id sid tid token lemma pos cord-021013-xvc791wx 1 1 key key JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 1 2 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 1 3 cord-021013-xvc791wx cord-021013-xvc791wx CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 1 4 authors author NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 1 5 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 1 Wink wink UH cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 3 Michael Michael NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 4 title title NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 5 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 6 Chapter chapter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 7 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 8 Allelochemical Allelochemical NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 9 Properties Properties NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 12 Raison Raison NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 13 D'ĂȘtre d'ĂȘtre FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 15 Alkaloids Alkaloids NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 16 date date NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 17 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 18 2008 2008 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 19 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 20 05 05 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 21 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 22 30 30 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 23 journal journal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 24 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 25 nan nan NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 26 DOI DOI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 27 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 2 28 10.1016/ 10.1016/ CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 1 s0099 s0099 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 2 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 3 9598(08)60134 9598(08)60134 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 4 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 5 0 0 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 6 sha sha NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 7 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 8 0f67c18ae69d6d1bccfa9226ee139f22611bb55e 0f67c18ae69d6d1bccfa9226ee139f22611bb55e NFP cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 9 doc_id doc_id CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 3 10 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 4 1 21013 21013 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 4 2 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 4 3 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 5 1 xvc791wx xvc791wx XX cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 2 chapter chapter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 3 provides provide VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 4 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 8 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 9 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 10 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 12 functionless functionless JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 13 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 15 formerly formerly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 16 assumed assume VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 18 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 19 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 20 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 21 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 22 employed employ VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 23 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 24 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 25 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 26 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 27 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 28 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 30 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 31 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 32 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 33 competing compete VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 34 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 6 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 2 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 3 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 4 developed develop VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 5 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 6 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 7 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 8 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 9 selection selection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 11 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 12 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 13 fit fit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 14 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 15 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 16 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 17 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 19 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 20 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 23 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 25 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 26 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 27 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 29 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 30 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 31 mimic mimic VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 32 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 33 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 7 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 2 chapter chapter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 3 discusses discuss VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 5 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 7 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 8 rely rely VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 9 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 13 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 14 source source NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 8 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 2 both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 4 survived survive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 6 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 7 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 8 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 9 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 11 adaptations adaptation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 12 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 14 defensive defensive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 15 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 9 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 2 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 4 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 5 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 7 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 9 extremely extremely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 10 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 13 prefer prefer VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 15 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 16 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 17 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 10 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 2 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 4 potent potent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 7 detoxify detoxify VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 8 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 11 allow allow VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 13 exploitation exploitation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 15 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 16 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 18 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 19 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 20 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 11 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 4 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 5 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 6 evolved evolve VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 7 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 9 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 10 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 12 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 13 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 16 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 17 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 20 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 22 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 23 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 24 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 25 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 26 exploit exploit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 27 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 28 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 29 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 30 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 31 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 12 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 2 function function VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 3 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 4 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 5 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 6 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 7 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 8 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 11 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 12 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 15 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 17 further further JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 18 support support NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 19 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 21 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 22 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 24 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 25 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 26 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 27 serves serve VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 28 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 29 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 30 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 31 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 32 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 33 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 34 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 13 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 2 needs need VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 3 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 4 experimental experimental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 5 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 7 understand understand VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 8 fully fully RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 10 intricate intricate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 11 interconnections interconnection NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 12 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 13 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 19 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 21 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 24 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 25 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 14 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 15 1 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 15 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 2 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 3 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 4 consider consider VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 7 compete compete VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 8 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 9 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 14 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 16 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 17 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 19 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 20 light light NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 22 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 25 nutrients nutrient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 16 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 1 How how WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 2 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 3 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 4 defend defend VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 5 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 6 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 7 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 9 including include VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 10 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 12 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 15 viruses virus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 18 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 21 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 17 22 ? ? . cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 2 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 3 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 4 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 5 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 7 Nature Nature NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 9 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 10 question question NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 11 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 12 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 13 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 14 overlooked overlook VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 18 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 3 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 4 aware aware JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 7 defensive defensive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 8 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 10 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 11 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 12 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 13 microbes microbe NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 15 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 17 1,2,4,15,17,28,494 1,2,4,15,17,28,494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 19 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 2 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 3 immune immune JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 4 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 5 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 6 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 7 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 9 humoral humoral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 10 components component NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 11 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 13 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 14 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 15 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 16 area area NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 19 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 21 vertebrate vertebrate NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 22 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 23 microbe microbe NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 24 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 20 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 1 Against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 2 predating predate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 3 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 5 Nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 6 evolved evolve VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 7 weapons weapon NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 9 armor armor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 11 crypsis crypsis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 13 thanatosis thanatosis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 15 deimatic deimatic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 16 behavior behavior NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 18 aposematism aposematism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 20 flight flight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 23 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 24 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 26 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 27 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 28 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 29 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 30 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 33 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 21 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 3 evident evident JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 5 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 7 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 8 possibilities possibility NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 10 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 11 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 13 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 14 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 16 sessile sessile JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 18 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 19 passive passive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 20 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 21 life life NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 22 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 23 style style NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 22 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 23 1 What what WP cord-021013-xvc791wx 23 2 then then RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 23 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 23 4 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 23 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 23 6 solution solution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 23 7 ? ? . cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 3 distinguish distinguish VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 5 following follow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 6 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 7 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 9 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 11 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 13 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 15 7 7 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 17 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 19 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 21 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 23 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 24 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 25 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 26 independent independent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 27 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 28 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 29 act act VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 30 cooperatively cooperatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 31 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 32 synergistically synergistically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 24 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 2 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 4 aware aware JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 6 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 7 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 8 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 9 additionally additionally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 10 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 11 specialized specialized JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 12 traits trait NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 14 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 15 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 25 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 26 1 1 1 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 26 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 1 Mechanical mechanical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 2 protection protection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 4 provided provide VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 5 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 6 thorns thorn NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 8 spikes spike NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 10 trichomes trichome NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 12 glandular glandular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 13 hairs hair NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 16 stinging stinging JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 17 hairs hair NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 19 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 20 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 21 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 22 supported support VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 23 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 24 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 25 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 27 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 28 1 2 2 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 28 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 1 Formation formation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 4 thick thick JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 5 bark bark NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 6 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 7 roots root NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 9 stems stem NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 10 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 11 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 12 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 13 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 15 sort sort NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 17 armor armor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 21 presence presence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 23 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 24 cuticular cuticular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 25 layers layer NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 27 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 28 penetration penetration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 29 barrier barrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 30 directed direct VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 31 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 32 microbes microbe NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 29 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 1 b. b. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 2 Cell Cell NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 3 walls wall NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 5 biochemically biochemically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 6 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 7 inert inert JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 8 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 9 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 10 digestibility digestibility NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 11 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 12 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 13 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 14 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 17 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 18 cellulose cellulose NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 20 pectin pectin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 23 lignin lignin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 24 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 30 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 1 Callose callose NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 2 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 3 lignin lignin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 5 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 6 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 7 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 9 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 11 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 13 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 15 6,7 6,7 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 18 form form VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 20 penetration penetration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 21 barrier barrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 31 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 1 c. c. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 2 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 4 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 5 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 7 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 9 lectins lectin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 11 protease protease NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 12 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 14 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 15 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 17 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 19 chitinase chitinase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 21 lysozyme lysozyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 23 hydrolases hydrolase NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 25 nucleases nuclease NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 27 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 28 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 29 degrade degrade VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 30 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 31 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 32 walls wall NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 33 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 34 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 35 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 36 constituents constituent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 37 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 38 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 39 protective protective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 41 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 42 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 43 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 44 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 45 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 46 peroxidase peroxidase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 47 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 48 phenolase phenolase NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 49 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 50 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 51 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 52 help help VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 53 inactivate inactivate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 54 phytotoxins phytotoxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 55 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 56 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 57 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 58 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 59 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 60 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 32 61 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 2 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 4 either either RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 5 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 8 vacuole vacuole NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 9 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 33 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 1 ALLELOCHEMICAL ALLELOCHEMICAL NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 2 PROPERTIES property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 3 OF of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 4 ALKALOIDS ALKALOIDS NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 5 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 6 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 8 secreted secrete VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 10 exoenzymes exoenzymes NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 11 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 13 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 14 wall wall NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 17 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 18 space space NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 20 8 8 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 22 9 9 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 34 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 2 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 4 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 5 positioned position VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 6 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 7 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 8 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 9 advanced advanced JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 11 strategically strategically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 12 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 13 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 14 position position NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 35 16 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 4 storage storage NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 5 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 8 cereals cereal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 10 legumes legume NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 13 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 14 deficient deficient JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 16 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 17 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 18 amino amino NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 19 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 21 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 22 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 23 lysine lysine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 24 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 25 methionine methionine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 36 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 37 1 d. d. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 3 widely widely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 4 distributed distribute VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 6 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 7 trait trait NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 9 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 10 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 11 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 12 deterrenthepellent deterrenthepellent NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 14 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 15 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 16 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 17 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 19 viruses virus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 38 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 1 and/or and/or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 2 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 3 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 5 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 7 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 8 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 9 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 11 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 12 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 13 21 21 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 39 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 2 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 5 constitutively constitutively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 6 expressed express VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 9 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 11 activated activate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 12 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 40 13 wounding wound VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 2 e e NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 3 .g .g NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 4 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 6 cyanogenic cyanogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 7 glycosides glycoside NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 9 glucosinolates glucosinolates NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 11 coumaryl coumaryl NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 12 glycosides glycoside NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 14 alliin alliin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 16 ranunculin ranunculin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 19 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 21 de de NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 22 ~O ~O NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 23 U u NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 24 O o NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 25 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 26 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 27 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 28 induced induce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 29 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 30 elicitors elicitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 32 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 33 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 34 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 35 phytoalexins phytoalexin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 38 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 40 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 41 herbivory herbivory NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 43 4,7 4,7 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 46 22 22 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 49 23 23 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 52 24 24 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 41 54 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 2 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 4 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 5 synthesized synthesize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 7 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 8 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 9 strategically strategically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 10 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 11 sites site NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 13 epidermal epidermal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 14 tissues tissue NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 17 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 18 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 19 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 20 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 21 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 23 25,26 25,26 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 26 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 27 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 28 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 29 parts part NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 30 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 31 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 32 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 33 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 34 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 35 reproduction reproduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 36 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 37 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 39 flowers flower NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 41 fruits fruit NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 42 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 43 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 45 bark bark NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 46 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 47 roots root NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 49 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 50 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 51 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 52 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 53 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 55 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 42 56 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 5 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 6 observe observe VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 8 analogous analogous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 9 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 11 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 12 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 13 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 15 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 16 invertebrates invertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 18 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 19 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 20 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 22 sessile sessile JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 24 unprotected unprotected JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 25 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 26 armor armor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 29 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 30 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 31 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 32 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 34 store store VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 35 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 36 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 37 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 38 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 39 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 40 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 41 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 42 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 43 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 44 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 45 structure structure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 46 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 47 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 48 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 50 1,4,12,16,17,28 1,4,12,16,17,28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 51 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 52 30 30 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 53 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 54 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 55 494 494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 57 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 58 495 495 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 59 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 60 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 61 496 496 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 62 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 63 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 43 65 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 2 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 3 instances instance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 6 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 8 obtained obtain VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 10 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 11 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 13 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 14 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 16 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 18 12,15,17,27 12,15,17,27 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 19 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 20 33 33 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 44 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 1 Hardly hardly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 2 any any DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 3 zoologist zoologist NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 4 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 5 ecologist ecologist NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 6 doubts doubt VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 7 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 9 principal principal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 10 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 12 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 13 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 14 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 18 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 19 termed term VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 20 ' ' '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 21 ' ' `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 22 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 23 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 24 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 25 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 26 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 29 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 30 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 31 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 32 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 33 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 34 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 35 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 36 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 37 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 39 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 41 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 42 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 43 28 28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 46 494 494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 49 495 495 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 52 496 496 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 45 54 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 2 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 3 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 5 better well RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 6 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 7 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 8 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 9 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 11 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 12 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 46 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 2 latter latter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 3 expression expression NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 4 originally originally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 5 meant mean VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 6 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 7 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 9 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 10 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 12 life life NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 15 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 16 distinct distinct JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 17 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 18 primary primary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 19 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 21 34 34 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 23 35 35 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 25 38 38 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 47 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 3 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 4 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 5 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 6 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 7 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 8 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 9 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 10 pejorative pejorative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 11 meaning meaning NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 13 indicating indicate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 14 perhaps perhaps RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 15 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 17 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 18 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 19 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 20 importance importance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 21 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 23 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 48 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 2 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 3 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 4 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 5 chapter chapter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 7 just just RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 9 opposite opposite NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 10 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 11 true true JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 49 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 1 More More JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 2 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 3 30,000 30,000 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 4 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 5 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 7 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 8 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 9 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 11 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 12 far far RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 14 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 16 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 18 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 50 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 1 Owing owe VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 2 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 4 sophistication sophistication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 6 phytochemical phytochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 7 methods method NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 9 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 10 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 11 chromatography chromatography NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 13 HPLC HPLC NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 15 GLC GLC NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 18 spectroscopy spectroscopy NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 20 NMR NMR NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 22 MS MS NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 25 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 26 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 27 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 28 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 29 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 30 rapid rapid JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 31 intervals interval NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 51 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 2 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 3 5 5 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 4 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 5 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 6 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 8 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 9 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 12 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 13 consist consist VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 15 over over IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 16 300,000 300,000 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 17 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 19 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 20 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 21 analyzed analyze VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 22 phytochemically phytochemically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 24 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 25 detail detail NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 28 overall overall JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 29 real real JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 30 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 31 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 32 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 33 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 34 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 35 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 36 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 37 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 52 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 4 common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 5 theme theme NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 6 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 7 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 8 individual individual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 9 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 10 does do VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 11 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 12 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 14 single single JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 15 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 16 product product NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 18 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 19 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 20 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 21 moderate moderate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 22 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 24 major major JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 25 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 27 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 28 larger large JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 29 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 30 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 31 minor minor JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 32 derivatives derivative NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 53 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 1 Within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 3 taxon taxon JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 4 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 5 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 6 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 7 share share VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 9 common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 10 distribution distribution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 11 pattern pattern NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 13 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 14 therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 16 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 17 importance importance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 19 phytochemical phytochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 20 systematics systematic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 54 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 1 Classic classic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 2 taxonomy taxonomy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 4 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 6 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 7 taken take VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 8 little little JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 9 account account NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 11 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 12 distribution distribution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 13 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 14 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 16 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 17 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 18 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 19 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 21 two two CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 22 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 25 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 26 taxon taxon NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 28 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 29 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 30 interpreted interpret VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 31 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 32 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 33 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 34 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 35 relationship relationship NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 37 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 38 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 39 occurrence occurrence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 40 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 41 two two CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 42 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 43 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 44 nonrelated nonrelated JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 45 taxa taxon NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 46 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 47 taken take VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 48 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 49 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 50 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 51 independent independent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 52 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 55 53 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 2 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 3 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 5 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 6 derived derive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 7 characters character NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 8 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 9 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 10 selected select VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 11 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 12 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 15 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 16 value value NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 17 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 18 taxonomy taxonomy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 20 systematics systematic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 21 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 22 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 23 smaller small JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 24 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 25 formerly formerly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 26 anticipated anticipate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 28 233 233 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 56 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 2 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 3 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 5 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 6 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 7 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 8 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 10 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 11 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 13 otherwise otherwise RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 14 functionless functionless JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 15 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 17 merely merely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 18 illustrating illustrate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 20 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 21 virtuosity virtuosity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 23 Nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 25 34 34 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 27 35 35 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 57 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 2 1887 1887 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 4 1888 1888 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 6 Errera Errera NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 8 Stahl Stahl NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 10 92 92 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 12 308 308 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 14 504 504 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 16 published publish VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 18 idea idea NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 19 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 20 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 21 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 22 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 23 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 24 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 25 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 26 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 27 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 28 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 29 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 30 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 58 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 3 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 4 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 5 physiologists physiologist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 7 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 8 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 9 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 10 mostly mostly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 11 anti anti JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 12 - - JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 13 Darwinian darwinian JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 16 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 17 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 18 willing willing JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 19 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 20 accept accept VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 22 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 23 argument argument NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 25 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 26 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 27 too too RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 28 much much JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 29 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 30 line line NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 31 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 32 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 33 Darwinian darwinian JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 34 concept concept NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 59 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 3 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 4 early early JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 5 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 6 concept concept NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 7 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 8 negated negate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 10 remained remain VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 11 forgotten forget VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 13 nearly nearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 14 60 60 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 15 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 60 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 2 1959 1959 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 4 Fraenkel(10 Fraenkel(10 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 6 reopened reopen VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 8 debate debate NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 11 review review NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 12 article article NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 14 presented present VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 15 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 16 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 17 supporting support VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 19 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 20 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 21 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 22 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 23 serve serve VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 24 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 25 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 26 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 27 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 28 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 29 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 61 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 1 During during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 3 next next JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 4 three three CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 5 decades decade NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 6 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 7 concept concept NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 8 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 9 improved improve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 10 experimentally experimentally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 14 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 15 summarize summarize VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 17 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 18 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 19 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 62 20 follows follow VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 3 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 4 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 6 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 7 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 9 derived derive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 10 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 11 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 12 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 13 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 14 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 15 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 16 experimentally experimentally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 19 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 20 now now RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 21 generally generally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 22 assumed assume VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 23 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 24 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 25 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 26 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 27 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 28 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 29 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 30 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 31 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 32 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 33 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 34 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 35 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 36 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 37 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 38 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 39 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 40 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 41 useless useless JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 42 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 43 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 45 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 46 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 47 suggested suggest VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 48 earlier early RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 49 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 50 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 51 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 52 century century NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 54 34 34 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 55 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 56 35 35 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 63 58 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 2 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 3 instances instance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 5 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 6 remains remain VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 8 need need NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 10 analyze analyze VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 11 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 13 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 14 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 15 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 16 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 17 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 18 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 20 viruses virus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 22 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 24 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 27 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 28 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 30 molluscs mollusc NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 32 arthropods arthropod NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 34 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 38 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 39 competing compete VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 40 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 42 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 43 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 44 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 45 allelopathy allelopathy NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 64 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 2 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 3 instances instance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 5 additional additional JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 6 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 9 attraction attraction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 11 pollinating pollinate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 13 seed seed NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 14 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 15 dispersing disperse VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 16 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 19 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 21 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 22 colored colored JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 23 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 24 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 25 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 26 betalains betalains NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 28 within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 29 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 30 Centrospermae Centrospermae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 33 anthocyanins anthocyanin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 35 carotenoids carotenoid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 38 flavonoids flavonoid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 39 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 40 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 41 fragrances fragrance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 42 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 43 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 44 terpenes terpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 46 amines amine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 47 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 48 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 49 aldehydes aldehyde NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 51 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 52 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 53 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 65 55 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 1 Physiological physiological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 2 roles role NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 4 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 6 UV uv NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 7 protection protection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 9 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 10 flavonoids flavonoid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 12 coumarins coumarin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 14 4,17 4,17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 18 nitrogen nitrogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 19 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 21 storage storage NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 23 14 14 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 25 36 36 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 27 37 37 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 30 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 31 photosynthesis photosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 33 carotenoids carotenoid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 36 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 37 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 38 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 39 additional additional JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 40 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 66 41 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 1 Allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 3 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 4 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 5 directed direct VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 6 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 8 single single JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 9 organism organism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 11 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 12 generally generally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 13 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 15 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 17 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 18 enemies enemy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 22 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 23 combine combine VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 25 roles role NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 26 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 27 both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 28 deterrents deterrent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 30 attractants attractant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 32 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 34 anthocyanins anthocyanin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 35 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 36 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 37 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 38 oils oil NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 39 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 40 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 41 attractants attractant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 42 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 43 flowers flower NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 44 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 45 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 46 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 47 insecticidal insecticidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 48 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 49 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 50 antimicrobial antimicrobial NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 67 52 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 3 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 4 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 5 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 7 multiple multiple JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 8 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 11 fact fact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 12 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 14 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 15 overlooked overlook VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 16 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 17 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 18 scientists scientist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 19 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 20 specialize specialize VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 21 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 23 narrow narrow JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 24 range range NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 25 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 26 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 28 i.e. i.e. FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 30 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 31 microbiologist microbiologist NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 32 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 33 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 34 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 35 check check VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 36 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 37 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 38 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 39 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 40 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 41 deters deter VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 42 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 43 feeding feeding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 44 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 45 caterpillars caterpillar NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 68 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 1 To to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 2 understand understand VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 3 all all PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 5 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 7 need need VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 9 adopt adopt VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 11 holistic holistic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 13 that that RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 14 is is RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 16 interdisciplinary interdisciplinary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 18 approach approach NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 69 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 2 might may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 4 argued argue VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 7 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 9 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 10 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 11 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 12 valid valid JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 13 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 14 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 15 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 17 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 18 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 19 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 20 extremely extremely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 21 poisonous poisonous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 22 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 24 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 26 human human JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 27 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 29 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 32 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 33 nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 34 attacked attack VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 35 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 36 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 38 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 70 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 4 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 6 understand understand VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 8 accept accept VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 9 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 10 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 11 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 13 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 14 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 15 absolute absolute JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 16 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 71 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 1 Rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 4 constitutes constitute VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 6 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 7 barrier barrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 8 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 9 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 11 effective effective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 13 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 14 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 16 that that RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 17 is is RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 19 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 20 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 21 enemies enemy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 22 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 23 repelled repel VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 24 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 25 deterred deter VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 72 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 1 Plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 2 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 3 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 4 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 6 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 7 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 8 represent represent VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 9 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 10 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 11 niche niche NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 13 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 14 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 16 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 73 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 1 During during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 2 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 4 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 5 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 7 generally generally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 8 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 9 successful successful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 11 specializing specialize VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 12 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 13 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 14 niche niche NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 16 i.e. i.e. FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 20 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 21 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 22 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 24 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 25 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 26 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 27 found find VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 28 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 29 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 30 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 31 sequester sequester VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 32 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 33 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 34 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 35 become become VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 36 immune immune JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 37 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 38 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 40 14 14 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 42 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 44 32 32 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 74 46 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 3 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 4 apparent apparent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 7 largest large JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 8 class class NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 10 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 13 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 15 probably probably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 16 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 17 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 18 million million CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 19 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 20 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 21 earth earth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 24 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 25 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 26 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 27 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 28 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 29 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 30 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 75 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 4 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 5 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 6 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 7 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 9 exceedingly exceedingly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 10 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 13 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 14 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 15 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 17 compared compare VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 18 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 20 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 22 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 23 enemies enemy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 24 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 25 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 26 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 27 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 29 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 76 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 3 compare compare VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 4 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 5 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 6 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 7 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 8 immune immune JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 9 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 10 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 11 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 12 works work VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 13 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 15 majority majority NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 17 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 18 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 19 fails fail VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 20 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 21 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 22 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 23 viruses virus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 25 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 27 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 30 protozoa protozoan NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 32 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 33 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 34 overcome overcome VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 35 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 36 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 37 barrier barrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 38 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 39 clever clever JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 40 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 77 41 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 1 Nobody nobody NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 2 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 3 call call VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 5 immune immune JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 6 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 8 antibodies antibody NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 9 useless useless JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 10 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 12 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 13 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 14 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 15 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 78 16 ! ! . cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 2 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 3 adopt adopt VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 5 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 6 argument argument NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 7 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 9 consider consider VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 11 ' ' POS cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 12 defenses defense NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 13 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 14 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 15 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 17 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 79 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 2 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 3 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 4 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 5 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 7 Nature Nature NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 8 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 9 biologically biologically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 10 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 11 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 12 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 13 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 14 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 16 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 17 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 19 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 21 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 22 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 23 useful useful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 24 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 25 mankind mankind NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 27 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 29 fragrances fragrance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 31 flavors flavor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 33 colors color NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 35 stimulants stimulant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 38 pesticides pesticide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 80 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 4 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 5 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 6 provide provide VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 7 interesting interesting JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 8 lead lead NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 9 structures structure NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 10 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 11 organic organic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 12 medicinal medicinal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 13 chemists chemist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 14 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 15 develop develop VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 16 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 17 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 19 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 20 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 21 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 81 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 1 About about RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 2 20 20 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 3 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 4 30 30 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 5 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 7 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 8 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 9 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 10 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 12 505,506 505,506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 82 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 2 incidence incidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 4 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 5 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 6 varies vary VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 7 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 8 taxa taxon NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 9 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 10 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 11 degree degree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 12 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 13 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 14 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 16 about about RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 17 60 60 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 18 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 19 70 70 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 20 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 22 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 25 Solanaceae Solanaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 27 Apocynaceae Apocynaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 28 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 29 6 6 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 30 MICHAEL MICHAEL NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 31 WINK WINK NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 32 alkaloidal alkaloidal RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 34 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 35 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 36 families family NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 37 contain contain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 38 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 39 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 40 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 41 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 42 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 83 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 5 wide wide JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 6 distribution distribution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 8 Nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 9 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 10 caffeine caffeine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 11 occurs occur VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 14 largest large JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 15 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 17 families family NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 19 lycorine lycorine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 22 largest large JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 23 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 25 genera genus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 27 berberine berberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 29 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 30 largest large JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 31 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 32 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 33 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 84 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 3 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 4 restricted restrict VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 5 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 6 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 7 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 9 although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 12 here here RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 13 most most RBS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 14 numerous numerous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 16 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 19 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 20 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 21 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 22 club club NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 23 mosses moss NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 25 Lycopodium Lycopodium NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 28 horsetails horsetail NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 30 Equisetum Equisetum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 33 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 35 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 36 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 37 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 38 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 39 marine marine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 40 worms worm NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 42 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 44 Nereidae Nereidae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 46 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 47 bryozoans bryozoan NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 48 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 49 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 51 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 52 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 53 Coccinellidae Coccinellidae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 54 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 55 Solenopsidae Solenopsidae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 57 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 58 amphibians amphibian NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 60 toads toad NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 61 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 62 frogs frog NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 63 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 64 salamanders salamander NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 66 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 67 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 68 fishes fish NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 85 69 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 2 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 3 represent represent VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 4 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 7 largest large JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 8 groups group NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 10 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 11 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 13 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 14 over over IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 15 10,000 10,000 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 16 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 17 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 18 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 19 present present NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 22 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 23 display display VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 24 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 25 enormous enormous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 26 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 28 structures structure NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 30 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 31 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 32 due due JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 33 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 34 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 35 fact fact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 36 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 37 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 38 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 39 precursors precursor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 40 find find VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 41 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 42 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 43 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 44 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 45 skeletons skeleton NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 46 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 47 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 48 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 49 ornithine ornithine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 50 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 51 lysine lysine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 52 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 53 phenylalanine phenylalanine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 54 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 55 tyrosine tyrosine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 56 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 57 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 58 tryptophan tryptophan NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 60 38 38 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 62 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 63 39 39 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 65 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 66 40 40 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 67 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 86 68 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 4 part part NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 7 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 8 molecule molecule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 9 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 11 derived derive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 12 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 13 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 14 pathways pathway NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 16 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 17 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 19 terpenoid terpenoid NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 20 pathway pathway NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 23 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 24 carbohydrates carbohydrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 27 38 38 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 30 39 39 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 33 40 40 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 87 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 3 structure structure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 4 elucidation elucidation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 9 exploration exploration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 11 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 12 biosynthetic biosynthetic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 13 pathways pathway NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 14 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 15 always always RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 16 commanded command VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 17 much much JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 18 attention attention NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 20 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 22 relatively relatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 23 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 24 experimental experimental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 25 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 26 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 28 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 29 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 30 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 31 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 88 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 4 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 5 surprising surprising JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 6 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 7 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 9 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 10 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 12 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 14 pharmacological pharmacological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 15 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 17 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 19 potent potent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 20 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 89 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 2 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 3 long long RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 4 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 7 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 8 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 10 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 11 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 12 eminent eminent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 13 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 14 researchers researcher NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 15 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 17 W. W. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 18 0 0 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 90 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 1 James James NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 2 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 3 Kurt Kurt NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 4 Mothes Mothes NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 6 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 7 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 8 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 10 505,526)l 505,526)l CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 91 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 2 nitrogen nitrogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 5 limiting limit VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 6 nutrient nutrient NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 8 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 9 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 11 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 12 nitrogenous nitrogenous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 13 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 14 product product NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 15 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 16 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 18 priori priori RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 19 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 92 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 2 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 3 product product NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 4 argument argument NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 5 probably probably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 6 came come VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 7 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 8 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 9 physiology physiology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 93 10 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 1 Carnivorous carnivorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 3 take take VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 4 up up RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 5 relative relative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 6 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 7 amounts amount NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 9 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 11 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 12 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 14 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 15 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 16 nitrogen nitrogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 17 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 18 needed need VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 19 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 20 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 22 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 23 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 24 consequently consequently RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 25 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 27 uric uric NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 28 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 29 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 30 urea urea NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 94 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 2 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 3 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 4 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 5 need need NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 7 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 9 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 10 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 11 applicable applicable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 13 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 95 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 2 fact fact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 4 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 6 remobilize remobilize VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 8 nitrogenous nitrogenous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 9 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 10 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 12 including include VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 13 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 15 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 16 senescing senesce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 17 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 18 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 19 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 20 old old JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 21 leaves leave NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 23 2,37,506 2,37,506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 96 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 3 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 4 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 5 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 8 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 9 expect expect VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 11 opposite opposite JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 13 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 15 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 17 old old JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 18 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 19 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 20 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 21 shed shed VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 97 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 1 On on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 3 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 4 hand hand NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 7 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 8 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 9 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 10 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 11 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 12 never never RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 13 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 16 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 17 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 18 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 19 zoologists zoologist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 21 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 22 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 23 regarded regard VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 24 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 25 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 26 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 28 16,28,494496 16,28,494496 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 98 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 4 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 5 plausible plausible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 6 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 7 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 13 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 16 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 18 like like IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 19 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 20 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 22 serve serve VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 23 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 24 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 25 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 99 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 2 idea idea NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 4 intuitively intuitively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 5 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 7 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 8 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 11 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 13 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 14 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 15 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 16 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 18 Homo Homo NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 19 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 100 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 3 prerequisite prerequisite NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 4 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 5 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 6 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 7 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 8 serve serve VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 11 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 12 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 13 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 14 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 15 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 16 demand demand VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 18 following follow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 19 criteria criterion NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 101 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 102 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 102 2 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 102 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 2 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 3 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 4 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 5 significant significant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 6 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 7 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 8 microbes microbe NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 9 and/or and/or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 10 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 12 bioassays bioassays NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 103 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 104 1 7 7 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 104 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 104 3 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 104 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 2 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 3 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 5 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 8 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 9 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 10 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 11 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 15 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 16 order order NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 20 better well JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 22 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 23 higher higher RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 25 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 26 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 27 determined determine VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 29 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 30 bioassays bioassay NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 105 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 106 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 106 2 3 3 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 106 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 2 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 3 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 5 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 8 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 9 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 11 right right JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 12 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 15 right right JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 16 place place NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 107 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 2 4 4 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 4 Evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 5 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 7 provided provide VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 9 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 10 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 11 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 13 indeed indeed RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 14 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 15 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 17 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 20 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 108 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 2 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 3 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 4 10,000 10,000 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 7 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 9 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 10 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 12 -2 -2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 13 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 14 5 5 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 15 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 17 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 18 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 19 analyzed analyze VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 20 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 21 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 22 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 25 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 26 fewer few JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 27 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 29 ecophysiological ecophysiological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 30 roles role NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 109 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 2 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 3 phytochemical phytochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 4 studies study NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 5 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 7 structures structure NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 10 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 11 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 12 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 14 so so IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 15 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 16 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 17 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 18 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 19 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 20 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 21 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 23 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 24 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 26 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 27 parts part NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 29 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 30 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 31 ontogenetic ontogenetic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 32 development development NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 33 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 34 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 35 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 38 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 39 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 40 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 41 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 110 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 4 corresponding correspond VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 5 studies study NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 6 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 7 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 8 designed design VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 10 find find VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 11 useful useful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 12 medicinal medicinal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 14 sometimes sometimes RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 15 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 16 applications application NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 20 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 21 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 22 elucidate elucidate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 24 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 25 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 26 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 27 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 111 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 2 objections objection NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 6 kept keep VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 8 mind mind NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 10 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 11 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 12 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 14 sometimes sometimes RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 15 termed term VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 16 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 17 inactive inactive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 18 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 21 literature literature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 23 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 24 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 25 means mean VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 26 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 27 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 28 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 29 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 30 standard standard JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 31 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 32 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 33 established establish VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 34 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 35 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 36 medicinal medicinal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 37 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 39 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 40 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 41 penicillins penicillin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 42 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 43 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 44 screenings screening NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 112 46 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 2 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 3 medicinal medicinal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 4 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 5 relatively relatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 6 low low JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 7 doses dose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 9 applied apply VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 10 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 13 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 14 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 16 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 17 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 113 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 3 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 4 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 5 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 6 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 7 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 8 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 9 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 10 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 12 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 13 normally normally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 14 means mean VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 15 elevated elevate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 17 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 18 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 19 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 20 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 21 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 23 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 25 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 26 ecologically ecologically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 27 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 28 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 29 might may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 30 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 31 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 32 detected detect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 114 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 1 Another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 2 restriction restriction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 6 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 9 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 10 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 11 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 12 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 13 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 14 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 15 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 16 sometimes sometimes RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 17 irrelevant irrelevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 20 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 21 medicinally medicinally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 22 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 115 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 3 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 5 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 7 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 8 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 9 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 10 coli coli NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 14 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 15 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 17 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 18 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 19 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 20 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 21 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 22 gram gram NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 23 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 24 negative negative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 25 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 26 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 27 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 28 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 29 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 116 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 3 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 6 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 7 obtained obtain VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 9 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 10 studies study NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 12 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 13 I I NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 14 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 15 VIII VIII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 17 provide provide VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 18 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 19 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 20 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 21 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 22 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 23 permits permit VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 24 extrapolation extrapolation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 25 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 27 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 29 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 30 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 31 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 117 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 3 chapter chapter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 5 focus focus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 7 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 9 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 10 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 15 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 16 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 17 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 19 pharmacological pharmacological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 20 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 22 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 23 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 24 mostly mostly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 25 excluded exclude VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 29 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 30 try try VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 31 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 32 discuss discuss VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 33 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 34 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 35 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 36 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 37 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 38 perspective perspective NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 118 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 3 following following NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 6 possible possible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 7 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 11 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 12 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 13 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 15 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 16 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 17 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 20 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 21 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 22 microbe microbe NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 23 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 24 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 25 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 26 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 27 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 28 detail detail NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 119 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 3 nearly nearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 4 impossible impossible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 6 cover cover VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 8 literature literature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 9 exhaustively exhaustively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 120 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 3 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 4 overview overview NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 7 allelochemical allelochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 8 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 10 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 11 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 12 presented present VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 121 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 4 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 5 amount amount NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 7 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 9 literature literature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 10 up up IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 11 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 12 1990 1990 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 14 included include VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 18 selection selection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 20 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 21 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 22 remain remain VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 23 subjective subjective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 24 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 25 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 26 degree degree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 122 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 4 author author NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 5 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 7 grateful grateful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 9 receive receive VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 10 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 12 publications publication NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 13 about about IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 14 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 15 omissions omission NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 123 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 2 Homo Homo NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 3 supiens supien NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 5 domestic domestic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 6 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 8 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 9 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 10 degree degree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 11 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 14 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 15 body body NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 17 empirical empirical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 18 knowledge knowledge NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 19 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 20 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 21 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 23 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 24 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 25 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 26 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 28 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 29 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 30 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 31 V v NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 33 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 34 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 35 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 36 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 37 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 124 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 1 Previously previously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 4 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 5 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 7 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 9 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 10 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 11 part part NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 14 definition definition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 18 common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 19 denominator denominator NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 21 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 22 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 23 group group NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 25 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 26 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 28 38 38 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 30 39 39 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 125 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 3 following following NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 6 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 7 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 8 adverse adverse JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 9 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 11 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 13 separately separately RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 14 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 15 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 16 invertebrates invertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 18 mainly mainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 19 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 22 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 126 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 1 Among among IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 3 invertebrates invertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 5 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 7 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 8 extremely extremely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 9 successful successful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 10 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 12 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 13 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 15 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 18 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 19 form form VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 21 largest large JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 22 class class NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 24 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 25 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 26 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 27 planet planet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 28 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 29 far far RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 30 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 31 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 32 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 33 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 34 both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 35 individuals individual NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 36 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 37 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 38 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 39 concerned concerned JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 127 40 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 1 Entomologists entomologist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 2 estimate estimate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 5 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 7 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 9 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 10 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 11 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 12 million million CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 14 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 15 tropical tropical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 16 rain rain NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 17 forests forest NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 18 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 19 harbor harbor VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 20 up up IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 21 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 22 20 20 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 23 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 24 30 30 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 25 million million CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 26 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 28 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 30 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 31 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 32 still still RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 33 unknown unknown JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 34 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 36 owing owe VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 37 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 38 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 39 fast fast JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 40 extinction extinction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 41 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 42 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 43 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 45 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 46 probably probably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 47 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 48 disappear disappear VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 49 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 50 having have VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 51 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 52 discovered discover VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 53 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 54 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 55 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 56 scientists scientist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 128 57 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 1 Most Most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 4 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 7 adaptation adaptation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 9 host host VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 13 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 14 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 15 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 16 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 17 close close JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 129 19 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 2 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 4 4,10,14,15 4,10,14,15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 6 28 28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 7 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 8 33 33 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 10 494496,503 494496,503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 130 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 3 rely rely VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 4 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 7 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 9 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 11 need need VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 12 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 13 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 14 pollination pollination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 16 seed seed NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 17 dispersal dispersal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 131 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 3 latter latter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 4 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 6 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 7 find find VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 9 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 10 attract attract VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 11 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 12 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 13 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 14 means mean NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 16 colors color NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 18 fragrances fragrance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 20 sugars sugar NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 22 amino amino JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 23 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 132 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 1 At at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 3 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 4 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 6 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 7 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 8 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 10 employed employ VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 11 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 12 discourage discourage VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 14 feeding feeding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 15 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 16 flowers flower NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 18 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 133 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 2 close close JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 3 association association NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 4 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 7 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 9 angiosperms angiosperm NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 12 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 13 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 14 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 16 last last JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 17 200 200 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 18 million million CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 19 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 134 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 2 scientists scientist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 4 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 5 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 6 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 8 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 9 coevolutionary coevolutionary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 10 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 11 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 13 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 15 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 16 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 17 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 18 recalled recall VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 19 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 21 associations association NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 22 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 23 today today NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 24 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 25 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 26 necessarily necessarily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 27 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 29 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 30 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 31 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 32 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 33 originally originally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 34 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 36 18,505,506 18,505,506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 135 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 1 Applications application NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 3 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 4 insecticides insecticide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 5 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 6 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 7 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 8 resistance resistance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 9 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 10 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 11 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 12 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 14 occur occur VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 15 rapidly rapidly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 17 sometimes sometimes RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 18 encompassing encompass VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 19 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 20 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 21 dozen dozen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 22 generations generation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 136 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 137 1 Times time NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 137 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 137 3 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 137 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 137 5 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 137 6 longer long JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 137 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 2 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 3 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 5 introduced introduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 6 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 8 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 9 continent continent NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 11 island island NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 14 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 15 takes take VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 16 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 17 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 18 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 19 before before IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 20 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 21 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 23 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 24 become become VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 25 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 27 specialized specialize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 28 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 29 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 30 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 31 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 138 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 2 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 4 Lupinus Lupinus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 5 polyphyllus polyphyllus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 6 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 7 North North NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 8 America America NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 9 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 11 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 13 specialized specialized JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 14 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 16 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 17 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 18 rarely rarely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 19 attacked attack VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 20 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 21 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 22 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 23 Europe Europe NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 139 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 2 lupine lupine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 3 left leave VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 5 enemies enemy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 6 behind behind RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 7 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 9 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 10 transferred transfer VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 11 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 12 Europe Europe NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 13 three three CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 14 centuries century NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 15 ago ago RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 140 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 1 About about RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 2 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 3 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 4 ago ago RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 6 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 9 North north JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 10 American american JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 11 lupine lupine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 12 aphid aphid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 14 Macrosiphum Macrosiphum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 15 albifrons albifrons NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 17 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 18 introduced introduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 19 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 20 Europe Europe NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 21 accidentally accidentally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 141 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 2 aphid aphid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 4 specialized specialize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 5 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 6 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 7 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 8 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 9 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 10 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 11 lupanine lupanine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 14 major major JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 15 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 142 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 1 At at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 2 present present NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 4 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 5 aphid aphid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 6 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 7 spread spread VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 8 over over IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 9 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 11 Europe Europe NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 14 now now RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 15 colonizing colonize VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 17 former former JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 18 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 20 L. L. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 21 polyphyllus polyphyllus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 23 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 25 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 143 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 1 Insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 2 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 5 divided divide VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 6 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 7 two two CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 8 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 9 groups group NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 10 whose whose WP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 11 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 12 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 13 respect respect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 14 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 16 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 17 's 's POS cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 18 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 19 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 20 differ differ VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 21 substantially substantially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 23 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 144 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 2 polyphagous polyphagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 3 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 4 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 5 exploit exploit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 7 wide wide JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 8 range range NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 10 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 13 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 15 mono-/oligophagous mono-/oligophagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 16 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 18 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 19 specialized specialize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 20 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 21 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 23 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 24 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 25 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 26 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 28 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 29 systematically systematically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 30 related relate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 32 hosts host NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 145 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 1 Polyphagous Polyphagous NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 4 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 6 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 7 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 8 feed feed VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 9 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 11 wide wide JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 12 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 14 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 15 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 18 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 19 endowed endow VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 20 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 21 fantastic fantastic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 23 powerful powerful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 24 olfactory olfactory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 25 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 27 501 501 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 29 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 30 allow allow VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 31 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 32 distinction distinction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 33 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 34 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 35 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 36 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 38 low low JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 39 amounts amount NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 40 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 41 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 42 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 146 44 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 2 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 3 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 4 allow allow VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 5 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 7 ascertain ascertain VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 9 quality quality NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 12 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 13 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 14 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 16 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 17 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 18 lipids lipid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 20 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 23 carbohydrates carbohydrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 25 507 507 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 147 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 2 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 3 generalists generalist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 5 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 6 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 8 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 9 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 10 call call VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 11 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 12 subgroup subgroup NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 14 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 16 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 17 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 18 deterred deter VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 19 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 20 feeding feed VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 21 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 22 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 23 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 24 store store VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 25 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 26 noxious noxious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 27 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 29 select select VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 30 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 31 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 32 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 33 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 34 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 36 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 37 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 38 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 39 crop crop NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 40 species species NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 42 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 43 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 44 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 45 bred breed VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 46 away away RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 47 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 48 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 49 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 50 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 51 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 52 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 53 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 54 originally originally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 55 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 56 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 57 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 58 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 59 XI XI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 148 61 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 1 Alternatively alternatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 4 change change VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 5 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 7 rapidly rapidly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 9 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 10 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 11 intoxication intoxication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 149 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 4 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 5 polyphagous polyphagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 6 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 8 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 9 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 10 detoxification detoxification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 11 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 13 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 15 microsomal microsomal NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 16 oxidases oxidase NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 18 glutathione glutathione NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 19 peroxidase peroxidase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 21 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 22 lead lead VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 23 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 25 rapid rapid JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 26 detoxification detoxification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 27 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 28 elimination elimination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 30 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 31 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 32 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 34 4,15,17,508 4,15,17,508 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 150 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 2 contrast contrast NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 4 mono mono NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 5 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 7 oligophagous oligophagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 8 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 9 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 10 select select VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 12 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 13 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 14 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 15 respect respect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 16 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 18 composition composition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 21 nutrients nutrient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 23 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 24 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 25 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 151 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 2 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 3 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 4 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 5 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 7 originally originally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 8 noxious noxious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 9 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 10 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 12 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 13 attractive attractive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 14 feeding feeding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 16 oviposition oviposition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 17 stimulants stimulant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 152 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 3 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 4 tolerate tolerate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 6 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 7 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 8 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 10 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 11 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 13 actively actively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 14 sequester sequester VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 16 exploit exploit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 17 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 20 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 21 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 22 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 23 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 24 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 25 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 26 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 27 purposes purpose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 29 1,4,10 1,4,10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 30 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 31 12,144 12,144 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 32 7,28,31,33,494 7,28,31,33,494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 33 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 34 496 496 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 153 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 2 observations observation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 3 seem seem VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 5 contradict contradict VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 7 first first JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 8 statement statement NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 10 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 11 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 12 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 13 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 14 primarily primarily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 15 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 16 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 20 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 22 renowned renowned JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 23 authors author NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 24 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 25 fallen fall VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 26 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 27 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 28 logical logical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 29 pit pit NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 31 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 32 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 33 Mothes Mothes NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 35 35 35 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 38 Robinson Robinson NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 40 505 505 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 154 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 3 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 4 specialized specialize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 5 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 7 exceptions exception NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 8 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 10 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 11 rule rule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 155 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 2 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 3 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 6 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 7 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 10 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 11 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 13 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 14 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 15 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 17 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 18 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 19 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 20 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 21 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 23 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 25 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 26 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 27 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 28 non non JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 29 - - JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 30 host host JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 31 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 33 32 32 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 156 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 2 compared compare VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 3 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 5 enormous enormous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 6 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 8 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 9 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 12 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 14 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 15 monophagous monophagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 16 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 17 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 18 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 19 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 20 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 21 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 23 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 24 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 25 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 157 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 1 Quite quite PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 3 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 7 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 8 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 9 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 10 herbivorous herbivorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 11 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 13 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 14 I i CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 158 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 2 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 5 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 6 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 7 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 9 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 10 act act VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 12 feeding feed VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 13 deterrents deterrent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 14 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 15 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 16 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 159 18 > > XX cord-021013-xvc791wx 160 1 I% I% NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 160 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 160 3 w w NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 160 4 / / SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 160 5 w w NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 160 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 160 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 1 Given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 3 choice choice NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 5 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 6 tend tend VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 7 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 8 select select VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 9 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 10 diet diet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 11 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 12 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 14 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 15 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 16 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 17 dose dose NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 19 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 161 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 1 Also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 3 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 4 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 5 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 6 most most RBS cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 7 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 8 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 9 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 10 except except IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 11 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 14 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 15 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 162 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 2 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 3 indicate indicate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 5 under under IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 6 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 7 conditions condition NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 8 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 9 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 11 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 12 content content NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 15 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 16 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 17 safe safe JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 18 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 19 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 20 herbivorous herbivorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 21 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 23 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 25 exception exception NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 26 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 27 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 28 monophagous monophagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 29 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 30 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 31 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 32 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 33 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 34 potent potent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 35 polyphagous polyphagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 36 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 163 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 4 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 5 choice choice NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 6 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 7 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 10 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 11 hungry hungry JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 14 deterrency deterrency NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 15 threshold threshold NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 16 value value NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 17 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 18 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 19 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 22 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 23 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 24 feed feed VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 25 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 26 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 27 diet diet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 28 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 29 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 30 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 31 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 32 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 33 normally normally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 34 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 36 15,32 15,32 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 164 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 3 case case NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 5 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 7 chance chance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 9 test test VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 11 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 13 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 14 ingested ingest VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 15 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 165 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 3 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 4 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 5 take take VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 6 up up RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 7 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 9 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 10 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 12 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 13 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 14 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 16 assessed assess VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 17 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 18 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 19 degree degree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 20 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 21 topical topical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 22 application application NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 23 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 24 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 166 25 injection injection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 167 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 167 2 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 167 3 I i CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 167 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 167 5 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 4 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 5 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 6 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 7 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 9 substantial substantial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 10 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 13 display display VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 14 significant significant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 15 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 16 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 18 including include VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 19 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 21 piperine piperine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 23 lupine lupine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 24 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 26 caffeine caffeine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 28 gramine gramine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 30 strychnine strychnine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 32 berberine berberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 34 ephedrine ephedrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 36 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 37 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 38 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 168 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 1 Only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 3 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 4 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 5 tolerate tolerate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 7 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 169 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 2 tobacco tobacco NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 3 hornworm hornworm NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 5 Manduca Manduca NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 6 sexta sexta NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 9 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 10 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 12 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 13 grow grow VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 14 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 15 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 16 diet diet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 17 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 18 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 19 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 20 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 21 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 22 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 23 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 24 any any DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 25 adverse adverse JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 26 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 170 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 1 Most Most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 4 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 6 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 7 degraded degraded JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 8 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 9 directly directly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 10 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 11 via via IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 13 Malpighian malpighian JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 14 tubules tubule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 17 feces fece NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 19 182 182 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 171 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 2 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 3 binds bind VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 4 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 6 acetylcholine acetylcholine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 8 ACH ACH NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 10 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 14 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 15 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 17 Manduca Manduca NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 18 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 19 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 20 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 21 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 22 modified modify VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 24 such such PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 25 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 26 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 27 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 28 ACH ACH NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 29 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 30 still still RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 31 bind bind VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 33 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 34 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 35 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 37 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 38 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 39 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 40 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 41 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 42 modification modification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 172 44 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 2 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 3 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 7 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 9 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 10 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 12 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 13 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 14 caused cause VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 15 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 17 interference interference NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 18 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 19 diverse diverse JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 20 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 22 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 23 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 173 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 2 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 4 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 5 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 6 yet yet RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 7 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 8 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 9 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 10 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 12 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 13 issue issue NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 14 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 15 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 16 below below IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 19 section section NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 20 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 21 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 22 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 24 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 25 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 26 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 174 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 1 With with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 2 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 3 caution caution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 5 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 6 extrapolate extrapolate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 7 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 8 insect insect VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 9 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 175 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 2 Homo homo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 3 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 5 domestic domestic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 6 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 8 largely largely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 9 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 11 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 12 voluminous voluminous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 13 body body NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 15 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 16 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 18 adverse adverse JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 19 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 21 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 22 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 23 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 24 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 25 over over IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 27 centuries century NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 176 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 2 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 6 feeding feed VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 7 deterrents deterrent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 9 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 11 owing owe VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 14 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 16 pungent pungent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 17 taste taste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 19 bad bad JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 20 smell smell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 23 instinctively instinctively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 24 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 25 foul foul RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 26 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 27 smelling smell VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 29 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 31 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 32 pungent pungent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 33 diet diet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 34 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 35 normally normally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 36 avoided avoid VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 177 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 1 Examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 3 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 6 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 7 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 9 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 12 quinine quinine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 14 strychnine strychnine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 16 brucine brucine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 19 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 22 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 23 pungent pungent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 24 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 25 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 26 capsaicin capsaicin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 29 piperine piperine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 178 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 2 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 4 recalled recall VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 6 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 7 taste taste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 8 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 10 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 11 identical identical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 13 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 14 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 179 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 2 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 4 geese goose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 8 obligate obligate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 9 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 11 hardly hardly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 12 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 13 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 14 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 15 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 17 smelly smelly JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 18 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 20 amines amine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 22 mercaptoethanol mercaptoethanol NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 180 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 1 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 2 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 3 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 4 hardly hardly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 5 touch touch VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 7 185 185 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 181 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 1 Conversely conversely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 3 fragrances fragrance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 4 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 6 attractive attractive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 7 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 8 us -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 10 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 11 repellent repellent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 13 geese goose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 15 185 185 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 182 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 1 Even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 2 within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 4 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 5 population population NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 6 taste taste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 7 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 8 differ differ VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 9 significantly significantly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 183 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 2 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 3 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 4 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 7 substantial substantial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 8 proportion proportion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 10 Homo homo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 11 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 12 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 13 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 14 detect detect VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 16 smell smell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 18 HCN HCN NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 20 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 21 others other NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 22 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 23 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 24 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 184 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 3 olfactory olfactory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 4 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 5 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 6 differ differ VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 7 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 8 age age NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 10 sex sex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 13 hormonal hormonal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 14 cycles cycle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 185 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 1 Bitterness bitterness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 2 varies vary VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 3 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 5 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 6 structure structure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 8 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 9 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 186 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 1 With with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 3 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 6 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 9 following follow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 10 scale scale NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 11 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 12 assessed assess VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 13 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 14 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 187 15 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 1 Mean mean JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 2 detection detection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 3 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 5 0.00085 0.00085 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 6 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 8 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 10 0.0021 0.0021 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 11 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 13 lupanine lupanine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 16 0.017 0.017 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 17 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 19 hydroxylupanine hydroxylupanine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 21 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 188 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 3 know know VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 5 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 6 parameters parameter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 8 olfactory olfactory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 9 qualities quality NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 11 Homo Homo NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 12 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 14 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 15 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 16 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 17 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 18 hardly hardly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 19 anything anything NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 20 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 21 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 22 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 23 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 24 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 25 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 189 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 3 famous famous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 4 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 5 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 6 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 7 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 9 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 12 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 13 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 14 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 15 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 16 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 17 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 18 classified classify VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 19 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 20 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 21 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 22 poisonous poisonous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 23 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 24 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 25 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 190 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 3 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 7 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 8 LD LD NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 11 values value NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 12 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 13 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 14 determined determine VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 15 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 16 laboratory laboratory NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 17 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 19 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 20 mice mouse NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 22 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 23 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 24 rats rat NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 26 guinea guinea NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 27 pigs pig NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 29 cats cat NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 31 rabbits rabbit NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 33 dogs dog NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 35 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 36 pigeons pigeon NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 191 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 1 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 2 I1 i1 NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 3 presents present VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 4 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 5 overview overview NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 7 132 132 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 10 including include VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 12 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 13 poisonous poisonous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 15 aconitine aconitine VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 17 coniine coniine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 19 atropine atropine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 21 brucine brucine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 23 curarine curarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 25 ergocornine ergocornine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 27 physostigmine physostigmine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 29 strychnine strychnine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 31 colchicine colchicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 33 germerine germerine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 35 veratridine veratridine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 37 cytisine cytisine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 39 delphinidine delphinidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 41 