# pos

id: cord-236070-yao5v598
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf


id: cord-290719-ab71pz6v
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.health.govt.nz/ourwork/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-5

lemma:
  https://www.health.govt.nz/ourwork/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-5


id: cord-341416-6bh08901
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparednessand-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization

lemma:
  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparednessand-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
pos: UH
token:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-nhs-outcomes-framework-2013-14.pdf


id: cord-354371-321vd28d
pos: JJ
token:
  www.propublica.org/article/earlydata-shows-african-americans-have-contracted-and-died-ofcoronavirus-at-an-alarming-rate

lemma:
  www.propublica.org/article/earlydata-shows-african-americans-have-contracted-and-died-ofcoronavirus-at-an-alarming-rate


# ent

id: cord-023128-l0jzpxi0
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Future Global Shocks Improving Risk Governance Preliminary Version Normal Accidents Living with High Risk Technologies


id: cord-247554-535cpe5x
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Real Time New Insights of Emerging SARS CoV 2 Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Features Clinical Treatment and Prevention Effect


id: cord-247554-535cpe5x
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Role of Environmental Factors on Transmission Rates of the COVID 19 Outbreak An Initial Assessment in Two Spatial Scales Available at SSRN


id: cord-018026-n5gk1xhb
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Canada OECD Health and Innovation Survey The Consequences of Modernity Liquid Life Health and Modernity Leading for Innovation Organizing for Results Social Determinants of Health Health and Consumer Protection Directorate 2005 The Contribution of Health


id: cord-018026-n5gk1xhb
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Die Gesundheitsgesellschaft Securing Good Health for the Whole Population HM Treasury www hm treasury


id: cord-151871-228t4ymc
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life Magic


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: DNA
entity:
  d spectroscopi c technologies Man y natura l an d synthetic compound s wer e foun d t o sho w in vitro antivira l activit y bu t


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: DNA
entity:
  d poly A polymerases Protei n kinases deoxyribonucleases DNA dependen t phosphohydrolase s an d topoisomerases


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: DNA
entity:
  Ne w Adenosin e Deaminase Inhibitor Containing Chlorine Production Isolation and Properties A Novel Specific Inhibito r Against Reverse Transcriptase Structur e o f Virantmycin A Nove l Antivira l Antibiotic Studie s o n SF 1836 C Substance Meiji Seika Kenkyu Nempo A New Antiherpetic Agent AH 1763 lia


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: GGP
entity:
  marin e specie s comprisin g approximatel y on e hal f o f tota l globa l biodiversity fo r whic h estimate s rang e betwee n 3


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: CHEBI
entity:
  arabinose xylose rhamnose galactose mannos e an d glucos e i n rati o o f 1 1 9 5 2 5 16 respectively along with an unidentified suga r 218 Treatment o f laminari n isolate d fro m th e marin e alg a Laminaria cichorioides b y endo p l 3


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: GGP
entity:
  severa l microbial derived metabolite s sho w promisin g activity Th e us e o f microbes t o modif y syntheti c compound s o r t o accomplis h specifi c desired reactio n i s commo n i n pharmaceutica l industry Adenin e arabinoside Ara A


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Revers e Transcriptase Alkylidene Bicyclic Butenolide with Antiviral Activity and Its p Glucopyranosid e


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  seriou s economi c damages Som e insect s tha t fee d plants assis t i n vira l infection Vira l particle s ma y b e


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  butanolides monoepoxylignan s tetrahydrofura n derivatives bisepoxylignans 3 7 dioxabicyclo 3 3 0 octane


id: cord-031849-bo1ui5zh
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Stressful Aftermath of Katrina American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Prevalence


id: cord-031849-bo1ui5zh
type: ORG
entity:
  Mental Health Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid Term Mass Trauma Intervention Empirical Evidence Psychiatry Mental Health Services Required after Disasters Leaning


id: cord-020941-1qwbkg9o
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human disturbance of the environment Red deer and feral cats for example inhabit much of New Zealand s pristine


id: cord-265682-yac7kzaf
type: ORG
entity:
  Fast Fourier Transform Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Implications for Virus Origins


id: cord-265682-yac7kzaf
type: ORG
entity:
  Receptor Binding Whole Genome Sequencing Implications for Infection Prevention and Outbreak Investigations GISAID Global Initiative


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Bioterrorism Preparedness Attack and Response Elsevier Beyond the Job Exposure Matrix JEM The Task Exposure Matrix TEM Chapter 4 Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Disorders European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Finnish National Job Exposure Matrix FINJEM


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  Occupational Exposure Measurements FDOEM Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Finland IOHA Pilanesberg


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  the Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents and Diseases R 194 International Labour Conference


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  Wirtschaften Committee on Institutional Means for Assessing Risk to Public Health 1983 Risk Assessment


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  WBGU Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript Decision Theory and Folk Psychology Towards a Comprehensive Conservation Theory The Limits to Safety Culture Politics Learning and


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  the Safe Minimum Standard of Conservation Decision Analytic Tools for Resolving Uncertainty in the Energy Debate Ökologisch


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  1 4020 8289 4_4 sha f109488087332fd79c436ba9f98f792d05628c9c doc_id 24088 cord_uid 020rgz5t Occupational safety


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: DISEASE
entity:
  respiratory system nervous system sensory organs internal organs particularly liver and kidneys musculoskeletal system


id: cord-181220-gr29zq1o
type: LAW
entity:
  A Study on The Effectiveness of Lock down Measures to Control The Spread of COVID 19 date 2020 08 09


id: cord-025374-504mfiie
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Points for the Reform of Global Economic Governance Briefing Paper 19 Multi Level Climate Governance Strategic Selectivities in International Politics Transnational Climate Change Governance Governing Climate Change


id: cord-276419-q4tjbwui
type: ORG
entity:
  National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases NCIRD Division of Viral Diseases Commercial


id: cord-259560-mmz5vn0q
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Health Northern Ireland Referral Guidance for Suspected Cancer Department of Health Cancer


id: cord-259560-mmz5vn0q
type: ORG
entity:
  Targeted Screening for Lung Cancer with Low Radiation Dose Computed Tomography Unfinished Business An Assessment of the National Approach to Improving Cancer Services


id: cord-259560-mmz5vn0q
type: DISEASE
entity:
  incident myeloma breast bladder colorectal lung oesophageal ovarian pancreatic prostate stomach or uterine cancers


id: cord-263550-wjdmzmdg
type: ORG
entity:
  Forecastabililty 3 15 2020 Temperature and Latitude Analysis to Predict Potential Spread and Seasonality for COVID 19


id: cord-280158-3fhhuzg5
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Countering Gram Negative Antibiotic Resistance Recent Progress in Disrupting the Outer Membrane with Novel Therapeutics A Novel Inhibitor


id: cord-280158-3fhhuzg5
type: LAW
entity:
  Thinking Outside the Bug Molecular Targets and Strategies to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance Defeating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Exploring Alternative Therapies for a Post Antibiotic Era Drug


id: cord-284602-ytjctt55
type: LAW
entity:
  the COVID 19 Public Health Emergency Academy of Family Physicians Support of Continued Access to Reproductive Health Services


id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m
type: ORG
entity:
  the American Pediatric Society s Collective Investigation of the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria in Private Practice


id: cord-276766-hs4sodyt
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Hauser Syndrome Undergoing Uterus Transplantation the Czech Experience Resection of Longitudinal Vaginal Septum Using a Surgical Stapler Dating Violence in Adolescence Implications for Girls Sexual Health Family


id: cord-269467-8opv4t7p
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health Chronic


id: cord-076084-kswby0it
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ORFs AC1 replication initiation protein AC2 transcriptional activator protein AC3 replication enhancer protein


id: cord-286769-c05km13w
type: ORG
entity:
  Southland Regional Land Transport Plan Otago Regional Council and Environment Southland Regional Council 2018


id: cord-286769-c05km13w
type: ORG
entity:
  Dunedin City Council and Otago Regional Council Built Environment and Active Transport to School BEATS Study


id: cord-286769-c05km13w
type: ORG
entity:
  Otago Regional Land Transport Strategy Otago Southland Regional Land Transport Plans Otago Regional Council and Environment Southland Regional Council


id: cord-286769-c05km13w
type: ORG
entity:
  between Dunedin City Council Otago Regional Council University of Otago and Otago Secondary School Sports Association


id: cord-272585-346ef6qy
type: ORG
entity:
  A Retrospective Cohort Study to Assess the Impact of an Inpatient Infectious Disease Telemedicine Consultation Service on Hospital and Patient


id: cord-287304-h6wj7m8u
type: ORG
entity:
  Mel The Globe and Mail SARS A Case Study in Emerging Infections Diseases of Globalization Socioeconomic Transitions and Health Governing


id: cord-295160-q6ninzd2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region New Towns New Development Areas and Urban Developments


id: cord-295160-q6ninzd2
type: ORG
entity:
  Transport Sustainability and Residents Perceived Sustainability A Case Study of Transit oriented Development


id: cord-295160-q6ninzd2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Result of North East New Territories New Development Areas Planning and Engineering Study


id: cord-304978-xfuwawlu
type: ORG
entity:
  Institute of Medicine US Committee on Guidance for Establishing Standards of Care for Use in Disaster Situations Opinion


id: cord-303759-5zvi2k0l
type: LOC
entity:
  the San Francisco Bay Area Traveling with Blindness A Qualitative Space Time Approach to Understanding Visual Impairment and Urban Mobility


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: GGP
entity:
  Ii 0 11 p 0 01 and symptoms of pain Ii 0 14 p 0 01 fatigue ji 0 34 p 0 001 and cognitive difficulties p 0 30 P 0 001 For the three dimensions of the IIRS multiple regression results revealed 1


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  The Collaborative Process to Achieve Access to Primary Health Care for Black Women and Women of Colour Project


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: EVENT
entity:
  Black Women and Women of Colour Women s Health in Women s Hands Community Health Centre Sistering Parkdale Community Health Centre Rexdale Community Health Centre


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  P5 77 C Health and Livelihood Implications of Marginalization of Slum Dwellers in Provision of Water and Sanitation Services


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV Criminal justice system involvement was measured by arrest incarceration drug felony and loss denial of social services


id: cord-307101-pom8nktx
type: DNA
entity:
  priceÞ t þ b 10 Exchange rateðNZD vs USDÞ t þ b 11 Global financial crisis 2008 09 þ b 12 Christchurch earthquakes 2011 þ b 13 lnðHHI IndexÞ


id: cord-305812-6bjdppvq
type: ORG
entity:
  The Swedish Forest Industries Federation Total Safe Pack Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
type: DNA
entity:
  Arbovirus Hunters date 2019 05 23 journal Viruses DOI 10 3390 v11050471 sha 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511 doc_id 307046 cord_uid ko3bdvo0


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
type: ORG
entity:
  the International Network of Pasteur Institutes Réseau International de l Institut Pasteur RIIP and Associated Institutes


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Arthropod Borne Viruses of Vertebrates An Account of the Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program Techniques


id: cord-311527-keso1oh0
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Lake Raraku sediments Chambers R 1989 Vulnerability coping and policy Recent advances in Moche archaeology The increasing exposure of cities


id: cord-312618-rxg7sjd9
type: ORG
entity:
  Development of Gridded Surface Meteorological Data for Ecological Applications and Modelling A New Poll


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Digital Security Technologies Private Experiments in Global Governance Primary Commodity Roundtables


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: EVENT
entity:
  The Authors Big Audit Firms as Regulatory Intermediaries in Transnational Labour Governance Knowledge and Politics in Setting and Measuring the SDGs Leaving No one Behind The Politics of Destination


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Sustainable Development Goals Sensing Reality New Monitoring Technologies for Global Sustainability Standards


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Global Supply Chains Private Ratings Public Regulations Credit Rating Agencies and Global Financial Governance Governing Global Supply Chain Sustainability


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  the Dynamics of Adverse Incorporation Global Networks A Distributional Analysis of Artisanal and Industrial Wage Levels and Expenditure


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Post Socialist Tanzania International Remittance Rails as Infrastructures Embeddedness Innovation and Financial Access


id: cord-322802-id9jg6v4
type: ORG
entity:
  the Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Asia the Pacific Studies World Health Organization Global Health Observatory GHO Data Overweight


id: cord-338666-gg9qcpmz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology Unpredictable


id: cord-338666-gg9qcpmz
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Health Human Services Notification of Enforcement Discretion for Telehealth Remote Communications


id: cord-341416-6bh08901
type: ORG
entity:
  Tracker Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorizations Interim Guidelines for Collecting Handling and Testing Clinical Specimens from


id: cord-345617-bropr0dy
type: GGP
entity:
  sand sagebrush grassland within LPCH management zones These areas must be large enough and close enough


id: cord-345617-bropr0dy
type: ORG
entity:
  the Lesser Prairie Chicken United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report


id: cord-321621-maym3iah
type: LAW
entity:
  Measurement and Relation to Career Development Adult Attachment Social Self Efficacy Self Disclosure Loneliness and Subsequent Depression for Freshman College Students A Longitudinal Study Acculturative Stress and Depression


id: cord-321621-maym3iah
type: ORG
entity:
  An Overview of Longitudinal Data Analysis Methods for Neurological Research Dealing With Missing Outcome Data


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Clostridium piliforme C spiroforme C difficile E coli Lawsonia intracellularis coronavirus rotavirus protozoans


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
type: ORG
entity:
  the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
type: DISEASE
entity:
  pericarditis pleuritis sinusitis dacryocystitis conjunctivitis iritis uveitis phlegmon mastitis endometritis pyometra salpingitis


# url

id: cord-236070-yao5v598
domain: www.who.int
url:
  http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf


id: cord-290719-ab71pz6v
domain: www.health.govt.nz
url:
  http://www.health.govt.nz/ourwork/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-5


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
domain: www.gov.uk
url:
  http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf


id: cord-341416-6bh08901
domain: www.fda.gov
url:
  http://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparednessand-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization]


# bib

id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
title: Section II: Poster Sessions
author: nan
date: 2017-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5711696/
doi: 10.1093/jurban/jti137
abstract: nan
summary:
  Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy.


id: cord-007366-1biitdl8
title: Natural products: Designing Russian medications
author: Stonik, V. A.
date: 2008-11-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111606/
doi: 10.1134/s1019331608040023
abstract:
  The study of natural products (low-molecular bioregulators) is an important research area that lies on the boundary of biology and chemistry. It involves searching, isolating, and identifying the structure and studying the biological functions of such substances, as well as investigating their chemical conversions, especially those that lead to highly active products. These research efforts play an important part in deepening biological and chemical knowledge and build the scientific groundwork for designing new drugs and biologically active food additives. Some results of the study of natural compounds were discussed in a paper read at a session of the RAS Presidium and are published below.


id: cord-015944-6srvtmbn
title: The Role of the Media in Bioterrorism
author: Brown, David
date: 2008-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-015944-6srvtmbn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015944-6srvtmbn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120073/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-326-4_15
abstract: nan
summary:
  Consequently, understanding policy issues involving bioterrorism -to mention nothing of terrorist events themselves -requires knowledge of biological mechanisms, an appreciation of clinical decision-making in medicine, and a sense of how to conceptualize and evaluate relative risks. In the 110 days after the first case, the Office of Communications at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the government agency coordinating the public health response to the attacks, conducted 23 press briefings and 306 television interviews, wrote 44 press releases, and took 7737 calls from the news media [2] . The media and public were interested in what the response to the event seemed to say about state decision making and readiness to address emergencies in general [26] .'''' If a journalist doesn''t really understand the medical, statistical, and biological substance of a disease outbreak, he can at least appear to be knowledgeable about the interaction of individuals and agencies, and how events are believed to be changing their power and image.


id: cord-016197-y69wwy40
title: The Pharmaceutical Company Approach to Antibiotic Policies
author: White, Anthony R.
date: 2005
txt: ./txt/cord-016197-y69wwy40.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016197-y69wwy40.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120412/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-22852-7_34
abstract: nan
summary:
  The discovery, development, and appropriate use of new agents is a key theme in the major antibacterial strategies and policies to combat resistance which have been reviewed by Carbon et al. • surveillance of resistance and antibacterial usage • optimizing antibiotic use (reduce inappropriate use), guidelines, and policies • education of professionals and patients into judicious/prudent use • prevention through infection control, interventions, immunization • focused development of new agents, diagnostics, and strategies • regulatory/label guidance, prescribing, and advert restriction • audit of evaluation of intervention and compliance. This, accompanied by parallel activities to monitor and understand resistance (such as its consequences and relationship to antibiotic use), improve infection control, and development of new agents (antibacterials and vaccines) and therapeutic approaches, is hoped to provide a sustainable solution in combating bacterial infection.


id: cord-016826-oatjcmy0
title: Old and New Pestilences
author: Arata, Andrew A.
date: 2005
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121237/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_3
abstract:
  a. “Any fatal epidemic disease, affecting man or beast, and destroying many victims.” The Oxford Universal Dictionary, 3(rd) edition, 1955, Oxford Press, 2515 pp. b. “A contagious or infectious epidemic disease that is virulent and devastating.” Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, 1965. G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass., 1221 pp. Accordingly, a pestilence should be an infectious disease, devastating (killing) a large number of people (or animals).


id: cord-017351-73hlwwdh
title: Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach
author: Quarantelli, E. L.
date: 2017-09-12
txt: ./txt/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121892/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4
summary:
  The literature on crisis and disaster research suggests that we are at another important historical juncture with the emergence of a new distinctive class of disasters and crises not often seen before (Ansell, Boin, & Keller, 2010; Helsloot, Boin, Jacobs, & Comfort, 2012; Tierney, 2014) . In short, societies have continually evolved groups and procedures to try to prevent old and new risks and threats from escalating into disasters and crises. To answer this question, we considered what social science studies and reports had found about behavior in disasters and crises up to the present time. To suggest the importance of cross-societal and cross-cultural differences is simply to suggest that good social science research needs to take differences into account while at the same time searching for universal principles about disasters and crises. There are always new or emergent groups at times of major disasters and crises, but in transboundary events they appear at a much higher rate.

abstract:
  Over time, new types of crises and disasters have emerged. We argue that new types of adversity will continue to emerge. In this chapter, we offer a framework to study and interpret new forms of crises and disasters. This framework is informed by historical insights on societal interpretations of crises and disasters. We are particularly focused here on the rise of transboundary crises – those crises that traverse boundaries between countries and policy systems. We identify the characteristics of these transboundary disruptions, sketch a few scenarios and explore the societal vulnerabilities to this type of threat. We end by discussing some possible implications for planning and preparation practices.


id: cord-018026-n5gk1xhb
title: Policy Innovations for Health
author: Kickbusch, Ilona
date: 2008-09-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122768/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-79876-9_1
abstract:
  We are at a turning point in health policy. It has become increasingly clear that changes in the existing health care system will not be sufficient to maintain and improve our health at this historical juncture. Both our extensive knowledge on what creates health as well as the exponentially rising rates of chronic disease obesity, and mental health problems indicate that we need to shift course and apply a radically new mind-set to health and health policy. This is what we mean by policy innovations for health. The boundaries of what we call the “health system” are becoming increasingly fluid and health has become integral to how we live our everyday life. Health itself has become a major economic and social driving force in society. This shifts the pressure for policy innovation from a focus on the existing health system to a reorganization of how we approach health in 21st century societies. The dynamics of the health society challenge the way we conceptualize and locate health in the policy arena and the mechanisms through which we conduct health policy. They also redefine who should be involved in the policy process. This concern is beginning to be addressed within government through Health in All Policy approaches and beyond government through new partnerships for health. Most importantly, the role of citizen and patient is being redefined – a development that will probably lead to the most significant of the policy innovations for health in the 21st century.


id: cord-019019-2f7fep6a
title: Valuable Secondary Metabolites from Fungi
author: Demain, Arnold L.
date: 2014-07-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124064/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_1
abstract:
  Fungi are amazing producers of natural products, including secondary metabolites. These compounds are crucial to the health and well-being of people throughout the world. They also provide agriculture and livestock with many essential products. Production of secondary metabolites is improved by mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technologies allowing commercial production of these valuable compounds. This chapter centers on these fungal beneficial products, the discovery of which goes back 85 years to the time that penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.


id: cord-020778-4jslid14
title: Natural Products as Antiviral Agents
author: El Sayed, Khalid A.
date: 2007-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-020778-4jslid14.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020778-4jslid14.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147881/
doi: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80051-4
summary:
  The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the central role of natural products in the discovery and development of new antiviral drugs by displaying 340 structures of plant, marine and microbial origin that show promising in vitro antiviral activity. I n orde r t o comba t viruse s whic h have devastatin g effect s o n humans , animals , insects , cro p plants , fung i and bacteria, many research efforts hav e been devoted for the discovery of new antiviral natural products. Many marine-derived peptides, alkaloids, proteins, nucleosides and other A^-containing compound s were show n to be active agains t severa l vira l species.

