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M.; Noerder, Miriam; Huntington, Nicholas D.; Lim, Annick; Yasuda, Etsuko; Diehl, Sean A.; Scheeren, Ferenc A.; Ott, Michael; Weijer, Kees; Wedemeyer, Heiner; Di Santo, James P.; Beaumont, Tim; Guzman, Carlos A.; Spits, Hergen title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date: 2010-10-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137 sha: doc_id: 261 cord_uid: ip32y0j5 file: cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.json key: cord-000539-uh3q65we authors: Zhang, Yi; Sun, Honglei; Fan, Lihong; Ma, Yuan; Sun, Yipeng; Pu, Juan; Yang, Jun; Qiao, Jian; Ma, Guangpeng; Liu, Jinhua title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date: 2012-01-03 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029347 sha: doc_id: 539 cord_uid: uh3q65we file: cache/cord-001569-jd028cyg.json key: cord-001569-jd028cyg authors: dos Santos, Gimena; Rogel, Micah R.; Baker, Margaret A.; Troken, James R.; Urich, Daniela; Morales-Nebreda, Luisa; Sennello, Joseph A.; Kutuzov, Mikhail A.; Sitikov, Albert; Davis, Jennifer M.; Lam, Anna P.; Cheresh, Paul; Kamp, David; Shumaker, Dale K.; Budinger, G. R. Scott; Ridge, Karen M. title: Vimentin regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome date: 2015-03-12 journal: Nat Commun DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7574 sha: doc_id: 1569 cord_uid: jd028cyg file: cache/cord-001675-9717nzr7.json key: cord-001675-9717nzr7 authors: Sugiyama, Michael G.; Armstrong, Susan M.; Wang, Changsen; Hwang, David; Leong-Poi, Howard; Advani, Andrew; Advani, Suzanne; Zhang, Haibo; Szaszi, Katalin; Tabuchi, Arata; Kuebler, Wolfgang M.; Van Slyke, Paul; Dumont, Dan J.; Lee, Warren L. title: The Tie2-agonist Vasculotide rescues mice from influenza virus infection date: 2015-06-05 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/srep11030 sha: doc_id: 1675 cord_uid: 9717nzr7 file: cache/cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.json key: cord-001958-2gt3fwpy authors: Meseda, Clement A.; Atukorale, Vajini; Kuhn, Jordan; Schmeisser, Falko; Weir, Jerry P. title: Percutaneous Vaccination as an Effective Method of Delivery of MVA and MVA-Vectored Vaccines date: 2016-02-19 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149364 sha: doc_id: 1958 cord_uid: 2gt3fwpy file: cache/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.json key: cord-002341-v4r5d26a authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Zhang, Anna Jinxia; Chan, Chris Chung-Sing; Yip, Cyril Chik-Yan; Mak, Winger Wing-Nga; Zhu, Houshun; Poon, Vincent Kwok-Man; Tee, Kah-Meng; Zhu, Zheng; Cai, Jian-Piao; Tsang, Jessica Oi-Ling; Chik, Kenn Ka-Heng; Yin, Feifei; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Kok, Kin-Hang; Jin, Dong-Yan; Au-Yeung, Rex Kwok-Him; Yuen, Kwok-Yung title: Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons date: 2016-11-12 journal: EBioMedicine DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.017 sha: doc_id: 2341 cord_uid: v4r5d26a file: cache/cord-003315-r1wkx0ml.json key: cord-003315-r1wkx0ml authors: Jacobs, Sophie; Wavreil, Fanny; Schepens, Bert; Gad, Hans Henrik; Hartmann, Rune; Rocha-Pereira, Joana; Neyts, Johan; Saelens, Xavier; Michiels, Thomas title: Species Specificity of Type III Interferon Activity and Development of a Sensitive Luciferase-Based Bioassay for Quantitation of Mouse Interferon-λ date: 2018-11-01 journal: J Interferon Cytokine Res DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0066 sha: doc_id: 3315 cord_uid: r1wkx0ml file: cache/cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.json key: cord-003389-0yh5k6jk authors: Patton, John B.; Bennuru, Sasisekhar; Eberhard, Mark L.; Hess, Jessica A.; Torigian, April; Lustigman, Sara; Nutman, Thomas B.; Abraham, David title: Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum date: 2018-12-12 journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006977 sha: doc_id: 3389 cord_uid: 0yh5k6jk file: cache/cord-003634-iq0e1qp1.json key: cord-003634-iq0e1qp1 authors: Otxoa-de-Amezaga, Amaia; Miró-Mur, Francesc; Pedragosa, Jordi; Gallizioli, Mattia; Justicia, Carles; Gaja-Capdevila, Núria; Ruíz-Jaen, Francisca; Salas-Perdomo, Angélica; Bosch, Anna; Calvo, Maria; Márquez-Kisinousky, Leonardo; Denes, Adam; Gunzer, Matthias; Planas, Anna M. title: Microglial cell loss after ischemic stroke favors brain neutrophil accumulation date: 2018-12-22 journal: Acta Neuropathol DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1954-4 sha: doc_id: 3634 cord_uid: iq0e1qp1 file: cache/cord-004416-qw6tusd2.json key: cord-004416-qw6tusd2 authors: Krishna, Smriti M.; 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Zuurbier, C.J.; Ince, C. title: Mechanical ventilation of mice date: 2000 journal: Basic Res Cardiol DOI: 10.1007/s003950070029 sha: doc_id: 6588 cord_uid: aavpj5r3 file: cache/cord-007094-ur9sz21s.json key: cord-007094-ur9sz21s authors: Mahabir, Esther; Bauer, Beth; Schmidt, Jörg title: Rodent and Germplasm Trafficking: Risks of Microbial Contamination in a High-Tech Biomedical World date: 2008-01-01 journal: ILAR J DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.3.347 sha: doc_id: 7094 cord_uid: ur9sz21s file: cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.json key: cord-007726-bqlf72fe authors: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina; Johnson, Jill R. title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date: 2018-11-09 journal: Mouse Cell Culture DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 sha: doc_id: 7726 cord_uid: bqlf72fe file: cache/cord-009388-k3exf8a4.json key: cord-009388-k3exf8a4 authors: Agarwal, Yash; Beatty, Cole; Biradar, Shivkumar; Castronova, Isabella; Ho, Sara; Melody, Kevin; Bility, Moses Turkle title: Moving beyond the mousetrap: current and emerging humanized mouse and rat models for investigating prevention and cure strategies against HIV infection and associated pathologies date: 2020-04-10 journal: Retrovirology DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00515-3 sha: doc_id: 9388 cord_uid: k3exf8a4 file: cache/cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.json key: cord-010187-ymhcfyxx authors: Gromeier, Matthias; Lu, Hui-Hua; Wimmer, Eckard title: Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis date: 2005-03-25 journal: Microb Pathog DOI: 10.1016/s0882-4010(05)80002-6 sha: doc_id: 10187 cord_uid: ymhcfyxx file: cache/cord-010278-loey5xq9.json key: cord-010278-loey5xq9 authors: Huh, Changgoo; Nagle, James W.; Kozak, Christine A.; Abrahamson, Magnus; Karlsson, Stefan title: Structural organization, expression and chromosomal mapping of the mouse cystatin-C-encoding gene (Cst3) date: 1995-01-23 journal: Gene DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00728-b sha: doc_id: 10278 cord_uid: loey5xq9 file: cache/cord-013023-uanozm00.json key: cord-013023-uanozm00 authors: Crouse, Richard B; Kim, Kristen; Batchelor, Hannah M; Girardi, Eric M; Kamaletdinova, Rufina; Chan, Justin; Rajebhosale, Prithviraj; Pittenger, Steven T; Role, Lorna W; Talmage, David A; Jing, Miao; Li, Yulong; Gao, Xiao-Bing; Mineur, Yann S; Picciotto, Marina R title: Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances the learning of cue-reward contingency date: 2020-09-18 journal: nan DOI: 10.7554/elife.57335 sha: doc_id: 13023 cord_uid: uanozm00 file: cache/cord-015569-vy49r1zd.json key: cord-015569-vy49r1zd authors: nan title: Abstracts from the 45(th) Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for the Stusy of Taste and Smell (JASTS 2011), Kanazawa, Japan, October 5-7(th), 2011 (The president of the meeting was Dr. Takaki Miwa, Kanazawa Medical University) date: 2012-05-17 journal: Chem Senses DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjs052 sha: doc_id: 15569 cord_uid: vy49r1zd file: cache/cord-006229-7yoilsho.json key: cord-006229-7yoilsho authors: nan title: Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date: 2016-02-06 journal: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y sha: doc_id: 6229 cord_uid: 7yoilsho file: cache/cord-017521-z9l9c83i.json key: cord-017521-z9l9c83i authors: Kubota, Tetsuya; Kubota, Naoto title: Cuff-Induced Neointimal Formation in Mouse Models date: 2015-11-05 journal: Mouse Models of Vascular Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55813-2_2 sha: doc_id: 17521 cord_uid: z9l9c83i file: cache/cord-022082-1dq623oe.json key: cord-022082-1dq623oe authors: Greaves, Peter title: Respiratory Tract date: 2007-09-28 journal: Histopathology of Preclinical Toxicity Studies DOI: 10.1016/b978-044452771-4/50007-9 sha: doc_id: 22082 cord_uid: 1dq623oe file: cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.json key: cord-021413-1ht1xm88 authors: Kraft, Lisbeth M. title: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date: 2013-10-21 journal: Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-262502-2.50016-x sha: doc_id: 21413 cord_uid: 1ht1xm88 file: cache/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.json key: cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 authors: nan title: Oral Communications and Posters date: 2014-09-12 journal: Inflamm Res DOI: 10.1007/bf03353884 sha: doc_id: 15147 cord_uid: h0o0yqv8 file: cache/cord-022324-tcltmhi7.json key: cord-022324-tcltmhi7 authors: Barthold, Stephen W. title: MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS BIOLOGY AND EPIZOOTIOLOGY date: 2012-12-02 journal: Viral and Mycoplasmal of Laboratory Rodents DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-095785-9.50032-9 sha: doc_id: 22324 cord_uid: tcltmhi7 file: cache/cord-022505-17khcmta.json key: cord-022505-17khcmta authors: Delaney, Martha A.; Treuting, Piper M.; Rothenburger, Jamie L. title: Rodentia date: 2018-10-26 journal: Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00020-1 sha: doc_id: 22505 cord_uid: 17khcmta file: cache/cord-006230-xta38e7j.json key: cord-006230-xta38e7j authors: nan title: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date: 2012-02-22 journal: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0736-0 sha: doc_id: 6230 cord_uid: xta38e7j file: cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.json key: cord-021499-up5vftj4 authors: Brayton, Cory; Mähler, Michael; Nicklas, Werner title: Viral Infections date: 2007-09-02 journal: The Laboratory Mouse DOI: 10.1016/b978-012336425-8/50076-5 sha: doc_id: 21499 cord_uid: up5vftj4 file: cache/cord-022353-q2k2krnm.json key: cord-022353-q2k2krnm authors: W. 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H. title: Two-Week, Repeated Inhalation Exposure of F344/N Rats and B6C3F Mice to Ferrocene(1) date: 1991-07-17 journal: Fundam Appl Toxicol DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/17.1.150 sha: doc_id: 32975 cord_uid: 7hugs419 file: cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.json key: cord-023143-fcno330z authors: nan title: Molecular aspects of viral immunity date: 2004-02-19 journal: J Cell Biochem DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240591009 sha: doc_id: 23143 cord_uid: fcno330z file: cache/cord-103703-t03r6ny8.json key: cord-103703-t03r6ny8 authors: Nguyen-Tu, Marie-Sophie; Martinez-Sanchez, Aida; Leclerc, Isabelle; Rutter, Guy A.; da Silva Xavier, Gabriela title: Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice date: 2020-05-20 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.18.102384 sha: doc_id: 103703 cord_uid: t03r6ny8 file: cache/cord-104092-yau3r79c.json key: cord-104092-yau3r79c authors: Tamming, Renee J.; Dumeaux, Vanessa; Langlois, Luana; Ellegood, Jacob; Qiu, Lily R.; Jiang, Yan; Lerch, Jason P.; Bérubé, Nathalie G. title: Atrx deletion in neurons leads to sexually-dimorphic dysregulation of miR-137 and spatial learning and memory deficits date: 2019-04-13 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/606442 sha: doc_id: 104092 cord_uid: yau3r79c file: cache/cord-104251-cq8ojfit.json key: cord-104251-cq8ojfit authors: nan title: In vitro macrophage manifestation of cortisone-induced decrease in resistance to mouse hepatitis virus date: 1981-03-01 journal: J Exp Med DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 104251 cord_uid: cq8ojfit file: cache/cord-023055-ntbvmssh.json key: cord-023055-ntbvmssh authors: nan title: Immunogenicity date: 2004-02-19 journal: J Cell Biochem DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240410506 sha: doc_id: 23055 cord_uid: ntbvmssh file: cache/cord-031279-8rckjc41.json key: cord-031279-8rckjc41 authors: Enriquez, Josue; Mims, Brianyell Mc Daniel; Trasti, Scott; Furr, Kathryn L.; Grisham, Matthew B. title: Genomic, microbial and environmental standardization in animal experimentation limiting immunological discovery date: 2020-09-02 journal: BMC Immunol DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00380-x sha: doc_id: 31279 cord_uid: 8rckjc41 file: cache/cord-032982-xri24v40.json key: cord-032982-xri24v40 authors: MEDINSKY, M. 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A. title: Effect of Inhaled Azodicarbonamide on F344/N Rats and B6C3F(1) Mice with 2-Week and 13-Week Inhalation Exposures date: 1990-08-17 journal: Fundam Appl Toxicol DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/15.2.308 sha: doc_id: 32982 cord_uid: xri24v40 file: cache/cord-254155-860780z9.json key: cord-254155-860780z9 authors: Wang, Junyi; Kaplan, Nihal; Wysocki, Jan; Yang, Wending; Lu, Kurt; Peng, Han; Batlle, Daniel; Lavker, Robert M. title: The ACE2‐deficient mouse: A model for a cytokine storm‐driven inflammation date: 2020-06-17 journal: FASEB J DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001020r sha: doc_id: 254155 cord_uid: 860780z9 file: cache/cord-254950-y6kayxie.json key: cord-254950-y6kayxie authors: Morse, Stephen S. title: Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; Murid Herpesvirus 3) infection in athymic nude mice: Evidence for a T lymphocyte requirement date: 1988-03-31 journal: Virology DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90262-0 sha: doc_id: 254950 cord_uid: y6kayxie file: cache/cord-253459-tcn10pho.json key: cord-253459-tcn10pho authors: Moreau, Gregory Brett; 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Johnson, J.; Vemulapalli, T.H.; Crisler, J.R.; Shepherd, R. title: Commonly Used Animal Models date: 2016-11-25 journal: Principles of Animal Research for Graduate and Undergraduate Students DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802151-4.00007-4 sha: doc_id: 265299 cord_uid: oovkoiyj file: cache/cord-281161-u896icp9.json key: cord-281161-u896icp9 authors: Wang, Jing; Tricoche, Nancy; Du, Lanying; Hunter, Meredith; Zhan, Bin; Goud, Gaddam; Didier, Elizabeth S.; Liu, Jing; Lu, Lu; Marx, Preston A.; Jiang, Shibo; Lustigman, Sara title: The Adjuvanticity of an O. volvulus-Derived rOv-ASP-1 Protein in Mice Using Sequential Vaccinations and in Non-Human Primates date: 2012-05-17 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037019 sha: doc_id: 281161 cord_uid: u896icp9 file: cache/cord-278136-ol2buwld.json key: cord-278136-ol2buwld authors: Gonzales, Natalia M.; Howell, Viive M.; Smith, Clare M. title: 29th International Mammalian Genome Conference meeting report date: 2016-05-02 journal: Mamm Genome DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9640-0 sha: doc_id: 278136 cord_uid: ol2buwld file: cache/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.json key: cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 authors: Algaissi, Abdullah; Agrawal, Anurodh S; Han, Song; Peng, Bi-Hung; Luo, Chuming; Li, Fang; Chan, Teh-Sheng; Couch, Robert B; Tseng, Chien-Te K title: Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease date: 2018-09-26 journal: The Journal of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy574 sha: doc_id: 287527 cord_uid: ep6ug9c3 file: cache/cord-256998-or73in8m.json key: cord-256998-or73in8m authors: Nguyen, Khue G.; Vrabel, Maura R.; Mantooth, Siena M.; Hopkins, Jared J.; Wagner, Ethan S.; Gabaldon, Taylor A.; Zaharoff, David A. title: Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy date: 2020-10-15 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597 sha: doc_id: 256998 cord_uid: or73in8m file: cache/cord-312692-jv3425w1.json key: cord-312692-jv3425w1 authors: Iwata-Yoshikawa, Naoko; Okamura, Tadashi; Shimizu, Yukiko; Kotani, Osamu; Sato, Hironori; Sekimukai, Hanako; Fukushi, Shuetsu; Suzuki, Tadaki; Sato, Yuko; Takeda, Makoto; Tashiro, Masato; Hasegawa, Hideki; Nagata, Noriyo title: Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2019-01-09 journal: Journal of Virology DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01818-18 sha: doc_id: 312692 cord_uid: jv3425w1 file: cache/cord-023026-2r84ndzv.json key: cord-023026-2r84ndzv authors: nan title: Posters date: 2013-06-14 journal: Glia DOI: 10.1002/glia.22530 sha: doc_id: 23026 cord_uid: 2r84ndzv file: cache/cord-267965-84sotgds.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-267965-84sotgds authors: Noll, Kelsey E.; Ferris, Martin T.; Heise, Mark T. title: The Collaborative Cross: A Systems Genetics Resource for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions date: 2019-04-10 journal: Cell Host & Microbe DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.009 sha: doc_id: 267965 cord_uid: 84sotgds file: cache/cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.json key: cord-292402-u3sfc1yz authors: Watanabe, Rihito; Kakizaki, Masatoshi; Ikehara, Yuzuru; Togayachi, Akira title: Formation of fibroblastic reticular network in the brain after infection with neurovirulent murine coronavirus date: 2016-04-28 journal: Neuropathology DOI: 10.1111/neup.12302 sha: doc_id: 292402 cord_uid: u3sfc1yz file: cache/cord-303662-ro9879dl.json key: cord-303662-ro9879dl authors: Wang, Fun-In; Stohlman, Stephen A.; Fleming, John O. title: Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated date: 1990-11-30 journal: Journal of Neuroimmunology DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90050-w sha: doc_id: 303662 cord_uid: ro9879dl file: cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.json key: cord-015021-pol2qm74 authors: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02258437 sha: doc_id: 15021 cord_uid: pol2qm74 file: cache/cord-281410-y558a5jf.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-281410-y558a5jf authors: Akashi, H.; Inaba, Y.; Miura, Y.; Sato, K.; Tokuhisa, S.; Asagi, M.; Hayashi, Y. title: Propagation of the Kakegawa strain of bovine coronavirus in suckling mice, rats and hamsters date: 1981 journal: Arch Virol DOI: 10.1007/bf01314841 sha: doc_id: 281410 cord_uid: y558a5jf file: cache/cord-299605-j1ewxk4q.json key: cord-299605-j1ewxk4q authors: Lin, Jing-wen; Sodenkamp, Jan; Cunningham, Deirdre; Deroost, Katrien; Tshitenge, Tshibuayi Christine; McLaughlin, Sarah; Lamb, Tracey J.; Spencer-Dene, Bradley; Hosking, Caroline; Ramesar, Jai; Janse, Chris J.; Graham, Christine; O’Garra, Anne; Langhorne, Jean title: Signatures of malaria-associated pathology revealed by high-resolution whole-blood transcriptomics in a rodent model of malaria date: 2017-02-03 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/srep41722 sha: doc_id: 299605 cord_uid: j1ewxk4q file: cache/cord-287670-z6ckhkgg.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-287670-z6ckhkgg authors: Magrini, Elena; Mantovani, Alberto; Garlanda, Cecilia title: The Dual Complexity of PTX3 in Health and Disease: A Balancing Act? date: 2016-06-30 journal: Trends in Molecular Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.007 sha: doc_id: 287670 cord_uid: z6ckhkgg file: cache/cord-288133-h3wmo0xj.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-288133-h3wmo0xj authors: Hickman, Debra L title: Evaluation of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of chronic distress in the laboratory mouse date: 2017-06-23 journal: Lab Anim (NY) DOI: 10.1038/laban.1298 sha: doc_id: 288133 cord_uid: h3wmo0xj file: cache/cord-267482-afqfymbq.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-267482-afqfymbq authors: Ryu, Seungjin; Shchukina, Irina; Youm, Yun-Hee; Qing, Hua; Hilliard, Brandon K.; Dlugos, Tamara; Zhang, Xinbo; Yasumoto, Yuki; Booth, Carmen J.; Fernández-Hernando, Carlos; Suárez, Yajaira; Khanna, Kamal M.; Horvath, Tamas L.; Dietrich, Marcelo O.; Artyomov, Maxim N.; Wang, Andrew; Dixit, Vishwa Deep title: Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model date: 2020-09-12 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.11.294363 sha: doc_id: 267482 cord_uid: afqfymbq file: cache/cord-292157-hrm69640.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-292157-hrm69640 authors: Stull-Lane, Annica R.; Lokken-Toyli, Kristen L.; Diaz-Ochoa, Vladimir E.; Walker, Gregory T.; Cevallos, Stephanie A.; Winter, Andromeda L. N.; Muñoz, Ariel Del Hoyo; Yang, Guiyan G.; Velazquez, Eric M.; Wu, Chun-Yi; Tsolis, Renée M. title: Vitamin A supplementation boosts control of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infection in malnourished mice date: 2020-10-02 journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008737 sha: doc_id: 292157 cord_uid: hrm69640 file: cache/cord-300372-h5g4z8ts.json key: cord-300372-h5g4z8ts authors: Kelvin, Alyson A.; Degousee, Norbert; Banner, David; Stefanski, Eva; Leon, Alberto J.; Angoulvant, Denis; Paquette, Stéphane G.; Huang, Stephen S. H.; Danesh, Ali; Robbins, Clinton S.; Noyan, Hossein; Husain, Mansoor; Lambeau, Gerard; Gelb, Michael H.; Kelvin, David J.; Rubin, Barry B. title: Lack of Group X Secreted Phospholipase A(2) Increases Survival Following Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Infection date: 2014-04-01 journal: Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.030 sha: doc_id: 300372 cord_uid: h5g4z8ts file: cache/cord-324326-q014b5ym.json key: cord-324326-q014b5ym authors: MURAKAMI, Makoto title: Lipoquality control by phospholipase A(2) enzymes date: 2017-11-10 journal: Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.043 sha: doc_id: 324326 cord_uid: q014b5ym file: cache/cord-312305-ll29frwc.json key: cord-312305-ll29frwc authors: Sun, Shihui; Gu, Hongjing; Cao, Lei; Chen, Qi; Yang, Guan; Li, Rui-Ting; Fan, Hang; Ye, Qing; Deng, Yong-Qiang; Song, Xiaopeng; Qi, Yini; Li, Min; Lan, Jun; Feng, Rui; Guo, Yan; Qin, Si; Wang, Lei; Zhang, Yi-Fei; Zhou, Chao; Zhao, Lingna; Chen, Yuehong; Shen, Meng; Cui, Yujun; Yang, Xiao; Wang, Xinquan; Wang, Hui; Wang, Xiangxi; Qin, Cheng-Feng title: Characterization and structural basis of a lethal mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-11-11 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.10.377333 sha: doc_id: 312305 cord_uid: ll29frwc file: cache/cord-304855-7v0cncid.json key: cord-304855-7v0cncid authors: Raaben, Matthijs; Prins, Henk‐Jan; Martens, Anton C.; Rottier, Peter J. M.; De Haan, Cornelis A. M. title: Non‐invasive imaging of mouse hepatitis coronavirus infection reveals determinants of viral replication and spread in vivo date: 2009-02-10 journal: Cell Microbiol DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01298.x sha: doc_id: 304855 cord_uid: 7v0cncid file: cache/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.json key: cord-332233-01rdlf8l authors: Tully, Thomas N. title: CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date: 2009-12-31 journal: Manual of Exotic Pet Practice DOI: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50015-9 sha: doc_id: 332233 cord_uid: 01rdlf8l file: cache/cord-320172-qw47pf9r.json key: cord-320172-qw47pf9r authors: Greaves, Peter title: VII Digestive System 1 date: 2000-12-31 journal: Histopathology of Preclinical Toxicity Studies DOI: 10.1016/b978-044450514-9/50007-3 sha: doc_id: 320172 cord_uid: qw47pf9r file: cache/cord-335424-h84jtx94.json key: cord-335424-h84jtx94 authors: Kirkland, J. L.; Tchkonia, T. title: Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation date: 2020-08-04 journal: J Intern Med DOI: 10.1111/joim.13141 sha: doc_id: 335424 cord_uid: h84jtx94 file: cache/cord-329061-1xut73dq.json key: cord-329061-1xut73dq authors: Bhatt, Pravin N.; Percy, Dean H.; Jonas, Albert M. title: Characterization of the Virus of Sialodacryoadenitis of Rats: A Member of the Coronavirus Group date: 1972-08-17 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/126.2.123 sha: doc_id: 329061 cord_uid: 1xut73dq file: cache/cord-327568-5vo4nmei.json key: cord-327568-5vo4nmei authors: Tosini, Fabio; Ludovisi, Alessandra; Tonanzi, Daniele; Amati, Marco; Cherchi, Simona; Pozio, Edoardo; Gómez-Morales, Maria Angeles title: Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection date: 2019-05-15 journal: Parasit Vectors DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3486-8 sha: doc_id: 327568 cord_uid: 5vo4nmei file: cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-267671-ys43n672 authors: Whary, Mark T.; Baumgarth, Nicole; Fox, James G.; Barthold, Stephen W. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 sha: doc_id: 267671 cord_uid: ys43n672 file: cache/cord-337464-otwps68u.json key: cord-337464-otwps68u authors: Parray, Hilal Ahmed; Shukla, Shivangi; Samal, Sweety; Shrivastava, Tripti; Ahmed, Shubbir; Sharma, Chandresh; Kumar, Rajesh title: Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives date: 2020-05-27 journal: Int Immunopharmacol DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106639 sha: doc_id: 337464 cord_uid: otwps68u file: cache/cord-292596-ulu5y140.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: 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/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-295194-xbla6tu7 authors: Stripecke, Renata; Münz, Christian; Schuringa, Jan Jacob; Bissig, Karl‐Dimiter; Soper, Brian; Meeham, Terrence; Yao, Li‐Chin; Di Santo, James P; Brehm, Michael; Rodriguez, Estefania; Wege, Anja Kathrin; Bonnet, Dominique; Guionaud, Silvia; Howard, Kristina E; Kitchen, Scott; Klein, Florian; Saeb‐Parsy, Kourosh; Sam, Johannes; Sharma, Amar Deep; Trumpp, Andreas; Trusolino, Livio; Bult, Carol; Shultz, Leonard title: Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice date: 2020-06-24 journal: EMBO Mol Med DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708662 sha: doc_id: 295194 cord_uid: xbla6tu7 file: cache/cord-298117-9ycl7mn6.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-298117-9ycl7mn6 authors: Monk, Caroline title: Ocular Surface Disease in Rodents (Guinea Pigs, Mice, Rats, Chinchillas) date: 2018-11-17 journal: Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.08.001 sha: doc_id: 298117 cord_uid: 9ycl7mn6 file: cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-308461-4lhh3du0 authors: Ueki, Hiroshi; Wang, I-Hsuan; Zhao, Dongming; Gunzer, Matthias; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro title: Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date: 2020-01-29 journal: Nat Protoc DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y sha: doc_id: 308461 cord_uid: 4lhh3du0 file: cache/cord-266745-jit1xeqc.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-266745-jit1xeqc authors: Liou, Jenn-Fa; Chang, Chih-Wei; Tailiu, Jui-jane; Yu, Chun-Keung; Lei, Huan-Yao; Chen, Lih-Ren; Tai, Chein title: Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice date: 2010-11-29 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.089 sha: doc_id: 266745 cord_uid: jit1xeqc file: cache/cord-353600-5wo74ms4.json key: cord-353600-5wo74ms4 authors: Tyrrell, Daniel J.; Goldstein, Daniel R. title: Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6 date: 2020-09-11 journal: Nat Rev Cardiol DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0431-7 sha: doc_id: 353600 cord_uid: 5wo74ms4 file: cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-264408-vk4lt83x authors: Ruiz, Sara I.; Zumbrun, Elizabeth E.; Nalca, Aysegul title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 journal: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 sha: doc_id: 264408 cord_uid: vk4lt83x file: cache/cord-326223-q6e60nf8.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-326223-q6e60nf8 authors: Gembardt, Florian; Sterner-Kock, Anja; Imboden, Hans; Spalteholz, Matthias; Reibitz, Franziska; Schultheiss, Heinz-Peter; Siems, Wolf-Eberhard; Walther, Thomas title: Organ-specific distribution of ACE2 mRNA and correlating peptidase activity in rodents date: 2005-02-16 journal: Peptides DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.009 sha: doc_id: 326223 cord_uid: q6e60nf8 file: cache/cord-333043-fe24ezt6.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-333043-fe24ezt6 authors: Traavik, T.; Mehl, R.; Kjeldsberg, Elisabeth title: “Runde“ virus, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks date: 1977 journal: Arch Virol DOI: 10.1007/bf01314476 sha: doc_id: 333043 cord_uid: fe24ezt6 file: cache/cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.json key: cord-348091-pnvn0x4q authors: Nolte, Thomas; Brander-Weber, Patricia; Dangler, Charles; Deschl, Ulrich; Elwell, Michael R.; Greaves, Peter; Hailey, Richard; Leach, Michael W.; Pandiri, Arun R.; Rogers, Arlin; Shackelford, Cynthia C.; Spencer, Andrew; Tanaka, Takuji; Ward, Jerrold M. title: Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse date: 2016-02-13 journal: J Toxicol Pathol DOI: 10.1293/tox.29.1s sha: doc_id: 348091 cord_uid: pnvn0x4q file: cache/cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-314333-hkyiy1gm authors: Nagata, Noriyo; Iwata, Naoko; Hasegawa, Hideki; Fukushi, Shuetsu; Harashima, Ayako; Sato, Yuko; Saijo, Masayuki; Taguchi, Fumihiro; Morikawa, Shigeru; Sata, Tetsutaro title: Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice date: 2008-06-30 journal: The American Journal of Pathology DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071060 sha: doc_id: 314333 cord_uid: hkyiy1gm file: cache/cord-324617-yok7mh70.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-324617-yok7mh70 authors: Andreata-Santos, Robert; Alves, Rúbens Prince dos Santos; Pereira, Sara Araujo; Pereira, Lennon Ramos; de Freitas, Carla Longo; Pereira, Samuel Santos; Venceslau-Carvalho, Alexia Adrianne; Castro-Amarante, Maria Fernanda; Favaro, Marianna Teixeira Pinho; Mathias-Santos, Camila; Amorim, Jaime Henrique; Ferreira, Luís Carlos de Souza title: Transcutaneous Administration of Dengue Vaccines date: 2020-05-06 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12050514 sha: doc_id: 324617 cord_uid: yok7mh70 file: cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 authors: Ruiz, Sara I.; Zumbrun, Elizabeth E.; Nalca, Aysegul title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 journal: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 sha: doc_id: 319933 cord_uid: yp9ofhi8 file: cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.json key: cord-353190-7qcoxl81 authors: Nicklas, Werner; Bleich, André; Mähler, Michael title: Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date: 2012-05-17 journal: The Laboratory Mouse DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-382008-2.00019-2 sha: doc_id: 353190 cord_uid: 7qcoxl81 file: cache/cord-022888-dnsdg04n.json key: cord-022888-dnsdg04n authors: nan title: Poster Sessions date: 2009-08-19 journal: Eur J Immunol DOI: 10.1002/eji.200990224 sha: doc_id: 22888 cord_uid: dnsdg04n file: cache/cord-354325-r73datur.json key: cord-354325-r73datur authors: Berger, Mitchell; Shankar, Vidya; Vafai, Abbas title: Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date: 2002-07-31 journal: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200207000-00004 sha: doc_id: 354325 cord_uid: r73datur file: cache/cord-345359-okmkgsbr.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-345359-okmkgsbr authors: Ohno, Marumi; Sekiya, Toshiki; Nomura, Naoki; Daito, Taku ji; Shingai, Masashi; Kida, Hiroshi title: Influenza virus infection affects insulin signaling, fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme expressions, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mice date: 2020-07-02 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67879-6 sha: doc_id: 345359 cord_uid: okmkgsbr file: cache/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-350593-bvmg7f15 authors: McDonald, R.S.; Sambol, A.R.; Heimbuch, B.K.; Brown, T.L.; Hinrichs, S.H.; Wander, J.D. title: Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date: 2012-08-21 journal: J Appl Microbiol DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05402.x sha: doc_id: 350593 cord_uid: bvmg7f15 file: cache/cord-352480-1ay8y7li.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-352480-1ay8y7li authors: Wang, Ting; Yin, Huiquan; Li, Yan; Zhao, Lingxiao; Sun, Xiahui; Cong, Hua title: Vaccination with recombinant adenovirus expressing multi-stage antigens of Toxoplasma gondii by the mucosal route induces higher systemic cellular and local mucosal immune responses than with other vaccination routes date: 2017-04-03 journal: Parasite DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017013 sha: doc_id: 352480 cord_uid: 1ay8y7li file: cache/cord-351011-v4zmksio.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-351011-v4zmksio authors: Golden, Joseph W.; Cline, Curtis R.; Zeng, Xiankun; Garrison, Aura R.; Carey, Brian D.; Mucker, Eric M.; White, Lauren E.; Shamblin, Joshua D.; Brocato, Rebecca L.; Liu, Jun; Babka, April M.; Rauch, Hypaitia B.; Smith, Jeffrey M.; Hollidge, Bradley S.; Fitzpatrick, Collin; Badger, Catherine V.; Hooper, Jay W. title: Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease date: 2020-07-09 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.09.195230 sha: doc_id: 351011 cord_uid: v4zmksio file: cache/cord-288253-wqrhiq08.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-288253-wqrhiq08 authors: Park, Jung-Eun; Park, Eui-Soon; Yu, Jung-Eun; Rho, Jaerang; Paudel, Sarita; Hyun, Bang-Hun; Yang, Dong-Kun; Shin, Hyun-Jin title: Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date: 2015-02-02 journal: Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.024 sha: doc_id: 288253 cord_uid: wqrhiq08 file: cache/cord-347039-eap592i7.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-347039-eap592i7 authors: Lee, Seung-Hwan; Dimock, Ken; Gray, Douglas A; Beauchemin, Nicole; Holmes, Kathryn V.; Belouchi, Majid; Realson, John; Vidal, Silvia M. title: Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection date: 2003-08-31 journal: Trends in Genetics DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00172-0 sha: doc_id: 347039 cord_uid: eap592i7 file: cache/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-306535-j26eqmxt authors: Robertson, Matthew J.; Kent, Katarzyna; Tharp, Nathan; Nozawa, Kaori; Dean, Laura; Mathew, Michelle; Grimm, Sandra L.; Yu, Zhifeng; Légaré, Christine; Fujihara, Yoshitaka; Ikawa, Masahito; Sullivan, Robert; Coarfa, Cristian; Matzuk, Martin M.; Garcia, Thomas X. title: Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date: 2020-08-19 journal: BMC Biol DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00826-z sha: doc_id: 306535 cord_uid: j26eqmxt file: cache/cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.json key: cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 authors: nan title: Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date: 2006-12-31 journal: Neuroscience Research DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.004 sha: doc_id: 257167 cord_uid: rz4r5sj7 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-mouse-cord parallel: Warning: Only enough available processes to run 78 jobs in parallel. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf parallel: Warning: or /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max may help. parallel: Warning: Only enough available processes to run 67 jobs in parallel. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf parallel: Warning: or /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 77. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 66. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65365 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64780 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 65. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 76. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67830 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 66166 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65397 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 66813 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68256 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68779 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67827 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68568 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 64. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68497 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68202 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68681 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 69186 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 69630 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70405 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70630 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 69746 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70200 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68172 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000249-hkc4vbmj author: Schughart, Klaus title: SYSGENET: a meeting report from a new European network for systems genetics date: 2010-07-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000249-hkc4vbmj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000249-hkc4vbmj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000249-hkc4vbmj.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70805 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70881 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 69034 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72216 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70523 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 70798 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72442 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72970 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67480 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 73646 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71305 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71008 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010278-loey5xq9 author: Huh, Changgoo title: Structural organization, expression and chromosomal mapping of the mouse cystatin-C-encoding gene (Cst3) date: 1995-01-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010278-loey5xq9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010278-loey5xq9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010278-loey5xq9.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71012 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 74932 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 66635 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72769 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004663-a47pkh8q author: Tardieu, M. title: Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) date: 1982 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004663-a47pkh8q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004663-a47pkh8q.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004663-a47pkh8q.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 69067 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72454 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254950-y6kayxie author: Morse, Stephen S. title: Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; Murid Herpesvirus 3) infection in athymic nude mice: Evidence for a T lymphocyte requirement date: 1988-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254950-y6kayxie.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254950-y6kayxie.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254950-y6kayxie.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010187-ymhcfyxx author: Gromeier, Matthias title: Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis date: 2005-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 74762 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 74969 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 74850 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72131 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000539-uh3q65we author: Zhang, Yi title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date: 2012-01-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032975-7hugs419 author: SUN, J. D. title: Two-Week, Repeated Inhalation Exposure of F344/N Rats and B6C3F Mice to Ferrocene(1) date: 1991-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032975-7hugs419.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032975-7hugs419.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-032975-7hugs419.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253459-tcn10pho author: Moreau, Gregory Brett title: Evaluation of K18-hACE2 Mice as a Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253459-tcn10pho.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253459-tcn10pho.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253459-tcn10pho.