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 42 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 192 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 1 Toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 3 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 4 highest high JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 5 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 7 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 9 applied apply VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 10 parenterally parenterally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 12 intravenously intravenously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 14 i.v i.v NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 15 . . NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 18 intraperitoneally intraperitoneally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 20 i.p i.p NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 21 . . NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 25 subcutaneously subcutaneously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 27 s.c s.c NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 28 . . NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 193 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 1 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 2 compared compare VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 3 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 4 oral oral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 5 application application NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 7 per per IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 8 0s 0s NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 10 P.o P.o NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 194 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 1 Also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 3 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 7 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 9 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 11 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 12 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 13 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 14 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 15 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 16 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 17 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 19 including include VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 20 batrachotoxin batrachotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 22 batrachotoxinin batrachotoxinin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 23 A A NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 25 anabasine anabasine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 27 glomerine glomerine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 29 maitotoxin maitotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 31 nereistoxin nereistoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 33 palytoxin palytoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 35 saxitoxin saxitoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 38 tetrodotoxin tetrodotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 40 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 42 28 28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 44 29 29 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 46 259 259 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 195 48 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 3 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 4 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 7 differs differ VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 8 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 9 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 10 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 11 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 14 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 16 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 17 I1 i1 NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 18 generally generally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 19 show show VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 20 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 21 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 22 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 23 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 24 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 25 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 26 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 27 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 28 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 29 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 196 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 2 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 3 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 4 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 5 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 6 intact intact JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 7 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 8 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 9 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 10 counterpart counterpart NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 13 cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 14 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 17 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 18 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 19 recorded record VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 20 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 21 nearly nearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 22 180 180 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 23 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 25 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 26 111 111 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 197 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 2 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 4 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 5 obtained obtain VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 6 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 7 screening screen VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 8 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 9 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 10 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 12 anticancer anticancer JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 13 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 198 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 3 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 4 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 5 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 6 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 7 kill kill VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 9 cancer cancer NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 10 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 11 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 12 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 13 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 14 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 15 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 16 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 17 normal normal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 18 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 19 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 199 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 4 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 5 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 7 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 8 I11 I11 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 10 another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 11 indication indication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 14 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 15 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 17 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 18 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 19 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 200 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 3 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 4 applies apply VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 5 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 7 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 10 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 13 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 14 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 15 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 16 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 17 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 18 interpreted interpret VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 19 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 20 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 21 potent potent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 22 antiherbivore antiherbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 23 mechanism mechanism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 201 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 3 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 7 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 8 underlying underlie VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 10 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 11 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 12 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 13 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 14 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 15 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 17 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 18 detail detail NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 202 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 3 distinguish distinguish VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 4 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 5 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 7 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 8 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 10 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 12 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 13 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 15 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 17 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 19 DNA DNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 24 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 26 replication replication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 28 transcription transcription NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 30 translation translation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 32 membrane membrane NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 33 assembly assembly NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 34 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 35 stability stability NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 37 electron electron NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 38 chains chain NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 40 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 41 metabolically metabolically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 42 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 43 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 44 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 45 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 46 including include VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 47 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 48 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 49 hormones hormone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 50 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 51 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 52 signal signal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 53 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 55 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 56 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 203 58 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 3 following following NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 5 discuss discuss VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 6 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 8 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 9 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 10 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 204 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 205 1 a. a. LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 205 2 Cellular Cellular NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 205 3 Targets Targets NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 205 4 Nucleic nucleic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 205 5 Acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 205 6 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 1 DNA DNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 4 macromolecule macromolecule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 5 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 6 holds hold VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 7 all all PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 9 genetic genetic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 10 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 13 life life NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 15 development development NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 17 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 18 organism organism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 20 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 21 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 22 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 23 vulnerable vulnerable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 24 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 206 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 3 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 4 surprising surprising JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 7 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 9 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 10 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 11 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 12 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 13 selected select VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 14 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 15 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 17 interact interact VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 18 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 19 DNA dna NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 21 DNAprocessing dnaprocessing NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 22 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 207 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 3 bind bind VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 4 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 5 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 6 intercalate intercalate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 7 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 8 DNA DNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 9 / / SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 12 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 13 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 16 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 17 affect affect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 18 replication replication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 19 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 20 transcription transcription NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 23 cause cause VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 24 mutations mutation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 26 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 27 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 28 malformations malformation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 29 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 30 cancer cancer NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 32 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 33 V v NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 208 35 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 1 9-methoxyellipticine 9-methoxyellipticine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 3 dictamnine dictamnine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 5 ellipticine ellipticine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 7 harmane harmane NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 8 alkaloids alkaloids NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 10 melinone melinone NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 11 F f NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 13 quinine quinine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 15 related related JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 18 skimmianine skimmianine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 20 avicine avicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 22 berberine berberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 24 chelerythrine chelerythrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 26 coptisine coptisine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 28 coralyne coralyne NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 30 fagaronine fagaronine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 32 nitidine nitidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 34 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 36 pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 37 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 39 PAS PAS NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 42 cycasin cycasin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 44 olivacine olivacine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 46 etc etc FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 209 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 4 intercalating intercalating NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 5 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 7 planar planar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 9 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 10 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 11 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 12 fit fit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 13 within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 15 stacks stack NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 17 AT AT NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 19 GC GC NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 20 base base NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 21 pairs pair NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 210 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 1 Other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 3 act act VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 4 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 6 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 8 DNA DNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 11 polymerases polymerase NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 13 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 15 vincristine vincristine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 17 vinblastine vinblastine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 19 avicine avicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 21 chelilutine chelilutine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 23 coralyne coralyne NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 25 fagaronine fagaronine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 27 nitidine nitidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 29 amanitine amanitine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 31 hippeastrine hippeastrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 33 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 34 lycorine lycorine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 36 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 37 impairing impair VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 38 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 39 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 40 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 41 replication replication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 42 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 43 transcription transcription NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 211 44 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 2 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 3 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 4 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 5 cause cause VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 7 rapid rapid JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 8 reaction reaction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 10 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 11 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 12 cause cause VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 13 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 14 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 15 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 16 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 18 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 20 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 22 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 23 mutagenic mutagenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 24 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 25 carcinogenic carcinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 27 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 28 V v NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 212 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 1 Besides besides IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 2 basic basic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 3 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 4 obtained obtain VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 6 Salmonella Salmonella NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 7 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 8 Drosophila Drosophila NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 10 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 13 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 14 reports report NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 15 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 16 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 18 potent potent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 19 mutagenic mutagenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 20 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 22 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 23 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 24 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 213 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 1 Anagyrine Anagyrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 3 anabasine anabasine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 6 coniine coniine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 7 cause cause VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 8 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 9 crooked crooked JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 10 calf calf NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 11 disease disease NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 214 12 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 1 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 2 pregnant pregnant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 3 cows cow NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 4 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 5 sheep sheep NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 6 feed feed VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 7 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 8 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 10 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 12 first first JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 13 period period NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 15 gestation gestation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 17 329,341,348,349,351,352 329,341,348,349,351,352 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 215 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 2 offspring offspring NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 3 born bear VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 4 show show NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 5 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 6 malformation malformation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 9 legs leg NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 216 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 4 steroid steroid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 7 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 9 cyclopamine cyclopamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 11 jervine jervine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 14 veratrosine veratrosine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 17 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 19 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 20 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 21 Veratrum Veratrum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 22 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 24 cause cause VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 26 formation formation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 28 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 29 central central JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 30 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 31 cyclopean cyclopean JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 32 eye eye NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 34 329 329 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 35 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 36 330 330 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 38 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 39 observation observation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 40 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 41 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 42 probably probably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 43 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 44 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 45 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 46 ancient ancient JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 47 Greeks Greeks NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 48 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 49 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 50 led lead VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 51 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 52 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 53 mythical mythical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 54 figure figure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 55 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 56 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 57 cyclops cyclops NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 217 58 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 3 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 5 any any DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 6 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 7 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 8 regularly regularly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 9 feeds feed VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 10 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 12 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 13 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 15 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 16 suffer suffer VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 17 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 18 reduced reduced JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 19 productivity productivity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 21 reduced reduced JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 22 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 25 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 26 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 218 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 2 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 7 contain contain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 8 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 11 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 12 avoided avoid VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 13 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 14 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 15 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 219 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 1 Another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 2 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 3 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 4 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 5 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 6 caused cause VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 7 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 9 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 10 carcinogenic carcinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 11 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 12 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 13 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 14 discovered discover VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 15 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 220 16 recently recently RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 221 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 221 2 Tables Tables NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 221 3 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 221 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 221 5 V V NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 221 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 221 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 2 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 3 aristolochic aristolochic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 4 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 7 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 8 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 9 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 13 genus genus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 14 Aristolochia Aristolochia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 17 carcinogenic carcinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 222 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 2 mechanism mechanism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 4 action action NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 6 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 7 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 9 believed believe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 10 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 11 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 12 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 13 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 15 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 16 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 17 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 18 carcinogen carcinogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 19 nitrosamine nitrosamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 21 344,345 344,345 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 24 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 25 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 27 NO no NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 29 group group NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 223 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 1 Pyrrolizidine Pyrrolizidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 4 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 5 N n CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 6 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 7 oxides oxide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 9 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 11 abundantly abundantly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 12 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 13 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 14 members member NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 17 Asteraceae Asteraceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 19 Boraginaceae Boraginaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 20 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 21 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 22 occur occur VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 25 families family NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 26 Apocynaceae Apocynaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 28 Celestraceae Celestraceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 30 Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 32 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 34 Fabaceae Fabaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 36 Orchidaceae Orchidaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 38 Poaceae Poaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 40 Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 42 Rhizo- Rhizo- NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 43 esterified esterify VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 45 425,426 425,426 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 224 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 1 After after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 2 oral oral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 3 intake intake NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 6 N n NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 7 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 8 oxides oxide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 10 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 11 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 12 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 15 gut gut NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 225 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 2 lipophilic lipophilic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 3 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 4 base base NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 6 resorbed resorb VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 8 transported transport VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 9 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 11 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 13 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 15 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 16 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 17 detoxified detoxify VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 18 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 19 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 20 microsomal microsomal NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 21 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 226 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 3 result result NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 6 reactive reactive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 7 alkylating alkylating JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 8 agent agent NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 9 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 10 generated generate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 12 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 14 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 15 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 18 pyrrolopyrrolidine pyrrolopyrrolidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 227 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 2 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 4 then then RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 5 cross cross VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 6 - - JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 7 link link JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 8 DNA DNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 12 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 13 cause cause VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 14 mutagenic mutagenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 16 carcinogenic carcinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 17 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 19 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 22 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 25 502 502 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 228 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 3 pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 5 represent represent VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 6 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 7 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 9 sophisticated sophisticated JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 10 antiherbivore antiherbivore NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 11 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 13 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 14 utilize utilize VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 16 widespread widespread JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 18 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 19 detoxification detoxification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 20 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 23 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 24 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 229 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 2 PA PA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 3 story story NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 5 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 6 intriguing intriguing JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 8 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 10 shows show VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 11 how how WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 12 ingenious ingenious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 13 Nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 14 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 17 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 18 arms arm NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 19 race race NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 230 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 231 1 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 2 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 3 invented invent VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 4 detoxifying detoxify VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 5 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 8 Nature Nature NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 10 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 11 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 13 activated activate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 14 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 15 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 16 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 232 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 2 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 3 feeding feed VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 4 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 5 PA PA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 6 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 7 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 8 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 9 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 10 eventually eventually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 11 die die VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 13 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 14 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 15 reproducing reproduce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 16 properly properly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 233 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 1 Only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 2 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 3 individuals individual NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 4 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 5 carefully carefully RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 6 avoid avoid VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 8 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 9 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 10 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 11 tasting taste VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 12 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 13 maintain maintain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 15 fitnes fitne NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 17 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 18 survive survive VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 234 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 2 protection protection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 3 due due IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 4 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 5 PA PA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 6 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 7 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 8 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 9 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 10 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 11 meadows meadow NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 13 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 14 Senecio Senecio NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 16 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 17 PA PA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 18 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 19 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 20 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 22 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 23 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 24 taken take VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 25 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 26 cows cow NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 27 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 28 sheep sheep NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 30 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 31 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 32 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 33 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 34 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 35 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 36 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 37 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 235 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 1 Protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 2 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 4 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 5 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 6 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 7 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 9 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 10 another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 11 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 12 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 236 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 4 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 8 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 9 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 10 detected detect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 12 although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 13 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 14 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 15 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 16 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 18 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 19 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 21 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 22 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 23 protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 24 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 25 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 26 uitro uitro NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 28 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 29 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 32 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 33 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 34 vincristine vincristine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 36 vinblastine vinblastine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 38 emetine emetine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 40 tubulosine tubulosine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 42 tyramine tyramine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 44 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 46 lupanine lupanine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 47 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 48 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 49 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 50 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 51 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 52 cryptopleurine cryptopleurine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 53 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 54 haningtonine haningtonine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 55 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 56 homohamngtonine homohamngtonine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 57 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 58 haemanthamine haemanthamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 59 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 60 isohamngtonine isohamngtonine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 61 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 62 lycorine lycorine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 63 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 64 narciclasine narciclasine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 65 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 66 pretazettine pretazettine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 67 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 68 pseudolycorine pseudolycorine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 69 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 70 tylocrebrine tylocrebrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 71 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 72 tylophorine tylophorine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 73 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 74 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 75 tylocrepine tylocrepine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 237 76 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 2 lupine lupine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 3 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 6 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 7 determined determine VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 10 steps step NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 11 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 13 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 14 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 16 loading loading NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 18 acyl acyl NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 19 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 20 tRNA trna NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 21 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 22 amino amino JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 23 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 25 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 26 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 27 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 29 elongation elongation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 30 step step NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 238 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 2 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 3 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 4 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 5 strongly strongly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 6 expressed express VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 8 heterologous heterologous NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 9 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 11 that that RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 12 is is RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 14 protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 15 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 18 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 21 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 22 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 23 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 25 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 26 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 27 affected affect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 29 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 239 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 240 1 Electron electron NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 240 2 chains chain NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 240 3 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 2 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 3 chain chain NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 5 ATP ATP NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 8 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 9 demand demand VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 11 controlled control VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 12 flux flux NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 14 electrons electron NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 241 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 2 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 3 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 6 attacked attack VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 7 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 8 ellipticine ellipticine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 10 pseudane pseudane NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 12 pseudene pseudene NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 14 alpinigenine alpinigenine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 16 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 18 tetrahydropalmatine tetrahydropalmatine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 20 CH,-(CH2),,-2,6-methyl CH,-(CH2),,-2,6-methyl NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 21 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 22 piperidines piperidine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 24 capsaicin capsaicin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 27 hydroxamic hydroxamic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 28 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 29 DIMBOA DIMBOA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 31 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 32 solenopsine solenopsine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 242 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 3 before before RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 5 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 7 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 9 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 10 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 11 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 12 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 13 evaluated evaluate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 14 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 15 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 16 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 18 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 19 V v NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 243 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 244 1 Biomembranes biomembrane NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 244 2 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 244 3 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 244 4 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 244 5 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 2 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 4 operate operate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 5 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 6 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 9 enclosed enclose VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 10 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 11 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 12 intact intact JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 13 biomembrane biomembrane NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 15 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 16 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 17 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 18 compartmenta- compartmenta- NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 19 tion tion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 20 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 21 provides provide VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 22 separated separated JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 23 reaction reaction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 24 chambers chamber NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 245 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 2 biomembranes biomembrane NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 4 impermeable impermeable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 5 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 6 ions ion NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 8 polar polar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 9 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 11 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 12 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 13 prevent prevent VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 15 uncontrolled uncontrolled JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 16 efflux efflux NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 18 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 19 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 246 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 2 controlled control VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 3 flux flux NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 6 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 7 across across IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 8 biomembranes biomembrane NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 9 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 10 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 11 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 12 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 13 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 14 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 17 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 18 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 19 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 20 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 22 pores pore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 24 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 25 carrier carrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 26 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 247 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 2 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 3 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 5 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 6 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 8 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 9 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 10 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 12 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 13 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 14 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 248 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 1 Disturbance disturbance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 3 membrane membrane NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 4 stability stability NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 6 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 7 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 8 9-methoxyellipticine 9-methoxyellipticine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 10 ellipticine ellipticine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 12 berbamine berbamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 14 cepharanthine cepharanthine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 16 tetrandrine tetrandrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 18 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 19 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 21 irehdiamine irehdiamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 24 malouetine malouetine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 249 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 1 Steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 4 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 6 solanine solanine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 8 tomatine tomatine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 12 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 14 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 15 members member NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 18 Solanaceae Solanaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 20 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 21 complex complex VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 22 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 23 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 25 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 26 lipids lipid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 28 biomembranes biomembrane NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 29 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 30 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 31 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 32 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 33 rendered render VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 34 leaky leaky JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 250 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 1 Cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 2 carefully carefully RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 3 control control VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 5 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 8 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 9 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 10 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 12 action action NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 14 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 15 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 17 Na+,K+ Na+,K+ NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 19 Ca2 ca2 NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 20 + + SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 21 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 24 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 25 Na+,K+-ATPase Na+,K+-ATPase NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 251 27 Ca2 Ca2 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 252 1 + + CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 253 1 -ATPase -ATPase NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 253 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 2 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 4 pumps pump NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 6 involved involve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 8 signal signal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 9 transduction transduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 11 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 12 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 13 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 16 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 18 neuromuscular neuromuscular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 19 signaling signaling NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 254 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 1 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 3 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 4 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 6 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 7 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 9 carriers carrier NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 11 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 12 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 13 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 15 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 16 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 18 acronycine acronycine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 20 ervatamine ervatamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 22 harmaline harmaline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 24 quinine quinine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 26 reserpine reserpine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 28 colchicine colchicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 30 nitidine nitidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 32 salsolinol salsolinol NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 34 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 36 stepholidine stepholidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 38 caffeine caffeine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 40 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 42 monocrotaline monocrotaline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 44 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 45 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 46 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 47 aconitine aconitine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 48 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 49 capsaicine capsaicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 50 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 51 cassaine cassaine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 52 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 53 maitoxin maitoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 54 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 55 ochratoxin ochratoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 56 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 57 palytoxin palytoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 58 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 59 pumiliotoxin pumiliotoxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 60 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 61 saxitoxin saxitoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 62 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 63 solenopsine solenopsine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 64 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 65 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 66 tetrodotoxin tetrodotoxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 255 67 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 2 special special JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 3 class class NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 5 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 6 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 9 central central JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 10 nervous nervous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 11 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 13 involved involve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 14 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 15 neuromuscular neuromuscular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 16 signal signal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 17 transfer transfer NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 19 coupled couple VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 20 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 21 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 23 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 24 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 25 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 26 noradrenaline noradrenaline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 28 NA NA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 31 serotonin serotonin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 33 dopamine dopamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 35 glycine glycine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 38 acetylcholine acetylcholine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 40 ACH ACH NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 256 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 257 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 257 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 257 3 distinguish distinguish VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 257 4 two two CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 257 5 types type NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 257 6 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 1 Type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 2 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 5 ligand ligand NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 6 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 7 gated gate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 8 channel channel NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 10 i.e. i.e. FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 13 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 17 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 18 part part NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 20 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 21 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 22 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 23 channel channel NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 24 complex complex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 26 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 27 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 29 nicotinergic nicotinergic NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 30 ACH ACH NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 31 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 32 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 258 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 2 Type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 3 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 5 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 7 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 8 integral integral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 9 protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 259 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 1 When when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 3 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 4 binds bind VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 7 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 8 changes change VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 9 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 10 conformation conformation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 12 induces induce VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 14 conformational conformational JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 15 change change NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 17 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 18 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 19 Gprotein Gprotein NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 20 molecule molecule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 22 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 23 consists consist VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 25 three three CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 26 subunits subunit NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 260 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 3 subunit subunit NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 4 then then RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 5 activates activate VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 7 enzyme enzyme NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 8 adenylate adenylate NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 9 cyclase cyclase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 11 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 13 turn turn NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 14 produces produce VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 15 cAMP camp NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 16 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 17 ATP ATP NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 261 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 2 cAMP camp NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 3 molecule molecule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 6 second second JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 7 messenger messenger NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 8 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 9 activates activate VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 10 protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 11 kinases kinase NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 13 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 14 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 15 directly directly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 17 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 19 turn turn NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 20 open open RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 21 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 22 milliseconds millisecond NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 24 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 27 muscarinergic muscarinergic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 28 ACH ACH NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 29 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 262 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 6 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 7 whose whose WP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 8 structures structure NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 10 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 12 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 13 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 14 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 15 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 17 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 18 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 263 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 1 Targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 5 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 6 itself -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 9 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 11 deactivate deactivate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 12 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 14 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 15 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 16 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 18 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 19 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 20 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 21 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 23 storage storage NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 26 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 27 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 28 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 29 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 264 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 2 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 3 here here RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 4 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 6 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 7 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 9 brucine brucine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 11 ergot ergot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 14 eseridine eseridine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 16 serotonin serotonin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 18 physostigmine physostigmine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 20 gelsemine gelsemine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 22 p p NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 23 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 24 carboline carboline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 25 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 27 strychnine strychnine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 29 yohimbine yohimbine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 31 berberine berberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 33 bicuculline bicuculline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 35 bulbocapnine bulbocapnine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 37 columbamine columbamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 39 coptisine coptisine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 41 coralyne coralyne NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 42 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 43 corlumine corlumine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 45 ephedrine ephedrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 46 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 47 ga- ga- VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 48 lanthamine lanthamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 49 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 50 laudanosine laudanosine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 51 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 52 nuciferine nuciferine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 53 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 54 palmatine palmatine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 55 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 56 papaverine papaverine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 57 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 58 thebaine thebaine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 59 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 60 cytisine cytisine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 61 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 62 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 63 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 64 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 65 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 66 heliotrine heliotrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 67 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 68 chaconine chaconine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 69 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 70 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 71 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 72 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 73 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 74 cocaine cocaine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 75 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 76 atropine atropine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 77 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 78 scopolamine scopolamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 79 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 80 anabaseine anabaseine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 81 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 82 arecoline arecoline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 83 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 84 dendrobine dendrobine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 85 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 86 gephyrotoxin gephyrotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 87 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 88 histrionicotoxin histrionicotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 89 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 90 methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 91 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 92 muscarine muscarine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 93 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 94 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 95 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 96 pilocarpine pilocarpine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 97 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 98 psilocin psilocin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 99 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 100 psilocybin psilocybin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 101 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 102 morphine morphine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 103 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 104 mescaline mescaline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 105 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 106 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 107 reserpine reserpine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 265 108 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 4 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 7 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 8 hallucinogens hallucinogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 11 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 12 decrease decrease VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 14 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 16 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 17 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 18 feeding feed VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 19 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 20 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 21 regularly regularly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 266 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 267 1 Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 267 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 2 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 3 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 5 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 6 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 7 motility motility NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 9 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 11 exocytosis exocytosis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 14 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 15 division division NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 17 rely rely VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 18 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 19 microfilaments microfilament NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 21 microtubules microtubule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 268 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 5 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 6 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 7 detected detect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 8 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 9 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 10 interfere interfere VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 11 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 13 assembly assembly NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 14 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 15 disassembly disassembly NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 17 microtubules microtubule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 19 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 20 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 23 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 25 vincristine vincristine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 27 vinblastine vinblastine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 29 colchicine colchicine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 31 maytansine maytansine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 33 maytansinine maytansinine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 35 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 36 taxol taxol NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 269 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 1 Colchicine Colchicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 4 major major JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 5 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 7 Colchicum colchicum JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 8 autumnale autumnale NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 10 Liliaceae Liliaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 13 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 15 assembly assembly NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 17 microtubules microtubule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 20 mitotic mitotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 21 spindle spindle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 22 apparatus apparatus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 270 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 3 consequence consequence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 5 chromosomes chromosome NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 7 no no RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 8 longer long RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 9 separated separate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 11 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 13 polyploidy polyploidy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 271 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 2 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 3 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 4 die die VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 5 under under IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 6 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 7 conditions condition NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 9 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 10 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 11 maintain maintain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 13 polyploidy polyploidy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 15 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 16 trait trait NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 17 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 18 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 20 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 21 breeding breeding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 22 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 23 polyploidy polyploidy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 24 leads lead VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 25 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 26 bigger big JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 27 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 272 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 3 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 4 antimitotic antimitotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 5 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 7 colchicine colchicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 8 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 9 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 10 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 12 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 13 anticancer anticancer JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 14 drug drug NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 15 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 16 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 19 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 20 abandoned abandon VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 21 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 24 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 25 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 273 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 2 derivative derivative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 3 colcemide colcemide NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 5 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 6 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 8 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 9 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 10 employed employ VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 13 treatment treatment NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 15 certain certain JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 16 cancers cancer NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 18 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 274 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 1 Also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 3 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 4 motility motility NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 6 impaired impair VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 7 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 8 colchicine colchicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 9 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 10 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 11 property property NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 13 exploited exploit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 14 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 15 medicine medicine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 18 treatment treatment NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 20 acute acute JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 21 gout gout NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 24 order order NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 25 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 26 prevent prevent VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 28 migration migration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 30 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 31 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 32 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 33 joints joint NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 275 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 2 normal normal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 3 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 6 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 8 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 11 negative negative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 12 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 14 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 16 anticipated anticipate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 19 colchicine colchicine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 20 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 21 indeed indeed RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 23 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 24 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 25 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 26 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 27 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 28 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 29 resorbed resorb VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 30 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 31 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 32 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 33 lipophilicity lipophilicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 276 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 1 Another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 2 group group NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 5 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 6 antimitotic antimitotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 7 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 10 bisindole bisindole NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 11 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 13 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 15 vinblastine vinblastine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 17 vincristine vincristine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 19 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 20 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 21 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 22 isolated isolate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 23 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 24 Catharanthus Catharanthus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 25 roseus roseu NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 27 Apocynaceae Apocynaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 277 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 3 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 4 bind bind VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 5 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 6 tubulin tubulin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 8 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 278 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 1 Both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 4 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 5 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 7 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 9 nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 10 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 11 drugs drug NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 14 treatment treatment NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 16 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 17 leukemias leukemia NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 279 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 280 1 From from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 280 2 Taxus Taxus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 280 3 baccata baccata NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 280 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 280 5 Taxaceae Taxaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 280 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 281 1 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 281 2 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 281 3 taxol taxol NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 281 4 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 281 5 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 281 6 isolated isolate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 281 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 1 Taxol Taxol NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 2 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 3 affects affect VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 5 architecture architecture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 7 microtubules microtubule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 9 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 11 disassembly disassembly NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 13 322 322 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 282 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 1 Nonalkaloidal nonalkaloidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 2 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 3 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 5 mentioned mention VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 7 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 8 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 9 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 11 lignan lignan NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 12 podophyllotoxin podophyllotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 14 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 283 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 2 conclusion conclusion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 4 any any DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 5 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 7 impairs impair VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 9 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 11 microtubules microtubule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 13 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 16 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 18 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 21 importance importance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 22 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 23 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 24 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 28 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 29 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 30 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 31 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 32 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 33 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 34 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 36 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 37 wellworking wellworking NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 38 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 39 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 40 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 41 shaped shape VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 42 molecule molecule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 284 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 285 1 Enzyme enzyme NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 285 2 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 285 3 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 2 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 4 metabolically metabolically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 5 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 6 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 7 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 9 wide wide JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 10 field field NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 11 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 12 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 13 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 14 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 15 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 17 full full JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 18 here here RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 20 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 21 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 22 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 286 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 1 Briefly briefly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 3 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 5 CAMP camp NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 6 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 8 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 9 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 10 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 12 signal signal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 13 transduction transduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 15 amplifications amplification NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 17 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 20 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 22 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 24 adenylate adenylate NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 25 cyclase cyclase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 26 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 27 anonaine anonaine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 29 isoboldine isoboldine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 31 tetrahydroberberine tetrahydroberberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 32 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 33 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 34 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 35 phosphodiesterase phosphodiesterase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 36 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 37 1-ethyl 1-ethyl CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 38 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 39 P p NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 40 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 41 carboline carboline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 42 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 43 P p NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 44 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 45 carboline-1-propionic carboline-1-propionic NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 46 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 47 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 48 papaverine papaverine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 49 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 50 caffeine caffeine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 51 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 52 theophylline theophylline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 53 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 54 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 55 theobromine theobromine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 56 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 57 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 58 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 287 59 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 1 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 3 hydrolases hydrolase NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 5 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 6 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 7 glucosidase glucosidase NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 9 mannosidase mannosidase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 11 trehalase trehalase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 14 amylase amylase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 17 specifically specifically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 18 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 19 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 20 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 21 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 23 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 24 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 288 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 289 1 b. b. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 289 2 Action Action NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 289 3 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 289 4 Organ Organ NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 289 5 Level Level NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 289 6 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 3 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 4 mentioned mention VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 5 before before RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 7 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 8 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 9 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 10 directed direct VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 11 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 12 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 13 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 14 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 17 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 18 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 20 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 22 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 23 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 24 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 25 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 26 function function VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 27 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 29 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 30 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 31 organ organ NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 32 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 33 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 34 complete complete JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 35 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 37 although although RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 39 ultimately ultimately RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 41 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 42 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 43 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 44 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 46 too too RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 290 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 291 1 Central central JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 291 2 nervous nervous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 291 3 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 291 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 291 5 neuromuscular neuromuscular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 291 6 junction junction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 291 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 2 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 3 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 6 interfere interfere VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 7 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 9 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 11 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 13 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 14 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 16 brain brain NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 18 nerve nerve NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 19 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 21 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 22 fact fact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 23 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 24 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 25 man man VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 26 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 27 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 28 thousand thousand CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 29 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 31 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 32 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 292 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 2 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 3 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 4 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 5 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 6 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 7 above above RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 293 8 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 1 Disturbance disturbance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 3 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 4 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 5 impairs impair VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 6 sensory sensory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 7 faculties faculty NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 9 smell smell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 11 vision vision NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 14 hearing hearing NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 18 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 19 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 20 euphoric euphoric JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 22 hallucinogenic hallucinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 23 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 294 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 2 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 3 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 5 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 6 longer longer RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 7 able able JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 9 control control VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 11 movements movement NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 13 senses sense NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 14 properly properly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 15 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 16 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 18 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 19 chance chance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 21 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 22 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 23 Nature Nature NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 25 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 27 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 28 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 29 accidents accident NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 31 falling fall VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 32 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 33 trees tree NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 35 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 36 rocks rock NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 38 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 39 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 40 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 42 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 43 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 44 killed kill VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 45 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 46 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 295 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 2 euphoric euphoric JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 4 hallucinogenic hallucinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 5 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 7 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 9 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 11 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 12 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 14 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 17 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 19 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 22 skin skin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 24 certain certain JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 25 toads toad NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 27 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 28 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 29 regarded regard VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 30 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 31 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 32 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 296 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 2 individuals individual NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 4 Homo homo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 5 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 6 use use NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 7 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 8 drugs drug NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 9 just just RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 10 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 13 hallucinogenic hallucinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 14 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 16 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 17 here here RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 18 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 20 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 21 evident evident JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 22 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 23 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 24 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 25 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 26 use use NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 27 reduces reduce VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 28 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 30 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 31 dramatically dramatically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 297 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 2 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 4 muscles muscle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 6 controlled control VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 7 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 8 ACH ACH NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 10 NA NA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 298 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 3 plausible plausible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 5 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 6 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 7 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 8 activation activation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 10 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 11 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 12 regulated regulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 13 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 14 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 15 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 16 severely severely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 17 influence influence VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 18 muscular muscular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 19 reactivity reactivity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 21 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 23 mobility mobility NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 24 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 25 organ organ NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 26 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 28 heart heart NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 30 blood blood NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 31 vessels vessel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 33 lungs lung NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 35 gut gut NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 37 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 38 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 39 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 299 40 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 3 case case NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 5 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 7 muscles muscle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 8 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 9 relax relax VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 10 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 13 case case NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 15 overstimulation overstimulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 17 muscles muscle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 18 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 19 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 20 tense tense JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 22 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 23 tetanus tetanus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 25 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 26 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 27 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 28 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 29 paralysis paralysis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 300 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 2 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 3 activate activate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 4 neuromuscular neuromuscular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 5 action action NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 7 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 9 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 10 parasympathomimetics parasympathomimetic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 12 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 13 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 15 arecoline arecoline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 17 physostigmine physostigmine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 19 coniine coniine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 21 cytisine cytisine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 24 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 301 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 1 Inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 3 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 4 parasympatholytic parasympatholytic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 7 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 8 hyoscyamine hyoscyamine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 10 scopolamine scopolamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 13 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 14 above above RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 17 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 302 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 1 Skeletal skeletal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 2 muscles muscle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 3 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 4 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 6 muscle muscle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 7 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 8 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 9 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 11 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 13 lungs lung NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 15 heart heart NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 17 circulatory circulatory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 18 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 21 gut gut NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 25 nervous nervous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 26 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 27 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 28 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 29 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 30 critical critical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 31 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 303 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 2 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 4 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 5 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 7 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 8 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 9 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 14 obvious obvious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 15 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 17 serve serve VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 18 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 19 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 20 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 21 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 22 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 23 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 25 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 26 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 27 paralyzed paralyzed JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 28 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 29 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 30 easy easy JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 31 prey prey NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 32 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 33 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 34 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 36 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 37 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 38 doses dose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 39 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 40 ingested ingest VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 42 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 43 die die VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 44 directly directly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 46 compare compare VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 47 LD LD NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 48 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 49 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 50 values value NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 51 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 52 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 53 11 11 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 304 55 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 305 1 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 305 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 305 3 digestive digestive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 305 4 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 305 5 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 1 Food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 2 uptake uptake NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 5 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 6 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 8 pungent pungent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 9 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 10 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 11 taste taste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 14 first first JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 15 instance instance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 17 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 18 mentioned mention VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 19 earlier early RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 306 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 2 next next JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 3 step step NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 4 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 7 induction induction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 9 vomiting vomiting NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 11 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 15 opposite opposite JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 17 constipation constipation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 19 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 20 negatively negatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 21 influences influence VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 22 digestion digestion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 24 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 307 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 2 ingestion ingestion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 5 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 7 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 8 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 10 emetine emetine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 12 lobeline lobeline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 14 morphine morphine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 17 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 18 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 19 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 20 causes cause VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 21 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 22 symptoms symptom NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 24 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 308 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 1 Another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 2 mode mode NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 4 interference interference NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 5 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 8 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 10 carriers carrier NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 12 amino amino JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 13 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 15 sugars sugar NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 17 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 18 lipids lipid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 22 digestive digestive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 23 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 309 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 1 Relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 5 polyhydroxyalkaloids polyhydroxyalkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 7 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 8 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 9 swainsonine swainsonine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 11 deoxynojirimycin deoxynojirimycin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 14 castanospermine castanospermine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 16 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 17 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 18 hydrolytic hydrolytic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 19 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 21 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 22 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 23 glucosidase glucosidase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 25 galactosidase galactosidase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 27 trehalase trehalase NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 29 trehalose trehalose NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 30 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 31 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 32 sugar sugar NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 33 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 34 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 35 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 36 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 37 hydrolyzed hydrolyze VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 38 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 39 trehalase trehalase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 42 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 43 mannosidase mannosidase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 44 selectively selectively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 46 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 47 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 310 49 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 1 Nutrients nutrient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 2 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 3 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 5 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 6 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 7 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 8 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 11 transported transport VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 14 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 15 after after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 16 resorption resorption NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 19 intestine intestine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 311 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 3 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 6 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 8 carbohydrates carbohydrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 10 amino amino JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 11 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 14 lipids lipid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 15 takes take VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 16 place place NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 17 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 19 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 20 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 22 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 24 glycogen glycogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 312 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 2 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 4 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 6 main main JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 7 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 9 detoxification detoxification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 11 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 313 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 1 Lipophilic lipophilic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 2 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 4 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 6 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 7 resorbed resorb VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 8 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 10 diet diet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 13 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 14 hydroxylated hydroxylate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 16 then then RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 17 conjugated conjugate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 18 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 20 polar polar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 22 hydrophilic hydrophilic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 23 molecule molecule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 25 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 27 glucuronic glucuronic NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 28 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 30 sulfate sulfate NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 32 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 33 amino amino JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 34 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 36 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 314 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 2 conjugates conjugate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 4 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 6 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 7 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 8 soluble soluble JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 11 exported export VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 12 via via IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 14 blood blood NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 15 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 17 kidney kidney NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 19 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 22 transported transport VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 23 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 25 urine urine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 26 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 27 elimination elimination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 315 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 1 Both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 2 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 4 kidney kidney NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 5 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 7 affected affect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 9 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 10 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 12 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 13 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 17 pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 19 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 20 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 21 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 22 earlier early RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 24 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 25 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 27 V V NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 316 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 4 activated activate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 5 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 7 detoxification detoxification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 8 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 11 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 12 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 13 lead lead VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 14 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 15 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 16 cancer cancer NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 317 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 1 Also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 3 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 4 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 5 enzyme enzyme NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 6 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 7 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 8 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 10 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 12 amanitine amanitine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 15 discussed discuss VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 16 previously previously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 19 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 20 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 318 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 4 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 5 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 7 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 10 diuretic diuretic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 11 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 13 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 319 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 2 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 3 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 5 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 6 increased increase VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 7 diuresis diuresis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 8 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 9 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 10 mean mean VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 11 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 12 augmented augment VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 13 elimination elimination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 15 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 17 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 18 ions ion NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 320 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 2 Na Na NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 3 ' ' '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 5 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 6 limited limit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 8 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 9 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 11 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 12 antiherbivore antiherbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 13 device device NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 14 ? ? . cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 17 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 18 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 19 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 20 exposure exposure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 21 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 22 diuretic diuretic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 23 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 24 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 25 reduce reduce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 27 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 29 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 30 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 31 substantially substantially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 321 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 322 1 Disturbance disturbance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 322 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 322 3 reproduction reproduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 322 4 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 1 Quite quite PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 3 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 5 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 7 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 9 influence influence VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 11 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 12 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 14 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 17 ultimately ultimately RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 18 reduces reduce VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 20 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 22 numbers number NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 323 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 1 Antihormonal antihormonal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 2 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 3 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 5 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 6 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 7 mimicking mimic VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 9 structure structure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 11 sexual sexual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 12 hormones hormone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 324 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 2 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 4 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 5 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 7 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 8 yet yet RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 10 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 11 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 12 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 13 confirmed confirm VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 14 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 15 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 16 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 17 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 325 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 1 Estrogenic Estrogenic NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 2 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 4 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 5 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 7 coumarins coumarin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 9 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 10 di di NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 11 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 12 merize merize NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 13 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 14 dicoumarols dicoumarol NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 17 isoflavones isoflavone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 19 4,17 4,17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 326 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 1 Insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 2 molting molt VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 3 hormones hormone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 5 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 6 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 7 ecdysone ecdysone NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 10 mimicked mimic VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 11 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 12 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 13 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 14 sterols sterol NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 17 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 18 ecdysone ecdysone NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 19 itself -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 21 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 22 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 25 fern fern JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 26 Polypodium Polypodium NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 27 uulgare uulgare NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 29 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 30 azadirachtin azadirachtin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 31 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 32 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 33 neem neem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 34 tree tree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 36 4,17 4,17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 327 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 1 Juvenile juvenile JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 2 hormone hormone NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 4 mimicked mimic VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 5 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 7 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 9 terpenes terpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 11 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 13 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 14 Coniferae Coniferae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 328 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 1 Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 3 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 4 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 5 gossypol gossypol NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 6 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 7 cottonseed cottonseed NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 8 oil oil NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 10 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 329 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 2 next next JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 3 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 6 gestation gestation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 7 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 8 itself -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 330 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 2 outlined outline VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 3 above above RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 6 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 10 mutagenic mutagenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 12 lead lead VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 13 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 14 malformation malformation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 17 offspring offspring NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 19 directly directly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 20 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 22 death death NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 25 embryo embryo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 27 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 28 V v NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 331 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 2 last last JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 3 step step NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 4 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 7 premature premature JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 8 abortion abortion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 11 embryo embryo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 332 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 2 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 3 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 4 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 5 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 6 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 9 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 11 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 13 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 15 mono mono NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 16 - - : cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 18 sesquiterpenes sesquiterpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 333 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 3 achieve achieve VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 4 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 5 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 7 induction induction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 9 uterine uterine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 10 contraction contraction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 12 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 13 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 15 ergot ergot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 17 lupine lupine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 20 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 334 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 2 antireproductive antireproductive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 3 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 5 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 6 widely widely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 7 distributed distribute VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 9 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 11 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 12 remain remain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 13 unnoticed unnoticed JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 14 under under IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 15 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 16 conditions condition NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 335 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 5 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 6 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 7 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 8 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 9 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 10 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 11 consequences consequence NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 336 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 337 1 Blood blood NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 337 2 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 337 3 circulatory circulatory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 337 4 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 337 5 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 1 All all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 3 need need VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 5 transport transport VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 6 nutrients nutrient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 8 hormones hormone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 10 ions ion NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 12 signal signal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 13 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 16 gas gas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 17 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 19 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 20 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 23 body body NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 25 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 26 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 27 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 28 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 29 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 30 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 31 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 32 blood blood NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 33 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 34 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 35 circulatory circulatory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 36 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 338 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 1 Inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 4 driving drive VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 5 force force NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 7 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 8 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 11 heart heart NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 12 muscle muscle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 14 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 15 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 16 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 17 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 339 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 4 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 6 red red JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 7 blood blood NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 8 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 9 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 10 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 11 vulnerable vulnerable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 14 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 15 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 16 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 17 antimitotic antimitotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 19 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 20 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 21 vinblastine vinblastine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 23 colchicine colchicine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 25 312 312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 340 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 2 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 4 hemolytic hemolytic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 5 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 7 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 8 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 9 saponins saponin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 341 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 342 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 342 2 resorbed resorb VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 342 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 342 4 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 342 5 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 1 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 2 membrane membrane NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 3 sterols sterol NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 5 make make VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 7 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 8 leaky leaky JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 343 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 1 Steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 3 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 4 Solanum Solanum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 5 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 6 Veratrum Veratrum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 7 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 8 display display VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 9 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 10 sort sort NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 12 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 13 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 14 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 15 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 16 influencing influence VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 17 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 18 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 20 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 21 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 344 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 345 1 Allergenic allergenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 345 2 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 345 3 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 4 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 5 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 6 influence influence VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 8 immune immune JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 9 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 11 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 13 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 15 coumarins coumarin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 17 furanocoumarins furanocoumarins NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 19 hypericin hypericin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 22 helenalin helenalin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 346 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 1 Common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 2 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 3 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 4 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 7 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 8 allergenic allergenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 9 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 10 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 11 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 12 parts part NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 15 skin skin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 17 mucosa mucosa JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 18 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 19 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 20 come come VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 21 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 22 contact contact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 23 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 25 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 27 4,17,312 4,17,312 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 347 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 1 Activation activation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 2 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 3 repression repression NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 6 immune immune JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 7 response response NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 9 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 11 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 12 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 13 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 14 selected select VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 15 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 16 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 17 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 18 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 19 antiherbivore antiherbivore NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 20 strategy strategy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 348 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 2 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 6 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 7 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 9 hardly hardly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 10 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 349 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 2 selection selection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 4 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 5 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 7 though though IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 8 far far RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 9 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 10 complete complete JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 12 clearly clearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 13 shows show VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 14 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 15 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 17 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 18 central central JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 19 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 20 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 22 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 24 organ organ NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 26 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 27 organismal organismal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 28 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 30 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 31 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 32 requisite requisite NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 33 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 34 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 35 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 36 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 37 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 350 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 3 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 6 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 7 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 10 10,000 10,000 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 11 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 12 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 13 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 14 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 15 remain remain VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 16 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 17 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 18 established establish VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 351 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 2 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 3 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 4 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 5 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 6 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 9 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 10 means mean VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 11 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 12 nobody nobody NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 13 looked look VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 14 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 15 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 16 question question NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 17 scientifically scientifically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 20 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 21 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 23 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 24 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 25 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 26 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 27 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 28 certain certain JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 29 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 30 property property NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 352 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 1 Summarizing summarize VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 3 section section NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 7 safe safe JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 9 assume assume VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 10 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 11 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 14 affect affect VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 15 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 17 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 18 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 19 significantly significantly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 353 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 1 Dead dead JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 2 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 3 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 4 rot rot VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 5 due due IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 6 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 8 action action NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 10 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 12 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 14 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 15 metabolically metabolically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 16 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 18 intact intact JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 20 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 21 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 22 healthy healthy JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 24 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 25 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 26 decay decay VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 28 7 7 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 354 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 355 1 How how WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 355 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 355 3 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 355 4 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 355 5 ? ? . cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 2 aerial aerial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 3 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 5 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 8 epidermal epidermal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 9 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 10 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 12 covered cover VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 13 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 15 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 17 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 18 thick thick JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 19 cuticle cuticle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 21 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 22 consists consist VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 24 waxes wax NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 26 alkanes alkane NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 29 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 30 lipophilic lipophilic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 31 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 32 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 34 4,7 4,7 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 356 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 2 cuticle cuticle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 3 layer layer NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 5 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 6 repellent repellent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 8 chemically chemically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 9 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 10 inert inert JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 14 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 15 constitutes constitute VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 16 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 17 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 18 penetration penetration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 19 barrier barrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 20 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 21 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 22 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 24 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 357 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 2 perennial perennial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 3 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 6 roots root NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 8 find find VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 9 another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 10 variation variation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 12 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 13 principle principle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 14 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 15 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 16 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 17 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 18 form form VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 19 resistant resistant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 20 bark bark NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 21 tissues tissue NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 358 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 2 only only JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 3 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 4 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 5 microbes microbe NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 7 enter enter VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 9 healthy healthy JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 10 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 11 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 12 via via IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 14 stomata stoma NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 16 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 17 sites site NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 19 injury injury NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 21 inflicted inflict VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 22 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 23 herbivory herbivory NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 25 wind wind NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 27 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 28 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 29 accidents accident NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 359 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 1 At at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 3 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 5 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 7 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 8 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 9 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 10 suberin suberin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 12 lignin lignin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 14 callose callose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 16 gums gum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 19 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 20 resinous resinous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 21 substances substance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 22 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 23 close close VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 24 off off RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 26 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 27 areas area NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 29 4,17 4,17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 360 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 4 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 5 agents agent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 7 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 8 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 10 lysozyme lysozyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 12 chitinase chitinase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 14 lytic lytic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 15 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 16 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 19 vacuole vacuole NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 20 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 21 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 22 degrade degrade VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 23 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 25 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 26 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 27 walls wall NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 29 protease protease NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 30 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 31 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 32 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 33 inhibit inhibit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 34 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 35 proteases protease NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 38 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 39 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 40 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 41 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 42 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 361 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 1 Secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 2 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 4 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 5 routinely routinely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 6 screened screen VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 8 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 9 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 10 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 11 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 12 researchers researcher NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 14 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 16 corresponding corresponding JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 17 assays assay NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 19 relatively relatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 20 easy easy JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 21 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 22 perform perform VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 362 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 2 studies study NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 4 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 5 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 6 directed direct VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 7 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 9 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 10 application application NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 14 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 15 employ employ VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 17 routine routine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 18 methods method NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 19 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 20 screening screen VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 21 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 23 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 24 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 363 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 2 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 3 happen happen VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 6 tests test NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 7 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 8 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 9 detect detect VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 10 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 11 antibacterial antibacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 12 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 15 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 16 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 18 wrong wrong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 19 test test NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 20 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 23 nonrelevant nonrelevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 24 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 25 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 26 assayed assay VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 364 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 3 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 4 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 6 search search VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 8 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 9 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 10 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 11 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 12 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 13 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 14 employed employ VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 15 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 16 low low JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 17 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 365 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 4 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 5 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 7 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 8 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 9 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 10 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 11 meaningful meaningful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 12 ecologically ecologically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 14 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 15 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 16 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 17 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 366 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 2 precautions precaution NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 6 kept keep VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 8 mind mind NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 9 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 10 screening screen VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 12 literature literature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 13 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 14 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 15 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 17 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 18 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 367 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 1 Secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 2 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 3 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 4 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 5 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 6 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 7 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 8 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 9 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 10 phenolics phenolic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 12 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 14 flavonoids flavonoid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 16 isoflavones isoflavone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 19 simple simple JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 20 phenolics phenolic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 23 glucosinolates glucosinolates NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 25 nonproteinogenic nonproteinogenic NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 26 amino amino JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 27 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 29 cyanogenic cyanogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 30 glycosides glycoside NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 32 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 34 aldehydes aldehyde NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 36 saponins saponin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 38 triterpenes triterpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 40 mono mono NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 41 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 42 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 43 disesquiterpenes disesquiterpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 45 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 46 last last JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 47 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 48 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 49 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 50 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 51 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 53 4,17,42,149,322 4,17,42,149,322 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 368 55 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 2 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 3 VI VI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 4 183 183 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 7 tabulated tabulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 9 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 10 antibacterial antibacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 11 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 12 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 13 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 14 detected detect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 369 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 3 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 4 affect affect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 5 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 6 gram gram NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 7 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 8 positive positive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 9 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 10 gram gram NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 11 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 12 negative negative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 13 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 370 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 1 Especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 2 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 3 represented represent VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 7 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 8 3'-Hydroxytabernamine 3'-Hydroxytabernamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 9 16Hydroxytetrahydrosecamine 16hydroxytetrahydrosecamine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 371 10 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 372 1 Tetrandrine Tetrandrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 372 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 372 3 Thalicarpine Thalicarpine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 372 4 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 372 5 Thalicerbine Thalicerbine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 372 6 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 373 1 Thalidasine Thalidasine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 373 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 374 1 Thalidezine Thalidezine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 374 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 375 1 Thaliglucinone Thaliglucinone NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 375 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 376 1 Thalistine Thalistine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 376 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 377 1 Thalistyline Thalistyline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 377 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 378 1 Thalmelatine Thalmelatine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 378 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 379 1 Thalmirabine Thalmirabine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 379 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 380 1 Thalphenine Thalphenine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 380 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 381 1 Thalrugosaminine Thalrugosaminine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 381 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 382 1 Thalrugosidine Thalrugosidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 382 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 383 1 Thalrugosine Thalrugosine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 383 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 384 1 Tubocurarine Tubocurarine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 384 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 384 3 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 385 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 385 2 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 385 3 + + CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 385 4 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 1 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 2 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 3 - - : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 5 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 6 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 7 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 10 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 11 range range NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 12 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 14 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 15 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 16 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 17 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 18 assayed assay VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 20 low low JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 21 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 22 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 23 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 24 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 26 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 27 AD ad NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 29 agar agar NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 30 diffusion diffusion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 32 AL AL NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 34 agar agar NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 35 dilution dilution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 36 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 37 BG BG NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 39 biogram biogram NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 40 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 41 LD LD NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 42 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 43 liquid liquid JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 44 culture culture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 45 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 46 MIC MIC NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 47 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 48 minimal minimal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 49 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 50 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 51 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 52 PD PD NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 53 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 54 paper paper NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 55 disk disk NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 56 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 57 SP SP NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 58 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 59 suspension suspension NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 60 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 61 TLC TLC NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 62 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 63 TLC TLC NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 64 disk disk NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 65 test test NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 66 according accord VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 67 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 68 Wolters Wolters NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 69 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 70 Eilert Eilert NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 71 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 72 95 95 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 73 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 386 74 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 2 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 3 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 4 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 5 value value NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 7 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 10 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 11 refer refer VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 13 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 14 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 15 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 16 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 387 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 1 derive derive VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 2 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 3 tryptophan tryptophan NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 5 indole indole NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 9 phenylalaninehyrosine phenylalaninehyrosine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 11 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 12 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 13 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 14 due due JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 15 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 17 fact fact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 18 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 19 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 21 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 22 obtained obtain VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 23 considerable considerable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 24 scientific scientific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 25 attention attention NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 26 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 28 discovery discovery NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 30 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 31 medicinally medicinally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 32 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 33 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 34 within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 35 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 36 groups group NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 38 42,50,59,60,63,68,75 42,50,59,60,63,68,75 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 39 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 40 84 84 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 388 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 3 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 6 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 7 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 9 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 10 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 11 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 13 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 14 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 16 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 18 cinchophylline cinchophylline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 20 69 69 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 389 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 1 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 2 dictamnine dictamnine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 4 9 9 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 5 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 7 fagarine fagarine FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 9 95 95 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 12 stemmadine stemmadine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 13 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 15 70 70 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 18 yuehchukene yuehchukene NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 20 71 71 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 23 liriodenine liriodenine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 25 8 8 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 26 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 28 lysicamine lysicamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 30 82 82 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 390 32 , , . cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 1 oxonantenine oxonantenine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 2 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 4 82 82 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 7 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 9 87 87 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 12 solacasine solacasine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 14 50,92 50,92 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 17 rutacridone rutacridone NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 18 epoxide epoxide NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 20 95 95 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 23 tryptanthrine tryptanthrine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 25 I@ I@ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 26 # # NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 30 tuberin tuberin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 32 107,108 107,108 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 35 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 36 VI VI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 391 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 2 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 3 instances instance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 5 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 8 assessed assess VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 9 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 11 antibacterial antibacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 12 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 15 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 16 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 17 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 18 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 19 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 20 antifungal antifungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 21 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 392 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 1 Usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 2 yeasts yeast NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 4 Candidu Candidu NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 6 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 7 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 8 test test NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 9 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 11 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 12 VII VII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 393 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 1 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 2 VII VII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 3 lists list NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 5 I i NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 6 19,121 19,121 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 9 thaliglucinone thaliglucinone NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 11 79 79 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 14 demissidine demissidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 15 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 17 126,127 126,127 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 20 solacasine solacasine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 22 92 92 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 25 soladulcidine soladulcidine FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 27 126,127 126,127 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 30 solasodine solasodine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 32 26,127)tidine 26,127)tidine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 34 126,127 126,127 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 37 tomatine tomatine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 39 42,126 42,126 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 42 verazine verazine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 44 124 124 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 46 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 47 cryptopleurine cryptopleurine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 49 133 133 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 51 hydroxyrutacridone hydroxyrutacridone NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 52 epoxide epoxide NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 54 9 9 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 55 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 56 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 57 tryptanthrine tryptanthrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 58 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 59 104 104 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 61 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 62 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 63 tuberin tuberin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 64 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 65 107 107 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 394 67 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 3 mode mode NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 5 action action NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 7 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 9 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 11 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 13 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 14 origin origin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 15 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 16 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 17 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 19 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 20 instances instance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 22 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 23 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 24 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 27 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 28 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 29 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 30 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 31 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 32 derived derive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 33 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 34 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 35 scant scant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 395 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 4 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 5 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 7 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 9 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 10 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 11 determined determine VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 12 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 14 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 15 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 17 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 18 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 19 specifically specifically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 20 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 21 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 23 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 24 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 26 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 27 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 29 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 30 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 31 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 32 responsible responsible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 33 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 34 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 35 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 36 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 37 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 396 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 2 following follow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 3 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 6 having have VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 7 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 8 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 9 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 10 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 11 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 13 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 14 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 15 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 16 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 18 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 20 compare compare VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 21 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 22 VI VI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 24 VII VII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 25 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 26 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 27 Tables Tables NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 28 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 30 V V NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 397 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 1 Protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 2 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 3 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 4 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 6 affected affect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 7 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 8 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 10 56,423 56,423 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 12 lupanine lupanine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 14 angustifoline angustifoline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 16 13-tigloyloxylupanine 13-tigloyloxylupanine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 19 13hydroxylupanine 13hydroxylupanine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 21 56,98,99,417,421,422 56,98,99,417,421,422 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 398 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 1 Intercalation Intercalation NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 2 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 3 binding bind VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 4 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 5 DNA DNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 7 influenced influence VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 9 fagaronine fagaronine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 11 dictamnine dictamnine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 13 367 367 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 16 harman harman NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 17 alkaloids alkaloids NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 19 376,378 376,378 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 399 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 2 binding bind VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 3 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 4 DNA DNA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 6 light light JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 7 dependent dependent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 9 66 66 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 400 12 , , . cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 1 berberine berberine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 3 396 396 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 4 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 5 3981 3981 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 7 chelerythrine chelerythrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 9 400 400 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 13 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 15 400,409 400,409 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 17 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 18 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 19 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 20 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 21 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 22 inhibit inhibit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 23 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 24 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 25 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 27 DNA dna NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 28 replication replication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 30 RNA rna NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 31 transcription transcription NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 32 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 33 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 34 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 35 vital vital JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 36 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 37 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 401 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 2 stability stability NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 4 biomembranes biomembrane NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 5 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 7 disturbed disturb VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 9 cepharanthine cepharanthine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 11 tetrandrine tetrandrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 14 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 15 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 16 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 17 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 18 solamargine solamargine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 20 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 21 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 22 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 24 solanine solanine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 26 430,432,433 430,432,433 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 30 solasonine solasonine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 32 435 435 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 35 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 36 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 37 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 38 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 39 uncontrolled uncontrolled JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 40 flux flux NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 41 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 42 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 43 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 44 ions ion NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 45 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 46 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 47 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 402 48 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 1 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 3 metabolically metabolically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 4 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 5 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 7 affected affect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 9 berber- berber- NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 10 ine ine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 12 399 399 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 15 chelerythrine chelerythrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 17 259,401 259,401 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 20 chelidonine chelidonine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 22 402 402 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 25 palmatine palmatine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 27 399 399 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 30 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 32 143,259 143,259 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 35 solacongestidine solacongestidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 37 434 434 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 40 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 41 papaverine papaverine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 403 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 2 contrast contrast NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 3 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 4 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 6 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 7 origin origin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 8 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 9 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 11 classified classify VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 13 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 14 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 15 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 16 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 17 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 19 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 21 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 22 instances instance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 25 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 26 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 27 interfere interfere VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 28 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 29 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 30 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 31 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 32 maintenance maintenance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 33 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 34 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 35 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 36 wall wall NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 38 murein murein NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 41 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 42 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 45 such such PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 46 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 47 interaction interaction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 48 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 49 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 50 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 51 described describe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 52 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 53 plantderived plantderived JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 54 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 404 55 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 3 topic topic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 4 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 5 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 6 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 7 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 9 detail detail NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 11 remains remain VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 12 open open JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 13 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 14 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 15 complex complex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 17 another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 18 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 19 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 405 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 3 distinguish distinguish VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 4 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 5 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 6 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 7 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 9 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 10 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 11 prior prior RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 13 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 14 attack attack NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 16 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 18 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 19 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 20 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 21 constitutive constitutive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 22 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 25 others other NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 26 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 27 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 28 induced induce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 29 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 30 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 31 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 32 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 33 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 34 de de NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 35 now now RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 406 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 1 Inducing induce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 2 agents agent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 4 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 5 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 6 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 7 termed term VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 8 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 9 elicitors elicitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 10 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 11 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 12 phytopathologists phytopathologist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 14 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 16 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 17 wall wall NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 18 fragments fragment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 20 microbes microbe NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 23 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 24 itself -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 26 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 27 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 28 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 29 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 30 constituents constituent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 32 4,17,22 4,17,22 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 33 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 34 24 24 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 407 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 2 induced induce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 3 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 5 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 6 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 7 phytoalexins phytoalexin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 9 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 11 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 12 merely merely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 14 functional functional JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 15 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 17 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 18 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 19 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 20 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 21 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 22 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 23 differ differ VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 24 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 25 structure structure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 26 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 27 constitutive constitutive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 28 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 29 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 408 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 2 another another DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 3 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 4 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 5 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 7 misleading misleading JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 9 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 11 implies imply VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 12 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 14 induced induce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 15 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 17 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 18 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 20 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 21 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 22 microbe microbe NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 23 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 25 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 26 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 27 reality reality NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 29 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 30 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 31 multiple multiple JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 32 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 33 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 34 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 35 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 36 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 37 antiherbivoral antiherbivoral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 38 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 40 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 41 below below RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 409 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 4 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 6 found find VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 8 constitutively constitutively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 9 expressed express VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 11 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 13 that that RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 14 is is RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 18 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 19 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 20 before before IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 21 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 22 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 410 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 1 Using use VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 2 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 3 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 4 cultures culture NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 7 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 8 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 9 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 10 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 11 cultures culture NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 12 start start VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 13 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 14 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 15 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 16 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 17 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 18 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 19 challenged challenge VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 20 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 21 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 23 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 24 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 25 walls wall NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 27 culture culture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 28 fluids fluid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 30 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 31 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 32 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 33 factors factor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 35 4,17,22 4,17,22 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 36 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 37 24 24 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 411 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 412 1 Among among IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 412 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 412 3 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 412 4 found find VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 412 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 412 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 412 7 inducible inducible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 1 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 3 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 4 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 5 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 7 hydroxyrutacridone hydroxyrutacridone NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 8 epoxide epoxide NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 10 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 11 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 12 XI XI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 413 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 1 Quinolizidine Quinolizidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 3 display display VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 4 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 5 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 6 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 8 besides besides IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 10 main main JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 11 role role NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 13 antiherbivore antiherbivore NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 14 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 16 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 19 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 20 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 21 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 414 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 1 On on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 2 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 4 QA QA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 5 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 7 enhanced enhance VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 9 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 10 increasing increase VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 12 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 13 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 14 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 15 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 18 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 19 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 21 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 22 words word NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 25 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 27 herbivoral herbivoral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 28 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 29 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 30 further far RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 31 amplified amplify VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 33 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 34 XI XI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 37 2,184,503 2,184,503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 415 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 2 reactions reaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 3 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 4 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 6 induction induction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 8 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 10 phytoalexins phytoalexin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 11 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 12 phenolic phenolic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 13 structures structure NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 14 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 15 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 16 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 18 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 19 detail detail NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 21 4,17,22 4,17,22 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 22 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 23 24 24 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 416 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 2 studies study NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 3 revealed reveal VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 6 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 7 detect detect VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 9 react react VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 10 rapidly rapidly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 11 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 12 environmental environmental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 13 problems problem NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 15 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 17 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 19 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 20 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 21 Within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 22 20 20 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 23 min min NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 25 elicitation elicitation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 27 mRNAs mrnas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 28 coding code VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 29 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 30 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 31 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 32 catalyze catalyze VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 33 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 34 reactions reaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 35 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 36 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 37 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 38 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 39 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 40 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 41 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 42 increasingly increasingly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 43 generated generate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 44 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 45 leading lead VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 46 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 47 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 48 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 49 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 50 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 51 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 52 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 53 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 54 consequently consequently RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 55 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 56 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 57 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 58 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 59 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 60 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 62 4,17,22 4,17,22 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 63 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 64 24 24 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 417 66 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 1 Similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 2 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 4 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 5 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 8 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 9 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 10 far far RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 12 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 13 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 14 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 15 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 16 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 418 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 2 assume assume VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 5 substantial substantial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 6 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 9 10,000alkaloids 10,000alkaloids CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 10 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 11 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 12 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 14 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 15 remain remain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 16 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 17 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 18 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 20 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 21 cases case NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 23 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 24 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 25 directed direct VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 26 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 28 ubiquitous ubiquitous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 29 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 30 generalist generalist JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 31 microbes microbe NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 32 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 33 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 34 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 35 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 36 VI VI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 419 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 3 range range NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 5 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 8 first first JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 9 value value NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 10 gives give VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 11 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 12 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 13 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 14 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 17 second second JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 18 value value NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 20 100 100 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 21 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 22 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 420 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 421 1 specialized specialized NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 421 2 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 421 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 421 4 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 421 5 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 421 6 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 421 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 3 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 4 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 5 does do VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 6 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 7 necessarily necessarily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 8 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 11 involved involve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 12 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 13 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 14 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 422 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 2 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 4 Phytophthora Phytophthora NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 5 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 6 Fusarium Fusarium NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 7 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 8 attack attack VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 9 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 10 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 11 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 12 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 14 Nicotiana Nicotiana NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 16 Solanum Solanum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 17 esculentum esculentum NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 20 S S NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 423 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 424 1 tuberosum tuberosum NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 424 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 1 Cladosporium cladosporium NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 2 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 3 Fusarium fusarium NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 4 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 5 develop develop VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 7 nutrient nutrient NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 9 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 10 media medium NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 11 enriched enrich VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 12 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 13 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 16 Aspergillus Aspergillus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 17 niger niger NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 18 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 19 utilize utilize VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 21 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 23 nitrogen nitrogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 24 source source NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 26 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 425 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 4 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 5 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 6 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 8 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 11 parasitized parasitize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 13 infected infect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 14 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 15 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 16 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 18 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 19 specialized specialized JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 20 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 22 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 23 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 24 form form VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 25 close close RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 27 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 28 symbiotic symbiotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 30 associations association NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 426 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 2 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 3 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 4 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 5 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 6 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 7 expected expect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 8 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 10 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 11 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 12 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 15 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 16 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 17 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 18 no no RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 19 longer longer RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 20 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 21 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 427 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 2 suggest suggest VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 4 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 5 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 7 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 8 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 10 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 13 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 14 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 428 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 1 Mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 2 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 3 include include VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 4 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 6 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 9 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 10 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 12 degradation degradation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 15 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 17 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 18 alteration alteration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 21 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 22 sites site NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 24 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 25 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 26 then then RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 27 no no RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 28 longer long RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 29 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 30 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 31 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 32 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 33 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 35 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 36 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 37 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 38 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 39 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 40 modification modification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 429 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 2 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 3 need need VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 6 established establish VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 8 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 11 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 12 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 13 living live VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 14 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 15 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 16 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 17 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 18 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 430 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 2 associations association NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 3 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 4 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 6 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 8 symbiotic symbiotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 10 nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 12 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 13 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 14 Rhizobia rhizobia NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 16 root root NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 17 nodules nodule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 19 legumes legume NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 21 microrhizal microrhizal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 22 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 24 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 25 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 431 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 2 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 4 nitrogen nitrogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 5 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 6 fixing fix VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 7 Rhizobia rhizobium NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 9 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 10 both both CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 12 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 13 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 14 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 16 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 17 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 18 free free JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 432 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 2 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 3 therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 5 able able JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 7 tolerate tolerate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 11 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 13 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 14 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 17 root root NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 433 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 1 Alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 2 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 3 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 4 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 6 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 7 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 8 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 9 unaffected unaffected JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 10 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 12 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 14 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 15 harbor harbor VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 16 Rhizobia Rhizobia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 18 185,506 185,506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 434 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 1 An an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 2 ecologically ecologically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 3 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 4 symbiosis symbiosis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 5 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 8 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 9 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 11 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 13 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 14 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 15 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 16 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 17 ergot ergot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 435 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 1 Graminaceous Graminaceous NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 2 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 3 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 5 infected infect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 6 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 7 ergot ergot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 8 suffer suffer VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 9 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 10 less less JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 11 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 12 herbivory herbivory NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 13 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 16 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 17 antiherbivoral antiherbivoral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 19 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 20 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 22 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 24 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 436 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 2 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 3 relationship relationship NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 4 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 5 occur occur VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 7 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 8 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 9 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 13 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 15 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 16 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 17 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 18 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 19 possessing possess VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 20 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 21 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 437 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 1 From from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 3 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 4 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 6 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 8 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 11 interesting interesting JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 13 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 15 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 16 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 18 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 19 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 20 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 438 21 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 2 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 3 I1 i1 VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 5 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 6 111 111 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 439 8 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 2 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 3 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 5 antibacterial antibacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 7 antifungal antifungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 9 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 10 VI VI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 12 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 13 VII VII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 16 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 17 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 20 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 21 relatively relatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 22 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 23 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 25 Section section NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 26 IILA IILA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 30 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 31 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 32 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 33 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 34 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 35 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 36 perspective perspective NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 37 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 39 besides besides IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 40 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 41 prominant prominant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 42 role role NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 43 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 44 antiherbivore antiherbivore NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 45 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 46 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 47 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 48 play play VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 49 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 50 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 51 role role NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 52 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 53 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 54 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 55 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 56 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 57 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 58 infections infection NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 440 59 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 2 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 4 recalled recall VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 6 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 7 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 9 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 11 synthesize synthesize VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 12 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 13 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 15 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 17 chitinase chitinase NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 19 lysozyme lysozyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 22 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 23 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 24 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 25 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 27 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 28 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 29 simple simple JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 30 phenolics phenolic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 32 flavonoids flavonoid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 34 anthocyanins anthocyanin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 36 saponins saponin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 38 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 39 terpenes terpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 41 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 42 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 43 4,7 4,7 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 441 45 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 2 cooperative cooperative NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 4 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 5 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 6 synergistic synergistic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 8 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 9 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 10 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 11 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 12 operating operate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 442 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 1 C. C. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 2 ANTIVIRAL ANTIVIRAL NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 3 PROPERTIES property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 4 Plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 6 like like IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 7 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 10 hosts host NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 13 substantial substantial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 14 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 16 viruses virus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 18 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 19 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 20 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 21 transmitted transmit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 22 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 23 sucking suck VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 24 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 25 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 27 aphids aphid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 29 bugs bug NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 31 Heteroptera Heteroptera NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 443 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 1 Resistance resistance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 2 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 3 viral viral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 4 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 5 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 7 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 8 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 9 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 10 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 11 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 12 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 13 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 14 viral viral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 15 development development NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 17 multiplication multiplication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 19 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 20 warding ward VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 21 off off RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 22 vectors vector NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 23 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 24 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 25 aphids aphid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 26 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 28 first first JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 29 place place NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 444 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 2 assessment assessment NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 4 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 5 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 7 relatively relatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 8 difficult difficult JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 445 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 3 result result NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 5 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 7 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 8 investigators investigator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 9 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 10 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 12 influence influence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 15 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 16 virus virus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 17 multiplication multiplication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 446 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 3 at at RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 4 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 5 45 45 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 8 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 9 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 10 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 11 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 12 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 14 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 15 VIII VIII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 447 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 1 Only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 2 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 4 527 527 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 7 cinchonidine cinchonidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 9 142 142 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 11 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 12 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 13 tested test VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 14 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 15 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 16 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 17 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 18 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 19 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 20 virus virus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 23 potato potato NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 24 X x NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 25 virus virus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 448 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 1 All all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 2 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 3 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 4 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 5 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 6 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 8 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 9 VIII VIII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 449 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 1 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 2 VIII VIII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 4 difficult difficult JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 6 interpret interpret VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 7 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 8 present present NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 450 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 1 Polyhydroxy Polyhydroxy NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 4 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 6 swainsonine swainsonine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 8 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 9 block block VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 11 action action NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 13 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 14 reticulum reticulum NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 15 - - : cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 17 Golgi golgi NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 18 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 19 localized localize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 20 glucosidases glucosidase NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 22 mannosidases mannosidase NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 24 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 25 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 26 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 27 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 29 posttranslational posttranslational JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 30 trimming trimming NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 31 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 32 viral viral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 33 envelope envelope NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 34 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 451 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 3 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 4 deter deter VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 6 feeding feeding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 8 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 10 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 12 aphids aphid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 14 bugs bug NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 16 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 17 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 20 viral viral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 21 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 22 rates rate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 23 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 24 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 25 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 26 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 27 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 28 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 29 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 30 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 452 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 1 Such such PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 3 correlation correlation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 4 exists exist VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 5 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 6 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 7 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 8 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 9 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 11 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 12 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 13 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 14 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 15 141 141 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 16 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 17 109 109 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 18 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 19 109 109 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 20 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 21 147 147 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 22 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 23 148 148 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 24 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 25 147 147 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 26 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 27 147 147 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 28 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 29 148 148 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 30 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 31 146 146 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 32 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 33 147 147 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 34 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 35 109 109 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 36 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 37 147 147 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 38 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 39 147 147 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 40 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 41 148 148 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 42 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 43 147 147 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 44 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 45 148 148 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 46 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 47 150 150 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 48 150 150 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 49 150 150 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 50 150 150 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 51 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 53 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 54 low low JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 55 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 56 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 57 varieties variety NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 58 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 59 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 60 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 61 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 62 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 63 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 64 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 66 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 67 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 68 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 69 XII XII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 70 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 453 71 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 1 Plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 2 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 3 compete compete VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 4 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 5 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 9 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 11 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 13 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 14 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 16 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 17 space space NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 19 light light NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 21 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 24 nutrients nutrient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 454 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 2 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 4 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 5 intuitively intuitively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 6 understood understand VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 7 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 9 flora flora NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 11 deserts desert NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 13 semideserts semidesert NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 14 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 15 analyzed analyze VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 17 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 18 resources resource NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 19 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 20 limited limited JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 22 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 23 competition competition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 24 intense intense JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 26 4,17,498 4,17,498 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 27 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 28 500 500 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 455 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 4 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 7 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 8 described describe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 10 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 12 temporal temporal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 13 spacing spacing NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 16 vegetation vegetation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 17 period period NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 19 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 20 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 21 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 22 flower flower NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 23 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 24 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 25 earlier early JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 26 season season NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 28 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 29 others other NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 30 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 31 still still RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 32 dormant dormant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 33 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 34 ungerminated ungerminated JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 456 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 2 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 3 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 4 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 5 Molisch Molisch NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 7 1937 1937 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 9 497 497 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 457 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 1 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 2 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 4 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 5 influence influence VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 6 each each DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 7 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 10 constituent constituent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 11 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 12 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 15 he -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 16 coined coin VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 18 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 19 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 20 allelopathy allelopathy JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 21 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 22 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 23 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 24 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 458 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 1 Secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 2 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 4 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 5 excreted excrete VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 6 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 8 root root NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 9 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 10 rhizosphere rhizosphere NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 11 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 13 surrounding surround VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 14 soil soil NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 19 leached leach VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 20 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 22 surface surface NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 24 intact intact JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 25 leaves leave NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 26 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 27 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 28 decaying decay VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 29 dead dead JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 30 leaves leave NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 31 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 32 rain rain NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 34 4,17 4,17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 459 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 1 Both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 2 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 3 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 4 increase increase VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 6 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 8 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 11 soil soil NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 12 surrounding surround VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 14 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 16 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 18 germination germination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 20 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 21 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 22 competitor competitor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 23 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 24 occur occur VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 460 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 1 Allelopathy Allelopathy NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 3 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 6 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 8 germination germination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 9 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 12 growth growth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 15 seedling seedling NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 17 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 18 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 19 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 20 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 22 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 23 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 24 documented document VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 25 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 27 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 29 controlled control VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 30 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 31 v v NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 32 i i NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 33 m m CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 34 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 36 4,17,19,497 4,17,19,497 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 37 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 38 500 500 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 41 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 42 how how WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 43 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 44 operates operate VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 45 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 46 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 47 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 48 still still RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 49 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 50 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 51 matter matter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 52 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 53 controversy controversy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 461 54 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 3 argued argue VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 5 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 6 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 8 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 9 soil soil NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 10 contains contain VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 11 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 12 wide wide JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 13 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 15 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 17 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 18 degrade degrade VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 19 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 20 organic organic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 21 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 462 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 2 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 3 might may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 4 never never RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 5 reach reach VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 6 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 7 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 8 enough enough RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 11 allelopathic allelopathic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 463 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 1 Allelopathic allelopathic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 2 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 3 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 4 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 5 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 6 recorded record VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 8 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 9 classes class NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 11 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 12 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 464 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 1 Few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 2 research research NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 3 groups group NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 4 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 5 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 7 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 11 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 12 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 14 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 15 at at RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 16 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 17 50 50 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 19 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 20 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 21 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 22 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 23 allelopathic allelopathic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 24 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 26 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 27 IX IX NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 465 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 4 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 5 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 6 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 7 IX IX NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 9 allelopathic allelopathic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 10 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 11 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 12 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 13 found find VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 14 within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 15 nearly nearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 16 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 17 structural structural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 18 types type NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 466 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 1 At at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 2 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 3 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 4 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 7 marked mark VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 8 reduction reduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 11 germination germination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 12 rate rate NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 14 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 15 recorded record VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 16 regularly regularly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 467 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 1 More more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 2 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 4 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 8 growth growth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 11 radicle radicle NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 13 hypocotyl hypocotyl NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 468 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 2 respond respond VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 3 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 5 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 7 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 8 lower low JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 9 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 12 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 14 reduction reduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 16 growth growth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 17 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 18 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 19 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 20 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 21 sometimes sometimes RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 22 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 24 opposite opposite JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 26 either either DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 28 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 29 reduces reduce VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 30 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 31 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 32 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 33 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 34 seedling seedling NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 469 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 2 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 3 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 4 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 6 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 9 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 10 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 11 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 12 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 13 absent absent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 15 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 16 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 17 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 19 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 21 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 22 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 24 colchicine colchicine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 25 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 26 Colchicum Colchicum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 27 autumnale autumnale NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 29 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 31 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 470 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 3 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 5 autotoxicity autotoxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 7 prevented prevent VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 8 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 9 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 11 special special JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 12 modification modification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 15 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 16 sites site NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 17 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 18 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 19 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 20 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 471 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 1 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 3 56,166,378 56,166,378 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 6 berberine berberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 8 396 396 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 9 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 10 398 398 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 13 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 15 400,409 400,409 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 18 Veratrum Veratrum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 19 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 21 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 22 inhibition inhibition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 24 protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 25 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 27 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 29 emetine emetine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 31 404 404 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 33 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 34 quinolizidine quinolizidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 35 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 37 56,99,416 56,99,416 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 38 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 39 418,422 418,422 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 472 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 473 1 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 473 2 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 473 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 473 4 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 473 5 IX IX NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 473 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 473 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 2 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 3 action action NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 5 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 7 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 8 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 9 explained explain VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 11 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 12 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 14 184 184 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 16 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 474 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 3 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 4 abundant abundant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 6 lupine lupine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 7 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 9 up up IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 10 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 11 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 12 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 13 8 8 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 14 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 15 dry dry JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 16 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 475 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 1 During during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 2 germination germination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 4 13-hydroxylupanine 13-hydroxylupanine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 6 converted convert VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 7 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 8 ester ester NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 11 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 13 13-tigloyloxylupanine 13-tigloyloxylupanine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 476 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 2 latter latter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 3 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 5 predominantly predominantly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 6 excreted excrete VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 7 via via IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 9 roots root NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 11 young young JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 12 seedlings seedling NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 14 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 15 germination germination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 16 assays assay NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 17 proved prove VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 18 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 19 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 21 most most RBS cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 22 allelopathic allelopathic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 23 QA qa NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 477 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 3 influence influence VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 4 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 5 heterologous heterologous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 6 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 8 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 10 germination germination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 12 lupine lupine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 13 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 14 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 478 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 1 When when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 2 lupine lupine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 4 Lepidium Lepidium NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 5 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 6 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 7 grown grow VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 8 together together RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 11 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 12 pot pot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 14 growth growth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 17 Lepidium Lepidium NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 18 seedlings seedling NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 19 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 20 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 21 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 23 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 25 indicating indicate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 26 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 27 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 28 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 29 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 30 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 31 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 32 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 33 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 34 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 35 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 37 184 184 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 479 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 3 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 6 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 7 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 8 allelopathic allelopathic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 9 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 10 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 11 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 12 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 14 owing owe VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 15 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 17 limited limited JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 18 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 20 studies study NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 21 conducted conduct VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 24 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 25 clear clear JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 26 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 27 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 28 IX IX NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 29 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 30 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 31 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 32 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 33 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 34 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 35 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 37 probably probably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 38 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 39 interfering interfere VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 40 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 41 basic basic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 42 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 43 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 44 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 45 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 480 46 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 2 comparably comparably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 3 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 5 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 6 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 7 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 10 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 11 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 13 detail detail NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 16 considering consider VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 17 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 18 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 19 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 20 collection collection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 22 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 23 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 24 I I NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 25 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 26 IX IX NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 28 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 29 far far RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 30 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 31 complete complete JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 33 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 34 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 35 safely safely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 36 state state VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 37 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 38 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 39 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 40 potent potent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 41 deterrent deterrent NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 42 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 43 poisonous poisonous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 44 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 45 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 46 herbivorous herbivorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 47 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 48 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 49 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 50 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 51 affect affect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 52 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 53 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 54 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 55 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 56 viruses virus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 57 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 58 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 59 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 481 60 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 2 next next JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 3 question question NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 4 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 6 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 7 all all PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 9 adverse adverse JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 10 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 14 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 15 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 16 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 17 assayed assay VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 18 in in RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 20 uitro uitro NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 21 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 22 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 24 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 25 meaningful meaningful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 26 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 27 Nature Nature NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 482 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 1 Because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 2 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 5 allelochemical allelochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 6 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 8 dose dose JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 9 dependent dependent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 11 others other NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 12 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 13 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 14 synergistic synergistic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 16 additive additive NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 18 etc etc FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 23 question question NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 24 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 25 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 27 amounts amount NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 29 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 30 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 31 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 32 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 33 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 34 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 35 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 36 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 37 enough enough RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 38 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 39 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 40 ecologically ecologically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 41 meaningful meaningful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 483 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 3 difficult difficult JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 6 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 7 dangerous dangerous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 10 make make VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 11 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 12 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 13 statement statement NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 14 concerning concern VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 15 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 16 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 18 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 484 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 2 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 3 remember remember VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 4 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 5 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 6 composition composition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 8 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 10 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 11 tissue tissue NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 13 organ organ NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 14 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 16 4,25,38 4,25,38 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 485 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 2 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 3 vary vary VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 4 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 6 day day NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 9 diurnal diurnal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 10 cycle cycle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 11 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 12 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 13 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 14 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 15 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 17 tropane tropane NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 20 185,503,506)l 185,503,506)l CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 22 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 24 vegetation vegetation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 25 period period NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 27 39 39 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 29 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 30 505,506 505,506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 486 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 3 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 4 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 5 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 6 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 7 systems system NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 9 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 11 differences difference NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 12 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 14 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 16 individual individual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 19 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 20 populations population NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 22 subspecies subspecie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 487 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 3 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 4 phytochemical phytochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 5 reports report NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 6 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 7 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 8 contain contain VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 9 any any DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 10 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 11 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 14 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 15 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 16 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 17 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 20 whole whole JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 21 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 22 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 23 realizing realize VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 25 above above RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 26 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 27 mentioned mention VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 28 variables variable NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 488 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 4 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 6 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 7 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 8 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 9 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 10 dry dry JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 11 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 12 basis basis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 14 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 15 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 16 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 19 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 21 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 22 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 489 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 3 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 4 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 6 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 7 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 8 feed feed VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 9 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 11 dry dry JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 12 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 14 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 16 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 17 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 19 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 20 wet wet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 21 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 22 fresh fresh JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 23 material material NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 490 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 3 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 5 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 6 ecology ecology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 8 urgently urgently RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 9 need need VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 10 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 11 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 13 fresh fresh JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 14 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 15 basis basis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 491 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 2 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 3 approximation approximation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 6 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 7 chapter chapter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 9 use use VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 11 conversion conversion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 12 factor factor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 14 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 15 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 16 convert convert VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 17 dry dry JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 18 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 19 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 20 fresh fresh JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 21 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 22 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 23 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 24 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 26 dry dry JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 27 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 28 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 29 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 30 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 492 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 1 Summarizing summarize VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 3 relevant relevant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 4 phytochemical phytochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 5 literature literature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 8 find find VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 9 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 10 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 11 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 13 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 14 0.1 0.1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 16 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 17 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 19 dry dry JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 20 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 23 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 24 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 25 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 26 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 27 O.OI o.oi VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 28 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 29 lS%fresh ls%fresh CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 30 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 32 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 33 0.1 0.1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 34 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 35 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 36 mg mg NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 37 / / SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 38 gfresh gfresh NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 39 weight weight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 493 40 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 2 plantscontaining plantscontaine VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 3 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 6 actual actual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 7 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 8 contents content NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 10 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 13 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 14 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 16 parts part NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 18 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 19 X X NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 22 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 23 fall fall VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 24 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 26 range range NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 27 deduced deduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 28 before before RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 494 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 2 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 3 evaluated evaluate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 5 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 7 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 10 found find VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 11 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 13 actual actual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 14 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 19 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 20 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 21 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 22 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 23 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 24 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 26 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 27 needed need VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 28 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 29 inhibit inhibit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 31 deter deter VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 33 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 34 poison poison VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 35 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 36 microorganism microorganism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 38 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 40 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 42 184 184 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 44 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 46 527 527 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 495 48 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 2 means mean VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 4 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 5 obviously obviously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 6 play play VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 7 safe safe JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 9 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 10 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 11 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 12 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 13 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 14 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 15 actually actually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 16 needed need VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 496 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 3 look look VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 4 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 6 ED ED NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 10 LD LD NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 13 values value NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 14 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 16 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 17 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 18 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 19 IX IX NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 22 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 23 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 24 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 26 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 27 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 28 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 29 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 30 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 31 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 32 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 33 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 34 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 36 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 37 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 38 correlations correlation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 39 need need VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 40 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 41 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 42 experimentally experimentally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 43 established establish VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 44 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 45 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 46 instances instance NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 497 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 2 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 3 trivial trivial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 6 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 7 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 8 synthesize synthesize VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 9 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 10 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 11 store store VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 13 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 14 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 17 makes make VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 18 sense sense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 19 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 21 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 24 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 25 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 27 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 28 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 30 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 31 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 32 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 33 fulfil fulfil VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 34 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 35 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 36 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 37 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 38 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 39 amounts amount NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 40 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 41 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 42 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 498 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 1 Achieving achieve VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 2 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 3 maintaining maintain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 5 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 6 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 9 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 