cord-000619-3bakci02	2012	title: Clinical features and risk factors for severe and critical pregnant women with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection in China Data on risk factors associated with death of pregnant women and neonates with pH1N1 infections are limited outside of developed countries. METHODS: Retrospective observational study in 394 severe or critical pregnant women admitted to a hospital with pH1N1 influenza from Sep. 1, 2009 to Dec. 31, 2009. Preterm delivery was a risk factor for neonatal death among pregnant women with pH1N1 influenza infection. However, information is limited concerning the risk factors for maternal and neonatal death when pregnancy is complicated by severe or critical illness related to 2009 pH1N1 influenza. In this report, we described the characteristics of pH1N1 influenza in pregnant women and the risk factors for maternal and neonatal death. The clinical data reported herein is consistent with previous studies that demonstrate that pregnant women with influenza are at an increased risk of serious illness and death.
cord-000705-w52dc97h	2011	METHOD: This was a multicenter, prospective inception cohort study including adult patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) admitted to 20 ICUs in Argentina between June and September of 2009 during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Although a mild form of the disease was prevalent, it soon became evident that the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus could also provoke severe, acute respiratory failure requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for mechanical ventilation [16] , which was reflected in the severe pathological injury found at autopsy [17] . This was a multicenter, inception cohort study that included patients aged > 15 years admitted to the ICU with a previous history of influenza-like illness, evolving to acute respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation during the 2009 winter in the Southern Hemisphere. We report on a large, prospective cohort of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) patients that were mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure due to diffuse pneumonitis during the pandemic in Argentina.
cord-002078-38rmx65j	2016	title: Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? The primary outcome of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and contribution in diagnosis and/or modification of the ongoing treatment of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in patients with ARDS treated with NIV. METHODS: ARDS patients treated with NIV and who require FOB as the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure were included the study. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) may be required in some patients with acute respiratory failure in intensive care units (ICU), mainly as diagnostic tool or to remove abundant secretions [7, 8] . Abbreviations APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EPAP: expiratory positive airway pressures; FOB: fiberoptic bronchoscopy; ICU: intensive care unit; IPAP: inspiratory positive airway pressure; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure.
cord-005727-li8pwigg	2010	Since, continuous epidural analgesia provides the required level of analgesia to support early mobilization and significant reduction in pulmonary and cardiovascular morbidity in the early postoperative period, we postulated that the use of low dose of continuous epidural morphine might improve postoperative analgesia and reduce undesirable side effects in elderly patientsTherefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of morphine administered via epidural patients controlled analgesia and intravenous tramadol + metamizol on postoperative pain control and side effects in elderly patients after major abdominal surgery. For each ventilated patient the following data was registered:Age, APACHE II, the reason of admission, risk factors, use NIV, MV duration, timing of tracheostomy, time of diagnosis of VAP, microbiological data, length of stay and mortality in ICU. 23rd ESICM ANNUAL CONGRESS -BARCELONA, SPAIN -9-13 OCTOBER 2010 S131 Evaluated factors: patient characteristics, signs, symptoms, abscess location, time between symptoms and hospital admission and surgery, lab results, microbiology, antibiotic therapy, APACHE2, SAPS2, SOFA, length of ICU stay, surgical re-intervention, duration of mechanical ventilation, infectious complications, critical illness myopathy (CIM), renal replacement therapy (RRT), re-intubation, tracheotomy, mortality.
cord-009375-2hflah2h	2006	The envelope attachment glycoprotein (G) and fusion protein (F′) of Nipah virus (NiV) play a key role in viral entry and induction of neutralization antibody. Furthermore, the G and F protein-specific antibodies could neutralize the infectivity of the VSVΔG*F/G, the NiV F and G-envelope glycoproteins of pseudotype recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus expressing green fluorescence protein. Furthermore, the G and F protein-specific antibodies could neutralize the infectivity of the VSVΔG*F/G, the NiV F and G-envelope glycoproteins of pseudotype recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus expressing green fluorescence protein. For detecting reactionogenicity of rNF and rNG expressed by the recombinant baculoviruses, ELISA plates were coated with the lysate of sf9 cells that were infected by rBac-NiV-F and rBac-NiV-G and detected with 1:200 dilution of polyclone serum from rabbits immunized with inactivated NiV (kindly provided by Dr. L. In this study, immunization with insect cells was infected by the recombinant baculoviruses, thereby expressing NiV G and F proteins, eliciting G and F protein-specific antibody responses in mice.
cord-010669-rg2p3kal	2020	BACKGROUND: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is generally recommended and has proven its benefits by reducing endotracheal intubation (ETI) rates, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, complications, and mortality. CASE PRESENTATION: We report two cases of ARF in COPD patients who were successfully treated by NIV in prehospital setting and avoided ETI despite contraindications (altered mental status with a Glasgow Coma Scale < 8) and failure risk factors (severe respiratory acidosis with pH < 7.25). Acute respiratory failure (ARF) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is a well-known indication for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) trial [1] . We report here two cases of ARF in COPD patients with severe respiratory acidosis and hypercapnic coma successfully treated by NIV in the prehospital setting. In conclusion, for COPD patients presenting ARF, NIV trial could be considered even when relative contraindications such as an altered level of consciousness or a severe respiratory acidosis are present.
