be seen as potential infected, including themselves. In fact, there have been cases of concentrated infection by a large number of people in confined spaces 6 . doi = 10.1002/jmv.25846 id = cord-288483-y9fyslgo author = Zorko, David J. title = DECONTAMINATION INTERVENTIONS FOR THE REUSE OF SURGICAL MASK PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW date = 2020-07-10 keywords = N95; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.007 id = cord-337372-y43prnko author = bin‐Reza, Faisal title = The use of masks and respirators to prevent transmission of influenza: a systematic review of the scientific evidence date = 2011-12-21 keywords = SARS; mask; respirator summary = A limited effort was made to identify additional studies: reference lists of review articles were examined; the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control''s (ECDC) Antimicrobial Resistance and Health Care Associated Infection Programme was consulted; and MEC''s and AN''s hardcopy literature files were hand-searched. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Two of these studies compared N95 respirators (designed to seal tightly to the wearer''s face and filter out very small particles or aerosols that may contain viruses) and surgical masks (used to block large droplets from coming into contact with the wearer''s mouth or nose) amongst healthcare workers; one trial found a lower rate of clinical respiratory illness associated with the use of non-fit-tested N95 respirators compared with medical masks, 6 whilst a non-inferiority trial found that masks and respirators offered similar protection to nurses against laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00307.x id = cord-354127-sb8tovy2 author = de Abreu, Andrea Pio title = Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding the use of cloth face coverings, by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, during the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) date = 2020-08-26 keywords = mask; patient summary = title: Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding the use of cloth face coverings, by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, during the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. Considering the scarcity of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), the SBN recommends that all asymptomatic chronic renal patients, as well as the general population, should wear protection masks, based on recommendations from the Ministry of Health (MH), through Informative Note 3/2020-CGGAP/DESF/ SAPS/MS1. doi = 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-s103 id = cord-262200-2enorlii author = nan title = Use of masks by health care workers date = 2020-05-30 keywords = mask summary = authors: nan For healthcare workers, the choice of mask may vary depending on whether they are in contact with patients presumed to be healthy, suspect or affected by COVID-19, and according to the type of care [1] . In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, three types of masks are available to healthcare workers: • surgical masks, also known as masks for medical use or anti-projection masks ( the National Academy of Surgery, May 23, 2020. These rules must apply even in the non-COVID sector, as any patient is a potential carrier of the coronavirus, • an FFP2 mask without protection valve during acts exposing to fine particle aerosols or viruses (ENT examination, nasal sampling, intubation/extubation, bronchial fibroscopy, dental care, respiratory physiotherapy. The creation of abacuses from the morphological parameters of the face could help in the choice of a personalized mask; • to use over-gowns, gloves and goggles in addition to the FFP2 mask in certain circumstances, as SARS-CoV-2 contamination may pass through other entry points than the respiratory tract. doi = 10.1016/j.banm.2020.05.096 id = cord-304170-cmeiqvnp author = van Straten, B. title = Sterilization of disposable face masks by means of standardized dry and steam sterilization processes; an alternative in the fight against mask shortages due to COVID-19 date = 2020-04-08 keywords = mask summary = authors: van Straten, B.; de Man, P.; van den Dobbelsteen, J.; Koeleman, H.; van der Eijk, A.; Horeman, T. title: Sterilization of disposable face masks by means of standardized dry and steam sterilization processes; an alternative in the fight against mask shortages due to COVID-19 In preparation for that scarcity we performed a study to investigate the possibility of reprocessing disposable FFP2 face masks in order to verify their re-usability with a method that could be applied in practice using already available equipment. The results of our experiences and experiments indicate that our sterilization process did not influence the functionality of the masks tested. The sterilization process of available standard autoclaves in hospitals may have to be adjusted in order to use this sterilization method. However, our method seems to be a potentially useful way to reuse mouth masks; other hospitals facing a shortage of masks may wish to test and validate this approach to reusing masks. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.001 id = cord-025744-pynqwj5t author = van der Linden, Clifton title = Does Collective Interest or Self-Interest Motivate Mask Usage as a Preventive Measure Against COVID-19? date = 2020-05-14 keywords = mask; public summary = Even though wearing a mask may indirectly protect the wearer in that increased mask usage by the general public may reduce overall transmission of COVID-19, Olson''s logic asserts that individuals would instead free ride based on the expectation that other group members would adopt mask usage. Going forward, how likely are you to voluntarily (i.e., without being required to do so) wear a mask or any sort of protective face covering out in public as a preventative measure against COVID-19? When compared with the control group, the collective interest treatment increases the average respondent''s inclination to wear a mask by 0.505 points on the 11-point continuous scale. The results of Model 1 demonstrate that Canadians are more willing to wear masks as a measure to protect others from COVID-19 rather than themselves. doi = 10.1017/s0008423920000475 id = cord-048483-umvrwgaw author = van der Sande, Marianne title = Professional and Home-Made Face Masks Reduce Exposure to Respiratory Infections among the General Population date = 2008-07-09 keywords = mask; protection; wear summary = METHODOLOGY: We assessed transmission reduction potential provided by personal respirators, surgical masks and home-made masks when worn during a variety of activities by healthy volunteers and a simulated patient. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Any type of general mask use is likely to decrease viral exposure and infection risk on a population level, in spite of imperfect fit and imperfect adherence, personal respirators providing most protection. This is different from deployment of masks in the general population during an outbreak of an infectious disease, where anyone may encounter the infectious micro-organism, implying much greater heterogeneity, in training levels (experience and understanding), goodness of fit of a mask, and activities interfering with mask use and thus reducing potential reduction of transmission. Three different experiments were undertaken to assess 1) shortterm protection for different types of masks worn during 10-15 minutes by the same volunteer following a standardized protocol, 2) long-term protection of a specific mask worn continuously by a volunteer for 3 hours during regular activities, and 3) effectiveness of different types of mask in preventing outgoing transmission by a simulated infectious subject. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002618