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author: Becker, Pablo D. title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date: 2010-10-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001675-9717nzr7 author: Sugiyama, Michael G. title: The Tie2-agonist Vasculotide rescues mice from influenza virus infection date: 2015-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001675-9717nzr7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001675-9717nzr7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001675-9717nzr7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017521-z9l9c83i author: Kubota, Tetsuya title: Cuff-Induced Neointimal Formation in Mouse Models date: 2015-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017521-z9l9c83i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017521-z9l9c83i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017521-z9l9c83i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date: 2018-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006588-aavpj5r3 author: Schwarte, L.A. title: Mechanical ventilation of mice date: 2000 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006588-aavpj5r3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006588-aavpj5r3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006588-aavpj5r3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 author: Algaissi, Abdullah title: Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease date: 2018-09-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001569-jd028cyg author: dos Santos, Gimena title: Vimentin regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome date: 2015-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001569-jd028cyg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001569-jd028cyg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001569-jd028cyg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303662-ro9879dl author: Wang, Fun-In title: Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated date: 1990-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303662-ro9879dl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303662-ro9879dl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303662-ro9879dl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007094-ur9sz21s author: Mahabir, Esther title: Rodent and Germplasm Trafficking: Risks of Microbial Contamination in a High-Tech Biomedical World date: 2008-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007094-ur9sz21s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007094-ur9sz21s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007094-ur9sz21s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002341-v4r5d26a author: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title: Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons date: 2016-11-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103703-t03r6ny8 author: Nguyen-Tu, Marie-Sophie title: Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice date: 2020-05-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103703-t03r6ny8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103703-t03r6ny8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-103703-t03r6ny8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001958-2gt3fwpy author: Meseda, Clement A. title: Percutaneous Vaccination as an Effective Method of Delivery of MVA and MVA-Vectored Vaccines date: 2016-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256903-8lyw27gh author: Guzman, Efrain title: Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date: 2018-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004416-qw6tusd2 author: Krishna, Smriti M. title: Development of a two-stage limb ischemia model to better simulate human peripheral artery disease date: 2020-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004416-qw6tusd2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004416-qw6tusd2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004416-qw6tusd2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306516-5t3ix35e author: Li, Minghui title: Dual roles of calpain in facilitating Coxsackievirus B3 replication and prompting inflammation in acute myocarditis date: 2016-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306516-5t3ix35e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306516-5t3ix35e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306516-5t3ix35e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003389-0yh5k6jk author: Patton, John B. title: Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum date: 2018-12-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329061-1xut73dq author: Bhatt, Pravin N. title: Characterization of the Virus of Sialodacryoadenitis of Rats: A Member of the Coronavirus Group date: 1972-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329061-1xut73dq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329061-1xut73dq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329061-1xut73dq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333043-fe24ezt6 author: Traavik, T. title: “Runde“ virus, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks date: 1977 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333043-fe24ezt6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333043-fe24ezt6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-333043-fe24ezt6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266745-jit1xeqc author: Liou, Jenn-Fa title: Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice date: 2010-11-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266745-jit1xeqc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266745-jit1xeqc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266745-jit1xeqc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292402-u3sfc1yz author: Watanabe, Rihito title: Formation of fibroblastic reticular network in the brain after infection with neurovirulent murine coronavirus date: 2016-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67668 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292157-hrm69640 author: Stull-Lane, Annica R. title: Vitamin A supplementation boosts control of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infection in malnourished mice date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292157-hrm69640.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292157-hrm69640.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-292157-hrm69640.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281161-u896icp9 author: Wang, Jing title: The Adjuvanticity of an O. volvulus-Derived rOv-ASP-1 Protein in Mice Using Sequential Vaccinations and in Non-Human Primates date: 2012-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281161-u896icp9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281161-u896icp9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-281161-u896icp9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314333-hkyiy1gm author: Nagata, Noriyo title: Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice date: 2008-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327568-5vo4nmei author: Tosini, Fabio title: Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection date: 2019-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327568-5vo4nmei.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327568-5vo4nmei.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-327568-5vo4nmei.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288253-wqrhiq08 author: Park, Jung-Eun title: Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date: 2015-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288253-wqrhiq08.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288253-wqrhiq08.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-288253-wqrhiq08.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350593-bvmg7f15 author: McDonald, R.S. title: Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date: 2012-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-350593-bvmg7f15.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267482-afqfymbq author: Ryu, Seungjin title: Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model date: 2020-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267482-afqfymbq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267482-afqfymbq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267482-afqfymbq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013023-uanozm00 author: Crouse, Richard B title: Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances the learning of cue-reward contingency date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013023-uanozm00.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013023-uanozm00.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-013023-uanozm00.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author: Ueki, Hiroshi title: Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date: 2020-01-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022505-17khcmta author: Delaney, Martha A. title: Rodentia date: 2018-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022505-17khcmta.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021413-1ht1xm88 author: Kraft, Lisbeth M. title: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date: 2013-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015569-vy49r1zd author: nan title: Abstracts from the 45(th) Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for the Stusy of Taste and Smell (JASTS 2011), Kanazawa, Japan, October 5-7(th), 2011 (The president of the meeting was Dr. Takaki Miwa, Kanazawa Medical University) date: 2012-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015569-vy49r1zd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015569-vy49r1zd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-015569-vy49r1zd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354325-r73datur author: Berger, Mitchell title: Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date: 2002-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354325-r73datur.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354325-r73datur.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354325-r73datur.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021499-up5vftj4 author: Brayton, Cory title: Viral Infections date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306535-j26eqmxt author: Robertson, Matthew J. title: Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date: 2020-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256998-or73in8m author: Nguyen, Khue G. title: Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256998-or73in8m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256998-or73in8m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256998-or73in8m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353190-7qcoxl81 author: Nicklas, Werner title: Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date: 2012-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023143-fcno330z author: nan title: Molecular aspects of viral immunity date: 2004-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023143-fcno330z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348091-pnvn0x4q author: Nolte, Thomas title: Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse date: 2016-02-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320172-qw47pf9r author: Greaves, Peter title: VII Digestive System 1 date: 2000-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320172-qw47pf9r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320172-qw47pf9r.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-320172-qw47pf9r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023055-ntbvmssh author: nan title: Immunogenicity date: 2004-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023055-ntbvmssh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023055-ntbvmssh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023055-ntbvmssh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author: nan title: Oral Communications and Posters date: 2014-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp author: nan title: Programmed cell death date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-267671-ys43n672.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006229-7yoilsho author: nan title: Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date: 2016-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006230-xta38e7j author: nan title: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date: 2012-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 23 resourceName b'cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023026-2r84ndzv author: nan title: Posters date: 2013-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 21 resourceName b'cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 20 resourceName b'cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022888-dnsdg04n author: nan title: Poster Sessions date: 2009-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022888-dnsdg04n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022888-dnsdg04n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 23 resourceName b'cord-022888-dnsdg04n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author: nan title: Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date: 2006-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 45 resourceName b'cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-mouse-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000249-hkc4vbmj author = Schughart, Klaus title = SYSGENET: a meeting report from a new European network for systems genetics date = 2010-07-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2529 sentences = 124 flesch = 41 summary = About 50 researchers working in the field of systems genetics using mouse genetic reference populations (GRP) participated in the meeting and exchanged their results, phenotyping approaches, and data analysis tools for studying systems genetics. Several groups addressed the complex genetics of metabolic functions and disorders using different mouse GRPs. Gudrun Brockmann reported on the mapping of QTLs for obesity in a specific mouse strain isolated in Berlin and the BXD congenic strain set (Neuschl et al. Ritsert Jansen and Pjotr Prins presented their approaches to integrate data from various phenotypic studies, encompassing gene expression, metabolome, and classical traits, and to develop new tools for advanced and improved mapping of QTLs (Jansen et al. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is currently being generated as a community resource for more sensitive and refined mapping of QTLs. The goal is to breed a large population of recombinant inbred strains starting from eight founder strains. cache = ./cache/cord-000249-hkc4vbmj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000249-hkc4vbmj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author = Becker, Pablo D. title = Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date = 2010-10-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5816 sentences = 270 flesch = 48 summary = Following immunization, human CD19 + B cells were sorted based on surface CD27 expression, as a marker of memory phenotype, and the isotype of surface Igs. The sorted B cell populations were immortalized in vitro by retroviral transduction with human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes and antigen-specific B cell clones were established and characterized. The obtained results provided the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this generic approach based on HIS mice combined with immortalization of human B cells for the rapid and inexpensive development of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. Since HIS mice contained broad naïve B cell repertoires, we analyzed the induction of human antigen-specific B cell responses after immunization with commercially available human vaccines. So far, humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human HSC only -i.e. without additional human tissues -share these limitations, and immunization strategies result in the limited generation of class-switched antigen-specific B cell responses [14, 31, 32] . cache = ./cache/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000539-uh3q65we author = Zhang, Yi title = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date = 2012-01-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4620 sentences = 247 flesch = 51 summary = BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. Mice infected with SD/09 virus showed typical ARDS symptoms characterized by 60% lethality on days 8–10 post-inoculation, highly edematous lungs, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, lung hemorrhage, progressive and severe hypoxemia, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the present mouse model, the number of leukocytes observed in the BALF of virus-infected mice significantly increased compared with the control mice on day 8 p.i. Different counts in BALF showed that the proportion of neutrophils dramatically increased. cache = ./cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001569-jd028cyg author = dos Santos, Gimena title = Vimentin regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome date = 2015-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8469 sentences = 459 flesch = 48 summary = We demonstrate that central pathophysiologic events in ALI (inflammation, IL-1β levels, endothelial and alveolar epithelial barrier permeability, remodelling and fibrosis) are attenuated in the lungs of Vim(−/−) mice challenged with LPS, bleomycin and asbestos. Exposure to bleomycin resulted in a large increase in immune cells in the airspace of both WT and Vim À / À mice as assessed by flow cytometric analysis of whole-lung lysates ( Supplementary Fig. 3a ). All together, these results suggest that vimentin-expressing bone marrow-derived cells are important for bleomycin-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pulmonary fibrosis. Studies with IL-1R1 À / À , MyD88 À / À , ASC À / À , Caspase-1 À / À and NLRP3 À / À mice have suggested that uric acid (induced by bleomycin), asbestos and silica are detected by the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, likely leading to IL-1R1/MyD88 signalling in pulmonary epithelial cells, then to inflammation, neutrophil and lymphocyte recruitment and fibroblast activation 35 . cache = ./cache/cord-001569-jd028cyg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001569-jd028cyg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001675-9717nzr7 author = Sugiyama, Michael G. title = The Tie2-agonist Vasculotide rescues mice from influenza virus infection date = 2015-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4824 sentences = 260 flesch = 47 summary = Here we demonstrate that the Tie2-agonist tetrameric peptide Vasculotide improves survival in murine models of severe influenza, even if administered as late as 72 hours after infection; the benefit was observed using three strains of the virus and two strains of mice. While the drug had no effect on human lung endothelial proliferation (Supplemental Figure 8) , it significantly attenuated lung endothelial apoptosis in vitro in response to influenza virus, as assessed by cleavage of caspase-3 (Supplemental Figure 7c ); we observed a similar reduction in cleaved caspase-3 in lungs from infected mice who received Vasculotide (Supplemental Figure 7d ). First, these data strongly implicate failure of the lung endothelial barrier as the cause of death in murine models of severe influenza, as Vasculotide conferred a significant survival benefit against multiple strains of the virus in two strains of mice. cache = ./cache/cord-001675-9717nzr7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001675-9717nzr7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002341-v4r5d26a author = Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title = Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons date = 2016-11-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7155 sentences = 399 flesch = 52 summary = To establish a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection, we compared the clinical, histological, and virological findings of male (group 1) and female (group 2) mice with dexamethasone immunosuppression and ZIKV inoculation with those of the appropriate controls (groups 3 to 8) (Table 1 ). The dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice with ZIKV inoculation in our study developed disseminated infection with viremia and multi-organ involvement, including the brain, urogenital tract, intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, and salivary gland as evident by ZIKV-NS1 protein expression on immunohistochemical staining and/or detectable viral load in these tissues. Our findings provided an additional explanation for the pathogenesis of fatal ZIKV infection, which has been proposed to be related to uncontrolled virus dissemination in previously described mouse models utilizing types I/II interferon-signaling-/receptor-deficient mice that were unable to mount a robust host innate immune response. cache = ./cache/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001958-2gt3fwpy author = Meseda, Clement A. title = Percutaneous Vaccination as an Effective Method of Delivery of MVA and MVA-Vectored Vaccines date = 2016-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8161 sentences = 361 flesch = 43 summary = Our data suggest that MVA administered by percutaneous inoculation, elicited vaccinia-specific antibody responses, and protected mice from lethal vaccinia virus challenge, at levels comparable to or better than subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculation. In the work described here, we demonstrate in mouse models that percutaneous inoculation of MVA elicited protective immune responses against lethal intranasal challenge with the Western Reserve (WR) strain of vaccinia virus, and at low doses of MVA, lower morbidity was recorded in mice that were vaccinated via the percutaneous route than in those immunized via the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. In a preliminary experiment to investigate the utility of the percutaneous route for the delivery of MVA, we observed that MVA delivered by tail scarification, while statistically insignificant (p = 0.298), elicited a higher vaccinia-specific IgG response and protection in mice than the same dose (10 6 pfu) delivered by the intramuscular route (S1 Fig) . cache = ./cache/cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003389-0yh5k6jk author = Patton, John B. title = Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum date = 2018-12-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7953 sentences = 400 flesch = 51 summary = title: Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum volvulus specific biomarkers, screening for new therapeutic approaches and potentially studying the human immune response to infection with O. Based on the hypothesis that there is a genetic basis for mouse susceptibility and resistance to infection, novel strains of CC mice have been identified that are susceptible to specific bacteria, viruses, and parasites of humans [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . volvulus larvae after developing in NSG mice with or without human cells was in the same order of magnitude as that reported for the recovery of adult filarial worms, where infections were initiated by larvae recovered directly from the insect vector. Infected HuSkMc mice or BLT mice were selected for this analysis so the biomarkers identified would develop in the presence of human cells thereby potentially enhancing their specificity. cache = ./cache/cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004663-a47pkh8q author = Tardieu, M. title = Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) date = 1982 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3424 sentences = 219 flesch = 48 summary = title: Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) In semisusceptible mice, infection led first to a transient meningitis, ependymitis, and leukoencephalitis, followed by a permanent communicating hydrocephalus and, later on, to a chronic thrombotic vasculitis affecting meningeal and parenchymal vessels at the brain stem level. Identical lesions occurred in fully susceptible mice infected with a low dose of virus, but no neurologic disorder could be induced in genetically resistant mice even following immunosuppression or intracranial inoculation. When six susceptible BALB/c mice were injected i.p. with MHV 3 (103LD50), they died of an acute hepatic necrosis 5 -8 d a y s after M H V 3 infection, and no neuropatholigic lesion was observed except a slight degree of meningeal infiltration. cache = ./cache/cord-004663-a47pkh8q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004663-a47pkh8q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004416-qw6tusd2 author = Krishna, Smriti M. title = Development of a two-stage limb ischemia model to better simulate human peripheral artery disease date = 2020-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8149 sentences = 464 flesch = 49 summary = HLI was more severe in mice receiving the 2-stage compared to the 1-stage ischemia induction procedure as assessed by LDPI (p = 0.014), and reflected in a higher ischemic score (p = 0.004) and lower average distance travelled on a treadmill test (p = 0.045). Mice undergoing the 2-stage HLI also had lower expression of angiogenesis markers (vascular endothelial growth factor, p = 0.004; vascular endothelial growth factorreceptor 2, p = 0.008) and shear stress response mechano-transducer transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (p = 0.041) within gastrocnemius muscle samples, compared to animals having the 1-stage HLI procedure. In contrast, the most commonly used animal model for initial testing of novel therapies for PAD is a model of acute blood supply interruption through ligation or excision of the femoral artery (referred to here as the 1-stage hind limb ischemia (HLI) model) 14, 15 . cache = ./cache/cord-004416-qw6tusd2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004416-qw6tusd2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006588-aavpj5r3 author = Schwarte, L.A. title = Mechanical ventilation of mice date = 2000 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5712 sentences = 288 flesch = 42 summary = First, the ÒanesthesiologicalÓ indication: one of the major goals of anesthesia is achievement of more (39, 52) , mice lacking the brain derived neurotropic factor BDNF (1), RET-protooncogene deÞcient mice with depressed ventilatory response (4), and endothelin-1 deficient mice with altered blood gas-values (e.g., signiÞcantly lower PO 2 than wild type littermates) and impaired respiratory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia (30) . The most obvious difference between spontaneous respiration and usual modes of mechanical ventilation (MV) are inverted pressure relations, with respect to ambient pressure, during the respiratory cycle: during spontaneous inspiration the expansion of the intrathoracic volume (mainly caused by contraction of the diaphragm and extension of the rib cage) generates a negative intrathoracic pressure and allows gas ßow into the lungs. A typical example for a ventilator-induced regional side effect is the mechanical hyperinßation of the murine lung, e.g., when large tidal volumes or high airway pressures are applied. cache = ./cache/cord-006588-aavpj5r3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006588-aavpj5r3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007094-ur9sz21s author = Mahabir, Esther title = Rodent and Germplasm Trafficking: Risks of Microbial Contamination in a High-Tech Biomedical World date = 2008-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6254 sentences = 268 flesch = 39 summary = Preservation of mouse germ-plasm is achieved by cryopreservation of spermatozoa, embryos, or ovaries, and embryonic stem cells are used for the production of genetically engineered mice. In this article, we discuss regulations and practical issues in the shipping of live mice and mouse tissues, including spermatozoa, embryos, ovaries, and embryonic stem cells, and review work on microbial contamination of these biological materials. The importation paperwork for cryopreserved laboratory mouse tissues and cell lines is similar to that required for live animal importation to the United States (i.e., a pro forma invoice and declaration statements). Embryo transfer recipients in rederivation programs should be held in individually ventilated cages (IVCs 1 ) until testing shows that they are free of all unwanted microorganisms, including those listed in Appendix 3 of the Federation of Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) recommendations (Nicklas et al. Risk assessment of mouse hepatitis virus infection via in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer by the use of zona-intact and laser-microdissected oocytes cache = ./cache/cord-007094-ur9sz21s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007094-ur9sz21s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date = 2018-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7985 sentences = 308 flesch = 35 summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. cache = ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010187-ymhcfyxx author = Gromeier, Matthias title = Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis date = 2005-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5144 sentences = 296 flesch = 42 summary = We report a comparison of the clinical course and the histopathological features of neurological disease resulting from intracerebral virus inoculation in normal micewith those of murine poliomyelitis in hPVR-tg mice. Histopathological analysis showed a diffuse encephalomyelitis induced by specific poliovirus serotype 2 isolates in normal mice, that affected neuronal cell populations without discrimination, whereas in hPVR-tg animals, damage was restricted to spinal motor neurons. 6 The hPVR is a highly glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 80kDa2 The animal model for poliomyelitis in hPVR-tg mice showed PV-induced damage of comparable anatomical distribution as in primates, 1°'11 an observation confirming views of the hPVR as the critical determinant conferring PV susceptibility. None of the normal mice injected with PVI(M) showed clinical signs of neurological damage, whereas inoculation of type 2 PV strains produced signs of CNS infection ( Table 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004879-pgyzluwp author = nan title = Programmed cell death date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 81677 sentences = 4465 flesch = 51 summary = Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins. cache = ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010278-loey5xq9 author = Huh, Changgoo title = Structural organization, expression and chromosomal mapping of the mouse cystatin-C-encoding gene (Cst3) date = 1995-01-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2835 sentences = 170 flesch = 62 summary = The structure of the mouse CstC-encoding gene (Cst3) was examined by sequencing a 6.1-kb genomic DNA containing the entire gene, as well as 0.9 kb of 5′ flanking and 1.7 kb of its 3′ flanking region. An exact match of nine nt with the pituitary transcription factor (Pit-l) recognition element is centered around nt -795 from the start codon, but is probably of low significance for the expression of the gene because multiple recognition elements have been shown to be needed for markedly increased expression of the rat prolactin gene by Pit-1 (Ingraham et al., 1988 recognized by the leader binding protein (LBP-1), 5'-WCTGG-3' or its inverse, that is present in several copies in the HIV-1 promoter and contribute to its basal function (Jones et al., 1988) , is strikingly abundant in the 5'-flanking region of the mouse Cst3 gene. The presence of the two AP-l-like binding sites in the promoter indicates that Differences between the mouse Cst3 gene sequence and that of the published eDNA (Solem et al., 1990) Position" cache = ./cache/cord-010278-loey5xq9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010278-loey5xq9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013023-uanozm00 author = Crouse, Richard B title = Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances the learning of cue-reward contingency date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13289 sentences = 617 flesch = 50 summary = We then optically stimulated cholinergic NBM fibers locally in the BLA, while mice learned to nose poke in response to an auditory cue to receive a food reward to determine if accelerating the increase in ACh signaling that occurs as mice learn the task would enhance performance. As in the previous experiment, there were no differences between the EYFP control (n = 6) and stimulation groups (contingent-ChR2 n = 5 and non-contingent ChR2 n = 5) during Pre-Training ( Figure These results demonstrate that ChR2-mediated ACh release does not have to be time-locked to the cue, nose poke, or reward retrieval to improve performance of the task, suggesting that ACh may alter the threshold for neuronal plasticity for cue-reward pairing over a much longer timescale than might be expected based on results from the ACh3.0 recording and NBM-BLA recordings, which could be consistent with the involvement of mAChR signaling in this effect. cache = ./cache/cord-013023-uanozm00.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013023-uanozm00.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015569-vy49r1zd author = nan title = Abstracts from the 45(th) Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for the Stusy of Taste and Smell (JASTS 2011), Kanazawa, Japan, October 5-7(th), 2011 (The president of the meeting was Dr. Takaki Miwa, Kanazawa Medical University) date = 2012-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18852 sentences = 939 flesch = 51 summary = In this study, in order to test whether the cadherins are required for formation of synapse between gustatory nerve fibers and taste receptor cells, we have investigated expression patterns of cadherin superfamily in the taste buds. Therefore, this study aimed to examine differences in immunoreactivities under various tissue-preparing conditions in rat vallate taste buds for some typical markers of gustatory cells as follows: gustducin, type III inositol triphosphate receptor (IP 3 R3), synaptobrevin-2 (VAMP2), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Mainly developing artificial-lipids-based taste sensors with global selectivity, our research group have studied for realization of Ã�taste-odor fusion biosensor system,Ã� which estimates quality (deliciousness and safety) of foods or beverages using several sensor outputs through analysis and evaluation of subjective-objective relation. As a first step, we conducted a series of human sensory tests to investigate perceptual similarities between odorants, and then compared the results with activity patterns evoked on the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb in rats. cache = ./cache/cord-015569-vy49r1zd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015569-vy49r1zd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017521-z9l9c83i author = Kubota, Tetsuya title = Cuff-Induced Neointimal Formation in Mouse Models date = 2015-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6797 sentences = 341 flesch = 40 summary = Neointimal formation consisted largely of SMC-like cells, similar to the case in the polyethylene cuff-induced injury. Mice overexpressing the murine HAS2 gene specifically in the vascular SMCs (cHAS2/CreSM22a mice) showed markedly enhanced cuff-induced neointimal formation, with augmentation of SMC migration and proliferation, and production of inflammatory cytokines and ROS [39] . iNOS has been shown to be expressed in the SMCs after cuff-induced vascular injury in rabbits [57, 58] , and iNOS-KO mice showed a significant reduction of neointimal thickening induced by cuff placement [59] . Application of Pam3Cys-SK4, a synthetic Tlr2 ligand, significantly enhanced the neointimal formation induced by cuff placement in the femoral arteries of the WT mice. In fact, AT1 receptor-KO mice showed decreased neointimal formation following cuff placement, accompanied by an increase of apoptotic cells among the SMCs [74] . On the other hand, neointimal formation induced by cuff placement was increased in AT2 receptor-KO mice. cache = ./cache/cord-017521-z9l9c83i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017521-z9l9c83i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006229-7yoilsho author = nan title = Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date = 2016-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 133493 sentences = 6804 flesch = 42 summary = It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). cache = ./cache/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022505-17khcmta author = Delaney, Martha A. title = Rodentia date = 2018-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10529 sentences = 731 flesch = 37 summary = Common microscopic findings in rodents that may be misinterpreted as lesions include: multinucleated, karyomegalic, and cytomegalic hepatocytes are common in several rodent species and can increase with age ( Fig. 20 .1); hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations (pseudoinclusions) (Fig. 20 .1); eosinophilic cytoplasmic spherical inclusions in renal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes seen predominantly male mice, rats, and hamsters; splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is very common in healthy rodents of all ages (Fig. 20 .2); hemosiderin, lipofuscin, ceroid, and melanin (in dark or black coated animals) are commonly detected in various tissues, such as spleen, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands; cardiac muscle in the tunica of pulmonary veins in the lung is a normal finding in mice; male rodents may have refluxed seminal coagula in the urinary bladder and urethra that is thought to occur peri mortem; and adrenal X-zone vacuolation in female mice. cache = ./cache/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021413-1ht1xm88 author = Kraft, Lisbeth M. title = Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date = 2013-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14259 sentences = 882 flesch = 51 summary = Runner and Palm (1953) , studying C3H mice, indicated that there was a higher incidence of diarrhea in December/January (Kraft, 1961; Blackwell et al., 1966) , complement fixation (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Kapikian et al, 1976; Thouless et al., 1977b) , direct immunofluorescent staining or precipitin (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Spence et al., 1975; Foster α/., 1975; Peterson α/., 1976) , immune electron microscopy (Kapikian et al., 1974; Bridger and Woode, 1975) , immunoelectroosmophoresis (Tufvesson and Johnsson, 1976; Middleton et al., 1976) , enzyme-linked im munosorbent assay (ELISA) (Scherrer and Bernard, 1977; El lens etal., 1978; Yolken etal., 1978a,b,c) , radioimmunoas say (Acres and Babiuk, 1978; Kalica et al., 1977; Middleton et al., 1977) , immunodiffusion (Woode et al., 1976) , hemagglutination inhibition (Fauvel et al., 1978) , enzymelinked fluorescence assay (ELISA) (Yolken and Stopa, 1979) , an unlabeled soluble enzyme peroxidase-antiperoxidase method , plaque reduction test (Estes and Graham, 1980) , serologic trapping on antibody-coated electron microscope grids (Nicolaieff et al., 1980) , a solid phase system (SPACE, solid phase aggregation of coupled erythrocytes) for detection of rotaviruses in feces (Bradbume et al., 1979) , and immune electron microscopy with serum in agar diffusion (Lamontagne et al., 1980) . cache = ./cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author = nan title = Oral Communications and Posters date = 2014-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 73711 sentences = 3862 flesch = 43 summary = Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid.COX-1 is constitutively expressed.The COX-2 gene is an immediate early-response gene that is induced by variety of mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli.Levels of COX-2 are increased in both inflamed and malignant tissues.In inflamed tissues, there is both pharmacological and genetic evidence that targeting COX-2 can either improve (e.g., osteoarthritis) or exacerbate symptoms (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).Multiple lines of evidence suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.The most specific data that support a cause-and effect relationship between COX-2 and tumorigenesis come from genetic studies.Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed to drive tumor formation whereas COX-2 deficiency protects against several tumor types.Selective COX-2 inhibitors protect against the formation and growth of experimental tumors.Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors are active in preventing colorectal adenomas in humans.Increased amounts of COX-2-derived PGE2 are found in both inflamed and neoplastic tissues.The fact that PGE2 can stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce angiogenesis fits with evidence that induction of COX-2 contributes to both wound healing and tumor growth.Taken together, it seems likely that COX-2 induction contributes to wound healing in response to injury but reduces the threshold for carcinogenesis. cache = ./cache/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006230-xta38e7j author = nan title = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date = 2012-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 135419 sentences = 7042 flesch = 43 summary = Here, we will present our analysis of Ca 2+ signaling following stimulation of the FcεRI receptor and application of secretagogues that are supposed to affect Ca 2+ -dependent mast cell activation such as adenosine, endothelin-1, substance P and compound 48/80 in BMMCs and PMCs derived from mouse lines with inactivation of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5 or TRPC6 since specific antagonists are still lacking for these TRP channels. These data indicate that increased PP2A activity is associated with modified gene expression in TG hearts possibly affecting stress response and regulation of cell signalling. As demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot experiments, mesangial cells showed a marked time-and dose-dependent upregulation of CSE mRNA and protein levels after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to activation of the cAMPdependent signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. cache = ./cache/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021499-up5vftj4 author = Brayton, Cory title = Viral Infections date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20925 sentences = 1063 flesch = 43 summary = Depending on inoculation route, dose, strain, and age of mice, experimental infections may result in inflammation or cytomegaly with inclusion bodies in a variety of tissues, pneumonitis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, or splenic necrosis in susceptible strains (National Research Council, 1991; Osborn, 1982; Percy and Barthold, 2001) . Both strains are apathogenic for adult mice, but the immunosuppressive variant is more pathogenic for neonatal mice than is MMVp. Serological surveys show that the mouse is the primary natural host (Parker et al., 1970; Smith et al., 1993b; Singleton et al., 2000) , but the virus is also infective for rats, hamsters (Garant et al., 1980; Ward and Tattersall, 1982) , and Mastomys (Haag et al., 2000) during foetal development or after parenteral inoculation. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS, and intestine. cache = ./cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17040 sentences = 872 flesch = 42 summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. cache = ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032975-7hugs419 author = SUN, J. D. title = Two-Week, Repeated Inhalation Exposure of F344/N Rats and B6C3F Mice to Ferrocene(1) date = 1991-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3900 sentences = 199 flesch = 46 summary = Nasal lesions were observed in all ferrocene-exposed animals and differed only in severity, which was dependent on the exposure concentration. In vitro metabolism studies of ferrocene showed that nasal tissue, particularly the olfactory epithelium, had 10 times higher "ferrocene hydroxylating" activity than did liver tissue from the same animals. Relative to control mice, male rats exposed to the highest concentration of ferrocene (40 mg/m 3 ) had statistically significant decreases in terminal body weight and rate of weight gain during the exposures. Male rats exposed to the highest concentration of ferrocene vapor had a statistically significant, although small, decrease in liver weights, compared to control animals. Similar nasal lesions were found in rats exposed to ferrocene vapor. We did not observe sex-related differences, and the severity of the lesion occurring after exposure to a given ferrocene concentration was about the same in rats and mice. cache = ./cache/cord-032975-7hugs419.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032975-7hugs419.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103703-t03r6ny8 author = Nguyen-Tu, Marie-Sophie title = Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice date = 2020-05-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6230 sentences = 300 flesch = 50 summary = title: Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice Mice with biallelic Tcf7l2 deletion exposed to high fat diet for 9 weeks exhibited impaired glucose tolerance (p=0.003 at 15 min after glucose injection) which was associated with reduced in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (decreased 0.51 ± 0.03-fold, p=0.02). Therefore, alterations in pancreatic beta cell function observed ex vivo in the absence of TCF7L2 in adipocyte have no impact on whole body glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. A striking finding in the present study is that TCF7L2 is required in adipose tissue for normal incretin production and insulin secretion: we reveal that decreased Tcf7l2 expression in mature adipocytes leads to lowered circulating levels of GLP-1 and GIP ( Fig.4a and b) . cache = ./cache/cord-103703-t03r6ny8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103703-t03r6ny8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023143-fcno330z author = nan title = Molecular aspects of viral immunity date = 2004-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 43425 sentences = 2056 flesch = 47 summary = Based on a variety of experimental evidence, it is clear that demyelination induced in SJUJ mice by infection with the BeAn strain of TMEV is a Thl-mediated event: (a) disease induction is suppressed in T cell-deprived mice and by in vivo treatment with anti-I-A and anti-CD4 antibodies; (b) disease susceptibility correlates temporally with the development of TMEV-specific, MHC-class Il-restricted DTH responses and with a predominance of anti-viral lgG2a antibody; (c) activated (Le., lL-2RC) T cells infiltrating the CNS are exclusively of the CD4+ phenotype, and (d) proinflammatory cytokines (IFNq and TNF-p) are predominantly produced in the CNS. These results have important implications for a possible viral trigger in MS as they indicate that chronic demyelination in TMEV-infected mice is initiated in the absence of demonstrable neuroantigen-specific autoimmune responses and are consistent with a model wherein early myelin damage is mediated via primarily by mononuclear phagocytes recruited to the CNS and activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by TMEV-specific Thl cells. cache = ./cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023055-ntbvmssh author = nan title = Immunogenicity date = 2004-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 64563 sentences = 3952 flesch = 59 summary = Antigen is internalized into acidic vesicles, proteolyzed, and peptides containing T ceU antigenic determinants are transported to the APC surface where they are recognized by the antigen-specific T cell in conjunction with Ia. Most Ia-"pressing cells are competent APC, however, only B cells have antigen-specilic receptors on their surface aUowing bound antigen to be processed and presented at 1/lW the antigen concentration required by nonspecific APC Little is known about B cell antigen processing function during differentiation, or if Ig-mediated APC function is altered at different maturational stages, thus allowing regulation of B cell-helper T cell interactions. These results indicate that the poor response of murine CTL to human class I antigens is not determined by selection in the thymus, but by species-specific constraints on the interaction of MHC antigens with T-cell recognition structures. cache = ./cache/cord-023055-ntbvmssh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023055-ntbvmssh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254950-y6kayxie author = Morse, Stephen S. title = Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; Murid Herpesvirus 3) infection in athymic nude mice: Evidence for a T lymphocyte requirement date = 1988-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2123 sentences = 99 flesch = 51 summary = Abstract Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; murid herpesvirus 3) is a lymphotropic herpesvirus that cytolytically infects developing T lineage lymphocytes in the thymus of neonatal mice. In order to determine whether T lineage lymphocytes are required for infection, young adult athymic nude (nulnu) mice and euthymic littermates were infected with MTLV and tested for virus shedding. To determine whether MTLV infection requires thymus-derived lymphocytes, 4-week-old female ICR Swiss athymic nude (nulnu) and euthymic (+lnu) littermate controls (four each; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center nude mouse breeding colony) were inoculated intraperitoneally with either 40 or 200 IDS0 of MTLV and virus shedding was tested by mouth swabs beginning 6 days after infection. litters available did not allow every negative sample to be tested, additional litters of normal newborn mice were inoculated with fresh homogenates (1 O-20%, w/v) of randomly selected negative thymuses and salivary glands, representing various test dates up to Day 48, from 14 assay litters that had received swab fluids from nude mice. cache = ./cache/cord-254950-y6kayxie.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254950-y6kayxie.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253459-tcn10pho author = Moreau, Gregory Brett title = Evaluation of K18-hACE2 Mice as a Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2377 sentences = 154 flesch = 58 summary = 4 A transgenic mouse model to study SARS-CoV-1 infection was developed that expresses the hACE2 gene under the control of the human cytokeratin 18 promoter. To investigate the potential of this transgenic mouse strain as a model for COVID-19 infection, five K18-hACE2 mice were intranasally inoculated with 8 × 10 4 Median Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) of SARS-CoV-2, and five mice were mock-infected with sterile Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM). In the mouse model expressing hACE2 under the mouse ACE2 promoter, infected mice did not exhibit any clinical symptoms other than maximal weight loss on day 3 postinfection, and those mice recovered. 10 In contrast to these models, in which mice exhibited mild symptoms and recovered, only 60% of the mice survived past day 5 in the mouse strain expressing hACE2 under the lung ciliated epithelial cell HFH4 promoter. cache = ./cache/cord-253459-tcn10pho.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253459-tcn10pho.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256903-8lyw27gh author = Guzman, Efrain title = Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date = 2018-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6514 sentences = 297 flesch = 42 summary = Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans cache = ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281161-u896icp9 author = Wang, Jing title = The Adjuvanticity of an O. volvulus-Derived rOv-ASP-1 Protein in Mice Using Sequential Vaccinations and in Non-Human Primates date = 2012-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6854 sentences = 317 flesch = 49 summary = We previously reported that the Onchocerca volvulus recombinant protein rOv-ASP-1 can induce activation and maturation of naïve human DCs and therefore could be used as an innate adjuvant to promote balanced Th1 and Th2 responses to bystander vaccine antigens in mice. As shown in Table 2 , similar IgG1 and IgG2a humoral immune responses against the influenza viruses were induced in the mice vaccinated previously with rRBD plus rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant and those administered with PBS only. As shown in Table 3 , all of the NHPs vaccinated with rRBD protein plus 50 mg (n = 2), 100 mg rOv-ASP-1 (n = 2) or 500 mg CpG (n = 1) as the adjuvant developed RBDspecific IgG antibody response with increasing antibody level after each boost. Secondly, using two concentration of the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant, 50 or 100 mg, and rRBD as the vaccine antigen, we were able to induce after three immunizations high titers of neutralizing antibodies (1:3,500-1:6,392) that much exceed what is needed for protection against SARS-CoV infection in vivo (.1:500) [56] . cache = ./cache/cord-281161-u896icp9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281161-u896icp9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256998-or73in8m author = Nguyen, Khue G. title = Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26912 sentences = 1416 flesch = 37 summary = Among the more notable responses in other early preclinical studies, nearly half of mice bearing established B16F10 melanomas experienced complete tumor regression following 2 weekly treatments with pIL-12+EP (124) . In preclinical studies, a single intratumoral injection of mRNA encoding murine IL-12 (mIL-12) increased IFNγ expression and genes associated with a Th1 response in MC38 tumor-bearing mice (190) . In a useful comparison against other cytokines, one study demonstrated that Ad-IFN-γ had no greater antitumor activity than an empty Ad vector, whereas AdmIL-12 induced complete regressions of P815 mastocytomas in >80% of treated mice (219) . Antitumor activity on xenografts of human lung tissues indicated that liposomal encapsulation is a promising approach capable of eliminating tumor cells and inducing lymphocyte infiltration 2 weeks after i.t. injection. Immunotherapy of established tumors in mice by intratumoral injection of an adenovirus vector harboring the human IL-2 cDNA: induction of CD8 + T-cell immunity and NK activity cache = ./cache/cord-256998-or73in8m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256998-or73in8m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 author = Algaissi, Abdullah title = Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease date = 2018-09-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4721 sentences = 231 flesch = 53 summary = title: Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease Specifically, we determined values of 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of MERS-CoV for the 2 strains of mice, compared and correlated their levels of soluble (s)hDPP4 expression to susceptibility, and explored recombinant (r)shDPP4 as an effective MCM for MERS infection. ELISA-based and Vero E6 cell-based microneutralization assays, previously described [7] , were used to determine the titers of MERS-CoV RBD-specific serum IgG and neutralizing antibodies in hDPP4 Tg mice in response to MERS-CoV infection. Finally, we showed that administration with functionally active rhsDPP4 proteins (Figure 3 ) enabled hDPP4 +/− mice to better resist MERS-CoV infection in a dose-dependent manner (Table 1) , a finding in accordance with increased levels of shDPP4 in their circulation. cache = ./cache/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023026-2r84ndzv author = nan title = Posters date = 2013-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 138458 sentences = 6513 flesch = 40 summary = Thus, this work provides the basis to identify molecular pathways regulated by distinct niche/environmental signals and involved in the heterogeneity of adult OPCs. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, which leads to formation of demyelinating areas due to loss of oligodendrocytes, astrogliosis and, finally, axonal degeneration. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role of miR-200b in modulating the MAPK pathway via c-Jun which in turn affects different aspects of the inflammatory process accompanying microglia activation including cytokine response, NO production, phagocytosis and neuronal cell death. For this purpose, coronal cryostat free-floating sections from the brain of both adult transgenic mice and their corresponding wild-type (Wt) littermates, were processed for the study of astrocytes using GFAP immunohistochemistry and microglia using antibodies against Iba1 and several markers commonly related to the activated phenotype of these microglial cells, such as CD16/32 (Fc receptor), F4/80, CD11b, CD206, CD150 and MHC-II. cache = ./cache/cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292402-u3sfc1yz author = Watanabe, Rihito title = Formation of fibroblastic reticular network in the brain after infection with neurovirulent murine coronavirus date = 2016-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6977 sentences = 346 flesch = 52 summary = Furthermore, virus antigens in fibrous structures reported in our previous study 17, 18 were found to colocalize with laminin and ERag ( Fig. 1F ) with almost the same image observed in the spleen of mice infected with LCMV, 33 which indicated that viruses are concentrated in the narrow space of reticular fibers 33, 43 and are recognized by immunofluorescence, and they use the reticular conduit system as a scaffold. The expression of ERag was either colocalized with that of components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as laminin (Fig. 1D ) and collagen (Fig. 1E ) in the same way as reticular fibers reported in lymphoid organs, 33 or found without such colocalization as shown in the brain parenchyma ( Fig. 1D2 and D3) and trigeminal root (Supplemental Figure S1A ). cache = ./cache/cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303662-ro9879dl author = Wang, Fun-In title = Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated date = 1990-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3778 sentences = 213 flesch = 48 summary = Un-In view of the finding that whole body irradiairradiated mice demonstrated intense disease at tion at day 6 p.i. prevents JHMV-induced paraday 9 p.i. By contrast, mice given 850 rad at day 6 lytic-demyelinating disease, differential irradiation p.i. had few histological changes at day 9 p.i. In studies were conducted to determine whether critiaddition, a second mouse strain, BALB/cJ mice cal radiosensitive targets reside in the systemic or a Immune donor mice were 6-week-old C57BL/6J males given 106 PFU of JHMV 2.2-V-1 i.p. 6 days prior to transfer. These they resemble the original JHMV isolates, which experiments indicate that populations of murine in early passages primarily caused a nonfatal paradonor spleen cells, which are enriched for T lytic disease (Bailey et al., 1949; Cheever et al., lymphocytes and appear to be MHC-restricted, 1949) ; only after many i.c. passages did the virus restore demyelination to infected, irradiated re-acquire marked neurovirulence. cache = ./cache/cord-303662-ro9879dl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303662-ro9879dl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 162327 sentences = 9379 flesch = 50 summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. cache = ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267482-afqfymbq author = Ryu, Seungjin title = Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model date = 2020-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8189 sentences = 476 flesch = 49 summary = Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of γδ T cells in lungs. Also, initial studies that employ lung ciliated epithelial cell-specific HFH4/FOXJ1 promoter driven hACE2 transgenic mice show SARS-CoV-2 infection induces weight loss, lung inflammation and approximately 50% mortality rate, suggesting the usefulness of this model to understand the mechanism of immune dysregulation (Jiang et al., 2020) . Moreover, given our recent findings that ketogenesis inhibits inflammation and expands tissue resident ϒδ T cells (Goldberg et al., 2019) while SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients is associated with depletion of ϒδ T cells (Lei et al., 2020; Rijkers et al., 2020) , we next tested whether elevating BHB by feeding a ketogenic diet (KD) protects against mCoV-A59-driven inflammatory damage in aged mice. cache = ./cache/cord-267482-afqfymbq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267482-afqfymbq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292157-hrm69640 author = Stull-Lane, Annica R. title = Vitamin A supplementation boosts control of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infection in malnourished mice date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5919 sentences = 325 flesch = 48 summary = Typhimurium infection and antibiotic treatment failure, we assessed the potential of two consecutive doses of vitamin A in alleviating infection in male and female mice on a VAD or control diet. We found that subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment synergized with vitamin A treatment in infected VAD male mice, significantly decreasing systemic bacterial levels, mitigating weight loss and improving survival. Typhimurium systemic bacterial levels (CFU) were assessed for male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) mice on a standard diet 5 days post-infection for the following treatment groups: 0 mg/ml, 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05 mg/ml, and 0.10 mg/ml enrofloxacin delivered in the drinking water. Typhimurium D23580 at day 4 post-infection were assessed for male and female mice on either control or VAD diets with the following treatment groups: mocktreated, vitamin A only, enrofloxacin (0.05 mg/ml) only, and vitamin A and enrofloxacin cotreatment (Fig 5A) . cache = ./cache/cord-292157-hrm69640.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292157-hrm69640.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320172-qw47pf9r author = Greaves, Peter title = VII Digestive System 1 date = 2000-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 47375 sentences = 2238 flesch = 40 summary = In common with other changes induced in the digestive tract of rats and cynomolgus monkeys by the administration of recombinant human epidermal growth factor, the tongue showed squamous epithelial hyperplasia characterised by a uniform increase in the thickness of the squamous epithelium in both species (Breider et al., 1996; Reindel et al., 1996) . Detailed study of hypertrophy, protein synthesis, and intracellular cAMP activity in the salivary glands of rats treated for 10 days with isoprenaline (isoproterenol), a series of β-adrenergic receptor agonists and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and caffeine, showed that similar effects occurred with all agents although differences in the degree of hypertrophy, the nature of pro-tein and glycoprotein synthesis and Golgi membrane enzyme activity were recorded (Wells and Humphreys-Beher, 1985) . Studies in the rat have shown that diffuse atrophy of the gastric glands characterised by a decrease in the number and size of parietal, chief and mucous cells occurs transiently following truncal vagotomy but histological features return to normal by about 1 month after surgery (Nakamura, 1985) . cache = ./cache/cord-320172-qw47pf9r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320172-qw47pf9r.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329061-1xut73dq author = Bhatt, Pravin N. title = Characterization of the Virus of Sialodacryoadenitis of Rats: A Member of the Coronavirus Group date = 1972-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4294 sentences = 286 flesch = 59 summary = The virus that causes sialodacryoadenitis in rats has been isolated in mice and in primary cultures of rat-kidney cells and has been characterized as a heat-labile RNA virus that is sensitive to lipid solvents and is relatively stable at pH 3.0. Rats were inoculated intranasally with 0.1 ml of virus-infected salivary-gland suspension, observed daily for evidence of overt illness, and sacrificed at various intervals. Monolayers obtained from explant cultures of submaxillary, parotid, Harderian, and exorbital glands of germfree rats, monolayers of trypsin-dispersed brain cells of infant mice, and a line of polyoma-transformed mouse cells (Py-AL/N) [6J were also tested. The neutralization (N) test with sera immune to murine viruses was performed in infant mice, and these animals were observed for 14 days after inoculation. Infectious virus or viral antigen was not detected when tissue-culture fluids from infected-mouse-brain and Py-AL/N cultures were inoculated ic into infant mice or when monolayers were examined by indirect immunofluorescence. E. Shope tested 118 viral antigens prepared from infected mouse brains with antiserum to SDA virus. cache = ./cache/cord-329061-1xut73dq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329061-1xut73dq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 63666 sentences = 3678 flesch = 40 summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327568-5vo4nmei author = Tosini, Fabio title = Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection date = 2019-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7398 sentences = 362 flesch = 52 summary = title: Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection parvum proteins, were tested for their ability to induce immune responses in adult mice and for protection on neonate BALB/c mice born from females immunised by mucosal delivery of both peptides. The IP immunisation of adult BALB/c mice to a single antigen (SA35 or SA40) or to a mixture of the two antigens (SA35/40 mix) induced specific anti-Cryptosporidium IgG in serum after day 14 following initial administration. The mucosal delivery of SA35/40 mix in female BALB/c mice induced specific anti-Cryptosporidium IgG (mainly IgG1) in serum 21 days after initial immunisation. In humans, maternal immunisation with tetanus toxoid has Fig. 9 Quantification of COWP gene DNA copies by qPCR in the intestinal content of neonate mice infected with 5 × 10 3 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. cache = ./cache/cord-327568-5vo4nmei.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327568-5vo4nmei.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306516-5t3ix35e author = Li, Minghui title = Dual roles of calpain in facilitating Coxsackievirus B3 replication and prompting inflammation in acute myocarditis date = 2016-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3749 sentences = 276 flesch = 52 summary = RESULTS: Calpastatin overexpression ameliorated myocardial injury induced by CVB3 infection significantly in transgenic mouse indicated by reduced peripheral CK-MB and cTnI levels and improved histology injury. In the transgenic mouse's heart, calpain inhibition was accompanied with significant perforin down-regulation post virus infection (Fig. 3B) . This study, utilizing a calpastatin-overexpression transgenic mouse model of viral myocarditis, demonstrated that endogenous calpain inhibition ameliorated myocardial injury significantly. In our former study, we found that CVB3-induced calpain activation facilitates the progeny virus replication in the early phase of infection in vitro [6] . We presented here in CVB3-induced myocarditis model that myocardium inflammation infiltration was significantly ameliorated in transgenic mouse, as well as the inflammation factors of MPO activity, IL17, perforin and IFNγ. Coxsackievirus B3-induced calpain activation facilitates the progeny virus replication via a likely mechanism related with both autophagy enhancement and apoptosis inhibition in the early phase of infection: an in vitro study in H9c2 cells cache = ./cache/cord-306516-5t3ix35e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306516-5t3ix35e.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author = Ueki, Hiroshi title = Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date = 2020-01-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8337 sentences = 517 flesch = 47 summary = Unlike ex vivo methods, which involve isolated or sliced lungs, in vivo imaging using two-photon excitation microscopy of live animals enables researchers to observe hemodynamics, migration and extravasation of immune cells, as well as interactions among immune cells during influenza virus infection. To detect multiple fluorescent signals excited simultaneously by a two-photon excitation laser, fluorochromes with different spectra and equal brightness must be selected; however, there is currently no comprehensive database of fluorescent reagents, fluorescent reporter viruses, and reporter mouse lines available for lung in vivo imaging. Our system uses suction-based lung stabilization 16, 28 to improve an existing in vivo two-photon imaging system for influenza virus-infected lung as a model of an acute inflammatory respiratory disease 5 . In vivo two-photon imaging is performed under conditions of single stimulation with a two-photon excitation laser; limitations exist regarding available fluorescent reagents/proteins for multiple labeling of target cells and lung architecture. cache = ./cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266745-jit1xeqc author = Liou, Jenn-Fa title = Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice date = 2010-11-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5708 sentences = 272 flesch = 52 summary = title: Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice The results of the neutralization effect of specific IgY in EV71-challenged mice demonstrate that the EV71-specific IgY, either by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, was able to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality in EV71 infected mice pups. This study was subjected to produce IgY against enterovirus 71 (anti-EV71 IgY) and evaluated the inhibition effects of specific IgY on EV71, including in vitro virus neutralization test and in vivo ICR mice model. In trial 1, we challenged 1-day-old mice with a mouse-adapted EV71 strain MP4 by intraperitoneally administering a dosage of 10 5 pfu per mouse, and treated with specific IgY of neutralization titer 64. This indicates that the orally fed specific IgY effectively neutralized the viral attack in the gastroenteric duct, thereby blocking the infection of virus in challenged mice. cache = ./cache/cord-266745-jit1xeqc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266745-jit1xeqc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 34464 sentences = 1865 flesch = 47 summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . cache = ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348091-pnvn0x4q author = Nolte, Thomas title = Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse date = 2016-02-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 47176 sentences = 3688 flesch = 40 summary = Synonym: Cell death Pathogenesis: Unregulated, energy independent, passive cell death with leakage of cytoplasm into surrounding tissue and subsequent inflammatory reaction (single cell necrosis) and/ or gene regulated, energy dependent process leading to formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed by adjacent cells (apoptosis); typically associated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that affect the mucosal epithelium of the tongue, esophagus and/or pharynx. In addition to the proliferative lesions of squamous cell origin, neoplasms of the bone, tooth, or adjacent soft tissues (malignant schwannoma, Zymbal's gland tumor) may extend into the oral cavity and be associated with a gross observation at this location. Synonym: Cell death Pathogenesis: Unregulated, energy independent, passive cell death with leakage of cytoplasm into surrounding tissue and subsequent inflammatory reaction (single cell necrosis) AND/OR gene regulated, energy dependent process leading to formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed by adjacent cells (apoptosis); typically associated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that affect the mucosal epithelium of the nonglandular stomach. cache = ./cache/cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333043-fe24ezt6 author = Traavik, T. title = “Runde“ virus, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks date = 1977 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4191 sentences = 318 flesch = 63 summary = uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated. Until then., no arbovirus isolates had been reported from this country, although ecological and cli-nicaI/epidemiological considerations (3, 24, 26) and a limited serological survey on bovine sera (28) indicated the existence of Central-European tick-borne encephalitis virus fool. uriae ticks collected at Runde in late September 1973, three virus strains have been isolated. Cells were washed with saline, virus was diluted ~enfold from 10 -1 to t0 -6 in the medium, A volume of 0.2 ml of each dilution was inoculated into three tubes and allowed to adsorb for 1 hour at room temperature before washing with saline and addition, of new medium, Culture tubes were incubated for 8 days at 37 ° C and inspected daily for a Cytopathie effect (CPE). Virus from mouse brains and cell culture demonstrated total i d e n t i t y b y these methods. cache = ./cache/cord-333043-fe24ezt6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333043-fe24ezt6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314333-hkyiy1gm author = Nagata, Noriyo title = Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice date = 2008-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6908 sentences = 334 flesch = 52 summary = title: Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice Adult mice showed early and acute excessive proinflammatory responses (ie, cytokine storm) in the lungs after SARS-CoV infection, which led to severe pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage. Because advanced age is associated with higher mortality in human SARS patients and SARS-CoV replicates better in aged mice, 6 -10,29 we experimentally infected 6-month-old (adult) female BALB/c mice with F-musX-VeroE6 or the Frankfurt 1 isolate. With regard to the cytokine responses of the mice, the lung homogenates of adult mice on day 1 after inoculation had significantly higher levels of monocyterelated chemokines [ie, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), and IFN-␥-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)] than those from young mice ( Figure 5 ). cache = ./cache/cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022888-dnsdg04n author = nan title = Poster Sessions date = 2009-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 188640 sentences = 9313 flesch = 45 summary = Methods: Phospho-specific Western blot analyses were performed to verify the functionality of the different IFN-g pathway components, intra-and extracellular flow cytometry experiments were employed to determine the expression of antigen processing components and HLA class I cell surface antigens, quantitative real time-PCR experiments to confirm the absence of JAK2 and presence of pathway relevant molecules as well as, genomic PCR and chromosome typing technique to prove the deletion of JAK2. In order to accomplish these objectives we induced priming or tolerance of ovalbumin (OVA 323-339 peptide)-specific T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice in vitro or, following adoptive transfer of near physiologically relevant numbers of such cells into recipients, in vivo and correlated functional outcome (via proliferation and cytokine readout assays or antibody production) with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases expression and the ubiquitination status of the TCR signalling machinery. cache = ./cache/cord-022888-dnsdg04n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022888-dnsdg04n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28834 sentences = 1797 flesch = 46 summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. cache = ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353190-7qcoxl81 author = Nicklas, Werner title = Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date = 2012-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 27775 sentences = 1482 flesch = 39 summary = This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. These results are very difficult to summarize because the outcome of experimental infection in laboratory mice depends on various factors such as mouse strain and age, virus strain and passage history [26] , virus dose and route of inoculation [24] . Experimental infection of laboratory mice with MHV-68 is a frequently used model system for the study of human gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, e.g. of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [62, 63] which are members of the same subfamily. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV (murine hepatitis virus) or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS and intestine. cache = ./cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354325-r73datur author = Berger, Mitchell title = Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date = 2002-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12331 sentences = 666 flesch = 41 summary = Attempts to use mouse myeloma cells to create hybrids and derive human MAbs led to the loss of human chromosomes and the inability to make human Igs. 13 Unfortunately, in vitro immunization is limited by its inability to produce a secondary response and by the absence of the affinity maturation process that occurs in vivo. In these transgenic mouse models, human antibodies with high affinity to an immunized antigen are naturally selected by the murine immune system via an affinity maturation process, and thereby show increased diversity of the MAbs. Transgenic mice may be a suitable alternative to chimeric or humanized antibody production or the use of phage display systems to create less immunogenic or novel antibodies. [43] [44] [45] Humanizing Monoclonal Antibodies Rodent MAbs with excellent affinities and specificities have been generated using conventional hybridoma technology, but their use in clinical medicine is limited due to the immune responses they elicit in humans. cache = ./cache/cord-354325-r73datur.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354325-r73datur.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350593-bvmg7f15 author = McDonald, R.S. title = Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date = 2012-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6550 sentences = 324 flesch = 49 summary = CONCLUSIONS: MID (50) for inspired H1N1 aerosols in CD‐1 mice is between 12 and 40 TCID (50); proportionality to dose of weight loss and viral populations makes the CD‐1 mouse a useful model for measuring infectivity by inhalation. Although a few publications have documented the transmissibility of influenza A through inhalation routes (Tellier 2006 (Tellier , 2009 , few studies to date have utilized a mouse model to investigate susceptibility to and pathogenicity of measured aerosol exposures. Table 2 Results of three assays [PCR, direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) and CPE] from the homogenates of CD-1 murine lung tissue exposed to an aerosol generated from 1Á58 9 10 6 TCID 50 ml À1 At the 3-min exposure time, no mice were positive for influenza virus as determined by Ct value. cache = ./cache/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288253-wqrhiq08 author = Park, Jung-Eun title = Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2015-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5318 sentences = 289 flesch = 51 summary = Because the major pathological changes of the porcine coronaviruses (e.g., TGEV and PEDV) involves enteric diseases, we measured porcine APN expression in the small intestine by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and IHC. An immunohistochemical analysis, with both anti-Flag and anti-porcine APN antibodies, clearly confirmed porcine APN expression in the brush borders of the absorptive cells in the small intestines of the mouse model (Fig. 4C) . For these purposes, many transgenic mouse models have been developed to study viral pathogenesis, immune responses, and vaccines (Darling et Both wild type and porcine APN transgenic mice were infected with PEDV (5X TCID5010 6 ) orally on day 0. Although significant clinical illness was not observed when the transgenic mice were infected with PEDV, their susceptibility to the virus was confirmed by the detection of viral RNA in various organs with RT-PCR and viral proteins in the small intestines with IHC. cache = ./cache/cord-288253-wqrhiq08.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288253-wqrhiq08.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306535-j26eqmxt author = Robertson, Matthew J. title = Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date = 2020-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16758 sentences = 846 flesch = 49 summary = The majority of candidate genes identified in our screen that were testis-specific were already identified by the Human Protein Atlas [9] and/or our reanalysis of (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Summary of the human and mouse RNA-seq samples used in the identification of novel male reproductive tract-specific drug targets. Additional file 14: Fig. S6 shows the complete list of male reproductive tract-specific human genes for which a previously generated mouse model shows male infertility phenotype, as identified in each of the respective cell and/or tissue datasets. Through the integration of hundreds of published and newly acquired human and mouse reproductive and non-reproductive tissue and cell RNA-seq datasets, we have generated a list of novel genes expressed predominantly or exclusively in the male reproductive tract that are worthy of consideration for functional validation in an animal model and potential targeting for a male contraceptive. cache = ./cache/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author = nan title = Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date = 2006-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 240925 sentences = 13617 flesch = 47 summary = SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs. Chitoshi Takayama 1 , Yoshiro Inoue 1 1 Department of Molecular Neuroanatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan GABA mediates inhibitory transmission in the adult central nervous system (CNS). cache = ./cache/cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt ===== Reducing email addresses parallel: Warning: Cannot spawn any jobs. Raising ulimit -u or 'nproc' in /etc/security/limits.conf parallel: Warning: or /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max may help. Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-000539-uh3q65we cord-002341-v4r5d26a cord-000261-ip32y0j5 cord-001675-9717nzr7 cord-001569-jd028cyg cord-000249-hkc4vbmj cord-003315-r1wkx0ml cord-001958-2gt3fwpy cord-003634-iq0e1qp1 cord-003389-0yh5k6jk cord-004416-qw6tusd2 cord-004663-a47pkh8q cord-006588-aavpj5r3 cord-007726-bqlf72fe cord-004774-fvf671jn cord-007094-ur9sz21s cord-010187-ymhcfyxx cord-004879-pgyzluwp cord-009388-k3exf8a4 cord-010278-loey5xq9 cord-013023-uanozm00 cord-015569-vy49r1zd cord-022082-1dq623oe cord-006229-7yoilsho cord-017521-z9l9c83i cord-022324-tcltmhi7 cord-022505-17khcmta cord-021413-1ht1xm88 cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 cord-006230-xta38e7j cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-022353-q2k2krnm cord-032975-7hugs419 cord-103703-t03r6ny8 cord-023143-fcno330z cord-104092-yau3r79c cord-104251-cq8ojfit cord-023055-ntbvmssh cord-031279-8rckjc41 cord-032982-xri24v40 cord-254155-860780z9 cord-254950-y6kayxie 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cord-022888-dnsdg04n cord-324617-yok7mh70 cord-353190-7qcoxl81 cord-345359-okmkgsbr cord-350593-bvmg7f15 cord-352480-1ay8y7li cord-351011-v4zmksio cord-354325-r73datur cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-288253-wqrhiq08 cord-347039-eap592i7 cord-306535-j26eqmxt cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-002341-v4r5d26a cord-000249-hkc4vbmj cord-003315-r1wkx0ml cord-004416-qw6tusd2 cord-003389-0yh5k6jk cord-007094-ur9sz21s cord-013023-uanozm00 cord-006229-7yoilsho cord-006230-xta38e7j cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-031279-8rckjc41 cord-265299-oovkoiyj cord-262445-54ng7m92 cord-278136-ol2buwld cord-267965-84sotgds cord-312692-jv3425w1 cord-267482-afqfymbq cord-300372-h5g4z8ts cord-292157-hrm69640 cord-312305-ll29frwc cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-295194-xbla6tu7 cord-348091-pnvn0x4q cord-314333-hkyiy1gm cord-337464-otwps68u cord-022888-dnsdg04n cord-292596-ulu5y140 cord-308461-4lhh3du0 cord-353190-7qcoxl81 cord-345359-okmkgsbr cord-324617-yok7mh70 cord-306535-j26eqmxt cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities parallel: Warning: Only enough available processes to run 28 jobs in parallel. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf parallel: Warning: or /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max may help. cord-000249-hkc4vbmj cord-001569-jd028cyg cord-000261-ip32y0j5 cord-001675-9717nzr7 cord-000539-uh3q65we cord-003315-r1wkx0ml cord-002341-v4r5d26a cord-001958-2gt3fwpy cord-003389-0yh5k6jk cord-004416-qw6tusd2 cord-003634-iq0e1qp1 cord-004663-a47pkh8q cord-004774-fvf671jn cord-006588-aavpj5r3 cord-007094-ur9sz21s cord-007726-bqlf72fe cord-010187-ymhcfyxx cord-009388-k3exf8a4 cord-010278-loey5xq9 cord-013023-uanozm00 cord-017521-z9l9c83i cord-015569-vy49r1zd cord-022082-1dq623oe cord-022324-tcltmhi7 cord-022505-17khcmta cord-021413-1ht1xm88 cord-004879-pgyzluwp cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-032975-7hugs419 cord-022353-q2k2krnm cord-104092-yau3r79c cord-023143-fcno330z cord-104251-cq8ojfit cord-006230-xta38e7j cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 cord-006229-7yoilsho cord-031279-8rckjc41 cord-023055-ntbvmssh cord-032982-xri24v40 cord-254155-860780z9 cord-254950-y6kayxie cord-253459-tcn10pho cord-256903-8lyw27gh cord-258129-c38q6xxs cord-103703-t03r6ny8 cord-261036-zdhg4axx cord-254190-bxfne94u cord-265847-oq34lc26 cord-265299-oovkoiyj cord-262445-54ng7m92 cord-281161-u896icp9 cord-278136-ol2buwld cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 cord-256998-or73in8m cord-312692-jv3425w1 cord-267965-84sotgds cord-292402-u3sfc1yz cord-303662-ro9879dl cord-023026-2r84ndzv cord-299605-j1ewxk4q cord-281410-y558a5jf cord-287670-z6ckhkgg cord-288133-h3wmo0xj cord-267482-afqfymbq cord-292157-hrm69640 cord-324326-q014b5ym cord-312305-ll29frwc cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-300372-h5g4z8ts cord-304855-7v0cncid cord-332233-01rdlf8l cord-320172-qw47pf9r cord-335424-h84jtx94 cord-329061-1xut73dq cord-327568-5vo4nmei cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-337464-otwps68u cord-292596-ulu5y140 cord-306516-5t3ix35e cord-295194-xbla6tu7 cord-298117-9ycl7mn6 cord-266745-jit1xeqc cord-353600-5wo74ms4 cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-326223-q6e60nf8 cord-314333-hkyiy1gm cord-333043-fe24ezt6 cord-348091-pnvn0x4q cord-324617-yok7mh70 cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-308461-4lhh3du0 cord-353190-7qcoxl81 cord-354325-r73datur cord-345359-okmkgsbr cord-350593-bvmg7f15 cord-352480-1ay8y7li cord-351011-v4zmksio cord-347039-eap592i7 cord-288253-wqrhiq08 cord-306535-j26eqmxt cord-022888-dnsdg04n cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-000249-hkc4vbmj cord-000539-uh3q65we cord-000261-ip32y0j5 cord-001675-9717nzr7 cord-001569-jd028cyg cord-001958-2gt3fwpy cord-002341-v4r5d26a cord-003315-r1wkx0ml cord-003634-iq0e1qp1 cord-004663-a47pkh8q cord-004416-qw6tusd2 cord-003389-0yh5k6jk cord-004774-fvf671jn cord-006588-aavpj5r3 cord-007094-ur9sz21s cord-007726-bqlf72fe cord-009388-k3exf8a4 cord-010187-ymhcfyxx cord-010278-loey5xq9 cord-017521-z9l9c83i cord-013023-uanozm00 cord-022324-tcltmhi7 cord-021413-1ht1xm88 cord-032975-7hugs419 cord-104251-cq8ojfit cord-103703-t03r6ny8 cord-254950-y6kayxie cord-104092-yau3r79c cord-032982-xri24v40 cord-015569-vy49r1zd cord-022505-17khcmta cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-022082-1dq623oe cord-031279-8rckjc41 cord-254155-860780z9 cord-253459-tcn10pho cord-256903-8lyw27gh cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 cord-258129-c38q6xxs cord-261036-zdhg4axx cord-265847-oq34lc26 cord-254190-bxfne94u cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-278136-ol2buwld cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 cord-281161-u896icp9 cord-281410-y558a5jf cord-303662-ro9879dl cord-292402-u3sfc1yz cord-265299-oovkoiyj cord-299605-j1ewxk4q cord-022353-q2k2krnm cord-312692-jv3425w1 cord-288133-h3wmo0xj cord-267965-84sotgds cord-287670-z6ckhkgg cord-267482-afqfymbq cord-292157-hrm69640 cord-312305-ll29frwc cord-262445-54ng7m92 cord-324326-q014b5ym cord-300372-h5g4z8ts cord-304855-7v0cncid cord-332233-01rdlf8l cord-329061-1xut73dq cord-327568-5vo4nmei cord-335424-h84jtx94 cord-292596-ulu5y140 cord-306516-5t3ix35e cord-023143-fcno330z cord-256998-or73in8m cord-295194-xbla6tu7 cord-337464-otwps68u cord-298117-9ycl7mn6 cord-308461-4lhh3du0 cord-266745-jit1xeqc cord-353600-5wo74ms4 cord-326223-q6e60nf8 cord-314333-hkyiy1gm cord-333043-fe24ezt6 cord-324617-yok7mh70 cord-345359-okmkgsbr cord-350593-bvmg7f15 cord-352480-1ay8y7li cord-351011-v4zmksio cord-288253-wqrhiq08 cord-354325-r73datur cord-347039-eap592i7 cord-023055-ntbvmssh cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-004879-pgyzluwp cord-306535-j26eqmxt cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-320172-qw47pf9r cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 cord-353190-7qcoxl81 cord-348091-pnvn0x4q cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-006229-7yoilsho cord-006230-xta38e7j cord-023026-2r84ndzv cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-022888-dnsdg04n cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 cord-022888-dnsdg04n cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 cord-022888-dnsdg04n cord-023026-2r84ndzv number of items: 104 sum of words: 1,868,685 average size in words: 30,634 average readability score: 47 nouns: cells; mice; cell; virus; infection; mouse; expression; disease; protein; results; response; activity; study; levels; patients; model; role; receptor; activation; gene; studies; effects; rats; treatment; brain; animals; system; effect; neurons; days; responses; tissue; type; blood; analysis; development; data; control; proteins; genes; time; function; rat; production; inflammation; group; lung; models; antibody; antibodies verbs: using; showed; induced; increased; suggest; find; expressed; associated; observed; includes; following; compare; developed; caused; reducing; indicated; identify; demonstrated; involved; produce; investigate; mediate; activated; infected; results; determine; occurred; lead; detected; studying; contained; bind; treated; revealed; based; performed; reported; regulated; known; decreased; relate; provided; measured; affect; derived; inhibits; generated; play; tested; examined adjectives: human; specific; immune; different; inflammatory; high; clinical; anti; viral; important; significant; dependent; non; present; similar; several; acute; respiratory; severe; higher; small; normal; murine; cellular; functional; low; experimental; new; primary; chronic; neuronal; positive; major; first; single; molecular; many; various; early; genetic; multiple; transgenic; novel; large; common; wild; infected; like; potential; therapeutic adverbs: also; however; well; significantly; therefore; previously; respectively; furthermore; highly; recently; often; moreover; even; usually; together; especially; still; interestingly; directly; mainly; less; currently; specifically; particularly; now; first; genetically; approximately; strongly; frequently; commonly; additionally; finally; rather; prior; alone; rapidly; relatively; generally; thereby; yet; subsequently; completely; probably; potentially; fully; primarily; far; almost; later pronouns: we; it; their; our; its; they; i; them; his; us; itself; he; her; themselves; one; she; you; your; my; me; ashcs; s; imagej; il-2rcc; him; mg; interleukin-15; himself; esat-6; imm+; igmcic; ifnyr-/-mice; i-; egfp; e2f2-/-mice; crx-527; beta-2-m; anti-(self; adrb1; a129; ␤; À.731; y8tcr.s; y401; y-27632; wi~; wfdc13; wether; w@; trpm4 proper nouns: T; Japan; •; University; TNF; Fig; IFN; LPS; CD4; C; mg; CD8; IL-12; IL-6; PCR; II; RNA; A; B; Department; Tokyo; Univ; MHV; Institute; MHC; CNS; mRNA; Research; M; SARS; CTL; HIV; HLA; ELISA; MS; C.; kg; Ca; WT; Germany; M.; S.; BALB; vivo; School; K; I; TCR; Dept; KO keywords: mouse; cell; virus; human; study; result; rat; pcr; infection; il-6; animal; university; disease; sars; model; mhv; lps; increase; expression; tnf; response; protein; level; ifn; gene; elisa; effect; dna; receptor; mhc; hiv; patient; lcmv; institute; hla; germany; cns; cd8; cd4; brain; strain; role; rna; research; nmda; mers; laboratory; il-2; hiv-1; high one topic; one dimension: mice file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923724/ titles(s): SYSGENET: a meeting report from a new European network for systems genetics three topics; one dimension: cells; mice; mice file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163517/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S016801020600085X, https://doi.org/10.1293/tox.29.1s titles(s): Poster Sessions | Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) | Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse five topics; three dimensions: cells cell expression; mice virus infection; il cells mice; mice mouse virus; cells cell may file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087532/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172458/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155645/, https://doi.org/10.1293/tox.29.1s titles(s): Programmed cell death | Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis | Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches | Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards | Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse Type: cord title: keyword-mouse-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 15:36 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:mouse ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-009388-k3exf8a4 author: Agarwal, Yash title: Moving beyond the mousetrap: current and emerging humanized mouse and rat models for investigating prevention and cure strategies against HIV infection and associated pathologies date: 2020-04-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The development of safe and effective combination antiretroviral therapies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection over the past several decades has significantly reduced HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Additionally, antiretroviral drugs have provided an effective means of protection against HIV transmission. Despite these advances, significant limitations exist; namely, the inability to eliminate HIV reservoirs, the inability to reverse lymphoid tissues damage, and the lack of an effective vaccine for preventing HIV transmission. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines for eliminating HIV reservoirs and preventing HIV transmission requires robust in vivo models. Since HIV is a human-specific pathogen, that targets hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues, in vivo animal models for HIV-host interactions require incorporation of human hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues. In this review, we will discuss the construction of mouse models with human lymphoid tissues and/or hematopoietic lineage cells, termed, human immune system (HIS)-humanized mice. These HIS-humanized mouse models can support the development of functional human innate and adaptive immune cells, along with primary (thymus) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid tissues. We will discuss applications of HIS-humanized mouse models in evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutics against HIV reservoirs and associated immunopathology, and delineate the human immune response elicited by candidate HIV vaccines. In addition to focusing on how these HIS-humanized mouse models have already furthered our understanding of HIV and contributed to HIV therapeutics development, we discuss how emerging HIS-humanized rat models could address the limitations of HIS-mouse models. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149862/ doi: 10.1186/s12977-020-00515-3 id: cord-281410-y558a5jf author: Akashi, H. title: Propagation of the Kakegawa strain of bovine coronavirus in suckling mice, rats and hamsters date: 1981 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Kakegawa strain of bovine coronavirus was easily propagated in suckling mice. Infected animals died with nervous symptoms, and serial passage was readily accomplished by intracerebral inoculation with brain emulsions. The 3rd passage viral material from infected mice evoked the same disease in suckling mice, rats and hamsters inoculated by the intracerebral or by the subcutaneous route. Viruses recovered from mice, rats and hamsters could be clearly differentiated from mouse hepatitis virus strain 2 by the neutralization test. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6263232/ doi: 10.1007/bf01314841 id: cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 author: Algaissi, Abdullah title: Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease date: 2018-09-26 words: 4721.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.txt summary: title: Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease Specifically, we determined values of 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of MERS-CoV for the 2 strains of mice, compared and correlated their levels of soluble (s)hDPP4 expression to susceptibility, and explored recombinant (r)shDPP4 as an effective MCM for MERS infection. ELISA-based and Vero E6 cell-based microneutralization assays, previously described [7] , were used to determine the titers of MERS-CoV RBD-specific serum IgG and neutralizing antibodies in hDPP4 Tg mice in response to MERS-CoV infection. Finally, we showed that administration with functionally active rhsDPP4 proteins (Figure 3 ) enabled hDPP4 +/− mice to better resist MERS-CoV infection in a dose-dependent manner (Table 1) , a finding in accordance with increased levels of shDPP4 in their circulation. abstract: BACKGROUND: The ongoing Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections pose threats to public health worldwide, making an understanding of MERS pathogenesis and development of effective medical countermeasures (MCMs) urgent. METHODS: We used homozygous (+/+) and heterozygous (+/−) human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) transgenic mice to study the effect of hDPP4 on MERS-CoV infection. Specifically, we determined values of 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of MERS-CoV for the 2 strains of mice, compared and correlated their levels of soluble (s)hDPP4 expression to susceptibility, and explored recombinant (r)shDPP4 as an effective MCM for MERS infection. RESULTS: hDPP4(+/+) mice were unexpectedly more resistant than hDPP4(+/−) mice to MERS-CoV infection, as judged by increased LD(50), reduced lung viral infection, attenuated morbidity and mortality, and reduced histopathology. Additionally, the resistance to MERS-CoV infection directly correlated with increased serum shDPP4 and serum virus neutralizing activity. Finally, administration of rshDPP4 led to reduced lung virus titer and histopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies suggest that the serum shDPP4 levels play a role in MERS pathogenesis and demonstrate a potential of rshDPP4 as a treatment option for MERS. Additionally, it offers a validated pair of Tg mice strains for characterizing the effect of shDPP4 on MERS pathogenesis. url: https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-pdf/219/5/829/27785783/jiy574.pdf doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy574 id: cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 author: Anderson, Nancy L. title: Pet Rodents date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271187/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50179-0 id: cord-324617-yok7mh70 author: Andreata-Santos, Robert title: Transcutaneous Administration of Dengue Vaccines date: 2020-05-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In the present study, we evaluated the immunological responses induced by dengue vaccines under experimental conditions after delivery via a transcutaneous (TC) route. Vaccines against type 2 Dengue virus particles (DENV2 New Guinea C (NGC) strain) combined with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) heat-labile toxin (LT) were administered to BALB/c mice in a three-dose immunization regimen via the TC route. As a control for the parenteral administration route, other mouse groups were immunized with the same vaccine formulation via the intradermic (ID) route. Our results showed that mice vaccinated either via the TC or ID routes developed similar protective immunity, as measured after lethal challenges with the DENV2 NGC strain. Notably, the vaccine delivered through the TC route induced lower serum antibody (IgG) responses with regard to ID-immunized mice, particularly after the third dose. The protective immunity elicited in TC-immunized mice was attributed to different antigen-specific antibody properties, such as epitope specificity and IgG subclass responses, and cellular immune responses, as determined by cytokine secretion profiles. Altogether, the results of the present study demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective properties of a dengue vaccine delivered through the TC route and offer perspectives for future clinical applications. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050514 doi: 10.3390/v12050514 id: cord-022324-tcltmhi7 author: Barthold, Stephen W. title: MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS BIOLOGY AND EPIZOOTIOLOGY date: 2012-12-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155572/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-095785-9.50032-9 id: cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author: Becker, Pablo D. title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date: 2010-10-04 words: 5816.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt summary: Following immunization, human CD19 + B cells were sorted based on surface CD27 expression, as a marker of memory phenotype, and the isotype of surface Igs. The sorted B cell populations were immortalized in vitro by retroviral transduction with human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes and antigen-specific B cell clones were established and characterized. The obtained results provided the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this generic approach based on HIS mice combined with immortalization of human B cells for the rapid and inexpensive development of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. Since HIS mice contained broad naïve B cell repertoires, we analyzed the induction of human antigen-specific B cell responses after immunization with commercially available human vaccines. So far, humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human HSC only -i.e. without additional human tissues -share these limitations, and immunization strategies result in the limited generation of class-switched antigen-specific B cell responses [14, 31, 32] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Passive transfer of antibodies not only provides immediate short-term protection against disease, but also can be exploited as a therapeutic tool. However, the ‘humanization’ of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a time-consuming and expensive process that has the inherent drawback of potentially altering antigenic specificity and/or affinity. The immortalization of human B cells represents an alternative for obtaining human mAbs, but relies on the availability of biological samples from vaccinated individuals or convalescent patients. In this work we describe a novel approach to generate fully human mAbs by combining a humanized mouse model with a new B cell immortalization technique. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: After transplantation with CD34(+)CD38(−) human hematopoietic progenitor cells, BALB/c Rag2(−/−)IL-2Rγc(−/−) mice acquire a human immune system and harbor B cells with a diverse IgM repertoire. “Human Immune System” mice were then immunized with two commercial vaccine antigens, tetanus toxoid and hepatitis B surface antigen. Sorted human CD19(+)CD27(+) B cells were retrovirally transduced with the human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes, and subsequently cultured in the presence of CD40-ligand and IL-21. This procedure allows generating stable B cell receptor-positive B cells that secrete immunoglobulins. We recovered stable B cell clones that produced IgM specific for tetanus toxoid and the hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This work provides the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this novel method based on the immunization of humanized mice for the rapid generation of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949385/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137 id: cord-354325-r73datur author: Berger, Mitchell title: Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date: 2002-07-31 words: 12331.0 sentences: 666.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354325-r73datur.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354325-r73datur.txt summary: Attempts to use mouse myeloma cells to create hybrids and derive human MAbs led to the loss of human chromosomes and the inability to make human Igs. 13 Unfortunately, in vitro immunization is limited by its inability to produce a secondary response and by the absence of the affinity maturation process that occurs in vivo. In these transgenic mouse models, human antibodies with high affinity to an immunized antigen are naturally selected by the murine immune system via an affinity maturation process, and thereby show increased diversity of the MAbs. Transgenic mice may be a suitable alternative to chimeric or humanized antibody production or the use of phage display systems to create less immunogenic or novel antibodies. [43] [44] [45] Humanizing Monoclonal Antibodies Rodent MAbs with excellent affinities and specificities have been generated using conventional hybridoma technology, but their use in clinical medicine is limited due to the immune responses they elicit in humans. abstract: ABSTRACT Researchers have sought therapeutic applications for monoclonal antibodies since their development in 1975. However, murine-derived monoclonal antibodies may cause an immunogenic response in human patients, reducing their therapeutic efficacy. Chimeric and humanized antibodies have been developed that are less likely to provoke an immune reaction in human patients than are murine-derived antibodies. Antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies, and antibodies produced through the use of phage display systems and genetically modified plants and animals may aid researchers in developing new uses for monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of disease. Monoclonal antibodies may have a number of promising potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of asthma, autoimmune diseases, cancer, poisoning, septicemia, substance abuse, viral infections, and other diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12120821/ doi: 10.1097/00000441-200207000-00004 id: cord-329061-1xut73dq author: Bhatt, Pravin N. title: Characterization of the Virus of Sialodacryoadenitis of Rats: A Member of the Coronavirus Group date: 1972-08-17 words: 4294.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329061-1xut73dq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329061-1xut73dq.txt summary: The virus that causes sialodacryoadenitis in rats has been isolated in mice and in primary cultures of rat-kidney cells and has been characterized as a heat-labile RNA virus that is sensitive to lipid solvents and is relatively stable at pH 3.0. Rats were inoculated intranasally with 0.1 ml of virus-infected salivary-gland suspension, observed daily for evidence of overt illness, and sacrificed at various intervals. Monolayers obtained from explant cultures of submaxillary, parotid, Harderian, and exorbital glands of germfree rats, monolayers of trypsin-dispersed brain cells of infant mice, and a line of polyoma-transformed mouse cells (Py-AL/N) [6J were also tested. The neutralization (N) test with sera immune to murine viruses was performed in infant mice, and these animals were observed for 14 days after inoculation. Infectious virus or viral antigen was not detected when tissue-culture fluids from infected-mouse-brain and Py-AL/N cultures were inoculated ic into infant mice or when monolayers were examined by indirect immunofluorescence. E. Shope tested 118 viral antigens prepared from infected mouse brains with antiserum to SDA virus. abstract: The virus that causes sialodacryoadenitis in rats has been isolated in mice and in primary cultures of rat-kidney cells and has been characterized as a heat-labile RNA virus that is sensitive to lipid solvents and is relatively stable at pH 3.0. This virus is antigenically related to the virus of hepatitis in mice and to coronavirus of rats. The range of hosts of this agent appears to be narrow. On the basis of available biologic characteristics, it has been placed in the coronavirus group. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4559849/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/126.2.123 id: cord-021499-up5vftj4 author: Brayton, Cory title: Viral Infections date: 2007-09-02 words: 20925.0 sentences: 1063.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt summary: Depending on inoculation route, dose, strain, and age of mice, experimental infections may result in inflammation or cytomegaly with inclusion bodies in a variety of tissues, pneumonitis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, or splenic necrosis in susceptible strains (National Research Council, 1991; Osborn, 1982; Percy and Barthold, 2001) . Both strains are apathogenic for adult mice, but the immunosuppressive variant is more pathogenic for neonatal mice than is MMVp. Serological surveys show that the mouse is the primary natural host (Parker et al., 1970; Smith et al., 1993b; Singleton et al., 2000) , but the virus is also infective for rats, hamsters (Garant et al., 1980; Ward and Tattersall, 1982) , and Mastomys (Haag et al., 2000) during foetal development or after parenteral inoculation. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS, and intestine. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150033/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012336425-8/50076-5 id: cord-002341-v4r5d26a author: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title: Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons date: 2016-11-12 words: 7155.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt summary: To establish a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection, we compared the clinical, histological, and virological findings of male (group 1) and female (group 2) mice with dexamethasone immunosuppression and ZIKV inoculation with those of the appropriate controls (groups 3 to 8) (Table 1 ). The dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice with ZIKV inoculation in our study developed disseminated infection with viremia and multi-organ involvement, including the brain, urogenital tract, intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, and salivary gland as evident by ZIKV-NS1 protein expression on immunohistochemical staining and/or detectable viral load in these tissues. Our findings provided an additional explanation for the pathogenesis of fatal ZIKV infection, which has been proposed to be related to uncontrolled virus dissemination in previously described mouse models utilizing types I/II interferon-signaling-/receptor-deficient mice that were unable to mount a robust host innate immune response. abstract: BACKGROUND: Disseminated or fatal Zika virus (ZIKV) infections were reported in immunosuppressed patients. Existing interferon-signaling/receptor-deficient mouse models may not be suitable for evaluating treatment effects of recombinant interferons. METHODS: We developed a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection by immunosuppressing BALB/c mice with dexamethasone. RESULTS: Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed male mice (6–8 weeks) developed disseminated infection as evidenced by the detection of ZIKV-NS1 protein expression and high viral loads in multiple organs. They had ≥ 10% weight loss and high clinical scores soon after dexamethasone withdrawal (10 dpi), which warranted euthanasia at 12 dpi. Viral loads in blood and most tissues at 5 dpi were significantly higher than those at 12 dpi (P < 0.05). Histological examination revealed prominent inflammatory infiltrates in multiple organs, and CD45 + and CD8 + inflammatory cells were seen in the testis. These findings suggested that clinical deterioration occurred during viral clearance by host immune response. Type I interferon treatments improved clinical outcome of mice (100% vs 0% survival). CONCLUSIONS: Besides virus dissemination, inflammation of various tissues, especially orchitis, may be potential complications of ZIKV infection with significant implications on disease transmission and male fertility. Interferon treatment should be considered in patients at high risks for ZIKV-associated complications when the potential benefits outweigh the side effects of treatment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161441/ doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.017 id: cord-013023-uanozm00 author: Crouse, Richard B title: Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances the learning of cue-reward contingency date: 2020-09-18 words: 13289.0 sentences: 617.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-013023-uanozm00.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013023-uanozm00.txt summary: We then optically stimulated cholinergic NBM fibers locally in the BLA, while mice learned to nose poke in response to an auditory cue to receive a food reward to determine if accelerating the increase in ACh signaling that occurs as mice learn the task would enhance performance. As in the previous experiment, there were no differences between the EYFP control (n = 6) and stimulation groups (contingent-ChR2 n = 5 and non-contingent ChR2 n = 5) during Pre-Training ( Figure These results demonstrate that ChR2-mediated ACh release does not have to be time-locked to the cue, nose poke, or reward retrieval to improve performance of the task, suggesting that ACh may alter the threshold for neuronal plasticity for cue-reward pairing over a much longer timescale than might be expected based on results from the ACh3.0 recording and NBM-BLA recordings, which could be consistent with the involvement of mAChR signaling in this effect. abstract: The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for associating initially neutral cues with appetitive and aversive stimuli and receives dense neuromodulatory acetylcholine (ACh) projections. We measured BLA ACh signaling and activity of neurons expressing CaMKIIα (a marker for glutamatergic principal cells) in mice during cue-reward learning using a fluorescent ACh sensor and calcium indicators. We found that ACh levels and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) cholinergic terminal activity in the BLA (NBM-BLA) increased sharply in response to reward-related events and shifted as mice learned the cue-reward contingency. BLA CaMKIIα neuron activity followed reward retrieval and moved to the reward-predictive cue after task acquisition. Optical stimulation of cholinergic NBM-BLA terminal fibers led to a quicker acquisition of the cue-reward contingency. These results indicate BLA ACh signaling carries important information about salient events in cue-reward learning and provides a framework for understanding how ACh signaling contributes to shaping BLA responses to emotional stimuli. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7529459/ doi: 10.7554/elife.57335 id: cord-022505-17khcmta author: Delaney, Martha A. title: Rodentia date: 2018-10-26 words: 10529.0 sentences: 731.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt summary: Common microscopic findings in rodents that may be misinterpreted as lesions include: multinucleated, karyomegalic, and cytomegalic hepatocytes are common in several rodent species and can increase with age ( Fig. 20 .1); hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations (pseudoinclusions) (Fig. 20 .1); eosinophilic cytoplasmic spherical inclusions in renal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes seen predominantly male mice, rats, and hamsters; splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is very common in healthy rodents of all ages (Fig. 20 .2); hemosiderin, lipofuscin, ceroid, and melanin (in dark or black coated animals) are commonly detected in various tissues, such as spleen, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands; cardiac muscle in the tunica of pulmonary veins in the lung is a normal finding in mice; male rodents may have refluxed seminal coagula in the urinary bladder and urethra that is thought to occur peri mortem; and adrenal X-zone vacuolation in female mice. abstract: This chapter includes diseases of animals in the order Rodentia, in which there are over 2000 species representing 40% of all mammals. This incredibly diverse order includes members inhabiting every continent, either naturally or in human-made environments. While rodents have been the cause or implicated in disease transmission that has lead to human pandemics, such as the Black Death, and the decimation of certain animal species, like island-dwelling birds; genetically modified rodents have contributed significantly to the advancement of biomedical research and human health. There are more than 50 species of endangered rats, mice, voles, squirrels, and marmots. The recent extinction of the Bramble Cay melomys represents the first human-induced rodent extinction linked to climate change. Rodents are the reservoir host of several human and domestic pathogens of concern listed by OIE. Herein, we highlight those diseases of rodents that lead to clinically important gross and microscopic lesions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158172/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00020-1 id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 words: 17040.0 sentences: 872.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt summary: Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. abstract: Zoonoses refers to the infectious diseases and infestations that are transmissible directly from an animal host to humans. The biomedical literature contains numerous reports of zoonotic diseases and parasitic infestations from laboratory mice and their wild counterparts. The extended maintenance of the laboratory mouse over a number of generations under controlled and increasingly sophisticated laboratory animal housing conditions with veterinary oversight and effective infection control measures has markedly reduced the likelihood that zoonotic agents would be encountered in a modem animal care and use environment. Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated hazards. In addition to the zoonoses, mice are capable of inflicting bites on inadequately trained personnel and are a rich source of allergens for a substantial number of persons predisposed to develop mouse-associated allergic sensitivities. This chapter discusses the mouse-associated zoonotic diseases and other health hazards and explains the strategies that are helpful for reducing or eliminating the risk of personnel exposure to these conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155645/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id: cord-031279-8rckjc41 author: Enriquez, Josue title: Genomic, microbial and environmental standardization in animal experimentation limiting immunological discovery date: 2020-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of inbred mice housed under standardized environmental conditions has been critical in identifying immuno-pathological mechanisms in different infectious and inflammatory diseases as well as revealing new therapeutic targets for clinical trials. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of preclinical intervention studies using well-defined mouse models of disease have progressed to clinically-effective treatments in patients. The reasons for this lack of bench-to-bedside transition are not completely understood; however, emerging data suggest that genetic diversity and housing environment may greatly influence muring immunity and inflammation. RESULTS: Accumulating evidence suggests that certain immune responses and/or disease phenotypes observed in inbred mice may be quite different than those observed in their outbred counterparts. These differences have been thought to contribute to differing immune responses to foreign and/or auto-antigens in mice vs. humans. There is also a growing literature demonstrating that mice housed under specific pathogen free conditions possess an immature immune system that remarkably affects their ability to respond to pathogens and/or inflammation when compared with mice exposed to a more diverse spectrum of microorganisms. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that mice develop chronic cold stress when housed at standard animal care facility temperatures (i.e. 22–24 °C). These temperatures have been shown alter immune responses to foreign and auto-antigens when compared with mice housed at their thermo-neutral body temperature of 30–32 °C. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of genetically diverse mice to a spectrum of environmentally-relevant microorganisms at housing temperatures that approximate their thermo-neutral zone may improve the chances of identifying new and more potent therapeutics to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7464063/ doi: 10.1186/s12865-020-00380-x id: cord-262445-54ng7m92 author: Gabellini, Davide title: 16th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM) - Assisi (Italy), October 17-20, 2019: Foreword, Program and Abstracts date: 2020-09-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The 16th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), October 17-20, 2019, Assisi, Italy brought together scientists, pharma and patient organization representatives discussing new results on muscle research. Internationally renowned Keynote speakers presented advances on muscle development, homeostasis, metabolism, and disease. Speakers selected among submitted abstracts presented their new, unpublished data in seven scientific sessions. The remaining abstracts were showcased in two poster sessions. Young trainees where directly involved in the selection of keynote speakers, the organizing scientific sessions and roundtables discussions tailored to the interests of their peers. A broad Italian, European and North-American audience participated to the different initiatives. The meeting allowed muscle biology researchers to discuss ideas and scientific collaborations aimed at better understanding the mechanisms underlying muscle diseases in order to develop better therapeutic strategies. The active participation of young trainees was facilitated by the friendly and inclusive atmosphere, which fostered lively discussions identifying emerging areas of myology research and stimulated scientific cross-fertilization. The meeting was a success and the IIM community will continue to bring forward significant contributions to the understanding of muscle development and function, the pathogenesis of muscular diseases and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we report abstracts of the meeting illustrating novel results of basic, translational, and clinical research, which confirms that the Myology field is strong and healthy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33117514/ doi: 10.4081/ejtm.2020.9345 id: cord-326223-q6e60nf8 author: Gembardt, Florian title: Organ-specific distribution of ACE2 mRNA and correlating peptidase activity in rodents date: 2005-02-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Biochemical analysis revealed that angiotensin-converting enzyme related carboxy-peptidase (ACE2) cleaves angiotensin (Ang) II to Ang-(1–7), a heptapeptide identified as an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor Mas. No data are currently available that systematically describe ACE2 distribution and activity in rodents. Therefore, we analyzed the ACE2 expression in different tissues of mice and rats on mRNA (RNase protection assay) and protein levels (immunohistochemistry, ACE2 activity, western blot). Although ACE2 mRNA in both investigated species showed the highest expression in the ileum, the mouse organ exceeded rat ACE2, as also demonstrated in the kidney and colon. Corresponding to mRNA, ACE2 activity was highest in the ileum and mouse kidney but weak in the rat kidney, which was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Contrary to mRNA, we found weak activity in the lung of both species. Our data demonstrate a tissue- and species-specific pattern for ACE2 under physiological conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15949646/ doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.009 id: cord-351011-v4zmksio author: Golden, Joseph W. title: Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease date: 2020-07-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has created an international health crisis. Small animal models mirroring SARS-CoV-2 human disease are essential for medical countermeasure (MCM) development. Mice are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to low affinity binding to the murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein. Here we evaluated the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in male and female mice expressing the human ACE2 gene under the control of the keratin 18 promotor. In contrast to non-transgenic mice, intranasal exposure of K18-hACE2 animals to two different doses of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in acute disease including weight loss, lung injury, brain infection and lethality. Vasculitis was the most prominent finding in the lungs of infected mice. Transcriptomic analysis from lungs of infected animals revealed increases in transcripts involved in lung injury and inflammatory cytokines. In the lower dose challenge groups, there was a survival advantage in the female mice with 60% surviving infection whereas all male mice succumbed to disease. Male mice that succumbed to disease had higher levels of inflammatory transcripts compared to female mice. This is the first highly lethal murine infection model for SARS-CoV-2. The K18-hACE2 murine model will be valuable for the study of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the assessment of MCMs. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.09.195230 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.09.195230 id: cord-278136-ol2buwld author: Gonzales, Natalia M. title: 29th International Mammalian Genome Conference meeting report date: 2016-05-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-016-9640-0 doi: 10.1007/s00335-016-9640-0 id: cord-022082-1dq623oe author: Greaves, Peter title: Respiratory Tract date: 2007-09-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The chapter describes different aspects of the respiratory tract. In preclinical safety studies, pathologies of the respiratory system can be a result of an intercurrent disease or can be induced by systemically administered drugs. Intranasal or inhalation modes of therapy pose particular challenges in terms of the formulations and technologies required to administer a drug. A complex technology is developed to support the assessment of adverse effects of inhaled substances in rodent and nonrodent species, and the extrapolation of experimental findings to humans. The nasal chambers are the structures that are first to be subjected to the effects of inhaled substances, whether microorganisms or chemical substances. In rodents, the relatively small size of the nose and nasal sinuses facilitates a histological examination. Findings show that infectious agents cause inflammation in the nose and nasal sinuses, and this may be associated with inflammation in the conjunctiva, the middle ear, and the oral cavity. It has been observed that a particular response of the rodent nasal mucosa to some irritant substances, including pharmaceutical agents, is the formation of rounded eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium, and to a lesser extent in respiratory and glandular epithelial cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152448/ doi: 10.1016/b978-044452771-4/50007-9 id: cord-320172-qw47pf9r author: Greaves, Peter title: VII Digestive System 1 date: 2000-12-31 words: 47375.0 sentences: 2238.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320172-qw47pf9r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320172-qw47pf9r.txt summary: In common with other changes induced in the digestive tract of rats and cynomolgus monkeys by the administration of recombinant human epidermal growth factor, the tongue showed squamous epithelial hyperplasia characterised by a uniform increase in the thickness of the squamous epithelium in both species (Breider et al., 1996; Reindel et al., 1996) . Detailed study of hypertrophy, protein synthesis, and intracellular cAMP activity in the salivary glands of rats treated for 10 days with isoprenaline (isoproterenol), a series of β-adrenergic receptor agonists and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and caffeine, showed that similar effects occurred with all agents although differences in the degree of hypertrophy, the nature of pro-tein and glycoprotein synthesis and Golgi membrane enzyme activity were recorded (Wells and Humphreys-Beher, 1985) . Studies in the rat have shown that diffuse atrophy of the gastric glands characterised by a decrease in the number and size of parietal, chief and mucous cells occurs transiently following truncal vagotomy but histological features return to normal by about 1 month after surgery (Nakamura, 1985) . abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the digestive system. The major and minor salivary glands and their secretions also represent and integral part of the protective mechanism of the oral cavity, and derangement of saliva production may lead to loss of integrity of the oral mucosa. Drug-induced abnormalities of taste sensation are also well-described phenomena occurring in man although human studies are necessary for the detection of these effects. Inflammation of the oral cavity may involve the buccal mucosa, the gingiva (gingivitis), the tongue (glossitis), and the peridontal tissues (peridontitis). Therapeutic agents can induce inflammatory lesions in the tongue. Moreover, a protective layer of mucus, a visco-elastic material containing high molecular weight glycoproteins produced by the major and minor salivary glands, covers the stratified squamous mucosa of the oral cavity. Salivary secretions also possess digestive enzyme activity although in herbivores and carnivores, it is usually low in contrast to high digestive enzyme activity in omnivorous species. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444505149500073 doi: 10.1016/b978-044450514-9/50007-3 id: cord-010187-ymhcfyxx author: Gromeier, Matthias title: Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis date: 2005-03-25 words: 5144.0 sentences: 296.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt summary: We report a comparison of the clinical course and the histopathological features of neurological disease resulting from intracerebral virus inoculation in normal micewith those of murine poliomyelitis in hPVR-tg mice. Histopathological analysis showed a diffuse encephalomyelitis induced by specific poliovirus serotype 2 isolates in normal mice, that affected neuronal cell populations without discrimination, whereas in hPVR-tg animals, damage was restricted to spinal motor neurons. 6 The hPVR is a highly glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 80kDa2 The animal model for poliomyelitis in hPVR-tg mice showed PV-induced damage of comparable anatomical distribution as in primates, 1°''11 an observation confirming views of the hPVR as the critical determinant conferring PV susceptibility. None of the normal mice injected with PVI(M) showed clinical signs of neurological damage, whereas inoculation of type 2 PV strains produced signs of CNS infection ( Table 2) . abstract: Poliomyelitis as a consequence of poliovirus infection is observed only in primates. Despitea host range restricted to primates, experimental infection of rodents with certain genetically well defined poliovirus strains produces neurological disease. The outcome of infection of mice with mouse-adapted poliovirus strains has been described previously mainly in terms of paralysis and death, and it was generally assumed that these strains produce the same disease syndromes in normal mice and in mice transgenic for the human poliovirus receptor (hPVR-tg mice). We report a comparison of the clinical course and the histopathological features of neurological disease resulting from intracerebral virus inoculation in normal micewith those of murine poliomyelitis in hPVR-tg mice. The consistent pattern of clinical deficits in poliomyelitic transgenic mice contrasted with highly variable neurologic disease that developed in mice infected with different mouse-adapted polioviruses. Histopathological analysis showed a diffuse encephalomyelitis induced by specific poliovirus serotype 2 isolates in normal mice, that affected neuronal cell populations without discrimination, whereas in hPVR-tg animals, damage was restricted to spinal motor neurons. Mouse neurovirulent strains of poliovirus type 2 differed from mouse neurovirulent poliovirus type 1 derivatives in their ability to induce CNS lesions. Our findings indicate that the characteristic clinical appearance and highly specific histopathological features of poliomyelitis are mediated by the hPVR. Our data lead us to conclude that the tissue tropism of mouse-adapted poliovirus strains in normal mice is fundamentally different from that of poliovirus in hPVR-tg mice and primates, and that this is indicative of an as yet unknown mechanism of adsorption and uptake of the virus into cells of the murine CNS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172458/ doi: 10.1016/s0882-4010(05)80002-6 id: cord-256903-8lyw27gh author: Guzman, Efrain title: Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date: 2018-12-06 words: 6514.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt summary: Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans abstract: By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574508/ doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307 id: cord-265299-oovkoiyj author: Hickman, D.L. title: Commonly Used Animal Models date: 2016-11-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter provides an introduction to animals that are commonly used for research. It presents information on basic care topics such as biology, behavior, housing, feeding, sexing, and breeding of these animals. The chapter provides some insight into the reasons why these animals are used in research. It also gives an overview of techniques that can be utilized to collect blood or to administer drugs or medicine. Each section concludes with a brief description of how to recognize abnormal signs, in addition to lists of various diseases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021514000074 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802151-4.00007-4 id: cord-288133-h3wmo0xj author: Hickman, Debra L title: Evaluation of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of chronic distress in the laboratory mouse date: 2017-06-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: When evaluating the effect of husbandry and biomethodologies on the well-being of laboratory mice, it is critical to utilize measurements that allow the distinguishing of acute stress from chronic stress. One of the most common measurements of stress in laboratory animals is the corticosterone assessment. However, while this measurement provides a highly accurate reflection of the animal's response to acute stressors, its interpretation is more prone to error when evaluating the effect of chronic stress. This study evaluated the use of the neutrophil:lymphocyte (NE:LY) ratio as an assessment of chronic stress in male and female C57Bl/6N mice as compared to serum corticosterone. One group of mice was exposed to mild daily stressors for 7 days, while the control group was handled with normal husbandry. The NE:LY ratio and serum corticosterone levels were significantly elevated in the chronically stressed mice, though a significant increase in corticosterone was only significant in males when compared by sex. The chronically stressed mice also demonstrated significantly fewer entries into the open arms and less time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, suggesting that the mild daily stressors had induced a state of distress. The findings of this study confirm that the NE:LY ratio is a valid measurement for chronic stress in the laboratory mouse. However, these assays do not distinguish between distress or eustress, so behavioral and physiological assessments should always be included to determine a complete assessment of the well-being of the mouse. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/laban.1298) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28644453/ doi: 10.1038/laban.1298 id: cord-010278-loey5xq9 author: Huh, Changgoo title: Structural organization, expression and chromosomal mapping of the mouse cystatin-C-encoding gene (Cst3) date: 1995-01-23 words: 2835.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010278-loey5xq9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010278-loey5xq9.txt summary: The structure of the mouse CstC-encoding gene (Cst3) was examined by sequencing a 6.1-kb genomic DNA containing the entire gene, as well as 0.9 kb of 5′ flanking and 1.7 kb of its 3′ flanking region. An exact match of nine nt with the pituitary transcription factor (Pit-l) recognition element is centered around nt -795 from the start codon, but is probably of low significance for the expression of the gene because multiple recognition elements have been shown to be needed for markedly increased expression of the rat prolactin gene by Pit-1 (Ingraham et al., 1988 recognized by the leader binding protein (LBP-1), 5''-WCTGG-3'' or its inverse, that is present in several copies in the HIV-1 promoter and contribute to its basal function (Jones et al., 1988) , is strikingly abundant in the 5''-flanking region of the mouse Cst3 gene. The presence of the two AP-l-like binding sites in the promoter indicates that Differences between the mouse Cst3 gene sequence and that of the published eDNA (Solem et al., 1990) Position" abstract: Cystatin C (CstC) is a potent cysteine-proteinase inhibitor. The structure of the mouse CstC-encoding gene (Cst3) was examined by sequencing a 6.1-kb genomic DNA containing the entire gene, as well as 0.9 kb of 5′ flanking and 1.7 kb of its 3′ flanking region. The sequence revealed that the overall organization of the gene is very similar to those of the genes encoding human CstC and other type-2 Cst, with two introns at positions identical to those in the human gene. The promoter area does not contain typical TATA or CAAT ☐es. Two copies of a Spl-binding motif, GGGCGG, are present in the 5′ flanking region within 300 bp upstream from the initiation codon. A hexa-nucleotide, TGTTCT, which is a core sequence of the androgen-responsive element (ARE), is found in the promoter region. This region also contains a 21-nucleotide sequence, 5′-AGACTAGCAGCTGACTGAAGC, which contains two potential binding sites for the transcription factor, AP-1. The mouse Cst3 mRNA was detected in all of thirteen tissues examined by Northern blot analysis. Cst3 was mapped in the mouse to a position on distal chromosome 2. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173308/ doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00728-b id: cord-312692-jv3425w1 author: Iwata-Yoshikawa, Naoko title: Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2019-01-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection can manifest as a mild illness, acute respiratory distress, organ failure, or death. Several animal models have been established to study disease pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here, we developed transgenic (Tg) mice on a C57BL/6 background; these mice expressed human CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4), a functional receptor for MERS-CoV, under the control of an endogenous hDPP4 promoter. We then characterized this mouse model of MERS-CoV. The expression profile of hDPP4 in these mice was almost equivalent to that in human tissues, including kidney and lung; however, hDPP4 was overexpressed in murine CD3-positive cells within peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Intranasal inoculation of young and adult Tg mice with MERS-CoV led to infection of the lower respiratory tract and pathological evidence of acute multifocal interstitial pneumonia within 7 days, with only transient loss of body weight. However, the immunopathology in young and adult Tg mice was different. On day 5 or 7 postinoculation, lungs of adult Tg mice contained higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with migration of macrophages. These results suggest that the immunopathology of MERS-CoV infection in the Tg mouse is age dependent. The mouse model described here will increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis and host mediators that protect against MERS-CoV infection. IMPORTANCE Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections are endemic in the Middle East and a threat to public health worldwide. Rodents are not susceptible to the virus because they do not express functional receptors; therefore, we generated a new animal model of MERS-CoV infection based on transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 (hDPP4). The pattern of hDPP4 expression in this model was similar to that in human tissues (except lymphoid tissue). In addition, MERS-CoV was limited to the respiratory tract. Here, we focused on host factors involved in immunopathology in MERS-CoV infection and clarified differences in antiviral immune responses between young and adult transgenic mice. This new small-animal model could contribute to more in-depth study of the pathology of MERS-CoV infection and aid development of suitable treatments. url: https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/93/6/e01818-18.full.pdf doi: 10.1128/jvi.01818-18 id: cord-003315-r1wkx0ml author: Jacobs, Sophie title: Species Specificity of Type III Interferon Activity and Development of a Sensitive Luciferase-Based Bioassay for Quantitation of Mouse Interferon-λ date: 2018-11-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The type III interferon (IFN-λ) family includes 4 IFN-λ subtypes in man. In the mouse, only the genes coding for IFN-λ2 and -λ3 are present. Unlike mouse and human type I IFNs (IFN-α/β), which exhibit strong species specificity, type III IFNs were reported to act in a cross-specific manner. We reexamined the cross-specificity and observed that mouse and human IFN-λ exhibit some species specificity, although much less than type I IFNs. Mouse IFN-λ3 displayed clear species specificity, being 25-fold less active in human cells than the closely related mouse IFN-λ2. This specificity likely depends on amino acids in α helices A and F that diverged from other IFN-λ sequences. Human IFN-λ4, in contrast, retained high activity in mouse cells. We next developed a firefly luciferase-based reporter cell line, named Fawa-λ-luc, to detect IFN-λ in biological fluids with high specificity and sensitivity. Fawa-λ-luc cells, derived from mouse epithelial cells that are responsive to IFN-λ, were made nonresponsive to type I IFNs by inactivation of the Ifnar2 gene and strongly responsive to IFN-λ by overexpression of the mouse IFNLR1. This bioassay was as sensitive as a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detecting mouse IFN-λ in cell culture supernatant, as well as in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples of virus-infected mice. The assay also enabled the sensitive detection of human IFN-λ activity, including that of the divergent IFN-λ4 with a bias, however, due to variable activity of IFN-λ subtypes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6249671/ doi: 10.1089/jir.2018.0066 id: cord-300372-h5g4z8ts author: Kelvin, Alyson A. title: Lack of Group X Secreted Phospholipase A(2) Increases Survival Following Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Infection date: 2014-04-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The role of Group X secreted phospholipase A(2) (GX-sPLA(2)) during influenza infection has not been previously investigated. We examined the role of (Reviewer 2 Minor Comment 2) GX-sPLA(2) during H1N1 pandemic influenza infection in a GX-sPLA(2) gene targeted mouse (GX(−/−)) model and found that survival after infection was significantly greater in GX(−/−) mice than in GX(+/+) mice. Downstream products of GX-sPLA(2) activity, PGD(2), PGE(2), LTB(4), cysteinyl leukotrienes and Lipoxin A(4) were significantly lower in GX(−/−) mice BAL fluid. Lung microarray analysis identified an earlier and more robust induction of T and B cell associated genes in GX(−/−) mice. Based on the central role of sPLA(2) enzymes as key initiators of inflammatory processes, we propose that activation of GX-sPLA(2) during H1N1pdm infection is an early step of pulmonary inflammation and its (Reviewer 2 Minor Comment 2) inhibition increases adaptive immunity and improves survival. Our findings suggest that GX-sPLA(2) may be a potential therapeutic target during influenza. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682214000439 doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.030 id: cord-335424-h84jtx94 author: Kirkland, J. L. title: Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation date: 2020-08-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Senolytics are a class of drugs that selectively clear senescent cells (SC). The first senolytic drugs Dasatinib, Quercetin, Fisetin and Navitoclax were discovered using a hypothesis‐driven approach. SC accumulate with ageing and at causal sites of multiple chronic disorders, including diseases accounting for the bulk of morbidity, mortality and health expenditures. The most deleterious SC are resistant to apoptosis and have up‐regulation of anti‐apoptotic pathways which defend SC against their own inflammatory senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP), allowing them to survive, despite killing neighbouring cells. Senolytics transiently disable these SCAPs, causing apoptosis of those SC with a tissue‐destructive SASP. Because SC take weeks to reaccumulate, senolytics can be administered intermittently – a ‘hit‐and‐run’ approach. In preclinical models, senolytics delay, prevent or alleviate frailty, cancers and cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, liver, kidney, musculoskeletal, lung, eye, haematological, metabolic and skin disorders as well as complications of organ transplantation, radiation and cancer treatment. As anticipated for agents targeting the fundamental ageing mechanisms that are ‘root cause’ contributors to multiple disorders, potential uses of senolytics are protean, potentially alleviating over 40 conditions in preclinical studies, opening a new route for treating age‐related dysfunction and diseases. Early pilot trials of senolytics suggest they decrease senescent cells, reduce inflammation and alleviate frailty in humans. Clinical trials for diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, COVID‐19, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, eye diseases and bone marrow transplant and childhood cancer survivors are underway or beginning. Until such studies are done, it is too early for senolytics to be used outside of clinical trials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32686219/ doi: 10.1111/joim.13141 id: cord-004774-fvf671jn author: Kjeldsberg, Elisabeth title: Detection of astroviruses in gut contents of nude and normal mice date: 1985 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Gut contents of nude and normal mice were examined by electron microscopy in association with an outbreak of diarrhea in a colony of nude mice. Virus-like particles with a morphology consistent with previous descriptions of astroviruses of other species were demonstrated in a high percentage of the animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086935/ doi: 10.1007/bf01310560 id: cord-021413-1ht1xm88 author: Kraft, Lisbeth M. title: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date: 2013-10-21 words: 14259.0 sentences: 882.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt summary: Runner and Palm (1953) , studying C3H mice, indicated that there was a higher incidence of diarrhea in December/January (Kraft, 1961; Blackwell et al., 1966) , complement fixation (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Kapikian et al, 1976; Thouless et al., 1977b) , direct immunofluorescent staining or precipitin (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Spence et al., 1975; Foster α/., 1975; Peterson α/., 1976) , immune electron microscopy (Kapikian et al., 1974; Bridger and Woode, 1975) , immunoelectroosmophoresis (Tufvesson and Johnsson, 1976; Middleton et al., 1976) , enzyme-linked im munosorbent assay (ELISA) (Scherrer and Bernard, 1977; El lens etal., 1978; Yolken etal., 1978a,b,c) , radioimmunoas say (Acres and Babiuk, 1978; Kalica et al., 1977; Middleton et al., 1977) , immunodiffusion (Woode et al., 1976) , hemagglutination inhibition (Fauvel et al., 1978) , enzymelinked fluorescence assay (ELISA) (Yolken and Stopa, 1979) , an unlabeled soluble enzyme peroxidase-antiperoxidase method , plaque reduction test (Estes and Graham, 1980) , serologic trapping on antibody-coated electron microscope grids (Nicolaieff et al., 1980) , a solid phase system (SPACE, solid phase aggregation of coupled erythrocytes) for detection of rotaviruses in feces (Bradbume et al., 1979) , and immune electron microscopy with serum in agar diffusion (Lamontagne et al., 1980) . abstract: This chapter discusses three virus infections affecting the digestive system of mice and their properties: (1) epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM), (2) reovirus 3 infection, and (3) murine hepatitis virus infection (MHV). All three infections may cause serious, debilitating, and sometimes fatal diarrheal disease in nursling and weanling mice. Mice of all ages can be infected by the EDIM virus but overt disease is restricted to animals up to about 12–13 days of age at the time of first exposure. The EDIM virus is worldwide in distribution. Its prevalence is difficult to estimate because serologic tests have not been readily available, and it is not customary to sacrifice animals for the purpose of examining the appearance of their intestinal tract or for electron microscopic visualization of fecal contents. The acute disease of reovirus 3 infection affects mainly sucklings and weanlings, whereas the chronic disease is encountered in animals over 28 days of age. The MHV virus, on the other hand, has been found to affect cotton rats, rats, and hamsters. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149642/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-262502-2.50016-x id: cord-004416-qw6tusd2 author: Krishna, Smriti M. title: Development of a two-stage limb ischemia model to better simulate human peripheral artery disease date: 2020-02-26 words: 8149.0 sentences: 464.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004416-qw6tusd2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004416-qw6tusd2.txt summary: HLI was more severe in mice receiving the 2-stage compared to the 1-stage ischemia induction procedure as assessed by LDPI (p = 0.014), and reflected in a higher ischemic score (p = 0.004) and lower average distance travelled on a treadmill test (p = 0.045). Mice undergoing the 2-stage HLI also had lower expression of angiogenesis markers (vascular endothelial growth factor, p = 0.004; vascular endothelial growth factorreceptor 2, p = 0.008) and shear stress response mechano-transducer transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (p = 0.041) within gastrocnemius muscle samples, compared to animals having the 1-stage HLI procedure. In contrast, the most commonly used animal model for initial testing of novel therapies for PAD is a model of acute blood supply interruption through ligation or excision of the femoral artery (referred to here as the 1-stage hind limb ischemia (HLI) model) 14, 15 . abstract: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) develops due to the narrowing or blockage of arteries supplying blood to the lower limbs. Surgical and endovascular interventions are the main treatments for advanced PAD but alternative and adjunctive medical therapies are needed. Currently the main preclinical experimental model employed in PAD research is based on induction of acute hind limb ischemia (HLI) by a 1-stage procedure. Since there are concerns regarding the ability to translate findings from this animal model to patients, we aimed to develop a novel clinically relevant animal model of PAD. HLI was induced in male Apolipoprotein E (ApoE(−/−)) deficient mice by a 2-stage procedure of initial gradual femoral artery occlusion by ameroid constrictors for 14 days and subsequent excision of the femoral artery. This 2-stage HLI model was compared to the classical 1-stage HLI model and sham controls. Ischemia severity was assessed using Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging (LDPI). Ambulatory ability was assessed using an open field test, a treadmill test and using established scoring scales. Molecular markers of angiogenesis and shear stress were assessed within gastrocnemius muscle tissue samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HLI was more severe in mice receiving the 2-stage compared to the 1-stage ischemia induction procedure as assessed by LDPI (p = 0.014), and reflected in a higher ischemic score (p = 0.004) and lower average distance travelled on a treadmill test (p = 0.045). Mice undergoing the 2-stage HLI also had lower expression of angiogenesis markers (vascular endothelial growth factor, p = 0.004; vascular endothelial growth factor- receptor 2, p = 0.008) and shear stress response mechano-transducer transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (p = 0.041) within gastrocnemius muscle samples, compared to animals having the 1-stage HLI procedure. Mice subjected to the 2-stage HLI receiving an exercise program showed significantly greater improvement in their ambulatory ability on a treadmill test than a sedentary control group. This study describes a novel model of HLI which leads to more severe and sustained ischemia than the conventionally used model. Exercise therapy, which has established efficacy in PAD patients, was also effective in this new model. This new model maybe useful in the evaluation of potential novel PAD therapies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044206/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60352-4 id: cord-017521-z9l9c83i author: Kubota, Tetsuya title: Cuff-Induced Neointimal Formation in Mouse Models date: 2015-11-05 words: 6797.0 sentences: 341.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017521-z9l9c83i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017521-z9l9c83i.txt summary: Neointimal formation consisted largely of SMC-like cells, similar to the case in the polyethylene cuff-induced injury. Mice overexpressing the murine HAS2 gene specifically in the vascular SMCs (cHAS2/CreSM22a mice) showed markedly enhanced cuff-induced neointimal formation, with augmentation of SMC migration and proliferation, and production of inflammatory cytokines and ROS [39] . iNOS has been shown to be expressed in the SMCs after cuff-induced vascular injury in rabbits [57, 58] , and iNOS-KO mice showed a significant reduction of neointimal thickening induced by cuff placement [59] . Application of Pam3Cys-SK4, a synthetic Tlr2 ligand, significantly enhanced the neointimal formation induced by cuff placement in the femoral arteries of the WT mice. In fact, AT1 receptor-KO mice showed decreased neointimal formation following cuff placement, accompanied by an increase of apoptotic cells among the SMCs [74] . On the other hand, neointimal formation induced by cuff placement was increased in AT2 receptor-KO mice. abstract: Ischemic heart failure caused by atherosclerosis is a major cause of death worldwide. Although remarkable technological advances have been made in the treatment of coronary heart disease, there is as yet no treatment that can sufficiently suppress the progression of atherosclerosis, including neointimal thickening. Therefore, a precise understanding of the mechanism of neointimal hyperplasia will provide the development of new technologies. Both ApoE-KO and LDLR-KO mice have been employed to generate other relevant mouse models of cardiovascular disease through breeding strategies. Although these mice are effective tools for the investigation of atherosclerosis, development of a progressive atherosclerotic lesion takes a long time, resulting in increase of both the costs and the space needed for the research. Thus, it is necessary to develop simpler tools that would allow easy evaluation of atherosclerosis in mouse models. In this review, we discuss our experience in generating mouse models of cuff-induced injury of the femoral artery and attempt to provide a better understanding of cuff-induced neointimal formation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122099/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55813-2_2 id: cord-347039-eap592i7 author: Lee, Seung-Hwan title: Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection date: 2003-08-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Genetic studies of host susceptibility to infection contribute to our understanding of an organism's response to pathogens at the immunological, cellular, and molecular levels. In this review we describe how the study of host genetics in mouse models has helped our understanding of host defense mechanisms against viral infection, and how this knowledge can be extended to human infections. We focus especially on the innate mechanisms that function as the host's first line of defense against infection. We also discuss the main issues that confront this field, as well as its future. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952503001720 doi: 10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00172-0 id: cord-292596-ulu5y140 author: Lee, Su Hae title: Characterization of changes in global gene expression in the hearts and kidneys of transgenic mice overexpressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 date: 2020-07-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) has recently received a great attention due to it play a critical role as SARS-CoV receptor in the infection of human body. However, no further analysis for gene regulation has been performed in target tissues of model mice during hACE2 overproduction. To characterize changes in global gene expression in the hearts and kidneys of rtTA/hACE2 double transgenic (dTg) mice in response to hACE2 overexpression, total RNA extracted from these tissues from dTg mice after doxycycline (Dox) treatment was hybridized to oligonucleotide microarrays. Briefly, dTg mice were generated by cross-mating pα-MHC/rtTA Tg mice with pTRE/hACE2 Tg mice. The expression level of hACE2 protein was determined to be high in hearts, kidneys, and brains of dTg mice, whereas lung, liver, and testis tissues expressed low levels. The level of hACE2 was significantly enhanced in hearts and kidneys of the Dox+dTg group compared to that in Vehicle+dTg mice although consistent levels of mouse ACE2 (mACE2) remained in the same tissues. Based on the microarray analysis of heart tissue, 385 genes were differentially expressed, including 168 upregulated and 217 downregulated, when comparing non-Tg and Vehicle+dTg mice, whereas 216 genes were differentially expressed, including 136 upregulated and 80 downregulated, between Vehicle+dTg and Dox+dTg mice. In the kidneys, 402 genes were differentially expressed, including 159 upregulated and 243 downregulated, between non-Tg and Vehicle+dTg mice. Dox-treated dTg mice exhibited the differential expression of 4735 genes including 1636 upregulated and 3109 downregulated. Taken together, these findings suggested that several functional groups and individual genes can be considered biomarkers that respond to hACE2 overexpression in dTg mice. Moreover, our results provided a lot of useful information to predict physiological responses when these dTg mice are applied as a susceptible model for novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV, COVID-19) in both vaccine and drug development. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-020-00056-y doi: 10.1186/s42826-020-00056-y id: cord-306516-5t3ix35e author: Li, Minghui title: Dual roles of calpain in facilitating Coxsackievirus B3 replication and prompting inflammation in acute myocarditis date: 2016-10-15 words: 3749.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306516-5t3ix35e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306516-5t3ix35e.txt summary: RESULTS: Calpastatin overexpression ameliorated myocardial injury induced by CVB3 infection significantly in transgenic mouse indicated by reduced peripheral CK-MB and cTnI levels and improved histology injury. In the transgenic mouse''s heart, calpain inhibition was accompanied with significant perforin down-regulation post virus infection (Fig. 3B) . This study, utilizing a calpastatin-overexpression transgenic mouse model of viral myocarditis, demonstrated that endogenous calpain inhibition ameliorated myocardial injury significantly. In our former study, we found that CVB3-induced calpain activation facilitates the progeny virus replication in the early phase of infection in vitro [6] . We presented here in CVB3-induced myocarditis model that myocardium inflammation infiltration was significantly ameliorated in transgenic mouse, as well as the inflammation factors of MPO activity, IL17, perforin and IFNγ. Coxsackievirus B3-induced calpain activation facilitates the progeny virus replication via a likely mechanism related with both autophagy enhancement and apoptosis inhibition in the early phase of infection: an in vitro study in H9c2 cells abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral myocarditis (VMC) treatment has long been lacking of effective methods. Our former studies indicated roles of calpain in VMC pathogenesis. This study aimed at verifying the potential of calpain in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis treatment. METHODS: A transgenic mouse overexpressing the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, was introduced in the study. VMC mouse model was established via intraperitoneal injection of CVB3 in transgenic and wild mouse respectively. Myocardial injury was assayed histologically (HE staining and pathology grading) and serologically (myocardial damage markers of CK-MB and cTnI). CVB3 replication was observed in vivo and in vitro via the capsid protein VP1 detection or virus titration. Inflammation/fibrotic factors of MPO, perforin, IFNγ, IL17, Smad3 and MMP2 were evaluated using western blot or immunohistology stain. Role of calpain in regulating fibroblast migration was studied in scratch assays. RESULTS: Calpastatin overexpression ameliorated myocardial injury induced by CVB3 infection significantly in transgenic mouse indicated by reduced peripheral CK-MB and cTnI levels and improved histology injury. Comparing with CVB3-infected wild type mouse, the transgenic mouse heart tissue carried lower virus load. The inflammation factors of MPO, perforin, IFNγ and IL17 were down-regulated accompanied with fibrotic agents of Smad3 and MMP2 inhibition. And calpain participated in the migration of fibroblasts in vitro, which further proves its role in regulating fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Calpain plays dual roles of facilitating CVB3 replication and inflammation promotion. Calpain inhibition in CVB3-induced myocarditis showed significant treatment effect. Calpain might be a novel target for VMC treatment in clinical practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27472894/ doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.121 id: cord-299605-j1ewxk4q author: Lin, Jing-wen title: Signatures of malaria-associated pathology revealed by high-resolution whole-blood transcriptomics in a rodent model of malaria date: 2017-02-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The influence of parasite genetic factors on immune responses and development of severe pathology of malaria is largely unknown. In this study, we performed genome-wide transcriptomic profiling of mouse whole blood during blood-stage infections of two strains of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi that differ in virulence. We identified several transcriptomic signatures associated with the virulent infection, including signatures for platelet aggregation, stronger and prolonged anemia and lung inflammation. The first two signatures were detected prior to pathology. The anemia signature indicated deregulation of host erythropoiesis, and the lung inflammation signature was linked to increased neutrophil infiltration, more cell death and greater parasite sequestration in the lungs. This comparative whole-blood transcriptomics profiling of virulent and avirulent malaria shows the validity of this approach to inform severity of the infection and provide insight into pathogenic mechanisms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28155887/ doi: 10.1038/srep41722 id: cord-266745-jit1xeqc author: Liou, Jenn-Fa title: Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice date: 2010-11-29 words: 5708.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266745-jit1xeqc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266745-jit1xeqc.txt summary: title: Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice The results of the neutralization effect of specific IgY in EV71-challenged mice demonstrate that the EV71-specific IgY, either by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, was able to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality in EV71 infected mice pups. This study was subjected to produce IgY against enterovirus 71 (anti-EV71 IgY) and evaluated the inhibition effects of specific IgY on EV71, including in vitro virus neutralization test and in vivo ICR mice model. In trial 1, we challenged 1-day-old mice with a mouse-adapted EV71 strain MP4 by intraperitoneally administering a dosage of 10 5 pfu per mouse, and treated with specific IgY of neutralization titer 64. This indicates that the orally fed specific IgY effectively neutralized the viral attack in the gastroenteric duct, thereby blocking the infection of virus in challenged mice. abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the passive protective efficiency of immunoglobulin in yolk (IgY) specific against human enterovirus type 71 (EV71). The antibody was raised by intramuscular immunization to 10 White Leghorn hens, with inactivated human EV71 serving as the antigen. The titer and specificity of the antibody were analyzed from purified IgY in the egg yolks of immunized hens. Results indicate that the titer of IgY specific against EV71 increased from the third week after the first immunization. The content of total IgY was 190 ± 26 mg/yolk, with an average concentration of specific IgY of 6.34 ± 3.38 mg/yolk in the eggs from 3 to 18 wk after immunization. The results of the neutralization effect of specific IgY in EV71-challenged mice demonstrate that the EV71-specific IgY, either by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, was able to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality in EV71 infected mice pups. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X10014313 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.089 id: cord-032982-xri24v40 author: MEDINSKY, M. A. title: Effect of Inhaled Azodicarbonamide on F344/N Rats and B6C3F(1) Mice with 2-Week and 13-Week Inhalation Exposures date: 1990-08-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Effect of Inhaled Azodicarbonamide on F344/N Rats and B6C3F, Mice with 2-Week and 13-Week Inhalation Exposures. MEDINSKY, M. A., BECHTOLD, W. E., BIRNBAUM, L. S., BOND, J. A., BURT, D. G., CHENG, Y. S., GILLFTT, N. A., GULATI, D. K., HOBBS, C. H., AND PICK-RELL, J. A. (1990). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 15, 308/319. Azodicarbonamide (ADA), a compound used in the baking and plastics industries, has been reported to cause pulmonary sensiti-zation and dermatitis in people. Two-week repeated and 13-week subchronic inhalation exposures of F344/N rats and B6C3F, mice to ADA were conducted to determine the toxicity of inhaled ADA. The mean air concentrations of ADA in the 2-week studies were 207, 102, 52, 9.4, or 2.0 mg/m3. No exposure-related mortality nor abnormal clinical signs were observed in rats or mice during or after exposure. The terminal body weights were slightly depressed in the highest exposure group. Liver weights were lower in male rats exposed to 200 mg ADA/m3. No significant lesions were noted on either gross or histologic evaluation of rats or mice. In the 13-week subchronic study, the mean air concentrations of ADA were 204, 100, or 50 mg/m3. No mortality or clinical signs related to exposure were observed. The terminal body weights of exposed rats were not significantly different from those of control rats but were significantly depressed in mice exposed to 100 or 200 mg ADA/m3. No histopathological lesions were noted in mice. Lung weights were increased and enlarged mediastinal and/or tracheobronchial lymph nodes were noted in rats exposed to 50 mg ADA/m3. No exposure-related lesions were observed microscopically in rats exposed to 100 or 200 mg ADA/m3. All rats in the 50 mg ADA/m3 exposure group only had lung lesions that consisted of perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes and a multifocal type II cell hyperplasia, suggesting a possible immune reaction to an antigen in the lung. Viral titers for rats exposed to 50 mg ADA/m3 were negative for Sendai virus and pneumonia virus of mice, which produce similar lesions. The possibility of an unknown viral antigen causing this lesion cannot be eliminated. Lung tissue from male rats was analyzed for ADA and biurea, the major metabolite of ADA. No ADA was detected. The amount of biurea in the lungs increased nonlinearly with increasing exposure concentration, suggesting that clearance was somewhat impaired with repeated exposures. However, even at the highest exposure concentration, this amount of biurea was less than 1 % of the estimated total ADA deposited over the exposure period. In summary, ADA is rapidly cleared from the lungs, even when inhaled at concentrations up to 200 mg/m3. Exposure to ADA for up to 13 weeks did not appear to be toxic to rodents url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7529062/ doi: 10.1093/toxsci/15.2.308 id: cord-324326-q014b5ym author: MURAKAMI, Makoto title: Lipoquality control by phospholipase A(2) enzymes date: 2017-11-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The mammalian genome encodes more than 50 PLA(2)s or related enzymes, which are classified into several subfamilies on the basis of their structures and functions. From a general viewpoint, the PLA(2) family has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, producing bioactive lipid mediators derived from fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Recent evidence indicates that PLA(2)s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling for membrane homeostasis or energy production for fatty acid β-oxidation. Accordingly, PLA(2) enzymes can be regarded as one of the key regulators of the quality of lipids, which I herein refer to as lipoquality. Disturbance of PLA(2)-regulated lipoquality hampers tissue and cellular homeostasis and can be linked to various diseases. Here I overview the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and physiological functions of the PLA(2) family. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29129849/ doi: 10.2183/pjab.93.043 id: cord-287670-z6ckhkgg author: Magrini, Elena title: The Dual Complexity of PTX3 in Health and Disease: A Balancing Act? date: 2016-06-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The humoral arm of innate immunity is complex and includes various molecules that serve as markers of inflammation with complementary characteristics, such as the short pentraxins C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P (SAP) and the long pentraxin PTX3. There is a growing amount of evidence – including mouse and human genetics – that suggests that PTX3 is essential in conferring host resistance against selected pathogens and, moreover, that it plays a dual antagonistic role in the regulation of inflammation. Dissection of such a yin-and-yang role of pentraxins in immunity and inflammation is timely and significant as it may pave the way for better clinical exploitation against various diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1471491416300120 doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.007 id: cord-007094-ur9sz21s author: Mahabir, Esther title: Rodent and Germplasm Trafficking: Risks of Microbial Contamination in a High-Tech Biomedical World date: 2008-01-01 words: 6254.0 sentences: 268.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007094-ur9sz21s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007094-ur9sz21s.txt summary: Preservation of mouse germ-plasm is achieved by cryopreservation of spermatozoa, embryos, or ovaries, and embryonic stem cells are used for the production of genetically engineered mice. In this article, we discuss regulations and practical issues in the shipping of live mice and mouse tissues, including spermatozoa, embryos, ovaries, and embryonic stem cells, and review work on microbial contamination of these biological materials. The importation paperwork for cryopreserved laboratory mouse tissues and cell lines is similar to that required for live animal importation to the United States (i.e., a pro forma invoice and declaration statements). Embryo transfer recipients in rederivation programs should be held in individually ventilated cages (IVCs 1 ) until testing shows that they are free of all unwanted microorganisms, including those listed in Appendix 3 of the Federation of Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) recommendations (Nicklas et al. Risk assessment of mouse hepatitis virus infection via in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer by the use of zona-intact and laser-microdissected oocytes abstract: High-tech biomedical advances have led to increases both in the number of mice used for research and in exchanges of mice and/or their tissues between institutions. The latter are associated with the risk of dissemination of infectious agents. Because of the lack of international standardization of health surveillance programs, health certificates for imported rodents may be informative but may not address the needs of the importing facility. Preservation of mouse germ-plasm is achieved by cryopreservation of spermatozoa, embryos, or ovaries, and embryonic stem cells are used for the production of genetically engineered mice. After embryo transfer, recipients and rederived pups that test negative in microbiological screening for relevant microorganisms are released into full barrier holding areas. However, current research shows that embryos may also transmit microorganisms, especially viruses, to the recipient mice. In this article, we discuss regulations and practical issues in the shipping of live mice and mouse tissues, including spermatozoa, embryos, ovaries, and embryonic stem cells, and review work on microbial contamination of these biological materials. In addition, we present ways to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens to mice under routine conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108542/ doi: 10.1093/ilar.49.3.347 id: cord-350593-bvmg7f15 author: McDonald, R.S. title: Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date: 2012-08-21 words: 6550.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: MID (50) for inspired H1N1 aerosols in CD‐1 mice is between 12 and 40 TCID (50); proportionality to dose of weight loss and viral populations makes the CD‐1 mouse a useful model for measuring infectivity by inhalation. Although a few publications have documented the transmissibility of influenza A through inhalation routes (Tellier 2006 (Tellier , 2009 , few studies to date have utilized a mouse model to investigate susceptibility to and pathogenicity of measured aerosol exposures. Table 2 Results of three assays [PCR, direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) and CPE] from the homogenates of CD-1 murine lung tissue exposed to an aerosol generated from 1Á58 9 10 6 TCID 50 ml À1 At the 3-min exposure time, no mice were positive for influenza virus as determined by Ct value. abstract: AIMS: The aim of this study was to demonstrate a prototype tool for measuring infectivity of an aerosolized human pathogen – influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus – using a small‐animal model in the Controlled Aerosol Test System (CATS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Intranasal inoculation of nonadapted H1N1 virus into C57BL, BALB/c and CD‐1 mice caused infection in all three species. Respiratory exposure of CD‐1 mice to the aerosolized virus at graduated doses was accomplished in a modified rodent exposure apparatus. Weight change was recorded for 7 days postexposure, and viral populations in lung tissue homogenates were measured post mortem by DNA amplification (qRT‐PCR), direct fluorescence and microscopic evaluation of cytopathic effect. Plots of weight change and of PCR cycle threshold vs delivered dose were linear to threshold doses of ~40 TCID (50) and ~12 TCID (50), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MID (50) for inspired H1N1 aerosols in CD‐1 mice is between 12 and 40 TCID (50); proportionality to dose of weight loss and viral populations makes the CD‐1 mouse a useful model for measuring infectivity by inhalation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In the CATS, this mouse–virus model provides the first quantitative method to evaluate the ability of respiratory protective technologies to attenuate the infectivity of an inspired pathogenic aerosol. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809111/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05402.x id: cord-001958-2gt3fwpy author: Meseda, Clement A. title: Percutaneous Vaccination as an Effective Method of Delivery of MVA and MVA-Vectored Vaccines date: 2016-02-19 words: 8161.0 sentences: 361.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001958-2gt3fwpy.txt summary: Our data suggest that MVA administered by percutaneous inoculation, elicited vaccinia-specific antibody responses, and protected mice from lethal vaccinia virus challenge, at levels comparable to or better than subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculation. In the work described here, we demonstrate in mouse models that percutaneous inoculation of MVA elicited protective immune responses against lethal intranasal challenge with the Western Reserve (WR) strain of vaccinia virus, and at low doses of MVA, lower morbidity was recorded in mice that were vaccinated via the percutaneous route than in those immunized via the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. In a preliminary experiment to investigate the utility of the percutaneous route for the delivery of MVA, we observed that MVA delivered by tail scarification, while statistically insignificant (p = 0.298), elicited a higher vaccinia-specific IgG response and protection in mice than the same dose (10 6 pfu) delivered by the intramuscular route (S1 Fig) . abstract: The robustness of immune responses to an antigen could be dictated by the route of vaccine inoculation. Traditional smallpox vaccines, essentially vaccinia virus strains, that were used in the eradication of smallpox were administered by percutaneous inoculation (skin scarification). The modified vaccinia virus Ankara is licensed as a smallpox vaccine in Europe and Canada and currently undergoing clinical development in the United States. MVA is also being investigated as a vector for the delivery of heterologous genes for prophylactic or therapeutic immunization. Since MVA is replication-deficient, MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines are often inoculated through the intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous routes. Vaccine inoculation via the intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous routes requires the use of injection needles, and an estimated 10 to 20% of the population of the United States has needle phobia. Following an observation in our laboratory that a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus derived from the New York City Board of Health strain elicited protective immune responses in a mouse model upon inoculation by tail scarification, we investigated whether MVA and MVA recombinants can elicit protective responses following percutaneous administration in mouse models. Our data suggest that MVA administered by percutaneous inoculation, elicited vaccinia-specific antibody responses, and protected mice from lethal vaccinia virus challenge, at levels comparable to or better than subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculation. High titers of specific neutralizing antibodies were elicited in mice inoculated with a recombinant MVA expressing the herpes simplex type 2 glycoprotein D after scarification. Similarly, a recombinant MVA expressing the hemagglutinin of attenuated influenza virus rgA/Viet Nam/1203/2004 (H5N1) elicited protective immune responses when administered at low doses by scarification. Taken together, our data suggest that MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines inoculated by scarification can elicit protective immune responses that are comparable to subcutaneous vaccination, and may allow for antigen sparing when vaccine supply is limited. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4760941/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149364 id: cord-298117-9ycl7mn6 author: Monk, Caroline title: Ocular Surface Disease in Rodents (Guinea Pigs, Mice, Rats, Chinchillas) date: 2018-11-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This article discusses the clinical appearance, differential diagnoses, and treatment considerations of corneal disease in the most common domesticated species of rodent: mouse, rat, chinchilla, and guinea pig. Many corneal diseases are related to inbred strains of either research or pet rodents. Diseases are complicated by husbandry and treatment-related challenges in this small, social species. This article is broken down by species, first discussing normal anatomy, then discussing commonly encountered diseases, and concluding with treatment considerations. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094919418300549 doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.08.001 id: cord-253459-tcn10pho author: Moreau, Gregory Brett title: Evaluation of K18-hACE2 Mice as a Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-07-28 words: 2377.0 sentences: 154.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253459-tcn10pho.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253459-tcn10pho.txt summary: 4 A transgenic mouse model to study SARS-CoV-1 infection was developed that expresses the hACE2 gene under the control of the human cytokeratin 18 promoter. To investigate the potential of this transgenic mouse strain as a model for COVID-19 infection, five K18-hACE2 mice were intranasally inoculated with 8 × 10 4 Median Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) of SARS-CoV-2, and five mice were mock-infected with sterile Dulbecco''s Modified Eagle''s Medium (DMEM). In the mouse model expressing hACE2 under the mouse ACE2 promoter, infected mice did not exhibit any clinical symptoms other than maximal weight loss on day 3 postinfection, and those mice recovered. 10 In contrast to these models, in which mice exhibited mild symptoms and recovered, only 60% of the mice survived past day 5 in the mouse strain expressing hACE2 under the lung ciliated epithelial cell HFH4 promoter. abstract: Murine models of SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical for elucidating the biological pathways underlying COVID-19. Because human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, mice expressing the human ACE2 gene have shown promise as a potential model for COVID-19. Five mice from the transgenic mouse strain K18-hACE2 were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 Hong Kong/VM20001061/2020. Mice were followed twice daily for 5 days and scored for weight loss and clinical symptoms. Infected mice did not exhibit any signs of infection until day 4, when no other obvious clinical symptoms other than weight loss were observed. By day 5, all infected mice had lost around 10% of their original body weight but exhibited variable clinical symptoms. All infected mice showed high viral titers in the lungs as well as altered lung histology associated with proteinaceous debris in the alveolar space, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, and alveolar septal thickening. Overall, these results show that the K18-hACE2 transgenic background can be used to establish symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and can be a useful mouse model for COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0762 doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0762 id: cord-254950-y6kayxie author: Morse, Stephen S. title: Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; Murid Herpesvirus 3) infection in athymic nude mice: Evidence for a T lymphocyte requirement date: 1988-03-31 words: 2123.0 sentences: 99.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254950-y6kayxie.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254950-y6kayxie.txt summary: Abstract Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; murid herpesvirus 3) is a lymphotropic herpesvirus that cytolytically infects developing T lineage lymphocytes in the thymus of neonatal mice. In order to determine whether T lineage lymphocytes are required for infection, young adult athymic nude (nulnu) mice and euthymic littermates were infected with MTLV and tested for virus shedding. To determine whether MTLV infection requires thymus-derived lymphocytes, 4-week-old female ICR Swiss athymic nude (nulnu) and euthymic (+lnu) littermate controls (four each; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center nude mouse breeding colony) were inoculated intraperitoneally with either 40 or 200 IDS0 of MTLV and virus shedding was tested by mouth swabs beginning 6 days after infection. litters available did not allow every negative sample to be tested, additional litters of normal newborn mice were inoculated with fresh homogenates (1 O-20%, w/v) of randomly selected negative thymuses and salivary glands, representing various test dates up to Day 48, from 14 assay litters that had received swab fluids from nude mice. abstract: Abstract Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; murid herpesvirus 3) is a lymphotropic herpesvirus that cytolytically infects developing T lineage lymphocytes in the thymus of neonatal mice. MTLV establishes a persistent infection and can be recovered indefinitely from infected mice, but nothing is known about requirements for this persistent infection. In order to determine whether T lineage lymphocytes are required for infection, young adult athymic nude (nulnu) mice and euthymic littermates were infected with MTLV and tested for virus shedding. Although euthymic littermates regularly shed virus, in the nude mice only about 20% of isolation attempts up to 100 days postinfection were positive. Blind passage yielded an additional three isolations out of 14 samples (21 %). In addition, unlike many other herpesviruses, the virus did not replicate in a number of epithelial and fibroblastic cell lines that were tested. These data confirm that the virus is preferentially T lymphotropic and suggest that infection may require T lineage lymphocytes. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/0042682288902620 doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90262-0 id: cord-314333-hkyiy1gm author: Nagata, Noriyo title: Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice date: 2008-06-30 words: 6908.0 sentences: 334.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314333-hkyiy1gm.txt summary: title: Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice Adult mice showed early and acute excessive proinflammatory responses (ie, cytokine storm) in the lungs after SARS-CoV infection, which led to severe pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage. Because advanced age is associated with higher mortality in human SARS patients and SARS-CoV replicates better in aged mice, 6 -10,29 we experimentally infected 6-month-old (adult) female BALB/c mice with F-musX-VeroE6 or the Frankfurt 1 isolate. With regard to the cytokine responses of the mice, the lung homogenates of adult mice on day 1 after inoculation had significantly higher levels of monocyterelated chemokines [ie, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), and IFN-␥-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)] than those from young mice ( Figure 5 ). abstract: Advanced age is a risk factor of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. To understand its pathogenesis, we developed an animal model using BALB/c mice and the mouse-passaged Frankfurt 1 isolate of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We examined the immune responses to SARS-CoV in both young and adult mice. SARS-CoV induced severe respiratory illness in all adult, but not young, mice on day 2 after inoculation with a mortality rate of 30 to 50%. Moribund adult mice showed severe pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage accompanied by virus replication. Adult murine lungs, which had significantly higher interleukin (IL)-4 and lower IL-10 and IL-13 levels before infection than young murine lungs, rapidly produced high levels of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines known to induce macrophage and neutrophil infiltration and activation (eg, tumor necrosis factor-α). On day 2 after inoculation, young murine lungs produced not only proinflammatory cytokines but also IL-2, interferon-γ, IL-10, and IL-13. Adult mice showed early and acute excessive proinflammatory responses (ie, cytokine storm) in the lungs after SARS-CoV infection, which led to severe pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage. Intravenous injection with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody 3 hours after infection had no effect on SARS-CoV infection. However, intraperitoneal interferon-γ injection protected adult mice from the lethal respiratory illness. The experimental model described here may be useful for elucidating the pathophysiology of SARS and for evaluating therapies to treat SARS-CoV infection. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0002944010619219 doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071060 id: cord-256998-or73in8m author: Nguyen, Khue G. title: Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy date: 2020-10-15 words: 26912.0 sentences: 1416.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256998-or73in8m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256998-or73in8m.txt summary: Among the more notable responses in other early preclinical studies, nearly half of mice bearing established B16F10 melanomas experienced complete tumor regression following 2 weekly treatments with pIL-12+EP (124) . In preclinical studies, a single intratumoral injection of mRNA encoding murine IL-12 (mIL-12) increased IFNγ expression and genes associated with a Th1 response in MC38 tumor-bearing mice (190) . In a useful comparison against other cytokines, one study demonstrated that Ad-IFN-γ had no greater antitumor activity than an empty Ad vector, whereas AdmIL-12 induced complete regressions of P815 mastocytomas in >80% of treated mice (219) . Antitumor activity on xenografts of human lung tissues indicated that liposomal encapsulation is a promising approach capable of eliminating tumor cells and inducing lymphocyte infiltration 2 weeks after i.t. injection. Immunotherapy of established tumors in mice by intratumoral injection of an adenovirus vector harboring the human IL-2 cDNA: induction of CD8 + T-cell immunity and NK activity abstract: Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokine that has long been studied as a potential immunotherapy for cancer. Unfortunately, IL-12's remarkable antitumor efficacy in preclinical models has yet to be replicated in humans. Early clinical trials in the mid-1990's showed that systemic delivery of IL-12 incurred dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, IL-12's pleiotropic activity, i.e., its ability to engage multiple effector mechanisms and reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression, continues to entice cancer researchers. The development of strategies which maximize IL-12 delivery to the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic exposure are of increasing interest. Diverse IL-12 delivery systems, from immunocytokine fusions to polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated robust antitumor immunity with reduced adverse events in preclinical studies. Several localized IL-12 delivery approaches have recently reached the clinical stage with several more at the precipice of translation. Taken together, localized delivery systems are supporting an IL-12 renaissance which may finally allow this potent cytokine to fulfill its considerable clinical potential. This review begins with a brief historical account of cytokine monotherapies and describes how IL-12 went from promising new cure to ostracized black sheep following multiple on-study deaths. The bulk of this comprehensive review focuses on developments in diverse localized delivery strategies for IL-12-based cancer immunotherapies. Advantages and limitations of different delivery technologies are highlighted. Finally, perspectives on how IL-12-based immunotherapies may be utilized for widespread clinical application in the very near future are offered. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33178203/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597 id: cord-103703-t03r6ny8 author: Nguyen-Tu, Marie-Sophie title: Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice date: 2020-05-20 words: 6230.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103703-t03r6ny8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103703-t03r6ny8.txt summary: title: Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice Mice with biallelic Tcf7l2 deletion exposed to high fat diet for 9 weeks exhibited impaired glucose tolerance (p=0.003 at 15 min after glucose injection) which was associated with reduced in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (decreased 0.51 ± 0.03-fold, p=0.02). Therefore, alterations in pancreatic beta cell function observed ex vivo in the absence of TCF7L2 in adipocyte have no impact on whole body glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. A striking finding in the present study is that TCF7L2 is required in adipose tissue for normal incretin production and insulin secretion: we reveal that decreased Tcf7l2 expression in mature adipocytes leads to lowered circulating levels of GLP-1 and GIP ( Fig.4a and b) . abstract: Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is a downstream effector of the Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway and its expression is critical for adipocyte development. The precise role of TCF7L2 in glucose and lipid metabolism in adult adipocytes remains to be defined. Here, we aim to investigate how changes in TCF7L2 expression in mature adipocytes affect glucose homeostasis. Tcf7l2 was selectively ablated from mature adipocytes in C57BL/6J mice using an adiponectin promoter-driven Cre recombinase to recombine alleles floxed at exon 1 of the Tcf7l2 gene. Mice lacking Tcf7l2 in mature adipocytes displayed normal body weight. Male mice exhibited normal glucose homeostasis at eight weeks of age. Male heterozygote knockout mice (aTCF7L2het) exhibited impaired glucose tolerance (AUC increased 1.14 ± 0.04 -fold, p=0.03), as assessed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and changes in fat mass at 16 weeks (increased by 1.4 ± 0.09-fold, p=0.007). Homozygote knockout mice exhibited impaired oral glucose tolerance at 16 weeks of age (AUC increased 2.15 ± 0.15-fold, p=0.0001). Islets of Langerhans exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro (decreased 0.54 ± 0.13-fold aTCF7L2KO vs control, p=0.02), but no changes in in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Female mice in which one or two alleles of the Tcf7l2 gene was knocked out in adipocytes displayed no changes in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion. Plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide were lowered in knockout mice (decreased 0.57 ± 0.03-fold and 0.41 ± 0.12-fold, p=0.04 and p=0.002, respectively), whilst plasma free fatty acids and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 circulating levels were increased by 1.27 ± 0.07 and 1.78 ± 0.32-fold, respectively (p=0.05 and p=0.03). Mice with biallelic Tcf7l2 deletion exposed to high fat diet for 9 weeks exhibited impaired glucose tolerance (p=0.003 at 15 min after glucose injection) which was associated with reduced in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (decreased 0.51 ± 0.03-fold, p=0.02). Thus, our data indicate that loss of Tcf7l2 gene expression in adipocytes leads to impairments on metabolic responses which are dependent on gender, age and nutritional status. Our findings further illuminate the role of TCF7L2 in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.18.102384 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.18.102384 id: cord-353190-7qcoxl81 author: Nicklas, Werner title: Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date: 2012-05-17 words: 27775.0 sentences: 1482.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt summary: This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler''s murine encephalomyelitis virus. These results are very difficult to summarize because the outcome of experimental infection in laboratory mice depends on various factors such as mouse strain and age, virus strain and passage history [26] , virus dose and route of inoculation [24] . Experimental infection of laboratory mice with MHV-68 is a frequently used model system for the study of human gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, e.g. of Kaposi''s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [62, 63] which are members of the same subfamily. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV (murine hepatitis virus) or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS and intestine. abstract: Viral infections of laboratory mice have considerable impact on research results, and prevention of such infections is therefore of crucial importance. This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. For each virus, there is a description of the agent, epizootiology, clinical symptoms, pathology, methods of diagnosis and control, and its impact on research. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123820082000192 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-382008-2.00019-2 id: cord-267965-84sotgds author: Noll, Kelsey E. title: The Collaborative Cross: A Systems Genetics Resource for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions date: 2019-04-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Host genetic variation has a major impact on infectious disease susceptibility. The study of pathogen resistance genes, largely aided by mouse models, has significantly advanced our understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis. The Collaborative Cross (CC), a newly developed multi-parental mouse genetic reference population, serves as a tractable model system to study how pathogens interact with genetically diverse populations. In this review, we summarize progress utilizing the CC as a platform to develop improved models of pathogen-induced disease and to map polymorphic host response loci associated with variation in susceptibility to pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30974083/ doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.009 id: cord-348091-pnvn0x4q author: Nolte, Thomas title: Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse date: 2016-02-13 words: 47176.0 sentences: 3688.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348091-pnvn0x4q.txt summary: Synonym: Cell death Pathogenesis: Unregulated, energy independent, passive cell death with leakage of cytoplasm into surrounding tissue and subsequent inflammatory reaction (single cell necrosis) and/ or gene regulated, energy dependent process leading to formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed by adjacent cells (apoptosis); typically associated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that affect the mucosal epithelium of the tongue, esophagus and/or pharynx. In addition to the proliferative lesions of squamous cell origin, neoplasms of the bone, tooth, or adjacent soft tissues (malignant schwannoma, Zymbal''s gland tumor) may extend into the oral cavity and be associated with a gross observation at this location. Synonym: Cell death Pathogenesis: Unregulated, energy independent, passive cell death with leakage of cytoplasm into surrounding tissue and subsequent inflammatory reaction (single cell necrosis) AND/OR gene regulated, energy dependent process leading to formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed by adjacent cells (apoptosis); typically associated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that affect the mucosal epithelium of the nonglandular stomach. abstract: The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) project is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for nonproliferative and proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for classifying lesions in the digestive system including the salivary glands and the exocrine pancreas of laboratory rats and mice. Most lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature, the diagnostic criteria, and the photomicrographs are also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and age related lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test items. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for the digestive system will decrease misunderstandings among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists. url: https://doi.org/10.1293/tox.29.1s doi: 10.1293/tox.29.1s id: cord-345359-okmkgsbr author: Ohno, Marumi title: Influenza virus infection affects insulin signaling, fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme expressions, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mice date: 2020-07-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Although the severity of influenza virus infections has been associated with host energy metabolism, the related mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Here we examined the effects of influenza virus infection on host energy metabolism in mice. After infecting mice with intranasal applications of 500 plaque-forming units of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) virus, the serum levels of most intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and related metabolic pathways were significantly reduced. These data suggest that substrate supply to the TCA cycle is reduced under these conditions, rather than specific metabolic reactions being inhibited. Then, we focused on glucose and fatty acid metabolism that supply substrates to the TCA cycle. Akt phosphorylation following insulin injections was attenuated in the livers of PR8 virus-infected mice. Furthermore, glucose tolerance tests revealed that the PR8 virus-infected mice showed higher blood glucose levels than the vehicle-inoculated control mice. These results suggest that influenza virus infection impairs insulin signaling, which regulates glucose uptake. However, increases in the hepatic expressions of fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes suggest that fatty acids accumulate in liver cells of infected mice. Collectively, our data indicate that influenza virus infection dysregulates host energy metabolism. This line of investigation provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of influenza. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67879-6 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67879-6 id: cord-003634-iq0e1qp1 author: Otxoa-de-Amezaga, Amaia title: Microglial cell loss after ischemic stroke favors brain neutrophil accumulation date: 2018-12-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Stroke attracts neutrophils to the injured brain tissue where they can damage the integrity of the blood–brain barrier and exacerbate the lesion. However, the mechanisms involved in neutrophil transmigration, location and accumulation in the ischemic brain are not fully elucidated. Neutrophils can reach the perivascular spaces of brain vessels after crossing the endothelial cell layer and endothelial basal lamina of post-capillary venules, or migrating from the leptomeninges following pial vessel extravasation and/or a suggested translocation from the skull bone marrow. Based on previous observations of microglia phagocytosing neutrophils recruited to the ischemic brain lesion, we hypothesized that microglial cells might control neutrophil accumulation in the injured brain. We studied a model of permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in mice, including microglia- and neutrophil-reporter mice. Using various in vitro and in vivo strategies to impair microglial function or to eliminate microglia by targeting colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), this study demonstrates that microglial phagocytosis of neutrophils has fundamental consequences for the ischemic tissue. We found that reactive microglia engulf neutrophils at the periphery of the ischemic lesion, whereas local microglial cell loss and dystrophy occurring in the ischemic core are associated with the accumulation of neutrophils first in perivascular spaces and later in the parenchyma. Accordingly, microglia depletion by long-term treatment with a CSF1R inhibitor increased the numbers of neutrophils and enlarged the ischemic lesion. Hence, microglial phagocytic function sets a critical line of defense against the vascular and tissue damaging capacity of neutrophils in brain ischemia. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00401-018-1954-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513908/ doi: 10.1007/s00401-018-1954-4 id: cord-288253-wqrhiq08 author: Park, Jung-Eun title: Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date: 2015-02-02 words: 5318.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288253-wqrhiq08.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288253-wqrhiq08.txt summary: Because the major pathological changes of the porcine coronaviruses (e.g., TGEV and PEDV) involves enteric diseases, we measured porcine APN expression in the small intestine by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and IHC. An immunohistochemical analysis, with both anti-Flag and anti-porcine APN antibodies, clearly confirmed porcine APN expression in the brush borders of the absorptive cells in the small intestines of the mouse model (Fig. 4C) . For these purposes, many transgenic mouse models have been developed to study viral pathogenesis, immune responses, and vaccines (Darling et Both wild type and porcine APN transgenic mice were infected with PEDV (5X TCID5010 6 ) orally on day 0. Although significant clinical illness was not observed when the transgenic mice were infected with PEDV, their susceptibility to the virus was confirmed by the detection of viral RNA in various organs with RT-PCR and viral proteins in the small intestines with IHC. abstract: Porcine coronavirus infections have known as they are specific to pigs with predominantly enteric or respiratory diseases. No laboratory animal model is yet been developed in porcine coronaviruses study. Here, we report that development of a transgenic mouse model expressing porcine APN which is susceptible to porcine coronavirus infection. The porcine APN transgene was constructed by fusing with mouse proximal APN promoter at 5′ terminus and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site at its 3′ terminus. After screen on pubs from the microinjected mice, we confirmed two transgenic lines expressing porcine APN in various organs. We confirmed the susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, one of the porcine coronaviruses. These transgenic mice will be an important tool for research into the porcine coronaviruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.024 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.024 id: cord-337464-otwps68u author: Parray, Hilal Ahmed title: Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives date: 2020-05-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The advancements in technology and manufacturing processes have allowed the development of new derivatives, biosimilar or advanced improved versions for approved antibodies each year for treatment regimen. There are more than 700 antibody-based molecules that are in different stages of phase I/II/ III clinical trials targeting new unique targets. To date, approximately more than 80 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved. A total of 7 novel antibody therapeutics had been granted the first approval either in the United States or European Union in the year 2019, representing approximately 20% of the total number of approved drugs. Most of these licenced mAbs or their derivatives are either of hybridoma origin or their improvised engineered versions. Even with the recent development of high throughput mAb generation technologies, hybridoma is the most favoured method due to its indigenous nature to preserve natural cognate antibody pairing information and preserves innate functions of immune cells. The recent advent of antibody engineering technology has superseded the species level barriers and has shown success in isolation of hybridoma across phylogenetically distinct species. This has led to the isolation of monoclonal antibodies against human targets that are conserved and non-immunogenic in the rodent. In this review, we have discussed in detail about hybridoma technology, its expansion towards different animal species, the importance of antibodies isolated from different animal sources that are useful in biological applications, advantages, and limitations. This review also summarizes the challenges and recent progress associated with hybridoma development, and how it has been overcome in these years to provide new insights for the isolation of mAbs. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S156757692031105X doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106639 id: cord-003389-0yh5k6jk author: Patton, John B. title: Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum date: 2018-12-12 words: 7953.0 sentences: 400.