cord-010850-zj6k7wz9	2020	BACKGROUND: To characterize pediatric patients supported with continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel positive airway pressure (CPAP/BiPAP) or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) during interfacility transport (IFT). Pediatric patients aged 28 days to < 17 years, who required IFT between January 2017 and December 2018, were identified through a transport registry and were included in the study. The objectives of this retrospective chart review study were to characterize pediatric patients requiring IFTs and NIV and to examine their clinical outcomes, including the need for airway instrumentation. A total of 120 patients (Table 1 ) on NIV or HFNC for IFT were studied (26.7% of transport cohort), but 2 had incomplete records and were excluded from analysis. Our crude IFT data showed that in 2019, 62% of patients requiring respiratory support were initiated on NIV; in 2014, it was less than 10%.
cord-011222-7aha5b07	2020	NIV use was frequently observed in old-age persons (aOR 3.99, 95% CI 3.06–5.21 for those aged ≥ 80 years), women (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.18–1.50), patients admitted to a high-level hospital (aOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.63−2.34 for those admitted to a medical center), and patients with a higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI, aOR 1.38−1.66 for those CCI ≥ 2). In addition, patients with chronic pulmonary disease, cancer, and congestive heart failure were predominant in NIV users and were significantly associated with NIV use. Patients comorbid with a medical history of cancer (aOR 2.57, 95% CI 2.23−2.97), chronic pulmonary disease (aOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.97−2.55), and congestive heart failure (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.08−1.49) had a significantly higher NIV choice compared to that of individuals without those medical history.
cord-011269-j2rogzm7	2020	title: Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation Through a series of mixed-methods studies, we have found that successful implementation of NIV requires physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses to communicate and collaborate effectively, suggesting that efforts to increase the use of NIV in COPD need to account for the complex and interdisciplinary nature of NIV delivery and the need for team coordination. The overall objective of this study is to conduct a pragmatic, parallel, 2-arm randomized cluster trial to compare the effectiveness of two implementation strategies: on-line education (OLE) and interprofessional education (IPE) on the uptake of NIV. Hospitals that demonstrate interest in participating in the study will be asked to commit to form a COPD-NIV team composed of one physician, one RT, and one nurse that will be in close contact with the investigators and are responsible for delivering the educational intervention in their institution.
cord-013149-y0dbhtef	2020	Timing der Intensivstationsaufnahme Die vorhandenen Daten über kritisch kranke Krebspatienten mit den häufigsten Intensivstationsaufnahmegründen, ARV und Sepsis, zeigen einmütig, dass eine möglichst frühzeitige Verlegung auf die Intensivstation, also bei manifestem oder eventuell auch nur drohendem Organversagen, erfolgen sollte [8, 9] . Bei Patienten mit "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" (COPD) und hypertensivem Lungenödem stellt die nichtinvasive Beatmung (NIV) den Goldstandard der Therapie dar und es gibt keine evidenzbasierte Rationale, dass dies nicht auch bei Krebspatienten gelten sollte. These include defining proper goals of intensive care treatment, managing acute respiratory failure with diverse differential considerations, treating immunologic side-effects of ever new and innovative cancer therapies, as well as numerous clinical scenarios which may exclusively arise in cancer patients. Cancer · Intensive care unit · Acute respiratory failure · Immunotherapy · iCHOP und womöglich "um jeden Preis" nicht zu intubieren, kann somit als überholt, ja im Fall sekundärerIntubationenbeiNIV-Versagen sogar als potenziell gefährlich angesehen werden.
cord-014538-6a2pviol	2017	Other parameters that were significantly different between the patients who died and those who survived were an advanced age, an elevated IGS II score at hospital admission, an elevated SOFA score at study entry, a late healthcare-associated infection and several biological variables: a high C reactive protein, low albumin and prealbumin and a poor percent of monocytes expressing HLA-DR, all measured at day 7. Parameters collected were demographic features, comorbidities, regular treatment, dyspnea assessed by the MRC scale, initial clinical severity reflected by SAPS II and APACHE II scores, modalities and ICU admission deadlines, initial arterial blood gas analysis, management of patients in the ICU (ventilation modalities, prescription of antibiotics, use of vasoactive drugs) and their outcomes (incidence of nosocomial infections and their sites, length of stay and ICU mortality).
cord-015548-zjrkfe9b	2012	Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial Clinical practice guideline for the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in COPD patients with acute respiratory failure Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Randomised controlled comparison of continuous positive airways pressure, bilevel non-invasive ventilation, and standard treatment in emergency department patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema Non-invasive pressure support ventilation versus conventional oxygen therapy in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomised trial The evidence for noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in the care of patients in acute respiratory failure: a systematic review of the literature Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma
cord-016042-iyuca9lv	2013	Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is associated with lower rates of endotracheal intubation and decreased mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure. With endemic and high-risk infection, most of the critically ill patients develop acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A year later, the British Thoracic Society (BTS) published guidelines on the use of NIV in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). The Canadian Critical Care Trials group made no recommendations about the use of NIV in ARDS patients or those with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in 2011 [ 5 ] . • Current guidelines do not recommend NIV for the treatment of hypoxemic respiratory failure in endemic and pandemic infections (e.g., SARS or H1N1). International consensus conference in intensive care medicine: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation treatment for acute respiratory failure in SARS
cord-016416-h3cjylcl	2013	Curiously, blood gas analyses have not been found to be good indicators of ventilatory support requirement except in the study of Campion et al., where a high level of CO 2 before CPAP was predictive of NIV failure defi ned as the need for invasive ventilation [ 8 ] . Liet and colleagues reported three cases of infants with severe bronchiolitis treated with this mode during invasive mechanical ventilation and showed that NAVA was able to improve synchrony, decrease the oxygen requirement, and decrease peak airway pressure from 28 ± 3 to 15 ± 5 cmH 2 O [ 33 ] . Moreover, as no study has been performed on NIV at two pressure levels in bronchiolitis, there is no evidence that NIV after CPAP or HFC failure can obviate the need for intubation and invasive ventilation.
cord-016744-jzhuq4te	2013	particles generated during tidal breathing [ 8 ] , NIV may disperse potentially infected aerosols, especially when patients cough and sneeze frequently, contributing to nosocomial transmission of infl uenza. As there is no reliable, safe marker that can be introduced into human lungs for experimental purposes, the laser smoke visualization method and the human patient simulator (HPS) model have been adopted as the method for studying exhaled air dispersion during application of various types of respiratory therapy in hospital medical wards, including the negative-pressure isolation room [ 10 -13 ] . Sections through the leakage jet plume were then revealed by a thin, green laser light sheet (532 nm wavelength, continuous-wave A laser beam located on the right side of the bed lateral to the human patient simulator illuminates the exhaled air particles leaking from the exhalation ports of the face mask in the coronal plane.
cord-016844-lq2bgu7a	2013	title: Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with High-Risk Infections and Mass Casualties in Acute Respiratory Failure: Pediatric Perspective Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is a critical intervention in many cases of acute respiratory failure (ARF), but there are absolute risks associated with endotracheal intubation (ETI). Additionally, the World Health Organization''s interim guidelines on the prevention and control of acute respiratory diseases associated with health care have included NIV among the aerosol-generating procedures in which there is possibly an increased risk of respiratory pathogen transmission [ 11 ] . Nonetheless, after the most important two viral pandemics during the last decade, especially the last one with infl uenza A(H1N1), most of the societies including above-mentioned and the European Respiratory Society, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, and The American Association for Respiratory Care have recommended that NIV not be used to treat ARF due to H1N1, particularly in severely ill patients.
cord-016897-t71f10kv	2013	We discuss the risk of transmitting these procedures and the strategies for mechanical ventilation in future airborne epidemics with special consideration given to the issue of protecting health care workers (HCWs). In contrast to the situation regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or tuberculosis prevention in HCWs, little attention has been given to the importance of HCWs personal protective equipment (PPE) (gowns, gloves, masks) for prevention and management of infl uenza. There is also potential for NIV to reduce the need for intubation in patients with infl uenza pneumonia or chronic respiratory disease, facilitate extubation, and widen the provision of ventilator support outside the intensive care unit (ICU). Evaluation of droplet dispersion during non-invasive ventilation, oxygen therapy, nebulizer treatment and chest physiotherapy in clinical practice: implications for management of pandemic infl uenza and other airbone infections Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review
cord-017240-2vqehqfh	2013	• Evidence level 2-derived from systematic reviews with homogeneity of cohort studies, individual cohorts, and/or poor-quality RCTs. NIV is applied in patients with a "do not intubate" order, as a palliative measure in terminally ill patients, to prevent extubation failure in patients with COPD or heart failure, for communityacquired pneumonia (CAP) in COPD patients, to prevent and treat postoperative respiratory failure, and to prevent ARF due to asthma. [ 2 ] , which included eight RCTs that had studied patients with AHRF secondary to causes other than ACPO, the NIV reduced the ETI rate by 23 %, the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) by 2 days, and ICU mortality by 17 % (absolute risk reduction). [ 8 ] , in a prospective observational study, compared the effi cacy of NIV in patients without COPD but with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to ACPO (15 patients) or severe CAP (18 patients).
cord-017282-rahtmu3h	2019	All patients with CAP should receive oxygen treatment as needed with the aim of maintaining an arterial oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) of 92% corresponding to a partial pressure of oxygen in the blood of about 60 mmHg. Lower values are accepted in cases of underlying severe pulmonary disease with a risk of carbon dioxide retention. While the clinical practice guidelines on evidence-based application of NIV for community-acquired pneumonia did not provide a recommendation for its use, the Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society guidelines on management of CAP did suggest a cautious trial of NIV [2, 12] . Most studies on NIV and treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, including CAP, have been carried out in the critical care setting and have reported controversial results with varying failure rates for NIV use. Effect of noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial Effectiveness of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for acute respiratory failure with hypercapnia
cord-017786-kfl6xt31	2013	Recommendations for droplets include patient isolation with protective measures for health care providers and other patients, use of double-circuit tubes and special fi lters for nonrebreathing devices, minimization of leaks, preferably fullface mask or helmet interfaces, avoidance of heated humidifi ers, and disposing of mask and tubes after use according to routine infection control procedures [ 7 ] . The document states that: …noninvasive mechanical ventilation cannot be considered a technique of choice in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, but could be useful in experienced centers and in cases of respiratory failure associated with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure. • Noninvasive mechanical ventilation cannot be considered a technique of choice in patients with ARDS but could be useful in experienced centers and in cases of respiratory failure associated with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure.
cord-027526-ohcu28rk	2020	METHODS: A systematic database search was performed from inception to December 19, 2019, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a preventive use of different respiratory support methods, including conventional oxygen therapy (COT), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT), and combinational use of HFOT and NIV (HFOT+NIV), after planned extubation in adult critically ill medical patients. Nevertheless, the latest meta-analysis [19] of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that compared to COT, preventive use of NIV after extubation had no effect on the re-intubation rate or mortality in post-extubated patients. Relevant studies regarding preventive use of various respiratory support methods, including COT, NIV, HFOT, and HFOT+NIV, after planned extubation in critically ill medical patients were searched systematically by two independent reviewers (Xu Z and Chen B) from database inception through December 19, 2019, in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.
cord-027805-p0bhju1s	2020	DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE and Google Scholar for "speech," "communication," "impairment," "failure," "complications," "NIPPV," "NIV," and "noninvasive ventilation." STUDY SELECTION: We included articles with patients in acute respiratory failure. Analogous communication problems exist with effective solutions in other fields, such as fighter pilot masks, that can be easily implemented to enhance noninvasive ventilation patient care, increase adherence to noninvasive ventilation treatment, and improve patient outcomes. W ith landmark trials demonstrating the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in cardiogenic pulmonary edema and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NIV has changed the standard of care for acute respiratory failure (ARF) and reduced the amount of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) being used (1) (2) (3) (4) . Noninvasive mechanical ventilation via face mask in patients with acute respiratory failure who refused endotracheal intubation
cord-029392-5s5686i9	2020	Our aim is to compare outcomes between non-invasive ventilation (NIV), high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), and standard oxygen in patients at high-risk for or with established postoperative respiratory failure. We included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared NIV, HFNC, and standard oxygen in patients at high risk for or with established postoperative respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with post-operative respiratory failure, HFNC and NIV were associated with significantly reduced rates of intubation and ICU-acquired infections compared with standard oxygen. In this first network meta-analysis comparing various oxygenation strategies in patients at risk for hypoxemic respiratory failure or established respiratory failure within 7 days of surgery, we have found that NIV and HFNC were associated with a significant reduction in intubation rates and ICU-acquired infections when compared to standard oxygen therapy.
cord-030131-klhg7x8z	2020	title: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial This study was conducted to test if HFNC is non-inferior to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in preventing post-extubation treatment failure in COPD patients previously intubated for hypercapnic respiratory failure. METHODS: COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure who were already receiving invasive ventilation were randomized to HFNC or NIV at extubation at two large tertiary academic teaching hospitals. CONCLUSION: Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure compared with NIV. Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC as compared with NIV after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure, while HFNC had better tolerance and comfort.
cord-034185-e0am7pa6	2020	We do not recommend the routine use of either continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or non invasive ventilation (NIV) to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications, prolonged length of stay, and mortality (both in ICU and in hospital) in patients undergoing major thoracic surgery. Level of evidence: Fair Strength of recommendation: C A meta-analysis of 45 studies including almost 5800 patients showed that a single perioperative dose of intravenous dexamethasone resulted in significant reductions in pain scores and opioid use, and was associated with shorter stays in the post-anesthesia recovery room, compared with placebo or antiemetic treatment (Waldron et al. Level of evidence: Fair Strength of recommendation: A Multiple clinical trials have shown that, in patients undergoing open thoracotomy or other major surgical procedures, thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is superior to intravenous opioid administration in terms of postoperative pain relief, length of hospital stay, and incidence of postoperative complications (Hazelrigg et al.
cord-034578-i9rdubix	2020	AIM: We aim at characterising a large population of Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) patients with moderate-to-severe hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF) receiving CPAP outside intensive care unit (ICU), and ascertaining whether the duration of CPAP application increased the risk of mortality for patients requiring intubation. We designed this retrospective multicentre study to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 treated with CPAP outside ICU, to assess 60-day in-hospital mortality, and hospital length of stay (LOS), and to ascertain whether the duration CPAP application prior to CPAP failure affects outcome in patients requiring endotracheal intubation. This multicentre retrospective observational study on 537 patients hypoxemic ARF secondary to laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection, shows that CPAP applied to different therapeutic goals i.e., candidate to intubation in the case of CPAP failure and do-not-intubate in which CPAP is considered the ceiling of treatment, is feasible outside ICU.
cord-103020-ckuma42j	2020	Background Outcomes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with persistent hypercapnic respiratory failure are improved by long-term home non-invasive ventilation (NIV). The primary outcome of this study was time to readmission or death at 12 months in patients receiving home-NIV versus a retrospectively identified control cohort of 27 patients with hypercapnic COPD who had not been referred for home-NIV. The present study retrospectively analysed all patients who were commenced on therapy over the first 12 months of this service, with aim of determining whether outcomes similar to RCTs were achieved in a real-world cohort of hypercapnic COPD patients with typical comorbidities (which would have excluded many from NIV RCTs) who are managed with remote-monitored home NIV. Changes in healthcare usage (number of hospital admissions, OBDs, and respiratory nurse home visits) and capillary blood gas PCO 2 and bicarbonate between NIV users, NIV non-users and the control cohort were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
cord-260220-f1tpkw1o	2011	In this study we describe the respiratory profile, the mortality rate, and the benefit of using NIV in patients with confirmed diagnosis of influenza AH1N1 who were admitted in the ICU during the year 2009. To confirm the cases of swine-origin influenza A H1N1 virus by real-time RT-PCR (RT-RTPCR), nasopharyngeal-swab samples were collected at hospital admission and respiratory secretions obtained from intubated patients. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation was instituted in the confirmed influenza A H1N1 when there were signs of acute respiratory failure at hospital admission or during ICU stay. Patients that were admitted with signs of acute respiratory failure as described above, with extreme levels of hypoxemia (PaO2 lower than 60 mmHg with a high oxygen concentration delivered by a mask with a non re-breathing system -100%), low level of consciousness, or refuse to use NIV were promptly intubated at ICU admission.
cord-267537-akzydy7l	2019	Cryo-electron microscopy, triggering and fusion studies show the antibody binds to a prefusion-specific quaternary epitope, conserved in NiV F and HeV F glycoproteins, and prevents membrane fusion and viral entry. To elucidate the mechanism of 5B3-mediated neutralization of NiV and HeV, we determined a cryo-EM structure of a stabilized NiV F ectodomain trimer in complex with the 5B3 antibody Fab fragment at 3.5 Å resolution (Fig. 2a,b , Table 1 and Extended Data 1). To further study the mechanism of action of 5B3/h5B3.1 in the context of a full-length, membrane-embedded F glycoprotein, we carried out cell-cell fusion assays in the presence of varying concentrations of mAbs. We observed that 5B3 and h5B3.1 prevented NiV F-and HeV F-mediated membrane fusion in a concentration-dependent manner, consistent with the expectation that trapping F in the prefusion conformation actually resulted in inhibition of membrane fusion (Figs.
cord-268049-7xqln70d	2020	DISCUSSION: Patients presenting with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at high risk for acute respiratory failure requiring airway management. [29] [30] [31] [32] Based on currently available evidence, the WHO states that "HFNC and NIV systems with good interface fitting do not create widespread dispersion of exhaled air and therefore should be associated with [a] low risk of airborne transmission." 15 The risk of respiratory pathogen transmission when using HFNC is subject to a variety of factors, including the duration of support, maximal flow rate, patient sneezing or coughing, cannula fit, and patient cooperation. 35 Many guidelines, including those by Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS), the WHO, and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommend the use of HFNC in COVID-19 patients presenting with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure unresponsive to conventional oxygen therapy. 20 Notably, the SCCM guidelines on the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 recommend "a trial of NIV with close monitoring and shortinterval assessment for worsening of respiratory failure" if HFNC is not available and there is no urgent indication for intubation.
cord-276238-2hv46ftk	2020	5 The aim of this stand-alone editorial is to examine the role of helmet delivered continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as an adjunct to mechanical ventilation in patients requiring respiratory support in COVID-19. The recent Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 consensus statement agrees that; following admission for COVID-19, each patient may progress at a variable rate to either recovery, with minimal oxygen requirements and no ventilatory support, or a worsening of the disease process and the need for an escalation in NIV and mechanical ventilation. 11 The usual features of typical ARDS, recently termed the H-type, in COVID-19 patients are a progressive deteriorating lung compliance requiring increased inspired oxygen concentration(FiO 2 ), high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), prone ventilation, sedation with paralysis and inotropic support.
cord-290684-3f6prlqy	2020	title: Use of high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation in patients with COVID-19: A multicenter observational study BACKGROUND: The use of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with COVID-19 is debated. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients with COVID-19 who used HFNC and NIV as first-line therapy, the duration of HFNC + NIV, intubation rate and mortality did not differ between two groups. The Asian Critical Care Clinical Trials Group has suggested that the HFNC and NIV only can be used in COVID-19 patients with mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [21] .
cord-293170-ir2y6sfz	2020	As the cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) increase rapidly, finding ICU beds, ventilators, intensivists, and critical care nurses remains a big challenge. A metaanalysis that included 1,084 patients from eight selected studies showed that high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) treatment could reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation and ICU mortality [3] . A more recent review concluded that HFNC and NIV should be reserved for patients with mild acute respiratory distress syndrome until further data are available [4]. With medical facilities severely stretched out, especially in resource-limited regions like India and other developing nations with large population clusters, selective use of HFNC or NIV may reduce the need for ventilated ICU beds while achieving desired clinical results. Large RCTs or well-designed observational studies are needed to define stratification of COVID-19 patients for the best choice of initial respiratory support keeping in mind the resources available and the judicious and timely use of invasive ventilation.
cord-303292-iheq50ub	2020	Regarding mechanical ventilation in patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), low tidal volume (6 ml/kg of predicted body weight) and moderate to high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), with careful recruitment maneuver in selected patients, are advised. During invasive mechanical ventilation, patients with obesity are more prone to lung collapse and require higher PEEP to avoid it; low V T is calculated on predicted body weight. In a randomized controlled trial of the same team comparing HFNC to standard oxygen [87] in high-risk non-hypercapnic patients including 22% of patients with obesity, the study was stopped due to low recruitment after 155 patients, without any difference in extubation failure rate found between the two groups. PBW predicted body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, NIV noninvasive ventilation, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula oxygen patients.
cord-309518-seonrtn3	2019	BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, but the effectiveness of this approach has not been studied. [9] [10] [11] [12] While NIV may initially avoid the need for intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) , several studies have reported high failure rates and the need for invasive ventilation among patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and an association with increased mortality. 12 In a recent analysis from the LUNG SAFE study on unselected patients with ARDS, NIV was associated with higher intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in patients with the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ) lower than 150 mm Hg. 12 The role of NIV in AHRF secondary to viral respiratory infections is unclear.
cord-312864-km07zhn1	2020	title: Sixty-day mortality among 520 Italian hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to the adopted ventilatory strategy in the context of an integrated multidisciplinary clinical organization: a population-based cohort study 4, 8, 9, 11 Thus, the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with oxygen supplementation and NIV has been markedly underreported leading to inaccurate information regarding the overall use of the different respiratory supports and outcomes. Using clinical and demographics information routinely collected in a unique database including all residents in the entire province, we performed the present population-based cohort study with the following aims: 1) to describe the characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 2) to examine patient outcomes overall and stratified by the adopted respiratory support, 3) to describe the organization of local healthcare system. It should be noted that in our study we documented for patients treated with NIV and/or IMV -despite a similar P/F ratio (median 98.0; IQR 84.0-124.5) and a higher SOFA score (median 8; IQR 6-10)-a considerably lower 60-day mortality rate, overall and in individual groups.
cord-313639-qpt47sx2	2020	OBJECTIVE: This study summarizes and compares clinical and laboratory characteristics of 34 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China from Jan. 22 to Mar. 5, 2020. For this retrospective study, we analyzed data from patients admitted between Jan. 22 and Mar. 5, 2020, who had been diagnosed (according to the guidance of NHC (2020a)) with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in the ICU in the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. In this single-center case series of 34 ICU patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hangzhou, China, 97.1% (33 cases) of patients had complications caused by ARDS, 44.1% (15) received IMV, 55.9% (19) only needed noninvasive respiratory support.
cord-313816-7d8x7fjp	2020	title: Clinical Consensus Recommendations Regarding Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in the Adult Patient with Acute Respiratory Failure Secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection The document provides clinical recommendations for the noninvasive respiratory support (noninvasive ventilation, high flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannula) in any patient with suspected or confirmed presentation of COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure. It includes a more detailed description of the recommendations for the use of non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in the management of acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to infection by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that causes the disease called COVID-19 that is intended to supplement the regularly updated recommendations issued by the Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare (MH) 1,2 .
cord-327622-ezgufe24	2020	• When removing the endotracheal tube, simultaneously turn off the ventilator • Avoid disconnecting ETT from the ventilator circuit before extubation to reduce spray of contaminated aerosols 9 Transport • Place a filter between the artificial airway and the transport ventilator circuit • Use HME that has filter function (HME-F) • Consider clamping the ETT before disconnection from ventilator circuit 10 Bronchoscopy assist* 2 in vivo [44, 45] • For spontaneously breathing patients, place a surgical mask on patient''s face (Fig. 7a, b) • Use NIV mask with examination port for patients on NIV (Fig. 7d) • Use swivel adapter to insert bronchoscope for intubated patient (Fig. 7c) Abbreviations: HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing, HME heat moisture exchanger, ETT endotracheal tube, NIV non-invasive ventilation *Based on CDC guidelines, these procedures should ideally be performed in airborne infection isolation rooms entrainment or nonrebreather mask [53] .
cord-330704-4piesfxu	2020	MATERIALS & METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and AHRF receiving NIV in general wards were recruited from two university-affiliated hospitals. However, there were major concerns that HFNC or NIV may create risks for health care workers (HCWs) because of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols [6] while the data on the efficacy of noninvasive modalities in COVID-19-associated AHRF are still limited [6] [7] [8] . This study suggests that the use of NIV is feasible in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19 outside intensive care unit and can be considered as an effective means to improve oxygenation in patients not responding to conventional oxygen therapy. In summary, we have shown that NIV is feasible in patients with COVID-19 with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure outside the intensive care unit, and it can be considered as a valuable option for the management of AHRF in these patients.
cord-335078-z7k59k8o	2020	In our cohort of 20 COVID-19 patients with moderate acute hypoxic respiratory failure, prone positioning with non-invasive ventilation resulted in improved oxygenation. Here we build on this literature offering an examination of changes in oxygenation, as measured by PaO 2 /FiO 2 , across multiple episodes of prone positioning in conscious patients, with moderate to severe hypoxia, undergoing non-invasive ventilation following admission to the intensive care unit for advanced respiratory support. Although there is only limited data available on the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in COVID-19, early provision of NIV in moderate to severe acute hypoxic respiratory failure is associated with reduced ICU mortality and intubation rate 12 . This is a retrospective report on a subgroup of 20 patients with severe COVID-19 who were able to self-prone while receiving non-invasive ventilation in the ICU, among a grand total of 81 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period.The primary outcome reported by the authors is change in PaO2/FiO2 ratio while in prone position.
cord-335975-m6lkrehi	2018	A qSOFA score relying on 3 simple clinical criteria (respiratory rate, mental status and systolic blood pressure) has been proposed to better identify septic patients with associated higher mortality outside the intensive care unit (Seymour CW et al., JAMA 2016) . We propose to determine whether the arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) at intensive care unit (ICU) admission affects mortality at day 28 (D28) in patients with septic shock subjected to mechanical out-of-hospital ventilation. Conclusion: In this study, we report a significant association between hyperoxemia at ICU admission and mortality at D28 in patients with septic shock subjected to pre-hospital invasive mechanical ventilation. The aim of this study was to describe outcome of pediatric patient with hematologic disease hospitalized in our intensive care unit for respiratory failure and to investigate the clinical variables associated with mortality.
cord-336690-ajmuaw10	2020	The optimal mode of respiratory support for individuals with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) before invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is currently a subject of much debate. Recently published guidelines 1 and a Comment 2 differ substantially to other guidelines in this regard, with some advocating high flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) over non-invasive ventilation (NIV), 1,2 or vice versa (NHS guidance). In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), early intubation was associated with survival benefit when PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio was <150 when compared with NIV. Conversely, data from only one study 6 on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak suggest that NIV can successfully avoid intubation. Non-invasive ventilation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Effectiveness of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure in severe acute respiratory syndrome Inspiratory work with and without continuous positive airway pressure in patients with acute respiratory failure
cord-344641-rog2h4g7	2020	INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) outbreak spread rapidly in Italy and the lack of intensive care unit(ICU) beds soon became evident, forcing the application of noninvasive respiratory support(NRS) outside the ICU, raising concerns over staff contamination. Data were collected including medication, mode and usage of the NRS (i.e. high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), noninvasive ventilation(NIV)), length of stay in hospital, endotracheal intubation(ETI) and deaths. Variables recorded for each patient were obtained for the period from March 1 st until May 10 th 2020 and included the following: demographics (age, sex), comorbidities (type and number), respiratory condition at admission (respiratory rate (RR), PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio), medications (type of drugs prescribed), mode and usage of the NRS (ventilatory settings for NIV and CPAP, and flow rate for HFNC), and stay in hospital (days).
cord-346565-vsgbmxzv	2020	Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 pneumonia (CARDS) represents a clinical challenge, requiring often invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Despite that at the beginning of the pandemic, early invasive mechanical ventilation was indicated as the optimal strategy for CARDS management, in COVID-19 pneumonia the clinical picture of severe hypoxemia contrasted with the typical ARDS respiratory mechanics. Clinical experience, for example, suggested that non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has a role of primary importance in the management of CARDS as it can improve oxygenation, limiting the work of the respiratory muscles and preventing the onset of the patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI) [2] . In this setting, adding the prone position to NIV could improve oxygenation, decrease respiratory effort, reducing self-induced lung injury, and avoid the need of intubation and invasive ventilation, which could be particularly useful in the case of reduced availability of intensive care unit (ICU) beds [4] [5] [6] .
cord-352059-1bjskqyg	2020	The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, which is the apex laboratory for viral diagnosis and research in India, optimized the conventional and real-time PCR assays targeting different genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2 and initiated testing of suspected cases. Before initiating testing of clinical specimens from suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2, each VRDL shared results from the rRT-PCR runs performed with positive and negative controls with the apex laboratory (NIV, Pune). Expansion of testing capabilities and selection of testing laboratories for SARS-CoV-2: Following the increase in the load of screening samples from suspected cases with symptoms and travel history to China or asymptomatic persons with travel history to Wuhan after January 15, 2020, it was decided that strategically located VRDLs needed to start testing for SARS-CoV-2 in addition to Thereafter, NCDC, Delhi, initiated independent testing; however, results were shared with ICMR on a daily basis.
cord-352577-h3652seb	2014	4 When appropriately indicated and promptly administered, NIV offers an alternative to tracheal intubation, sedation, risk of infection, and myriad complications associated with invasive ventilation, and it can promote rapid respiratory recovery, and reduce a patient''s dependence on critical care facilities. Rello et al described NIV use at ICU admission in 1 of 3 patients with H1N1 virus and respiratory failure, but 75% of them had an unfavorable clinical course and required tracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. In a position statement, the Australian Society for Infectious Diseases recommends "reserving negative-pressure ventilation rooms (if available) for intensive care patients, especially those receiving non-invasive ventilation." 31 The UK Department of Health, in "Guidance for infection control in critical care for pandemic influenza," approved the use of NIV under strict infection control measures.
cord-352850-as12ll8s	2020	title: Clinical Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients With Mechanical Ventilation: A Nationwide Study in China Mechanical ventilation is lifesaving for respiratory distress, this study was designed to delineate the clinical features of the coronavirus disease 2019 patients with mechanical ventilation from a national cohort in China. Multivariate regression analysis showed that higher odds of in-hospital death was associated with invasive mechanical ventilation requirement (hazard ratio: 2.95; 95% CI, 1.40–6.23; p = 0.005), and coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (hazard ratio, 4.57; 95% CI, 1.65–12.69; p = 0.004) and chronic renal disease (hazard ratio, 5.45; 95% CI, 1.85–16.12; p = 0.002). Compared with NIV group, IMV cases had higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase, d-dimer, CRP and WBC count, and lower levels of albumin and oxygenation index (Table E2 , Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/CCM/ F609); and showed a higher incidence of elevated d-dimer at admission with multivariate logistic regression analysis (>1.5 mg/L; HR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.07-8.69, p = 0.037) ( Table 1) .
cord-354330-pud2rqxk	2020	The procedures that are believed to have a potential to generate aerosols and droplets as a source of respiratory pathogens include positive pressure ventilation (bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)), endotracheal intubation, airway suction, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, tracheostomy, chest physiotherapy, nebulizer treatment, sputum induction, and bronchoscopy [5] [6] [7] . In the hospital, the procedures that are believed to or have a potential to generate aerosols and droplets as a source of respiratory pathogens include positive pressure ventilation (BiPAP and CPAP), endotracheal intubation, airway suction, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, tracheostomy, chest physiotherapy, nebulizer treatment, sputum induction, and bronchoscopy [5, 8] . NIV in hospital, in a setting of suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19, warrants infectious disease protocol of isolation in negative pressure room preferably with an anteroom and attached washroom (well ventilated) and personal protective equipment for attending staff; however, it is not possible in high volume patient inflow.
cord-355038-o2hr5mox	2020	Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, a higher tidal volume under PSV within the 72 h following neuromuscular blockers cessation is independently associated with the 28-day mortality.Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of survival according to the mean tidal volume (Vt)-lower of higher than 8 ml/ kg-under pressure support ventilation (PSV) during the "transition period" transfusion is associated with adverse events, and equipoise remains on the optimal transfusion strategy in oncologic patients in surgical setting. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective monocentric study (01/2013-01/2017) conducted in cardio-vascular surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Henri Mondor teaching hospital, all consecutive adult patients who underwent peripheral VA-ECMO were included, with exclusion of those dying in the first 24 h. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT).
cord-355450-v3eh1rtk	2020	Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are associated with high rate of morbidity, mortality, and an important burden on healthcare systems worldwide, especially among elderly patients [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Especially in epidemiological research, oldest-old patients are considered to be a part of the wider age group of the elderly (≥ 65 years old), and there is limited published evidence about predictors of severity of illness and mortality in viral infections, such as caused by influenza and RSV. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of an oldest-old population admitted with influenza and/or RSV infections in three southern European hospitals over two consecutive winter seasons and identify predictors of pneumonia, non-invasive ventilation (NIV), and in-hospital death (IHD). Moreover, in our study, hospital-acquired influenza and/or RSV infections were not identified as predictors of pneumonia, use of NIV, and IHD for patients aged 65 years and older, moving away from evidence available so far [9, 10] .