Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 104 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30634 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 mouse 30 cell 20 Fig 16 virus 13 human 12 study 9 result 9 rat 9 infection 9 animal 9 PCR 9 IL-6 8 disease 8 University 7 model 7 increase 7 figure 7 expression 7 SARS 7 MHV 7 LPS 6 response 6 protein 6 level 6 gene 6 effect 6 dna 6 TNF 6 IFN 6 ELISA 5 receptor 5 MHC 5 HIV 4 patient 4 LCMV 4 Institute 4 HLA 4 Germany 4 CNS 4 CD8 4 CD4 3 strain 3 role 3 high 3 drug 3 brain 3 antigen 3 activity 3 acid 3 RNA Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 22272 cell 18071 mouse 5997 infection 5723 virus 5328 study 5076 response 5024 protein 4774 expression 4434 effect 4329 disease 4210 model 4089 gene 4010 % 3886 level 3875 rat 3868 receptor 3632 result 3483 animal 3394 activity 3309 day 3053 patient 2924 role 2916 tissue 2867 antibody 2752 t 2612 type 2516 activation 2502 system 2438 group 2371 control 2364 treatment 2324 brain 2291 neuron 2223 analysis 2208 function 2145 strain 2049 lung 2027 factor 1991 antigen 1958 time 1928 mechanism 1902 blood 1866 development 1810 cytokine 1798 change 1777 tumor 1692 datum 1623 number 1609 method 1576 production Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 4241 al 4239 . 3506 et 2308 T 1854 Japan 1446 • 1186 University 1002 TNF 957 Fig 915 IFN 894 LPS 795 CD4 787 C 737 mg 718 CD8 715 IL-12 687 IL-6 676 PCR 661 II 649 RNA 629 A 605 B 598 Department 592 Tokyo 577 Univ 560 MHV 547 Institute 544 MHC 539 CNS 510 mRNA 476 Research 458 M 456 SARS 448 CTL 446 HIV 445 HLA 431 ELISA 427 MS 413 C. 405 kg 392 Ca 390 WT 388 Germany 384 M. 383 S. 378 BALB 374 vivo 369 School 368 K 350 c Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 9450 we 3520 it 1634 they 1605 i 422 them 189 us 111 itself 77 he 36 themselves 36 one 26 she 21 you 9 me 8 ashcs 4 s 4 imagej 4 il-2rcc 4 him 3 mg 3 interleukin-15 3 himself 3 her 3 esat-6 2 imm+ 2 igmcic 2 ifnyr-/-mice 2 i- 2 e2f2-/-mice 2 crx-527 2 beta-2-m 2 anti-(self 1 ␤ 1 À.731 1 y8tcr.s 1 y401 1 y-27632 1 wi~ 1 wfdc13 1 wether 1 w@ 1 trpm4 1 tnf~ 1 tnf)-α 1 talens 1 tag-1 1 ta 1 t1r1 1 s351 1 rab3b 1 r Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 68780 be 10750 have 6574 use 5228 show 4834 induce 3629 increase 2820 suggest 2621 find 2549 express 2182 associate 2149 observe 2130 include 2095 follow 2064 compare 2034 develop 2029 do 1861 cause 1847 reduce 1827 indicate 1703 identify 1674 demonstrate 1631 involve 1618 produce 1612 investigate 1592 mediate 1534 activate 1488 infect 1447 result 1442 determine 1429 occur 1413 lead 1340 detect 1338 study 1334 contain 1327 bind 1317 treat 1307 reveal 1305 base 1245 perform 1230 report 1228 regulate 1206 know 1167 decrease 1137 relate 1131 provide 1104 measure 1101 affect 1050 derive 1042 inhibit 1024 generate Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6248 not 4719 - 4501 also 4302 human 3258 high 3082 specific 2709 other 2522 immune 2455 well 2339 such 2327 however 2303 more 2290 different 2231 inflammatory 2022 only 1782 clinical 1774 as 1738 low 1639 most 1638 significantly 1547 anti 1520 viral 1439 important 1398 significant 1389 dependent 1365 non 1337 present 1287 similar 1271 several 1247 first 1231 small 1225 thus 1218 further 1200 acute 1151 early 1126 respiratory 1125 severe 1095 normal 1085 murine 1076 cellular 1049 therefore 1033 large 1032 functional 1023 new 1006 experimental 978 primary 961 chronic 958 long 956 neuronal 946 single Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 476 most 255 least 194 high 172 Most 88 good 52 low 44 large 29 great 25 early 22 strong 15 close 14 late 8 small 7 common 7 Panx1 6 new 6 long 6 big 5 short 5 easy 5 bad 5 -V 4 Trpv6 3 deep 2 simple 2 severe 2 safe 2 near 2 few 2 B27 1 ~trointesfimd 1 ~20 1 young 1 weak 1 stickn 1 remote 1 old 1 nfthe 1 mild 1 mean:-42 1 lfigh 1 heavy 1 fit 1 fast 1 eeV 1 ear{i 1 e.jp/ 1 dark 1 cert,+r 1 VEGFR-1 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1163 most 166 least 64 well 5 -v 3 highest 2 panx1 1 whereupon 1 shortest 1 -r 1 -cccctc Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 doi.org 4 www 2 www.mdpi.com 2 www.informatics.jax.org 2 www.eucomm.org 1 www.who.int 1 www.twitter.com 1 www.tm4 1 www.synabs.be 1 www.rzpd.de 1 www.redorbit.com 1 www.pharmacases.de 1 www.pdxfinder.org 1 www.mousecanada 1 www.mmrrc.org 1 www.knockoutmouse.org 1 www.ictvdb.iacr.ac.uk 1 www.hgwdev-mus-strain.sdsc.edu 1 www.helmholtzhzi.de 1 www.has-sante.fr 1 www.goreni.org 1 www.facebook.com 1 www.csbio.unc.edu 1 www.cost.eu 1 www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.aphis.usda.gov 1 support.10xgenomics.com 1 norcomm.phenogenomics.ca 1 lazar.in-silico.ch 1 komp.org 1 jaxmice.jax.org 1 interfer 1 i-pie.org 1 github.com 1 ggplot2.tidyverse.org 1 eqtl.berlios.de 1 edetox.ncl.ac.uk 1 dx.doi.org 1 dx 1 doi 1 david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov 1 csbio.unc.edu 1 crispr.mit.edu 1 creativecommons.org 1 creat 1 cran.rstudio.com 1 conventions.coe.int 1 aktivsundhed.dk 1 ajp.amjpathol.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 4 http://www 3 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60352-4 2 http://doi.org/10 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/23-september-2015-mers-kuwait/en/ 1 http://www.twitter.com/IMGS_ 1 http://www.tm4 1 http://www.synabs.be/2019/ 1 http://www.rzpd.de 1 http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112751282/male-zebra-finches-fake-song-121912/ 1 http://www.pharmacases.de 1 http://www.pdxfinder.org/pdx-standard/ 1 http://www.mousecanada 1 http://www.mmrrc.org 1 http://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines/special_issues/Humanized_Mice 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/5/514/s1 1 http://www.knockoutmouse.org 1 http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome 1 http://www.informatics.jax.org/ 1 http://www.ictvdb.iacr.ac.uk 1 http://www.hgwdev-mus-strain.sdsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway 1 http://www.helmholtzhzi.de/sysgenet/ 1 http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/ 1 http://www.goreni.org/ 1 http://www.facebook.com/mamma 1 http://www.eucomm.org/docs/protocols/mouse_protocol_1_Sanger 1 http://www.eucomm.org 1 http://www.csbio.unc.edu/CCstatus/index.py?run= 1 http://www.cost.eu/about_cost 1 http://www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ 1 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ 1 http://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/software/pipelines/latest/what-iscell-ranger 1 http://norcomm.phenogenomics.ca/index 1 http://lazar.in-silico.ch/ 1 http://komp.org 1 http://jaxmice.jax.org/jaxnotes/509/509j.html 1 http://interfer 1 http://i-pie.org/ 1 http://github.com/KawaokaLab/Ueki_PNAS_2018 1 http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/ 1 http://eqtl.berlios.de 1 http://edetox.ncl.ac.uk 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.030 1 http://dx 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008737.g005 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006977.g001 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60352-4.Correspondence 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106639 1 http://doi 1 http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/home.jsp Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 mice did not 21 cells did not 20 cells is likely 19 mice are not 18 mice do not 17 mice are susceptible 16 cells are not 16 levels were significantly 15 cells do not 14 effect was not 13 cells were then 13 mice are more 13 mice are resistant 13 mice were not 12 cells are able 12 expression was not 11 cells was not 11 cells were also 11 infection is usually 11 levels were higher 11 levels were not 11 mice are relatively 11 mice was significantly 11 mice were able 11 mice were also 11 mice were then 10 cells are also 10 cells is not 10 cells was significantly 10 mice have also 10 mice were more 10 mice were significantly 10 results are available 9 activity was significantly 9 cells was also 9 cells were not 9 expression is not 9 expression was also 9 virus does not 8 animals were then 8 cell mediated immunity 8 cells were significantly 8 mice are highly 8 mice are very 8 mice expressing human 8 mice showed significant 8 virus is not 7 cells are more 7 expression was significantly 7 infection does not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 mice are not susceptible 3 studies do not always 3 virus is not easily 2 cells are not only 2 cells are not yet 2 cells is not due 2 cells is not well 2 disease are not synonymous 2 disease is not perfectly 2 infections are not detectable 2 levels were not significantly 2 mice are not permissible 2 mice are not permissive 2 mice have no clinical 2 mice showed no reduction 2 mice were no longer 2 responses are not detectable 2 studies have not yet 2 virus does not easily 2 virus is not pathogenic 1 % had no detectable 1 . showed no sign 1 activation are not clearly 1 activation had no effect 1 activation is not complete 1 activation is not dependent 1 activities are not well 1 activity is not clearly 1 activity is not obligatory 1 activity is not yet 1 activity was not significantly 1 activity were not statistically 1 animal showed no cytoplasmic 1 animals are not available 1 animals are not well 1 animals demonstrated no mip 1 animals do not accurately 1 animals does not adversely 1 animals had no mortality 1 animals have no indications 1 animals is not entirely 1 animals is not lethal 1 animals were not as 1 antibodies are not rheumatoid 1 antibodies had no effect 1 antibodies have not yet 1 antibodies was not impaired 1 antibodies were not always 1 antibodies were not directly 1 antibody did not readily A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-009388-k3exf8a4 author = Agarwal, Yash title = Moving beyond the mousetrap: current and emerging humanized mouse and rat models for investigating prevention and cure strategies against HIV infection and associated pathologies date = 2020-04-10 keywords = BLT; HIV; HIV-1; mouse summary = doi = 10.1186/s12977-020-00515-3 id = cord-281410-y558a5jf author = Akashi, H. title = Propagation of the Kakegawa strain of bovine coronavirus in suckling mice, rats and hamsters date = 1981 keywords = mouse summary = doi = 10.1007/bf01314841 id = cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 author = Algaissi, Abdullah title = Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease date = 2018-09-26 keywords = DPP4; MERS; mouse summary = title: Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease Specifically, we determined values of 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of MERS-CoV for the 2 strains of mice, compared and correlated their levels of soluble (s)hDPP4 expression to susceptibility, and explored recombinant (r)shDPP4 as an effective MCM for MERS infection. ELISA-based and Vero E6 cell-based microneutralization assays, previously described [7] , were used to determine the titers of MERS-CoV RBD-specific serum IgG and neutralizing antibodies in hDPP4 Tg mice in response to MERS-CoV infection. Finally, we showed that administration with functionally active rhsDPP4 proteins (Figure 3 ) enabled hDPP4 +/− mice to better resist MERS-CoV infection in a dose-dependent manner (Table 1) , a finding in accordance with increased levels of shDPP4 in their circulation. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiy574 id = cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 author = Anderson, Nancy L. title = Pet Rodents date = 2009-05-15 keywords = Key; Point; animal; base; cause; clinical; mouse; sign; table; treat summary = doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50179-0 id = cord-324617-yok7mh70 author = Andreata-Santos, Robert title = Transcutaneous Administration of Dengue Vaccines date = 2020-05-06 keywords = denv2; figure; mouse summary = doi = 10.3390/v12050514 id = cord-022324-tcltmhi7 author = Barthold, Stephen W. title = MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS BIOLOGY AND EPIZOOTIOLOGY date = 2012-12-02 keywords = JHM; MHV; mouse; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-095785-9.50032-9 id = cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author = Becker, Pablo D. title = Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date = 2010-10-04 keywords = BCR; cell; human; mouse summary = Following immunization, human CD19 + B cells were sorted based on surface CD27 expression, as a marker of memory phenotype, and the isotype of surface Igs. The sorted B cell populations were immortalized in vitro by retroviral transduction with human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes and antigen-specific B cell clones were established and characterized. The obtained results provided the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this generic approach based on HIS mice combined with immortalization of human B cells for the rapid and inexpensive development of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. Since HIS mice contained broad naïve B cell repertoires, we analyzed the induction of human antigen-specific B cell responses after immunization with commercially available human vaccines. So far, humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human HSC only -i.e. without additional human tissues -share these limitations, and immunization strategies result in the limited generation of class-switched antigen-specific B cell responses [14, 31, 32] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137 id = cord-354325-r73datur author = Berger, Mitchell title = Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date = 2002-07-31 keywords = CMV; MAbs; antibody; antigen; cell; human; monoclonal; mouse summary = Attempts to use mouse myeloma cells to create hybrids and derive human MAbs led to the loss of human chromosomes and the inability to make human Igs. 13 Unfortunately, in vitro immunization is limited by its inability to produce a secondary response and by the absence of the affinity maturation process that occurs in vivo. In these transgenic mouse models, human antibodies with high affinity to an immunized antigen are naturally selected by the murine immune system via an affinity maturation process, and thereby show increased diversity of the MAbs. Transgenic mice may be a suitable alternative to chimeric or humanized antibody production or the use of phage display systems to create less immunogenic or novel antibodies. [43] [44] [45] Humanizing Monoclonal Antibodies Rodent MAbs with excellent affinities and specificities have been generated using conventional hybridoma technology, but their use in clinical medicine is limited due to the immune responses they elicit in humans. doi = 10.1097/00000441-200207000-00004 id = cord-329061-1xut73dq author = Bhatt, Pravin N. title = Characterization of the Virus of Sialodacryoadenitis of Rats: A Member of the Coronavirus Group date = 1972-08-17 keywords = SDA; mouse summary = The virus that causes sialodacryoadenitis in rats has been isolated in mice and in primary cultures of rat-kidney cells and has been characterized as a heat-labile RNA virus that is sensitive to lipid solvents and is relatively stable at pH 3.0. Rats were inoculated intranasally with 0.1 ml of virus-infected salivary-gland suspension, observed daily for evidence of overt illness, and sacrificed at various intervals. Monolayers obtained from explant cultures of submaxillary, parotid, Harderian, and exorbital glands of germfree rats, monolayers of trypsin-dispersed brain cells of infant mice, and a line of polyoma-transformed mouse cells (Py-AL/N) [6J were also tested. The neutralization (N) test with sera immune to murine viruses was performed in infant mice, and these animals were observed for 14 days after inoculation. Infectious virus or viral antigen was not detected when tissue-culture fluids from infected-mouse-brain and Py-AL/N cultures were inoculated ic into infant mice or when monolayers were examined by indirect immunofluorescence. E. Shope tested 118 viral antigens prepared from infected mouse brains with antiserum to SDA virus. doi = 10.1093/infdis/126.2.123 id = cord-021499-up5vftj4 author = Brayton, Cory title = Viral Infections date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Barthold; Council; MHV; MPV; National; Research; infection; mouse; virus summary = Depending on inoculation route, dose, strain, and age of mice, experimental infections may result in inflammation or cytomegaly with inclusion bodies in a variety of tissues, pneumonitis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, or splenic necrosis in susceptible strains (National Research Council, 1991; Osborn, 1982; Percy and Barthold, 2001) . Both strains are apathogenic for adult mice, but the immunosuppressive variant is more pathogenic for neonatal mice than is MMVp. Serological surveys show that the mouse is the primary natural host (Parker et al., 1970; Smith et al., 1993b; Singleton et al., 2000) , but the virus is also infective for rats, hamsters (Garant et al., 1980; Ward and Tattersall, 1982) , and Mastomys (Haag et al., 2000) during foetal development or after parenteral inoculation. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS, and intestine. doi = 10.1016/b978-012336425-8/50076-5 id = cord-002341-v4r5d26a author = Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title = Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons date = 2016-11-12 keywords = ZIKV; Zika; dpi; mouse summary = To establish a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection, we compared the clinical, histological, and virological findings of male (group 1) and female (group 2) mice with dexamethasone immunosuppression and ZIKV inoculation with those of the appropriate controls (groups 3 to 8) (Table 1 ). The dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice with ZIKV inoculation in our study developed disseminated infection with viremia and multi-organ involvement, including the brain, urogenital tract, intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, and salivary gland as evident by ZIKV-NS1 protein expression on immunohistochemical staining and/or detectable viral load in these tissues. Our findings provided an additional explanation for the pathogenesis of fatal ZIKV infection, which has been proposed to be related to uncontrolled virus dissemination in previously described mouse models utilizing types I/II interferon-signaling-/receptor-deficient mice that were unable to mount a robust host innate immune response. doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.017 id = cord-013023-uanozm00 author = Crouse, Richard B title = Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances the learning of cue-reward contingency date = 2020-09-18 keywords = BLA; NBM; Pre; Training; figure; mouse; poke; reward summary = We then optically stimulated cholinergic NBM fibers locally in the BLA, while mice learned to nose poke in response to an auditory cue to receive a food reward to determine if accelerating the increase in ACh signaling that occurs as mice learn the task would enhance performance. As in the previous experiment, there were no differences between the EYFP control (n = 6) and stimulation groups (contingent-ChR2 n = 5 and non-contingent ChR2 n = 5) during Pre-Training ( Figure These results demonstrate that ChR2-mediated ACh release does not have to be time-locked to the cue, nose poke, or reward retrieval to improve performance of the task, suggesting that ACh may alter the threshold for neuronal plasticity for cue-reward pairing over a much longer timescale than might be expected based on results from the ACh3.0 recording and NBM-BLA recordings, which could be consistent with the involvement of mAChR signaling in this effect. doi = 10.7554/elife.57335 id = cord-022505-17khcmta author = Delaney, Martha A. title = Rodentia date = 2018-10-26 keywords = Fig; Krinke; Rattus; disease; lesion; mouse; rat; rodent; skin; specie; squirrel summary = Common microscopic findings in rodents that may be misinterpreted as lesions include: multinucleated, karyomegalic, and cytomegalic hepatocytes are common in several rodent species and can increase with age ( Fig. 20 .1); hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations (pseudoinclusions) (Fig. 20 .1); eosinophilic cytoplasmic spherical inclusions in renal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes seen predominantly male mice, rats, and hamsters; splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is very common in healthy rodents of all ages (Fig. 20 .2); hemosiderin, lipofuscin, ceroid, and melanin (in dark or black coated animals) are commonly detected in various tissues, such as spleen, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands; cardiac muscle in the tunica of pulmonary veins in the lung is a normal finding in mice; male rodents may have refluxed seminal coagula in the urinary bladder and urethra that is thought to occur peri mortem; and adrenal X-zone vacuolation in female mice. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00020-1 id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 keywords = LCMV; Mus; animal; disease; human; infection; laboratory; mouse; virus summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id = cord-031279-8rckjc41 author = Enriquez, Josue title = Genomic, microbial and environmental standardization in animal experimentation limiting immunological discovery date = 2020-09-02 keywords = C57BL/6; CD1; TNT; cell; mouse summary = doi = 10.1186/s12865-020-00380-x id = cord-262445-54ng7m92 author = Gabellini, Davide title = 16th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM) - Assisi (Italy), October 17-20, 2019: Foreword, Program and Abstracts date = 2020-09-15 keywords = DMD; IL-6; MCU; cell; expression; mouse; muscle; role; skeletal summary = doi = 10.4081/ejtm.2020.9345 id = cord-326223-q6e60nf8 author = Gembardt, Florian title = Organ-specific distribution of ACE2 mRNA and correlating peptidase activity in rodents date = 2005-02-16 keywords = ACE2; Ang-(1; Germany; mouse summary = doi = 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.009 id = cord-351011-v4zmksio author = Golden, Joseph W. title = Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease date = 2020-07-09 keywords = CoV-2; Fig; SARS; mouse summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.07.09.195230 id = cord-278136-ol2buwld author = Gonzales, Natalia M. title = 29th International Mammalian Genome Conference meeting report date = 2016-05-02 keywords = Institute; RIKEN; University; disease; gene; mouse summary = doi = 10.1007/s00335-016-9640-0 id = cord-022082-1dq623oe author = Greaves, Peter title = Respiratory Tract date = 2007-09-28 keywords = BALT; Clara; cell; drug; epithelium; lung; mouse; nasal; pulmonary; rat; respiratory; study summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-044452771-4/50007-9 id = cord-320172-qw47pf9r author = Greaves, Peter title = VII Digestive System 1 date = 2000-12-31 keywords = Paneth; Peyer; agent; cell; change; drug; effect; gastric; gland; hyperplasia; increase; intestinal; man; mouse; mucosa; rat; salivary; small; study summary = In common with other changes induced in the digestive tract of rats and cynomolgus monkeys by the administration of recombinant human epidermal growth factor, the tongue showed squamous epithelial hyperplasia characterised by a uniform increase in the thickness of the squamous epithelium in both species (Breider et al., 1996; Reindel et al., 1996) . Detailed study of hypertrophy, protein synthesis, and intracellular cAMP activity in the salivary glands of rats treated for 10 days with isoprenaline (isoproterenol), a series of β-adrenergic receptor agonists and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and caffeine, showed that similar effects occurred with all agents although differences in the degree of hypertrophy, the nature of pro-tein and glycoprotein synthesis and Golgi membrane enzyme activity were recorded (Wells and Humphreys-Beher, 1985) . Studies in the rat have shown that diffuse atrophy of the gastric glands characterised by a decrease in the number and size of parietal, chief and mucous cells occurs transiently following truncal vagotomy but histological features return to normal by about 1 month after surgery (Nakamura, 1985) . doi = 10.1016/b978-044450514-9/50007-3 id = cord-010187-ymhcfyxx author = Gromeier, Matthias title = Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis date = 2005-03-25 keywords = CNS; Fig; mouse; strain summary = We report a comparison of the clinical course and the histopathological features of neurological disease resulting from intracerebral virus inoculation in normal micewith those of murine poliomyelitis in hPVR-tg mice. Histopathological analysis showed a diffuse encephalomyelitis induced by specific poliovirus serotype 2 isolates in normal mice, that affected neuronal cell populations without discrimination, whereas in hPVR-tg animals, damage was restricted to spinal motor neurons. 6 The hPVR is a highly glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 80kDa2 The animal model for poliomyelitis in hPVR-tg mice showed PV-induced damage of comparable anatomical distribution as in primates, 1°''11 an observation confirming views of the hPVR as the critical determinant conferring PV susceptibility. None of the normal mice injected with PVI(M) showed clinical signs of neurological damage, whereas inoculation of type 2 PV strains produced signs of CNS infection ( Table 2) . doi = 10.1016/s0882-4010(05)80002-6 id = cord-256903-8lyw27gh author = Guzman, Efrain title = Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date = 2018-12-06 keywords = animal; cell; human; mouse summary = Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans doi = 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307 id = cord-265299-oovkoiyj author = Hickman, D.L. title = Commonly Used Animal Models date = 2016-11-25 keywords = Couto; Fig; Sohn; animal; model; mouse; rabbit; rat; research; study summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-802151-4.00007-4 id = cord-288133-h3wmo0xj author = Hickman, Debra L title = Evaluation of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of chronic distress in the laboratory mouse date = 2017-06-23 keywords = mouse summary = doi = 10.1038/laban.1298 id = cord-010278-loey5xq9 author = Huh, Changgoo title = Structural organization, expression and chromosomal mapping of the mouse cystatin-C-encoding gene (Cst3) date = 1995-01-23 keywords = Cst3; gene; mouse summary = The structure of the mouse CstC-encoding gene (Cst3) was examined by sequencing a 6.1-kb genomic DNA containing the entire gene, as well as 0.9 kb of 5′ flanking and 1.7 kb of its 3′ flanking region. An exact match of nine nt with the pituitary transcription factor (Pit-l) recognition element is centered around nt -795 from the start codon, but is probably of low significance for the expression of the gene because multiple recognition elements have been shown to be needed for markedly increased expression of the rat prolactin gene by Pit-1 (Ingraham et al., 1988 recognized by the leader binding protein (LBP-1), 5''-WCTGG-3'' or its inverse, that is present in several copies in the HIV-1 promoter and contribute to its basal function (Jones et al., 1988) , is strikingly abundant in the 5''-flanking region of the mouse Cst3 gene. The presence of the two AP-l-like binding sites in the promoter indicates that Differences between the mouse Cst3 gene sequence and that of the published eDNA (Solem et al., 1990) Position" doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00728-b id = cord-312692-jv3425w1 author = Iwata-Yoshikawa, Naoko title = Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2019-01-09 keywords = East; Fig; MERS; mouse; tg2 summary = doi = 10.1128/jvi.01818-18 id = cord-003315-r1wkx0ml author = Jacobs, Sophie title = Species Specificity of Type III Interferon Activity and Development of a Sensitive Luciferase-Based Bioassay for Quantitation of Mouse Interferon-λ date = 2018-11-01 keywords = ELISA; Fawa; IFN; mouse summary = doi = 10.1089/jir.2018.0066 id = cord-300372-h5g4z8ts author = Kelvin, Alyson A. title = Lack of Group X Secreted Phospholipase A(2) Increases Survival Following Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Infection date = 2014-04-01 keywords = Fig; mouse; sPLA summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.030 id = cord-335424-h84jtx94 author = Kirkland, J. L. title = Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation date = 2020-08-04 keywords = SASP; cell; mouse; senescent; senolytic summary = doi = 10.1111/joim.13141 id = cord-004774-fvf671jn author = Kjeldsberg, Elisabeth title = Detection of astroviruses in gut contents of nude and normal mice date = 1985 keywords = mouse; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/bf01310560 id = cord-021413-1ht1xm88 author = Kraft, Lisbeth M. title = Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date = 2013-10-21 keywords = EDIM; Kraft; MHV; hepatitis; infection; mouse; reovirus; virus summary = Runner and Palm (1953) , studying C3H mice, indicated that there was a higher incidence of diarrhea in December/January (Kraft, 1961; Blackwell et al., 1966) , complement fixation (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Kapikian et al, 1976; Thouless et al., 1977b) , direct immunofluorescent staining or precipitin (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Spence et al., 1975; Foster α/., 1975; Peterson α/., 1976) , immune electron microscopy (Kapikian et al., 1974; Bridger and Woode, 1975) , immunoelectroosmophoresis (Tufvesson and Johnsson, 1976; Middleton et al., 1976) , enzyme-linked im munosorbent assay (ELISA) (Scherrer and Bernard, 1977; El lens etal., 1978; Yolken etal., 1978a,b,c) , radioimmunoas say (Acres and Babiuk, 1978; Kalica et al., 1977; Middleton et al., 1977) , immunodiffusion (Woode et al., 1976) , hemagglutination inhibition (Fauvel et al., 1978) , enzymelinked fluorescence assay (ELISA) (Yolken and Stopa, 1979) , an unlabeled soluble enzyme peroxidase-antiperoxidase method , plaque reduction test (Estes and Graham, 1980) , serologic trapping on antibody-coated electron microscope grids (Nicolaieff et al., 1980) , a solid phase system (SPACE, solid phase aggregation of coupled erythrocytes) for detection of rotaviruses in feces (Bradbume et al., 1979) , and immune electron microscopy with serum in agar diffusion (Lamontagne et al., 1980) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-262502-2.50016-x id = cord-004416-qw6tusd2 author = Krishna, Smriti M. title = Development of a two-stage limb ischemia model to better simulate human peripheral artery disease date = 2020-02-26 keywords = 2-stage; Fig; HLI; Peripheral; model; mouse; pad summary = HLI was more severe in mice receiving the 2-stage compared to the 1-stage ischemia induction procedure as assessed by LDPI (p = 0.014), and reflected in a higher ischemic score (p = 0.004) and lower average distance travelled on a treadmill test (p = 0.045). Mice undergoing the 2-stage HLI also had lower expression of angiogenesis markers (vascular endothelial growth factor, p = 0.004; vascular endothelial growth factorreceptor 2, p = 0.008) and shear stress response mechano-transducer transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (p = 0.041) within gastrocnemius muscle samples, compared to animals having the 1-stage HLI procedure. In contrast, the most commonly used animal model for initial testing of novel therapies for PAD is a model of acute blood supply interruption through ligation or excision of the femoral artery (referred to here as the 1-stage hind limb ischemia (HLI) model) 14, 15 . doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-60352-4 id = cord-017521-z9l9c83i author = Kubota, Tetsuya title = Cuff-Induced Neointimal Formation in Mouse Models date = 2015-11-05 keywords = cuff; formation; mouse; neointimal summary = Neointimal formation consisted largely of SMC-like cells, similar to the case in the polyethylene cuff-induced injury. Mice overexpressing the murine HAS2 gene specifically in the vascular SMCs (cHAS2/CreSM22a mice) showed markedly enhanced cuff-induced neointimal formation, with augmentation of SMC migration and proliferation, and production of inflammatory cytokines and ROS [39] . iNOS has been shown to be expressed in the SMCs after cuff-induced vascular injury in rabbits [57, 58] , and iNOS-KO mice showed a significant reduction of neointimal thickening induced by cuff placement [59] . Application of Pam3Cys-SK4, a synthetic Tlr2 ligand, significantly enhanced the neointimal formation induced by cuff placement in the femoral arteries of the WT mice. In fact, AT1 receptor-KO mice showed decreased neointimal formation following cuff placement, accompanied by an increase of apoptotic cells among the SMCs [74] . On the other hand, neointimal formation induced by cuff placement was increased in AT2 receptor-KO mice. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55813-2_2 id = cord-347039-eap592i7 author = Lee, Seung-Hwan title = Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection date = 2003-08-31 keywords = MHC; cell; infection; mouse; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00172-0 id = cord-292596-ulu5y140 author = Lee, Su Hae title = Characterization of changes in global gene expression in the hearts and kidneys of transgenic mice overexpressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = ACE2; Dox; MHC; mouse summary = doi = 10.1186/s42826-020-00056-y id = cord-306516-5t3ix35e author = Li, Minghui title = Dual roles of calpain in facilitating Coxsackievirus B3 replication and prompting inflammation in acute myocarditis date = 2016-10-15 keywords = Fig; VMC; calpain; mouse summary = RESULTS: Calpastatin overexpression ameliorated myocardial injury induced by CVB3 infection significantly in transgenic mouse indicated by reduced peripheral CK-MB and cTnI levels and improved histology injury. In the transgenic mouse''s heart, calpain inhibition was accompanied with significant perforin down-regulation post virus infection (Fig. 3B) . This study, utilizing a calpastatin-overexpression transgenic mouse model of viral myocarditis, demonstrated that endogenous calpain inhibition ameliorated myocardial injury significantly. In our former study, we found that CVB3-induced calpain activation facilitates the progeny virus replication in the early phase of infection in vitro [6] . We presented here in CVB3-induced myocarditis model that myocardium inflammation infiltration was significantly ameliorated in transgenic mouse, as well as the inflammation factors of MPO activity, IL17, perforin and IFNγ. Coxsackievirus B3-induced calpain activation facilitates the progeny virus replication via a likely mechanism related with both autophagy enhancement and apoptosis inhibition in the early phase of infection: an in vitro study in H9c2 cells doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.121 id = cord-299605-j1ewxk4q author = Lin, Jing-wen title = Signatures of malaria-associated pathology revealed by high-resolution whole-blood transcriptomics in a rodent model of malaria date = 2017-02-03 keywords = Fig; Supplementary; mouse summary = doi = 10.1038/srep41722 id = cord-266745-jit1xeqc author = Liou, Jenn-Fa title = Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice date = 2010-11-29 keywords = EV71; igy; mouse; specific summary = title: Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice The results of the neutralization effect of specific IgY in EV71-challenged mice demonstrate that the EV71-specific IgY, either by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, was able to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality in EV71 infected mice pups. This study was subjected to produce IgY against enterovirus 71 (anti-EV71 IgY) and evaluated the inhibition effects of specific IgY on EV71, including in vitro virus neutralization test and in vivo ICR mice model. In trial 1, we challenged 1-day-old mice with a mouse-adapted EV71 strain MP4 by intraperitoneally administering a dosage of 10 5 pfu per mouse, and treated with specific IgY of neutralization titer 64. This indicates that the orally fed specific IgY effectively neutralized the viral attack in the gastroenteric duct, thereby blocking the infection of virus in challenged mice. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.089 id = cord-032982-xri24v40 author = MEDINSKY, M. A. title = Effect of Inhaled Azodicarbonamide on F344/N Rats and B6C3F(1) Mice with 2-Week and 13-Week Inhalation Exposures date = 1990-08-17 keywords = ADA; exposure; mouse; rat summary = doi = 10.1093/toxsci/15.2.308 id = cord-324326-q014b5ym author = MURAKAMI, Makoto title = Lipoquality control by phospholipase A(2) enzymes date = 2017-11-10 keywords = Group; PLA; acid; mouse; phospholipase; sPLA summary = doi = 10.2183/pjab.93.043 id = cord-287670-z6ckhkgg author = Magrini, Elena title = The Dual Complexity of PTX3 in Health and Disease: A Balancing Act? date = 2016-06-30 keywords = PTX3; figure; mouse; pentraxin; role; tissue summary = doi = 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.007 id = cord-007094-ur9sz21s author = Mahabir, Esther title = Rodent and Germplasm Trafficking: Risks of Microbial Contamination in a High-Tech Biomedical World date = 2008-01-01 keywords = embryo; mouse; virus summary = Preservation of mouse germ-plasm is achieved by cryopreservation of spermatozoa, embryos, or ovaries, and embryonic stem cells are used for the production of genetically engineered mice. In this article, we discuss regulations and practical issues in the shipping of live mice and mouse tissues, including spermatozoa, embryos, ovaries, and embryonic stem cells, and review work on microbial contamination of these biological materials. The importation paperwork for cryopreserved laboratory mouse tissues and cell lines is similar to that required for live animal importation to the United States (i.e., a pro forma invoice and declaration statements). Embryo transfer recipients in rederivation programs should be held in individually ventilated cages (IVCs 1 ) until testing shows that they are free of all unwanted microorganisms, including those listed in Appendix 3 of the Federation of Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) recommendations (Nicklas et al. Risk assessment of mouse hepatitis virus infection via in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer by the use of zona-intact and laser-microdissected oocytes doi = 10.1093/ilar.49.3.347 id = cord-350593-bvmg7f15 author = McDonald, R.S. title = Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date = 2012-08-21 keywords = PCR; TCID; influenza; mouse summary = CONCLUSIONS: MID (50) for inspired H1N1 aerosols in CD‐1 mice is between 12 and 40 TCID (50); proportionality to dose of weight loss and viral populations makes the CD‐1 mouse a useful model for measuring infectivity by inhalation. Although a few publications have documented the transmissibility of influenza A through inhalation routes (Tellier 2006 (Tellier , 2009 , few studies to date have utilized a mouse model to investigate susceptibility to and pathogenicity of measured aerosol exposures. Table 2 Results of three assays [PCR, direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) and CPE] from the homogenates of CD-1 murine lung tissue exposed to an aerosol generated from 1Á58 9 10 6 TCID 50 ml À1 At the 3-min exposure time, no mice were positive for influenza virus as determined by Ct value. doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05402.x id = cord-001958-2gt3fwpy author = Meseda, Clement A. title = Percutaneous Vaccination as an Effective Method of Delivery of MVA and MVA-Vectored Vaccines date = 2016-02-19 keywords = Ankara; MVA; mouse; virus summary = Our data suggest that MVA administered by percutaneous inoculation, elicited vaccinia-specific antibody responses, and protected mice from lethal vaccinia virus challenge, at levels comparable to or better than subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculation. In the work described here, we demonstrate in mouse models that percutaneous inoculation of MVA elicited protective immune responses against lethal intranasal challenge with the Western Reserve (WR) strain of vaccinia virus, and at low doses of MVA, lower morbidity was recorded in mice that were vaccinated via the percutaneous route than in those immunized via the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. In a preliminary experiment to investigate the utility of the percutaneous route for the delivery of MVA, we observed that MVA delivered by tail scarification, while statistically insignificant (p = 0.298), elicited a higher vaccinia-specific IgG response and protection in mice than the same dose (10 6 pfu) delivered by the intramuscular route (S1 Fig) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0149364 id = cord-298117-9ycl7mn6 author = Monk, Caroline title = Ocular Surface Disease in Rodents (Guinea Pigs, Mice, Rats, Chinchillas) date = 2018-11-17 keywords = corneal; guinea; mouse; rat summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.08.001 id = cord-253459-tcn10pho author = Moreau, Gregory Brett title = Evaluation of K18-hACE2 Mice as a Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-07-28 keywords = SARS; mouse summary = 4 A transgenic mouse model to study SARS-CoV-1 infection was developed that expresses the hACE2 gene under the control of the human cytokeratin 18 promoter. To investigate the potential of this transgenic mouse strain as a model for COVID-19 infection, five K18-hACE2 mice were intranasally inoculated with 8 × 10 4 Median Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) of SARS-CoV-2, and five mice were mock-infected with sterile Dulbecco''s Modified Eagle''s Medium (DMEM). In the mouse model expressing hACE2 under the mouse ACE2 promoter, infected mice did not exhibit any clinical symptoms other than maximal weight loss on day 3 postinfection, and those mice recovered. 10 In contrast to these models, in which mice exhibited mild symptoms and recovered, only 60% of the mice survived past day 5 in the mouse strain expressing hACE2 under the lung ciliated epithelial cell HFH4 promoter. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0762 id = cord-254950-y6kayxie author = Morse, Stephen S. title = Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; Murid Herpesvirus 3) infection in athymic nude mice: Evidence for a T lymphocyte requirement date = 1988-03-31 keywords = MTLV; mouse summary = Abstract Mouse thymic virus (MTLV; murid herpesvirus 3) is a lymphotropic herpesvirus that cytolytically infects developing T lineage lymphocytes in the thymus of neonatal mice. In order to determine whether T lineage lymphocytes are required for infection, young adult athymic nude (nulnu) mice and euthymic littermates were infected with MTLV and tested for virus shedding. To determine whether MTLV infection requires thymus-derived lymphocytes, 4-week-old female ICR Swiss athymic nude (nulnu) and euthymic (+lnu) littermate controls (four each; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center nude mouse breeding colony) were inoculated intraperitoneally with either 40 or 200 IDS0 of MTLV and virus shedding was tested by mouth swabs beginning 6 days after infection. litters available did not allow every negative sample to be tested, additional litters of normal newborn mice were inoculated with fresh homogenates (1 O-20%, w/v) of randomly selected negative thymuses and salivary glands, representing various test dates up to Day 48, from 14 assay litters that had received swab fluids from nude mice. doi = 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90262-0 id = cord-314333-hkyiy1gm author = Nagata, Noriyo title = Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice date = 2008-06-30 keywords = BALB; IFN-; SARS; mouse summary = title: Mouse-Passaged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Leads to Lethal Pulmonary Edema and Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Adult but Not Young Mice Adult mice showed early and acute excessive proinflammatory responses (ie, cytokine storm) in the lungs after SARS-CoV infection, which led to severe pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage. Because advanced age is associated with higher mortality in human SARS patients and SARS-CoV replicates better in aged mice, 6 -10,29 we experimentally infected 6-month-old (adult) female BALB/c mice with F-musX-VeroE6 or the Frankfurt 1 isolate. With regard to the cytokine responses of the mice, the lung homogenates of adult mice on day 1 after inoculation