10 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 12 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 13 demanding demanding JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 14 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 16 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 18 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 20 physiology physiology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 22 biochemistry biochemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 499 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 1 Most Most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 2 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 3 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 4 probably probably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 5 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 6 interfere interfere VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 7 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 9 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 12 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 13 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 14 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 16 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 17 accumulate accumulate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 20 compartments compartment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 21 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 22 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 23 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 24 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 26 25 25 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 500 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 2 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 3 takes take VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 4 place place NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 7 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 9 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 11 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 13 berberine berberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 16 organelles organelle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 17 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 18 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 19 chloroplasts chloroplast NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 21 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 23 coniine coniine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 27 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 29 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 30 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 31 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 32 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 33 soluble soluble JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 34 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 35 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 36 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 37 central central JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 38 vacuole vacuole NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 40 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 41 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 42 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 43 lipophilic lipophilic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 44 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 45 includes include VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 46 latex latex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 47 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 48 resin resin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 49 ducts duct NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 50 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 51 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 52 glandular glandular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 53 hairs hair NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 55 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 56 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 57 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 60 4,25 4,25 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 501 62 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 3 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 5 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 7 recalled recall VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 9 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 10 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 12 charged charge VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 13 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 14 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 15 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 16 pH ph NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 18 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 19 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 20 diffuse diffuse VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 21 across across IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 22 biomembranes biomembrane NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 23 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 502 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 1 During during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 2 recent recent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 3 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 5 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 6 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 7 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 8 obtained obtain VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 9 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 10 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 11 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 12 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 13 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 14 pass pass VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 16 tonoplast tonoplast NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 17 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 19 aid aid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 21 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 22 carrier carrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 23 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 503 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 2 next next JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 3 problem problem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 5 determining determine VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 6 how how WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 8 uphill uphill JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 9 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 11 that that RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 12 is is RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 15 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 16 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 18 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 19 gradient gradient NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 21 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 22 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 504 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 1 Proton proton NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 2 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 3 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 4 antiport antiport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 7 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 8 trap trap NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 10 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 505 11 trap trap NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 1 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 2 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 3 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 4 postulated postulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 6 partially partially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 7 proved prove VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 8 experimentally experimentally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 10 503,510,512 503,510,512 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 506 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 4 sequestration sequestration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 6 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 7 amounts amount NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 12 vacuole vacuole NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 15 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 17 energy energy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 18 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 19 requiring require VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 20 task task NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 22 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 23 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 24 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 25 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 26 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 27 lost lose VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 28 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 29 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 30 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 31 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 32 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 33 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 34 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 35 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 507 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 3 rule rule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 5 thumb thumb NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 8 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 9 assume assume VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 10 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 11 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 12 parts part NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 14 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 15 alkaloidal alkaloidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 16 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 17 contain contain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 20 although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 22 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 24 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 25 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 26 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 27 restricted restrict VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 28 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 29 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 30 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 31 organ organ NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 33 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 34 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 35 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 36 roots root NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 38 leaves leave NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 508 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 1 Translocation translocation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 2 via via IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 4 phloem phloem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 6 xylem xylem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 8 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 9 apoplastically apoplastically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 10 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 11 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 12 therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 13 occurred occur VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 509 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 1 Phloem Phloem NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 2 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 3 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 4 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 7 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 9 pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 12 indolizidine indolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 13 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 16 xylem xylem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 17 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 19 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 21 tropane tropane NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 22 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 24 36,39,511 36,39,511 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 510 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 3 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 4 relies rely VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 5 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 7 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 9 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 10 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 12 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 13 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 14 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 15 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 16 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 17 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 18 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 20 right right JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 21 place place NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 23 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 25 right right JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 26 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 511 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 3 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 4 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 6 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 7 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 8 layers layer NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 11 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 12 differ differ VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 13 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 15 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 17 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 19 25 25 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 21 38 38 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 23 39 39 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 512 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 2 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 4 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 5 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 7 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 8 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 10 486,4891 486,4891 JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 13 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 14 preferentially preferentially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 15 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 17 epidermal epidermal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 19 subepidermal subepidermal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 20 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 21 layers layer NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 23 reaching reach VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 24 local local JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 25 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 26 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 27 20 20 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 29 200 200 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 30 mM mm CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 32 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 33 _SP cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 34 X X NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 37 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 38 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 39 advantageous advantageous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 40 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 41 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 42 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 43 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 44 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 45 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 46 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 47 ecology ecology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 48 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 49 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 50 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 51 pathogen pathogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 52 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 53 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 54 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 55 encounters encounter VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 56 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 57 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 58 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 59 barrier barrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 60 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 61 trying try VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 62 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 63 invade invade VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 64 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 65 lupine lupine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 513 66 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 2 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 4 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 8 root root NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 9 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 10 stem stem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 11 bark bark NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 13 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 15 berberine berberine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 17 cinchonine cinchonine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 20 quinine quinine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 22 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 23 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 24 interpreted interpret VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 25 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 26 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 27 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 28 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 514 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 4 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 5 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 6 laticifers laticifer NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 7 filled fill VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 8 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 9 latex latex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 515 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 2 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 4 isoquinoline isoquinoline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 8 family family NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 9 Papaveraceae Papaveraceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 11 abundant abundant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 14 latex latex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 16 39 39 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 19 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 22 sequestered sequester VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 24 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 25 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 26 latex latex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 27 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 516 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 2 latex latex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 3 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 5 Chelidonium Chelidonium NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 6 mujus muju VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 8 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 10 protoberberine protoberberine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 12 benzophenanthridine benzophenanthridine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 13 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 14 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 18 range range NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 20 0.6 0.6 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 21 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 22 1.2 1.2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 23 M M NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 25 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 26 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 27 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 28 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 29 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 30 complexation complexation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 31 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 32 equal equal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 33 amounts amount NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 34 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 35 chelidonic chelidonic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 36 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 38 512 512 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 517 40 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 3 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 4 wounds wound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 5 such such PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 7 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 10 latex latex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 11 spills spill VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 12 out out RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 13 immediately immediately RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 518 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 1 Besides besides IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 2 gluing glue VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 4 mandibles mandible NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 6 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 7 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 10 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 11 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 13 deterrent deterrent NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 15 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 17 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 18 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 19 do do VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 21 rest rest NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 25 indeed indeed RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 27 Chelidonium Chelidonium NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 28 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 29 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 30 hardly hardly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 31 attacked attack VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 32 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 33 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 519 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 4 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 8 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 9 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 10 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 12 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 13 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 17 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 19 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 20 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 21 quickly quickly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 22 sealed seal VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 24 impregnated impregnate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 25 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 26 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 27 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 520 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 1 Other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 2 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 3 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 4 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 6 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 8 biologically biologically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 9 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 10 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 13 latex latex NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 14 belong belong VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 15 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 17 families family NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 18 Papaveraceae Papaveraceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 20 genera genera NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 21 Papauer Papauer NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 23 Macleya Macleya NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 25 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 26 Sanguinaria Sanguinaria NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 29 Campanulaceae Campanulaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 31 genus genus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 32 Lobelia Lobelia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 35 39 39 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 521 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 3 intuitively intuitively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 4 plausible plausible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 7 valuable valuable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 8 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 9 organ organ NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 10 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 11 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 12 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 13 protected protect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 14 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 15 others other NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 522 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 1 Alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 2 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 4 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 5 highest high JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 6 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 8 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 10 flowering flower VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 12 fruit fruit NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 13 / / SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 14 seed seed NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 15 formation formation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 523 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 2 annual annual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 3 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 4 actively actively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 5 growing grow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 6 young young JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 7 tissue tissue NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 9 leaves leave NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 11 flowers flower NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 14 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 15 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 16 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 17 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 18 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 19 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 21 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 22 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 23 perennial perennial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 24 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 26 like like IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 27 shrubs shrub NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 29 trees tree NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 31 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 32 find find VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 33 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 34 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 35 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 36 stem stem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 38 root root NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 39 barks bark NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 40 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 41 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 524 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 1 All all PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 2 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 3 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 4 parts part NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 6 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 9 common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 10 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 11 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 13 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 14 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 16 actual actual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 17 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 19 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 21 reproduction reproduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 23 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 25 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 26 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 27 term term NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 28 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 30 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 31 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 525 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 1 Spiny spiny JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 2 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 4 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 5 invest invest VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 7 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 8 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 10 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 11 fewer few JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 12 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 13 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 14 soft soft JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 15 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 16 bodied bodied JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 17 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 19 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 21 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 22 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 23 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 24 isoquinoline isoquinoline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 25 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 26 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 27 cacti cactus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 28 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 29 QAs qas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 30 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 31 legumes legume NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 33 184 184 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 526 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 3 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 4 produces produce VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 5 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 7 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 8 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 11 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 12 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 13 tend tend VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 16 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 17 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 19 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 20 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 21 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 23 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 24 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 26 15,184 15,184 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 28 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 29 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 527 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 1 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 2 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 3 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 4 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 6 big big JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 7 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 9 generally generally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 11 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 12 source source NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 17 makes make VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 18 sense sense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 20 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 23 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 24 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 528 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 2 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 3 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 4 show show VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 6 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 8 storage storage NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 10 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 11 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 12 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 13 optimized optimize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 14 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 15 such such PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 16 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 17 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 18 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 20 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 21 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 22 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 23 strategically strategically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 24 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 25 sites site NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 26 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 28 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 29 ward ward VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 30 off off RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 31 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 32 intruder intruder NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 33 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 34 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 35 first first JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 36 instance instance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 37 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 38 attack attack NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 529 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 3 specialized specialized JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 4 locations location NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 5 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 7 regarded regard VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 8 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 9 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 530 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 1 Alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 2 concentrations concentration NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 3 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 4 fluctuate fluctuate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 5 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 7 vegetation vegetation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 8 period period NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 11 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 12 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 14 day day NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 16 36,506 36,506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 531 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 1 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 2 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 3 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 4 terms term NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 5 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 6 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 8 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 10 constitutive constitutive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 11 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 532 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 2 ensures ensure VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 5 certain certain JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 6 level level NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 8 defensive defensive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 9 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 10 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 11 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 12 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 13 any any DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 14 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 533 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 3 continuous continuous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 4 turnover turnover NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 7 common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 8 theme theme NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 9 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 10 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 13 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 14 whose whose WP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 15 integrity integrity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 17 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 19 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 20 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 21 proteins protein NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 23 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 24 acids acid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 27 signal signal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 28 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 534 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 2 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 3 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 6 true true JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 9 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 10 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 535 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 1 An an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 2 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 3 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 4 mimics mimic VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 6 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 8 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 10 hyoscyamine hyoscyamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 12 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 14 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 15 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 17 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 18 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 19 oxidized oxidize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 21 hydrolyzed hydrolyze VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 22 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 24 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 25 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 26 chance chance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 29 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 30 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 31 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 32 automatically automatically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 33 inactivated inactivate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 536 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 1 Only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 2 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 3 replacing replace VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 4 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 5 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 6 continuously continuously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 7 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 9 presence presence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 12 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 13 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 14 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 15 guaranteed guarantee VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 537 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 2 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 5 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 6 suggested suggest VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 7 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 8 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 9 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 11 half half JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 12 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 13 life life NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 15 24 24 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 16 hr hr NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 18 Nicotiana Nicotiana NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 22 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 23 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 24 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 25 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 26 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 29 CO co NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 31 fixed fix VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 32 passes pass VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 33 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 34 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 35 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 37 505 505 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 538 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 2 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 3 groups group NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 5 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 6 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 8 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 9 possible possible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 10 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 11 show show VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 12 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 13 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 14 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 15 react react VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 16 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 17 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 18 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 19 microbes microbe NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 21 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 22 wounding wound VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 23 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 24 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 25 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 26 inducing induce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 28 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 30 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 31 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 32 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 539 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 2 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 4 termed term VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 5 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 6 phytoalexins phytoalexin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 7 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 9 phytopathology phytopathology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 11 22 22 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 14 23 23 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 17 24 24 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 540 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 1 Classic classic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 2 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 4 phytoalexins phytoalexin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 5 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 6 isoflavones isoflavone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 8 phenolics phenolic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 10 terpenes terpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 541 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 1 protease protease NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 2 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 4 coumarins coumarin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 7 furanocoumarins furanocoumarins NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 542 8 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 1 Using use VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 2 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 3 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 4 cultures culture NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 6 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 7 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 8 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 9 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 11 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 12 process process NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 14 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 15 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 16 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 17 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 18 alkaloidal alkaloidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 21 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 22 start start VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 23 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 24 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 25 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 26 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 27 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 28 properties property NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 30 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 32 sanguinarine sanguinarine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 34 canthin-6-one canthin-6-one NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 36 rutacridone rutacridone NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 37 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 39 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 40 challenged challenge VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 41 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 42 elicitors elicitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 43 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 44 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 45 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 46 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 47 cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 48 walls wall NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 50 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 51 XI XI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 543 53 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 1 But but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 2 what what WP cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 5 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 6 after after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 7 herbivory herbivory NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 544 8 ? ? . cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 1 When when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 2 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 4 eaten eat VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 5 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 6 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 7 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 9 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 10 de de FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 11 nouo nouo JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 12 synthesis synthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 13 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 14 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 15 almost almost RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 16 useless useless JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 17 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 18 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 19 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 21 except except IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 22 maybe maybe RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 23 trees tree NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 26 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 27 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 28 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 29 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 30 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 31 quick quick JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 32 enough enough RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 545 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 2 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 4 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 6 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 8 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 9 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 10 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 12 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 14 worms worm NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 17 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 18 feed feed VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 19 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 20 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 21 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 22 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 23 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 24 days day NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 25 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 26 weeks week NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 546 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 1 Here here RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 3 de de FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 4 nouo nouo NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 5 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 7 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 8 allelochemical allelochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 9 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 10 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 11 worthwhile worthwhile JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 547 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 1 There there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 3 indeed indeed RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 4 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 5 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 6 experimental experimental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 7 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 8 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 9 support support VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 10 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 11 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 548 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 2 Liriodendron Liriodendron NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 3 rirlipifera rirlipifera NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 4 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 5 aporphine aporphine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 7 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 8 after after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 9 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 11 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 13 otherwise otherwise RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 14 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 15 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 17 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 549 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 2 tobacco tobacco NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 4 produc- produc- NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 5 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 6 CC CC NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 8 Cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 9 culture culture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 10 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 11 PL pl NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 13 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 14 tion tion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 16 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 19 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 20 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 22 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 25 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 26 Atropci Atropci NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 27 belleidonnu belleidonnu NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 28 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 30 hyoscyamine hyoscyamine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 31 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 32 induced induce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 33 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 34 wounding wounding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 36 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 37 increasing increase VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 38 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 39 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 40 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 41 levels level NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 42 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 43 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 44 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 45 up up IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 46 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 47 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 48 factor factor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 49 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 50 5 5 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 550 51 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 3 response response NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 4 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 5 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 6 after after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 7 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 8 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 9 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 10 hr hr NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 12 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 15 took take VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 16 days day NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 18 Nicotiunu Nicotiunu NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 21 Atropei Atropei NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 23 Table table NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 24 XI XI NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 551 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 2 suggest suggest VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 5 wound wound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 6 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 7 induced induce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 8 stimulation stimulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 10 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 11 formation formation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 13 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 14 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 15 isolated isolated JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 16 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 18 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 19 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 20 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 21 integral integral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 22 part part NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 25 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 26 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 27 system system NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 552 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 2 induced induce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 3 antimicrobial antimicrobial NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 5 antiherbivoral antiherbivoral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 6 responses response NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 7 show show VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 9 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 10 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 11 detect detect VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 12 environmental environmental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 13 stress stress NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 15 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 16 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 17 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 18 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 19 flexible flexible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 21 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 22 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 24 overall overall JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 25 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 26 reactions reaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 553 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 2 details detail NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 3 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 4 how how WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 6 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 7 perceives perceive VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 9 transmits transmit VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 10 information information NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 11 remain remain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 12 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 13 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 14 disclosed disclose VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 16 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 17 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 18 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 19 surely surely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 20 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 21 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 22 stimulating stimulating JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 23 area area NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 25 research research NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 26 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 28 future future NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 554 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 3 physiology physiology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 5 metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 7 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 10 extremely extremely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 11 intricate intricate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 13 3839 3839 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 16 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 17 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 18 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 21 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 22 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 23 suggest suggest VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 24 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 25 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 26 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 27 organized organize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 29 regulated regulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 30 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 31 such such PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 32 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 33 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 34 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 35 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 36 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 37 fulfill fulfill VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 38 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 39 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 40 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 41 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 555 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 2 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 3 words word NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 8 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 9 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 11 right right JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 12 time time NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 15 right right JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 16 place place NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 20 right right JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 21 concentration concentration NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 556 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 2 aforementioned aforementioned JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 3 arguments argument NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 4 strongly strongly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 5 support support VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 7 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 8 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 10 serve serve VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 12 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 13 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 14 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 15 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 557 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 1 Besides besides IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 2 circumstantial circumstantial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 3 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 6 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 7 welcome welcome VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 8 critical critical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 9 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 11 clearly clearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 12 prove prove VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 13 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 15 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 16 indeed indeed RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 17 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 18 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 20 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 22 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 25 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 26 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 27 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 558 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 2 suggest suggest VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 4 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 6 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 7 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 8 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 9 normally normally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 10 produces produce VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 11 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 12 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 13 rendered render VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 14 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 15 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 16 free free JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 19 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 20 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 21 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 22 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 23 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 24 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 26 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 27 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 28 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 29 molested molest VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 30 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 31 microorganims microorganim NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 32 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 33 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 34 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 35 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 36 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 37 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 38 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 39 counterpart counterpart NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 559 40 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 2 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 3 group group NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 8 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 11 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 12 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 13 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 14 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 15 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 16 performed perform VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 18 2,184,484,503,527 2,184,484,503,527 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 560 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 3 before before RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 5 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 6 constitute constitute VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 8 main main JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 9 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 10 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 12 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 13 members member NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 16 Leguminosae Leguminosae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 18 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 21 genera genera NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 22 Lirpinus Lirpinus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 24 Genistu Genistu NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 26 Cyfisiis Cyfisiis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 28 Bccptisiu Bccptisiu NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 30 Thrrmopsis Thrrmopsis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 32 Sophoru Sophoru NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 34 Ormosici Ormosici NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 36 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 37 others other NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 39 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 561 41 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 1 Lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 2 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 3 relatively relatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 4 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 5 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 7 contain contain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 8 up up RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 10 40 40 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 11 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 12 50 50 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 13 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 14 protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 16 up up IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 17 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 18 20 20 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 19 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 20 lipids lipid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 23 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 24 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 25 8 8 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 26 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 27 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 562 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 1 To to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 2 use use VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 3 lupine lupine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 4 seed seed NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 5 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 6 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 7 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 8 human human JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 9 nutrition nutrition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 11 Homo Homo NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 12 scipiens scipien NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 14 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 15 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 16 thousand thousand CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 17 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 19 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 20 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 21 cook cook VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 23 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 25 leach leach VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 26 out out RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 28 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 29 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 30 running running JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 31 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 563 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 2 habit habit NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 3 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 4 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 5 reported report VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 8 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 10 Greeks Greeks NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 13 Old Old NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 14 World World NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 17 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 19 Indians Indians NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 21 Incas Incas NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 24 New New NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 25 World World NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 564 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 2 resulting result VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 3 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 4 taste taste VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 5 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 8 contrast contrast NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 9 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 11 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 12 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 13 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 14 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 15 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 16 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 17 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 18 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 565 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 2 Mediterranean mediterranean JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 3 countries country NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 4 people people NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 5 still still RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 6 process process VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 7 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 10 old old JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 11 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 14 sometimes sometimes RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 16 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 18 salted salt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 19 afterward afterward RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 21 served serve VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 22 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 23 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 24 appetizer appetizer NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 26 comparable comparable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 27 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 28 peanuts peanut NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 566 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 1 At at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 3 turn turn NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 6 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 7 century century NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 9 German german JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 10 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 11 breeders breeder NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 12 set set VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 13 out out RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 15 grow grow VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 16 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 17 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 18 free free JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 19 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 22 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 23 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 24 called call VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 25 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 26 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 567 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 2 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 3 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 5 extremely extremely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 6 rare rare JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 8 Nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 10 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 12 > > XX cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 13 100.000 100.000 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 17 efforts effort NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 18 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 19 largely largely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 20 successful successful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 23 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 24 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 26 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 27 varieties variety NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 28 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 29 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 30 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 31 content content NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 32 lower low JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 33 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 34 0.01 0.01 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 35 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 36 exist exist VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 37 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 38 Lupinus Lupinus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 39 albus albus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 41 L. L. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 42 mutabilis mutabilis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 44 L L NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 45 . . NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 46 luteus luteus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 47 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 48 L. L. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 49 angustifolius angustifolius NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 50 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 51 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 52 L L NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 568 53 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 569 1 polyphyllus polyphyllus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 569 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 1 As as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 2 far far RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 3 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 5 know know VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 8 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 9 varieties variety NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 10 differ differ VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 11 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 13 original original JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 14 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 15 wild wild JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 16 forms form NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 17 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 20 degree degree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 22 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 23 accumulation accumulation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 570 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 2 offers offer VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 4 chance chance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 6 test test VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 7 experimentally experimentally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 8 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 9 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 10 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 11 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 13 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 14 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 15 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 16 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 17 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 18 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 19 regard regard NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 20 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 21 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 23 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 571 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 2 results result NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 4 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 5 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 6 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 7 clearcut clearcut JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 9 2,184503,506,527 2,184503,506,527 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 572 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 573 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 573 2 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 573 3 XU XU NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 573 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 573 5 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 3 greenhouse greenhouse NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 5 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 8 protected protect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 9 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 10 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 14 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 15 clear clear JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 16 advantage advantage NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 17 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 18 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 574 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 1 When when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 2 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 3 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 4 planted plant VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 7 field field NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 9 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 10 being be VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 11 fenced fence VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 14 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 15 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 16 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 17 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 18 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 19 protection protection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 21 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 23 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 24 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 25 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 26 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 27 regularly regularly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 28 encountered encounter VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 30 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 31 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 32 regard regard NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 33 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 34 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 36 2,184,503,527 2,184,503,527 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 575 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 1 Rabbits rabbit NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 3 Cuniculus Cuniculus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 4 europaeus europaeus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 7 hares hare NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 9 Lepus Lepus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 10 europaeus europaeus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 12 clearly clearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 13 prefer prefer VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 15 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 16 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 18 leave leave VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 20 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 21 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 22 almost almost RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 23 untouched untouched JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 25 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 26 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 27 as as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 28 long long RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 29 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 30 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 31 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 32 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 33 alternative alternative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 34 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 35 source source NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 576 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 1 Before before IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 2 dying die VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 3 rabbits rabbit NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 4 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 5 certainly certainly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 6 try try VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 7 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 8 eat eat VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 9 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 10 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 577 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 2 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 3 picture picture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 4 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 5 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 6 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 8 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 10 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 11 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 13 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 15 aphids aphid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 17 beetles beetle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 19 thrips thrip NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 22 leaf leaf NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 23 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 24 mining mining NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 25 flies fly NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 27 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 28 XII XII NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 31 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 33 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 34 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 35 forms form NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 36 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 37 attacked attack VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 39 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 40 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 41 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 42 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 43 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 44 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 45 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 46 largely largely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 47 protected protect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 578 48 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 2 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 3 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 4 poor poor JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 5 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 7 L L NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 579 8 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 1 luteus luteus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 2 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 3 became become VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 5 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 7 Acyrthosiphon Acyrthosiphon NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 8 pisii pisii NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 10 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 580 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 2 Poland Poland NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 4 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 6 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 7 yellow yellow JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 8 lupine lupine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 9 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 10 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 13 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 14 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 15 fodder fodder NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 16 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 19 invasion invasion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 22 aphids aphid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 23 became become VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 24 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 25 serious serious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 26 problem problem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 27 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 28 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 29 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 30 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 31 aphid aphid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 32 enfeebles enfeeble VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 33 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 34 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 35 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 36 sucking suck VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 37 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 38 phloem phloem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 39 sap sap NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 41 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 42 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 43 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 44 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 45 transfers transfer VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 46 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 47 viral viral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 48 disease disease NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 581 49 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 2 disease disease NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 4 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 6 lupine lupine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 7 narrow narrow JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 8 leafness leafness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 10 decreases decrease VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 11 seed seed NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 12 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 14 infected infected JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 15 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 19 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 20 takes take VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 21 place place NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 22 early early RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 24 that that RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 25 is is RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 27 prior prior RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 28 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 29 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 30 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 31 ' ' POS cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 32 blossoming blossom VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 582 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 4 mixed mixed JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 5 population population NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 7 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 9 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 10 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 11 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 13 after after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 15 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 16 generations generation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 18 lose lose VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 19 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 20 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 21 forms form NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 583 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 1 Infestation infestation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 2 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 4 aphid aphid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 7 following follow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 8 viral viral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 9 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 10 accelerate accelerate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 12 elimination elimination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 14 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 15 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 16 poor poor JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 19 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 21 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 22 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 23 infection infection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 25 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 26 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 27 inferior inferior JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 29 seed seed NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 30 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 32 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 584 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 2 observation observation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 3 again again RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 4 stresses stress VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 6 importance importance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 9 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 11 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 13 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 585 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 1 Plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 2 breeders breeder NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 4 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 5 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 6 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 7 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 9 fungal fungal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 12 viral viral JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 13 diseases disease NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 14 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 15 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 16 abundant abundant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 19 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 20 forms form NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 22 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 23 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 24 effect effect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 25 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 26 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 27 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 28 documented document VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 29 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 30 necessary necessary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 31 detail detail NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 586 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 2 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 4 observations observation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 5 clearly clearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 6 prove prove VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 8 importance importance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 10 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 12 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 14 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 16 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 17 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 18 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 19 forgotten forget VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 20 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 21 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 22 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 23 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 25 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 27 phenolics phenolic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 29 isoflavones isoflavone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 31 terpenes terpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 33 saponins saponin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 35 stachyose stachyose NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 37 erucic erucic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 38 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 40 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 41 phytic phytic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 42 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 44 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 45 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 46 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 47 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 48 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 49 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 50 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 51 exert exert VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 52 additional additional JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 53 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 54 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 55 synergistic synergistic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 56 effects effect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 587 57 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 2 lupine lupine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 3 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 4 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 5 tells tell VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 6 us -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 7 about about IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 9 standard standard JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 10 philosophy philosophy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 12 problems problem NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 14 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 15 breeding breeding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 588 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 1 With with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 3 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 4 knowledge knowledge NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 5 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 7 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 8 importance importance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 10 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 11 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 13 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 15 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 18 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 19 doubtful doubtful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 20 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 22 selection selection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 24 sweet sweet JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 25 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 26 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 27 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 28 wise wise JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 29 decision decision NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 589 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 2 order order NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 3 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 4 grow grow VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 5 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 8 had have VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 10 build build VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 11 fences fence NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 14 worse bad JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 16 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 17 employ employ VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 18 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 19 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 20 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 21 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 22 pesticides pesticide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 24 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 25 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 26 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 27 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 29 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 30 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 31 documented document VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 32 disadvantages disadvantage NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 590 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 3 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 4 assumed assume VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 6 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 7 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 9 namely namely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 11 breeding breed VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 12 away away RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 13 unwanted unwanted JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 14 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 15 traits trait NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 17 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 18 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 19 followed follow VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 20 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 21 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 22 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 23 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 24 crops crop NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 26 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 27 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 28 consequence consequence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 29 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 30 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 31 overall overall JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 