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003389-0yh5k6jk.txt summary: title: Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum volvulus specific biomarkers, screening for new therapeutic approaches and potentially studying the human immune response to infection with O. Based on the hypothesis that there is a genetic basis for mouse susceptibility and resistance to infection, novel strains of CC mice have been identified that are susceptible to specific bacteria, viruses, and parasites of humans [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . volvulus larvae after developing in NSG mice with or without human cells was in the same order of magnitude as that reported for the recovery of adult filarial worms, where infections were initiated by larvae recovered directly from the insect vector. Infected HuSkMc mice or BLT mice were selected for this analysis so the biomarkers identified would develop in the presence of human cells thereby potentially enhancing their specificity. abstract: BACKGROUND: The study of Onchocerca volvulus has been limited by its host range, with only humans and non-human primates shown to be susceptible to the full life cycle infection. Small animal models that support the development of adult parasites have not been identified. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We hypothesized that highly immunodeficient NSG mice would support the survival and maturation of O. volvulus and alteration of the host microenvironment through the addition of various human cells and tissues would further enhance the level of parasite maturation. NSG mice were humanized with: (1) umbilical cord derived CD34(+) stem cells, (2) fetal derived liver, thymus and CD34(+) stem cells or (3) primary human skeletal muscle cells. NSG and humanized NSG mice were infected with 100 O. volvulus infective larvae (L3) for 4 to 12 weeks. When necropsies of infected animals were performed, it was observed that parasites survived and developed throughout the infection time course. In each of the different humanized mouse models, worms matured from L3 to advanced fourth stage larvae, with both male and female organ development. In addition, worms increased in length by up to 4-fold. Serum and urine, collected from humanized mice for identification of potential biomarkers of infection, allowed for the identification of 10 O. volvulus-derived proteins found specifically in either the urine or the serum of the humanized O. volvulus-infected NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The newly identified mouse models for onchocerciasis will enable the development of O. volvulus specific biomarkers, screening for new therapeutic approaches and potentially studying the human immune response to infection with O. volvulus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6306240/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006977 id: cord-304855-7v0cncid author: Raaben, Matthijs title: Non‐invasive imaging of mouse hepatitis coronavirus infection reveals determinants of viral replication and spread in vivo date: 2009-02-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful new method to study virus dissemination in the live animal. Here we used this method to monitor the spatial and temporal progression of mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) infection in mice using luciferase‐expressing viruses. Upon intranasal inoculation, virus replication could initially be observed in the nasal cavity and the cervical lymph nodes, after which the infection spread to the brain and frequently to the eyes. The kinetics of virus spread to and clearance from the brain appeared to depend on the inoculation dose. After intraperitoneal inoculation, virus replication was predominantly observed in the liver and occasionally in the intestines, but interestingly also in the tail and paws. BLI thus elucidated new anatomic locations of virus replication. Furthermore, MHV dissemination was shown to be critically depended on the viral spike protein, but also on the mouse strain used. Widespread dissemination was observed in mice lacking a functional type I interferon response. The importance of the type I interferon system in limiting viral spread was also demonstrated by the administration of type I interferons to mice. Our results provide new insights in coronavirus pathogenesis and demonstrate the potential of BLI to study coronavirus–host interactions in vivo. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01298.x doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01298.x id: cord-306535-j26eqmxt author: Robertson, Matthew J. title: Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date: 2020-08-19 words: 16758.0 sentences: 846.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt summary: The majority of candidate genes identified in our screen that were testis-specific were already identified by the Human Protein Atlas [9] and/or our reanalysis of (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Summary of the human and mouse RNA-seq samples used in the identification of novel male reproductive tract-specific drug targets. Additional file 14: Fig. S6 shows the complete list of male reproductive tract-specific human genes for which a previously generated mouse model shows male infertility phenotype, as identified in each of the respective cell and/or tissue datasets. Through the integration of hundreds of published and newly acquired human and mouse reproductive and non-reproductive tissue and cell RNA-seq datasets, we have generated a list of novel genes expressed predominantly or exclusively in the male reproductive tract that are worthy of consideration for functional validation in an animal model and potential targeting for a male contraceptive. abstract: BACKGROUND: The development of a safe, effective, reversible, non-hormonal contraceptive method for men has been an ongoing effort for the past few decades. However, despite significant progress on elucidating the function of key proteins involved in reproduction, understanding male reproductive physiology is limited by incomplete information on the genes expressed in reproductive tissues, and no contraceptive targets have so far reached clinical trials. To advance product development, further identification of novel reproductive tract-specific genes leading to potentially druggable protein targets is imperative. RESULTS: In this study, we expand on previous single tissue, single species studies by integrating analysis of publicly available human and mouse RNA-seq datasets whose initial published purpose was not focused on identifying male reproductive tract-specific targets. We also incorporate analysis of additional newly acquired human and mouse testis and epididymis samples to increase the number of targets identified. We detected a combined total of 1178 genes for which no previous evidence of male reproductive tract-specific expression was annotated, many of which are potentially druggable targets. Through RT-PCR, we confirmed the reproductive tract-specific expression of 51 novel orthologous human and mouse genes without a reported mouse model. Of these, we ablated four epididymis-specific genes (Spint3, Spint4, Spint5, and Ces5a) and two testis-specific genes (Pp2d1 and Saxo1) in individual or double knockout mice generated through the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Our results validate a functional requirement for Spint4/5 and Ces5a in male mouse fertility, while demonstrating that Spint3, Pp2d1, and Saxo1 are each individually dispensable for male mouse fertility. CONCLUSIONS: Our work provides a plethora of novel testis- and epididymis-specific genes and elucidates the functional requirement of several of these genes, which is essential towards understanding the etiology of male infertility and the development of male contraceptives. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32814578/ doi: 10.1186/s12915-020-00826-z id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 words: 34464.0 sentences: 1865.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt summary: Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . abstract: As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naïve population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. Recent outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus illustrate the emerging threats that are encountered. By utilizing animal models in this endeavor, the host response to viruses can be studied in a more complex and integrated context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products rapidly. This is especially true in the advent and implementation of the FDA animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to consider prior to an animal study are route of viral exposure, species of animal, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094686000334 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 words: 28834.0 sentences: 1797.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt summary: An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. abstract: Abstract As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naive population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. By using animal models in this endeavor, the response to viruses can be studied in a more natural context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products. This is especially true in the advent of the Food and Drug Administration's animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all the aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to be considered before an animal study are the route of challenge, species of animals, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158948000385 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id: cord-258129-c38q6xxs author: Russell, Clark D title: The role of pro-resolution lipid mediators in infectious disease date: 2014-01-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Inflammation is an essential host defence against infection, but can be damaging when excessive. Resolution of inflammation is an active process, and the pro-resolution effects of lipoxins, resolvins and protectins have received significant interest. Here, we review emerging data on the role of these lipid mediators in infectious disease. Lipoxins influence host control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium berghei cerebral malaria in mice. Their effects are protective in toxoplasmosis, T. cruzi infection and cerebral malaria but detrimental in tuberculosis; related to the balance between pathogen-control and excessive immune response. Topical lipoxin abrogates the tissue damage seen in a rabbit model of Porphyromonas gingivalis periodontitis. The increased virulence of H5N1 influenza A virus in mice correlates with reduced expression of SOCS2, required to mediate the effects of lipoxin. Mice unable to synthesize lipoxin suffer increased lung pathology during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Protectin suppresses influenza A virus replication in vitro and increases survival in a mouse model of severe influenza infection. Resolvins were investigated in a number of animal models of systemic bacterial infection, and were found to enhance phagocytic clearance of bacteria, reduce inflammation severity, promote neutrophil apoptosis, modulate neutrophil chemotaxis and importantly, reduce mortality. Interestingly, resolvin also enhances the antibacterial effect of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Topical resolvin application reduces the severity of herpes simplex virus ocular infection in mice. If the effects of these mediators translate from pre-clinical studies into successful clinical trials, they represent promising new strategies in managing infectious disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24400794/ doi: 10.1111/imm.12206 id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date: 2018-11-09 words: 7985.0 sentences: 308.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt summary: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. abstract: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. In this chapter, an in-depth analysis of these similarities and differences is provided to allow researchers to use mouse models of human disease and primary cells derived from these animal models under the most appropriate and meaningful conditions. Although there are considerable differences between mice and humans, particularly regarding genetics, physiology, and immunology, a more thorough understanding of these differences and their effects on the function of the whole organism will provide deeper insights into relevant disease mechanisms and potential drug targets for further clinical investigation. Using specific examples of mouse models of human lung disease, i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, this chapter explores the most salient features of mouse models of human disease and provides a full assessment of the advantages and limitations of these models, focusing on the relevance of disease induction and their ability to replicate critical features of human disease pathophysiology and response to treatment. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future of using mice in medical research with regard to ethical and technological considerations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121329/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 id: cord-267482-afqfymbq author: Ryu, Seungjin title: Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model date: 2020-09-12 words: 8189.0 sentences: 476.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267482-afqfymbq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267482-afqfymbq.txt summary: Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of γδ T cells in lungs. Also, initial studies that employ lung ciliated epithelial cell-specific HFH4/FOXJ1 promoter driven hACE2 transgenic mice show SARS-CoV-2 infection induces weight loss, lung inflammation and approximately 50% mortality rate, suggesting the usefulness of this model to understand the mechanism of immune dysregulation (Jiang et al., 2020) . Moreover, given our recent findings that ketogenesis inhibits inflammation and expands tissue resident ϒδ T cells (Goldberg et al., 2019) while SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients is associated with depletion of ϒδ T cells (Lei et al., 2020; Rijkers et al., 2020) , we next tested whether elevating BHB by feeding a ketogenic diet (KD) protects against mCoV-A59-driven inflammatory damage in aged mice. abstract: Increasing age is the strongest predictor of risk of COVID-19 severity. Unregulated cytokine storm together with impaired immunometabolic response leads to highest mortality in elderly infected with SARS-CoV-2. To investigate how aging compromises defense against COVID-19, we developed a model of natural murine beta coronavirus (mCoV) infection with mouse hepatitis virus strain MHV-A59 (mCoV-A59) that recapitulated majority of clinical hallmarks of COVID-19. Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of γδ T cells in lungs. Ketogenic diet increases beta-hydroxybutyrate, expands tissue protective γδ T cells, deactivates the inflammasome and decreases pathogenic monocytes in lungs of infected aged mice. These data underscore the value of mCoV-A59 model to test mechanism and establishes harnessing of the ketogenic immunometabolic checkpoint as a potential treatment against COVID-19 in the elderly. Highlights - Natural MHV-A59 mouse coronavirus infection mimics COVID-19 in elderly. - Aged infected mice have systemic inflammation and inflammasome activation - Murine beta coronavirus (mCoV) infection results in loss of pulmonary γδ T cells. - Ketones protect aged mice from infection by reducing inflammation. eTOC Blurb Elderly have the greatest risk of death from COVID-19. Here, Ryu et al report an aging mouse model of coronavirus infection that recapitulates clinical hallmarks of COVID-19 seen in elderly. The increased severity of infection in aged animals involved increased inflammasome activation and loss of γδ T cells that was corrected by ketogenic diet. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.11.294363 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.11.294363 id: cord-032975-7hugs419 author: SUN, J. D. title: Two-Week, Repeated Inhalation Exposure of F344/N Rats and B6C3F Mice to Ferrocene(1) date: 1991-07-17 words: 3900.0 sentences: 199.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032975-7hugs419.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032975-7hugs419.txt summary: Nasal lesions were observed in all ferrocene-exposed animals and differed only in severity, which was dependent on the exposure concentration. In vitro metabolism studies of ferrocene showed that nasal tissue, particularly the olfactory epithelium, had 10 times higher "ferrocene hydroxylating" activity than did liver tissue from the same animals. Relative to control mice, male rats exposed to the highest concentration of ferrocene (40 mg/m 3 ) had statistically significant decreases in terminal body weight and rate of weight gain during the exposures. Male rats exposed to the highest concentration of ferrocene vapor had a statistically significant, although small, decrease in liver weights, compared to control animals. Similar nasal lesions were found in rats exposed to ferrocene vapor. We did not observe sex-related differences, and the severity of the lesion occurring after exposure to a given ferrocene concentration was about the same in rats and mice. abstract: Two-Week, Repeated Inhalation Exposure of F344/N Rats and B6C3F(1) Mice to Ferrocene. SUN, J. D., DAHL, A. R., GILLETT, N. A., BARR, E. B., CREWS, M. L., EIDSON, A. F., BECHTOLD, W. E., BURT, D. G., DIETER, M. P., AND HOBBS, C. H. (1991). Fundam. ApplToxicol. 17, 150-158. Ferrocene (dicyclopentadienyl iron; CAS No. 102-54-5) is a relatively volatile, organometallic compound used as a chemical intermediate, a catalyst, and as an antiknock additive in gasoline. It is of particular interest because of its structural similarities to other metallocenes that have been shown to be carcinogenic. F344/N rats and B6C3F, mice were exposed to 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 40 mg ferrocene vapor/m3, 6 hr/day for 2 weeks. During these exposures, there were no mortality and no observable clinical signs of ferrocene-related toxicity in any of the animals. At the end of the exposures, male rats exposed to the highest level of ferrocene had decreased body-weight gains relative to the weight gained by filtered air-exposed control rats, while body-weight gains for all groups of both ferrocene- and filtered air-exposed female rats were similar. Male mice exposed to the highest level of ferrocene also had decreased body-weight gains, relative to controls, while female mice had relative decreases in body-weight gains at the three highest exposure levels. Male rats had a slight decrease in relative liver weight at the highest level of exposure, whereas no relative differences in organ weights were seen in female rats. Male mice had exposure-relative decreases in liver and spleen weights, and an increase in thymus weights, relative to controls. For female mice, relative decreases in organ weights were seen for brain, liver, and spleen. No exposure-related gross lesions were seen in any of the rats or mice at necropsy. Histopathological examination was done only on the nasal turbinates, lungs, liver, and spleen. The only exposure-related finding was histopathologic lesions in the nasal turbinates of both species. These lesions were primarily centered in the olfactory epithelium and were morphologically diagnosed as subacute, necrotizing inflammation. Nasal lesions were observed in all ferrocene-exposed animals and differed only in severity, which was dependent on the exposure concentration. In vitro metabolism studies of ferrocene showed that nasal tissue, particularly the olfactory epithelium, had 10 times higher “ferrocene hydroxylating” activity than did liver tissue from the same animals. These results suggest that the mechanism of ferrocene toxicity may be the intracellular release of ferrous ion through ferrocene metabolism, followed by iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidalion of cellular membranes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7528963/ doi: 10.1093/toxsci/17.1.150 id: cord-000249-hkc4vbmj author: Schughart, Klaus title: SYSGENET: a meeting report from a new European network for systems genetics date: 2010-07-11 words: 2529.0 sentences: 124.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000249-hkc4vbmj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000249-hkc4vbmj.txt summary: About 50 researchers working in the field of systems genetics using mouse genetic reference populations (GRP) participated in the meeting and exchanged their results, phenotyping approaches, and data analysis tools for studying systems genetics. Several groups addressed the complex genetics of metabolic functions and disorders using different mouse GRPs. Gudrun Brockmann reported on the mapping of QTLs for obesity in a specific mouse strain isolated in Berlin and the BXD congenic strain set (Neuschl et al. Ritsert Jansen and Pjotr Prins presented their approaches to integrate data from various phenotypic studies, encompassing gene expression, metabolome, and classical traits, and to develop new tools for advanced and improved mapping of QTLs (Jansen et al. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is currently being generated as a community resource for more sensitive and refined mapping of QTLs. The goal is to breed a large population of recombinant inbred strains starting from eight founder strains. abstract: The first scientific meeting of the newly established European SYSGENET network took place at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig, April 7-9, 2010. About 50 researchers working in the field of systems genetics using mouse genetic reference populations (GRP) participated in the meeting and exchanged their results, phenotyping approaches, and data analysis tools for studying systems genetics. In addition, the future of GRP resources and phenotyping in Europe was discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923724/ doi: 10.1007/s00335-010-9273-7 id: cord-006588-aavpj5r3 author: Schwarte, L.A. title: Mechanical ventilation of mice date: 2000 words: 5712.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006588-aavpj5r3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006588-aavpj5r3.txt summary: First, the ÒanesthesiologicalÓ indication: one of the major goals of anesthesia is achievement of more (39, 52) , mice lacking the brain derived neurotropic factor BDNF (1), RET-protooncogene deÞcient mice with depressed ventilatory response (4), and endothelin-1 deficient mice with altered blood gas-values (e.g., signiÞcantly lower PO 2 than wild type littermates) and impaired respiratory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia (30) . The most obvious difference between spontaneous respiration and usual modes of mechanical ventilation (MV) are inverted pressure relations, with respect to ambient pressure, during the respiratory cycle: during spontaneous inspiration the expansion of the intrathoracic volume (mainly caused by contraction of the diaphragm and extension of the rib cage) generates a negative intrathoracic pressure and allows gas ßow into the lungs. A typical example for a ventilator-induced regional side effect is the mechanical hyperinßation of the murine lung, e.g., when large tidal volumes or high airway pressures are applied. abstract: Due to growing interest in murine functional genomics research, there is an increasing need for physiological stable in vivo murine models. Of special importance is support and control of ventilation by artificial respiration, which is difficult to execute as a consequence of the small size of the animal and the technically demanding breathing pattern. In addition, numerous genetically altered mice show depressed spontaneous ventilation or impaired respiratory responses. After an introduction in murine respiratory physiology we describe options for ventilatory support, its monitoring and the potential side effects. This review will provide an overview on current possibilities in the field of airway support in mouse research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102075/ doi: 10.1007/s003950070029 id: cord-261036-zdhg4axx author: Shirato, Kazuya title: Enhanced cell fusion activity in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus adapted to suckling mice date: 2010-09-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the major causative agent of fatal diarrhea in piglets. To study the pathogenic features of PEDV using a mouse model, PEDV with virulence in mice is required. In pursuit of this, we adapted a tissue-culture-passed PEDV MK strain to suckling mouse brains. PEDV obtained after ten passages through the brains (MK-p10) had increased virulence for mice, and its fusion activity in cultured cells exceeded that of the original strain. However, the replication kinetics of MK and MK-p10 did not differ from each other in the brain and in cultured cells. The spike (S) protein of MK-p10 had four amino acid substitutions relative to the original strain. One of these (an H-to-R substitution at residue 1,381) was first detected in PEDV isolated after eight passages, and both this virus (MK-p8) and MK-p10 showed enhanced syncytium formation relative to the original MK strain and viruses isolated after two, four, and six passages, suggesting the possibility that the H-to-R mutation was responsible for this activity. This mutation could be also involved in the increased virulence of PEDV observed for MK-p10. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827493/ doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0790-1 id: cord-295194-xbla6tu7 author: Stripecke, Renata title: Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice date: 2020-06-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Mice xenotransplanted with human cells and/or expressing human gene products (also known as “humanized mice”) recapitulate the human evolutionary specialization and diversity of genotypic and phenotypic traits. These models can provide a relevant in vivo context for understanding of human‐specific physiology and pathologies. Humanized mice have advanced toward mainstream preclinical models and are now at the forefront of biomedical research. Here, we considered innovations and challenges regarding the reconstitution of human immunity and human tissues, modeling of human infections and cancer, and the use of humanized mice for testing drugs or regenerative therapy products. As the number of publications exploring different facets of humanized mouse models has steadily increased in past years, it is becoming evident that standardized reporting is needed in the field. Therefore, an international community‐driven resource called “Minimal Information for Standardization of Humanized Mice” (MISHUM) has been created for the purpose of enhancing rigor and reproducibility of studies in the field. Within MISHUM, we propose comprehensive guidelines for reporting critical information generated using humanized mice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32578942/ doi: 10.15252/emmm.201708662 id: cord-292157-hrm69640 author: Stull-Lane, Annica R. title: Vitamin A supplementation boosts control of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infection in malnourished mice date: 2020-10-02 words: 5919.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292157-hrm69640.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292157-hrm69640.txt summary: Typhimurium infection and antibiotic treatment failure, we assessed the potential of two consecutive doses of vitamin A in alleviating infection in male and female mice on a VAD or control diet. We found that subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment synergized with vitamin A treatment in infected VAD male mice, significantly decreasing systemic bacterial levels, mitigating weight loss and improving survival. Typhimurium systemic bacterial levels (CFU) were assessed for male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) mice on a standard diet 5 days post-infection for the following treatment groups: 0 mg/ml, 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05 mg/ml, and 0.10 mg/ml enrofloxacin delivered in the drinking water. Typhimurium D23580 at day 4 post-infection were assessed for male and female mice on either control or VAD diets with the following treatment groups: mocktreated, vitamin A only, enrofloxacin (0.05 mg/ml) only, and vitamin A and enrofloxacin cotreatment (Fig 5A) . abstract: Disseminated disease from non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica strains results in >20% mortality globally. Barriers to effective treatment include emerging multidrug resistance, antibiotic treatment failure, and risk factors such as malnutrition and related micronutrient deficiencies. Individuals in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by non-typhoidal S. enterica bloodstream infections. To inform a clinical trial in people, we investigated vitamin A as a treatment in the context of antibiotic treatment failure in a mouse model of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A-deficient (VAD) mice exhibited higher systemic bacterial levels with a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate in comparison to mice on a control diet. Sex-specific differences in vitamin A deficiency and disseminated infection with S. enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) were observed. VAD male mice had decreased weight gain compared to control male mice. Further, infected VAD male mice had significant weight loss and decreased survival during the course of infection. These differences were not apparent in female mice. In a model of disseminated S. Typhimurium infection and antibiotic treatment failure, we assessed the potential of two consecutive doses of vitamin A in alleviating infection in male and female mice on a VAD or control diet. We found that subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment synergized with vitamin A treatment in infected VAD male mice, significantly decreasing systemic bacterial levels, mitigating weight loss and improving survival. These results suggest that assessing vitamin A as a therapy during bacteremia in malnourished patients may lead to improved health outcomes in a subset of patients, especially in the context of antibiotic treatment failure. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008737 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008737 id: cord-001675-9717nzr7 author: Sugiyama, Michael G. title: The Tie2-agonist Vasculotide rescues mice from influenza virus infection date: 2015-06-05 words: 4824.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001675-9717nzr7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001675-9717nzr7.txt summary: Here we demonstrate that the Tie2-agonist tetrameric peptide Vasculotide improves survival in murine models of severe influenza, even if administered as late as 72 hours after infection; the benefit was observed using three strains of the virus and two strains of mice. While the drug had no effect on human lung endothelial proliferation (Supplemental Figure 8) , it significantly attenuated lung endothelial apoptosis in vitro in response to influenza virus, as assessed by cleavage of caspase-3 (Supplemental Figure 7c ); we observed a similar reduction in cleaved caspase-3 in lungs from infected mice who received Vasculotide (Supplemental Figure 7d ). First, these data strongly implicate failure of the lung endothelial barrier as the cause of death in murine models of severe influenza, as Vasculotide conferred a significant survival benefit against multiple strains of the virus in two strains of mice. abstract: Seasonal influenza virus infections cause hundreds of thousands of deaths annually while viral mutation raises the threat of a novel pandemic strain. Antiviral drugs exhibit limited efficacy unless administered early and may induce viral resistance. Thus, targeting the host response directly has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy with the added potential benefit of not eliciting viral resistance. Severe influenza virus infections are complicated by respiratory failure due to the development of lung microvascular leak and acute lung injury. We hypothesized that enhancing lung endothelial barrier integrity could improve the outcome. Here we demonstrate that the Tie2-agonist tetrameric peptide Vasculotide improves survival in murine models of severe influenza, even if administered as late as 72 hours after infection; the benefit was observed using three strains of the virus and two strains of mice. The effect required Tie2, was independent of viral replication and did not impair lung neutrophil recruitment. Administration of the drug decreased lung edema, arterial hypoxemia and lung endothelial apoptosis; importantly, Vasculotide is inexpensive to produce, is chemically stable and is unrelated to any Tie2 ligands. Thus, Vasculotide may represent a novel and practical therapy for severe infections with influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4457136/ doi: 10.1038/srep11030 id: cord-312305-ll29frwc author: Sun, Shihui title: Characterization and structural basis of a lethal mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-11-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought an urgent need for animal models to study the pathogenicity of the virus. Herein, we generated and characterized a novel mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain named MASCp36 that causes acute respiratory symptoms and mortality in standard laboratory mice. Particularly, this model exhibits age and gender related skewed distribution of mortality akin to severe COVID-19, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of MASCp36 was ∼100 PFU in aged, male BALB/c mice. Deep sequencing identified three amino acid mutations, N501Y, Q493H, and K417N, subsequently emerged at the receptor binding domain (RBD) of MASCp36, which significantly enhanced the binding affinity to its endogenous receptor, mouse ACE2 (mACE2). Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of mACE2 in complex with the RBD of MASCp36 at 3.7-angstrom resolution elucidates molecular basis for the receptor-binding switch driven by amino acid substitutions. Our study not only provides a robust platform for studying the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 and rapid evaluation of coutermeasures against SARS-CoV-2, but also unveils the molecular mechanism for the rapid adaption and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in mice. One sentence summary A mouse adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain that harbored three amino acid substitutions in the RBD of S protein showed 100% mortality in aged, male BALB/c mice. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.10.377333 doi: 10.1101/2020.11.10.377333 id: cord-104092-yau3r79c author: Tamming, Renee J. title: Atrx deletion in neurons leads to sexually-dimorphic dysregulation of miR-137 and spatial learning and memory deficits date: 2019-04-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Mutations in the ATRX chromatin remodeler are associated with syndromic and non-syndromic intellectual disability. Emerging evidence points to key roles for ATRX in preserving neuroprogenitor cell genomic stability, whereas ATRX function in differentiated neurons and memory processes are still unresolved. Here, we show that Atrx deletion in mouse forebrain glutamatergic neurons causes distinct hippocampal structural defects identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrastructural analysis revealed fewer presynaptic vesicles and an enlarged postsynaptic area at CA1 apical dendrite-axon junctions. These synaptic defects are associated with impaired long-term contextual memory in male, but not female mice. Mechanistically, we identify ATRX-dependent and sex-specific alterations in synaptic gene expression linked to Mir137 levels, a known regulator of presynaptic processes and spatial memory. We conclude that ablation of Atrx in excitatory forebrain neurons leads to sexually dimorphic outcomes on miR-137 and on spatial memory, identifying a promising therapeutic target for neurological disorders caused by ATRX dysfunction. Summary statement Ablation of the ATRX chromatin remodeler specifically in forebrain excitatory neurons of mice causes male-specific deficits in long-term spatial memory associated with miR-137 overexpression, transcriptional changes and structural alterations corresponding to pre- and post-synaptic abnormalities. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/606442 doi: 10.1101/606442 id: cord-004663-a47pkh8q author: Tardieu, M. title: Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) date: 1982 words: 3424.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004663-a47pkh8q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004663-a47pkh8q.txt summary: title: Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) In semisusceptible mice, infection led first to a transient meningitis, ependymitis, and leukoencephalitis, followed by a permanent communicating hydrocephalus and, later on, to a chronic thrombotic vasculitis affecting meningeal and parenchymal vessels at the brain stem level. Identical lesions occurred in fully susceptible mice infected with a low dose of virus, but no neurologic disorder could be induced in genetically resistant mice even following immunosuppression or intracranial inoculation. When six susceptible BALB/c mice were injected i.p. with MHV 3 (103LD50), they died of an acute hepatic necrosis 5 -8 d a y s after M H V 3 infection, and no neuropatholigic lesion was observed except a slight degree of meningeal infiltration. abstract: Mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) is either avirulent (resistant mice), hepatotropic (susceptible mice). or neurotropic (semisusceptible mice), depending on the strain of mice infected. In semisusceptible mice, infection led first to a transient meningitis, ependymitis, and leukoencephalitis, followed by a permanent communicating hydrocephalus and, later on, to a chronic thrombotic vasculitis affecting meningeal and parenchymal vessels at the brain stem level. Small foci of ischemic necrosis related to vascular occlusions were seen in the dorsal brain stem. Cyclophosphamide treatment of semisusceptible mice significantly reduced the meningeal infiltrates but did not prevent the development of hydrocephalus and other neuropathologic changes. Identical lesions occurred in fully susceptible mice infected with a low dose of virus, but no neurologic disorder could be induced in genetically resistant mice even following immunosuppression or intracranial inoculation. The leukoencephalitis differed from the demyelinating lesions observed with MHV4. Vascular lesions were of particular interest. More attention should be given to the possibifity of virus induced chronic cerebral vasculitis in man. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086528/ doi: 10.1007/bf00690797 id: cord-327568-5vo4nmei author: Tosini, Fabio title: Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection date: 2019-05-15 words: 7398.0 sentences: 362.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327568-5vo4nmei.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327568-5vo4nmei.txt summary: title: Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection parvum proteins, were tested for their ability to induce immune responses in adult mice and for protection on neonate BALB/c mice born from females immunised by mucosal delivery of both peptides. The IP immunisation of adult BALB/c mice to a single antigen (SA35 or SA40) or to a mixture of the two antigens (SA35/40 mix) induced specific anti-Cryptosporidium IgG in serum after day 14 following initial administration. The mucosal delivery of SA35/40 mix in female BALB/c mice induced specific anti-Cryptosporidium IgG (mainly IgG1) in serum 21 days after initial immunisation. In humans, maternal immunisation with tetanus toxoid has Fig. 9 Quantification of COWP gene DNA copies by qPCR in the intestinal content of neonate mice infected with 5 × 10 3 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. abstract: BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of diarrhea in children and ruminants at the earliest stages of life. Maternal antibodies represent the main shield of neonate mammals for most of the infections. Two recombinant antigens (SA35 and SA40), portions of two C. parvum proteins, were tested for their ability to induce immune responses in adult mice and for protection on neonate BALB/c mice born from females immunised by mucosal delivery of both peptides. METHODS: Adult BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally immunised with SA35 and SA40, separately or mixed, and their immune response was characterised. Furthermore, BALB/c pregnant mice were immunised by mucosal delivery with an SA35/40 mix, before and during pregnancy. Soon after birth, their offspring were infected with two doses (1 × 10(5) and 5 × 10(3)) of C. parvum oocysts and the parasitic burden was determined at 5 and 9 days post-infection. RESULTS: Intraperitoneal immunisation with SA35 and SA40 induced specific IgG and IgG1 in serum, specific IgA in the intestinal mucosa, increase of CD3+/CD4+ and CD30+ cells in splenocytes, which produced IFN-γ. Neonates born from immunised mice and infected with 1 × 10(5) oocysts showed a significant reduction of oocysts and intestinal forms (23 and 42%, respectively). A reduction of all parasitic forms (96%; P < 0.05) was observed when neonates were infected with 5 × 10(3) oocysts. CONCLUSIONS: SA35 and SA40 peptides induce specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to C. parvum in adult mice. Moreover, mucosal administration of the SA35/40 mix in pregnant mice reduces C. parvum burden in their litters. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3486-8 doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3486-8 id: cord-333043-fe24ezt6 author: Traavik, T. title: “Runde“ virus, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks date: 1977 words: 4191.