had significantly higher levels of monocyterelated chemokines [ie, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), and IFN-␥-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)] than those from young mice ( Figure 5 ). doi = 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071060 id = cord-256998-or73in8m author = Nguyen, Khue G. title = Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy date = 2020-10-15 keywords = CD8; IFN; IL-12; IL12; NHS; cell; mouse; phase; tumor summary = Among the more notable responses in other early preclinical studies, nearly half of mice bearing established B16F10 melanomas experienced complete tumor regression following 2 weekly treatments with pIL-12+EP (124) . In preclinical studies, a single intratumoral injection of mRNA encoding murine IL-12 (mIL-12) increased IFNγ expression and genes associated with a Th1 response in MC38 tumor-bearing mice (190) . In a useful comparison against other cytokines, one study demonstrated that Ad-IFN-γ had no greater antitumor activity than an empty Ad vector, whereas AdmIL-12 induced complete regressions of P815 mastocytomas in >80% of treated mice (219) . Antitumor activity on xenografts of human lung tissues indicated that liposomal encapsulation is a promising approach capable of eliminating tumor cells and inducing lymphocyte infiltration 2 weeks after i.t. injection. Immunotherapy of established tumors in mice by intratumoral injection of an adenovirus vector harboring the human IL-2 cDNA: induction of CD8 + T-cell immunity and NK activity doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597 id = cord-103703-t03r6ny8 author = Nguyen-Tu, Marie-Sophie title = Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice date = 2020-05-20 keywords = TCF7L2; glucose; insulin; mouse summary = title: Reduced expression of TCF7L2 in adipocyte impairs glucose tolerance associated with decreased insulin secretion, incretins levels and lipid metabolism dysregulation in male mice Mice with biallelic Tcf7l2 deletion exposed to high fat diet for 9 weeks exhibited impaired glucose tolerance (p=0.003 at 15 min after glucose injection) which was associated with reduced in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (decreased 0.51 ± 0.03-fold, p=0.02). Therefore, alterations in pancreatic beta cell function observed ex vivo in the absence of TCF7L2 in adipocyte have no impact on whole body glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. A striking finding in the present study is that TCF7L2 is required in adipose tissue for normal incretin production and insulin secretion: we reveal that decreased Tcf7l2 expression in mature adipocytes leads to lowered circulating levels of GLP-1 and GIP ( Fig.4a and b) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.102384 id = cord-353190-7qcoxl81 author = Nicklas, Werner title = Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date = 2012-05-17 keywords = ELISA; IFA; LCMV; LDV; MHV; MPV; PCR; TMEV; infection; mouse; strain; virus summary = This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler''s murine encephalomyelitis virus. These results are very difficult to summarize because the outcome of experimental infection in laboratory mice depends on various factors such as mouse strain and age, virus strain and passage history [26] , virus dose and route of inoculation [24] . Experimental infection of laboratory mice with MHV-68 is a frequently used model system for the study of human gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, e.g. of Kaposi''s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [62, 63] which are members of the same subfamily. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV (murine hepatitis virus) or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS and intestine. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-382008-2.00019-2 id = cord-267965-84sotgds author = Noll, Kelsey E. title = The Collaborative Cross: A Systems Genetics Resource for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions date = 2019-04-10 keywords = QTL; genetic; mouse summary = doi = 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.009 id = cord-348091-pnvn0x4q author = Nolte, Thomas title = Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse date = 2016-02-13 keywords = Brunner; Greaves; H&E; cell; figure; focal; gland; hyperplasia; infiltrate; inflammation; mouse; necrosis; pathogenesis; rat; tissue summary = Synonym: Cell death Pathogenesis: Unregulated, energy independent, passive cell death with leakage of cytoplasm into surrounding tissue and subsequent inflammatory reaction (single cell necrosis) and/ or gene regulated, energy dependent process leading to formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed by adjacent cells (apoptosis); typically associated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that affect the mucosal epithelium of the tongue, esophagus and/or pharynx. In addition to the proliferative lesions of squamous cell origin, neoplasms of the bone, tooth, or adjacent soft tissues (malignant schwannoma, Zymbal''s gland tumor) may extend into the oral cavity and be associated with a gross observation at this location. Synonym: Cell death Pathogenesis: Unregulated, energy independent, passive cell death with leakage of cytoplasm into surrounding tissue and subsequent inflammatory reaction (single cell necrosis) AND/OR gene regulated, energy dependent process leading to formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed by adjacent cells (apoptosis); typically associated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that affect the mucosal epithelium of the nonglandular stomach. doi = 10.1293/tox.29.1s id = cord-345359-okmkgsbr author = Ohno, Marumi title = Influenza virus infection affects insulin signaling, fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme expressions, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mice date = 2020-07-02 keywords = PR8; TCA; acid; mouse; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-67879-6 id = cord-003634-iq0e1qp1 author = Otxoa-de-Amezaga, Amaia title = Microglial cell loss after ischemic stroke favors brain neutrophil accumulation date = 2018-12-22 keywords = CSF1R; Fig; brain; cell; microglia; mouse; neutrophil summary = doi = 10.1007/s00401-018-1954-4 id = cord-288253-wqrhiq08 author = Park, Jung-Eun title = Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2015-02-02 keywords = APN; PCR; PEDV; mouse; porcine summary = Because the major pathological changes of the porcine coronaviruses (e.g., TGEV and PEDV) involves enteric diseases, we measured porcine APN expression in the small intestine by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and IHC. An immunohistochemical analysis, with both anti-Flag and anti-porcine APN antibodies, clearly confirmed porcine APN expression in the brush borders of the absorptive cells in the small intestines of the mouse model (Fig. 4C) . For these purposes, many transgenic mouse models have been developed to study viral pathogenesis, immune responses, and vaccines (Darling et Both wild type and porcine APN transgenic mice were infected with PEDV (5X TCID5010 6 ) orally on day 0. Although significant clinical illness was not observed when the transgenic mice were infected with PEDV, their susceptibility to the virus was confirmed by the detection of viral RNA in various organs with RT-PCR and viral proteins in the small intestines with IHC. doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.024 id = cord-337464-otwps68u author = Parray, Hilal Ahmed title = Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives date = 2020-05-27 keywords = antibody; cell; human; hybridoma; mouse; technology; therapeutic summary = doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106639 id = cord-003389-0yh5k6jk author = Patton, John B. title = Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum date = 2018-12-12 keywords = NSG; Onchocerca; mouse; volvulus summary = title: Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum volvulus specific biomarkers, screening for new therapeutic approaches and potentially studying the human immune response to infection with O. Based on the hypothesis that there is a genetic basis for mouse susceptibility and resistance to infection, novel strains of CC mice have been identified that are susceptible to specific bacteria, viruses, and parasites of humans [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . volvulus larvae after developing in NSG mice with or without human cells was in the same order of magnitude as that reported for the recovery of adult filarial worms, where infections were initiated by larvae recovered directly from the insect vector. Infected HuSkMc mice or BLT mice were selected for this analysis so the biomarkers identified would develop in the presence of human cells thereby potentially enhancing their specificity. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006977 id = cord-304855-7v0cncid author = Raaben, Matthijs title = Non‐invasive imaging of mouse hepatitis coronavirus infection reveals determinants of viral replication and spread in vivo date = 2009-02-10 keywords = BLI; EFLM; MHV; mouse summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01298.x id = cord-306535-j26eqmxt author = Robertson, Matthew J. title = Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date = 2020-08-19 keywords = Fig; RNA; Spint3; additional; gene; human; mouse; reproductive; table summary = The majority of candidate genes identified in our screen that were testis-specific were already identified by the Human Protein Atlas [9] and/or our reanalysis of (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Summary of the human and mouse RNA-seq samples used in the identification of novel male reproductive tract-specific drug targets. Additional file 14: Fig. S6 shows the complete list of male reproductive tract-specific human genes for which a previously generated mouse model shows male infertility phenotype, as identified in each of the respective cell and/or tissue datasets. Through the integration of hundreds of published and newly acquired human and mouse reproductive and non-reproductive tissue and cell RNA-seq datasets, we have generated a list of novel genes expressed predominantly or exclusively in the male reproductive tract that are worthy of consideration for functional validation in an animal model and potential targeting for a male contraceptive. doi = 10.1186/s12915-020-00826-z id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 keywords = H5N1; HIV; HIV-1; MPXV; Mers; NHP; Nipah; West; animal; disease; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = Nipah; SARS; animal; clinical; day; disease; experimental; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id = cord-258129-c38q6xxs author = Russell, Clark D title = The role of pro-resolution lipid mediators in infectious disease date = 2014-01-09 keywords = lipoxin; mouse summary = doi = 10.1111/imm.12206 id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date = 2018-11-09 keywords = COPD; disease; human; model; mouse summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 id = cord-267482-afqfymbq author = Ryu, Seungjin title = Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model date = 2020-09-12 keywords = A59; COVID-19; SARS; cell; figure; mouse summary = Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of γδ T cells in lungs. Also, initial studies that employ lung ciliated epithelial cell-specific HFH4/FOXJ1 promoter driven hACE2 transgenic mice show SARS-CoV-2 infection induces weight loss, lung inflammation and approximately 50% mortality rate, suggesting the usefulness of this model to understand the mechanism of immune dysregulation (Jiang et al., 2020) . Moreover, given our recent findings that ketogenesis inhibits inflammation and expands tissue resident ϒδ T cells (Goldberg et al., 2019) while SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients is associated with depletion of ϒδ T cells (Lei et al., 2020; Rijkers et al., 2020) , we next tested whether elevating BHB by feeding a ketogenic diet (KD) protects against mCoV-A59-driven inflammatory damage in aged mice. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.11.294363 id = cord-032975-7hugs419 author = SUN, J. D. title = Two-Week, Repeated Inhalation Exposure of F344/N Rats and B6C3F Mice to Ferrocene(1) date = 1991-07-17 keywords = exposure; ferrocene; mouse summary = Nasal lesions were observed in all ferrocene-exposed animals and differed only in severity, which was dependent on the exposure concentration. In vitro metabolism studies of ferrocene showed that nasal tissue, particularly the olfactory epithelium, had 10 times higher "ferrocene hydroxylating" activity than did liver tissue from the same animals. Relative to control mice, male rats exposed to the highest concentration of ferrocene (40 mg/m 3 ) had statistically significant decreases in terminal body weight and rate of weight gain during the exposures. Male rats exposed to the highest concentration of ferrocene vapor had a statistically significant, although small, decrease in liver weights, compared to control animals. Similar nasal lesions were found in rats exposed to ferrocene vapor. We did not observe sex-related differences, and the severity of the lesion occurring after exposure to a given ferrocene concentration was about the same in rats and mice. doi = 10.1093/toxsci/17.1.150 id = cord-000249-hkc4vbmj author = Schughart, Klaus title = SYSGENET: a meeting report from a new European network for systems genetics date = 2010-07-11 keywords = mouse summary = About 50 researchers working in the field of systems genetics using mouse genetic reference populations (GRP) participated in the meeting and exchanged their results, phenotyping approaches, and data analysis tools for studying systems genetics. Several groups addressed the complex genetics of metabolic functions and disorders using different mouse GRPs. Gudrun Brockmann reported on the mapping of QTLs for obesity in a specific mouse strain isolated in Berlin and the BXD congenic strain set (Neuschl et al. Ritsert Jansen and Pjotr Prins presented their approaches to integrate data from various phenotypic studies, encompassing gene expression, metabolome, and classical traits, and to develop new tools for advanced and improved mapping of QTLs (Jansen et al. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is currently being generated as a community resource for more sensitive and refined mapping of QTLs. The goal is to breed a large population of recombinant inbred strains starting from eight founder strains. doi = 10.1007/s00335-010-9273-7 id = cord-006588-aavpj5r3 author = Schwarte, L.A. title = Mechanical ventilation of mice date = 2000 keywords = mouse; pressure; ventilation summary = First, the ÒanesthesiologicalÓ indication: one of the major goals of anesthesia is achievement of more (39, 52) , mice lacking the brain derived neurotropic factor BDNF (1), RET-protooncogene deÞcient mice with depressed ventilatory response (4), and endothelin-1 deficient mice with altered blood gas-values (e.g., signiÞcantly lower PO 2 than wild type littermates) and impaired respiratory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia (30) . The most obvious difference between spontaneous respiration and usual modes of mechanical ventilation (MV) are inverted pressure relations, with respect to ambient pressure, during the respiratory cycle: during spontaneous inspiration the expansion of the intrathoracic volume (mainly caused by contraction of the diaphragm and extension of the rib cage) generates a negative intrathoracic pressure and allows gas ßow into the lungs. A typical example for a ventilator-induced regional side effect is the mechanical hyperinßation of the murine lung, e.g., when large tidal volumes or high airway pressures are applied. doi = 10.1007/s003950070029 id = cord-261036-zdhg4axx author = Shirato, Kazuya title = Enhanced cell fusion activity in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus adapted to suckling mice date = 2010-09-09 keywords = PEDV; mouse summary = doi = 10.1007/s00705-010-0790-1 id = cord-295194-xbla6tu7 author = Stripecke, Renata title = Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice date = 2020-06-24 keywords = PDX; human; mouse summary = doi = 10.15252/emmm.201708662 id = cord-292157-hrm69640 author = Stull-Lane, Annica R. title = Vitamin A supplementation boosts control of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infection in malnourished mice date = 2020-10-02 keywords = Fig; Typhimurium; VAD; mouse summary = Typhimurium infection and antibiotic treatment failure, we assessed the potential of two consecutive doses of vitamin A in alleviating infection in male and female mice on a VAD or control diet. We found that subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment synergized with vitamin A treatment in infected VAD male mice, significantly decreasing systemic bacterial levels, mitigating weight loss and improving survival. Typhimurium systemic bacterial levels (CFU) were assessed for male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) mice on a standard diet 5 days post-infection for the following treatment groups: 0 mg/ml, 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05 mg/ml, and 0.10 mg/ml enrofloxacin delivered in the drinking water. Typhimurium D23580 at day 4 post-infection were assessed for male and female mice on either control or VAD diets with the following treatment groups: mocktreated, vitamin A only, enrofloxacin (0.05 mg/ml) only, and vitamin A and enrofloxacin cotreatment (Fig 5A) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008737 id = cord-001675-9717nzr7 author = Sugiyama, Michael G. title = The Tie2-agonist Vasculotide rescues mice from influenza virus infection date = 2015-06-05 keywords = Fig; Tie2; Vasculotide; mouse summary = Here we demonstrate that the Tie2-agonist tetrameric peptide Vasculotide improves survival in murine models of severe influenza, even if administered as late as 72 hours after infection; the benefit was observed using three strains of the virus and two strains of mice. While the drug had no effect on human lung endothelial proliferation (Supplemental Figure 8) , it significantly attenuated lung endothelial apoptosis in vitro in response to influenza virus, as assessed by cleavage of caspase-3 (Supplemental Figure 7c ); we observed a similar reduction in cleaved caspase-3 in lungs from infected mice who received Vasculotide (Supplemental Figure 7d ). First, these data strongly implicate failure of the lung endothelial barrier as the cause of death in murine models of severe influenza, as Vasculotide conferred a significant survival benefit against multiple strains of the virus in two strains of mice. doi = 10.1038/srep11030 id = cord-312305-ll29frwc author = Sun, Shihui title = Characterization and structural basis of a lethal mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Fig; SARS; mouse summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.11.10.377333 id = cord-104092-yau3r79c author = Tamming, Renee J. title = Atrx deletion in neurons leads to sexually-dimorphic dysregulation of miR-137 and spatial learning and memory deficits date = 2019-04-13 keywords = Atrx; figure; memory; mouse summary = doi = 10.1101/606442 id = cord-004663-a47pkh8q author = Tardieu, M. title = Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) date = 1982 keywords = Fig; MHV; mouse summary = title: Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3) In semisusceptible mice, infection led first to a transient meningitis, ependymitis, and leukoencephalitis, followed by a permanent communicating hydrocephalus and, later on, to a chronic thrombotic vasculitis affecting meningeal and parenchymal vessels at the brain stem level. Identical lesions occurred in fully susceptible mice infected with a low dose of virus, but no neurologic disorder could be induced in genetically resistant mice even following immunosuppression or intracranial inoculation. When six susceptible BALB/c mice were injected i.p. with MHV 3 (103LD50), they died of an acute hepatic necrosis 5 -8 d a y s after M H V 3 infection, and no neuropatholigic lesion was observed except a slight degree of meningeal infiltration. doi = 10.1007/bf00690797 id = cord-327568-5vo4nmei author = Tosini, Fabio title = Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection date = 2019-05-15 keywords = PBS; SA35; SA40; cryptosporidium; mouse summary = title: Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection parvum proteins, were tested for their ability to induce immune responses in adult mice and for protection on neonate BALB/c mice born from females immunised by mucosal delivery of both peptides. The IP immunisation of adult BALB/c mice to a single antigen (SA35 or SA40) or to a mixture of the two antigens (SA35/40 mix) induced specific anti-Cryptosporidium IgG in serum after day 14 following initial administration. The mucosal delivery of SA35/40 mix in female BALB/c mice induced specific anti-Cryptosporidium IgG (mainly IgG1) in serum 21 days after initial immunisation. In humans, maternal immunisation with tetanus toxoid has Fig. 9 Quantification of COWP gene DNA copies by qPCR in the intestinal content of neonate mice infected with 5 × 10 3 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. doi = 10.1186/s13071-019-3486-8 id = cord-333043-fe24ezt6 author = Traavik, T. title = “Runde“ virus, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks date = 1977 keywords = Runde; culture; mouse; virus summary = uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated. Until then., no arbovirus isolates had been reported from this country, although ecological and cli-nicaI/epidemiological considerations (3, 24, 26) and a limited serological survey on bovine sera (28) indicated the existence of Central-European tick-borne encephalitis virus fool. uriae ticks collected at Runde in late September 1973, three virus strains have been isolated. Cells were washed with saline, virus was diluted ~enfold from 10 -1 to t0 -6 in the medium, A volume of 0.2 ml of each dilution was inoculated into three tubes and allowed to adsorb for 1 hour at room temperature before washing with saline and addition, of new medium, Culture tubes were incubated for 8 days at 37 ° C and inspected daily for a Cytopathie effect (CPE). Virus from mouse brains and cell culture demonstrated total i d e n t i t y b y these methods. doi = 10.1007/bf01314476 id = cord-254190-bxfne94u author = Tu, Wenwei title = Application of Humanized Mice in Immunological Research date = 2015-07-07 keywords = HIV; HLA; humanized; mouse summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_10 id = cord-332233-01rdlf8l author = Tully, Thomas N. title = CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date = 2009-12-31 keywords = animal; mouse; patient; rat; rodent; small summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50015-9 id = cord-353600-5wo74ms4 author = Tyrrell, Daniel J. title = Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = IL-6; age; cell; chip; il6; mouse summary = doi = 10.1038/s41569-020-0431-7 id = cord-308461-4lhh3du0 author = Ueki, Hiroshi title = Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS date = 2020-01-29 keywords = BSL3; Fig; PBS; cell; imaging; lung; mouse summary = Unlike ex vivo methods, which involve isolated or sliced lungs, in vivo imaging using two-photon excitation microscopy of live animals enables researchers to observe hemodynamics, migration and extravasation of immune cells, as well as interactions among immune cells during influenza virus infection. To detect multiple fluorescent signals excited simultaneously by a two-photon excitation laser, fluorochromes with different spectra and equal brightness must be selected; however, there is currently no comprehensive database of fluorescent reagents, fluorescent reporter viruses, and reporter mouse lines available for lung in vivo imaging. Our system uses suction-based lung stabilization 16, 28 to improve an existing in vivo two-photon imaging system for influenza virus-infected lung as a model of an acute inflammatory respiratory disease 5 . In vivo two-photon imaging is performed under conditions of single stimulation with a two-photon excitation laser; limitations exist regarding available fluorescent reagents/proteins for multiple labeling of target cells and lung architecture. doi = 10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y id = cord-022353-q2k2krnm author = W. Quimby, Fred title = Clinical Chemistry of the Laboratory Mouse date = 2007-09-02 keywords = C57BL/6; ELISA; HDL; IL-1; IL-6; Quimby; TNF; cell; level; mouse; receptor; serum summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50060-1 id = cord-303662-ro9879dl author = Wang, Fun-In title = Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated date = 1990-11-30 keywords = Fig; JHMV; mouse summary = Un-In view of the finding that whole body irradiairradiated mice demonstrated intense disease at tion at day 6 p.i. prevents JHMV-induced paraday 9 p.i. By contrast, mice given 850 rad at day 6 lytic-demyelinating disease, differential irradiation p.i. had few histological changes at day 9 p.i. In studies were conducted to determine whether critiaddition, a second mouse strain, BALB/cJ mice cal radiosensitive targets reside in the systemic or a Immune donor mice were 6-week-old C57BL/6J males given 106 PFU of JHMV 2.2-V-1 i.p. 6 days prior to transfer. These they resemble the original JHMV isolates, which experiments indicate that populations of murine in early passages primarily caused a nonfatal paradonor spleen cells, which are enriched for T lytic disease (Bailey et al., 1949; Cheever et al., lymphocytes and appear to be MHC-restricted, 1949) ; only after many i.c. passages did the virus restore demyelination to infected, irradiated re-acquire marked neurovirulence. doi = 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90050-w id = cord-281161-u896icp9 author = Wang, Jing title = The Adjuvanticity of an O. volvulus-Derived rOv-ASP-1 Protein in Mice Using Sequential Vaccinations and in Non-Human Primates date = 2012-05-17 keywords = ASP-1; SARS; adjuvant; mouse; rOv summary = We previously reported that the Onchocerca volvulus recombinant protein rOv-ASP-1 can induce activation and maturation of naïve human DCs and therefore could be used as an innate adjuvant to promote balanced Th1 and Th2 responses to bystander vaccine antigens in mice. As shown in Table 2 , similar IgG1 and IgG2a humoral immune responses against the influenza viruses were induced in the mice vaccinated previously with rRBD plus rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant and those administered with PBS only. As shown in Table 3 , all of the NHPs vaccinated with rRBD protein plus 50 mg (n = 2), 100 mg rOv-ASP-1 (n = 2) or 500 mg CpG (n = 1) as the adjuvant developed RBDspecific IgG antibody response with increasing antibody level after each boost. Secondly, using two concentration of the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant, 50 or 100 mg, and rRBD as the vaccine antigen, we were able to induce after three immunizations high titers of neutralizing antibodies (1:3,500-1:6,392) that much exceed what is needed for protection against SARS-CoV infection in vivo (.1:500) [56] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0037019 id = cord-254155-860780z9 author = Wang, Junyi title = The ACE2‐deficient mouse: A model for a cytokine storm‐driven inflammation date = 2020-06-17 keywords = ACE2; corneal; figure; mouse summary = doi = 10.1096/fj.202001020r id = cord-352480-1ay8y7li author = Wang, Ting title = Vaccination with recombinant adenovirus expressing multi-stage antigens of Toxoplasma gondii by the mucosal route induces higher systemic cellular and local mucosal immune responses than with other vaccination routes date = 2017-04-03 keywords = UMAS; mouse summary = doi = 10.1051/parasite/2017013 id = cord-292402-u3sfc1yz author = Watanabe, Rihito title = Formation of fibroblastic reticular network in the brain after infection with neurovirulent murine coronavirus date = 2016-04-28 keywords = ERag; Fig; brain; cell; mouse summary = Furthermore, virus antigens in fibrous structures reported in our previous study 17, 18 were found to colocalize with laminin and ERag ( Fig. 1F ) with almost the same image observed in the spleen of mice infected with LCMV, 33 which indicated that viruses are concentrated in the narrow space of reticular fibers 33, 43 and are recognized by immunofluorescence, and they use the reticular conduit system as a scaffold. The expression of ERag was either colocalized with that of components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as laminin (Fig. 1D ) and collagen (Fig. 1E ) in the same way as reticular fibers reported in lymphoid organs, 33 or found without such colocalization as shown in the brain parenchyma ( Fig. 1D2 and D3) and trigeminal root (Supplemental Figure S1A ). doi = 10.1111/neup.12302 id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 keywords = BALB; C57BL/6; Control; Fig; Helicobacter; LCMV; MHV; PCR; SCID; animal; cell; complication; diagnosis; disease; dna; infection; laboratory; medicine; mouse; sign; strain; virus summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id = cord-265847-oq34lc26 author = Yagami, K. title = Pathogenesis of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) in mice experimentally infected by different routes date = 1986-11-30 keywords = 67n; MB-67N; mouse summary = doi = 10.1016/0021-9975(86)90061-7 id = cord-000539-uh3q65we author = Zhang, Yi title = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date = 2012-01-03 keywords = ARDS; H1N1; mouse; virus summary = BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. Mice infected with SD/09 virus showed typical ARDS symptoms characterized by 60% lethality on days 8–10 post-inoculation, highly edematous lungs, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, lung hemorrhage, progressive and severe hypoxemia, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the present mouse model, the number of leukocytes observed in the BALF of virus-infected mice significantly increased compared with the control mice on day 8 p.i. Different counts in BALF showed that the proportion of neutrophils dramatically increased. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0029347 id = cord-001569-jd028cyg author = dos Santos, Gimena title = Vimentin regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome date = 2015-03-12 keywords = Fig; LPS; NLRP3; Vim; mouse summary = We demonstrate that central pathophysiologic events in ALI (inflammation, IL-1β levels, endothelial and alveolar epithelial barrier permeability, remodelling and fibrosis) are attenuated in the lungs of Vim(−/−) mice challenged with LPS, bleomycin and asbestos. Exposure to bleomycin resulted in a large increase in immune cells in the airspace of both WT and Vim À / À mice as assessed by flow cytometric analysis of whole-lung lysates ( Supplementary Fig. 3a ). All together, these results suggest that vimentin-expressing bone marrow-derived cells are important for bleomycin-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pulmonary fibrosis. Studies with IL-1R1 À / À , MyD88 À / À , ASC À / À , Caspase-1 À / À and NLRP3 À / À mice have suggested that uric acid (induced by bleomycin), asbestos and silica are detected by the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, likely leading to IL-1R1/MyD88 signalling in pulmonary epithelial cells, then to inflammation, neutrophil and lymphocyte recruitment and fibroblast activation 35 . doi = 10.1038/ncomms7574 id = cord-004879-pgyzluwp author = nan title = Programmed cell death date = 1994 keywords = ATP; Basel; Bern; Drosophila; Institut; Lausanne; NMDA; PCR; PKC; RNA; Switzerland; TNF; University; acid; activity; cell; dna; expression; gene; high; human; increase; level; mouse; protein; receptor; result; sequence; study; type summary = Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins. doi = 10.1007/bf02033112 id = cord-006229-7yoilsho author = nan title = Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date = 2016-02-06 keywords = 3-mcpd; GRK2; Germany; IL-6; LPS; OCT1; PKA; PLN; STW; THP-1; VPA; activation; assay; cell; concentration; different; dna; drug; effect; expression; fret; high; human; increase; level; method; model; mouse; potential; protein; receptor; result; s1p; study; test; treatment; trpc5; western summary = It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). doi = 10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y id = cord-006230-xta38e7j author = nan title = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date = 2012-02-22 keywords = ATP; ERK; Germany; IL-6; Institut; LPS; NDPK; PCR; PKA; Pharmakologie; RKIP; ROS; Rac1; TNF; TRPC6; TRPM3; TTC; Toxikologie; Universität; V79; activity; cell; concentration; dna; effect; expression; gene; human; increase; level; mouse; protein; receptor; result; study; western summary = Here, we will present our analysis of Ca 2+ signaling following stimulation of the FcεRI receptor and application of secretagogues that are supposed to affect Ca 2+ -dependent mast cell activation such as adenosine, endothelin-1, substance P and compound 48/80 in BMMCs and PMCs derived from mouse lines with inactivation of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5 or TRPC6 since specific antagonists are still lacking for these TRP channels. These data indicate that increased PP2A activity is associated with modified gene expression in TG hearts possibly affecting stress response and regulation of cell signalling. As demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot experiments, mesangial cells showed a marked time-and dose-dependent upregulation of CSE mRNA and protein levels after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to activation of the cAMPdependent signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. doi = 10.1007/s00210-012-0736-0 id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CD14; CD4; CLP; CRP; CSF; ELISA; ICU; IFN; III; IL-1; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; LEH; LPS; MOF; PAF; PMN; SIRS; TNF; University; animal; blood; cell; control; cytokine; day; effect; endotoxin; factor; follow; group; high; increase; injury; level; method; mouse; patient; production; rat; release; response; result; sepsis; septic; shock; study; trauma summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. doi = 10.1007/bf02258437 id = cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author = nan title = Oral Communications and Posters date = 2014-09-12 keywords = CIA; COX-2; Department; ELISA; IFN; IL-6; Institute; LPS; MIF; MPO; PAF; PCR; PGE2; TNF; University; cell; disease; effect; expression; increase; inflammation; inflammatory; level; model; mouse; response; result; study summary = Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid.COX-1 is constitutively expressed.The COX-2 gene is an immediate early-response gene that is induced by variety of mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli.Levels of COX-2 are increased in both inflamed and malignant tissues.In inflamed tissues, there is both pharmacological and genetic evidence that targeting COX-2 can either improve (e.g., osteoarthritis) or exacerbate symptoms (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).Multiple lines of evidence suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.The most specific data that support a cause-and effect relationship between COX-2 and tumorigenesis come from genetic studies.Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed to drive tumor formation whereas COX-2 deficiency protects against several tumor types.Selective COX-2 inhibitors protect against the formation and growth of experimental tumors.Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors are active in preventing colorectal adenomas in humans.Increased amounts of COX-2-derived PGE2 are found in both inflamed and neoplastic tissues.The fact that PGE2 can stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce angiogenesis fits with evidence that induction of COX-2 contributes to both wound healing and tumor growth.Taken together, it seems likely that COX-2 induction contributes to wound healing in response to injury but reduces the threshold for carcinogenesis. doi = 10.1007/bf03353884 id = cord-015569-vy49r1zd author = nan title = Abstracts from the 45(th) Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for the Stusy of Taste and Smell (JASTS 2011), Kanazawa, Japan, October 5-7(th), 2011 (The president of the meeting was Dr. Takaki Miwa, Kanazawa Medical University) date = 2012-05-17 keywords = Japan; TBD; cell; food; mouse; odor; olfactory; patient; receptor; result; study; taste summary = In this study, in order to test whether the cadherins are required for formation of synapse between gustatory nerve fibers and taste receptor cells, we have investigated expression patterns of cadherin superfamily in the taste buds. Therefore, this study aimed to examine differences in immunoreactivities under various tissue-preparing conditions in rat vallate taste buds for some typical markers of gustatory cells as follows: gustducin, type III inositol triphosphate receptor (IP 3 R3), synaptobrevin-2 (VAMP2), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Mainly developing artificial-lipids-based taste sensors with global selectivity, our research group have studied for realization of Ã�taste-odor fusion biosensor system,Ã� which estimates quality (deliciousness and safety) of foods or beverages using several sensor outputs through analysis and evaluation of subjective-objective relation. As a first step, we conducted a series of human sensory tests to investigate perceptual similarities between odorants, and then compared the results with activity patterns evoked on the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb in rats. doi = 10.1093/chemse/bjs052 id = cord-022888-dnsdg04n author = nan title = Poster Sessions date = 2009-08-19 keywords = APC; BCR; CD14; CD4; CD8; CMV; CTL; EBV; ELISA; Germany; HCV; HIV; HLA; IBD; IFN; IL-10; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; Immunology; Institute; LPS; MHC; NKT; PCR; RNA; SLE; TCR; TGF; TLR; TLR4; TNF; University; antigen; cell; dna; expression; immune; mouse; patient; protein; response; result; study; th1; th2 summary = Methods: Phospho-specific Western blot analyses were performed to verify the functionality of the different IFN-g pathway components, intra-and extracellular flow cytometry experiments were employed to determine the expression of antigen processing components and HLA class I cell surface antigens, quantitative real time-PCR experiments to confirm the absence of JAK2 and presence of pathway relevant molecules as well as, genomic PCR and chromosome typing technique to prove the deletion of JAK2. In order to accomplish these objectives we induced priming or tolerance of ovalbumin (OVA 323-339 peptide)-specific T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice in vitro or, following adoptive transfer of near physiologically relevant numbers of such cells into recipients, in vivo and correlated functional outcome (via proliferation and cytokine readout assays or antibody production) with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases expression and the ubiquitination status of the TCR signalling machinery. doi = 10.1002/eji.200990224 id = cord-023026-2r84ndzv author = nan title = Posters date = 2013-06-14 keywords = ATP; Alzheimer; BBB; BDNF; CNS; EAE; GABA; GFAP; GFP; GLT-1; IL-6; LPS; MBP; NMDA; OPC; PCR; SCI; SOD1; SVZ; Schwann; University; astrocyte; brain; cell; expression; increase; microglia; mouse; ng2; protein; result; role; study summary = Thus, this work provides the basis to identify molecular pathways regulated by distinct niche/environmental signals and involved in the heterogeneity of adult OPCs. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, which leads to formation of demyelinating areas due to loss of oligodendrocytes, astrogliosis and, finally, axonal degeneration. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role of miR-200b in modulating the MAPK pathway via c-Jun which in turn affects different aspects of the inflammatory process accompanying microglia activation including cytokine response, NO production, phagocytosis and neuronal cell death. For this purpose, coronal cryostat free-floating sections from the brain of both adult transgenic mice and their corresponding wild-type (Wt) littermates, were processed for the study of astrocytes using GFAP immunohistochemistry and microglia using antibodies against Iba1 and several markers commonly related to the activated phenotype of these microglial cells, such as CD16/32 (Fc receptor), F4/80, CD11b, CD206, CD150 and MHC-II. doi = 10.1002/glia.22530 id = cord-023055-ntbvmssh author = nan title = Immunogenicity date = 2004-02-19 keywords = APC; CD2; CD3; CD4; CD8; CTL; HLA; IL-2; MHC; TCR; University; antigen; cell; class; clone; dna; gene; mouse; response; specific summary = Antigen is internalized into acidic vesicles, proteolyzed, and peptides containing T ceU antigenic determinants are transported to the APC surface where they are recognized by the antigen-specific T cell in conjunction with Ia. Most Ia-"pressing cells are competent APC, however, only B cells have antigen-specilic receptors on their surface aUowing bound antigen to be processed and presented at 1/lW the antigen concentration required by nonspecific APC Little is known about B cell antigen processing function during differentiation, or if Ig-mediated APC function is altered at different maturational stages, thus allowing regulation of B cell-helper T cell interactions. These results indicate that the poor response of murine CTL to human class I antigens is not determined by selection in the thymus, but by species-specific constraints on the interaction of MHC antigens with T-cell recognition structures. doi = 10.1002/jcb.240410506 id = cord-023143-fcno330z author = nan title = Molecular aspects of viral immunity date = 2004-02-19 keywords = CD4; CD8; CNS; CTL; HIV; HIV-1; HLA; IFN; LCMV; MHC; cell; infection; mouse; protein; response; viral; virus summary = Based on a variety of experimental evidence, it is clear that demyelination induced in SJUJ mice by infection with the BeAn strain of TMEV is a Thl-mediated event: (a) disease induction is suppressed in T cell-deprived mice and by in vivo treatment with anti-I-A and anti-CD4 antibodies; (b) disease susceptibility correlates temporally with the development of TMEV-specific, MHC-class Il-restricted DTH responses and with a predominance of anti-viral lgG2a antibody; (c) activated (Le., lL-2RC) T cells infiltrating the CNS are exclusively of the CD4+ phenotype, and (d) proinflammatory cytokines (IFNq and TNF-p) are predominantly produced in the CNS. These results have important implications for a possible viral trigger in MS as they indicate that chronic demyelination in TMEV-infected mice is initiated in the absence of demonstrable neuroantigen-specific autoimmune responses and are consistent with a model wherein early myelin damage is mediated via primarily by mononuclear phagocytes recruited to the CNS and activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by TMEV-specific Thl cells. doi = 10.1002/jcb.240591009 id = cord-104251-cq8ojfit author = nan title = In vitro macrophage manifestation of cortisone-induced decrease in resistance to mouse hepatitis virus date = 1981-03-01 keywords = mouse summary = doi = nan id = cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author = nan title = Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date = 2006-12-31 keywords = Anatomy; BDNF; BSI; Biology; Brain; CA1; CNS; CREST; Center; Chiba; Department; Dept; Div; Division; Engineering; Fos; GABA; GFP; Graduate; Hiroshi; Institute; JST; Japan; KAKENHI; Kobe; Kyoto; LTD; LTP; Laboratory; Life; Medical; Medicine; NMDA; Nagoya; National; Neuroscience; Niigata; Okazaki; Osaka; PS1A; PS2P; PS3A; Physiology; Purkinje; RIKEN; Research; Saitama; Sato; School; Science; Sendai; Takashi; Technology; Tohoku; Tokyo; Tsukuba; USA; University; Wako; activity; cell; effect; mouse; neuron; neuronal; ps3p; response; result; study summary = SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs. Chitoshi Takayama 1 , Yoshiro Inoue 1 1 Department of Molecular Neuroanatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan GABA mediates inhibitory transmission in the adult central nervous system (CNS). doi = 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.004