abstract:
  Since the ancient times, natural products have served as a major source of drugs. About fifty percent of today's pharmaceutical drugs are derived from natural origin. Interest in natural products as a source of new drugs is growing due to many factors that will be discussed in this article. Viruses have been resistant to therapy or prophylaxis longer than any other form of life. Currently, there are only few drugs available for the cure of viral diseases including acyclovir which is modeled on a natural product parent. In order to combat viruses which have devastating effects on humans, animals, insects, crop plants, fungi and bacteria, many research efforts have been devoted for the discovery of new antiviral natural products. Recent analysis of the number and sources of antiviral agents reported mainly in the annual reports of medicinal chemistry from 1984 to 1995 indicated that seven out of ten synthetic agents approved by FDA between 1983-1994, are modeled on a natural product parent. It has been estimated that only 5-15% of the approximately 250,000 species of higher plants have been systematically investigated for the presence of bioactive compounds while the potential of the marine environment has barely been tapped. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the central role of natural products in the discovery and development of new antiviral drugs by displaying 340 structures of plant, marine and microbial origin that show promising in vitro antiviral activity.


id: cord-021897-yeih3tfo
title: Tourism today: Why is it a global phenomenon embracing all our lives?
author: Page, Stephen J.
date: 2011-10-28
txt: ./txt/cord-021897-yeih3tfo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021897-yeih3tfo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152178/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096932-9.10001-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  • tourism is a discretionary activity (people are not required to undertake it as a basic need to survive, unlike consuming food and water) • tourism is of growing economic significance at a global scale, with growth rates in excess of the rate of economic growth for many countries • many governments see tourism as offering new employment opportunities in a growing sector that is focused on service industries and may assist in developing and modernizing the economy • tourism is increasingly becoming associated with quality of life issues as it offers people the opportunity to take a break away from the complexities and stresses of everyday life and work -it provides the context for rest, relaxation and an opportunity to do something different • tourism is becoming seen as a basic right in the developed, Westernized industrialized countries and it is enshrined in legislation regarding holiday entitlement -the result is many people associate holiday entitlement with the right to travel on holiday • in some less developed countries, tourism is being advocated as a possible solution to poverty (described as ''pro-poor'' tourism) • holidays are a defining feature of non-work for many workers • global travel is becoming more accessible in the developed world for all classes of people with the rise of low-cost airlines and cut-price travel fuelling a new wave of demand for tourism in the new millennium.


id: cord-022891-vgfv5pi4
title: SIMULATING NEW ZEALAND FOREST DYNAMICS WITH A GENERALIZED TEMPERATE FOREST GAP MODEL
author: Hall, Graeme M. J.
date: 2000-02-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163527/
doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0115:snzfdw]2.0.co;2
abstract:
  A generalized computer model of forest growth and nutrient dynamics (LINKAGES) was adapted for the temperate evergreen forests of New Zealand. Systematic differences in species characteristics between eastern North American species and their New Zealand counterparts prevented the initial version of the model from running acceptably with New Zealand species. Several equations were identified as responsible, and those modeling available light were extended to give more robust formulations. The resulting model (LINKNZ) was evaluated by comparing site simulations against independent field measurements of stand sequences and across temperature and moisture gradients. It successfully simulated gap dynamics and forest succession for a range of temperate forest ecosystems in New Zealand, while retaining its utility for the forests of eastern North America. These simulations provided insight into New Zealand conifer–hardwood and beech species forest succession. The adequacy of the ecological processes, such as soil moisture balance, decomposition rates, and nutrient cycling, embodied in a forest simulation model was tested by applying it to New Zealand forest ecosystems. This gave support to the model’s underlying hypothesis, derived from LINKAGES, that interactions among demographic, microbial, and geological processes can explain much of the observed variation in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage and cycling. The addition of a disturbance option to the model supported the hypothesis that large‐scale disturbance significantly affects New Zealand forest dynamics.


id: cord-023128-l0jzpxi0
title: Fractal Crises – A New Path for Crisis Theory and Management
author: Topper, Benjamin
date: 2013-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-023128-l0jzpxi0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023128-l0jzpxi0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166992/
doi: 10.1111/1468-5973.12008
summary:
  Outstanding constant features have marked our reflections on the notion of crisis since the end of the 1970s: the vigorous calling for the absolute necessity of a solid theorization so that crisis study could be recognized as a genuine science; frustration due to the extreme difficulty encountered in satisfying conventional demands to secure a grading of academic excellence; hesitation between the addition of case studies, giving way to ever more data, but poor additive knowledge and an extraordinarily difficult theorization, impossible indeed within the usual and normative codes.The whole leading to a contrasted situation made up of undeniable advances in the building of a reference body and in case-study publication, but with repeated calls for a better theorization capable of observing the canons of a noble discipline, well recognized by the scientific world.

abstract:
  This paper is a modest contribution to the vast exploration to be embarked upon as our maps appear increasingly outdated. We will first explore some outmoded ‘taken for granted’ assumptions and visions: this section aims to clarify why the crisis management world has profoundly changed and how the current understanding of crises and theoretical frameworks is becoming increasingly less adequate. Then, we will try to meet the second challenge of this special issue, by suggesting innovative approaches that will contribute to elaborate the building blocks of a theory of crisis management. We will propose a new theoretical framework, through the use of a fractal approach, following the footsteps of Benoit Mandelbrot, in order to rethink and capture the essence of the new theatre of operations that must be dealt with. Throughout, we will show how this original framework could be put into practice and what its limitations and perspectives are.


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks
author: Radandt, Siegfried
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187950/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4
summary:
  Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures.

abstract:
  Occupational safety and health (OSH) activities were started in the industrialized countries already 150 years ago. Separated and specific actions were directed at accident prevention, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of occupational diseases. As industrialization has advanced, the complexity of safety and health problems and challenges has substantially grown, calling for more comprehensive approaches. Such development has expanded the scope, as well as blurred the borders between specific activities. In the modern world of work, occupational safety and health are part of a complex system that involves innumerable interdependencies and interactions. These are, for instance, safety, health, well-being, aspects of the occupational and general environment, corporate policies and social responsibility, community policies and services, community social environment, workers’ families, their civil life, lifestyles and social networks, cultural and religious environments, and political and media environments.


id: cord-025374-504mfiie
author: Aykut, Stefan C.
date: 2020-05-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7253149/
doi: 10.1057/s41311-020-00250-8
title:
  ‘Incantatory’ governance: global climate politics’ performative turn and its wider significance for global politics

abstract:
  The 2015 Paris agreement represents a deep-rooted change in global climate governance. While existing scholarly assessments highlight central institutional features of the Paris shift, they tend to overlook its symbolic and discursive dimensions. Our analysis shows that the Paris architecture combines two core elements: an iterative pledge and review process to stimulate global climate action, and a ‘performative’ narrative aimed at aligning actors’ expectations on the prospect of a low-carbon future. We therefore suggest calling it an incantatory system of governance. We then examine the origins of the new approach and find that the rise of ‘soft law’ approaches and communicative techniques in global climate governance are both indicative of a broader process: the entry of management culture in international organisations. Against this backdrop, we examine the prospects, limitations and caveats of the new approach and discuss its wider implications for global politics.


id: cord-031849-bo1ui5zh
title: Mental health framework: coronavirus pandemic in post-Katrina New Orleans
author: Shervington, Denese O.
date: 2020-07-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7487127/
doi: 10.5249/jivr.vo112i2.1538
abstract:
  The United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction defines disaster risk as the “likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period, and a product of the complex interactions that generate conditions of exposure, vulnerability and hazard”. Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States have been shown to have increased vulnerability and risk to disasters due to links between racism, vulnerability, and economic power, based on disadvantage related to different disaster stages: 1) reduced perception of personal disaster risk; 2) lack of preparedness; 3) reduced access and response to warning systems; 4) increased physical impacts due to substandard housing; 5) likelihood of poorer psychological outcomes; 6) cultural insensitivity on the part of emergency workers; 7) marginalization, lower socio-economic status, and less familiarity with support resources leading to protracted recovery; and 8) diminished standard of living, job loss, and exacerbated poverty during reconstruction and community rebuilding. Moreover, given that psychiatric morbidity is predictable in populations exposed to disasters, mental health and psychosocial support programs should increasingly become a standard part of a humanitarian response. In the crisis and immediate recovery phase of disasters, the focus should be on making survivors feel safe and giving them assistance in decreasing their anxiety by addressing their basic needs and welfare. So, it is critical that governmental institutions, business, and non-profit organizations proactively find mechanisms to work collaboratively and share resources. Special attention and extra resources must be directed towards vulnerable and marginalized populations. In this editorial we share lessons learned from experiencing disproportionate impact of health crisis and advocate for the notion that recovery efforts must address trauma at individual, interpersonal and community levels, and be based in a healing justice framework.


id: cord-034471-enmtckpe
title: The changing epidemiology of dog bite injuries in the United States, 2005–2018
author: Tuckel, Peter S.
date: 2020-11-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7603431/
doi: 10.1186/s40621-020-00281-y
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In 2018, the most recent year for which data are available, dog bites ranked as the 13th leading cause of nonfatal emergency department visits in the United States. As dog ownership spirals upwards in the United States, it is important to continue to monitor the epidemiology of dog bite injuries. This study provides contemporary data on the incidence of dog bites injuries in the United States and in New York and profiles individuals who have been treated for dog bites in emergency departments. The study also examines the demographic correlates of the rate of injuries at the neighborhood level in New York City and maps the rate in each neighborhood. METHODS: At the national level, the study examines longitudinal data on dog bite injuries from 2005 to 2018 gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For New York, the study analyzes data for 2005–2018 collected by the New York State Department of Health. A negative binomial regression analysis was performed on the state data to measure the simultaneous effects of demographic variables on the incidence of dog-related injuries. A thematically shaded map of the rate of dog bite injuries in New York City’s neighborhoods was created to identify neighborhoods with higher-than-average concentration of injuries. RESULTS: In both the United States and New York the rate of dog-bite injuries increased from 2005 to 2011 and then underwent a significant decline. Injuries due to dog bites, however, still remain a sizable public health problem. Injuries are more prevalent among school-age children, inhabitants of less-densely populated areas, and residents of poorer neighborhoods. In New York City, poorer neighborhoods are also associated with fewer dogs being spayed or neutered. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the rate of dog bite injuries, prevention programs – particularly those which center on teaching the dangers of canine interactions with humans – should be targeted at children. Dog bite injuries tend to be clustered in identifiable neighborhoods. Dog bite prevention programs and stricter enforcement of dog laws can target these neighborhoods.


id: cord-034634-7jo3y89b
author: Ridzi, Frank
date: 2020-11-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7640537/
doi: 10.1007/s42413-020-00098-z
title:
  Community Leadership through Conversations and Coordination: the Role of Local Surveys in Community Foundation Run Community Indicators Projects

abstract:
  Community indicators (CI) projects rely on a variety of sources for the data that they make available to measure community well-being. While statistics collected and distributed by national and local governments are perhaps the most prevalent, some communities in both Canada and the United States have found great advantages to commissioning or administering their own surveys of local community members in order to enhance the insights that government-curated data can provide. In this paper we examine two organizations engaged with indicator projects that have opted to do so from the perspectives of their primary CI project supporters: the Vancouver Foundation in Canada and the Central New York Community Foundation in the United States. Among the advantages explored are increased capacity in key community leadership elements of: engaging residents, working across sectors, commissioning and disseminating local data and research, shaping public policy, and marshaling resources. We conclude by reflecting on the many synergies between the CI and community foundation (CF) movements, paying attention to their shared interests in community well-being through better conversations and coordination among the organizations in the communities they serve.


id: cord-076084-kswby0it
title: Analysis of synonymous codon usage and evolution of begomoviruses
author: Xu, Xiao-zhong
date: 2008-08-29
url: http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2528880?pdf=render
doi: 10.1631/jzus.b0820005
abstract:
  Begomoviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses and cause severe diseases in major crop plants worldwide. Based on current genome sequence analyses, we found that synonymous codon usage variations in the protein-coding genes of begomoviruses are mainly influenced by mutation bias. Base composition analysis suggested that the codon usage bias of AV1 and BV1 genes is significant and their expressions are high. Fourteen codons were determined as translational optimal ones according to the comparison of codon usage patterns between highly and lowly expressed genes. Interestingly the codon usages between begomoviruses from the Old and the New Worlds are apparently different, which supports the idea that the bipartite begomoviruses of the New World might originate from bipartite ones of the Old World, whereas the latter evolve from the Old World monopartite begomoviruses.


id: cord-104491-uu2rbtem
author: Andiman, Warren A.
date: 2020-09-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513449/
doi: nan
title:
  Where Have All the “AIDS Babies” Gone? A Historical Memoir of the Pediatric AIDS Epidemic in New Haven and its Eventual Eradication

abstract:
  S.L. was one of our first HIV-positive babies. He was born at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) in 1982. His mother was a sex worker who also injected drugs. He died at 3½ years following multiple episodes of opportunistic infection and metastatic lymphoma. In the years between 1986 and 1990, 163 HIV-positive mothers gave birth at YNHH. The mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate was 20 percent. Women represented 8 percent of all HIV cases in the US compared with 29 percent in New Haven. We had a six times greater proportion of children living with HIV. The mean number of HIV-exposed babies rose annually from 26 (1985-87) to 37 (1988-90). Our first team of caregivers comprised a nurse practitioner, a social worker, and me. We were, in time, joined by a growing number of colleagues. Enlightened and generous hospital administrators provided us with outpatient space and the promise of continued funding to support additional staff and in 1987, an independent Pediatric AIDS Care Program. We implemented the proven MTCT prevention guidelines articulated in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) protocol 076 and by 1995, the MTCT rate at YNHH fell to 9 percent. Since 1996, the MTCT rate at YNHH has been zero percent. Combination antiretroviral therapy, cART, made its debut in the mid-1990s; five classes of drugs with multiple agents in each were licensed between 2003 and 2013. We designed individual treatment plans for each child and gradually entered an era when our clinic was populated with healthier long-term survivors. Our Program flourished, based on a multidisciplinary approach which honored interprofessional collaboration.


id: cord-151871-228t4ymc
title: Differential Replication in Machine Learning
author: Unceta, Irene
date: 2020-07-15
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.07981v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  When deployed in the wild, machine learning models are usually confronted with data and requirements that constantly vary, either because of changes in the generating distribution or because external constraints change the environment where the model operates. To survive in such an ecosystem, machine learning models need to adapt to new conditions by evolving over time. The idea of model adaptability has been studied from different perspectives. In this paper, we propose a solution based on reusing the knowledge acquired by the already deployed machine learning models and leveraging it to train future generations. This is the idea behind differential replication of machine learning models.


id: cord-153150-rep51ly9
title: Functional data analysis: An application to COVID-19 data in the United States
author: Tang, Chen
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-153150-rep51ly9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-153150-rep51ly9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.08363v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  We explore the modes of variation of the data through a functional principal component analysis (FPCA), and study the canonical correlation between confirmed and death cases. Lastly, we consider a functional time series model fitted to the cumulative confirmed cases in the US, and make forecasts based on the dynamic FPCA. To begin with, we plot the fitted mean curve (which estimates the trend over time), the fitted variance curve (which estimates the subject-specific variation) and the fitted covariance surface of daily confirmed cases across 50 continental states in Figure 3 . Prior to estimating the functional canonical correlation between confirmed cases and death tolls in the US, some additional pre-processing procedures to the data are necessary, as we observe that the date on which the first confirmed case is reported varies significantly across the states, and the number of death counts stays relatively low during the entire study period in several states.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic so far has caused huge negative impacts on different areas all over the world, and the United States (US) is one of the most affected countries. In this paper, we use methods from the functional data analysis to look into the COVID-19 data in the US. We explore the modes of variation of the data through a functional principal component analysis (FPCA), and study the canonical correlation between confirmed and death cases. In addition, we run a cluster analysis at the state level so as to investigate the relation between geographical locations and the clustering structure. Lastly, we consider a functional time series model fitted to the cumulative confirmed cases in the US, and make forecasts based on the dynamic FPCA. Both point and interval forecasts are provided, and the methods for assessing the accuracy of the forecasts are also included.


id: cord-181220-gr29zq1o
title: A Study on The Effectiveness of Lock-down Measures to Control The Spread of COVID-19
author: Ghosh, Subhas Kumar
date: 2020-08-09
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.05876v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019-2020 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pathogenic virus is able to spread asymptotically during its incubation stage through a vulnerable population. Given the state of healthcare, policymakers were urged to contain the spread of infection, minimize stress on the health systems and ensure public safety. Most effective tool that was at their disposal was to close non-essential business and issue a stay home order. In this paper we consider techniques to measure the effectiveness of stringency measures adopted by governments across the world. Analyzing effectiveness of control measures like lock-down allows us to understand whether the decisions made were optimal and resulted in a reduction of burden on the healthcare system. In specific we consider using a synthetic control to construct alternative scenarios and understand what would have been the effect on health if less stringent measures were adopted. We present analysis for The State of New York, United States, Italy and The Indian capital city Delhi and show how lock-down measures has helped and what the counterfactual scenarios would have been in comparison to the current state of affairs. We show that in The State of New York the number of deaths could have been 6 times higher, and in Italy, the number of deaths could have been 3 times higher by 26th of June, 2020.


id: cord-236070-yao5v598
title: Lockdown effects in US states: an artificial counterfactual approach
author: Carneiro, Carlos B.
date: 2020-09-28
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.13484v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  We adopt an artificial counterfactual approach to assess the impact of lockdowns on the short-run evolution of the number of cases and deaths in some US states. To do so, we explore the different timing in which US states adopted lockdown policies, and divide them among treated and control groups. For each treated state, we construct an artificial counterfactual. On average, and in the very short-run, the counterfactual accumulated number of cases would be two times larger if lockdown policies were not implemented.


id: cord-247554-535cpe5x
title: Ranking the explanatory power of factors associated with worldwide new Covid-19 cases
author: Moustakas, Aristides
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-247554-535cpe5x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-247554-535cpe5x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.00971v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Data driven analysis of epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention variables was performed in order to select the optimal variables in explaining new Covid-19 cases across all countries in time. To that end methods that can account for both spatial and temporal autocorrelation [17] in the data of new Covid-19 cases but can quantify the effect of each epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention are key to our understanding of how the disease spreads in populations worldwide [18, 19] . Hierarchical Variance Partitioning (HVP) statistical modelling was implemented to account for the contribution of each data driven epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention explanatory variable to the total variance of new Covid-19 per million cases [29, 30] . Results from variance partitioning of the data-driven selected 9 epidemiological, public health, economic, and governmental intervention variables explaining Covid-19 new cases per million across countries through time, indicated that the vast majority of new cases per million are explained by the number of tests conducted.

abstract:
  Disease spread is a complex phenomenon requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Covid-19 exhibited a global spatial spread in a very short time frame resulting in a global pandemic. Data of new Covid-19 cases per million were analysed worldwide at the spatial scale of a country and time replicated from the end of December 2019 to late May 2020. Data driven analysis of epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention variables was performed in order to select the optimal variables in explaining new Covid-19 cases across all countries in time. Sequentially, hierarchical variance partitioning of the optimal variables was performed in order to quantify the independent contribution of each variable in the total variance of new Covid-19 cases per million. Results indicated that from the variables available new tests per thousand explained the vast majority of the total variance in new cases (51.6%) followed by the governmental stringency index (15.2%). Availability of hospital beds per 100k inhabitants explained 9% extreme poverty explained 8.8%, hand washing facilities 5.3%, the fraction of the population aged 65 or older explained 3.9%, and other disease prevalence (cardiovascular diseases plus diabetes) explained 2.9%. The percentage of smokers within the population explained 2.6% of the total variance, while population density explained 0.6%.


id: cord-252155-8xgpvxax
title: Practicing during a pandemic: The role of a new pharmacy practitioner
author: Messing, Emily G
date: 2020-08-06
txt: ./txt/cord-252155-8xgpvxax.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252155-8xgpvxax.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa274
doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa274
summary:
  While students and residents may be introduced to the concept of emergency preparedness in pharmacy school and throughout residency, nothing can fully prepare a new practitioner for the experience of being involved in management of a crisis such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 2 Additionally, recent publications regarding the pharmacy profession''s response to the COVID-19 crisis are often generalized to pharmacists at various stages of their careers, 3 and there are limited resources that emphasize the role of the new practitioner in emergency preparedness. While the pharmacy operations team works to establish a new normal and find new ways to tackle the unprecedented challenges posed by a pandemic situation, the clinical pharmacists must also adjust their practices to meet patient care demands, including practices to ensure safe and effective medication use. A new practitioner can help prepare the clinician teams for this scenario by providing education, clinical pearls, and treatment algorithms to pediatric pharmacists, nurses, medical residents, hospitalists, and intensivists.

abstract:
  In an effort to expedite the publication of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, AJHP is posting these manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.


id: cord-252768-ltp7iv1z
title: The potential impact of the next influenza pandemic on a national primary care medical workforce
author: Wilson, Nick
date: 2005-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-252768-ltp7iv1z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252768-ltp7iv1z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092972/
doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-3-7
summary:
  METHODS: The model in the "FluAid" software (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, Atlanta) was applied to the New Zealand primary care medical workforce (i.e., general practitioners). CONCLUSION: Preparedness planning for future influenza pandemics must consider the impact on this medical workforce and incorporate strategies to minimise this impact, including infection control measures, well-designed protocols, and improved health sector surge capacity. Preparedness planning for future influenza pandemics must consider the impact on this medical workforce and incorporate strategies to minimise this impact, including infection control measures, well-designed protocols, and improved health sector surge capacity. We estimated for the impact of pandemic influenza on the primary care medical workforce (i.e., general practitioners) for a single country -New Zealand. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have developed a relatively simple deterministic model, "FluAid" (on freely available software), for analysing the impact of future influenza pandemics [7] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Another influenza pandemic is all but inevitable. We estimated its potential impact on the primary care medical workforce in New Zealand, so that planning could mitigate the disruption from the pandemic and similar challenges. METHODS: The model in the "FluAid" software (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, Atlanta) was applied to the New Zealand primary care medical workforce (i.e., general practitioners). RESULTS: At its peak (week 4) the pandemic would lead to 1.2% to 2.7% loss of medical work time, using conservative baseline assumptions. Most workdays (88%) would be lost due to illness, followed by hospitalisation (8%), and then premature death (4%). Inputs for a "more severe" scenario included greater health effects and time spent caring for sick relatives. For this scenario, 9% of medical workdays would be lost in the peak week, and 3% over a more compressed six-week period of the first pandemic wave. As with the base case, most (64%) of lost workdays would be due to illness, followed by caring for others (31%), hospitalisation (4%), and then premature death (1%). CONCLUSION: Preparedness planning for future influenza pandemics must consider the impact on this medical workforce and incorporate strategies to minimise this impact, including infection control measures, well-designed protocols, and improved health sector surge capacity.


id: cord-256056-d771df30
title: Economic Losses Associated with COVID-19 Deaths in the United States
author: Quast, T.
date: 2020-10-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20219212
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.25.20219212
abstract:
  In addition to the overwhelming health effects of COVID-19, the disease has inflicted unprecedented economic damage. Vast resources have been directed at COVID-19 testing and health care while economic activity has been substantially curtailed due to disruptions resulting from individual choices and government policies. This study estimates the economic loss associated with COVID-19 deaths in the U.S. from February 1, 2020 through July 11, 2020. We use estimates of years of life lost that are based on the age and gender of decedents. Using a value of life year estimate of $66,759, we calculate economic losses of roughly $66 billion. The losses are concentrated in New York and New Jersey, which account for 17.5% of the total losses. Our analysis of per capita losses by state indicates that the highest values are located in the northeastern region of the country, while the values in the western states are relatively low. While economic losses associate with COVID-19 deaths is just one aspect of the pandemic, our estimates can provide context to the value of prevention and mitigation efforts.


id: cord-256537-axbyav1m
title: Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges
author: Kimball, Ann Marie
date: 2016-10-24
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128036785001533
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00153-3
abstract:
  Novel human infections have continued to emerge over the past decade. Their presentation, epidemiology, and microbiology have shifted the paradigms of traditional science. In particular insights into nongenetic or paragenetic mechanisms (plasmid mediated), modes of infection have challenged biology. In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge.


id: cord-259560-mmz5vn0q
author: Price, Sarah
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-259560-mmz5vn0q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259560-mmz5vn0q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1877782120301399
doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101805
summary:
  We also hypothesised that the difference in time to diagnosis between New-NICE and Old-NICE groups would reduce over time, as evidence on vague cancer features emerged and was translated into practice by guidance revision [2, 15] . This serial, cross-sectional, primary-care study used UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD GOLD) with linked National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS, Set 15) data. Semiparametric varying-coefficient analyses were limited to cancer sites with participant numbers providing ≥90 % power at the 5 % level to detect a 14-day difference in diagnostic interval between New-NICE and Old-NICE groups. Median diagnostic intervals were longer for New-NICE than for Old-NICE participants for colorectal (70 vs 51 days), oesophageal (77 vs 55 days), and lung (139⋅5 vs 124 days) cancers; however, this difference tended to decrease or disappear over time (Fig. 3) .

title:
  Trends in time to cancer diagnosis around the period of changing national guidance on referral of symptomatic patients: A serial cross-sectional study using UK electronic healthcare records from 2006–17

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: UK primary-care referral guidance describes the signs, symptoms, and test results (“features”) of undiagnosed cancer. Guidance revision in 2015 liberalised investigation by introducing more low-risk features. We studied adults with cancer whose features were in the 2005 guidance (“Old-NICE”) or were introduced in the revision (“New-NICE”). We compared time to diagnosis between the groups, and its trend over 2006—2017. METHODS: Clinical Practice Research Datalink records were analysed for adults with incident myeloma, breast, bladder, colorectal, lung, oesophageal, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, stomach or uterine cancers in 1/1/2006–31/12/2017. Cancer-specific features in the year before diagnosis were used to create New-NICE and Old-NICE groups. Diagnostic interval was time between the index feature and diagnosis. Semiparametric varying-coefficient analyses compared diagnostic intervals between New-NICE and Old-NICE groups over 1/1/2006–31/12/2017. RESULTS: Over all cancers (N = 83,935), median (interquartile range) Old-NICE diagnostic interval rose over 2006–2017, from 51 (20–132) to 64 (30–148) days, with increases in breast (15 vs 25 days), lung (103 vs 135 days), ovarian (65·5 vs 100 days), prostate (80 vs 93 days) and stomach (72·5 vs 102 days) cancers. Median New-NICE values were consistently longer (99, 40–212 in 2006 vs 103, 42–236 days in 2017) than Old-NICE values over all cancers. After guidance revision, New-NICE diagnostic intervals became shorter than Old-NICE values for colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvements for colorectal cancer, scope remains to reduce diagnostic intervals for most cancers. Liberalised investigation requires protecting and enhancing cancer-diagnostic services to avoid their becoming a rate-limiting step in the diagnostic pathway.


id: cord-260248-yp8x5zwi
author: Ngonghala, Calistus N
date: 2020-04-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066480
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066480
title:
  Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus

abstract:
  A pandemic of a novel Coronavirus emerged in December of 2019 (COVID-19), causing devastating public health impact across the world. In the absence of a safe and effective vaccine or antivirals, strategies for con- trolling and mitigating the burden of the pandemic are focused on non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social-distancing, contact-tracing, quarantine, isolation and the use of face-masks in public. We develop a new mathematical model for assessing the population-level impact of the aforementioned control and mitigation strategies. Rigorous analysis of the model shows that the disease-free equilibrium is locally-asymptotically stable if a certain epidemiological threshold, known as the reproduction number (denoted by Rc), is less than unity. This equilibrium is globally-asymptotically stable, for a special case of the model where quarantined-susceptible individuals do not acquire COVID-19 infection during quarantine, when Rc is less than unity. The epidemiological consequence of this theoretical result is that, the community-wide implementation of control interventions that can bring (and maintain) Rc to a value less than unity will lead to the effective control (or elimination) of COVID-19 in the community. Simulations of the model, using data relevant to COVID-19 transmission dynamics in the US state of New York and the entire US, show that the pandemic burden will peak in mid and late April, respectively. The worst-case scenario projections for cumulative mortality (based on baseline levels of interventions) are 105, 100 for New York state and 164, 000 for the entire US by the end of the pandemic. These numbers dramatically decreased by 80% and 64%, respectively, if adherence to strict social-distancing measures is improved and maintained until the end of May or June. The duration and timing of the relaxation or termination of the strict social-distancing measures are crucially important in determining the future trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study shows that early termination of the strict social-distancing measures could trigger a devastating second wave with burden similar to those projected before the onset of the strict social-distance measures were implemented. The use of efficacious face-masks (such as surgical masks, with estimated efficacy ≥ 70%) in public could lead to the elimination of the pandemic if at least 70% of the residents of New York state use such masks in public consistently (nationwide, a compliance of at least 80% will be required using such masks). The use of low efficacy masks, such as cloth masks (of estimated efficacy less than 30%), could also lead to significant reduction of COVID-19 burden (albeit, they are not able to lead to elimination). Combining low efficacy masks with improved levels of the other anti-COVID-19 intervention strategies can lead to the elimination of the pandemic. This study emphasizes the important role social-distancing plays in curtailing the burden of COVID-19. Increases in the adherence level of social-distancing protocols result in dramatic reduction of the burden of the pandemic, and the timely implementation of social-distancing measures in numerous states of the US may have averted a catastrophic outcome with respect to the burden of COVID-19. Using face-masks in public (including the low efficacy cloth masks) is very useful in minimizing community transmission and burden of COVID-19, provided their coverage level is high. The masks coverage needed to eliminate COVID-19 decreases if the masks-based intervention is combined with the strict social-distancing strategy.


id: cord-261308-93o83z1v
author: Qu, Jiangwen
date: 2020-07-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838395/
doi: 10.1002/mco2.20
title:
  The world should establish an early warning system for new viral infectious diseases by space‐weather monitoring

abstract:
  With the emergence of several new epidemics of viral infections – SARS, MERS, EBOLA, ZIKA, Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic,Covid‐2019 ‐ over the past 3 decades we suggest that a world‐wide programme of stratospheric surveillance and space weather monitoring should be urgently put in place without further delay.


id: cord-263300-qfquedya
title: Geospatial analysis of COVID-19 and otolaryngologists above age 60()
author: Ruthberg, Jeremy S.
date: 2020-04-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32386898/
doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102514
abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is disproportionately impacting older individuals and healthcare workers. Otolaryngologists are especially susceptible with the elevated risk of aerosolization and corresponding high viral loads. This study utilizes a geospatial analysis to illustrate the comparative risks of older otolaryngologists across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Demographic and state population data were extracted from the State Physician Workforce Reports published by the AAMC for the year 2018. A geospatial heat map of the United States was then constructed to illustrate the location of COVID-19 confirmed case counts and the distributions of ENTs over 60 years for each state. RESULTS: In 2018, out of a total of 9578 practicing U.S. ENT surgeons, 3081 were older than 60 years (32.2%). The states with the highest proportion of ENTs over 60 were Maine, Delaware, Hawaii, and Louisiana. The states with the highest ratios of confirmed COVID-19 cases to the number of total ENTs over 60 were New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Michigan. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our models, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Michigan represent states where older ENTs may be the most susceptible to developing severe complications from nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 due to a combination of high COVID-19 case volumes and a high proportion of ENTs over 60 years.


id: cord-263550-wjdmzmdg
title: Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA
author: Bashir, Muhammad Farhan
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-263550-wjdmzmdg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263550-wjdmzmdg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720323524
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138835
summary:
  This study analyzed the association between COVID-19 and climate indicators in New York City, USA. The climate indicators included in the study are average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, average humidity, wind speed, and air quality. • The study examines the impact of climate indicators on COVID-19 epidemic in New York City. Our findings estimate that minimum temperature and average temperature are correlated with the spread of COVID-19 in New York city. Humidity is another contributor for the spread of COVID-19 as it contributed in the rapid transmission within New York City and empirical estimations of this study will be useful in the outcome of efforts to suppress COVID-19. Other meteorological indicators such as wind speed, air quality, and humidity also affect the spread of infectious diseases. This study finds that average temperature, minimum temperature, and air quality are significant correlated with COVID-19 pandemic and will be useful in suppressing COVID-19.

abstract:
  This study analyzed the association between COVID-19 and climate indicators in New York City, USA. We used secondary published data from New York city health services and National weather service, USA. The climate indicators included in the study are average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, average humidity, wind speed, and air quality. Kendall and Spearman rank correlation tests were chosen for data analysis. We find that average temperature, minimum temperature, and air quality were significantly associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study will help World Health Organization and health regulators such as Center for Disease Control (CDC) to combat COVID-19 in New York and the rest of the world.


id: cord-265682-yac7kzaf
title: An emergent clade of SARS-CoV-2 linked to returned travellers from Iran
author: Eden, John-Sebastian
date: 2020-04-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32296544/
doi: 10.1093/ve/veaa027
abstract:
  The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has rapidly spread outside China with major outbreaks occurring in Italy, South Korea, and Iran. Phylogenetic analyses of whole-genome sequencing data identified a distinct SARS-CoV-2 clade linked to travellers returning from Iran to Australia and New Zealand. This study highlights potential viral diversity driving the epidemic in Iran, and underscores the power of rapid genome sequencing and public data sharing to improve the detection and management of emerging infectious diseases.


id: cord-266523-qd5asgg8
author: Wilson, N.
date: 2020-06-12
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.10.20127977
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.10.20127977
title:
  Estimating the Impact of Control Measures to Prevent Outbreaks of COVID-19 Associated with Air Travel into a COVID-19-free country: A Simulation Modelling Study

abstract:
  Aims: We aimed to estimate the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks associated with air travel from a country with a very low prevalence of COVID-19 infection (Australia) to a COVID-19-free country (New Zealand; [NZ]), along with the likely impact of various control measures for passengers and cabin crew. Methods: A stochastic version of the SEIR model CovidSIM v1.1, designed specifically for COVID-19 was utilized. It was populated with data for both countries and parameters for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and control measures. We assumed one Australia to NZ flight per day. Results: When no interventions were in place, an outbreak of COVID-19 in NZ was estimated to occur after an average time of 1.7 years (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0.04-6.09). However, the combined use of exit and entry screening (symptom questionnaire and thermal camera), masks on aircraft and two PCR tests (on days 3 and 12 in NZ), combined with self-reporting of symptoms and contact tracing and mask use until the second PCR test, reduced this risk to one outbreak every 29.8 years (0.8 to 110). If no PCR testing was performed, but mask use was used by passengers up to day 15 in NZ, the risk was one outbreak every 14.1 years. However, 14 days quarantine (NZ practice in May 2020), was the most effective strategy at one outbreak every 34.1 years (0.06 to 125); albeit combined with exit screening and mask use on flights. Conclusions: Policy-makers can require multi-layered interventions to markedly reduce the risk of importing the pandemic virus into a COVID-19-free nation via air travel. There is potential to replace 14-day quarantine with PCR testing or interventions involving mask use by passengers in NZ. However, all approaches require continuous careful management and evaluation.


id: cord-269467-8opv4t7p
author: Caraccio, Chiara
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-269467-8opv4t7p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269467-8opv4t7p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2217/cer-2020-0090
doi: 10.2217/cer-2020-0090
summary:
  The mortality rates of vulnerable and minority populations alone suggest a need to re-evaluate clinical decision making protocols, especially given the recently passed Emergency or Disaster Treatment Protection Act, which grants healthcare institutions full immunity from liability stemming from resource allocation/triage decisions. Disability Rights New York, an advocacy group for persons with disabilities in New York State, has previously filed a complaint against the New York Department of Health for its 2015 ventilator triage policy, which failed to specify that allocation decisions ought exclude disability. The Act grants healthcare workers, including physicians, administrators and hospital managers, immunity from criminal and civil liability for harms and damages resulting from the COVID-19 crisis. Crisis standards of patient care guidance with an emphasis on pandemic influenza: triage and ventilator allocation guideline Crisis standards of care: guidance for the ethical allocation of scarce resources during a community-wide public health emergency

title:
  No protocol and no liability: a call for COVID crisis guidelines that protect vulnerable populations

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic is revealing the unacceptable health disparities across New York City and in this country. The mortality rates of vulnerable and minority populations alone suggest a need to re-evaluate clinical decision making protocols, especially given the recently passed Emergency or Disaster Treatment Protection Act, which grants healthcare institutions full immunity from liability stemming from resource allocation/triage decisions. Here we examine the disparity literature against resource allocation guidelines, contending that these guidelines may propagate allocation of resources along ableist, ageist and racial biases. Finally, we make the claim that the state must successfully develop ones that ensure the just treatment of our most vulnerable.


id: cord-271863-apb8l8tq
title: Companion animal disease surveillance: A new solution to an old problem?
author: Ward, M.P.
date: 2011-07-19
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877584511000323
doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2011.07.009
abstract:
  Infectious disease surveillance in companion animals has a long history. However, it has mostly taken the form of ad hoc surveys, or has focused on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals. In 2006 a Blue Ribbon Panel was convened by the U.S. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to discuss the potential utility of a national companion animal health surveillance system. Such a system could provide fundamental information about disease occurrence, transmission and risk factors; and could facilitate industry-supported pharmaco-epidemiological studies and post-market surveillance. Disease WatchDog, a prospective national disease surveillance project, was officially launched in January 2010 to capture data on diseases in dogs and cats throughout Australia. Participation is encouraged by providing registrants real-time disease maps and material for improved communication between veterinarians and clients. From January to mid-November 2010, an estimated 31% of veterinary clinics Australia-wide joined the project. Over 1300 disease cases – including Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Distemper, Canine Hepatitis, Feline Calicivirus, Feline Herpesvirus, and Tick Paralysis – were reported. In New South Wales alone, 552 CPV cases in dogs were reported from 89 postcode locations. New South Wales data was scanned using the space–time permutation test. Up to 24 clusters (P < 0.01) were identified, occurring in all months except March. The greatest number of clusters (n = 6) were identified in April. The most likely cluster was identified in western Sydney, where 36 cases of CPV were reported from a postcode in February. Although the project is still in its infancy, already new information on disease distribution has been produced. Disease information generated could facilitate targeted control and prevention programs.


id: cord-272585-346ef6qy
author: Lombardi, JM
date: 2020-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-272585-346ef6qy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272585-346ef6qy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1529943020307609
doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.05.539
summary:
  title: Addressing a National Crisis: The Spine Hospital and Department''s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City As peak infections spread across the United States, we hope this article will serve as a resource for other spine departments on how to manage patient care and healthcare worker deployment during the COVID-19 crisis. Our institution has been on the forefront of the COVID-19 pandemic, as we treated "patient zero" in New York City, who presented to our Emergency Department (ED) on February 28 th . Published data by healthcare providers in Asia and Europe demonstrated that the most substantial threat to COVID-19 patient morbidity and mortality was the lack of adequate critical care resources including intensive care unit (ICU) beds and respiratory support [8] [9] . It is vital to note that although redeployment was an important initiative to our department during this time of crisis, our primary concern was to maintain an adequate workforce to meet all orthopaedic surgical demands at our institution.

title:
  Addressing a National Crisis: The Spine Hospital and Department''s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City

abstract:
  In a very brief period, the COVID-19 pandemic has swept across the planet leaving governments, societies and healthcare systems unprepared and under-resourced. New York City now represents the global viral epicenter with roughly one third of all mortalities in the United States. To date, our hospital has treated thousands of COVID-19 positive patients and sits at the forefront of the United States response to this pandemic. The goal of this paper is to share the lessons learned by our spine division during a crisis when hospital resources and personnel are stretched thin. Such experiences include management of elective and emergent cases, outpatient clinics, physician redeployment and general health and wellness. As peak infections spread across the United States, we hope this article will serve as a resource for other spine departments on how to manage patient care and healthcare worker deployment during the COVID-19 crisis.


id: cord-273824-qybrotg8
title: Beloved Things: Interpreting Curated Pottery in Diasporic Contexts
author: Cowell, Shannon
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-273824-qybrotg8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273824-qybrotg8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-020-00560-w
doi: 10.1007/s10761-020-00560-w
summary:
  Drawing on a case study of curated micaceous pottery at a Hispanic diaspora site in east-central New Mexico, this article argues that investigation of heirloom pottery can offer insights into the functional, familial, and cultural significance of these beloved things. Six percent of the fragments derive from micaceous earthenware cooking pots that were produced, traded, and used by Hispanic and Native American women in northern New Mexico, especially during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Cowell 2018) . The first generations of Hispanic women who settled Los Ojitos from the late 1860s onward likely brought pots from the last generation of traditionally produced and traded micaceous ceramics from northern New Mexico. Micaceous ceramic vessels at Los Ojitos, as part of the last generation of pots produced and traded through traditional means in northern New Mexico, represent material traces of the Hispanic homeland as it changed under the American regime.

abstract:
  Historical archaeologists often view curated or heirloom pottery as a frustrating anomaly in the dating of historical-period sites or contexts. Fewer pause to consider why the artifacts were curated in the first place, or what their presence reveals about the people who maintained them. Drawing on a case study of curated micaceous pottery at a Hispanic diaspora site in east-central New Mexico, this article argues that investigation of heirloom pottery can offer insights into the functional, familial, and cultural significance of these beloved things.


id: cord-275772-pmf6stua
title: Drug repositioning: a brief overview
author: Jourdan, Jean‐Pierre
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-275772-pmf6stua.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275772-pmf6stua.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13273
doi: 10.1111/jphp.13273
summary:
  Drug repositioning lies in repurposing an active pharmaceutical ingredient that is already on the market for a new indication. This original definition of drug repositioning has since been extended to include active substances that failed the clinical phase of their development on account of their toxicity or insufficient efficacy, as well as drugs withdrawn from the market because of safety concerns. Instead, repositioning makes use in a new indication of either the biological properties for which the drug has already been approved (possibly according to a different formulation, at a new dose or via a new route of administration), or the side properties of a drug that are responsible for its adverse effects. This example illustrates how even drugs with an exceptionally poor toxicity profile can be repositioned if the new indication is a rare disease (the estimated incidence of leprosy is 250 000 cases per year according to http://www.orpha.net, accessed November, 21th 2019). Drug repositioning: identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: Drug repositioning, that is, the use of a drug in an indication other than the one for which it was initially marketed, is a growing trend. Its origins lie mainly in the attrition experienced in recent years in the field of new drug discovery. KEY FINDINGS: Despite some regulatory and economic challenges, drug repositioning offers many advantages, and a number of recent successes have confirmed both its public health benefits and its commercial value. The first examples of successful drug repositioning mainly came about through serendipity like acetylsalicylic acid, thalidomide, sildenafil or dimethylfumarate. CONCLUSION: The history of great‐repositioned drugs has given some solutions to various pathologies. Serendipity is not yet useful to find repositioning drugs. Drug repositioning is of growing interest. Nowadays, a more rational approach to the identification of drug candidates for repositioning is possible, especially using data mining.


id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m
title: The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
author: Shulman, Stanford T
date: 2004
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605240/
doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000101756.93542.09
abstract:
  The history of Pediatric Infectious Diseases closely parallels the history of Pediatrics at least until the last century, because historically infections comprised the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, as they still do in the developing world. This history reviews developments in the field through the centuries and is writen so that it does not overlap the contribution to this series by Baker and Katz entitled ‘Childhood Vaccine Development in the United States.' Remarkable descriptions of selected pediatric infections existed long before the invention of printing, and early pediatric texts included many chapters devoted to various infections. Coincident with the establishment of pediatric organizations in America in the late 19(th) and early 20(th) Centuries, major attention was focused on diphtheria, infant diarrheal illnesses, tuberculosis, streptococcal infections and their complications, and other pediatric infections, and substantial progress was made. The American Pediatric Society (1888), the American Academy of Pediatrics (1930), the Society for Pediatric Research (1931), and the American Board of Pediatrics (1933) all contributed to the evolution of the discipline of Pediatric Infectious Disease, and numerous leaders of these organizations had significant infectious diseases interests. The establishment of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases sub-board, and an accreditation process for training programs, as well as sub-specialty textbooks and journal, further validated the development of this specialty, particularly in North America. The many remaining challenges related to infectious diseases in children (including HIV, emerging infections, antimicrobial resistance, opportunistic infections, and infections in the developing world) insure the future of the specialty. The genomic era of medicine and the tools of molecular biology will lead to new insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infections. Pediatric Infectious Diseases physicians can celebrate the past triumphs of the discipline and future achievements, all contributing to improved health for children.


id: cord-276419-q4tjbwui
title: Surgeproofing the Hot Zone: Preparing for a Second Wave of COVID-19
author: Millard, William B.
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-276419-q4tjbwui.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276419-q4tjbwui.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196064420306004
doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.07.034
abstract: nan
summary:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data from COVID-19 antibody tests in patients undergoing routine screening for other purposes (eg, cholesterol testing) at 6 sites around the country indicate that estimates based on seroprevalence and catchment-area populations far outstrip the known cases. New York University Langone-Brooklyn is a Level I trauma center, Dr. Sterling noted, and "we saw a number of people coming in with falls-no other symptoms whatsoever-and then because we had the capacity at some point to test everyone coming into the hospital, we started seeing a lot of people [for whom] that was their presenting symptom for COVID." These patients did not have fevers and upper respiratory infections that were missed on the initial history, she noted; "It really was ''I was fine and then just fell.''"


id: cord-276766-hs4sodyt
title: “Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Problems Continue During the COVID-19 Pandemic”
author: Adams Hillard, Paula J.
date: 2020-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-276766-hs4sodyt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276766-hs4sodyt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2020.05.004
doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.05.004
abstract: nan
summary:
  Greetings, Dear Readers, from shelter-in-place COVID-land, a very different place from where we all were (literally, and figuratively) when I wrote my last editorial on Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (PAG) in the time of a pandemic. I am eager to institute some of the elements of enhanced recovery after surgery that are described in this issue of the Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (JPAG). 4 Our patients are still experiencing the usual PAG concerns that are also addressed in this issue: symptomatic labial adhesions, 5 prepubertal vaginal bleeding, 6 chronic pelvic pain, 7 sexually transmitted infections, 8 issues related to contraception and induced abortion, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] adnexal masses, 15,16 differences of sex development, 17 and Müllerian anomalies, 18, 19 among many other problems. The NASPAG Position Statement, published in this issue, highlights the ongoing reproductive health needs of adolescents during a pandemic, including the need for contraception and confidential healthcare, even when using telehealth platforms.


id: cord-277307-wabruzfs
title: Associations of Early COVID-19 Cases in San Francisco with Domestic and International Travel
author: Gu, Wei
date: 2020-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-277307-wabruzfs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277307-wabruzfs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa599
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa599
summary:
  In San Francisco, we validated a qRT-PCR test to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection from nasopharyngeal swab samples based on the EUA (Emergency Use Authorization)approved US CDC assay 3 . Those who did not have a recent travel history, a close contact who was COVID-19 positive, or were not a frontline healthcare worker were categorized as community transmission with an unknown source of infection and comprised 39% of cases. Viruses in the G clade comprise most of the genomes sequenced from patients in Europe 8, 9 , but notably have also been identified in the vast majority of cases associated with the New York SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in March to April of 2020, which occurred after the timeline of this study 11, 12 Viruses from two additional travel-associated cases from Europe (UC43) and New York (UC41) were mapped to other clades circulating in Europe (Figure 2) . Sequencing identifies multiple, early introductions of SARS-CoV2 to New York City Region

abstract:
  In early-to-mid March 2020, 20 of 46 (43%) COVID-19 cases at a tertiary care hospital in San Francisco, California were travel-related. Cases were significantly associated with travel to Europe or New York (odds ratio 32.9). Viral genomes recovered from 9 of 12 (75%) cases co-clustered with lineages circulating in Europe.


id: cord-278025-x8fcib29
title: Histological and serological evidence of disease among invasive, non-native stoats Mustela erminea
author: McDonald, Robbie A.
date: 2007-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-278025-x8fcib29.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278025-x8fcib29.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109002330700072X
doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.028
summary:
  Of 60 stoats examined, 63% exhibited inflammation of the lung, mostly occurring as local or diffuse interstitial pneumonia, 30% showed signs of inflammatory liver disease and 14% were positive for antibodies reactive with feline calicivirus. McDonald and Larivière (2001) provided a comprehensive review of the diseases and pathogens of stoats and other mustelids, generally in their native range, but with particular reference to the control of invasive stoats in New Zealand. In common with the British samples, no lesions of the brain were observed that would have been consistent with infection by distemper virus, though this can not be taken as evidence of the absence of this disease and three individuals in this study were seropositive for morbillivirus, which is comparable to a recent finding of two seropositive animals from a sample of 32 stoats sampled in Canterbury, New Zealand (T.

abstract:
  Invasive, non-native species are a major threat to global biodiversity. Stoats were introduced from Britain to New Zealand in the 1880s and have since caused grave conservation problems. A histopathological and serological survey of disease and infection in stoats from New Zealand was undertaken to identify agents that might be used or modified to control this population. Of 60 stoats examined, 63% exhibited inflammation of the lung, mostly occurring as local or diffuse interstitial pneumonia, 30% showed signs of inflammatory liver disease and 14% were positive for antibodies reactive with feline calicivirus. In Britain only 11% of 44 stoats exhibited symptoms of pulmonary inflammatory disease, suggesting higher rates of infection or compromise of the pulmonary immune system among invasive stoats, possibly related to genetic founder effects or environmental variation. These findings could be exploited in biological control programmes.


id: cord-280158-3fhhuzg5
title: Antibacterial Discovery: 21st Century Challenges
author: Hoffman, Paul S.
date: 2020-04-28
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9050213
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9050213
abstract:
  It has been nearly 50 years since the golden age of antibiotic discovery (1945–1975) ended; yet, we still struggle to identify novel drug targets and to deliver new chemical classes of antibiotics to replace those rendered obsolete by drug resistance. Despite herculean efforts utilizing a wide range of antibiotic discovery platform strategies, including genomics, bioinformatics, systems biology and postgenomic approaches, success has been at best incremental. Obviously, finding new classes of antibiotics is really hard, so repeating the old strategies, while expecting different outcomes, seems to boarder on insanity. The key questions dealt with in this review include: (1) If mutation based drug resistance is the major challenge to any new antibiotic, is it possible to find drug targets and new chemical entities that can escape this outcome; (2) Is the number of novel chemical classes of antibacterials limited by the number of broad spectrum drug targets; and (3) If true, then should we focus efforts on subgroups of pathogens like Gram negative or positive bacteria only, anaerobic bacteria or other group where the range of common essential genes is likely greater?. This review also provides some examples of existing drug targets that appear to escape the specter of mutation based drug resistance, and provides examples of some intermediate spectrum strategies as well as modern molecular and genomic approaches likely to improve the odds of delivering 21st century medicines to combat multidrug resistant pathogens.


id: cord-282404-e8md9ein
title: COVID‐19: we must not forget about Indigenous health and equity
author: McLeod, Melissa
date: 2020-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-282404-e8md9ein.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282404-e8md9ein.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32628335/
doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.13015
abstract: nan
summary:
  1 However, a looming crisis of Māori (Indigenous peoples of New Zealand) health and equity appeared to have had little attention from decisionmakers should our elimination strategy fail. There is major concern among those working in Māori health about the disproportionately negative impact a COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have on Māori communities in the event of widespread illness (www.uruta. 44 In addition, institutionalised racism impacts Māori health and inequities through the underlying values and structuring of our health system, 45 Figure 2 : Age-specific rates of (for example) congestive heart failure (left) and chronic pulmonary disease (right), for Māori and European ethnic groups. In addition, real-time modelling, monitoring and rapid analysis of data using high quality ethnicity data underpinned by principles of Indigenous Data Sovereignty, 53 is required across multiple levels including case numbers and rates, transmission, severity and access to and quality of care (including the performance of public health responses), to inform and assess intervention strategies for Māori.


id: cord-282721-bxg9zqyu
title: Let us unite against COVID-19 – a New Zealand perspective
author: Bandyopadhyay, G.
date: 2020-05-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404225/
doi: 10.1017/ipm.2020.44
abstract:
  Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has shaken the existence of mankind worldwide, including that of New Zealand. In comparison to other countries, New Zealand has had a very low number of confirmed and probable cases as well as COVID-19-related deaths. New Zealand closed its borders and rapidly declared a stringent lockdown to eliminate COVID-19. The country’s ‘go hard, go early’ policy serves as an exemplar for the rest of the world to date. The mysterious nature of COVID-19 has caused tremendous stress and uncertainty leading to universal conflict between public health and state economy. Mental health services and non-government organisations have been proactive in the fight against COVID-19. Though there has been no significant rise in referrals to secondary mental health services to date (4 May 2020), a rapid surge in mental health presentations is widely anticipated. Telehealth may prove to be an efficient and cost-effective tool for the provision of future health services.


id: cord-284602-ytjctt55
title: Reproductive Healthcare During a Pandemic: A New York State of Mind
author: Kushnir, Vitaly A.
date: 2020-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-284602-ytjctt55.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284602-ytjctt55.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1472648320303308
doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.005
summary:
  The purpose of this Commentary is to assess whether the designation by New York State Department of Health of "sexual and reproductive health services as essential" is consonant with the seemingly divergent objectives of providing patient-centered care and advancing national public health objectives in the resource-constrained setting of a global pandemic. In addition, the New York Department of Health took care to emphasize that the "ultimate decision on when such services must occur is between a patient and clinical provider." It is the purpose of this article to assess whether the designation of "sexual and reproductive health services as essential" is consonant with the seemingly divergent objectives of providing patient-centered care and advancing national public health objectives in the resource-constrained setting of a global pandemic.

abstract:
  The purpose of this Commentary is to assess whether the designation by New York State Department of Health of “sexual and reproductive health services as essential” is consonant with the seemingly divergent objectives of providing patient-centered care and advancing national public health objectives in the resource-constrained setting of a global pandemic.


id: cord-285367-jxlt0gby
title: Emerging Issues in Neurovirology: New Viruses, Diagnostic Tools, and Therapeutics
author: Johnson, Richard T.
date: 2008-08-31
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2008.04.003
doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.04.003
abstract:
  In the current era of escalating globalization with rapid transport, changing climate, and an ever growing human population with associated changes in lifestyle, poverty, and war, the emergence of new neurologic infections is accelerated. Understanding their origins using epidemiologic and molecular tools will contribute to improved control of agent spread throughout vulnerable populations. Although few interventions are effective in acute epidemics, the prompt identification of new infectious agents and the roll-out of vaccines together with new antiviral and neuroprotective drugs are promising for the management of future epidemics.


id: cord-285613-hbd44euq
title: Vaccines in a hurry
author: Søborg, Christian
date: 2009-05-26
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.030
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.030
abstract:
  Preparing populations for health threats, including threats from new or re-emerging infectious diseases is recognised as an important public health priority. The development, production and application of emergency vaccinations are the important measures against such threats. Vaccines are cost-effective tools to prevent disease, and emergency vaccines may be the only means to prevent a true disaster for global society in the event of a new pandemic with potential to cause morbidity and mortality comparable to the Spanish flu, the polio epidemics in the 1950s, or the SARS outbreak in 2003 if its spread had not been contained in time. Given the early recognition of a new threat, and given the advances of biotechnology, vaccinology and information systems, it is not an unrealistic goal to have promising prototype vaccine candidates available in a short time span following the identification of a new infectious agent; this is based on the assumption that the emerging infection is followed by natural immunity. However, major bottlenecks for the deployment of emergency vaccine are lack of established systems for fast-track regulatory approval of such candidates and limited international vaccine production capacity. In the present discussion paper, we propose mechanisms to facilitate development of emergency vaccines in Europe by focusing on public–private scientific partnerships, fast-track approval of emergency vaccine by regulatory agencies and proposing incentives for emergency vaccine production in private vaccine companies.


id: cord-285667-etw0dx1i
title: New Alphacoronavirus in Mystacina tuberculata Bats, New Zealand
author: Hall, Richard J.
date: 2014-04-17
url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2004.131441
doi: 10.3201/eid2004.131441
abstract:
  Because of recent interest in bats as reservoirs of emerging diseases, we investigated the presence of viruses in Mystacina tuberculata bats in New Zealand. A novel alphacoronavirus sequence was detected in guano from roosts of M. tuberculata bats in pristine indigenous forest on a remote offshore island (Codfish Island).


id: cord-286769-c05km13w
title: Taking the bus? Barriers and facilitators for adolescent use of public buses to school
author: Mindell, Jennifer S.
date: 2020-08-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904425/
doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2020.08.006
abstract:
  Transport to school can contribute significantly to adolescents’ physical activity but in New Zealand – as in many other countries around the world – many adolescents are driven to school. Public transport offers an opportunity to integrate incidental active transport into school commutes. In this paper, we bring together multiple sources of data into a multi-method study to elucidate the barriers to and facilitators of public transport use by adolescents for school travel in Dunedin, New Zealand, a city with low rates of public transport use. The data include a public bus survey from Otago School Students Lifestyle Survey (OSSLS, 1391 adolescents); the Built Environment Active Transport to School (BEATS) Study parental survey (350 parents), focus groups (54 adolescents, 25 parents, 12 teachers) and semi-structured interviews (12 principals); interviews with three policy-makers from local/regional/national agencies; and analysis of 10 relevant local/regional/national strategies/transport plans. The findings show how distance to school, cost, parental trip chaining, built environment features, the weather, convenience, and safety perceptions are major barriers to using public transport to school. Moreover, current transport planning documents do not favour public health. A number of recommendations that could increase public transport use are made including: raising parking prices to discourage parents driving and trip-chaining; improving bus infrastructure and services; providing subsidies; and changing perceptions of public transport use and users. These actions, however, require collaboration between government authorities across the local, regional and national scale.


id: cord-287304-h6wj7m8u
title: Governing the Sick City: Urban Governance in the Age of Emerging Infectious Disease
author: Keil, Roger
date: 2007-12-07
txt: ./txt/cord-287304-h6wj7m8u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287304-h6wj7m8u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313325/
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00555.x
summary:
  While there has been much attention in recent years on the significance of global city regions in the new world economy (Brenner and Keil 2006) and while the governance and regulation of these regions has captured the imagination of academics and policymakers alike (Buck et al 2005; Harding 2005; Heinelt and Kübler 2005; Kantor and Savitch 2005; Scott 2001) , little has been said specifically about the growing pressures posed by the potential threat of infectious disease through the global network on urban governance. 2 For the area of urban planning and governance a more or less critical literature has begun to explore the spaces that cities have to maneuver in the rather open field of infectious disease preparedness planning and public health since the onset of the "new normal" after the attacks of 9/11 Malizia 2006; Matthew and Macdonald 2006) .

abstract:
  Abstract: Based on a case study of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto, Canada, this article suggests that we may have to rethink our common perception of what urban governance entails. Rather than operating solely in the conceptual proximity of social cohesion and economic competitiveness, urban governance may soon prove to be more centrally concerned with questions of widespread disease, life and death and the construction of new internal boundaries and regulations just at the time that globalization seems to suggest the breakdown of some traditional scalar incisions such as national boundaries in a post‐Westphalian environment. We argue that urban governance must face the new (or reemerging) challenge of dealing with infectious disease in the context of the “new normal” and that global health governance may be better off by taking the possibilities that rest in metropolitan governance more seriously.


id: cord-290719-ab71pz6v
author: Bogacz, Rafal
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-290719-ab71pz6v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290719-ab71pz6v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20073304
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.20.20073304
summary:
  title: Estimating the probability of New Zealand regions being free from COVID-19 using a stochastic SEIR model This report describes a method for estimating the probability that there are no infected or pre-symptomatic individuals in a populations on a basis of historical data describing the number of cases in consecutive days. This report presents a method for estimating such a probability on the basis of a simple model and presents results for individual District Health Boards (DHB) in New Zealand. • Since the Ministry of Health reports daily numbers of new cases in each DHB, the model treats each DHB as a separate population, thus assuming that individuals do not move between DHB (following government instructions not to travel). On the basis of data on the number of cases in New Zealand in the period from 25 March to 18 April 2020, we estimated parameters of the model as β = 0.26, γ = 0.42.

title:
  Estimating the probability of New Zealand regions being free from COVID-19 using a stochastic SEIR model

abstract:
  This report describes a method for estimating the probability that there are no infected or pre-symptomatic individuals in a populations on a basis of historical data describing the number of cases in consecutive days. The method involves fitting a stochastic version of Susceptible Exposed Infected Recovered model, and using the model to calculate the probability that the number of both exposed and infected individuals is equal to 0. The model is used to predict the current probabilities for all District Health Boards in New Zealand. These probabilities are highly correlated with the number of days with no new cases of COVID-19.


id: cord-293174-4ucqudn4
title: Community venue exposure risk estimator for the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Sun, Ziheng
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1353829220310339
doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102450
summary:
  To increase public awareness of exposure risks in daily activities, we propose a birthday-paradox-based probability model to implement in a web-based system, named COSRE (community social risk estimator) and make in-time community exposure risk estimation during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We define exposure risk to mean the probability of people meeting potential cases in public places such as grocery stores, gyms, libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, offices, etc. The correlation experiment with the new cases in the next two weeks shows that the risk estimation model offers promise in assisting people to be more precise about their personal safety and control of daily routine and social interaction. been done for the COVID-19 disease, as an ongoing pandemic few tools are available to evaluate the real-94 time social exposure risks. Model derived risks are 447 generated based on the real-time potential COVID-19 cases, the population in local communities, and the 448 number of people number in a given venue.

abstract:
  Complexities of virus genotypes and the stochastic contacts in human society create a big challenge for estimating the potential risks of exposure to a widely spreading virus such as COVID-19. To increase public awareness of exposure risks in daily activities, we propose a birthday-paradox-based probability model to implement in a web-based system, named COSRE (community social risk estimator) and make in-time community exposure risk estimation during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We define exposure risk to mean the probability of people meeting potential cases in public places such as grocery stores, gyms, libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, offices, etc. Our model has three inputs: the real-time number of active and asymptomatic cases, the population in local communities, and the customer counts in the room. With COSRE, possible impacts of the pandemic can be explored through spatiotemporal analysis, e.g., a variable number of people may be projected into public places through time to assess changes of risk as the pandemic unfolds. The system has potential to advance understanding of the true exposure risks in various communities. It introduces an objective element to plan, prepare and respond during a pandemic. Spatial analysis tools are used to draw county-level exposure risks of the United States from April 1 to July 15, 2020. The correlation experiment with the new cases in the next two weeks shows that the risk estimation model offers promise in assisting people to be more precise about their personal safety and control of daily routine and social interaction. It can inform business and municipal COVID-19 policy to accelerate recovery.


id: cord-293854-p1hym9o0
author: Landes, Scott D.
date: 2020-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-293854-p1hym9o0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293854-p1hym9o0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S193665742030100X
doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100969
summary:
  title: COVID-19 Outcomes among People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability Living in Residential Group Homes in New York State Analysis describes COVID-19 case rates, case-fatality, and mortality among people with IDD living in residential group homes and New York State through May 28, 2020. Our expectation is that COVID-19 case rates, case-fatality, and mortality rates will be higher for people with IDD living in residential group homes than for the general population in New York We then report and describe point estimates for all COVID-19 rates with 95% confidence intervals among people with IDD living in residential group homes, hereafter referred to as people with IDD, and the general population of New York 11, 12 While the results from our study are informative, in order to have a complete picture of the possible differential effects of COVID-19 on people with IDD living in residential group homes, it is important to be able to analyze data for all individuals receiving services within each state and across the US.

title:
  COVID-19 Outcomes among People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability Living in Residential Group Homes in New York State

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) may be at higher risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To describe COVID-19 outcomes among people with IDD living in residential groups homes in the state of New York and the general population of New York State. METHODS: Data for people with IDD are from a coalition of organizations providing over half of the residential services for the state of New York, and from the New York State Department of Health. Analysis describes COVID-19 case rates, case-fatality, and mortality among people with IDD living in residential group homes and New York State through May 28, 2020. RESULTS: People with IDD living in residential group homes were at greater risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes: case rates – 7,841 per 100,000 for people with IDD compared to 1,910 for New York State; case-fatality – 15.0% for people with IDD compared to 7.9% for New York State; and mortality rate – 1,175 per 100,000 for people with IDD compared to 151 per 100,000 for New York State. Differences in cases and mortality rate were confirmed across regions of the state, but case-fatality rate was only higher for people with IDD in and around the New York City region. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 appears to present a greater risk to people with IDD, especially those living in congregate settings. A full understanding of the severity of this risk will not be possible until US states begin publicly sharing all relevant data they have on COVID-19 outcomes among this population.


id: cord-294559-u0r7oh9z
author: Bian, Hongfen
date: 2019-01-18
txt: ./txt/cord-294559-u0r7oh9z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294559-u0r7oh9z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1773-4
doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1773-4
summary:
  title: A new immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on monoclonal antibodies prepared by using cell surface fluorescence immunosorbent assay For rapid detection of PEDV, a new immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was developed in this study. To compare its accuracy to other traditional detection methods, 27 swine stool samples from south of China were investigated with the new developed ICA, commercial strip and RT-PCR. Relying on signals emitted from gold nanoparticles labeled mAb (AuNPs-mAb), a new ICA was developed for sensitive, specific and on-site detection of PEDV in swine stool in China. They were capture and detection mAb, the size of gold nanoparticles, the type of sample pad, the type of conjugate pad, the type of Nitrocellulose membrane, the type of absorbent pad, the amount of tween-20 addition and the spray volume of AuNPs-mAb. The optimization methods are shown in the supplemental materials.

title:
  A new immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on monoclonal antibodies prepared by using cell surface fluorescence immunosorbent assay

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly effective pathogen that can cause death of new-born piglet, resulting in big economical loss in pig farming industry. For rapid detection of PEDV, a new immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was developed in this study. RESULTS: The mAbs were prepared by using PEDV positive hybridoma cells that were selected by using cell surface fluorescence immunosorbent assay (CSFIA). Fourteen mAbs against PEDV strain isolated from south of China were prepared. The optimal mAb 4A11 was coated on NC membrane as the capturing reagent and the mAb A11H7 was coupled to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as detection reagent for the new ICA. The new ICA was used to measure PEDV in phosphate buffer containing tween-20. Results indicated that the limit of detection (LOD) of the new ICA was 0.47 μg/mL (5.9 × 10(3) TCID(50)/mL) and the liner detection range of the ICA was 0.625–10 μg/mL (7.8 × 10(3)–10(5) TCID(50)/mL). The specificity analysis results showed that this new ICA had no cross reaction in the presence of other porcine viruses. The ICA was also validated for the detection of PEDV in swine stool samples with little interference from swine stool. To compare its accuracy to other traditional detection methods, 27 swine stool samples from south of China were investigated with the new developed ICA, commercial strip and RT-PCR. Results showed that the new ICA was more comparable to RT-PCR than commercial test strip. CONCLUSIONS: A new ICA based on mAbs prepared by CSFIA was developed in this study. It was a sensitive, specific and rapid method that could be used for on-site detection of PEDV and therefore was useful for the diagnosis and prevention of PED. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1773-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-295160-q6ninzd2
title: Urban Fringe Land Use Transitions in Hong Kong: From New Towns to New Development Areas
author: Wang, A. Q.
date: 2017-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-295160-q6ninzd2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295160-q6ninzd2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.122
doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.122
summary:
  It is concluded that while housing, infrastructure and facility were the main elements in NTs, employment, vibrancy and environment were suggested to be the new compulsory elements in NDAs integrated to the traditional planning concepts. It is suggested to ensure the development of NDA, the proposed development plan should be persuasive to provide the optimal land use distribution as a trade-off among the profits of developers, the interests of local villager, government concern and the provision of land for future residents. Firstly, smaller scope in less than one fourth of the existing new towns such as Tuen Mun and Sha Tin; secondly, land supply for various uses such as housing, employment, high value-added and non-polluting industries; and thirdly, provision of quality living space and convenience to both residents and users. New town development is the dominant land supply approach in the urban fringe of Hong Kong in 20 th century, which contributed considerably to economic development and the housing, infrastructure and facilities provision for the increased population.

abstract:
  Abstract Land in urban fringe area is the primary source for land supply and development. In Hong Kong (HK), nine new towns have been built in New Territories since 1970s, providing 172.6 km2 built-up land and large amount of residences for 3.4 million people. However, due to land scarcity, development restriction, and social opposition, New Development Area (NDA), as the small-scale extension of New Town (NT), was designated as one of the main approaches for HK medium and long term land supply. To demonstrate the characteristics of urban fringe land use transitions in Hong Kong, literature review and case study were used in this research. The history of new town development and the scheme of new development areas were introduced firstly. Afterwards, the land use features of NT and NDA were compared and the case of Hung Shui Kiu NDA was illustrated. It is concluded that while housing, infrastructure and facility were the main elements in NTs, employment, vibrancy and environment were suggested to be the new compulsory elements in NDAs integrated to the traditional planning concepts. As for the development approach, lease modification was adopted in NDA to allow private landowners directly develop their land, in addition to the traditional development approach of land resumption in NT. It is suggested to ensure the development of NDA, the proposed development plan should be persuasive to provide the optimal land use distribution as a trade-off among the profits of developers, the interests of local villager, government concern and the provision of land for future residents. Also, community engagement will play a more important role in NDA planning process. Referring to the analysis of urban fringe land use transitions and strategies for planning and development, the study would also be helpful to others growing cities.


id: cord-297129-vpg1sfsk
author: Pather, Nalini
date: 2020-05-10
txt: ./txt/cord-297129-vpg1sfsk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297129-vpg1sfsk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32306555/
doi: 10.1002/ase.1968
summary:
  By mid-March, the responsibility fell on academic staff to actively repurpose and redeploy resources, upskill their digital competencies, and develop new material to transition traditionally face-to-face (F2F) and blended programs to a remote learning and/or online education delivery mode (Johnston, 2020) . A reflection from one Australian colleague highlights the increased workload: "Online teaching extends the working day and the working week (to now include weekend work); the volume of email has increased exponentially." Almost all academic anatomists reported that anatomy education is likely to change permanently given the scale of change during the pandemic, with some concerned that this change will call into question traditional laboratory-based approaches, in favor of modern (now trialed) online and remote learning approaches (Table 1) .

title:
  Forced Disruption of Anatomy Education in Australia and New Zealand: An Acute Response to the Covid‐19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Australian and New Zealand universities commenced a new academic year in February/March 2020 largely with “business as usual.” The subsequent Covid‐19 pandemic imposed unexpected disruptions to anatomical educational practice. Rapid change occurred due to government‐imposed physical distancing regulations from March 2020 that increasingly restricted anatomy laboratory teaching practices. Anatomy educators in both these countries were mobilized to adjust their teaching approaches. This study on anatomy education disruption at pandemic onset within Australia and New Zealand adopts a social constructivist lens. The research question was “What are the perceived disruptions and changes made to anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand during the initial period of the Covid‐19 pandemic, as reflected on by anatomy educators?.” Thematic analysis to elucidate “the what and why” of anatomy education was applied to these reflections. About 18 anatomy academics from ten institutions participated in this exercise. The analysis revealed loss of integrated “hands‐on” experiences, and impacts on workload, traditional roles, students, pedagogy, and anatomists' personal educational philosophies. The key opportunities recognized for anatomy education included: enabling synchronous teaching across remote sites, expanding offerings into the remote learning space, and embracing new pedagogies. In managing anatomy education's transition in response to the pandemic, six critical elements were identified: community care, clear communications, clarified expectations, constructive alignment, community of practice, ability to compromise, and adapt and continuity planning. There is no doubt that anatomy education has stepped into a yet unknown future in the island countries of Australia and New Zealand.


id: cord-297993-eqpx3dnq
author: South, Nigel
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-297993-eqpx3dnq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297993-eqpx3dnq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09528-y
doi: 10.1007/s10612-020-09528-y
abstract: nan
summary:
  The next three articles-"Water Theft Through the Ages: Insights for Green Criminology," by Alexander Baird and Reece Walters (2020) , "Big Fish, Small Pond: NGO-Corporate Partnerships and Corruption of the Environmental Certification Process in Tasmanian Aquaculture," by Paul Bleakley (2020) , and "Tapping into Environmental Harm in Brewing: An Exploration of Pollution and Waste in Beer Production," by Travis Milburn and Favian Guertin-Martin (2020)-center on issues of water and wastewater. From here, we turn to three articles dealing with intensive land use(s): "Seismic Risks: a Criminological Analysis of European Investment Bank Support for the Castor Project," by Daniel Beizsley (2020) , "Farming Intensification and Environmental Justice in Northern Ireland," by Ekaterina Gladkova (2020) , and "Waste Crime and the Global Transference of Hazardous Substances: A Southern Green Perspective," by Reece Walters and Maria Angeles Fuentes Loureiro (2020).

title:
  Remembering Roger Matthews (1948–2020) and Editors’ Introduction to “New Times” and “Environmental Crimes”


id: cord-298184-4o5ffk7y
author: Veleva, Vesela
date: 2020-10-14
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124658
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124658
title:
  The Role of Entrepreneurs in Advancing Sustainable Lifestyles: Challenges, Impacts, and Future Opportunities

abstract:
  This paper examines the role of entrepreneurs in advancing sustainable lifestyles (SLs) to address climate change and social inequity. It is based on empirical study of eight U.S.-based sustainable entrepreneurs, focused on reducing material consumption. While business has a key role to play, many large companies are unwilling to promote SLs as this is contrary to their current business models which are focused on growing consumption and sales. This presents an opportunity for entrepreneurial companies with innovative business models who are passionate about sustainability and social impact, and better positioned to take risks and innovate. The research examined emerging business models for advancing SLs, key success factors and challenges reported by the entrepreneurs, the social and environmental impacts of their actions, and the future opportunities for scaling up such practices. The study found that entrepreneurs are well positioned to address simultaneously environmental and social issues, however, they lack resources to effectively measure these impacts to demonstrate an overall positive benefit and strengthen their value proposition. Promoting green attributes alone is not enough to change the behavior of most consumers. It is critically important to emphasize other benefits such as a product/service quality, time or cost savings, or social impact. Social media, formal and informal sustainability networks, IT, sustainability policies, and consumer awareness are key to developing viable business models and competitive strategies that are difficult to replicate. The study found that sustainable entrepreneurs often face “costly” sustainability actions and lack the power to change „the rules of the game“; for this they need to collaborate with other key stakeholders, including NGOs, policy makers, and progressive companies. Based on the research findings the author proposes a new framework for the role of sustainable entrepreneurs as civic and political actors who not only offer innovative products and services, but help educate and influence key stakeholders, develop informal sustainability ecosystem, and thus create momentum for policy changes.


id: cord-298626-duvzwxv0
author: Džiugys, Algis
date: 2020-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-298626-duvzwxv0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298626-duvzwxv0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0960077920305580
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110162
summary:
  The model is developed on the basis of collected epidemiological data of Covid19 pandemic, which shows that the daily growth rate of new infections has tendency to decrease linearly when the quarantine is imposed in a country (or a region) until it reaches a constant value, which corresponds to the effectiveness of quarantine measures taken in the country. We propose to build epidemic analysis and model on the dynamics of rate of new infection cases as more reliable epidemiological data together with an assumption of effectiveness to isolate registered infectious during imposed quarantine. In order to predict Covid-19 disease spread in infected country or region with imposed quarantine, a model of the growth rate of new cases needs to be developed.

title:
  Simplified model of Covid-19 epidemic prognosis under quarantine and estimation of quarantine effectiveness

abstract:
  A simplified model of Covid-19 epidemic dynamics under quarantine conditions and method to estimate quarantine effectiveness are developed. The model is based on the daily growth rate of new infections when total number of infections is significantly smaller than population size of infected country or region. The model is developed on the basis of collected epidemiological data of Covid19 pandemic, which shows that the daily growth rate of new infections has tendency to decrease linearly when the quarantine is imposed in a country (or a region) until it reaches a constant value, which corresponds to the effectiveness of quarantine measures taken in the country. The daily growth rate of new infections can be used as criteria to estimate quarantine effectiveness.


id: cord-299699-9uiv3n41
author: Nori, Priya
date: 2020-09-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106179
doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106179
title:
  Emerging Co-Pathogens: New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales Infections in New York City COVID-19 Patients

abstract:
  • Critically-ill COVID-19 patients with New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales infections at our medical center had poor outcomes, including death in 4 of 5 cases; • Multiple insults contributed to the occurrence of co-infection in these patients, including prolonged hospitalization, intubation, invasive devices, extensive antibiotic use, immunosuppressive therapy and environmental factors; • There are few antibiotic options for treatment of infections with New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales, contributing to poor outcomes; • Hospitals and public health authorities should be vigilant for extensively drug resistant bacterial co-infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
title: Expanding the Concept of Public Health
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2014-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157668000021
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1
summary:
  It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way.

abstract:
  Ancient societies recognized the needs of sanitation, food safety, workers’ health, and medical care to protect against disease and to promote well-being and civic prosperity. New energies and knowledge since the eighteenth century produced landmark discoveries such as prevention of scurvy and vaccination against smallpox. The biological germ theory and competing miasma theory each proved effective in sanitation, and immunization in control of infectious diseases. Non-communicable diseases as the leading causes of mortality have responded to innovative preventive care of health risk factors, smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthful diets, and diabetes mellitus. Health promotion proved effective to modern public health in tackling disease origins, individual behavior, and social and economic conditions. The global burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases, aging and chronic illness faces rising costs and still inadequate prevention. The evolution of concepts of public health will have to address these new challenges of population health.


id: cord-303759-5zvi2k0l
title: Disability, wages, and commuting in New York
author: Wong, Sandy
date: 2020-08-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834677/
doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102818
abstract:
  In the U.S., substantial employment and wage gaps persist between workers with and without disabilities. A lack of accessible transportation is often cited as a barrier to employment in higher wage jobs for people with disabilities, but little is known about the intraurban commuting patterns of employed people with disabilities in relation to their wage earnings. Our study compares wages and commute times between workers with and without disabilities in the New York metropolitan region and identifies the intraurban zones where residents experience higher inequities in wage earnings and commute times. We obtained our data from the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the American Community Survey (ACS) for the 2008–2012 time period. We used linear mixed-effects models and generated separate models with log hourly wage or one-way commute time as the dependent variable. We find significant differences in wages and commute times between workers with and without disabilities at the scale of the metropolitan region as well as by intraurban zone. At the metropolitan scale, disabled workers earn 16.6% less and commute one minute longer on average than non-disabled workers. High commute and wage inequalities converge in the center, where workers with disabilities are more likely to use public transit, earn 17.1% less, and travel nearly four minutes longer on average than workers without disabilities. These results suggest that transport options are less accessible and slower for disabled workers than they are for non-disabled workers. Our findings indicate a need for more accessible and quicker forms of transportation in the center along with an increased availability of centrally located and affordable housing to reduce the disability gap in wages and commute times. We also find that workers with disabilities generally seek higher wages in exchange for longer commute times, but the results differ by race/ethnicity and gender. Compared to white men, minority workers earn much less, and white and Hispanic women have significantly shorter commute times. Our findings offer new geographic insights on how having a disability can influence wage earnings and commute times for workers in different intraurban zones in the New York metropolitan region.


id: cord-304978-xfuwawlu
title: Against Personal Ventilator Reallocation
author: REYNOLDS, JOEL MICHAEL
date: 2020-10-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004101/
doi: 10.1017/s0963180120000833
abstract:
  The COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic has led to intense conversations about ventilator allocation and reallocation during a crisis standard of care. Multiple voices in the media and multiple state guidelines mention reallocation as a possibility. Drawing upon a range of neuroscientific, phenomenological, ethical, and sociopolitical considerations, the authors argue that taking away someone’s personal ventilator is a direct assault on their bodily and social integrity. They conclude that personal ventilators should not be part of reallocation pools and that triage protocols should be immediately clarified to explicitly state that personal ventilators will be protected in all cases.


id: cord-305141-ri8dy54e
title: A serological survey of canine respiratory coronavirus in New Zealand
author: More, GD
date: 2019-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-305141-ri8dy54e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305141-ri8dy54e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31513753/
doi: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1667282
summary:
  Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) in New Zealand dogs, and to explore associations with age, sex, breed, month, and geographical region of sampling and reported presence of clinical signs suggestive of respiratory disease. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between seroprevalence of CRCoV and breed category, age, sex, sampling month, region, and reported health status of dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of CRCoV in a large sample of dogs in New Zealand, to explore the associations between seroprevalence for CRCoV and age, sex, breed, month, and geographical region of sampling, as well as the reported presence of clinical signs suggestive of respiratory disease. Independent variables included the dog-related variables of age (≤2, 3-6, 7-10, ≥11 years), sex (female/male), breed group (pet dogs, working dogs, non-descript dogs), health status (healthy/not healthy), and presence of respiratory signs (yes/no), as well as the samplingrelated variables of month of sampling (March to December 2014) and geographical region (Auckland, Hawkes Bay, Manawatu, Marlborough/Canterbury, Nelson/Tasman, Northland, Otago, Taranaki, Waikato, Wellington).

abstract:
  Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) in New Zealand dogs, and to explore associations with age, sex, breed, month, and geographical region of sampling and reported presence of clinical signs suggestive of respiratory disease. Methods: A total of 1,015 canine serum samples were randomly selected from submissions to a diagnostic laboratory between March and December 2014, and were analysed for CRCoV antibodies using a competitive ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between seroprevalence of CRCoV and breed category, age, sex, sampling month, region, and reported health status of dogs. Results: Overall, 538/1,015 (53.0%) samples were seropositive for CRCoV, with 492/921 (53.4%) positive dogs in the North Island and 46/94 (49%) in the South Island. Age of dog, sampling month, region, and presence of abnormal respiratory signs were included in the initial logistic regression model. Seroprevalence was higher in dogs aged ≥3 compared with ≤2 years (p < 0.01). The lowest seroprevalence was observed in July (30/105; 28.5%) and August (32/100; 32%), and the highest in June (74/100; 74%). Seroprevalence in dogs from Auckland was higher than in dogs from the Hawkes Bay, Manawatu, Marlborough, and Waikato regions (p < 0.05). Abnormal respiratory signs (coughing, nasal discharge, or sneezing) were reported for 28/1,015 (2.8%) dogs sampled. Seroprevalence for CRCoV tended to be higher among dogs with respiratory signs (67.9 (95% CI = 47.6–83.4)%) than dogs with no reported respiratory signs (52.6 (95% CI = 49.5–55.7)%). Conclusions: Serological evidence of infection with CRCoV was present in more than half of the dogs tested from throughout New Zealand. Differences in CRCoV seroprevalence between regions and lack of seasonal pattern indicate that factors other than external temperatures may be important in the epidemiology of CRCoV in New Zealand. Clinical relevance: Our data suggest that CRCoV should be included in investigations of cases of infectious canine tracheobronchitis, particularly if these occur among dogs vaccinated with current vaccines, which do not include CRCoV antigens.


id: cord-305812-6bjdppvq
title: Sustainability in e-commerce packaging: A review
author: Escursell, Sílvia
date: 2020-09-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124314
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124314
abstract:
  Online purchasing, and hence e-commerce packaging production and use, have grown steadily in recent years, and so has their environmental impact as a result. This paper reviews the evolution of packaging over the last century through a compilation of scientific literature on e-commerce packaging focusing on its environmental side. The primary aims were to identify research gaps in e-commerce packaging and to propose new research lines aimed at reducing its environmental impact. A systematic search of abstracts was conducted to identify articles dealing with sustainability in e-commerce packaging in order to better understand changes in materials and formats, identify problems such as oversizing and allow prospective readers to become acquainted with the latest innovations in materials, sustainability and logistics. Based on existing research, packaging materials and technology evolved rapidly until the 1990s. Later, however, it has become increasingly difficult to further reduce their cost and environmental impact. Also, some packaging products continue to be made from non-renewable materials and thus restrict growth of e-commerce. Further research is needed with a view to producing new packages from renewable sources such as cellulose-containing materials, which are widely available in nature, or from recycled cellulose-based materials such as cartonboard. Improving distribution processes with new, more effective tools could additionally help alleviate the environmental impact of packaging. Similarly, new production processes such as additive manufacturing and 3D printing might help optimize package volume and shape, thereby facilitating more sustainable production through, for example, reduced CO(2) emissions. Currently available technology can be useful to rethink the whole e-commerce packaging paradigm, which has changed very little over the past few decades.


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
author: Vasilakis, Nikos
date: 2019-05-23
txt: ./txt/cord-307046-ko3bdvo0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307046-ko3bdvo0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050471
doi: 10.3390/v11050471
summary:
  Complete genome sequences are now available for many of the archived isolates, allowing more accurate taxonomic assignments, analysis of their phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships with other viruses, and evaluation of the potential risks they may present to humans and wild or domestic animal populations. Scientists in these field laboratories were involved in the detection and investigation of human diseases in their respective geographic regions, surveying human and animal populations for serologic evidence of past viral infection, and searching for viruses in a wide variety of arthropods, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians [2] . The family contains several serious human pathogens, including dengue, yellow fever, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses (all arboviruses in the genus Flavivirus) and the hepatitis C virus (a member of the genus Hepacivirus).

abstract:
  In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.


id: cord-307101-pom8nktx
title: Does a low-cost carrier lead the domestic tourism demand and growth of New Zealand?
author: Hong Tsui, Kan Wai
date: 2017-01-07
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517716301911
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.013
abstract:
  This study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of New Zealand's low-cost carrier (LCC) on domestic tourism demand and growth. The panel data regression model and the two-stage least-square (2SLS) model (aims to control for the endogeneity effects) are used to empirically investigate the impact of LCC and the key determinants affecting New Zealand's domestic tourism using five regions (Auckland, Canterbury/Christchurch, Dunedin, Queenstown, and Wellington) from June 2009 to July 2015. The findings suggested that the LCC's services, GDP per capita, the regional tourism indicators (accommodation, and food and beverage), and land transport costs affected New Zealand's domestic tourism. The policy implications of the key finding regarding the significance of the LCC's operations on New Zealand's domestic tourism (local/regional tourism authorities and tourism operators), airline competition between incumbent airline (Air New Zealand) and the LCC (Jetstar), and airport authorities are discussed.


id: cord-309333-lvcp8imi
title: A cell phone data driven time use analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic
author: Fenichel, Eli P
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-309333-lvcp8imi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309333-lvcp8imi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20073098
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.20.20073098
summary:
  Here we build on prior epidemiological time use modeling (Bayham and Fenichel, 2016; Bayham et al., 2015; Berry et al., 2018) to adapt the common SEIR framework to a dynamic time use structure that enables differential behavior by health status in order to incorporate smartphone tracking data into a model of the COVID-19 epidemic for every county in the United States. In prior research, we developed an economic-epidemiological model based on a time-varying conditional proportional mixing structure (Fenichel, 2013; Fenichel et al., 2011) that enables physical distancing behavior to vary based on health state and respond to the state of the epidemic. Serological tests capable of identifying recovered and immune individuals (which are not yet available) are important, and the greatest benefits are in counties where getting recovered individuals back to baseline schedules reduces the greatest share of cases ( Figure 6 ) coupled with those counties likely to experience the greatest hardships from infection (Maher et al., 2020) .

abstract:
  Transmission of the SAR-COV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is largely driven by human behavior and person-to-person contact. By staying home, people reduce the probability of contacting an infectious individual, becoming infected, and passing on the virus. One of the most promising sources of data on time use is smartphone location data. We develop a time use driven proportional mixing SEIR model that naturally incorporates time spent at home measured using smartphone location data and allows people of different health statuses to behave differently. We simulate epidemics in almost every county in the United States. The model suggests that Americans' behavioral shifts have reduced cases in 55%-86% of counties and for 71%-91% of the population, depending on modeling assumptions. Resuming pre-epidemic behavior would lead to a rapid rise in cases in most counties. Spatial patterns of bending and flattening the curve are robust to modeling assumptions. Depending on epidemic history, county demographics, and behavior within a county, returning those with acquired immunity (assuming it exists) to regular schedules generally helps reduce cumulative COVID-19 cases. The model robustly identifies which counties would experience the greatest share of case reduction relative to continued distancing behavior. The model occasionally mischaracterizes epidemic patterns in counties tightly connected to larger counties that are experiencing large epidemics. Understanding these patterns is critical for prioritizing testing resources and back-to-work planning for the United States.


id: cord-310165-xj025ruz
author: Jones, Rodney P
date: 2020-07-19
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145210
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145210
title:
  Would the United States Have Had Too Few Beds for Universal Emergency Care in the Event of a More Widespread Covid-19 Epidemic?

abstract:
  (1) Background: To evaluate the level of hospital bed numbers in U.S. states relative to other countries using a new method for evaluating bed numbers, and to determine if this is sufficient for universal health care during a major Covid-19 epidemic in all states (2) Methods: Hospital bed numbers in each state were compared using a new international comparison methodology. Covid-19 deaths per 100 hospital beds were used as a proxy for bed capacity pressures. (3) Results: Hospital bed numbers show large variation between U.S. states and half of the states have equivalent beds to those in developing countries. Relatively low population density in over half of US states appeared to have limited the spread of Covid-19 thus averting a potential major hospital capacity crisis. (4) Conclusions: Many U.S. states had too few beds to cope with a major Covid-19 epidemic, but this was averted by low population density in many states, which seemed to limit the spread of the virus.


id: cord-311527-keso1oh0
title: Natural Hazards, Landscapes and Civilizations
author: Leroy, Suzanne A.G.
date: 2020-07-30
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128182345000031
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818234-5.00003-1
abstract:
  A series of case studies, derived from Holocene palaeoenvironmental investigations, archaeology, and history, are used to analyze ancient natural hazards and their impact on societies. The evolution of societies is inscribed in geomorphology, as a close relationship exists between the landscape and humans. Four factors underpin disasters: time, space, type of society, and type of event. In some cases, disasters apparently caused civilization to collapse, but, in other cases, they have spawned innovations and led to more resilient societies. In the face of landscape change, our modern society should not be lured by technology and globalization, as these could become more sources of vulnerability than of prevention and mitigation. Changes always have a cost. Civilizations have always had difficulties coping with the element of surprise in a hazard; this will remain uncontrollable. If a natural hazard occurs in a restricted area of the planet, its impact may be felt worldwide due to our current great interconnectedness.


id: cord-312618-rxg7sjd9
author: Allcott, Hunt
date: 2020-08-06
txt: ./txt/cord-312618-rxg7sjd9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312618-rxg7sjd9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272720301183?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254
summary:
  We use location data from a large sample of smartphones to show that areas with more Republicans engaged in less social distancing, controlling for other factors including public policies, population density, and local COVID cases and deaths. We then present new survey evidence of significant gaps at the individual level between Republicans and Democrats in self-reported social distancing, beliefs about personal COVID risk, and beliefs about the future severity of the pandemic. To complement the data showing county-level differences in behavior, we use a nationally-representative survey to show that individual behavior and beliefs about social distancing are partisan. Appendix Figure A4 aggregates the number of POI visits at the electoral precinct level and shows similar partisan gaps, even when including county-time fixed effects. These measures are constructed as follows from the Daily Social Distancing SafeGraph data with observations at the census block group-day level for January 27 through July 12.

title:
  Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic

abstract:
  Abstract We study partisan differences in Americans’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Political leaders and media outlets on the right and left have sent divergent messages about the severity of the crisis, which could impact the extent to which Republicans and Democrats engage in social distancing and other efforts to reduce disease transmission. We develop a simple model of a pandemic response with heterogeneous agents that clarifies the causes and consequences of heterogeneous responses. We use location data from a large sample of smartphones to show that areas with more Republicans engaged in less social distancing, controlling for other factors including public policies, population density, and local COVID cases and deaths. We then present new survey evidence of significant gaps at the individual level between Republicans and Democrats in self-reported social distancing, beliefs about personal COVID risk, and beliefs about the future severity of the pandemic.


id: cord-314443-qeuvymu8
title: Pandemic and the planning of resilient cities and regions
author: Banai, Reza
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-314443-qeuvymu8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314443-qeuvymu8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275120312774
doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102929
summary:
  Concomitantly, city and regional planning and design theories, concepts, regulations, and practices emerge historically in response to public health crises, including pandemics, pollution with rapid industrialization, congestion with urbanization, and loss of green space in cities. The holistic concept of the metropolitan region that highlights the functional links among urban and regional economies also reveals the strengths and limits of the urban system, and thereby informs the comprehensive city plan''s objectives of enhancing sustainability and resilience of the built and natural environments of climate change. The method of the approach and presentation of this paper is comparative by juxtaposing the pandemics of climate change and coronavirus, and through a historical and critical review and synthesis of the durable concepts of the urban system at the kernel of the theories and practices of urbanism expansively, from rooftop to the region, highlighted by place matters, cyberspace, density, access, and the city-region.

abstract:
  The emergence of the coronavirus pandemic motivated this paper, which revisits the nexus of public health and the city, itself a main source of a pandemic which similarly threatens the lives and properties of the world population gradually one glacier at a time: climate change. We argue that pandemics expose both the vulnerability and resilience of the urban system expansively, from rooftop to the region, but also serve as change agents for the planning of resilient cities and regions globally. The discussion of the urban system and the pandemic is comparative, with the recent coronavirus and climate change, a persistent, long-lasting pandemic. The historical and critical review and synthesis of the durable concepts of the urban system at the kernel of the theories and practices of urbanism is highlighted by place matters, cyberspace, density, access, and the city-region. We note the implications for reconfiguring the resilient urban system of the future effectively with pandemic as change agent and the comprehensive plan and its regulatory zoning ordinance as implementation tool.


id: cord-315681-p3j8kt80
title: Public Health Law and Science in the Community Mitigation Strategy for Covid-19
author: Wiley, Lindsay F
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-315681-p3j8kt80.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315681-p3j8kt80.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32728464/
doi: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa019
summary:
  To mitigate the spread of Covid-19, federal, state, and local officials have exercised broad powers available to them under public health statutes and emergency declarations to close businesses and restrict the movement of individuals outside their homes. A court asked to address whether a public health agency has acted reasonably and without abusing its discretion need not simply defer to the expertise of the agency without requiring that the agency to identify and explain the logic the agency deployed to reach its conclusion that quarantine was appropriate." 97 The same is true of officials charged with developing emergency communicable disease control guidelines that, while technically voluntary, are likely to be relied on to enforce involuntary-and highly intrusive-measures by state and local governments.

abstract:
  In a crisis like the Covid-19 pandemic, the role of judges is first and foremost to adjudicate urgent requests for temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions. This means that judges hearing challenges to bans on gatherings, orders to close gun shops, orders to halt abortion care, and detention of civil immigration detainees in crowded and unsanitary conditions are issuing orders based on the parties’ pleadings alone. There is no time—yet—for the discovery, expert testimony, or amicus briefs from professional groups that typically inform assessments of science by judges. This essay examines the role public health science is likely to play in the coming months as judges field challenges to mandatory orders adopted as part of the community mitigation the Covid-19 pandemic. It identifies voluntary guidelines from international and federal health agencies as a resource judges rely on heavily in reviewing emergency communicable disease control orders and argues that transparency of and accountability for guidelines should therefore be held to a higher bar than their voluntary status might otherwise suggest.


id: cord-317823-ztawznod
title: Statewide Interventions and Covid-19 Mortality in the United States: An Observational Study
author: Yehya, Nadir
date: 2020-07-08
txt: ./txt/cord-317823-ztawznod.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317823-ztawznod.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32634828/
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa923
summary:
  Historical analysis of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic during the second wave of infections that examined 43 cities in the United States demonstrated an association between earlier school closures and bans on public gatherings with lower mortality [5] . Therefore, we assessed the association between the timing of emergency declarations and school closures, two specific statewide distancing measures, and subsequent Covid-19 mortality. Second, because deaths per million is a common method to compare localities, we provide an analysis testing the association between deaths per million at the state level after multivariable adjustment relative to timing of emergency declarations or statewide school closures. States implementing emergency declarations or school closures later in the course of the pandemic experienced higher Covid-19 mortality, with each day of delay increasing mortality risk 5 to 6%.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Social distancing is encouraged to mitigate viral spreading during outbreaks. However, the association between distancing and patient-centered outcomes in Covid-19 has not been demonstrated. In the United States social distancing orders are implemented at the state level with variable timing of onset. Emergency declarations and school closures were two early statewide interventions. METHODS: To determine whether later distancing interventions were associated with higher mortality, we performed a state-level analysis in 55,146 Covid-19 non-survivors. We tested the association between timing of emergency declarations and school closures with 28-day mortality using multivariable negative binomial regression. Day 1 for each state was set to when they recorded ≥ 10 deaths. We performed sensitivity analyses to test model assumptions. RESULTS: At time of analysis, 37 of 50 states had ≥ 10 deaths and 28 follow-up days. Both later emergency declaration (adjusted mortality rate ratio [aMRR] 1.05 per day delay, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.09, p=0.040) and later school closure (aMRR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09, p=0.008) were associated with more deaths. When assessing all 50 states and setting day 1 to the day a state recorded its first death, delays in declaring an emergency (aMRR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09, p=0.020) or closing schools (aMRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.09, p<0.001) were associated with more deaths. Results were unchanged when excluding New York and New Jersey. CONCLUSIONS: Later statewide emergency declarations and school closure were associated with higher Covid-19 mortality. Each day of delay increased mortality risk 5 to 6%.


id: cord-318004-r08k40ob
title: Converging and emerging threats to health security
author: Raina MacIntyre, C.
date: 2017-11-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-017-9667-0
doi: 10.1007/s10669-017-9667-0
abstract:
  Advances in biological sciences have outpaced regulatory and legal frameworks for biosecurity. Simultaneously, there has been a convergence of scientific disciplines such as synthetic biology, data science, advanced computing and many other technologies, which all have applications in health. For example, advances in cybercrime methods have created ransomware attacks on hospitals, which can cripple health systems and threaten human life. New kinds of biological weapons which fall outside of traditional Cold War era thinking can be created synthetically using genetic code. These convergent trajectories are dramatically expanding the repertoire of methods which can be used for benefit or harm. We describe a new risk landscape for which there are few precedents, and where regulation and mitigation are a challenge. Rapidly evolving patterns of technology convergence and proliferation of dual-use risks expose inadequate societal preparedness. We outline examples in the areas of biological weapons, antimicrobial resistance, laboratory security and cybersecurity in health care. New challenges in health security such as precision harm in medicine can no longer be addressed within the isolated vertical silo of health, but require cross-disciplinary solutions from other fields. Nor can they cannot be managed effectively by individual countries. We outline the case for new cross-disciplinary approaches in risk analysis to an altered risk landscape.


id: cord-318252-vv3qsq74
author: Stuart, R. M.
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-318252-vv3qsq74.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318252-vv3qsq74.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.02.20186742
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.02.20186742
summary:
  Objectives: To evaluate the risk of a new wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a setting with ongoing low transmission, high mobility, and an effective test-and-trace system, under different assumptions about mask uptake. The dynamics of COVID-19 transmission are complex, and in low-transmission settings the probability of maintaining epidemic control depends on numerous factors outside of policy control, including the characteristics of people who get infected: the size of their households, the type of work that they do, and a number of other socio-economic factors that may influence their contact networks, access to testing and capacity to self-isolate. We use the model to investigate the probability of a setting with low transmission and high mobility experiencing a resurgence in cases, grounding the analysis based on the policy settings and epidemic state of New South Wales at the end of August.

title:
  The role of masks in reducing the risk of new waves of COVID-19 in low transmission settings: a modeling study

abstract:
  Objectives: To evaluate the risk of a new wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a setting with ongoing low transmission, high mobility, and an effective test-and-trace system, under different assumptions about mask uptake. Design: We used a stochastic agent-based microsimulation model to create multiple simulations of possible epidemic trajectories that could eventuate over a five-week period following prolonged low levels of community transmission. Setting: We calibrated the model to the epidemiological and policy environment in New South Wales, Australia, at the end of August 2020. Participants: None Intervention: From September 1, 2020, we ran the stochastic model with the same initial conditions (i.e., those prevailing at August 31, 2020), and analyzed the outputs of the model to determine the probability of exceeding a given number of new diagnoses and active cases within five weeks, under three assumptions about future mask usage: a baseline scenario of 30% uptake, a scenario assuming no mask usage, and a scenario assuming mandatory mask usage with near-universal uptake (95%). Main outcome measure: Probability of exceeding a given number of new diagnoses and active cases within five weeks. Results: The policy environment at the end of August is sufficient to slow the rate of epidemic growth, but may not stop the epidemic from growing: we estimate a 20% chance that NSW will be diagnosing at least 50 new cases per day within five weeks from the date of this analysis. Mandatory mask usage would reduce this to 6-9%. Conclusions: Mandating the use of masks in community settings would significantly reduce the risk of epidemic resurgence.


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
title: Interrogating Technology‐led Experiments in Sustainability Governance
author: Bernards, Nick
date: 2020-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-318672-4nkrh373.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318672-4nkrh373.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12826
doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12826
summary:
  Artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, big data and other new technologies are central to a growing number of on-going experiments, ranging from the tracking of greenhouse emissions to monitoring wildlife poaching and global supply chains, to transnational efforts to combat human trafficking, and manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Big data and blockchain technologies, for example, are increasingly instrumental to a growing range of ''multi-stakeholder'' arrangements between private forprofit firms and public bodies seeking, for instance, to protect working conditions or to trace and disclose greenhouse gas emissions and ''conflict minerals'' across global supply chains. The prominent roles of audit firms and private sector consultants in developing technological solutions to global sustainability governance challenges raise important issues. Policy making and broader public discussion over the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, Big Data, and blockchain into global sustainability governance need to be far more socially and politically sensitive than is currently the case.

abstract:
  Solutions to global sustainability challenges are increasingly technology‐intensive. Yet, technologies are neither developed nor applied to governance problems in a socio‐political vacuum. Despite aspirations to provide novel solutions to current sustainability governance challenges, many technology‐centred projects, pilots and plans remain implicated in longer‐standing global governance trends shaping the possibilities for success in often under‐recognized ways. This article identifies three overlapping contexts within which technology‐led efforts to address sustainability challenges are evolving, highlighting the growing roles of: (1) private actors; (2) experimentalism; and (3) informality. The confluence of these interconnected trends illuminates an important yet often under‐recognized paradox: that the use of technology in multi‐stakeholder initiatives tends to reduce rather than expand the set of actors, enhancing instead of reducing challenges to participation and transparency, and reinforcing rather than transforming existing forms of power relations. Without recognizing and attempting to address these limits, technology‐led multi‐stakeholder initiatives will remain less effective in addressing the complexity and uncertainty surrounding global sustainability governance. We provide pathways for interrogating the ways that novel technologies are being harnessed to address long‐standing global sustainability issues in manners that foreground key ethical, social and political considerations and the contexts in which they are evolving.


id: cord-320360-2qpcot6p
title: Will an imperfect vaccine curtail the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.?
author: Gumel, A. B.
date: 2020-05-14
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.10.20097428
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.10.20097428
abstract:
  The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that emerged from Wuhan city of China in late December 2019 continue to pose devastating public health and economic challenges across the world. Although the community-wide implementation of basic non-pharmaceutical intervention measures, such as social-distancing, quarantine of suspected COVID-19 cases, isolation of confirmed cases, use of face masks in public, and contact-tracing, have been quite effective in curtailing and mitigating the burden of the pandemic, it is universally believed that the use of an anti-COVID-19 vaccine is necessary to build the community herd immunity needed to effectively control and eliminate the pandemic. This study is based on the design and use of a mathematical model for assessing the population-level impact of a hypothetical imperfect anti-COVID-19 vaccine on the control of COVID-19. An analytical expression for the minimum number of unvaccinated susceptible individuals needed to be vaccinated to achieve vaccine-induced community herd immunity is derived. The epidemiological consequence of the herd immunity threshold is that the disease can be effectively controlled or eliminated if the minimum herd immunity threshold is achieved in the community. Simulations of the model, using baseline parameter values obtained from fitting the model with mortality data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Florida, as well as for the entire US, show that, for an anti-COVID-19 vaccine with an assumed protective efficacy of 80%, the minimum herd immunity threshold for the entire US, state of New York and state of Florida are, respectively, 90%, 84% and 85%. Furthermore, it was shown that, while a significantly large increase in vaccination rate (from baseline) is necessarily needed to eliminate COVID-19 from the entire US, the pandemic can be eliminated from the states of New York and Florida if the vaccination rate is marginally increased (by as low as 10%) from its baseline value. The prospect of COVID-19 elimination in the US or in the two states of New York and Florida is greatly enhanced if the vaccination program is combined with a public mask use program or an effective social-distancing measure. Such combination of strategies significantly reduces the vaccine-induced herd immunity threshold. Finally, it is shown that the vaccination program is more likely to lead to COVID-19 elimination in the state of Florida, followed by the state of New York and then the entire US.