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333043-fe24ezt6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333043-fe24ezt6.txt summary: uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated. Until then., no arbovirus isolates had been reported from this country, although ecological and cli-nicaI/epidemiological considerations (3, 24, 26) and a limited serological survey on bovine sera (28) indicated the existence of Central-European tick-borne encephalitis virus fool. uriae ticks collected at Runde in late September 1973, three virus strains have been isolated. Cells were washed with saline, virus was diluted ~enfold from 10 -1 to t0 -6 in the medium, A volume of 0.2 ml of each dilution was inoculated into three tubes and allowed to adsorb for 1 hour at room temperature before washing with saline and addition, of new medium, Culture tubes were incubated for 8 days at 37 ° C and inspected daily for a Cytopathie effect (CPE). Virus from mouse brains and cell culture demonstrated total i d e n t i t y b y these methods. abstract: From 206I. uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated. The new strains demonstrated a corona-virus like morphology, haemagglutinated chicken red cells and were sensitive to sodium desoxycholate. Multiplication with CPE was demonstrated in BHK 21/c13 and BSC-1 cells, and without CPE in Vero and GMK cell cultures. The mouse pathogenicity was relatively low. In gel precipitation three to five specific lines were seen. Precipitating antibodies have been found in seabird species commonly infested byI. uriae. The ecological circumstances of the isolates indicate an earlier unrecognized arbovirus circulating between seabirds andI. uriae. This corona-like virus has been tentatively termed Runde virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/72555/ doi: 10.1007/bf01314476 id: cord-254190-bxfne94u author: Tu, Wenwei title: Application of Humanized Mice in Immunological Research date: 2015-07-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: During the past decade, the development of humanized mouse models and their general applications in biomedical research greatly accelerated the translation of outcomes obtained from basic research into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in clinic. In this chapter, we firstly present an overview on the history and current progress of diverse humanized mouse models and then focus on those equipped with reconstituted human immune system. The update advancement in the establishment of humanized immune system mice and their applications in the studies of the development of human immune system and the pathogenesis of multiple human immune-related diseases are intensively reviewed here, while the shortcoming and perspective of these potent tools are discussed as well. As a valuable bridge across the gap between bench work and clinical trial, progressive humanized mouse models will undoubtedly continue to play an indispensable role in the wide area of biomedical research. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_10 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_10 id: cord-332233-01rdlf8l author: Tully, Thomas N. title: CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date: 2009-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on mice and rats, and provides detailed information that may be useful for veterinarians treating these animals. Mice are continuous, polyestrous rodents that should be bred in polygamous or monogamous setups because of the males' aggressive territoriality behavior. When breeding mice that have been housed in a polygamous ratio, there may be one male with two to six females. Females are removed from a polygamous cage before parturition, whereas the monogamous pair is maintained together with the young until weaning. Mice are maintained in environments that are similar to other small rodents but require a thorough cleaning of their cage more often because of their malodorous urine. Ventilation is essential for small rodent housing to prevent irritation of the respiratory tract from ammonia vapors generated by urine. Quarantining is important when a new animal is being introduced into a setting in which there is an established group. As with other animals, a 30-day quarantine period is recommended, along with a physical examination and fecal parasite check. To maintain oversight of breeding animals' health and reduce the exposure of young animals to infectious disease and parasites, routine screening of representative animals within the colony is recommended. In very large colonies, special caging, food, and water may be necessary to prevent exposure to disease organisms. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416001195500159 doi: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50015-9 id: cord-353600-5wo74ms4 author: Tyrrell, Daniel J. title: Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6 date: 2020-09-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The number of old people is rising worldwide, and advancing age is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. In this Review, we discuss vascular intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of how ageing influences the pathology of atherosclerosis. First, we focus on factors that are extrinsic to the vasculature. We discuss how ageing affects the development of myeloid cells leading to the expansion of certain myeloid cell clones and induces changes in myeloid cell functions that promote atherosclerosis via inflammation, including a potential role for IL-6. Next, we describe vascular intrinsic factors by which ageing promotes atherogenesis — in particular, the effects on mitochondrial function. Studies in mice and humans have shown that ageing leads to a decline in vascular mitochondrial function and impaired mitophagy. In mice, ageing is associated with an elevation in the levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the aorta, which participates in a positive feedback loop with the impaired vascular mitochondrial function to accelerate atherogenesis. We speculate that vascular and myeloid cell ageing synergize, via IL-6 signalling, to accelerate atherosclerosis. Finally, we propose future avenues of clinical investigation and potential therapeutic approaches to reduce the burden of atherosclerosis in old people. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32918047/ doi: 10.1038/s41569-020-0431-7 id: cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author: Ueki, Hiroshi title: Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date: 2020-01-29 words: 8337.0 sentences: 517.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308461-4lhh3du0.txt summary: Unlike ex vivo methods, which involve isolated or sliced lungs, in vivo imaging using two-photon excitation microscopy of live animals enables researchers to observe hemodynamics, migration and extravasation of immune cells, as well as interactions among immune cells during influenza virus infection. To detect multiple fluorescent signals excited simultaneously by a two-photon excitation laser, fluorochromes with different spectra and equal brightness must be selected; however, there is currently no comprehensive database of fluorescent reagents, fluorescent reporter viruses, and reporter mouse lines available for lung in vivo imaging. Our system uses suction-based lung stabilization 16, 28 to improve an existing in vivo two-photon imaging system for influenza virus-infected lung as a model of an acute inflammatory respiratory disease 5 . In vivo two-photon imaging is performed under conditions of single stimulation with a two-photon excitation laser; limitations exist regarding available fluorescent reagents/proteins for multiple labeling of target cells and lung architecture. abstract: In vivo two-photon imaging is a valuable technique for studies of viral pathogenesis and host responses to infection in vivo. In this protocol, we describe a methodology for analyzing influenza virus–infected lung in vivo by two-photon imaging microscopy. We describe the surgical procedure, how to stabilize the lung, and an approach to analyzing the data. Further, we provide a database of fluorescent dyes, antibodies, and reporter mouse lines that can be used in combination with a reporter influenza virus (Color-flu) for multicolor analysis. Setup of this model typically takes ~30 min and enables the observation of influenza virus–infected lungs for >4 h during the acute phase of the inflammation and at least 1 h in the lethal phase. This imaging system, which we termed two-photon IMPRESS (imaging pathophysiology research system), is broadly applicable to analyses of other respiratory pathogens and reveals disease progression at the cellular level in vivo. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y doi: 10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y id: cord-022353-q2k2krnm author: W. Quimby, Fred title: Clinical Chemistry of the Laboratory Mouse date: 2007-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The frontier of clinical chemistry in the mouse has advanced and expanded because of two major events such as, the increasing reliance on mice in biomedical research, and increasing availability of practical yet sophisticated techniques and instrumentations that have allowed for the detection of a wider variety of biomarkers of disease. The progression of these two events is partially driven by the increasing regulatory demands related to safety/toxicity assessment of novel drug development. The availability of inbred strains has led to major breakthroughs in cancer, biology, and immunology. In addition, outbred stocks continue to be utilized in a wide variety of studies but particularly in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. The power of these models to elucidate the genetic basis of disease cannot be overemphasized. This provided complete nucleotide sequences for each genome allowing investigators to quickly develop the equivalent murine model for many of the inherited human diseases. Transgenic and knockout mice have helped clarify disease pathogenesis in virtually every area of medicine and often elucidated biochemical pathways, previously unknown, which are now subject to testing and quantification. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155603/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50060-1 id: cord-303662-ro9879dl author: Wang, Fun-In title: Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated date: 1990-11-30 words: 3778.0 sentences: 213.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303662-ro9879dl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303662-ro9879dl.txt summary: Un-In view of the finding that whole body irradiairradiated mice demonstrated intense disease at tion at day 6 p.i. prevents JHMV-induced paraday 9 p.i. By contrast, mice given 850 rad at day 6 lytic-demyelinating disease, differential irradiation p.i. had few histological changes at day 9 p.i. In studies were conducted to determine whether critiaddition, a second mouse strain, BALB/cJ mice cal radiosensitive targets reside in the systemic or a Immune donor mice were 6-week-old C57BL/6J males given 106 PFU of JHMV 2.2-V-1 i.p. 6 days prior to transfer. These they resemble the original JHMV isolates, which experiments indicate that populations of murine in early passages primarily caused a nonfatal paradonor spleen cells, which are enriched for T lytic disease (Bailey et al., 1949; Cheever et al., lymphocytes and appear to be MHC-restricted, 1949) ; only after many i.c. passages did the virus restore demyelination to infected, irradiated re-acquire marked neurovirulence. abstract: Abstract The neurotropic mouse hepatitis viruses (MHV), in particular strain JHM (JHMV or MHV-4), cause experimental central nervous system demyelination that pathologically resembles multiple sclerosis, an important human demyelinating disease. The mechanism of JHMV-induced demyelination remains unclear, though its tropism for oligodendrocytes had led to the belief that JHMV causes demyelination by direct lysis of these myelin-producing cells. However, several studies have also implicated the involvement of immune responses in the demyelinating process. In this communication, we present evidence that generalized immunosuppression with gamma irradiation prevents JHMV-induced demyelination, a finding that was not limited to a particular strain of JHMV or to one strain of mouse. In addition, significant paralytic-demyelinating disease was restored to infected, irradiated mice after the adoptive transfer of nylon wool nonadherent splenic cells and appeared to be restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These observations indicate that the principal mechanisms of JHMV-induced demyelination are most likely immunopathological. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016557289090050W doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90050-w id: cord-281161-u896icp9 author: Wang, Jing title: The Adjuvanticity of an O. volvulus-Derived rOv-ASP-1 Protein in Mice Using Sequential Vaccinations and in Non-Human Primates date: 2012-05-17 words: 6854.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281161-u896icp9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281161-u896icp9.txt summary: We previously reported that the Onchocerca volvulus recombinant protein rOv-ASP-1 can induce activation and maturation of naïve human DCs and therefore could be used as an innate adjuvant to promote balanced Th1 and Th2 responses to bystander vaccine antigens in mice. As shown in Table 2 , similar IgG1 and IgG2a humoral immune responses against the influenza viruses were induced in the mice vaccinated previously with rRBD plus rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant and those administered with PBS only. As shown in Table 3 , all of the NHPs vaccinated with rRBD protein plus 50 mg (n = 2), 100 mg rOv-ASP-1 (n = 2) or 500 mg CpG (n = 1) as the adjuvant developed RBDspecific IgG antibody response with increasing antibody level after each boost. Secondly, using two concentration of the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant, 50 or 100 mg, and rRBD as the vaccine antigen, we were able to induce after three immunizations high titers of neutralizing antibodies (1:3,500-1:6,392) that much exceed what is needed for protection against SARS-CoV infection in vivo (.1:500) [56] . abstract: Adjuvants potentiate antigen-specific protective immune responses and can be key elements promoting vaccine effectiveness. We previously reported that the Onchocerca volvulus recombinant protein rOv-ASP-1 can induce activation and maturation of naïve human DCs and therefore could be used as an innate adjuvant to promote balanced Th1 and Th2 responses to bystander vaccine antigens in mice. With a few vaccine antigens, it also promoted a Th1-biased response based on pronounced induction of Th1-associated IgG2a and IgG2b antibody responses and the upregulated production of Th1 cytokines, including IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6. However, because it is a protein, the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant may also induce anti-self-antibodies. Therefore, it was important to verify that the host responses to self will not affect the adjuvanticity of rOv-ASP-1 when it is used in subsequent vaccinations with the same or different vaccine antigens. In this study, we have established rOv-ASP-1's adjuvanticity in mice during the course of two sequential vaccinations using two vaccine model systems: the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV spike protein and a commercial influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine comprised of three virus strains. Moreover, the adjuvanticity of rOv-ASP-1 was retained with an efficacy similar to that obtained when it was used for a first vaccination, even though a high level of anti-rOv-ASP-1 antibodies was present in the sera of mice before the administration of the second vaccine. To further demonstrate its utility as an adjuvant for human use, we also immunized non-human primates (NHPs) with RBD plus rOv-ASP-1 and showed that rOv-ASP-1 could induce high titres of functional and protective anti-RBD antibody responses in NHPs. Notably, the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant did not induce high titer antibodies against self in NHPs. Thus, the present study provided a sound scientific foundation for future strategies in the development of this novel protein adjuvant. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037019 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037019 id: cord-254155-860780z9 author: Wang, Junyi title: The ACE2‐deficient mouse: A model for a cytokine storm‐driven inflammation date: 2020-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an important role in inflammation, which is attributable at least, in part, to the conversion of the pro‐inflammatory angiotensin (Ang) II peptide into angiotensin 1‐7 (Ang 1‐7), a peptide which opposes the actions of AngII. ACE2 and AngII are present in many tissues but information on the cornea is lacking. We observed that mice deficient in the Ace2 gene (Ace2(−/−)), developed a cloudy cornea phenotype as they aged. Haze occupied the central cornea, accompanied by corneal edema and neovascularization. In severe cases with marked chronic inflammation, a cell‐fate switch from a transparent corneal epithelium to a keratinized, stratified squamous, psoriasiform‐like epidermis was observed. The stroma contained a large number of CD11c, CD68, and CD3 positive cells. Corneal epithelial debridement experiments in young ACE2‐deficient mice showed normal appearing corneas, devoid of haze. We hypothesized, however, that these mice are “primed” for a corneal inflammatory response, which once initiated, would persist. In vitro studies reveal that interleukins (IL‐1a, IL‐1b), chemokines (CCL2, CXCL8), and TNF‐α, are all significantly elevated, resulting in a cytokine storm‐like phenotype. This phenotype could be partially rescued by treatment with the AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist, losartan, suggesting that the observed effect was mediated by AngII acting on its main receptor. Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) utilizes human ACE2 as the receptor for entry with subsequent downregulation of ACE2, corneal inflammation in Ace2(−/−) mice may have a similar mechanism with that in COVID‐19 patients. Thus the Ace2(−/−) cornea, because of easy accessibility, may provide an attractive model to explore the molecular mechanisms, immunological changes, and treatment modalities in patients with COVID‐19. url: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001020r doi: 10.1096/fj.202001020r id: cord-352480-1ay8y7li author: Wang, Ting title: Vaccination with recombinant adenovirus expressing multi-stage antigens of Toxoplasma gondii by the mucosal route induces higher systemic cellular and local mucosal immune responses than with other vaccination routes date: 2017-04-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan, is a cause of congenital disease and abortion in humans and animals. Various vaccination strategies against toxoplasmosis in rodent models have been used in the past few decades; however, effective vaccines remain a challenge. A recombinant adenovirus vaccine expressing ubiquitin-conjugated multi-stage antigen segments (Ad-UMAS) derived from different life-cycle stages of T. gondii was constructed previously. Here, we compared the immune responses and protection effects in vaccination of mice with Ad-UMAS by five vaccination routes including intramuscular (i.m.), intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.), intraoral (i.o.), and intranasal (i.n.). Much higher levels of T. gondii-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in the sera of the intraoral and intranasal vaccination groups on day 49 compared with controls (p < 0.05). The percentages of CD8(+) T-cells in mice immunized intranasally and intraorally were larger than in mice immunized intramuscularly (p < 0.05). The highest level of IL-2 and IFN-γ was detected in the group with nasal immunization, and splenocyte proliferation activity was significantly enhanced in mice immunized via the oral and nasal routes. Furthermore, the higher survival rate (50%) and lower cyst numbers observed in the intraoral and intranasal groups all indicate that Ad-UMAS is far more effective in protecting mice against T. gondii infection via the mucosal route. Ad-UMAS could be an effective and safe mucosal candidate vaccine to protect animals and humans against T. gondii infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017013 doi: 10.1051/parasite/2017013 id: cord-292402-u3sfc1yz author: Watanabe, Rihito title: Formation of fibroblastic reticular network in the brain after infection with neurovirulent murine coronavirus date: 2016-04-28 words: 6977.0 sentences: 346.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292402-u3sfc1yz.txt summary: Furthermore, virus antigens in fibrous structures reported in our previous study 17, 18 were found to colocalize with laminin and ERag ( Fig. 1F ) with almost the same image observed in the spleen of mice infected with LCMV, 33 which indicated that viruses are concentrated in the narrow space of reticular fibers 33, 43 and are recognized by immunofluorescence, and they use the reticular conduit system as a scaffold. The expression of ERag was either colocalized with that of components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as laminin (Fig. 1D ) and collagen (Fig. 1E ) in the same way as reticular fibers reported in lymphoid organs, 33 or found without such colocalization as shown in the brain parenchyma ( Fig. 1D2 and D3) and trigeminal root (Supplemental Figure S1A ). abstract: cl‐2 virus is an extremely neurovirulent murine coronavirus. However, during the initial phase of infection between 12 and 24 h post‐inoculation (hpi), the viral antigens are detected only in the meninges, followed by viral spread into the ventricular wall before invasion into the brain parenchyma, indicating that the viruses employ a passage between the meninges and ventricular wall as an entry route into the brain parenchyma. At 48 hpi, the passage was found to be constructed by ER‐TR7 antigen (ERag)‐positive fibers (ERfibs) associated with laminin and collagen III between the fourth ventricle and meninges at the cerebellopontine angle. The construct of the fibers mimics the reticular fibers of the fibroblastic reticular network, which comprises a conduit system in the lymphoid organs. In the meninges, ERfibs together with collagen fibers, lining in a striped pattern, made up a pile of thin sheets. In the brain parenchyma, mature ERfibs associated with laminin were found around blood vessels. Besides mature ERfibs, immature Erfibs without associations with other extracellular matrix components like laminin and collagen appeared after infection, suggesting that the CNS creates a unique conduit system for immune communication triggered by viral invasion. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121485/ doi: 10.1111/neup.12302 id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 words: 63666.0 sentences: 3678.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt summary: Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. abstract: Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000031 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id: cord-265847-oq34lc26 author: Yagami, K. title: Pathogenesis of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) in mice experimentally infected by different routes date: 1986-11-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Three-day-old suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) with the 67N strain of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) showed nervous signs and died. The virus was passaged 10 times in suckling mice and was designated the MB-67N strain. The pathogenesis of MB-67N was studied with various ages of mice and inoculation routes. All mice inoculated i.c. with a large dose of virus died regardless of age, although a smaller dose caused fatal infection only in suckling mice. By intranasal, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous inoculation, the virus also killed suckling mice under 16 days old, but not older mice, even with a large dose. The susceptibility of mice for the MB-67N strain was influenced by age and inoculation routes. High titres of virus were re-isolated from the brain of diseased mice after inoculation by any route, but not from other organs. Histologically, numerous areas of severe tocal necrosis were produced in the cerebral cortex. Specific immuno-fluorescence and numerous viral particles were found in the cytoplasm of nerve cells by immuno-fluorescence staining and electron microscopy. These findings indicate that the MB-67N propagates mainly in the central nervous system and nerve cells serve as a main target of virus replication. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021997586900617 doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(86)90061-7 id: cord-000539-uh3q65we author: Zhang, Yi title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date: 2012-01-03 words: 4620.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. Mice infected with SD/09 virus showed typical ARDS symptoms characterized by 60% lethality on days 8–10 post-inoculation, highly edematous lungs, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, lung hemorrhage, progressive and severe hypoxemia, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the present mouse model, the number of leukocytes observed in the BALF of virus-infected mice significantly increased compared with the control mice on day 8 p.i. Different counts in BALF showed that the proportion of neutrophils dramatically increased. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. However, no animal model has been developed for ARDS caused by infection with 2009 H1N1 virus. Here, we present a mouse model of ARDS induced by 2009 H1N1 virus. METHODOLOGY PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mice were inoculated with A/swine/Shandong/731/2009 (SD/09), which was a 2009 H1N1 influenza variant with a G222D mutation in the hemagglutinin. Clinical symptoms were recorded every day. Lung injury was assessed by lung water content and histopathological observation. Arterial blood gas, leukocyte count in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and blood, virus titers, and cytokine levels in the lung were measured at various times post-inoculation. Mice infected with SD/09 virus showed typical ARDS symptoms characterized by 60% lethality on days 8–10 post-inoculation, highly edematous lungs, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, lung hemorrhage, progressive and severe hypoxemia, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggested that we successfully established an ARDS mouse model induced by a virulent 2009 H1N1 variant without previous adaptation, which may be of benefit for evaluating the pathogenesis or therapy of human ARDS caused by 2009 H1N1 virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250439/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029347 id: cord-001569-jd028cyg author: dos Santos, Gimena title: Vimentin regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome date: 2015-03-12 words: 8469.0 sentences: 459.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001569-jd028cyg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001569-jd028cyg.txt summary: We demonstrate that central pathophysiologic events in ALI (inflammation, IL-1β levels, endothelial and alveolar epithelial barrier permeability, remodelling and fibrosis) are attenuated in the lungs of Vim(−/−) mice challenged with LPS, bleomycin and asbestos. Exposure to bleomycin resulted in a large increase in immune cells in the airspace of both WT and Vim À / À mice as assessed by flow cytometric analysis of whole-lung lysates ( Supplementary Fig. 3a ). All together, these results suggest that vimentin-expressing bone marrow-derived cells are important for bleomycin-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pulmonary fibrosis. Studies with IL-1R1 À / À , MyD88 À / À , ASC À / À , Caspase-1 À / À and NLRP3 À / À mice have suggested that uric acid (induced by bleomycin), asbestos and silica are detected by the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, likely leading to IL-1R1/MyD88 signalling in pulmonary epithelial cells, then to inflammation, neutrophil and lymphocyte recruitment and fibroblast activation 35 . abstract: Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent maturation of IL-1β have been implicated in acute lung injury (ALI), resulting in inflammation and fibrosis. We investigated the role of vimentin, a type III intermediate filament, in this process using three well-characterized murine models of ALI known to require NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We demonstrate that central pathophysiologic events in ALI (inflammation, IL-1β levels, endothelial and alveolar epithelial barrier permeability, remodelling and fibrosis) are attenuated in the lungs of Vim(−/−) mice challenged with LPS, bleomycin and asbestos. Bone marrow chimeric mice lacking vimentin have reduced IL-1β levels and attenuated lung injury and fibrosis following bleomycin exposure. Furthermore, decreased active caspase-1 and IL-1β levels are observed in vitro in Vim(−/−) and vimentin-knockdown macrophages. Importantly, we show direct protein–protein interaction between NLRP3 and vimentin. This study provides insights into lung inflammation and fibrosis and suggests that vimentin may be a key regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/ncomms7574) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4358756/ doi: 10.1038/ncomms7574 id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp author: nan title: Programmed cell death date: 1994 words: 81677.0 sentences: 4465.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt summary: Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087532/ doi: 10.1007/bf02033112 id: cord-006229-7yoilsho author: nan title: Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date: 2016-02-06 words: 133493.0 sentences: 6804.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt summary: It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100641/ doi: 10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y id: cord-006230-xta38e7j author: nan title: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date: 2012-02-22 words: 135419.0 sentences: 7042.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt summary: Here, we will present our analysis of Ca 2+ signaling following stimulation of the FcεRI receptor and application of secretagogues that are supposed to affect Ca 2+ -dependent mast cell activation such as adenosine, endothelin-1, substance P and compound 48/80 in BMMCs and PMCs derived from mouse lines with inactivation of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5 or TRPC6 since specific antagonists are still lacking for these TRP channels. These data indicate that increased PP2A activity is associated with modified gene expression in TG hearts possibly affecting stress response and regulation of cell signalling. As demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot experiments, mesangial cells showed a marked time-and dose-dependent upregulation of CSE mRNA and protein levels after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to activation of the cAMPdependent signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100643/ doi: 10.1007/s00210-012-0736-0 id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 words: 162327.0 sentences: 9379.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt summary: It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/ doi: 10.1007/bf02258437 id: cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author: nan title: Oral Communications and Posters date: 2014-09-12 words: 73711.0 sentences: 3862.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt summary: Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid.COX-1 is constitutively expressed.The COX-2 gene is an immediate early-response gene that is induced by variety of mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli.Levels of COX-2 are increased in both inflamed and malignant tissues.In inflamed tissues, there is both pharmacological and genetic evidence that targeting COX-2 can either improve (e.g., osteoarthritis) or exacerbate symptoms (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).Multiple lines of evidence suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.The most specific data that support a cause-and effect relationship between COX-2 and tumorigenesis come from genetic studies.Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed to drive tumor formation whereas COX-2 deficiency protects against several tumor types.Selective COX-2 inhibitors protect against the formation and growth of experimental tumors.Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors are active in preventing colorectal adenomas in humans.Increased amounts of COX-2-derived PGE2 are found in both inflamed and neoplastic tissues.The fact that PGE2 can stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce angiogenesis fits with evidence that induction of COX-2 contributes to both wound healing and tumor growth.Taken together, it seems likely that COX-2 induction contributes to wound healing in response to injury but reduces the threshold for carcinogenesis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095932/ doi: 10.1007/bf03353884 id: cord-015569-vy49r1zd author: nan title: Abstracts from the 45(th) Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for the Stusy of Taste and Smell (JASTS 2011), Kanazawa, Japan, October 5-7(th), 2011 (The president of the meeting was Dr. Takaki Miwa, Kanazawa Medical University) date: 2012-05-17 words: 18852.0 sentences: 939.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015569-vy49r1zd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015569-vy49r1zd.txt summary: In this study, in order to test whether the cadherins are required for formation of synapse between gustatory nerve fibers and taste receptor cells, we have investigated expression patterns of cadherin superfamily in the taste buds. Therefore, this study aimed to examine differences in immunoreactivities under various tissue-preparing conditions in rat vallate taste buds for some typical markers of gustatory cells as follows: gustducin, type III inositol triphosphate receptor (IP 3 R3), synaptobrevin-2 (VAMP2), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Mainly developing artificial-lipids-based taste sensors with global selectivity, our research group have studied for realization of Ã�taste-odor fusion biosensor system,Ã� which estimates quality (deliciousness and safety) of foods or beverages using several sensor outputs through analysis and evaluation of subjective-objective relation. As a first step, we conducted a series of human sensory tests to investigate perceptual similarities between odorants, and then compared the results with activity patterns evoked on the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb in rats. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109919/ doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjs052 id: cord-022888-dnsdg04n author: nan title: Poster Sessions date: 2009-08-19 words: 188640.0 sentences: 9313.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022888-dnsdg04n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022888-dnsdg04n.txt summary: Methods: Phospho-specific Western blot analyses were performed to verify the functionality of the different IFN-g pathway components, intra-and extracellular flow cytometry experiments were employed to determine the expression of antigen processing components and HLA class I cell surface antigens, quantitative real time-PCR experiments to confirm the absence of JAK2 and presence of pathway relevant molecules as well as, genomic PCR and chromosome typing technique to prove the deletion of JAK2. In order to accomplish these objectives we induced priming or tolerance of ovalbumin (OVA 323-339 peptide)-specific T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice in vitro or, following adoptive transfer of near physiologically relevant numbers of such cells into recipients, in vivo and correlated functional outcome (via proliferation and cytokine readout assays or antibody production) with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases expression and the ubiquitination status of the TCR signalling machinery. abstract: No Abtract url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163517/ doi: 10.1002/eji.200990224 id: cord-023026-2r84ndzv author: nan title: Posters date: 2013-06-14 words: 138458.0 sentences: 6513.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt summary: Thus, this work provides the basis to identify molecular pathways regulated by distinct niche/environmental signals and involved in the heterogeneity of adult OPCs. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, which leads to formation of demyelinating areas due to loss of oligodendrocytes, astrogliosis and, finally, axonal degeneration. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role of miR-200b in modulating the MAPK pathway via c-Jun which in turn affects different aspects of the inflammatory process accompanying microglia activation including cytokine response, NO production, phagocytosis and neuronal cell death. For this purpose, coronal cryostat free-floating sections from the brain of both adult transgenic mice and their corresponding wild-type (Wt) littermates, were processed for the study of astrocytes using GFAP immunohistochemistry and microglia using antibodies against Iba1 and several markers commonly related to the activated phenotype of these microglial cells, such as CD16/32 (Fc receptor), F4/80, CD11b, CD206, CD150 and MHC-II. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165910/ doi: 10.1002/glia.22530 id: cord-023055-ntbvmssh author: nan title: Immunogenicity date: 2004-02-19 words: 64563.0 sentences: 3952.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023055-ntbvmssh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023055-ntbvmssh.txt summary: Antigen is internalized into acidic vesicles, proteolyzed, and peptides containing T ceU antigenic determinants are transported to the APC surface where they are recognized by the antigen-specific T cell in conjunction with Ia. Most Ia-"pressing cells are competent APC, however, only B cells have antigen-specilic receptors on their surface aUowing bound antigen to be processed and presented at 1/lW the antigen concentration required by nonspecific APC Little is known about B cell antigen processing function during differentiation, or if Ig-mediated APC function is altered at different maturational stages, thus allowing regulation of B cell-helper T cell interactions. These results indicate that the poor response of murine CTL to human class I antigens is not determined by selection in the thymus, but by species-specific constraints on the interaction of MHC antigens with T-cell recognition structures. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166418/ doi: 10.1002/jcb.240410506 id: cord-023143-fcno330z author: nan title: Molecular aspects of viral immunity date: 2004-02-19 words: 43425.0 sentences: 2056.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt summary: Based on a variety of experimental evidence, it is clear that demyelination induced in SJUJ mice by infection with the BeAn strain of TMEV is a Thl-mediated event: (a) disease induction is suppressed in T cell-deprived mice and by in vivo treatment with anti-I-A and anti-CD4 antibodies; (b) disease susceptibility correlates temporally with the development of TMEV-specific, MHC-class Il-restricted DTH responses and with a predominance of anti-viral lgG2a antibody; (c) activated (Le., lL-2RC) T cells infiltrating the CNS are exclusively of the CD4+ phenotype, and (d) proinflammatory cytokines (IFNq and TNF-p) are predominantly produced in the CNS. These results have important implications for a possible viral trigger in MS as they indicate that chronic demyelination in TMEV-infected mice is initiated in the absence of demonstrable neuroantigen-specific autoimmune responses and are consistent with a model wherein early myelin damage is mediated via primarily by mononuclear phagocytes recruited to the CNS and activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by TMEV-specific Thl cells. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167094/ doi: 10.1002/jcb.240591009 id: cord-104251-cq8ojfit author: nan title: In vitro macrophage manifestation of cortisone-induced decrease in resistance to mouse hepatitis virus date: 1981-03-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Genetically resistant G3H mice routinely yielded macrophages that were resistant when grown in 90% horse serum. These mice also routinely yielded macrophages that were susceptible to the same virus, MHV (PRI), in vitro after the mice had been treated with three intraperitoneal doses, of hydrocortisone. Dexamethasone and prednisolone when similarly administered also increased the susceptibility of C3H macrophages taken from the treated animal, but progesterone and testosterone did not. In addition, spleen cells from mice treated with cortisone made the resistant C3H macrophages 100 times more susceptible in vitro. Increased in vitro susceptibility induced in this way by hydrocortisone was reversed by exposure to supernatant fluid removed from cultures of concanavalin A-treated spleen cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2186118/ doi: nan id: cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author: nan title: Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date: 2006-12-31 words: 240925.0 sentences: 13617.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt summary: SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs. Chitoshi Takayama 1 , Yoshiro Inoue 1 1 Department of Molecular Neuroanatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan GABA mediates inhibitory transmission in the adult central nervous system (CNS). abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S016801020600085X doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.004 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel