Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 68 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14685 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 membrane 20 protein 19 cell 12 virus 10 fusion 10 RNA 9 lipid 9 Fig 8 peptide 8 Golgi 7 figure 7 dna 6 SARS 4 surface 4 study 4 structure 4 particle 4 interaction 4 activity 4 acid 4 University 4 Institute 4 Department 4 ATP 3 result 3 replication 3 process 3 high 3 gram 3 effect 3 HCV 3 ECMO 3 BSA 2 transport 2 snare 2 size 2 signal 2 nanoparticle 2 molecular 2 fret 2 fluorescence 2 extracorporeal 2 domain 2 concentration 2 complex 2 channel 2 change 2 antimicrobial 2 amp 2 Germany Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 8948 membrane 8686 protein 6301 cell 3379 virus 2645 structure 2576 peptide 2397 fusion 2377 lipid 2183 interaction 1933 domain 1817 particle 1814 study 1645 surface 1491 acid 1455 activity 1424 process 1359 mechanism 1311 formation 1304 effect 1303 molecule 1239 result 1169 system 1169 receptor 1169 model 1147 type 1119 function 1107 vesicle 1101 role 1100 site 1095 residue 1053 change 1008 complex 988 property 987 sequence 971 method 955 concentration 896 time 881 region 877 bilayer 874 water 853 state 844 transport 840 analysis 833 % 818 channel 817 pathway 789 enzyme 779 binding 776 energy 767 gene Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1849 al 1690 . 1532 et 689 Fig 683 RNA 533 C 528 University 527 SARS 463 Golgi 434 pH 369 ER 347 II 338 K 329 A 284 Institute 279 HA 270 M. 268 S. 265 B 254 NFN 241 A. 240 E. 230 ATP 228 Na 223 J. 223 Arb 222 ECLS 222 CoV 217 S 217 DNA 215 T 214 de 212 N 209 P. 208 NMR 207 C. 198 M 198 Department 186 Italy 178 FP 174 HIV-1 169 D 167 F 166 Germany 165 ECMO 162 m 161 Protein 155 L. 153 G. 152 R. Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 3873 we 2347 it 843 they 471 i 316 them 172 us 90 itself 44 themselves 27 one 23 he 7 me 6 she 5 you 4 gh625 3 rab8 2 u 2 stnfα 2 s 2 ppifs 2 imagej 2 fbp17 2 cb562 1 − 1 yourself 1 yegfp 1 theirs 1 protoxin 1 p110a 1 ourselves 1 oneself 1 nsp4 1 nsp1 1 mrnas 1 iv-3l3r. 1 ifitm3 1 his 1 hapg5p 1 gate16 1 em 1 c840 1 asap2 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 29530 be 5529 have 3402 use 2347 show 1861 bind 1198 induce 1031 form 1015 contain 1004 base 1003 find 923 study 901 suggest 882 increase 850 observe 822 provide 809 include 806 require 778 involve 729 associate 698 do 691 allow 680 determine 664 lead 623 investigate 618 reveal 614 indicate 607 cause 602 mediate 576 know 574 result 565 obtain 534 demonstrate 527 occur 508 follow 503 identify 503 develop 500 produce 492 describe 490 generate 488 compare 481 interact 467 make 444 present 441 perform 427 report 426 reduce 425 support 418 express 414 apply 413 play Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1945 also 1941 not 1665 high 1618 - 1494 such 1464 different 1319 viral 1251 other 1175 molecular 1032 well 1000 more 965 structural 946 low 929 however 925 single 923 specific 886 large 862 small 858 human 808 only 758 cellular 742 most 714 several 705 important 673 new 641 as 636 thus 622 hydrophobic 590 first 582 biological 568 non 560 many 557 active 549 various 542 functional 536 further 497 conformational 496 dependent 495 like 492 therefore 488 similar 450 here 447 antimicrobial 446 free 443 intracellular 434 highly 434 complex 423 then 419 very 412 same Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232 most 91 least 67 Most 55 good 44 large 37 high 27 low 18 small 14 simple 13 late 11 great 9 strong 8 fast 8 close 6 short 6 near 4 slow 3 long 2 steep 2 old 2 common 2 big 2 bad 2 -which 1 ω 1 ~onophore 1 stiff 1 slim 1 safe 1 rabaptin 1 preS1 1 poor 1 new 1 narrow 1 micrometre 1 hot 1 early 1 cheap 1 bright 1 -subunit 1 -RGD Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 510 most 67 least 34 well 1 smallest 1 deepest 1 -spectroscopic Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 creativecommons.org 2 www 2 abcis.cbs.cnrs.fr 1 www.tgs 1 www.roche.com 1 www.rna.it-chiba.ac.jp 1 www.medicago.com 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.hindawi.com 1 www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp 1 www.elso.org 1 www.directindustry.com 1 www.aurion.nl 1 u759.curie.u-psud.fr 1 swisspalm.epfl.ch 1 sourceforge.net 1 sbi.imim.es 1 rsb.info.nih.gov 1 publish.aps.org 1 product.statnano.com 1 probes.invitrogen 1 orcid.org 1 msbiodata.innomol.eu 1 imechanica.org 1 en.wikipedia.org 1 electrospintech.com 1 doi.org 1 ccpbsa.bioinformatik.uni-saarland.de 1 ccdb.ucsd.edu 1 blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 biorender.com 1 biocomp.chem.uw.edu.pl 1 aps.unmc.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 1 http://www.tgs 1 http://www.roche.com 1 http://www.rna.it-chiba.ac.jp/ 1 http://www.medicago.com/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/10/9/477/s1 1 http://www.hindawi.com/ 1 http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/yanagida/ 1 http://www.elso.org 1 http://www.directindustry.com/prod/pentair-x-flow/product-71363-1779744.html 1 http://www.aurion.nl 1 http://u759.curie.u-psud.fr/modelisation/LAH 1 http://swisspalm.epfl.ch/ 1 http://sourceforge.net/projects/ADSETMEAS/along 1 http://sbi.imim.es/archer 1 http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ 1 http://publish.aps.org/ 1 http://product.statnano.com/product/1981/liquidity-water-purification-cartridge 1 http://probes.invitrogen 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7849-7024 1 http://msbiodata.innomol.eu 1 http://imechanica.org/node/24132 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics 1 http://electrospintech.com/products.html#.XvS_nm0zbIU 1 http://doi.org/10.1007/s42558-020-00026-3 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 1 http://ccpbsa.bioinformatik.uni-saarland.de 1 http://ccdb.ucsd.edu 1 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 1 http://biorender.com 1 http://biocomp.chem.uw.edu.pl/tools 1 http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/ 1 http://abcis.cbs.cnrs.fr/kindock/ 1 http://abcis.cbs.cnrs.fr/atome/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 thalmann@ics-cnrs.unistra.fr 1 stamou@nano.ku.dk 1 s.sharkh@hzdr.de 1 roumestand@cbs.cnrs.fr 1 pilar.riveragil@physik.uni-marburg.deth 1 ohki@bio.phys.tohoku.ac.jp 1 nfsoares10@gmail.com 1 michael.graetzel@epfl.ch 1 markus.staufenbiel@biologie.unio 1 krishna.bhattiprolu@uni-graz.at 1 kissel@staff.uni-marburg.de 1 jrother@gwdg.de 1 gpaehle@gwdg.de 1 g.helms@jacobs-university.dein 1 ehrlich@nano.ku.dk 1 cweichb@gwdg.de 1 christian.schwieger@chemie.uni-halle.de 1 anna.pietuch@chemie.unigoettingen.de 1 amit@ccmb.res.in 1 a.m.van.oijen@rug.nl 1 thomas.andresen@nanotech.dtu.dk 1 mihaela.mic@itim-cj.ro 1 mara.kozic@liverpool.ac.uk 1 lzzhang@scut.edu.cn Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 protein is not 7 membranes containing negatively 6 fusion is not 6 proteins are not 6 proteins do not 6 studies have also 5 interactions are important 5 particles do not 5 peptides do not 5 proteins are also 5 proteins are present 4 activity is not 4 cell is highly 4 domain is sufficient 4 domains do not 4 function is still 4 mechanism is not 4 mechanism is still 4 membrane binding modes 4 membranes are not 4 peptides induce membrane 4 proteins induces membrane 4 receptor binding domain 4 results are consistent 3 acids are present 3 activity was also 3 activity was intracellular 3 cells are able 3 cells are still 3 domain is highly 3 domain is important 3 effect is due 3 effect was more 3 formation is dependent 3 formation is not 3 function is not 3 mechanism has also 3 mechanisms are not 3 membrane is not 3 membranes are also 3 membranes is essential 3 membranes was also 3 peptides are able 3 processes are usually 3 protein does not 3 protein is also 3 protein is present 3 protein was not 3 proteins are only 3 proteins are responsible Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 fusion is not yet 2 lipids are not randomly 2 particles do not necessarily 2 peptides is not yet 2 process are not fully 2 protein is not hydrophobic 1 acid is not normally 1 acids are not visible 1 activity is not clear 1 activity is not exclusive 1 activity is not sufficient 1 activity was not possible 1 cell is not too 1 cells are not able 1 cells is not practically 1 cells showed no significant 1 cells was not significantly 1 domain are not able 1 domain are not so 1 domain has no significant 1 domain is not yet 1 domains do not appreciably 1 effect was not significant 1 effects are not completely 1 formation is not clear 1 formation is not significantly 1 function is not clear 1 function is not completely 1 function is not mandatory 1 fusion is not due 1 fusion is not strictly 1 fusion was not clearly 1 interactions are not due 1 interactions are not sufficient 1 interactions were not varied 1 mechanism is not fully 1 mechanism is not well 1 mechanism is not yet 1 mechanisms are not yet 1 membrane are not strictly 1 membrane is not absolute 1 membrane is not much 1 membranes are not easy 1 membranes are not visible 1 membranes is not surprising 1 model is not only 1 particles are not fully 1 particles do not only 1 peptides do not always 1 peptides do not significantly A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-006556-hmzoxqu3 author = Alibrahim, Omar S. title = Extracorporeal Life Support: Four Decades and Counting date = 2017-04-12 keywords = ECLS; ECMO; ELSO; extracorporeal; membrane summary = doi = 10.1007/s40140-017-0210-0 id = cord-341378-pw60qx7c author = Armstrong, John title = Sequence and topology of a model intracellular membrane protein, E1 glycoprotein, from a coronavirus date = 1984 keywords = membrane; protein summary = doi = 10.1038/308751a0 id = cord-319754-5isw53wl author = Balgoma, David title = Lipidomics Issues on Human Positive ssRNA Virus Infection: An Update date = 2020-08-31 keywords = HCV; SARS; cell; fusion; lipid; membrane; protein; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/metabo10090356 id = cord-269756-tid8a464 author = Basso, Luis G. M. title = SARS-CoV fusion peptides induce membrane surface ordering and curvature date = 2016-11-28 keywords = IFP; SARS; membrane; peptide summary = doi = 10.1038/srep37131 id = cord-253366-03cg831z author = Chakraborty, Hirak title = Mechanistic insights of host cell fusion of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 from atomic resolution structure and membrane dynamics date = 2020-07-22 keywords = SARS; fusion; membrane summary = In this review, we have discussed cell fusion mechanism of SARS-CoV-1 from available atomic resolution structures and membrane binding of fusion peptides. An efficient membrane fusion mechanism between SARS-CoV-2 and host cell could also be responsible for the high level of infection. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides Identification of the membraneactive regions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike membrane glycoprotein using a 16/18-mer peptide scan: implications for the viral fusion mechanism Interaction of a peptide from the pre-transmembrane domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein with phospholipid membranes Structural and dynamic characterization of the interaction of the putative fusion peptide of the S2 SARS-CoV virus protein with lipid membranes Structural and dynamic characterization of the interaction of the putative fusion peptide of the S2 SARS-CoV virus protein with lipid membranes doi = 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106438 id = cord-317430-uvx8si42 author = Chen, Yaping title = Emerging Roles of 1D Vertical Nanostructures in Orchestrating Immune Cell Functions date = 2020-08-26 keywords = VNS; cell; copyright; figure; immune; membrane summary = [6] In particular, SiNW arrays demonstrated high efficiency (>90%) in transfecting exogenous genetic materials into primary immune cells-which are notoriously hard to transfect-while maintaining high viability and immunological competence; [27, 28, 36] siRNAs were transfected via SiNWs into primary B cells and CD4 + T cells to knock down predicted target genes, facilitating discovery of essential signaling pathways and genetic regulatory circuits for immune cell activation and differentiation; [27, 28] SiNWs were used to administer a small-molecule inhibitor of the enzyme Polo-like kinase (Plk) into bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), confirming the essential role of Plk2 and Plk4 in regulating antiviral gene expression in these cell; [37] by using vertical carbon nanosyringe arrays (CNSAs) under applied centrifugal g-force, pEGFP plasmids were transfected www.advmat.de www.advancedsciencenews.com into primary lymphocytes with significantly higher efficiency than conventional Lipofectamine 2000-mediated method. doi = 10.1002/adma.202001668 id = cord-013223-f43hks44 author = Chronopoulos, Antonios title = Emerging role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in cancer date = 2020-10-15 keywords = BEV; cell; dna; gram; membrane summary = The increasing appreciation that microbiota-derived EV can enter the systemic circulation and be detected in human body fluids is likely to stimulate completely new areas of investigation in microbiome research, biomarkers and liquid biopsies, BEV-based therapeutics, onco-immunology, as well as fundamental microbial EV biology. In addition to potentially modulating the innate immune response via or more cytosolic DNA sensors, the possibility that pathogenic BEV-derived DNA can be transferred and detected in the nucleus of non-phagocytic cells (e.g. epithelial cells) [30] , raises the intriguing possibility that bacterial genetic material could be transferred to human somatic cells and integrated into the host genome. BEVs released by bacteria in the gut lumen can cross the epithelial barrier to gain access into the underlying submucosa enabling them to interact with various resident immune cell populations (dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages) as well as potentially disseminate more widely around the body via the systemic or lymphatic circulation to reach distant tissues and organs or even the brain (Fig. 2) . doi = 10.1038/s41388-020-01509-3 id = cord-276456-oa6hh7ky author = Collins, R.N. title = 5.14 The Biophysics of Membrane Fusion date = 2012-05-03 keywords = fusion; lipid; membrane; protein; snare summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-374920-8.00523-3 id = cord-020714-h1fevqcw author = Compans, Richard W. title = Membrane Glycoproteins of Enveloped Viruses date = 2008-05-30 keywords = Compans; Sindbis; VSV; glycoprotein; membrane; virus summary = Other advantages of enveloped viruses in studies of membrane structure and biogenesis include the ease of biosynthetic labeling of viruses grown in cell culture with specific radioactive precursors and the availability of mutants in defined gene products, some of which are proving to be useful in the analysis of viral membrane assembly. Apart from minor differences in carbohydrates of glycoproteins, virion proteins are indistinguishable when the virus is propagated in a variety of cells; therefore there appears to be little or no determining influence of viral proteins on the composition of the lipid bilayer. Based upon the estimated carbohydrate content (12,000 daltons) of the HA glycoprotein obtained by Laver (1971) and Schwarz and Klenk (1974) and the size estimates of the type I and I1 glycopeptides of influenza virus grown in MDBK cells, it was estimated that HA, contains a single type I glycopeptide whereas HA, possesses two type I and one or two type I1 oligosaccharide side-chains for the WSN strain (Nakamura and Com pans, 1978b) . doi = 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60750-9 id = cord-314604-w61sqy17 author = Crone, Niek S. A. title = Modulation of Coiled-Coil Binding Strength and Fusogenicity through Peptide Stapling date = 2020-02-14 keywords = coil; increase; membrane; peptide summary = doi = 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00009 id = cord-006947-nrzjedhi author = Dasgupta, S title = Nano- and microparticles at fluid and biological interfaces date = 2017-09-20 keywords = Society; capillary; energy; figure; interaction; interface; membrane; particle summary = doi = 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7933 id = cord-272666-3uidpr79 author = Doyle, Nicole title = Infectious Bronchitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Alone Induces Membrane Pairing date = 2018-09-06 keywords = IBV; M41; RNA; membrane summary = In this study, membrane rearrangements induced when expressing viral non-structural proteins (nsps) from two different strains of IBV were compared. In contrast to previously studied coronaviruses, IBV nsp4 alone is necessary and sufficient to induce membrane pairing; however, expression of the transmembrane proteins together was not sufficient to fully recapitulate DMVs. This indicates that although nsp4 is able to singularly induce membrane pairing, further viral or host factors are required in order to fully assemble IBV replicative structures. In a subsequent study by others, it was shown that expression of only nsp3 and 4 from either MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV was able to induce DMV formation, and furthermore, addition of nsp6 made no difference to their shape or size, and did not induce the spherule-like structures seen following infection with whole virus [26] . doi = 10.3390/v10090477 id = cord-285620-oawrnmhy author = Fahimirad, Shohreh title = Efficient removal of water bacteria and viruses using electrospun nanofibers date = 2020-08-16 keywords = electrospun; membrane; nanofiber; water summary = This review intends to provide a detailed summary of the recent advances in the fabrication of antibacterial and antiviral electrospun nanofibers and discuss their application efficiency as a water filtration membrane. The present work reviews previous studies on the production and application of electrospun nanofibers as antimicrobial water filtration membranes. The objectives of this review were to: (i) introduce the different procedures, which have been applied for incorporation of the various antimicrobial agents into electrospun nanofibers (ii) discuss the different antimicrobial tests used for proving antimicrobial activity of the fabricated electrospun water filters (iii) study the efficiency of the produced antimicrobial electrospun application in the water treatment industry. Based on the majority of researches studied in this review, blending and post-modification strategies are two commonly used techniques to incorporate biocide agents into nanofibers aiming for water disinfection application (Shalaby et al., 2018; He et al., 2018; Makaremi et al., 2016) . doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141673 id = cord-023200-3caevjvh author = Falanga, Annarita title = Membranotropic peptides mediating viral entry date = 2018-02-13 keywords = fusion; membrane; peptide; virus summary = The discovery of short, membrane interacting, amphipathic or hydrophobic sequences (known as membranotropic peptides) in both enveloped and non‐enveloped viruses suggests that these small peptides are strongly involved in breaching the host membrane and in the delivery of the viral genome into the host cell. [3, 4] The molecular details of the interactions at the interface of virus and cell surfaces are quite complex and highly variable, but there is a common idea that only a limited number of pathways allowing viruses to reach the sites of penetration exist, with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses presenting different and unrelated processes, but with general principles driving all fusion events. [16, 17] Viral fusion proteins undergo significant rearrangements from the pre-fusion to the post-fusion conformations which are triggered by either receptor binding, proteolytic cleavage or low endosomal pH, and eventually determine the exposure of previously sequestered hydrophobic peptides, loops, or patches, able to interact with and destabilize one or both the opposing membranes. doi = 10.1002/pep2.24040 id = cord-298019-gf2asni1 author = Galdiero, Stefania title = gH625: A milestone in understanding the many roles of membranotropic peptides date = 2014-10-12 keywords = fusion; membrane; peptide; viral; virus summary = While they have been initially discovered in viral fusion proteins and have been involved in the mechanism of viral entry, it is now clear that their features and their mode of interaction with membrane bilayers can be exploited to design viral inhibitors as well as to favor delivery of cargos across the cell membrane and across the blood–brain barrier. Peptides with a propensity for membrane binding can also interfere with enveloped virus entry by direct physical interaction with the hydrophobic surfaces present on cell membranes and/or fusion proteins. Since not all membranotropic peptides are able to cross the membrane bilayer, it is essential to identify structural characteristics of hydrophobic peptides know to enter the cell membrane to highlight any feature that is involved in the penetration which may help in the design of novel delivery tools. Dendrimer functionalization with a membrane-interacting domain of herpes simplex virus type 1: towards intracellular delivery doi = 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.006 id = cord-017566-dvxrwzqw author = González, María Eugenia title = Viral Proteins that Enhance Membrane Permeability date = 2005 keywords = Carrasco; membrane summary = During the infection of cells by animal viruses, membrane permeability is modified at two different steps of the virus life cycle (Carrasco, 1995) (Figure 6 .1). The viral molecules involved are components of virions: glycoproteins when enveloped particles are analyzed or, still unidentified, domains of the structural proteins in the case of naked viruses. At late times of infection, when there is active translation of late viral mRNAs, the plasma membrane becomes permeable to small molecules and ions (Carrasco, 1978) ( Figure 6 .1). Different viral molecules may be responsible for this late enhancement of membrane permeability, including viroporins (Gonzalez and Carrasco, 2003) , glycoproteins, and even proteases (Chang et al., 1999; Blanco et al., 2003) . Entry of enveloped animal viruses leads to early membrane permeabilization, which is mediated by the formation of the two pores (fusion and TM) formed by viral fusion glycoproteins. doi = 10.1007/0-387-28146-0_6 id = cord-356090-oj3d9ail author = Gorgun, D. title = Binding Mode of SARS-CoV2 Fusion Peptide to Human Cellular Membrane date = 2020-10-27 keywords = Fig; SARS; membrane summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.10.27.357350 id = cord-020788-a33vcapl author = Gottardi, Cara J. title = Signals and Mechanisms of Sorting in Epithelial Polarity date = 2008-05-22 keywords = Golgi; MDCK; cell; membrane; protein; signal summary = doi = 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60020-x id = cord-022354-aqtceqqo author = HUNTER, ERIC title = Membrane Insertion and Transport of Viral Glycoproteins: A Mutational Analysis date = 2012-12-02 keywords = Golgi; RSV; membrane; protein; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-203460-2.50007-x id = cord-264996-og3sg0qw author = Howell, Gareth J. title = Cell Biology of Membrane Trafficking in Human Disease date = 2006-09-17 keywords = COPII; Golgi; TGN; cell; disease; gene; membrane; protein; snare; transport; vesicle summary = Many of these transport intermediates or vesicles, whether derived from the ER, other internal organelles, or the plasma membrane, are ''''coated'''' with unique protein complexes, tethering factors, and regulatory factors that ensure correct targeting to an acceptor compartment. Breast cancer Caveolin-1 Deletion or dominant negative mutation of caveolin-1 promotes tumor progression Breast cancer (Bouras et al., 2004; Williams and Lisanti, 2005) (Hayasaka et al., 1993; Matsuyama et al., 2002) Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) CHS1/Lyst Lyst involved in regulation of protein secretion from lysosomes -enlarged lysosomes Partial albinism, recurrent bacterial infections, impaired chemotaxis and abnormal natural killer cell function (Shiflett et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2003) 214500 Choroideremia (CHM) Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1) RAB27a remains cytosolic due to defective geranylgeranyl modification in CHM lymphoblasts X-linked form of retinal degeneration 303100 Various mechanisms control the traYcking of proteins from the TGN by the formation and delivery of membrane-derived transport vesicles to the plasma membrane, endosomes, or lysosomal structures (Ponnambalam and Baldwin, 2003) . doi = 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)52005-4 id = cord-353815-w35spqqt author = Huan, Yuchen title = Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields date = 2020-10-16 keywords = acid; activity; amp; antimicrobial; cell; effect; gram; membrane; peptide summary = This review introduces the progress of research on AMPs comprehensively and systematically, including their classification, mechanism of action, design methods, environmental factors affecting their activity, application status, prospects in various fields and problems to be solved. Tryptophan (Trp), as a non-polar amino acid, has a remarkable effect on the interface region of the lipid bilayer, whereas Arg, as a basic amino acid, confers peptide charge and hydrogen bond interactions, which are essential properties to combine with the bacterial membrane''s abundant anionic component. And it seems that Trp residues play the role of natural aromatic activators of Arg-rich AMPs by ion-pair-π interactions (Walrant et al., 2020) , thereby promoting enhanced peptide-membrane interactions (Chan et al., 2006) . Furthermore, L4H4, which is designed based on the linear cationic amphiphilic peptide magainin, also shows good antibacterial activity and cell penetration properties by inserting four histidine sequences in leucine and alanine (Lointier et al., 2020) . doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582779 id = cord-303238-us3dybue author = Kanjanahaluethai, Amornrat title = Membrane Topology of Murine Coronavirus Replicase Nonstructural Protein 3 date = 2007-05-01 keywords = Fig; MHV; PLP2; membrane summary = The papain-like protease (PLpro) encoded by the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) processes three sites in the replicase polyprotein (Harcourt et al., 2004) , and has recently been shown to have de-ubiquitinating activity (Barretto et al., 2005; Lindner et al., 2005) . To extend these studies of membrane association of coronavirus replicase products, we analyzed the amino acid sequence of MHV-JHM nsp3 (from glycine-833 to glycine-2840) for probability of transmembrane helices using the five different programs designed to search for putative membrane-spanning sequences: Phobius, TMHMM, HMMTOP, SOSUI and TMpred (Fig. 2) . In contrast, when CMMs were added to the mixture, protein products that included all or part of nsp3-TM (PLP2-2485, -2390 and -2258) were detected predominantly in the pelleted fraction, consistent with membrane association (Fig. 3B ). doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.009 id = cord-341129-eo0vjcmk author = Kielian, Margaret title = Virus membrane-fusion proteins: more than one way to make a hairpin date = 2006 keywords = fusion; membrane; protein summary = doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1326 id = cord-327765-qdbgkm53 author = Kinnun, Jacob J. title = Lateral Heterogeneity and Domain Formation in Cellular Membranes date = 2020-09-15 keywords = domain; lipid; membrane; phase summary = where a 0 is the area per molecule, R is the domain radius, ε is the dielectric constant of the interfacial water, ε 0 is the permittivity of free space, e is Euler''s number, and δ is the molecular cut-off distance ∼ 0.5nm 26 Lipids and membrane proteins have varying intrinsic hydrophobic thicknesses. In terms of specific theoretical energetics, this contribution to line tension is less 6 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Figure 2 : (a) The registration of domains across membrane leaflets maximizes dynamics, is entropically favorable, and is one mechanism for domain coalescence (adapted from Haataja et al. In other words, the simple phenomenological free energy approach presented here provides a conceptual framework for understanding the scattering data and interpreting the wide range of phase behaviors observed for lateral lipid organization in cell membranes. Lipid lateral diffusion in bilayers with phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol: An NMR study of dynamics and lateral phase separation doi = 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104976 id = cord-339172-210dwhgj author = Knoops, Kèvin title = SARS-Coronavirus Replication Is Supported by a Reticulovesicular Network of Modified Endoplasmic Reticulum date = 2008-09-16 keywords = DMV; RNA; SARS; figure; membrane; virus summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226 id = cord-309384-vlk8cebh author = Kolter, Thomas title = Ganglioside Biochemistry date = 2012-12-19 keywords = GM1; GM2; GM3; Golgi; Tay; acid; cell; figure; ganglioside; membrane; protein summary = A principal difference between ganglioside biosynthesis in the Golgi apparatus and degradation in the endolysosomal compartment is that during GSL formation, membranebound glycosyltransferases interact with their membranebound glycolipid substrates by diffusion within the twodimensional plane of the lipid bilayer. As glycosidase substrates, GSLs with four carbohydrate residues or less require the additional presence of small lipid binding glycoproteins, either the GM2 activator protein or one of the four saposins A-D. In vitro, in addition to enzymes and activator proteins, also an appropriate membrane-lipid composition of the ganglioside-containing membrane is required for degradation [222] . Due to the deficiency of two enzyme activities, β-hexosaminidases A and B, storage of negatively charged glycolipids characteristic for Tay-Sachs disease and, in addition, of uncharged substrates such as GA2 in the brain and globoside in visceral organs (Figure 16 ) is observed. doi = 10.5402/2012/506160 id = cord-349341-ap5n6ijl author = Kopek, Benjamin G title = Three-Dimensional Analysis of a Viral RNA Replication Complex Reveals a Virus-Induced Mini-Organelle date = 2007-08-14 keywords = FHV; RNA; figure; membrane; replication; spherule summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050220 id = cord-329448-kxxy60x9 author = Kumari, Sudha title = Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell date = 2010-02-02 keywords = Cdc42; GEEC; cell; endocytic; endocytosis; membrane; pathway; protein summary = These factors include one or more underlying principle in cargo enrichment, necessitating specific coat and coat-associated protein assembly, a scission mechanism, and a means to integrate these steps; several molecules and membrane parameters can influence and diversify an endocytic process. CtBP1/BARS (C-terminal-binding protein-1/brefeldin A ribosylation substrate) proteins were originally demonstrated to regulate dynamin-independent fluid uptake in a variety of cell lines, and were later reported to localize to the site of and affect macropinosome membrane closure in a phosphorylation-dependent manner [36] . Overexpression of dominant negative, GTP-binding mutants of dynamin also blocked receptor-mediated endocytosis in various cells, suggesting a role for the GTPase activity of dynamin in the clathrin-dependent endocytic process outside the nervous system. The identification of an endocytic pathway as distinct has been primarily based on associated cargo proteins or lipids, and molecular regulators; the contribution of kinetics and detailed physical mechanism to such categorization is not generally available except in some wellcharacterized situations, namely clathrin-pit endocytosis or endocytosis by actin-dependent forces in yeast. doi = 10.1038/cr.2010.19 id = cord-299270-fwbz3t25 author = Lemieux, M. Joanne title = Structure and function of proteins in membranes and nanodiscs date = 2020-08-22 keywords = GPCR; lipid; membrane; protein summary = Abstract The field of membrane structural biology represents a fast-moving field with exciting developments including native nanodiscs that allow preparation of complexes of post-translationally modified proteins bound to biological lipids. Comparisons with the performance of conventional detergents suggests that the development of neutral or basic copolymers related to SMA could offer advantages, providing avenues for solubilization and analysis of a broader array of biological membrane:protein assemblies (memteins). The individual components of erythrocyte membranes including Rh proteins are well known, but their multimeric lipid complexes are dissociated in detergent-based preparations and hence no longer recognizable or extractable using conformation-specific antibodies. A set of ABCG2 protein constructs were designed with N-terminal GFP or SNAP and His 6 tags and solubilized from HEK cells using SMA(2:1) copolymer, as were CD28 and CD86 Antibiotics include lipid-specific peptides that self-associate into pores, which permeabilize bacterial membranes. doi = 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183445 id = cord-279463-bli8hwda author = Lipp, Joachim title = The membrane-spanning segment of invariant chain (Iγ) contains a potentially cleavable signal sequence date = 1986-09-26 keywords = figure; membrane; protein; signal summary = As type II membrane proteins contain only a single stretch of hydrophobic amino acid residues, this might function as a signal for membrane insertion as well as a membrane anchor (Markoff et al., 1984; Spiess and Lodish, 1986) . plycat is an in-frame fusion between the 5'' region of ly encoding the cytoplas, mic, membrane-spanning segment plus 12 amino acids of the exoplasmic portion of ly and the gene encoding the cytoplasmic protein chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). After protease digestion in the presence of microsomal membranes, lyCAT* is reduced in molecular weight by about 2 kd, suggesting that it exposes 20-30 amino acid residues on the cytoplasmic side ( Figure 3 , lanes 2 and 3). This signal sequence is located in the amino-terminal half of the membrane-spanning segment, and it is cleaved when the preceding cytoplasmic domain is removed. doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90710-5 id = cord-022538-1g9kmpdi author = Makino, Hisao title = ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH NANOPARTICLES date = 2008-05-20 keywords = BSA; Fig; concentration; membrane; nanoparticle; particle; size; surface summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-044453122-3.50010-6 id = cord-333757-h12aozg2 author = Modis, Yorgo title = Class II Fusion Proteins date = 2013-07-10 keywords = fusion; membrane; protein summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-7651-1_8 id = cord-009371-ub4p4ngr author = Mollenhauer, Hilton H. title = Alteration of intracellular traffic by monensin; mechanism, specificity and relationship to toxicity date = 1990-05-07 keywords = Clsternae; Golgi; apparatus; cell; effect; membrane; monensin summary = doi = 10.1016/0304-4157(90)90008-z id = cord-011888-3mvzkff6 author = Moore, John P. title = Oxone(®)-Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanomaterial Ultrafiltration and Dialysis Mixed-Matrix Hollow Fiber Membranes date = 2020-06-15 keywords = BSA; Form; membrane summary = title: Oxone(®)-Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanomaterial Ultrafiltration and Dialysis Mixed-Matrix Hollow Fiber Membranes Ultrafiltration and dialysis were performed using bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme, and urea to analyze various properties of each hollow fiber membrane type. Utilizing the procedure from Moore et al., OTO-CNMs Form I and Form II were synthesized and used in conjunction with cellulose triacetate (CTA) from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA), and deionized water to create novel membranes for filtration [21] . In this study on the implementation of two derivatives of cellulose nanomaterials into hollow fiber membranes for ultrafiltration and dialysis, OTO-CNM Form I and Form II mixed-matrix membranes have been quantitatively evaluated for the first time by determining model molecule selectivity (BSA, urea, and lysozyme), as well as transport rates (flux and diffusion rates). doi = 10.3390/polym12061348 id = cord-265887-g5zhoyo9 author = Mukherjee, Shruti title = Host-membrane interacting interface of the SARS coronavirus envelope protein: Immense functional potential of C-terminal domain date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Golgi; SARS; membrane; protein summary = (56) Apart from these highly conserved sequences throughout the genus, there are distinct potent glycosylation sites along the stretch that can serve as chaperone interacting motifs to help in the protein folding and/or aid in J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof trafficking along with the cellular machinery.(57) Glycosylation of particular asparagine residues (Asn 45, Asn 48, Asn 64, and Asn 68) in the SARS-CoV has been shown to be crucial in maintaining the proteinoligomerization events associated with the host membranes. (41) The formation of a disulfide bond may also play a crucial role in the oligomerization of the E protein, forming stable dimers, trimers, and pentamers depending on its functional requirement.(105) Thus even though the TMD spans the lipid bilayer, the CxxC motif could serve as an essential key to defining the membrane-associated oligomerization events-providing newer targets for preemptive therapeutic intervention. doi = 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106452 id = cord-325712-9kbnyqt3 author = Nathan, Lakshmi title = Single Virion Tracking Microscopy for the Study of Virus Entry Processes in Live Cells and Biomimetic Platforms date = 2019-07-18 keywords = cell; fusion; membrane; single; virion; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_2 id = cord-287093-9mertwj7 author = Netherton, Christopher L title = Virus factories, double membrane vesicles and viroplasm generated in animal cells date = 2011-10-12 keywords = RNA; membrane summary = In this review, we discuss how three supergroups of (+)RNA viruses generate replication sites from membrane-bound organelles and highlight research on perinuclear factories induced by the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. In this review, we discuss how three supergroups of (+)strand RNA viruses generate replication sites from membrane-bound organelles and highlight research on perinuclear factories induced by the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). The RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) of the (+)strand RNA viruses are targeted to the cytoplasmic face of membrane-bound organelles and subsequent assembly of the replicase complex induces membrane curvature and the formation of densely packed membrane vesicles (reviewed in [1, 2] ) ( Figure 1 ). This suggests that replication may take place on CM and that genomes are transferred to vesicular packets for envelopment and budding, while excess viral RNA may be stored in DMVs. Picornaviruses generate densely packed DMVs between 200 and 400 nm in diameter, a series of single membraned vesicles resulting from fragmentation of the Golgi, and autophagosomes possibly generated as a bystander response to infection [11 ,12-16] . doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.008 id = cord-103812-ls6zgipi author = Norris, Rachael P. title = Gap junction internalization and processing in vivo: a 3D immuno-electron microscopy study date = 2020-06-30 keywords = cx43; gap; junction; membrane summary = Less is understood about their internalization, which forms double membrane vesicles containing cytosol and membranes from another cell, called connexosomes or annular gap junctions. Gap junction internalization can also be considered to be a form of trogocytosis (Joly and Hudriser, 2003) in which a portion of the plasma membrane and cytosol of the neighboring cell is transferred to the engulfing cell (See Fig. 1A ). Serial sections were then imaged to obtain threedimensional information; this distinguished between internalized connexosomes and gap junctions in the process of invagination. In 7 of the 56 modified connexosomes, a patch of unlabeled outer membrane bulged outward from a labeled inner membrane ( suggesting that different types of vesicles were involved. Five serial sections through a modified connexosome containing several internal vesicles labeled with Cx43. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.178475 id = cord-008480-p41oae8e author = O''Callaghan, Barbara title = Characterization of aminopeptidase N from Torpedo marmorata kidney date = 2004-11-12 keywords = Torpedo; membrane summary = Depending on solubilization conditions, both the antigen and peptidase activity were recovered either as a broad peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 18S (2% CHAPS) or as a single peak of 7.8S (1% CHAPS plus 0.2 % C(12)E(9)), showing that Torpedo aminopeptidase N behaves as an oligomer stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, easily converted into a 160 kDa monomer. The antigen is highly concentrated in the apical membrane of proximal tubule epithelial cells (600 gold particles/μm(2) of brush border membrane) whereas no labeling could be detected in other cell types or in other membranes of the same cells (basolatéral membranes, vacuoles or vesicles). Hybrids were selected in hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine medium and superuatants from the culture wefts containing hybrid cells were tested for the presence of antibodies binding to the apical membrane of tubular epithelial cells on Torpedo kidney frozen sections. doi = 10.1016/s0248-4900(94)80003-0 id = cord-020712-l9cn0n99 author = Ohnishi, Shun-Ichi title = Chapter 9 Fusion of Viral Envelopes with Cellular Membranes date = 2008-05-30 keywords = Fig; HVJ; Sendai; fusion; membrane; virus summary = Residues 80-100 in El and residues 100-131 in G, which have sequence homology among the strains, may be such stretches though not strongly hydrophobic (Table 262 SHUN-ICHI OHNlSHl and the putative fusogenic segment should be able to interact with the target membrane, inducing some disturbance eventually leading to fusion (Fig. Ib) . Presence of receptors for the amino-terminal segments in target membranes has been suggested from studies on inhibition of virus replication by small peptides with amino acid sequences similar to that of the viral amino terminus (Richardson et al., 1980; Richardson and Choppin, 1983) . Why is a specific amino acid sequence of F glycoprotein required for the membrane fusion reaction between envelope of HVJ (Sendai virus) and target cell membranes? pH-Dependent membrane fusion activity of a synthetic twenty amino acid peptide with the same sequence as that of the hydrophobic segment in influenza virus hemagglutinin doi = 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60137-9 id = cord-034898-zjfhpum2 author = Patangi, Sanjay Orathi title = Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Special reference for use in ‘post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock’ — A review with an Indian perspective date = 2020-11-07 keywords = ECMO; extracorporeal; membrane; oxygenation; patient summary = title: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Special reference for use in ''post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock'' — A review with an Indian perspective Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is an important modality of managing post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock with variable outcomes which would otherwise be universally fatal. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has gained popularity over the years as a ''bailout'' option after conventional circulatory support methods have proved refractory in the operating room (OR)/intensive care unit (ICU). Long-term survival and major outcomes in post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult patients in cardiogenic shock Usefulness of cardiac biomarkers to predict cardiac recovery in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for refractory cardiogenic shock Nosocomial infections in adult cardiogenic shock patients supported by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Clinical outcomes in patients after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock: a single-centre experience of 92 cases doi = 10.1007/s12055-020-01051-7 id = cord-274101-vm9nh8lc author = Perez Espitia, Paula Judith title = Bioactive Peptides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in the Packaging and Preservation of Food date = 2012-02-29 keywords = activity; antimicrobial; cell; film; membrane; packaging; peptide; surface summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00179.x id = cord-257754-pqxkyg8z author = Reggiori, Fulvio title = Membrane Origin for Autophagy date = 2006-07-21 keywords = Cvt; Golgi; Klionsky; Reggiori; membrane summary = In addition, a study analyzing conditional knock-out mice defective for autophagy has revealed that the mutant animal accumulates numerous ubiquitinated aggregates in the cytosol, suggesting that this covalent protein modification could serve to specifically target to autophagosomes large structures that have to be eliminated (Komatsu et al., 2005) . In contrast to mammalian cells where several isolation membranes can be simultaneously activated, a single perivacuolar site of organization for double-membrane vesicle formation (named the pre-autophagosomal structure, PAS) is observed in the yeast S. Because the three mammalian Atg8 homologs are diVerently expressed in various tissues (Tanida et al., 2004) , another intriguing option is that these proteins are involved in supplying the autophagosome with membranes derived from diVerent compartments depending on the cell type; for example, GATE-16 from the Golgi complex and GABARAP from the same organelle as well as the synaptic cisternae (Kittler et al., 2001; Kneussel et al., 2000; Sagiv et al., 2000) . doi = 10.1016/s0070-2153(06)74001-7 id = cord-294842-aesiff1f author = Romero-Brey, Inés title = Membranous Replication Factories Induced by Plus-Strand RNA Viruses date = 2014-07-22 keywords = DENV; HCV; RNA; membrane; replication; virus summary = Three-dimensional reconstructions of the WNV KUN replication sites revealed an intimate association of the rough ER (rER) with the bounding membrane of the VPs [20] (Figure 2B ), resembling the vesicles observed in DENV-infected cells. In cells infected with TBEV, one of the most important tick-transmitted viruses in Europe and Asia, virus particles and membrane-connected vesicles were also observed inside the ER [25] , similar to what was described for DENV and WNV KUN . Importantly, pulse-radiolabeling experiments localized sites of active RNA replication to the outer surface of single-membrane tubules [71] and isolation of the membranous replication factories and their subsequent visualization by EM revealed that they form rosette-like structures composed of virus-induced cytoplasmic vesicles [124] . Formation of plant RNA virus replication complexes on membranes: Role of an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted viral protein doi = 10.3390/v6072826 id = cord-028738-ing07qma author = Roy, Nimisha title = Prototype of a Smart Microfluidic Platform for the Evaluation of SARS-Cov-2 Pathogenesis, Along with Estimation of the Effectiveness of Potential Drug Candidates and Antigen–Antibody Interactions in Convalescent Plasma Therapy date = 2020-07-08 keywords = PDMS; SU-8; cell; channel; membrane summary = doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00148-0 id = cord-000884-zq8kqf6h author = Shen, Hsin-Hui title = Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Model Membranes: Seeking Better Ways to Retain Protein Activities date = 2013-01-14 keywords = activity; bilayer; lipid; membrane; protein summary = This review will discuss the reconstitution of membrane protein activities in four different types of model membrane—monolayers, supported lipid bilayers, liposomes and nanodiscs, comparing their advantages in membrane protein reconstitution. To simplify cell membrane systems, model membranes such as monolayers, bilayers, liposomes and nanodiscs have been developed, enabling detailed investigation of membrane protein structure in lipid membranes. There are a number of approaches used to create a model membrane in order to mimic properties of the native cell membrane, and we will review these various approaches for reconstituting membrane proteins into different types of model membrane-monolayers [5] , supported planar lipid bilayer [6] and liposomes [7] as shown in Figure 1A -C. By using this approach, it appears that both PLA2 and PLC are active at the monolayer model membrane, indicating that the kinetics of phospholipid hydrolysis at the air-water interface can be monitored by biophysical characterization techniques in situ such as PM-IRRAS and infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy [22] . doi = 10.3390/ijms14011589 id = cord-103739-mmkrwj8t author = Snijder, Eric J. title = A unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: tracking down RNA synthesis date = 2020-03-24 keywords = MERS; RNA; membrane; replication summary = Metabolic labelling of newly-synthesized viral RNA followed by quantitative EM autoradiography revealed abundant viral RNA synthesis associated with DMVs in cells infected with the beta-CoVs MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and the gamma-CoV infectious bronchitis virus. In infected cells, the CoV RNA-23 synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are 24 transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). In infected cells, the CoV RNA-23 synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are 24 transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). 106 double-membrane spherules (DMSs) 107 We first set out to analyse the ultrastructure of MERS-CoV-infected Huh7 cells under sample 108 preparation conditions favourable for autoradiography (see Materials and Methods) (Fig 1, S1 109 Video). Association of polioviral proteins of the P2 89 genomic region with the viral replication complex and virus-induced membrane synthesis as 90 visualized by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and autoradiography doi = 10.1101/2020.03.24.005298 id = cord-300429-b0zev8zb author = Sobocińska, Justyna title = Protein Palmitoylation and Its Role in Bacterial and Viral Infections date = 2018-01-19 keywords = acid; cell; fatty; membrane; palmitoylation; protein summary = doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02003 id = cord-338827-1moy43hr author = Stillwell, William title = Membrane Transport date = 2016-07-15 keywords = Fig; chapter; membrane summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-63772-7.00019-1 id = cord-035248-m5517zgn author = Stokes, John W. title = Bleeding, Thromboembolism, and Clinical Outcomes in Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation date = 2020-11-09 keywords = ECMO; membrane summary = Our objective was to examine the relative frequencies of bleeding and thromboembolic events and their associations with survival among a cohort of consecutive patients receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Our objective was to examine the relative frequencies of bleeding and thromboembolic events and their associations with survival among a cohort of consecutive patients receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Conclusions: In this cohort of patients receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and anticoagulation, bleeding occurred more frequently than thromboembolism and was associated with worse survival. Conclusions: In this cohort of patients receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and anticoagulation, bleeding occurred more frequently than thromboembolism and was associated with worse survival. We collected the following data from the electronic health record: patient characteristics in the 24 hours prior to ECMO initiation; bleeding and thromboembolic events during venovenous ECMO as previously defined (5); and clinical outcomes, including in-hospital survival, ECMO duration, and hospital length of stay. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000267 id = cord-016938-pk76snuy author = Suh, Hwal (Matthew) title = Collagen Fabrication for the Cell-based Implants in Regenerative Medicine date = 2008 keywords = cell; collagen; membrane; tissue summary = As atelocollagen has no telopeptides that integrate with other atelocollagen molecules, basic technology to produce intramolecular and intermolecular bonds for construction of the extracellular matrix with adequate mechanical properties required by tissue where the artificial cell-based implant is delivered is the recrosslinking method using chemical reagents or physical dynamics. Collagen can be fabricated into various forms of gel, fiber, membrane with or without pores, and it can even be grafted onto the non-viable metal, ceramic and synthetic biomaterials to introduce biological layer on surface. To produce an artificial skin, autologous dermal fibroblasts of rat were seeded into the EDC crosslinked porous collagen-laminin membrane and cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM) for 3 days to provide the cell-niche adaptation period. Although collagen based gel is favorable to fabricate cell conductive substitute, weak mechanical property is a barrier for application in the physiological stress bearing tissues, and, to resolve this problem, hybridization of collagen with polymeric biomaterials has been suggested. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-75409-1_8 id = cord-330110-pamxy4av author = Teissier, Elodie title = Mechanism of Inhibition of Enveloped Virus Membrane Fusion by the Antiviral Drug Arbidol date = 2011-01-25 keywords = Arb; DMPC; HCV; figure; fusion; membrane summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0015874 id = cord-336929-2rnkotqy author = Vieira, Flávia Sarmento title = Host‐cell lipid rafts: a safe door for micro‐organisms? date = 2012-01-03 keywords = cell; lipid; membrane; raft; virus summary = In addition to the lipid components, a variety of cell receptors and signalling proteins are known to be associated with membrane rafts. Many animal viruses exploit the endocytic machinery of their host cell for infection, and lipid rafts are often a site for entry, assembly and budding of microbial pathogens, as confirmed by biochemical approaches and microscopy evidence (Kovbasnjuk et al., 2001; Suomalainen, 2002; Lu et al., 2008) . Interestingly, it had already been demonstrated that Brucella abortus infection is related with PrP C (cellular PrP), one of the lipid raft-associated molecules on the plasma membrane of different cell types. In the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7, for example, LPS stimulation induces translocation of CD14, ERK-2 (extracellular-signalregulated kinase 2) and p38 to lipid rafts, but other proteins also involved in the LPS signalling response do not migrate within these microdomains (Triantafilou et al., 2007; Olsson and Sundler, 2006) . doi = 10.1042/bc20090138 id = cord-030961-5gzc7193 author = Wang, Jiajun title = Adhesive contact between cylindrical (Ebola) and spherical (SARS-CoV-2) viral particles and a cell membrane date = 2020-08-28 keywords = adhesion; membrane; virus summary = In the limit where bending dominates, for sufficiently large values of normalized bending stiffness, there is no adhesion between viral particles and the cell membrane without applied force. In this work, we create a continuum model for the small-deflection adhesive contact mechanics of virus particle attachment onto the host cell membrane in terms of the principal biophysical properties of the virus, membrane, and their interaction. These results also help to retrieve conditions for lack of adhesion, pull-off force, and contact area between the virus particle and cell membrane. We now describe in outline the continuum models for adhesive contact between the virus and cell membrane, driven by adhesion and external displacement or force, and resisted by tension and elastic bending. In our models, the parameters that govern the adhesive contact mechanics are (more in Table 1 ) bending rigid κ, tension σ, adhesion free energy per receptor β, binding receptor density ρ, and the radius of the virus, R. doi = 10.1007/s42558-020-00026-3 id = cord-313599-5j19stye author = Wang, Xianfeng title = Electro-spinning/netting: A strategy for the fabrication of three-dimensional polymer nano-fiber/nets date = 2013-05-26 keywords = ESN; Fig; NFN; PA-6; PAA; QCM; membrane; nano; net summary = NFN possess the general properties and functions of conventional electrospun nanofibers and other 1D nanostructures fabricated using different techniques, as well as the impressive feature characters (e.g. extremely small diameter, high porosity, Steiner tree network geometry, controllable coverage rate) that distinguish themselves from their counterparts, the properties donated by the polymer phase, and the 2D net-like geometry. Therefore, strongly interconnected thin MPEG spider-web-like nano-nets with thick PA-6 nanofibers are responsible to increase mechanical strength and hydrophilic nature of PA-6 fibrous membranes, which make composite MPEG/PA-6 NFN membranes great potential in air filtration and different biomedical application. More recently, our group has presented continuous efforts toward the aim of generating PANI-based nanostructured materials and for the first time fabricated composite PANI/PA-6 NFN membranes (Fig. 20a) , which were used as a platform for efficient sensing reaction by providing high specific surface area and porosity. doi = 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.05.001 id = cord-015866-65zrbo1w author = Wardhan, Rashmi title = Membrane Transport date = 2018-01-12 keywords = ABC; ATP; Fig; membrane; transport summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-7101-0_6 id = cord-325915-dw989txm author = Wolf, Michael W title = Downstream processing of cell culture-derived virus particles date = 2014-01-09 keywords = dna; high; membrane; particle; process; purification; vector; virus summary = doi = 10.1586/erv.11.111 id = cord-323319-u5hfkjv8 author = Xu, Mengchang title = Analysis of the biodegradation performance and biofouling in a halophilic MBBR-MBR to improve the treatment of disinfected saline wastewater date = 2020-10-22 keywords = MBR; membrane summary = doi = 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128716 id = cord-346446-i7gpxcyo author = Zhang, Jianguo title = Biosynthetic Polymalic Acid as a Delivery Nanoplatform for Translational Cancer Medicine date = 2020-10-22 keywords = Aureobasidium; PMLA; acid; membrane summary = pullulan, the addition of exogenous carbonates augments CO 2 fixation and pyruvate carboxylation into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase in the cytoplasm, abolishing the intramitochondrial pathways for L-malate production and ensuing PMLA synthesis ( Figure 2 ) [23, 30] . At pH 7.4, the terminal α-carboxylic acid in the side chain is deprotonated and ionized; this would be repelled from the cell membrane, but, because of strong hydrophobic interactions, indole in the side chain can attract and intercalate into phospholipids, generating PMLA tritryptophan-lipid complexes and releasing binding energy to stabilize the structure. To increase the interaction between the biopolymer and the plasma membrane, methylation of carboxylic acid groups with different levels of diazomethane was used to generate a PMLA-Me x H 100−x copolymer (where x is the percentage of methyl units) [77, 78] . Analysis of the L-malate biosynthesis pathway involved in poly(beta-L-malic acid) production in Aureobasidium melanogenum GXZ-6 by addition of metabolic intermediates and inhibitors doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.008 id = cord-289541-y7lewk1t author = Zhang, Li-Zhi title = Fabrication of a lithium chloride solution based composite supported liquid membrane and its moisture permeation analysis date = 2006-05-01 keywords = air; membrane; moisture summary = The membrane is composed of three layers: two hydrophobic protective layers and a sandwiched hydrophilic support layer in which LiCl solution is immobilized to facilitate water vapor transfer. Further, the supported liquid layer only accounts for 12% of the total moisture transfer resistance in the cell, indicating that there is much potential for further performance improvement. The core material of an MTHR ventilator are vapor-permeable membranes, therefore both heat and moisture are transferred between these two air streams when they flow through the unit. However, moisture diffusion coefficients in such polymer membranes are usually very low, in the order of 10 −12 to 10 −13 m 2 s −1 [11, 18] , while MTHR ventilators only have limited transmembrane vapor partial pressure difference, consequently performances are quite limited currently. To improve the performances of MTHR ventilators, in this study, a novel membrane, a composite SLM, which employs LiCl liquid solution immobilized in a porous support membrane to facilitate the transport of moisture, is prepared. doi = 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.09.035 id = cord-314402-kjzkk51t author = Zou, Guijin title = EML webinar overview: Simulation-assisted discovery of membrane targeting nanomedicine date = 2020-06-08 keywords = lipid; membrane; pore summary = doi = 10.1016/j.eml.2020.100817 id = cord-284690-ogu1gmcb author = da Cunha, Nicolau B. title = The next generation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as molecular therapeutic tools for the treatment of diseases with social and economic impacts date = 2016-11-23 keywords = CRISPR; Cas9; amp; dna; gram; membrane; peptide summary = The use of viral vectors based on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX) for cloning and massively expressing AMP genes in Nicotiana benthamiana appears to be an interesting new approach to considerably enhance recombinant peptide production before structural and functional characterization. However, frequent gene silencing at the transcriptional level and instability of genes cloned in vectors for stable or transient expression remain major challenges limiting the efficient production of AMPs. Another persistent issue is the poor quality of the peptides endogenously synthesized in bacteria, yeast, and plants, particularly resulting from undesirable post-translational modifications [2, 33] . Some drawbacks presented by plant expression systems are solved by the CRISPR system, a revolutionary genome-editing technology that presents myriad possibilities for genetic manipulation at the genomic level and provides unprecedented tools (CRISPRi and CRISPRa) to precisely control gene expression and the structural modification of AMPs. Despite its current minor limitations (e.g. off-target effects), CRISPR could have a key role in the future development of clinical drugs as biotechnological antiinfective agents, including the rational biosynthesis of next-generation antimicrobials. doi = 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.10.017 id = cord-001835-0s7ok4uw author = nan title = Abstracts of the 29th Annual Symposium of The Protein Society date = 2015-10-01 keywords = ATP; Biology; Ca21; Chemistry; Department; Institute; NADPH; NMR; PDB; RNA; Science; Tau; University; activity; base; bind; binding; cell; change; complex; design; dna; domain; enzyme; form; function; high; interaction; membrane; method; molecular; peptide; process; protein; residue; result; role; sequence; site; structure; study summary = Altogether, these results indicate that, although PHDs might be more selective for HIF as a substrate as it was initially thought, the enzymatic activity of the prolyl hydroxylases is possibly influenced by a number of other proteins that can directly bind to PHDs. Non-natural aminoacids via the MIO-enzyme toolkit Alina Filip 1 , Judith H Bartha-V ari 1 , Gergely B an oczy 2 , L aszl o Poppe 2 , Csaba Paizs 1 , Florin-Dan Irimie 1 1 Biocatalysis and Biotransformation Research Group, Department of Chemistry, UBB, 2 Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology An attractive enzymatic route to enantiomerically pure to the highly valuable a-or b-aromatic amino acids involves the use of aromatic ammonia lyases (ALs) and aminomutases (AMs). Continuing our studies of the effect of like-charged residues on protein-folding mechanisms, in this work, we investigated, by means of NMR spectroscopy and molecular-dynamics simulations, two short fragments of the human Pin1 WW domain [hPin1(14-24); hPin1(15-23)] and one single point mutation system derived from hPin1(14-24) in which the original charged residues were replaced with non-polar alanine residues. doi = 10.1002/pro.2823 id = cord-004534-jqm1hxps author = nan title = Abstract date = 2009-06-09 keywords = AFM; ATP; Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry; Department; FCS; France; GFP; Genova; Germany; Hyp; Institute; Italy; Molecular; Physics; RNA; Sciences; University; cell; dna; fluorescence; fret; interaction; lipid; membrane; protein; result; structure; study summary = doi = 10.1007/s00249-009-0478-1 id = cord-004584-bcw90f5b author = nan title = Abstracts: 8th EBSA European Biophysics Congress, August 23rd–27th 2011, Budapest, Hungary date = 2011-08-06 keywords = AFM; ATP; Biophysics; Department; FCS; Germany; Institute; RNA; University; cell; change; channel; complex; different; dna; dynamic; effect; fluorescence; fret; high; interaction; lipid; mechanism; membrane; model; molecular; molecule; process; protein; result; structure; study; surface; system summary = Our goals are two-fold: (1) to monitor conformational changes in each domain upon its binding to specific ligands and then to correlate the observed changes with structural differences between the CRDs and (2) to investigate the interaction between the CRDs and lipid model membranes. Cholesterol-assisted lipid and protein interactions such as the integration into lipid nanodomains are considered to play a functional part in a whole range of membrane-associated processes, but their direct and non-invasive observation in living cells is impeded by the resolution limit of [200nm of a conventional far-field optical microscope. Therefore, to investigate the dynamic and complex membrane lateral organization in living cells, we have developed an original approach based on molecule diffusion measurements performed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy at different spatial scales (spot variable FCS, svFCS) (1). doi = 10.1007/s00249-011-0734-z id = cord-014685-ihh30q6f author = nan title = Posters P788 - P999 date = 2005-09-21 keywords = Department; France; Institute; Japan; RNA; University; cell; dna; membrane; protein; structure; study summary = This study has attempted to analyse the structural properties of membrane peptides and proteins through the use of model systems that have been designed to mimic their natural counterparts: Podlubnaya 2 1 Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, 2 Pushchino State University Amyloid brils are formed by proteins or their peptides in the result of a conformational transition from alpha helix into beta-sheet structure. Analysis of the results of such studies indicate that folding of SNase fragments is dominated by developing the local and non-local nucleation sites from native-like secondary structures and by intensifying the longrange interactions of residues at nucleation sites with residues further removed in sequence. The results show that at different pH values the aggregation processes of both proteins follow different pathways determined by the variations in the native structure and by the details of the involved conformational changes. doi = 10.1007/s00249-005-0504-x id = cord-022504-tk7v4hoj author = nan title = Environmental and safety issues with nanoparticles date = 2012-03-16 keywords = BSA; Fig; concentration; membrane; nanoparticle; particle; size; surface summary = During the process, large volumes of ultrapure water are consumed to clean the surface of the wafer, which generates large quantity of CMP wastewater typically having high solid content resulting from slurry abrasive particles of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , or CeO 2 , depending on the nature of the CMP application. 7.2.6.2 Industrial processes with cleanrooms Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments (e.g., in the case of an ISO Class 3 cleanroom, the maximum permissible airborne particle concentration is less than 10 3 particles/m 3 for particles with the size of 0.1 m or larger, while the airborne particle concentration in ordinary indoor environments is on the order of 10 9 particles/m 3 or higher) are usually adopted to avoid particle contamination in industrial processes where precision products such as engineered nanoparticles, semiconductors, and other electronic or optical devices are fabricated because the deposition of particles onto product surfaces causes their yield reduction and quality deterioration. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-56336-1.50007-2 id = cord-104279-choywmwd author = nan title = Membrane protein sorting in the yeast secretory pathway: evidence that the vacuole may be the default compartment date = 1992-10-01 keywords = DPAP; Fig; Golgi; membrane; protein summary = First, to determine if the lumenal domain was sorted to the vacuole when expressed in the secretory pathway as a soluble protein, a gene fusion was used to create the protein ctFss-B, consisting of the NH2-terminal ER-targeting signal sequence of prepro-t~ factor fused to the lumenal domain of DPAP B at residue 49 ( Fig. 1 B) . To ad-dress the possibility that the mutant constructs analyzed in this study were mislocalized to the plasma membrane followed by rapid endocytic uptake to the vacuole, indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed on BB-Inv, B-A-B, A20-BB, and/x22-AA-B expressed in a secl strain at 34~ As a positive control for accumulation in secretory vesicles, the localization of the fusion protein Fusl-LacZp was analyzed (Trueheart et al., 1987) . doi = nan