id: cord-321606-o0gfukzg
author: Unruh, Mark Aaron
date: 2020-06-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32674812/
doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.019
abstract: nan
title:
  Nursing Home Characteristics Associated with COVID-19 Deaths in Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York


id: cord-321621-maym3iah
author: Rogala, Anna
date: 2020-04-23
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214782920300166?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100322
title:
  Internet-based self-help intervention aimed at increasing social self-efficacy among internal migrants in Poland: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Migration is a challenging life transition that may be a source of various problems related to well-being and mental health. However, the psychological adaptation of migrants may be potentially facilitated by social self-efficacy—the beliefs in one's ability to initiate and maintain interpersonal relationships. Previous research suggests that social self-efficacy is positively related to adjustment and negatively related to loneliness, depression, and psychological distress. Research also confirms that self-efficacy beliefs can be effectively enhanced using Internet-based interventions. These results served as a background for creating the New in Town, a self-help Internet-based intervention for internal migrants in Poland that aims at increasing social self-efficacy. Exercises in the intervention are based on the principles of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and relate to sources of self-efficacy beliefs: mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasions, and emotional and physiological states. Users complete increasingly challenging tasks that encourage them to interact with their environment. The aim of this trial was to investigate the efficacy of the New in Town intervention. METHODS: The efficacy of the New in Town intervention will be tested in a two-arm randomized controlled trial with a waitlist control group. Social self-efficacy will be the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes will include loneliness, perceived social support, and satisfaction with life. Additionally, we will measure user experience among participants allocated to the experimental group. We aim to recruit a total of N = 280 participants aged at least 18 years who have changed their place of residence in the last 6 months and have an Internet connection. Participants will be assessed at baseline, 3-week post-test, and 8-week follow-up. DISCUSSION: The trial will provide insights into the efficacy of Internet-based self-help interventions in increasing social self-efficacy. Given that the intervention works, New in Town could provide an easily accessible support option for internal migrants in Poland. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04088487) on 11th September 2019.


id: cord-322527-m1ig1hii
author: Sharp, Mindy McGarrah
date: 2020-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-322527-m1ig1hii.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322527-m1ig1hii.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836403/
doi: 10.1007/s11089-020-00914-5
summary:
  In the following sections, I will describe four elements of institutional conversion that flow from the conversation between Lewis Rambo''s decades of research on religious conversion and what I was hearing as a pointed call for change in Adele''s "Send My Love To Your New Lover." I locate these insights in the realm of theological education, where I work, but imagine they could help illustrate similar dynamics in other areas of higher education and institutional life. Bringing Adele and Rambo into conversation, I distinguish four practices that could loosen institutional stuckness in order to motivate institutions who still want to keep moving through a decolonizing conversion process: (1) untangling initial inclusion from completed conversion, (2) truth-telling about desires not to convert, or resistances, (3) detangling toe-dipping from being in over our heads, and (4) (re)engaging a commissioning call and response in order to (re)commit to conversions in practice.

title:
  If You’re Ready, I Am Ready (But the Wait Is Harming Us Both) Individual Risks in Institutional Conversions

abstract:
  Rambo, Adele, and a religion professor walk into a coffee shop. What in the world do they have in common? This essay integrates Lewis Rambo’s scholarship on conversion with pop singer Adele’s popular song “Send My Love to Your Lover” to understand and redress inequity in individual risk within processes of institutional conversion. The author focuses on practices of inclusion in institutions of higher education using the specific example of theological schools with aspirational school mission statements that embrace equity and diversities. She argues that bringing Rambo and Adele into conversation with anecdotal and published research on institutional (in)justice illuminates four practices that institutions could adopt to better align practice with promise and thereby promote wellness for all who are impacted by institutional health.


id: cord-322787-dbtc0bo3
title: Short-term effects of weather parameters on COVID-19 morbidity in select US cities
author: Runkle, Jennifer D.
date: 2020-06-09
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720336135
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140093
abstract:
  Abstract Little is known about the environmental conditions that drive the spatiotemporal patterns of SARS-CoV-2, and preliminary research suggests an association with weather parameters. However, the relationship with temperature and humidity is not yet apparent for COVID-19 cases in US cities first impacted. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between COVID-19 cases and weather parameters in select US cities. A case-crossover design with a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to evaluate the contribution of ambient temperature and specific humidity on COVID-19 cases in select US cities. The case-crossover examines each COVID case as its own control at different time periods (before and after transmission occurred). We modeled the effect of temperature and humidity on COVID-19 transmission using a lag period of 7 days. A subset of 8 cities were evaluated for the relationship with weather parameters and 5 cities were evaluated in detail. Short-term exposure to humidity was positively associated with COVID-19 transmission in 4 cities. The associations were small with ¾ cities exhibiting higher COVID19 transmission with specific humidity that ranged from 6 to 9 g/kg. Our results suggest that weather should be considered in infectious disease modeling efforts and future work is needed over a longer time period and across different locations to clearly establish the weather-COVID19 relationship.


id: cord-322802-id9jg6v4
author: Fouda, Ayman
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-322802-id9jg6v4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322802-id9jg6v4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32874858/
doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.015
summary:
  title: The COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore: Health Policies and Lessons Learned OBJECTIVE(S): This paper aims at providing an overview of the COVID-19 situation, health policies, and economic impact in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore. The countries Greece, Iceland, New Zealand and Singapore have been chosen due to their ability to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 at an early stage and, in the case of one, eliminate community transmission of SARS-CoV-2; their similar geographic nature as islands and peninsulas; and their economies which mainly rely on service producing industries. Daily data COVID-19 cases, deaths, recoveries As of the 9 th of August 2020, Greece, Iceland, New Zealand and Singapore had reported 20,440 laboratory confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 between them, accounting for 0.6% of the world''s confirmed cases [34] .

title:
  The COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore: Health Policies and Lessons Learned

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE(S): This paper aims at providing an overview of the COVID-19 situation, health policies, and economic impact in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore. The four countries were chosen due to their ability to contain the spread and mitigate the effects of COVID-19 on their societies. METHOD(S): We use document analysis based on the available national reports, media announcements, official coronavirus websites and governmental decrees in each of the four countries starting from the 1(st) of January o the 9th of August announcements. We apply a policy gradient to compare and examine the policies implemented in the four countries. FINDING(S): The four countries have different demographic, epidemiological, socioeconomic profiles but managed to control the pandemic at an early stage in terms of total number of positive cases. The four countries managed to absorb the health system shock and decrease the case fatality ratio of COVID-19. Early interventions were crucial to avoid expected life lost in case of no early lockdown. The pandemic triggered several economic stimulus and relief measures in the four countries; the impact or the economic rebound is yet to be fully observed. CONCLUSION(S): We conclude that early, proactive and strict interventions along with leveraging previous experience on communicable diseases and the evolution of testing strategies are key lessons that can be synthesized from the interventions of the four countries and that could be useful for a potential second wave or similar pandemics.


id: cord-322915-zrjx31ev
title: Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress
author: Demain, Arnold L
date: 2009-01-09
txt: ./txt/cord-322915-zrjx31ev.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322915-zrjx31ev.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2008.16
doi: 10.1038/ja.2008.16
summary:
  Evidence of the importance of natural products in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs for the treatment of human diseases is provided by the fact that close to half of the best selling pharmaceuticals in 1991 were either natural products or their derivatives. In addition to the antibiotic-resistance problem, new families of anti-infective compounds are needed to enter the marketplace at regular intervals to tackle the new diseases caused by evolving pathogens. 28 Among the novel class of antimicrobial agents used in treating resistance to Gram-positive infections, we can also mention the cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin produced by Streptomyces roseosporus. 44 Other applications include antitumor drugs, enzyme inhibitors, gastrointestinal motor stimulator agents, hypocholesterolemic drugs, ruminant growth stimulants, insecticides, herbicides, coccidiostats, antiparasitics vs coccidia, helminths and other pharmacological activities. Considering that animal health research and the development of new anti-infective product discovery have decreased, the discovery of new antibiotics has decreased over the past 15 years, with few new drug approvals.

abstract:
  Microbes have made a phenomenal contribution to the health and well-being of people throughout the world. In addition to producing many primary metabolites, such as amino acids, vitamins and nucleotides, they are capable of making secondary metabolites, which constitute half of the pharmaceuticals on the market today and provide agriculture with many essential products. This review centers on these beneficial secondary metabolites, the discovery of which goes back 80 years to the time when penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.


id: cord-326029-oya0fc6d
title: Will philanthropy save us all? Rethinking urban philanthropy in a time of crisis
author: Fuentenebro, Pablo
date: 2020-09-22
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.005
doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.005
abstract:
  In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, philanthropy has been quick to react to the call for help from Governments and International Organisations. And yet, despite the overwhelming response, increasing attention has been brought to the intricate ways in which philanthropists and billionaires have been asserting their presence through their actions and influence in different spheres of power. In this commentary, I challenge the idea that philanthropy can be the solution to all of our problems, and highlight some of the problematic issues that emerge when philanthropy is put at the forefront of the discussion. Also, I point out to other elements that have been left out, including the wave of collective solidarity that has been channelled through mutual aid groups and organisations.


id: cord-332512-28utunid
author: Eikenberry, Steffen E.
date: 2020-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-332512-28utunid.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332512-28utunid.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20055624
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.06.20055624
summary:
  Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths. Moreover, mask use decreases the effective transmission rate in nearly linear proportion to the product of mask effectiveness (as a fraction of potentially infectious contacts blocked) and coverage rate (as a fraction of the general population), while the impact on epidemiologic outcomes (death, hospitalizations) is highly nonlinear, indicating masks could synergize with other non-pharmaceutical measures. In summary, the benefit to routine face mask use by the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain, but our initial mathematical modeling work suggests a possible strong potential benefit to near universal adoption of even weakly effective homemade masks that may synergize with, not replace, other control and mitigation measures.

title:
  To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  Face mask use by the general public for limiting the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is controversial, though increasingly recommended, and the potential of this intervention is not well understood. We develop a compartmental model for assessing the community-wide impact of mask use by the general, asymptomatic public, a portion of which may be asymptomatically infectious. Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths. Moreover, mask use decreases the effective transmission rate in nearly linear proportion to the product of mask effectiveness (as a fraction of potentially infectious contacts blocked) and coverage rate (as a fraction of the general population), while the impact on epidemiologic outcomes (death, hospitalizations) is highly nonlinear, indicating masks could synergize with other non-pharmaceutical measures. Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%). Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.


id: cord-333277-prl8xbnm
title: 21-Day Lockdown in India Dramatically Reduced Air Pollution Indices in Lucknow and New Delhi, India
author: Srivastava, Sudhakar
date: 2020-06-03
txt: ./txt/cord-333277-prl8xbnm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333277-prl8xbnm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02895-w
doi: 10.1007/s00128-020-02895-w
summary:
  title: 21-Day Lockdown in India Dramatically Reduced Air Pollution Indices in Lucknow and New Delhi, India This lockdown impacted the pollution levels of environment and improved air and water quality in the short span owing to very less human activities. The present work scientifically analyzed the available data for primary air pollutants (PM(2.5), NO(2), SO(2) and CO) from two major Indian cities, Lucknow and New Delhi. 2020; Gautam 2020) .This article scientifically examines the impact of lockdown on air pollution indices in two major cities of India, New Delhi and Lucknow. Our present study used a comprehensive air quality data in two cities of India, Lucknow and New Delhi. After the implication of lockdown, the AQI was significantly changed and was found to be in the range of 46.64 to 93.11 which falls in Good (0-50 at Central School Fig. 4 Air Quality Index in Lucknow and Delhi city (Before and After Lockdown).

abstract:
  In December 2019, the outbreak of viral disease labeled as Novel Coronavirus started in Wuhan, China, which later came to be known as Covid-19. The disease has spread in almost every part of the world and has been declared a global pandemic in March 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). The corona virus outbreak has emerged as one of the deadliest pandemics of all time in human history. The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has forced several countries of the world to observe complete lockdown forcing people to live in their homes. India also faced the phase of total lockdown for 21 days (in first phase) to avoid the spread of coronavirus to the maximum possible extent. This lockdown impacted the pollution levels of environment and improved air and water quality in the short span owing to very less human activities. The present work scientifically analyzed the available data for primary air pollutants (PM(2.5), NO(2), SO(2) and CO) from two major Indian cities, Lucknow and New Delhi. The analysis was based on air quality data for before lockdown and after lockdown (first phase of 21 days) periods of 21 days each. The results showed significant decline in the studied air pollution indices and demonstrated improvement of air quality in both the cities. The major impact was seen in the levels of PM(2.5), NO(2) and CO. The levels of SO(2) showed less significant decline during the lockdown period. The results are presented with future perspectives to mitigate air pollution in near future by adopting the short and periodical lockdown as a tool. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00128-020-02895-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-335065-fv122304
title: American Dreaming: Really Reading The Great Gatsby
author: Cain, William E.
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-335065-fv122304.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335065-fv122304.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32895582/
doi: 10.1007/s12115-020-00510-6
summary:
  When we really read The Great Gatsby, we perceive and understand the American dimension of the novel and appreciate, too, the global range and relevance that in it Fitzgerald has achieved. Nick says about the very rich American Dreamer Gatsby: "He wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: ''I never loved you''. Hendren observes: "It just speaks to this kind of question: To what extent are we a country where kids have a notion of the American dream?" (Bloomberg Business Week, March 20, 2019; see also John Jerrim and Lindsey Macmillan, "Income Inequality, Intergenerational Mobility, and the Great Gatsby Curve: Is Education the Key?," Social Forces, December 2015). For there is in The Great Gatsby a vision that exceeds money, inequality, and the American Dream. When we read The Great Gatsby, we inevitably think (as Fitzgerald wants us to) about the American Dream-what it was and is, and whether, if we are losing this Dream, we might restore it in this twenty-first century riven by income inequality.

abstract:
  F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) is one of the best known and most widely read and taught novels in American literature. It is so familiar that even those who have not read it believe that they have and take for granted that they know about its main character and theme of the American Dream. We need to approach The Great Gatsby as if it were new and really read it, paying close attention to Fitzgerald’s literary language. His novel gives us a vivid depiction of and insight into income inequality as it existed in the 1920s and, by extension, as it exists today, when the American Dream is even more limited to the fortunate few, not within reach of the many. When we really read The Great Gatsby, we perceive and understand the American dimension of the novel and appreciate, too, the global range and relevance that in it Fitzgerald has achieved. It is a great American book and a great book of world literature.


id: cord-338666-gg9qcpmz
author: Rubin, Geoffrey A.
date: 2020-04-27
txt: ./txt/cord-338666-gg9qcpmz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338666-gg9qcpmz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/hpc.0000000000000225
doi: 10.1097/hpc.0000000000000225
summary:
  The aims of these recommendations are to outline: (1) essential practical steps to approaching procedures, as well as outpatient and inpatient care of EP patients, with relevant examples, (2) successful strategies to minimize exposure risk to patients and clinical staff while also balancing resource utilization, (3) challenges related to redeployment and restructuring of clinical and support staff, and (4) considerations regarding continued collaboration with clinical and administrative colleagues to implement these changes. • Understand and appreciate the broader institutional picture, including the scope of the pandemic and its impact on the network • Discuss resource use and capacity • Discuss staff allocation, challenges, and illnesses • Troubleshoot daily clinical and administrative challenges • Provide and receive feedback in the setting of altered workflows • Convey that EP practices are relatively smaller compared with other services, and deployment needs of the hospital should be balanced with the need for availability of a core number of EP staff with specialized skills necessary to perform urgent/emergent EP procedures • Coordinate staffing changes regarding ill/exposed staff members from Workforce Health & Safety and Infection Prevention & Control departments.

title:
  Restructuring Electrophysiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Practical Guide From a New York City Hospital Network

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 crisis is a global pandemic of a novel infectious disease with far-ranging public health implications. With regard to cardiac electrophysiology (EP) services, we discuss the “real-world” challenges and solutions that have been essential for efficient and successful (1) ramping down of standard clinical practice patterns and (2) pivoting of workflow processes to meet the demands of this pandemic. The aims of these recommendations are to outline: (1) essential practical steps to approaching procedures, as well as outpatient and inpatient care of EP patients, with relevant examples, (2) successful strategies to minimize exposure risk to patients and clinical staff while also balancing resource utilization, (3) challenges related to redeployment and restructuring of clinical and support staff, and (4) considerations regarding continued collaboration with clinical and administrative colleagues to implement these changes. While process changes will vary across practices and hospital systems, we believe that these experiences from 4 different EP sections in a large New York City hospital network currently based in the global epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic will prove useful for other EP practices adapting their own practices in preparation for local surges.


id: cord-339855-oqe8rcbu
title: Academics engaging through the media—Insights from creating a monthly column on crisis management
author: Laufer, Daniel
date: 2020-06-06
txt: ./txt/cord-339855-oqe8rcbu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339855-oqe8rcbu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836706/
doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101932
summary:
  The article also describes the benefits of writing a newspaper column including educating the public about issues relating to Crisis Management such as managing Covid-19, creating a platform for enhancing collaboration between academics and Public Relations firms, and enhancing the reputation of both the academic and university. In pitching the idea, I emphasized the success of the "Crisis of the Week" column in the Wall Street Journal, as well as the interest of major media outlets in New Zealand for commentary on topics related to Crisis Management. Academic experts in Crisis Management from most of the major universities in New Zealand have agreed to provide commentary for the column. In writing my column on Crisis Management, in addition to the benefits to academics and universities, I believe that the field of Public Relations can benefit as well through the potential for future increased collaboration between academics and practitioners.

abstract:
  Universities increasingly expect academics to engage with external stakeholders. This includes providing media commentary. In this article I describe my experience writing a monthly column on Crisis Management in the New Zealand Herald, the most widely read newspaper in New Zealand with an average daily readership of over 460,000 people (New Zealand Herald, 2019). The article also describes the benefits of writing a newspaper column including educating the public about issues relating to Crisis Management such as managing Covid-19, creating a platform for enhancing collaboration between academics and Public Relations firms, and enhancing the reputation of both the academic and university. This article will benefit academics in the field of Public Relations who are interested in writing a newspaper column to engage through the media.


id: cord-341416-6bh08901
title: Laboratory Testing of SARS CoV-2: A New York Institutional Experience
author: Smithgall, Marie C.
date: 2020-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-341416-6bh08901.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341416-6bh08901.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S258940802030003X
doi: 10.1016/j.yamp.2020.07.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  The World Health Organization developed the first quantitative RT-PCR test for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began shipping its own RT-PCR test kits after receiving Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on February 4, 2020. To date there are more than 80 commercial laboratories and/or test kit manufacturers that have received approval for emergency use by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for SARS-CoV-2 testing with molecular assays accounting for the vast majority [6] . In addition, the FDA recently granted EUA for an RT-PCR lab developed test for qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva specimens and a test that uses a home collection kit with nasal swabs [6] for details see https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparednessand-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization]. During this time, termed the "window period," a patient who is infected with SARS-CoV-2, but has not yet produced antibodies, would test negative on such an assay.


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
title: Biology and Diseases of Rabbits
author: Nowland, Megan H.
date: 2015-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095274000109
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9
summary:
  Etiology Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative nonmotile coccobacillus that causes pasteurellosis, also known as ''snuffles'', the primary respiratory disease affecting domestic rabbits (Deeb and DiGiacomo, 2000; Guo et al., 2012) . Research Complications Pasteurellosis can cause considerable economic losses (El Tayeb et al., 2004; Ferreira et al., 2012; Stahel et al., 2009 ) and has the potential to affect different types of research studies using rabbits due to the multisystemic nature of the disease, and the possibility of high morbidity and mortality. piliforme is a pleomorphic, Gramnegative, spore-forming, motile, obligate intracellular rod-shaped bacterium that causes Tyzzer''s disease and infects various animals including mice, nonhuman primates, gerbils, rats, rabbits, and others (Allen et al., 1965; Ganaway et al., 1971; Pritt et al., 2010) . Research Complications EPEC infection can cause high morbidity and mortality in laboratory rabbit colonies and can affect studies involving intestinal physiology in rabbits.

abstract:
  Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.


id: cord-341693-y7xpvwol
author: Bayne, Karen
date: 2020-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-341693-y7xpvwol.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341693-y7xpvwol.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2020.09.004
doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.09.004
summary:
  By assessing the New Zealand bioeconomy against a set of six structural elements (Renewable resources; Knowledge, innovation & technology; Finance and governance; Research & development; Private and public expectations; Processes, products & services) strengths and weaknesses present in enabling bioeconomic transformation have been highlighted [6] . First, the returns from agricultural production are low compared to international profits ([31] [32] ); secondly, the environmental cost of production is reaching a point by which it is clear that changes to the current intensification norm are needed [33] ; thirdly, New Zealand''s siloed primary sector economy and market dominance of large well-established corporates provides inertia to sectoral transformation; fourthly, some recent efforts to build and grow the bioeconomy have been met with social and market resistance; and finally, New Zealand is currently lacking governance and financial enablers to provide effective transition [6] .

title:
  Towards a bioeconomic vision for New Zealand – Unlocking barriers to enable new pathways and trajectories

abstract:
  There has been significant national interest and movement towards bioeconomic policy over the past decade. Through an examination of the current bioeconomic pathways in New Zealand, this paper outlines key barriers that transition pathways will need to overcome and factors needing development within the country’s bioeconomic environment. New Zealand’s strength in primary production, coupled with a market-led economy and recent green growth with low carbon policies, provide an excellent platform for bioeconomic development. However, the strength in established biological industries and lack of clearly defined vision or cohesive support for bioeconomic development provide sufficient inertia to realising the full potential. For a bioeconomy in New Zealand to flourish, a primary sector model that is cohesive and more integrated is needed to develop new niche industries and attract finance, while providing an overarching governance system to the primary industries.


id: cord-342291-imn7g084
title: Bats reveal the true power of influenza A virus adaptability
author: Ciminski, Kevin
date: 2020-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-342291-imn7g084.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342291-imn7g084.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32298389/
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008384
abstract: nan
summary:
  Indeed, the HA of the newly discovered Old World bat H9N2 virus binds to α2,3-sialic In contrast, the internal gene segments of the bat-derived IAVs form two outgroups that are located at a more basal position. Conventional IAVs and the bat H9N2 virus possess the surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA), which removes sialic acid residues from infected cells to facilitate the release of newly formed viral particles (Fig 2A) . The amazing ability of H18 to rapidly overcome the absence of a functional N11 suggests that the structure of H18 (and possibly H17) may provide a broader scope of evolutionary flexibility than that of conventional sialic acid-dependent IAVs. It is therefore tempting to speculate that bat IAV HA proteins, and in particular H18, might have the potential to adapt to novel and so far unknown entry receptors different from MHC-II (Fig 2D) .


id: cord-342340-q6j7vy8u
author: Jefferies, Sarah
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-342340-q6j7vy8u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342340-q6j7vy8u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468266720302255
doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30225-5
summary:
  METHODS: We did a descriptive epidemiological study of all laboratory-confirmed and probable cases of COVID-19 and all patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New Zealand from Feb 2 to May 13, 2020, after which time community transmission ceased. Demographic features and disease outcomes, transmission patterns (source of infection, outbreaks, household transmission), time-to-event intervals, and testing coverage were described over five phases of the response, capturing different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions. This descriptive epidemiological study examined a cohort of all confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases and all people tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection in New Zealand up to May 13, 2020 , which marked the easing of the most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions, after which community transmission ceased.

title:
  COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, New Zealand implemented graduated, risk-informed national COVID-19 suppression measures aimed at disease elimination. We investigated their impacts on the epidemiology of the first wave of COVID-19 in the country and response performance measures. METHODS: We did a descriptive epidemiological study of all laboratory-confirmed and probable cases of COVID-19 and all patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New Zealand from Feb 2 to May 13, 2020, after which time community transmission ceased. We extracted data from the national notifiable diseases database and the national SARS-CoV-2 test results repository. Demographic features and disease outcomes, transmission patterns (source of infection, outbreaks, household transmission), time-to-event intervals, and testing coverage were described over five phases of the response, capturing different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Risk factors for severe outcomes (hospitalisation or death) were examined with multivariable logistic regression and time-to-event intervals were analysed by fitting parametric distributions using maximum likelihood estimation. FINDINGS: 1503 cases were detected over the study period, including 95 (6·3%) hospital admissions and 22 (1·5%) COVID-19 deaths. The estimated case infection rate per million people per day peaked at 8·5 (95% CI 7·6–9·4) during the 10-day period of rapid response escalation, declining to 3·2 (2·8–3·7) in the start of lockdown and progressively thereafter. 1034 (69%) cases were imported or import related, tending to be younger adults, of European ethnicity, and of higher socioeconomic status. 702 (47%) cases were linked to 34 outbreaks. Severe outcomes were associated with locally acquired infection (crude odds ratio [OR] 2·32 [95% CI 1·40–3·82] compared with imported), older age (adjusted OR ranging from 2·72 [1·40–5·30] for 50–64 year olds to 8·25 [2·59–26·31] for people aged ≥80 years compared with 20–34 year olds), aged residential care residency (adjusted OR 3·86 [1·59–9·35]), and Pacific peoples (adjusted OR 2·76 [1·14–6·68]) and Asian (2·15 [1·10–4·20]) ethnicities relative to European or other. Times from illness onset to notification and isolation progressively decreased and testing increased over the study period, with few disparities and increasing coverage of females, Māori, Pacific peoples, and lower socioeconomic groups. INTERPRETATION: New Zealand's response resulted in low relative burden of disease, low levels of population disease disparities, and the initial achievement of COVID-19 elimination. FUNDING: Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment Strategic Scientific Investment Fund, and Ministry of Health, New Zealand.


id: cord-344713-jisp238l
title: Can pandemics affect educational attainment? Evidence from the polio epidemic of 1916
author: Meyers, Keith
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-344713-jisp238l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344713-jisp238l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837578/
doi: 10.1007/s11698-020-00212-3
summary:
  Our results show that children born in states with more reported polio cases had lower educational attainment compared to slightly older birth cohorts who would have already completed schooling before the 1916-1917 school year and that the decline in educational attainment varied depending on their age during the outbreak. To test whether the epidemic influenced the educational attainment of exposed cohorts, we match a sample of white males born between 1895 and 1916 with the 1916 polio morbidity rate in their state of birth, and the years of education they report having in the 1940 US Census (Ruggles et al. 25 Results reported in Table 7 show that including the influenza death rate and its interactions with age groups does not affect our finding that children of legal working age in states with greater numbers of polio cases had less educational attainment.

abstract:
  We leverage the largest polio outbreak in US history, the 1916 polio epidemic, to study how epidemic-related school interruptions affect educational attainment. Using polio morbidity as a proxy for epidemic exposure, we find that children aged 10 and under, and school-aged children of legal working age with greater exposure to the epidemic experienced reduced educational attainment compared to their slightly older peers. These reductions in observed educational attainment persist even after accounting for the influenza epidemic of 1918.


id: cord-345617-bropr0dy
title: Guidelines for managing lesser prairie‐chicken populations and their habitats
author: Hagen, Christian A.
date: 2010-12-13
txt: ./txt/cord-345617-bropr0dy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345617-bropr0dy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[69:gfmlpp]2.0.co
doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[69:gfmlpp]2.0.co;2
summary:
  Annual variation in chick survival and nest success may have the largest impact on LPCH population growth rates (Hagen 2003) , as had been documented for greater prairie-chickens (T. Lesser prairiechickens in New Mexico and Oklahoma moved considerable distances in years of drought, but prenesting, nesting, and postnesting ranges of females had patterns similar to those of Colorado and Kansas, although they were slightly smaller (Copelin 1963 , Riley et al. A 2-year study on the effects of fire on vegetation in shinnery oak rangelands of Oklahoma suggested that prescribed burning could benefit LPCHs by providing foraging areas, but the immediate effects of fire on nesting cover were negative, particularly when burns were conducted in spring (Boyd 1999, Boyd and . Regional variations in vegetative communities (e.g., sand sagebrush, shinnery oak, mixed shrub, or grass dominated), weather, or resource use that affect populations and their management need to be considered in conservation plans.

abstract:
  Lesser prairie‐chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) populations have declined by >90% since the 1800s. These declines have concerned both biologists and private conservation groups and led to a petition to list the lesser prairie‐chicken as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Most of the land in the current range of the lesser prairie‐chicken is privately owned, and declines have been primarily attributed to anthropogenic factors. Conversion of native rangeland to cropland and excessive grazing have been implicated as leading causes in the species' decline. Periodic drought probably has exacerbated these problems. Little research on habitat requirements was conducted prior to 1970. Despite recent advances in the knowledge of lesser prairie‐chicken ecology, no comprehensive guidelines for management of the species have been published. In these guidelines, we provide a synopsis of our current knowledge of lesser prairie‐chicken habitat requirements and suggest management strategies to monitor, maintain, and enhance lesser prairie‐chicken populations.


id: cord-346277-xo8qzhna
title: Prevalence of Henipavirus and Rubulavirus Antibodies in Pteropid Bats, Papua New Guinea
author: Breed, Andrew C.
date: 2010-12-17
txt: ./txt/cord-346277-xo8qzhna.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346277-xo8qzhna.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100879
doi: 10.3201/eid1612.100879
summary:
  T he genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains 2 highly lethal viruses, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), both of which use pteropid bats as their main natural reservoir (1) . The discovery of HeV in Australian fl ying foxes in 1996 (2) marked the beginning of a new wave of research activities, which led to the association of bats with some of the most notable viral pathogens to emerge in recent history, including NiV (1), severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses (3), Ebola virus (4), and Marburg virus (5) . More recently, Melaka virus and Kampar virus, both closely related to viruses in the NBV species group, were isolated from human patients with respiratory symptoms; epidemiologic investigations strongly suggested they were the causative agents (9, 10) . Compared with results of the study conducted in Madgascar (14), in which 1/427 serum samples contained VNT-positive antibodies to both henipavirus and TioPV, our fi nding suggests extremely different paramyxovirus infection dynamics in bats in Papua New Guinea.

abstract:
  To determine seroprevalence of viruses in bats in Papua New Guinea, we sampled 66 bats at 3 locations. We found a seroprevalence of 55% for henipavirus (Hendra or Nipah virus) and 56% for rubulavirus (Tioman or Menangle virus). Notably, 36% of bats surveyed contained antibodies to both types of viruses, indicating concurrent or consecutive infection.


id: cord-348218-wyy4rvqb
author: Ashwell, Douglas
date: 2020-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-348218-wyy4rvqb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348218-wyy4rvqb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.070
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.070
summary:
  In a study of 208 newspaper articles occurring between 1993 and 1998, Leask and Chapman [24] found the Australian newsprint media reported vaccination with an emphasis frame on vaccine-preventable diseases and the issue of low immunisation rates. The medical/health profession dominated New Zealand stories, but political sources dominated the Australian media, largely due, it is suggested, to the January 2016 arrival of the No Jab -No Pay campaign, making vaccinations mandatory for families that receive certain government benefits. A partial possibility for this difference could be that a New Zealand sample was included in the current study, where a focus seemed to be more on medical information presented (regarding the vaccines), in contrast with the Australian media''s focus more on political information and community/social benefits.

title:
  When being positive might be negative: An analysis of Australian and New Zealand newspaper framing of vaccination post Australia''s No Jab No Pay legislation

abstract:
  Vaccination rates are an ongoing global concern. Many developing and developed countries have rates of vaccination below rates required for herd immunity, for differing reasons. One way in which to communicate information about vaccination to the wider public is via the use of the news media. Communication agenda-setting and framing theory generally hold that the news media sets the issues of importance to society and also tells us how we should think about those issues. Emphasis framing theory however, would suggest that positively-framed statements in the media may actually be viewed as persuasive in a coercing way, leading to resistance to the messages. Further, this theory claims that negative news media is viewed as more credible and therefore, more easily accepted. We were interested to explore the framing of news reports about vaccination and the potential effects this framing may have had on the wider public over the years 2016–2017 in both Australia and New Zealand (when changes in vaccination policy and publicity respectively were on the agenda). We undertook a content analysis of 197 articles and emphasis frame, type of message, and other variables recorded. In both Australia and New Zealand, the news media messages were predominately positively framed and yet the vaccination rates of New Zealand particularly (where no policy changes mandating vaccination took place) have been decreasing. We suggest the media emphasis on positive vaccination reporting may be having the opposite effect of engendering resistance to vaccination within those who are vaccine-hesitant.


id: cord-348772-xcf0jmqp
title: Age-Stratified SARS-CoV-2 Infection Fatality Rates in New York City estimated from serological data
author: Rickards, C. G.
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-348772-xcf0jmqp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348772-xcf0jmqp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.16.20214023v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.16.20214023
summary:
  Estimating the age-specific infection fatality rate (IFR) of SARS-CoV-2 for different populations is crucial for assessing the fatality of COVID-19 and for appropriately allocating limited vaccine supplies to minimize mortality. Design, Setting, Participants: We used data from a published serosurvey of 5946 individuals 18 years or older conducted April 19-28, 2020 with time series of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths for five age-classes from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. The age-specific IFR for SARS-CoV-2 in New York City increased with age approximately 77-fold from 0.07% in 18-44 to 5.3% in 75+ year-olds, in the raw analysis where we assumed equal seroprevalence for all subgroup age-classes (55-64, 65-74, 75+) within the 55+ age-class (Table 1 ). The IFRs in New York City were higher for the two younger age classes (18-44, 45-64), which accounted for 26% of the 15,885 deaths (Table 1) , than all three other studies based on large-scale serosurveys (Geneva, Spain and England).

abstract:
  Importance: COVID-19 has killed hundreds of thousands of people in the US and >1 million globally. Estimating the age-specific infection fatality rate (IFR) of SARS-CoV-2 for different populations is crucial for assessing the fatality of COVID-19 and for appropriately allocating limited vaccine supplies to minimize mortality. Objective: To estimate IFRs for COVID-19 in New York City and compare them to IFRs from other countries. Design, Setting, Participants: We used data from a published serosurvey of 5946 individuals 18 years or older conducted April 19-28, 2020 with time series of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths for five age-classes from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. We inferred age-specific IFRs using a Bayesian framework that accounted for the distribution of delay between infection and seroconversion and infection and death. Main Outcome and Measure: Infection fatality rate. Results: We found that IFRs increased approximately 77-fold with age, with a nearly linear increase on a log scale, from 0.07% (0.055%-0.086%) in 18-44 year olds to 5.4% (4.3%-6.3%) in individuals 75 and older. New York City IFRs were higher for 18-44 year olds and 45-64 year olds (0.58%; 0.45%-0.75%) than Spanish, English, and Swiss populations, but IFRs for 75+ year olds were lower than for English populations and similar to Spanish and Swiss populations. Conclusions and Relevance: These results suggest that the age-specific fatality of COVID-19 differs among developed countries and raises questions about factors underlying these differences.


id: cord-350201-tluc2ck7
title: Zoonotic Infection With Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 Linked to Fatal Pneumonia
author: Kuiken, Thijs
date: 2018-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-350201-tluc2ck7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350201-tluc2ck7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy036
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy036
summary:
  The impetus for the current study was the identification of a virus related to avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) from a fatal human case of unknown cause in the Netherlands by viral metagenomics analysis [8] . In this study, we fully characterized the Dutch clinical isolate of APMV-1-like virus, determined its phylogenetic relationship to other APMV-1 strains, and correlated presence of this virus with lesions in tissues obtained from the patient at autopsy. Domestic pigeons were inoculated intratracheally with the Dutch clinical virus isolate to determine infectivity and transmissibility, clinical signs, and pathological changes (Supplementary Methods). This is consistent with the New York case, where evidence of PPMV-1 infection in feces and urine also suggested extrarespiratory Pigeon Paramyxovirus-Linked Pneumonia • JID 2018:218 (1 October) • 1041 Table 1 spread [11] . It is relevant for these PPMV-1 cases that the risk of 2 pigeon-associated diseases-chlamydiosis and cryptococcosis-was largely a function of the immune status of patients, rather than contact with infected birds [32, 33] .

abstract:
  The characteristics and risk factors of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) infection in humans are poorly known. We performed virological, pathological, and epidemiological analyses of a Dutch case, and compared the results with those of a US case. Both infections occurred in transplant patients under immunosuppressive therapy and caused fatal respiratory failure. Both virus isolates clustered with PPMV-1, which has pigeons and doves as reservoir. Experimentally inoculated pigeons became infected and transmitted the virus to naive pigeons. Both patients were likely infected by contact with infected pigeons or doves. Given the large populations of feral pigeons with PPMV-1 infection in cities, increasing urbanization, and a higher proportion of immunocompromised individuals, the risk of severe human PPMV-1 infections may increase. We recommend testing for avian paramyxovirus type 1, including PPMV-1, in respiratory disease cases where common respiratory pathogens cannot be identified.


id: cord-351517-npcuo1ld
title: Liaisons Dangereuses? new drugs, physicians and the drug industry
author: Gale, Robert Peter
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-351517-npcuo1ld.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351517-npcuo1ld.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32612254/
doi: 10.1038/s41409-020-0988-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  This is extraordinarily good news but raises questions whether everyone receiving a haematopoietic cell transplant needs and/or benefits from these new drugs and whether physicians were complicit in promoting their approval and subsequent use. For example, between 2009 and 2014 the US FDA-approved 83 cancer drugs, 55 based on surrogate outcomes including 31 based on overall response rate and 24 based on PFS [1] . Some data suggest one reason many new drugs gain favour with physicians and patients is because they are promoted by nationally or internationally by disease experts often referred to as key opinion leaders (KOLs) and by drug companies, often in media advertisements. Having invested several years studying a new drug, often with considerable effort and problems working with ethical committees, clinical research organizations (https://www.ashclinicalnews.org/viewpoints/ editors-corner/contract-research-agonizations/); sometimes known as clinical research aggravations), drug company study managers etc. However, the impact of many new approved drugs on transplant outcomes is mostly modest and not everyone needs them.


id: cord-351863-onipxf2z
title: Public Opinions towards COVID-19 in California and New York on Twitter
author: Wang, X.
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-351863-onipxf2z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351863-onipxf2z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32699856/
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.12.20151936
summary:
  Objective: This study aims to explore public opinions toward COVID-19 on social media by comparing the differences in sentiment changes and discussed topics between California and New York in the United States. Results: While the number of COVID-19 cases increased more rapidly in New York than in California in March 2020, the number of tweets posted has a similar trend over time in both states. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the differences in sentiments and public opinions towards the outbreak of COVID-19 for twitter users between New York state and California state in the United States, and how these are related to the number of cases and policy changes. In addition, we showed that the sentiment scores towards COVID-19 in both California and New York varied over time, and the policy announcements and number of confirmed cases might be the major drives for these sentiment changes.

abstract:
  Background: With the pandemic of COVID-19 and the release of related policies, discussions about the COVID-19 are widespread online. Social media becomes a reliable source for understanding public opinions toward this virus outbreak. Objective: This study aims to explore public opinions toward COVID-19 on social media by comparing the differences in sentiment changes and discussed topics between California and New York in the United States. Methods: A dataset with COVID-19-related Twitter posts was collected from March 5, 2020 to April 2, 2020 using Twitter streaming API. After removing any posts unrelated to COVID-19, as well as posts that contain promotion and commercial information, two individual datasets were created based on the geolocation tags with tweets, one containing tweets from California state and the other from New York state. Sentiment analysis was conducted to obtain the sentiment score for each COVID-19 tweet. Topic modeling was applied to identify top topics related to COVID-19. Results: While the number of COVID-19 cases increased more rapidly in New York than in California in March 2020, the number of tweets posted has a similar trend over time in both states. COVID-19 tweets from California had more negative sentiment scores than New York. There were some fluctuations in sentiment scores in both states over time, which might correlate with the policy changes and the severity of COVID-19 pandemic. The topic modeling results showed that the popular topics in both California and New York states are similar, with "protective measures" as the most prevalent topic associated with COVID-19 in both states. Conclusions: Twitter users from California had more negative sentiment scores towards COVID-19 than Twitter users from New York. The prevalent topics about COVID-19 discussed in both states were similar with some slight differences.


id: cord-354371-321vd28d
title: Global Health Is Local Health: A Multidisciplinary Perspective of COVID-19
author: Hinchman, Angelica
date: 2020
txt: ./txt/cord-354371-321vd28d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354371-321vd28d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32612464/
doi: 10.31486/toj.20.0059
abstract: nan
summary:
  From a local focus on New Orleans to a global perspective, we relate how rapidly changing healthcare policy, evolving use of technology, and social media dynamics played roles in perception and response to the pandemic. 54, 55 Despite the predictable increase in the need for mental health support, resources were reallocated to support primary care and hospital settings to directly address COVID-19 infection, leaving mental health services insufficiently prioritized in New Orleans. 60 Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the needs for isolating patients, limiting exposure, providing medical maintenance, and delivering essential care have highlighted telemedicine as a critically important solution for healthcare delivery. Innovative primary care solutions must address community inequity and the social determinants of health, clearly illustrated in Louisiana where African Americans account for the vastly disproportionate majority of COVID-19-associated cases and fatalities.