32 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 33 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 34 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 35 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 37 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 591 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 2 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 3 easily easily RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 4 observe observe VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 6 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 7 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 9 trying try VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 10 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 11 leave leave VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 12 crop crop NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 13 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 14 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 15 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 18 wild wild NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 19 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 21 will will MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 22 quickly quickly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 23 disappear disappear VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 25 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 26 colonize colonize VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 27 new new JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 28 habitats habitat NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 592 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 593 1 There there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 593 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 593 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 593 4 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 593 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 593 6 alternatives alternative NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 593 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 1 Taking take VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 2 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 3 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 4 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 5 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 8 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 9 devise devise VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 10 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 11 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 12 scale scale NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 13 technological technological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 14 procedures procedure NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 15 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 16 remove remove VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 17 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 18 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 20 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 21 after after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 22 harvest harvest NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 24 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 25 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 26 sugar sugar VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 27 raffination raffination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 28 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 29 sugar sugar NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 30 beets beet NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 594 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 1 At at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 2 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 4 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 5 companies company NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 7 actively actively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 8 exploring explore VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 9 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 10 possibilities possibility NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 595 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 1 One one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 2 idea idea NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 5 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 6 pure pure JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 7 protein protein NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 9 lipids lipid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 11 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 12 fibers fiber NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 13 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 14 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 15 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 596 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 2 spin spin VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 3 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 4 off off RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 5 product product NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 6 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 7 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 11 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 12 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 13 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 14 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 15 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 16 medicine medicine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 18 sparteine sparteine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 19 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 20 exploited exploit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 21 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 23 drug drug NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 24 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 25 treat treat VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 26 heart heart NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 27 arrhythmia arrhythmia NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 29 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 30 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 31 agriculture agriculture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 32 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 33 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 34 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 35 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 36 protective protective NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 38 that that RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 39 is is RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 41 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 42 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 43 insecticide insecticide NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 45 185,503 185,503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 597 47 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 3 evident evident JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 5 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 7 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 8 each each DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 9 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 10 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 11 developed develop VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 12 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 13 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 14 strategy strategy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 15 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 16 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 598 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 2 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 3 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 4 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 5 follow follow VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 7 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 8 strategy strategy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 11 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 12 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 13 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 14 easy easy JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 15 life life NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 16 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 17 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 19 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 21 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 22 being be VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 23 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 24 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 25 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 26 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 27 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 28 mean mean VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 29 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 30 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 31 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 32 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 599 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 2 specialization specialization NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 3 becomes become VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 4 evident evident JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 5 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 7 analyze analyze VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 9 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 10 patterns pattern NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 12 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 13 metabolite metabolite JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 14 profiles profile NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 15 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 18 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 600 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 2 regularly regularly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 3 see see VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 4 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 6 five five CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 7 main main JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 11 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 13 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 14 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 15 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 17 up up IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 18 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 19 80 80 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 21 minor minor JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 22 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 601 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 2 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 3 pattern pattern NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 5 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 6 constant constant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 8 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 9 differs differ VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 10 among among IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 11 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 13 developmental developmental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 14 stages stage NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 16 individuals individual NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 18 populations population NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 21 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 602 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 1 Normally normally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 4 classify classify VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 6 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 7 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 8 belonging belong VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 9 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 10 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 12 two two CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 13 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 14 groups group NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 603 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 2 does do VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 3 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 4 mean mean VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 6 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 10 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 11 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 13 identical identical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 604 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 1 On on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 3 contrary contrary NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 6 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 9 lipophilic lipophilic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 10 side side NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 11 chain chain NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 14 molecule molecule NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 15 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 16 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 17 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 18 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 19 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 21 insignificant insignificant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 22 variation variation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 23 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 25 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 26 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 28 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 30 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 31 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 32 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 33 render render VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 34 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 35 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 36 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 37 lipophilic lipophilic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 39 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 40 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 41 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 42 resorbable resorbable JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 605 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 2 consequence consequence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 5 toxicity toxicity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 6 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 7 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 8 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 10 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 11 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 13 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 14 I i CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 606 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 1 Thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 3 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 4 herbivore herbivore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 5 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 7 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 9 adapt adapt VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 10 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 11 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 12 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 13 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 14 group group NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 16 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 17 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 18 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 20 individual individual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 21 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 22 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 607 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 3 composition composition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 6 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 7 changes change NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 10 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 11 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 12 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 13 difficult difficult JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 14 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 16 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 17 cope cope VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 608 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 4 suggest suggest VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 6 structural structural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 7 diversity diversity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 9 continuous continuous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 10 variation variation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 12 means mean NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 13 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 14 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 15 Nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 16 counteracts counteract VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 18 adaptation adaptation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 20 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 609 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 2 medicine medicine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 5 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 7 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 8 thing thing NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 9 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 11 want want VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 12 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 13 control control VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 14 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 15 diseases disease NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 610 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 1 To to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 2 overcome overcome VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 3 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 4 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 5 prevent prevent VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 6 resistance resistance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 8 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 9 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 11 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 12 antibiotic antibiotic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 14 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 15 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 16 mixtures mixture NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 18 structurally structurally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 19 different different JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 20 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 22 applied apply VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 24 whose whose WP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 25 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 26 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 27 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 28 differ differ VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 611 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 1 If if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 2 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 3 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 4 antibiotic antibiotic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 5 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 6 given give VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 7 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 8 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 9 patients patient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 12 development development NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 14 resistance resistance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 15 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 16 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 17 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 18 favored favor VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 612 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 2 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 3 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 4 argued argue VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 7 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 8 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 9 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 11 significant significant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 12 role role NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 14 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 15 because because IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 16 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 17 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 18 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 19 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 20 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 21 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 23 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 24 30 30 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 25 % % NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 26 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 27 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 28 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 29 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 613 31 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 2 authors author NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 4 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 6 Robinson Robinson NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 8 5 5 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 9 0 0 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 10 3 3 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 12 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 13 overlooked overlook VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 15 fact fact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 16 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 17 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 18 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 20 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 21 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 22 one one CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 23 single single JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 24 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 26 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 27 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 28 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 29 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 30 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 31 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 32 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 33 colchicine colchicine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 35 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 36 could could MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 37 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 38 certain certain JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 39 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 40 nearly nearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 41 all all DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 42 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 43 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 44 have have VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 45 developed develop VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 46 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 47 resistance resistance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 48 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 49 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 50 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 614 51 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 1 Only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 3 variation variation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 5 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 6 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 9 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 12 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 13 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 15 affect affect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 17 provides provide VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 18 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 19 means means NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 20 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 21 develop develop VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 22 efficient efficient JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 23 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 24 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 615 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 2 arguments argument NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 4 Robinson Robinson NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 5 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 7 correct correct JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 8 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 9 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 10 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 11 higher high JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 12 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 13 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 14 any any DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 15 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 16 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 18 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 20 nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 22 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 23 thrive thrive VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 24 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 25 Nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 26 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 27 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 29 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 30 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 31 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 32 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 33 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 616 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 1 From from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 2 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 3 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 4 perspective perspective NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 7 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 8 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 9 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 11 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 12 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 14 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 15 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 18 terpene terpene NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 19 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 21 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 22 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 23 essential essential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 24 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 26 affect affect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 27 certain certain JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 28 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 29 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 30 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 31 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 32 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 33 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 34 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 617 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 3 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 4 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 6 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 7 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 8 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 9 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 10 yet yet RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 11 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 12 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 15 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 16 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 17 remain remain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 18 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 19 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 20 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 22 proved prove VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 24 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 25 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 26 nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 27 safely safely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 28 say say VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 29 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 30 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 31 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 32 neither neither CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 33 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 34 nor nor CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 35 functionless functionless JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 36 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 38 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 39 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 40 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 41 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 42 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 43 fitness fitness NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 44 factors factor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 46 probably probably RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 47 mostly mostly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 48 antiherbivore antiherbivore JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 49 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 618 50 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 2 Nature Nature NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 3 obviously obviously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 4 favored favor VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 5 multitasking multitasking NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 7 additional additional JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 8 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 10 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 12 allelopathic allelopathic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 14 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 15 activities activity NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 18 plausible plausible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 619 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 2 quinolizidine quinolizidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 3 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 4 pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 7 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 8 multiple multiple JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 9 functions function NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 11 already already RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 12 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 13 documented document VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 15 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 16 I i NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 17 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 18 X x NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 620 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 1 Plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 2 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 3 defend defend VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 4 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 5 effectively effectively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 6 constitute constitute VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 7 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 8 ecological ecological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 9 niche niche NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 10 almost almost RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 11 devoid devoid JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 13 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 15 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 621 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 3 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 4 surprising surprising JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 6 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 7 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 9 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 11 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 12 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 13 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 14 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 15 specialized specialize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 16 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 17 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 18 particular particular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 19 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 20 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 21 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 23 found find VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 24 ways way NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 25 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 26 tolerate tolerate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 28 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 29 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 30 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 31 exploit exploit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 33 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 34 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 35 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 36 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 37 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 38 hosts host NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 40 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 43 10 10 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 46 11 11 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 622 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 623 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 623 2 12 12 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 623 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 623 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 623 5 13 13 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 623 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 624 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 624 2 14 14 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 624 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 2 15 15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 5 16 16 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 8 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 11 18 18 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 14 19 19 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 625 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 2 20 20 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 5 21 21 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 8 22 22 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 626 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 2 compared compare VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 3 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 5 huge huge JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 6 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 8 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 9 enemies enemy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 12 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 13 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 14 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 15 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 17 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 18 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 20 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 21 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 22 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 23 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 24 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 25 status status NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 26 quo quo FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 27 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 28 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 29 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 30 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 31 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 32 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 33 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 34 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 35 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 37 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 38 parasites parasite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 40 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 41 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 42 hosts host NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 627 43 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 2 specialist specialist NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 4 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 5 well well RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 6 advised advise VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 7 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 8 kill kill VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 9 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 10 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 12 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 13 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 14 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 15 destroy destroy VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 17 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 18 resources resource NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 19 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 20 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 21 mutualism mutualism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 22 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 23 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 24 productive productive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 25 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 26 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 628 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 1 Host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 2 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 3 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 4 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 5 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 6 occur occur VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 7 within within IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 8 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 10 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 13 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 629 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 2 interaction interaction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 5 former former JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 6 two two CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 7 groups group NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 9 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 10 central central JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 11 topic topic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 12 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 13 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 14 pathologists pathologist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 630 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 2 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 3 find find VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 5 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 7 nonsusceptible nonsusceptible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 8 microbe microbe NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 9 strains strain NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 10 exist exist VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 631 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 2 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 3 cases case NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 7 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 8 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 9 how how WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 10 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 11 microbial microbial JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 12 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 13 achieved achieve VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 15 relationship relationship NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 16 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 18 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 19 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 20 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 22 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 23 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 25 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 26 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 27 degrade degrade VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 28 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 29 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 30 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 31 whether whether IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 32 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 33 simply simply RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 34 toler toler NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 35 - - : cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 36 ate eat VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 37 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 632 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 2 phytopathogenic phytopathogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 3 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 5 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 6 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 8 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 9 secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 10 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 12 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 13 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 14 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 15 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 16 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 633 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 3 assumed assume VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 6 phytotoxins phytotoxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 7 serve serve VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 9 weaken weaken VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 11 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 12 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 13 ' ' POS cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 14 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 16 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 17 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 18 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 19 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 20 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 21 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 23 whole whole JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 24 story story NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 634 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 2 grasses grass NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 4 infected infect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 5 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 6 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 7 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 8 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 9 ergot ergot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 10 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 635 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 2 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 3 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 4 assumed assume VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 5 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 6 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 7 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 9 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 11 Clauiceps Clauiceps NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 13 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 14 proper proper JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 636 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 2 recent recent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 3 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 5 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 7 experimental experimental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 8 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 9 suggests suggest VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 10 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 12 relationship relationship NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 13 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 14 grasses grass NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 16 ergot ergot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 17 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 18 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 20 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 21 symbiotic symbiotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 22 nature nature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 24 513 513 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 637 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 638 1 Ergot ergot NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 638 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 638 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 638 4 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 638 5 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 638 6 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 639 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 639 2 Tables table NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 639 3 I I NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 639 4 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 639 5 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 639 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 1 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 2 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 3 mimic mimic VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 5 activity activity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 7 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 8 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 10 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 12 dopamine dopamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 14 serotonin serotonin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 17 noradrenaline noradrenaline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 19 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 20 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 640 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 2 fact fact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 5 impact impact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 7 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 8 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 9 populations population NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 10 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 11 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 12 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 13 infected infect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 14 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 15 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 16 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 17 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 18 reduced reduced JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 19 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 20 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 21 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 641 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 2 means mean VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 5 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 6 exploit exploit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 8 nutrients nutrient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 11 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 12 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 14 supply supply VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 16 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 17 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 18 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 20 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 21 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 22 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 23 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 24 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 26 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 27 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 642 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 3 fungi fungus NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 4 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 5 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 6 kill kill VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 8 hosts host NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 10 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 11 close close JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 12 interrelationship interrelationship NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 13 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 17 mutual mutual JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 18 interest interest NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 643 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 2 expect expect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 4 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 5 relationships relationship NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 7 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 8 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 9 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 10 detected detect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 13 future future NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 644 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 3 earlier early RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 6 large large JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 7 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 9 mono mono NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 10 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 12 oligophagous oligophagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 13 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 14 exist exist VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 15 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 16 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 17 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 18 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 20 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 21 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 24 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 25 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 26 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 27 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 28 complex complex JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 29 fashions fashion NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 645 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 2 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 5 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 6 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 8 following follow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 9 main main JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 10 schemes scheme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 12 4,15 4,15 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 14 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 16 32 32 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 18 507 507 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 20 508 508 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 646 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 2 Type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 3 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 4 adaptations adaptation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 6 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 7 species species NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 8 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 9 learns learn VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 10 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 14 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 15 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 16 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 17 say say VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 19 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 20 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 21 variants variant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 22 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 23 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 24 selected select VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 25 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 26 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 27 selection selection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 28 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 29 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 30 tolerate tolerate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 31 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 32 noxious noxious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 33 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 34 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 37 a a LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 39 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 40 finding find VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 41 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 42 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 43 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 44 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 45 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 46 resorption resorption NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 47 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 48 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 49 gut gut NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 50 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 52 b b NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 54 if if IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 55 resorption resorption NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 56 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 57 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 58 prevented prevent VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 59 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 60 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 61 eliminating eliminate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 62 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 63 toxin toxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 64 quickly quickly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 65 via via IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 66 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 67 Malpighian malpighian JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 68 tubules tubule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 69 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 70 degrading degrade VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 71 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 72 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 73 detoxifying detoxify VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 74 microsomal microsomal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 75 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 76 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 77 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 78 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 79 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 80 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 81 c c NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 82 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 83 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 84 developing develop VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 85 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 86 target target NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 87 site site NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 88 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 89 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 90 resistant resistant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 91 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 92 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 93 toxin toxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 94 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 95 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 96 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 97 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 98 receptor receptor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 99 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 100 no no RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 101 longer longer RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 102 bind bind VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 103 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 104 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 105 ligand ligand NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 647 106 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 1 Alternatively alternatively RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 3 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 4 Type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 5 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 6 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 8 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 9 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 10 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 11 tolerates tolerate VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 13 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 14 ' ' POS cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 15 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 16 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 18 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 19 exploits exploit VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 21 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 23 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 24 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 25 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 26 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 27 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 28 purposes purpose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 30 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 31 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 32 pheromones pheromone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 33 I7,494496,506 I7,494496,506 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 648 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 1 Examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 3 Type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 4 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 5 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 6 Manduca Manduca NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 7 sexra sexra NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 9 whose whose WP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 10 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 11 live live VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 12 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 13 Nicoriana Nicoriana NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 15 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 16 solanaceous solanaceous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 649 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 3 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 4 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 8 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 10 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 12 hyoscyamine hyoscyamine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 14 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 15 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 16 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 17 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 18 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 19 degraded degrade VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 21 directly directly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 22 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 23 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 25 feces fece NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 27 182 182 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 650 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 5 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 6 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 7 postulated postulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 9 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 10 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 11 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 12 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 13 diffuse diffuse VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 14 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 15 nerve nerve NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 16 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 17 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 18 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 20 acetylcholine acetylcholine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 21 recpetor recpetor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 22 no no RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 23 longer longer RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 24 binds bind VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 25 nicotine nicotine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 26 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 27 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 28 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 29 normal normal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 30 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 31 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 33 17 17 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 651 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 2 potato potato NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 3 beetle beetle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 5 Leptinotarsa Leptinotarsa NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 6 decernlineata decernlineata NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 8 lives live VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 9 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 10 Solanurn Solanurn NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 11 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 12 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 13 steroid steroid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 16 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 17 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 18 tolerated tolerate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 20 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 21 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 22 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 24 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 25 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 26 species species NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 28 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 29 bruchid bruchid JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 30 beetle beetle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 31 Callosohruchus Callosohruchus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 32 fasciarus fasciarus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 33 predates predate VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 34 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 35 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 36 QA qa NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 37 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 38 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 39 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 41 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 42 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 43 Laburnum Laburnum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 44 anagyroides anagyroides NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 45 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 46 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 47 beetle beetle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 48 eliminates eliminate VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 49 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 50 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 51 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 52 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 53 cytisine cytisine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 54 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 55 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 56 feces fece NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 58 492 492 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 652 60 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 1 Examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 3 Type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 4 2 2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 6 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 7 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 8 degree degree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 9 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 10 interesting interesting JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 653 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 3 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 5 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 6 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 8 translocated translocate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 9 via via IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 11 phloem phloem NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 13 511 511 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 654 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 1 When when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 2 aphids aphid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 3 live live VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 4 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 6 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 7 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 10 direct direct JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 11 contact contact NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 12 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 15 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 655 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 4 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 6 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 7 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 8 present present NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 9 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 10 show show VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 11 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 12 adapted adapt VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 13 aphids aphid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 14 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 15 store store VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 17 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 656 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 1 Examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 4 quinolizidines quinolizidine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 6 Aphis Aphis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 7 cytisorum cytisorum NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 9 A. A. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 10 genistae genistae NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 13 Macrosiphum Macrosiphum NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 14 albifrons albifrons NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 17 pyrrolizidines pyrrolizidine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 19 Aphis Aphis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 20 jacobaea jacobaea NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 22 A A NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 24 cacaliaster cacaliaster NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 27 aconitine aconitine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 29 Aphis Aphis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 30 aconiti aconiti NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 32 185 185 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 34 511 511 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 657 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 2 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 3 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 4 storing store VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 5 M M NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 6 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 7 albifrons albifrons NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 9 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 10 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 11 experimentally experimentally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 12 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 14 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 15 stored store VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 16 provide provide JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 17 protection protection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 18 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 19 carnivorous carnivorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 20 beetles beetle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 22 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 23 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 24 Carabus Carabus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 25 problematicus problematicus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 26 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 27 Coccinella Coccinella NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 28 septempunctata septempunctata NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 30 465 465 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 32 503 503 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 658 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 1 Acyrthosiphon Acyrthosiphon NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 2 spartii spartii NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 3 prefers prefer VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 4 sparteine sparteine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 5 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 6 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 7 Cytisus Cytisus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 8 scoparius scoparius NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 9 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 11 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 13 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 14 although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 16 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 17 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 18 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 19 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 20 species species NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 21 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 22 stores store VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 23 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 26 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 27 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 28 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 29 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 30 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 31 do do VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 32 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 659 33 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 1 Larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 4 pyralid pyralid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 5 moth moth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 6 Uresiphita Uresiphita NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 7 reversalis reversali VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 8 live live RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 9 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 10 QA QA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 11 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 12 producing produce VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 13 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 15 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 17 Teline Teline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 18 monspessulana monspessulana NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 660 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 2 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 3 store store NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 4 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 5 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 7 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 10 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 13 integument integument NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 15 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 17 silk silk NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 18 glands gland NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 661 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 2 uptake uptake NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 4 both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 5 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 7 selective selective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 8 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 9 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 10 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 11 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 12 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 13 carrier carrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 14 mechanism mechanism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 662 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 5 10-oxosparteine 10-oxosparteine CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 6 type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 7 dominate dominate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 10 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 13 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 15 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 16 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 17 cytisine cytisine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 18 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 19 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 20 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 21 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 23 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 25 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 26 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 27 10oxosparteines 10oxosparteines CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 28 being be VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 29 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 30 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 31 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 32 feces fece NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 34 503,514 503,514 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 663 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 2 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 3 gain gain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 4 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 5 protection protection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 6 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 7 storing store VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 8 QAs QAs NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 10 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 11 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 12 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 14 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 15 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 16 predatory predatory JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 17 ants ant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 19 wasps wasp NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 664 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 1 When when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 3 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 4 pupate pupate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 6 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 10 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 11 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 12 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 13 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 14 impregnate impregnate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 16 silk silk NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 19 cocoon cocoon NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 21 thereby thereby RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 22 providing provide VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 23 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 24 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 25 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 26 critical critical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 27 developmental developmental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 28 stage stage NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 30 503,514 503,514 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 665 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 2 emerging emerge VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 3 moth moth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 4 lives live VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 5 cryptically cryptically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 7 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 8 no no DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 9 aposematic aposematic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 10 coloring coloring NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 13 does do VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 14 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 15 contain contain VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 666 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 2 contrast contrast NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 4 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 5 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 6 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 7 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 9 aposematically aposematically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 10 colored color VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 12 live live VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 13 openly openly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 14 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 16 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 18 503,514 503,514 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 667 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 2 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 5 blue blue JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 6 butterfly butterfly NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 8 Plebejus plebejus JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 9 icaroides icaroides NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 11 feed feed VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 12 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 13 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 14 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 16 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 668 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 1 As as RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 2 far far RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 3 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 5 know know VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 8 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 9 do do VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 10 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 11 sequester sequester VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 12 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 13 store store VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 15 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 18 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 669 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 1 Helopeltis Helopeltis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 2 feeds feed VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 3 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 4 Cinchona Cinchona NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 5 bark bark NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 7 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 9 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 11 cinchonine cinchonine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 12 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 13 like like JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 15 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 17 stores store VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 19 uses use VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 20 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 21 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 23 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 24 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 26 506 506 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 670 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 1 Larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 3 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 4 butterflies butterfly NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 5 Pachlioptera Pachlioptera NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 6 aristolochiae aristolochiae NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 8 Zerynthia Zerynthia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 9 polyxena polyxena NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 11 Ornithoptera Ornithoptera NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 12 priamus priamus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 15 Battus Battus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 16 philenor philenor VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 17 live live VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 18 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 19 Arisrolochia Arisrolochia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 20 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 22 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 23 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 24 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 25 take take VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 26 up up RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 27 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 28 sequester sequester VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 29 aristolochic aristolochic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 30 acid acid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 32 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 33 carcinogenic carcinogenic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 34 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 35 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 36 earlier early RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 37 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 38 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 39 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 40 effective effective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 41 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 42 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 44 4,28,236 4,28,236 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 671 46 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 2 best well RBS cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 3 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 4 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 5 group group NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 7 acquired acquire VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 11 pyrrolizidines pyrrolizidine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 13 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 14 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 15 produced produce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 16 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 19 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 22 families family NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 23 Asteraceae Asteraceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 25 Boraginaceae Boraginaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 27 502 502 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 672 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 2 arctiid arctiid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 3 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 5 Tyria Tyria NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 6 jacobaea jacobaea NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 8 Cycnia Cycnia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 9 mendica mendica NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 11 Amphicallia Amphicallia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 12 bellafrix bellafrix NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 14 Arginia Arginia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 15 cribaria cribaria NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 18 Arctia Arctia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 19 caja caja NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 20 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 21 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 22 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 23 store store VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 25 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 26 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 27 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 28 exploit exploit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 29 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 30 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 32 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 33 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 35 4,17,28,31,222 4,17,28,31,222 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 36 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 37 224,237 224,237 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 673 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 2 Tyria Tyria NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 3 jacobaea jacobaea NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 5 Arctia Arctia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 6 caja caja NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 8 Diacrisia Diacrisia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 9 sannio sannio NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 11 Phragmatobia Phragmatobia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 12 fuligonosa fuligonosa NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 15 Callimorpha Callimorpha NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 674 16 dominula dominula NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 1 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 3 taken take VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 4 up up RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 6 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 9 integument integument NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 11 523 523 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 675 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 1 Monarch Monarch NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 2 butterflies butterfly NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 4 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 6 Danaus Danaus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 7 plexipus plexipus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 9 combine combine VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 10 two two CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 11 sets set NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 13 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 14 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 676 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 1 Larvae larvae NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 2 feed feed VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 3 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 4 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 5 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 7 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 8 glycosides glycoside NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 10 use use VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 11 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 13 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 14 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 15 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 677 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 1 Adult adult NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 2 butterflies butterfly NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 3 visit visit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 4 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 5 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 6 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 8 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 10 collect collect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 11 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 12 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 13 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 14 converted convert VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 15 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 16 pheromones pheromone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 17 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 18 transferred transfer VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 19 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 21 eggs egg NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 23 4,f 4,f CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 24 7,31,33,36f,515 7,31,33,36f,515 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 678 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 2 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 3 PA PA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 4 utilization utilization NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 5 scheme scheme NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 6 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 7 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 8 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 9 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 12 moth moth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 13 Utetheisa Utetheisa NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 14 ornatrix ornatrix NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 16 367 367 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 18 516 516 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 21 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 23 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 24 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 25 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 26 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 27 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 28 deterrent deterrent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 29 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 30 spiders spider NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 31 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 32 birds bird NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 34 225 225 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 36 525 525 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 679 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 2 chrysomelid chrysomelid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 3 beetle beetle NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 4 Oreina Oreina NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 5 feeds feed VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 6 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 7 PA PA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 9 containing contain VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 12 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 13 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 14 Adenostyles Adenostyles NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 16 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 17 stores store NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 19 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 20 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 21 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 23 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 24 fluid fluid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 26 463,524 463,524 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 680 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 3 arctiid arctiid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 4 Creatonotos Creatonotos NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 5 transiens transien NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 6 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 7 observed observe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 8 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 9 advanced advanced JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 10 exploitation exploitation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 12 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 14 31,33,429,517 31,33,429,517 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 15 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 16 521 521 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 681 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 4 phagostimulants phagostimulant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 5 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 6 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 8 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 10 endowed endow VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 11 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 12 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 13 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 14 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 682 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 1 Dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 2 pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 3 N n CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 4 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 5 oxides oxide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 7 resorbed resorb VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 9 carrier carrier NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 10 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 11 mediated mediate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 12 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 683 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 1 After after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 2 resorption resorption NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 4 free free JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 5 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 7 converted convert VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 8 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 10 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 11 N n NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 12 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 13 oxides oxide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 16 7S)-heliotrine 7s)-heliotrine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 17 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 19 7R)-heliotrine 7r)-heliotrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 684 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 2 latter latter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 3 form form NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 5 later later RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 6 converted convert VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 7 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 9 male male JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 10 pheromone pheromone NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 13 7R)-hydroxydanaidal 7r)-hydroxydanaidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 685 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 1 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 3 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 4 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 6 integument integument NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 8 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 10 serve serve VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 11 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 12 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 13 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 15 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 16 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 17 lost lose VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 18 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 19 metamorphosis metamorphosis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 686 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 3 adult adult NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 4 moth moth NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 6 however however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 9 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 10 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 11 mobilized mobilize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 687 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 3 female female JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 4 adult adult NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 6 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 8 translocated translocate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 9 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 11 ovary ovary NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 13 subsequently subsequently RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 14 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 16 eggs egg NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 688 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 3 male male NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 5 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 6 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 7 necessary necessary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 10 induction induction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 12 abdominal abdominal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 13 scent scent NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 14 organs organ NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 16 concomitantly concomitantly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 17 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 19 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 21 PA PA NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 22 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 23 derived derive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 24 pheromones pheromone NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 26 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 27 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 28 dissipated dissipate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 29 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 30 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 31 coremata coremata NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 689 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 4 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 6 transferred transfer VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 7 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 9 spermatophore spermatophore NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 11 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 12 donated donate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 13 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 15 female female NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 690 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 2 significant significant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 3 amount amount NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 5 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 7 further further RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 8 transferred transfer VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 9 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 11 eggs egg NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 13 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 14 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 15 obtain obtain VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 16 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 17 protection protection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 18 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 19 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 20 PAS pas NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 21 previously previously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 22 acquired acquire VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 23 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 24 both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 25 male male JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 27 female female JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 28 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 691 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 1 Marine Marine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 2 dinoflagellates dinoflagellate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 3 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 5 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 7 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 9 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 10 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 11 saxitoxin saxitoxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 13 surugatoxin surugatoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 15 tetrodotoxin tetrodotoxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 18 gonyautoxin gonyautoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 20 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 21 affect affect VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 22 ion ion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 23 channels channel NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 25 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 26 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 692 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 2 algae algae NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 4 eaten eat VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 5 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 6 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 7 copepods copepod NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 9 fish fish NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 12 molluscs mollusc NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 13 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 14 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 15 store store VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 16 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 17 neurotoxins neurotoxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 19 4,17,28,29,494,495 4,17,28,29,494,495 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 693 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 3 consequence consequence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 6 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 7 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 8 acquired acquire VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 9 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 10 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 11 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 13 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 15 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 16 use use VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 17 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 18 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 694 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 2 discussion discussion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 3 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 4 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 5 meant mean VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 7 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 8 complete complete JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 10 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 11 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 12 illustrate illustrate VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 13 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 15 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 17 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 18 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 19 exploit exploit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 21 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 22 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 24 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 25 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 695 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 4 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 5 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 7 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 9 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 13 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 14 traits trait NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 15 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 16 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 17 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 18 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 19 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 20 prerequisites prerequisite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 696 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 1 However however RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 3 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 6 respective respective JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 7 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 9 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 10 interactions interaction NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 11 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 12 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 13 yet yet RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 14 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 15 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 19 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 20 therefore therefore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 21 likely likely JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 22 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 23 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 24 acquisition acquisition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 25 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 26 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 27 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 28 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 29 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 30 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 31 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 32 widely widely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 33 distributed distribute VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 34 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 35 Nature Nature NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 36 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 37 anticipated anticipate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 697 38 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 2 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 3 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 5 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 6 highly highly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 7 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 8 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 9 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 11 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 12 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 13 tend tend VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 16 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 19 polyphagous polyphagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 20 type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 22 although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 23 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 24 specialization specialization NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 25 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 26 occur occur VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 698 27 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 2 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 4 grouse grouse NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 6 Lagopus Lagopus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 7 lagopus lagopus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 9 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 10 capercaillies capercaillie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 12 Tetra0 Tetra0 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 13 urogallus urogallus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 15 prefer prefer VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 16 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 19 families family NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 21 Ericaceae Ericaceae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 23 Coniferae Coniferae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 25 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 26 crossbills crossbill NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 27 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 28 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 29 Picea Picea NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 30 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 31 Abies Abies NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 32 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 34 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 35 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 36 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 37 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 38 terpenes terpene NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 699 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 2 Australian australian JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 3 koala koala NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 5 oligophagous oligophagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 7 prefers prefer VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 8 terpene terpene NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 9 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 10 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 11 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 14 genus genus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 15 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 700 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 2 approximately approximately RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 3 65 65 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 4 million million CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 5 years year NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 7 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 8 only only JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 9 true true JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 10 herbivorous herbivorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 11 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 12 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 13 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 15 mammals mammal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 701 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 2 Mesozoic Mesozoic NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 3 reptiles reptile NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 4 disappeared disappear VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 5 following follow VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 7 mesophytic mesophytic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 8 flora flora NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 702 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 1 Birds bird NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 3 though though IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 5 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 6 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 7 feed feed VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 8 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 9 seeds seed NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 11 berries berry NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 13 seldom seldom RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 14 eat eat VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 15 leaves leave NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 17 except except IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 18 geese goose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 19 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 20 grouse grouse NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 23 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 24 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 25 frequently frequently RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 26 use use VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 27 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 29 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 30 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 31 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 32 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 33 parts part NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 35 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 36 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 37 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 38 source source NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 40 18 18 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 703 42 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 1 Although although IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 3 single single JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 4 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 5 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 6 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 8 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 9 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 10 hundreds hundred NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 12 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 13 larvae larva NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 15 hundreds hundred NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 18 comprise comprise VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 20 daily daily JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 21 menu menu NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 22 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 23 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 24 larger large JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 25 mammal mammal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 704 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 2 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 5 polyphagous polyphagous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 6 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 7 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 9 following following NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 705 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 1 Avoidance avoidance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 3 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 4 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 5 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 6 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 7 vertebrate vertebrate NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 8 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 10 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 11 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 13 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 14 labeled label VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 15 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 17 poisonous poisonous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 18 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 19 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 21 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 22 olfaction olfaction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 23 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 24 taste taste VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 25 discrimination discrimination NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 706 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 1 Often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 2 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 3 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 4 may may MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 5 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 6 described describe VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 7 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 8 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 10 pungent pungent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 12 bad bad JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 13 smelling smell VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 17 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 18 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 19 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 20 repellent repellent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 707 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 708 1 2 2 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 708 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 1 Sampling sampling NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 3 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 4 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 6 wide wide JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 7 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 8 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 9 sources source NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 11 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 12 minimizing minimize VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 14 ingestion ingestion NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 16 high high JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 17 amounts amount NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 18 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 19 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 20 single single JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 21 toxin toxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 709 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 710 1 3 3 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 710 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 1 Detoxification detoxification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 3 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 4 alleochemicals alleochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 7 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 8 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 9 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 10 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 11 symbiotic symbiotic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 12 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 14 protozoa protozoan NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 15 living live VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 18 rumen rumen NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 19 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 20 intestines intestine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 22 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 23 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 24 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 25 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 26 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 27 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 28 specialized specialize VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 29 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 30 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 31 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 32 modification modification NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 33 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 34 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 711 35 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 3 trait trait NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 4 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 5 very very RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 6 helpful helpful JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 7 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 8 Homo homo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 9 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 11 since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 13 endowed endow VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 14 us -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 15 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 16 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 17 means means NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 18 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 19 cope cope VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 20 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 21 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 22 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 23 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 24 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 25 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 26 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 27 pollute pollute VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 29 environment environment NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 712 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 1 Carnivorous carnivorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 4 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 6 cats cat NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 9 known know VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 10 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 11 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 12 much much RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 13 more more RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 14 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 15 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 16 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 17 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 19 505 505 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 713 21 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 2 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 3 suggested suggest VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 6 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 8 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 9 d d NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 10 o o NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 11 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 12 face face VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 14 problem problem NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 16 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 17 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 18 normally normally RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 20 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 21 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 22 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 23 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 24 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 26 handling handling NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 28 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 714 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 1 Some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 4 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 6 monkeys monkey NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 8 parrots parrot NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 11 geese goose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 13 ingest ingest VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 14 soil soil NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 715 15 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 2 geese goose NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 4 185 185 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 7 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 8 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 9 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 11 ingested ingest VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 12 soil soil NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 13 binds bind VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 14 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 15 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 17 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 20 185 185 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 716 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 2 procedure procedure NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 3 would would MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 4 reduce reduce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 6 allelochemical allelochemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 7 content content NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 8 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 9 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 10 resorption resorption NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 717 11 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 718 1 5 5 LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 718 2 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 719 1 Animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 719 2 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 719 3 intelligent intelligent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 719 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 719 5 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 719 6 learn learn VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 719 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 2 role role NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 4 learning learn VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 6 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 8 toxin toxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 9 avoidance avoidance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 10 should should MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 11 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 12 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 13 underestimated underestimate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 15 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 17 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 18 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 19 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 20 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 21 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 22 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 23 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 720 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 1 For for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 2 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 3 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 4 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 7 ways way NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 9 manage manage VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 10 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 11 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 13 tolerate tolerate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 15 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 16 detoxify detoxify VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 18 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 19 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 20 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 21 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 22 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 23 explored explore VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 721 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 1 Sometimes sometimes RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 3 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 4 domesticated domesticated JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 5 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 6 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 7 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 9 experiments experiment NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 11 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 12 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 13 tend tend VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 15 make make VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 16 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 17 mistakes mistake NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 19 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 20 choice choice NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 21 than than IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 22 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 23 wild wild JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 24 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 722 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 1 More More JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 2 evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 3 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 4 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 5 subject subject NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 7 available available JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 8 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 9 Homo homo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 10 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 12 who who WP cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 13 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 14 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 15 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 16 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 18 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 19 tricks trick NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 21 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 22 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 24 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 25 obviously obviously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 26 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 27 anticipated anticipate VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 28 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 29 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 723 30 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 1 First first RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 3 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 4 tends tend VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 5 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 6 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 7 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 8 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 9 bitter bitter JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 11 pungent pungent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 14 strongly strongly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 15 scented scented JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 16 ingredients ingredient NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 724 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 2 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 3 prerequisite prerequisite NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 4 he -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 5 needs need VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 6 corresponding correspond VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 7 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 10 nose nose NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 11 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 12 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 14 tongue tongue NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 15 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 16 evolved evolve VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 17 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 19 long long JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 20 run run NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 22 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 23 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 24 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 25 means means NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 26 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 27 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 28 intoxication intoxication NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 725 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 1 Second second RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 4 liver liver NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 5 still still RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 6 contains contain VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 7 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 8 set set NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 10 detoxifying detoxify VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 11 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 12 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 13 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 14 handle handle VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 15 most most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 16 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 726 17 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 3 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 5 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 6 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 8 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 9 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 10 cytochrome cytochrome NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 11 P.450 P.450 NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 12 oxidase oxidase NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 14 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 15 inducible inducible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 16 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 17 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 18 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 727 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 1 Third third RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 3 besides besides IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 4 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 5 biological biological JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 6 adaptations adaptation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 7 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 8 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 9 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 10 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 11 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 12 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 13 brain brain NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 15 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 16 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 17 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 728 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 729 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 729 2 a a LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 729 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 730 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 730 2 fruits fruit NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 730 3 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 730 4 vegetables vegetable NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 730 5 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 730 6 peeled peel VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 730 7 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 1 As as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 2 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 3 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 5 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 6 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 8 stored store VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 10 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 11 epidermis epidermis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 13 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 14 example example NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 16 steroid steroid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 17 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 19 potato potato NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 20 tubers tuber NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 22 cucurbitacins cucurbitacin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 23 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 24 cucurbits cucurbit NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 26 peeling peel VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 27 eliminates eliminate VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 28 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 30 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 31 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 32 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 33 consumption consumption NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 731 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 2 b b LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 4 Most Most JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 5 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 7 boiled boil VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 9 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 732 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 2 leads lead VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 3 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 5 thermal thermal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 6 destruction destruction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 8 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 9 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 11 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 12 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 14 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 15 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 16 phytohaemagglutinins phytohaemagglutinin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 18 protease protease NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 19 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 21 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 22 some some DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 23 esters ester NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 25 glycosides glycoside NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 733 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 2 watersoluble watersoluble JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 3 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 4 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 5 leached leach VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 6 out out RP cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 7 into into IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 9 cooking cooking NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 10 water water NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 12 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 13 discarded discard VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 14 after after IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 15 cooking cooking NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 17 e.g. e.g. RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 19 lupines lupine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 20 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 21 potatoes potato NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 734 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 2 c c LS cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 4 South South NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 5 American American NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 6 Indians Indians NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 7 ingest ingest VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 8 clay clay NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 9 when when WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 10 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 11 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 12 rich rich JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 13 potato potato NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 14 tubers tuber NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 15 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 16 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 18 menu menu NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 735 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 2 clay clay NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 3 binds bind VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 4 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 7 geophagy geophagy NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 8 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 9 thus thus RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 10 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 11 ingenious ingenious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 12 way way NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 13 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 14 detoxify detoxify VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 15 potential potential JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 16 toxins toxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 19 diet diet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 21 522 522 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 736 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 737 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 737 2 d d NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 737 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 1 Man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 2 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 3 modified modify VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 5 composition composition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 7 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 8 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 9 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 10 crop crop NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 14 that that DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 15 unpleasant unpleasant JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 16 taste taste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 17 components component NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 18 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 19 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 20 reduced reduce VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 21 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 22 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 23 breeding breeding NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 738 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 1 From from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 3 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 5 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 7 avoidance avoidance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 8 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 9 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 10 strategy strategy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 11 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 12 plausible plausible JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 14 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 17 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 18 discussed discuss VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 19 earlier early RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 22 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 23 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 24 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 25 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 26 point point NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 27 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 28 view view NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 30 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 31 ecology ecology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 739 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 2 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 3 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 4 lose lose VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 5 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 6 resistance resistance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 7 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 8 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 9 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 12 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 13 then then RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 14 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 15 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 16 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 17 replaced replace VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 18 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 19 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 20 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 21 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 22 pesticides pesticide NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 740 23 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 2 general general JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 4 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 5 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 6 few few JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 7 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 9 exploited exploit VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 10 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 11 man man NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 13 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 15 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 16 compared compare VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 17 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 19 300,000 300,000 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 20 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 21 present present JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 22 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 23 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 24 planet planet NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 741 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 1 This this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 2 means mean VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 3 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 4 even even RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 5 Homo homo NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 6 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 7 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 8 all all PDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 9 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 10 ingenuity ingenuity NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 11 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 12 achieved achieve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 13 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 14 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 15 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 16 small small JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 17 success success NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 19 indicating indicate VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 21 importance importance NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 23 power power NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 25 chemical chemical JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 26 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 27 defenses defense NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 742 28 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 3 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 6 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 7 worth worth JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 8 recalling recall VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 9 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 10 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 11 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 12 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 13 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 14 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 15 able able JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 16 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 17 synthesize synthesize VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 19 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 20 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 21 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 23 among among IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 24 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 25 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 26 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 28 4,17,28,494 4,17,28,494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 29 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 30 496 496 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 743 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 5 common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 6 feature feature NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 7 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 10 usually usually RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 11 slow slow RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 12 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 13 moving move VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 15 soft soft JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 16 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 17 bodied bodied JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 18 organisms organism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 744 19 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 1 Marine marine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 4 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 5 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 6 mol mol NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 7 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 8 luscs luscs JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 10 sponges sponge NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 12 zooanthids zooanthids NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 13 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 14 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 15 fishes fish NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 16 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 17 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 18 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 19 shown show VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 20 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 21 contain contain VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 22 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 23 variety variety NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 25 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 26 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 27 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 28 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 29 acrylcholine acrylcholine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 31 neosaxitoxin neosaxitoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 33 murexin murexin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 35 pahutoxin pahutoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 37 palytoxin palytoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 39 petrosine petrosine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 41 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 42 tetramine tetramine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 43 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 44 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 45 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 46 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 47 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 48 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 49 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 51 4.17,28,29,221,226,229,232,233,234,495 4.17,28,29,221,226,229,232,233,234,495 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 745 53 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 1 A a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 2 number number NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 4 nemertine nemertine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 5 worms worm NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 7 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 8 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 9 Amphiporus Amphiporus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 11 Nereis Nereis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 13 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 14 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 15 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 17 2,3-bipyridyl 2,3-bipyridyl CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 19 anabaseine anabaseine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 20 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 21 nemertelline nemertelline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 23 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 24 nereistoxin nereistoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 26 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 27 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 28 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 29 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 30 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 31 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 32 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 33 crayfish crayfish NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 35 4 4 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 36 1 1 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 37 7,28,230,226 7,28,230,226 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 746 40 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 1 Arthropod Arthropod NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 2 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 3 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 4 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 5 include include VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 6 glomerine glomerine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 8 homoglomerine homoglomerine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 10 Glomerus Glomerus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 12 215 215 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 15 adaline adaline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 17 Adalia Adalia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 19 227 227 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 22 coccinelline coccinelline NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 24 euphococcinine euphococcinine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 26 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 27 derivatives derivative NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 28 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 29 Coccinella Coccinella NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 30 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 31 Epilachna Epilachna NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 32 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 33 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 34 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 35 coccinellid coccinellid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 36 beetles beetle NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 38 28,226,227,235 28,226,227,235 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 40 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 41 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 42 stenusine stenusine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 43 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 44 Stenus Stenus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 46 215 215 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 48 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 49 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 50 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 51 considered consider VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 52 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 53 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 54 antipredatory antipredatory NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 55 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 56 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 57 4,17,28,494 4,17,28,494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 58 - - SYM cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 59 496 496 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 747 61 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 1 Solenopsis Solenopsis NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 2 ants ant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 3 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 4 piperidine piperidine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 7 resemble resemble VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 9 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 10 alkaloid alkaloid NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 11 coniine coniine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 748 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 4 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 5 deterrents deterrent NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 7 inhibit inhibit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 8 several several JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 9 cellular cellular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 10 processes process NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 12 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 13 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 14 electron electron NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 15 transport transport NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 16 chains chain NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 18 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 19 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 22 28 28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 24 494 494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 749 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 3 indicate indicate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 5 content content NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 7 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 8 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 9 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 10 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 11 warning warn VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 12 colors color NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 14 aposematism aposematism NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 16 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 17 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 18 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 19 production production NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 21 malodorous malodorous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 22 pyrazines pyrazine NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 24 4,17,231,494 4,17,231,494 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 750 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 1 Not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 2 only only RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 3 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 4 lower low JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 5 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 6 able able JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 7 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 8 synthesize synthesize VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 11 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 12 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 13 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 15 especially especially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 16 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 17 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 18 class class NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 19 Amphibia Amphibia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 751 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 1 Tree tree NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 2 frogs frog NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 5 genus genus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 6 Dendrobates Dendrobates NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 7 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 8 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 11 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 13 batrachotoxin batrachotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 15 pumiliotoxins pumiliotoxins NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 16 A A NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 17 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 18 C C NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 20 gephyrotoxin gephyrotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 21 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 22 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 23 histrionicotoxin histrionicotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 24 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 25 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 27 skin skin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 28 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 29 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 30 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 31 strong strong JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 32 neurotoxins neurotoxin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 34 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 35 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 752 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 753 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 753 2 4,17,28 4,17,28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 753 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 753 4 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 1 Natives native NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 2 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 3 used use VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 6 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 7 arrow arrow NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 8 poisons poison NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 754 9 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 1 Similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 2 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 4 i.e. i.e. FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 6 homobatrachotoxin homobatrachotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 8 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 9 recently recently RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 10 been be VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 11 detected detect VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 12 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 13 passerine passerine JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 14 birds bird NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 16 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 17 genus genus NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 18 Pitohui Pitohui NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 20 528 528 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 755 22 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 1 Salamanders salamander NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 3 Salamandra Salamandra NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 4 maculosa maculosa NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 6 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 7 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 8 aposematically aposematically RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 9 colored color VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 11 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 13 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 14 salamandrine salamandrine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 16 derivatives derivative NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 18 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 19 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 21 steroidal steroidal JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 22 group group NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 24 4,17,28 4,17,28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 756 26 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 1 Salamandrine Salamandrine NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 3 both both CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 4 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 5 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 6 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 8 paralytic paralytic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 10 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 11 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 12 antibiotic antibiotic NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 757 13 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 1 Toads toad NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 3 Bufonidae Bufonidae NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 5 produce produce VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 6 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 8 skin skin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 9 cardiac cardiac NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 10 glycosides glycoside NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 11 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 13 bufadienolide bufadienolide NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 14 type type NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 15 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 16 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 17 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 18 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 19 set set NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 20 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 21 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 23 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 24 adrenaline adrenaline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 26 noradrenaline noradrenaline NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 28 adenine adenine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 30 bufotenine bufotenine NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 32 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 33 bufotoxin bufotoxin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 35 4,17,28 4,17,28 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 758 37 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 1 Except except IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 2 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 3 bufotoxin bufotoxin NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 4 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 5 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 6 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 7 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 9 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 10 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 11 mimic mimic VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 13 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 759 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 2 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 3 show show VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 4 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 6 found find VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 8 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 9 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 10 either either CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 11 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 12 derived derive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 13 from from IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 14 dietary dietary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 15 sources source NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 17 see see VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 18 Section Section NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 19 111,D,2 111,d,2 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 21 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 22 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 23 made make VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 24 endogenously endogenously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 760 25 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 1 Common common JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 2 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 3 both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 4 origins origin NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 5 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 7 use use NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 8 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 9 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 10 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 11 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 13 analogous analogous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 14 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 16 situation situation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 17 found find VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 18 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 19 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 761 20 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 2 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 4 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 5 observe observe VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 7 trend trend NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 8 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 9 sessile sessile JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 10 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 11 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 12 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 13 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 14 sponges sponge NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 16 bryozoans bryozoan NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 18 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 19 slow slow RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 20 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 21 moving move VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 22 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 23 without without IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 24 armor armor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 25 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 26 such such JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 27 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 28 worms worm NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 29 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 30 nudibranchs nudibranch NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 31 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 32 frogs frog NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 34 toads toad NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 35 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 36 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 37 salamanders salamander NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 38 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 39 produce produce VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 40 active active JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 41 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 43 28,29,494,495 28,29,494,495 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 45 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 46 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 47 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 48 so so RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 49 those those DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 50 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 51 weapons weapon NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 52 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 53 armor armor NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 54 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 55 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 56 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 57 possibility possibility NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 58 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 59 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 60 immediate immediate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 61 flight flight NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 762 62 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 1 Plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 2 merely merely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 3 developed develop VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 4 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 5 similar similar JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 6 strategy strategy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 7 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 8 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 9 " " `` cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 10 unprotected unprotected JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 11 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 12 animal animal NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 13 species specie NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 763 14 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 2 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 3 context context NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 5 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 6 amazing amazing JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 7 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 8 hardly hardly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 9 anybody anybody NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 10 has have VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 11 doubted doubt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 12 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 13 defensive defensive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 14 role role NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 16 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 17 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 18 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 20 whereas whereas IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 21 people people NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 22 did do VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 23 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 24 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 25 still still RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 26 do do VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 27 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 28 where where WRB cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 29 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 30 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 31 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 32 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 33 concerned concerned JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 764 34 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 1 Evidence evidence NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 2 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 3 presented present VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 4 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 5 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 6 overview overview NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 7 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 8 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 9 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 10 not not RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 11 waste waste NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 12 products product NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 13 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 14 functionless functionless JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 15 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 16 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 17 formerly formerly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 18 assumed assume VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 20 34,35 34,35 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 23 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 24 rather rather RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 25 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 26 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 27 employed employ VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 28 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 29 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 30 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 31 survival survival NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 32 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 33 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 34 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 35 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 36 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 38 competing compete VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 39 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 765 40 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 1 These these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 2 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 3 were be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 4 obviously obviously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 5 developed develop VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 6 during during IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 7 evolution evolution NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 8 through through IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 9 natural natural JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 10 selection selection NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 12 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 14 fit fit VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 15 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 16 important important JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 17 molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 18 targets target NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 19 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 20 often often RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 21 receptors receptor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 22 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 23 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 24 cells cell NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 26 i.e. i.e. FW cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 28 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 29 specific specific JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 30 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 31 or or CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 32 modulators modulator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 34 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 35 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 36 can can MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 37 clearly clearly RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 38 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 39 seen see VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 40 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 41 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 42 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 43 mimic mimic VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 44 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 45 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 47 Table Table NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 48 IV IV NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 49 ; ; : cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 50 Section section NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 51 II II NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 52 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 53 A,3,a A,3,a NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 766 55 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 1 On on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 2 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 3 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 4 hand hand NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 6 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 7 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 8 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 9 rely rely VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 10 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 12 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 13 a a DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 14 food food NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 15 source source NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 767 16 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 1 Since since IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 2 both both DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 4 survived survive VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 5 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 6 there there EX cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 7 must must MD cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 8 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 9 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 10 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 11 adaptations adaptation NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 12 toward toward IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 13 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 14 defensive defensive JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 15 chemistry chemistry NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 16 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 17 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 768 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 1 Many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 2 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 3 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 4 evolved evolve VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 5 strategies strategy NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 6 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 7 avoid avoid VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 9 extremely extremely RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 10 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 11 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 13 prefer prefer VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 14 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 15 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 16 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 17 ones one NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 769 18 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 2 addition addition NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 4 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 5 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 6 have have VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 7 potent potent JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 8 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 9 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 10 detoxify detoxify VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 11 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 12 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 13 which which WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 14 allows allow VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 15 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 16 exploitation exploitation NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 17 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 18 at at IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 19 least least JJS cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 20 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 21 less less RBR cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 22 toxic toxic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 23 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 770 24 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 1 In in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 2 insects insect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 3 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 4 many many JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 5 specialists specialist NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 6 evolved evolve VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 7 that that WDT cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 8 are be VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 9 adapted adapt VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 10 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 12 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 13 chemicals chemical NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 14 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 16 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 17 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 18 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 19 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 20 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 22 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 23 these these DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 24 compounds compound NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 25 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 26 exploit exploit VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 27 them -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 28 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 29 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 30 own own JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 31 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 771 32 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 1 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 2 obviously obviously RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 3 function function VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 4 as as IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 5 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 6 molecules molecule NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 7 against against IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 8 insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 9 predators predator NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 10 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 11 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 12 examples example NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 13 studied study VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 14 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 15 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 16 this this DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 17 is be VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 18 further further JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 19 support support NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 20 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 21 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 22 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 23 that that IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 24 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 25 same same JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 26 compound compound NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 27 also also RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 28 serves serve VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 29 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 30 chemical chemical NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 31 defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 32 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 33 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 34 host host NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 35 plant plant NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 772 36 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 2 overall overall JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 3 picture picture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 5 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 8 function function NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 10 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 11 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 12 animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 13 seems seem VBZ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 14 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 15 be be VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 16 clear clear JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 17 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 18 but but CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 19 we -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 20 need need VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 21 substantially substantially RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 22 more more JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 23 experimental experimental JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 24 data datum NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 25 to to TO cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 26 understand understand VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 27 fully fully RB cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 28 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 29 intricate intricate JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 30 interconnections interconnection NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 31 between between IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 32 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 33 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 34 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 35 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 36 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 37 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 38 herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 39 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 40 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 41 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 42 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 43 other other JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 44 plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 773 45 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 774 1 Defense defense NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 774 2 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 774 3 Animals animal NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 1 Introduction introduction NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 2 to to IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 3 Ecological Ecological NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 4 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 5 Defense Defense NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 6 Mechanisms Mechanisms NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 7 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 8 Plants Plants NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 9 Herbivores herbivore NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 775 10 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 2 Interaction Interaction NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 3 with with IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 4 Secondary Secondary NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 5 16 16 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 6 Okologische Okologische NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 7 Biochemie Biochemie NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 8 Allelochemicals Allelochemicals NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 9 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 10 Role role NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 11 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 12 Agriculture Agriculture NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 13 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 14 Forestry Forestry NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 15 Cell Cell NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 16 Culture Culture NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 17 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 18 Somatic somatic JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 19 Cell Cell NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 20 Genetics Genetics NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 21 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 22 Plants plant NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 23 " " '' cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 25 F. F. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 26 Constabel Constabel NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 27 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 28 25 25 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 776 29 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 777 1 M. M. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 778 1 Wink wink VB cord-021013-xvc791wx 778 2 Gifttiere Gifttiere NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 779 1 und und NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 780 1 ihre ihre NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 780 2 WafTen WafTen NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 780 3 Perspectives Perspectives NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 780 4 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 780 5 Chemoreception Chemoreception NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 780 6 Behavior Behavior NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 781 1 Biochemie Biochemie NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 781 2 und und XX cord-021013-xvc791wx 782 1 Physiologie Physiologie NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 782 2 der der NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 782 3 sekundaren sekundaren NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 783 1 Pflanzenstoffe Pflanzenstoffe NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 783 2 Plant Plant NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 784 1 Metabolites metabolite NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 784 2 Biosynthese Biosynthese NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 784 3 der der NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 784 4 Alkaloide Alkaloide NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 784 5 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 784 6 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 784 7 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 2 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 3 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 4 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 5 Fundamental Fundamental NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 6 Chemistry Chemistry NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 7 Antiseptika Antiseptika NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 8 Baerheim Baerheim NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 9 Svendsen Svendsen NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 10 Lloydia Lloydia NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 11 51 51 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 785 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 1 N. N. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 2 M. M. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 3 Rojas Rojas NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 4 Hernandez Hernandez NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 5 Vallejos Vallejos NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 7 0 0 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 786 8 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 787 1 A. A. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 787 2 Roveri Roveri NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 788 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 788 2 Merck Merck NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 788 3 Index Index NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 788 4 Proc Proc NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 788 5 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 789 1 3rd 3rd NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 789 2 Inf Inf NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 789 3 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 1 Lupin Lupin NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 2 Conf Conf NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 3 Insect Insect NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 4 Biology Biology NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 5 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 6 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 7 Future Future NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 8 Micromolecular Micromolecular NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 9 Evolution Evolution NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 10 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 11 Systematics Systematics NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 12 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 13 Ecology Ecology NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 790 14 Phytochernical Phytochernical NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 791 1 Ecology ecology NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 791 2 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 1 Allelochernicals Allelochernicals NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 2 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 3 Mycotoxins Mycotoxins NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 4 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 5 Insect insect NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 6 Pheromones Pheromones NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 7 Phytochem Phytochem NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 8 Biogene Biogene NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 792 9 Gifte Gifte NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 1 Rozniki Rozniki NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 2 Nauk Nauk NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 3 Rolnikzych Rolnikzych NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 4 Die Die NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 5 Gift Gift NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 6 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 7 und und NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 8 Arzneipflanzen Arzneipflanzen NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 9 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 10 Mitteleuropa Mitteleuropa NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 11 Antibiotics Antibiotics NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 793 12 : : : cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 1 Mechanism Mechanism NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 2 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 3 Action Action NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 5 Antimicrobial Antimicrobial NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 7 Antitumour Antitumour NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 8 Agents Agents NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 9 Antimicrob Antimicrob NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 794 10 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 1 Agents Agents NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 2 Chemo Chemo NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 3 Pharmazeutische Pharmazeutische NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 4 Biologie Biologie NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 5 11 11 CD cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 6 , , , cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 7 Biogene Biogene NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 8 Arzneistoffe Arzneistoffe NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 9 Pharmazeutische Pharmazeutische NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 10 Biologie Biologie NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 11 Drug Drug NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 12 Use Use NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 13 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 795 14 Pregnancy pregnancy NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 796 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 796 2 Alkaloids Alkaloids NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 796 3 Handbook Handbook NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 796 4 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 796 5 Enzyme Enzyme NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 796 6 Inhibitions Inhibitions NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 1 Cold Cold NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 2 Spring Spring NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 3 Harbor Harbor NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 4 Conf Conf NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 5 Primary Primary NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 6 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 7 Secondary secondary JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 8 Metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 9 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 10 Plant Plant NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 11 Cell cell NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 12 Cultures Cultures NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 13 Chemical Chemical NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 14 Defenses defense NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 15 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 797 16 Arthropods Arthropods NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 1 Der Der NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 2 Einfluss Einfluss NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 3 einer einer NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 4 Pflanze Pflanze NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 5 auf auf NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 6 die die VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 7 Andere Andere NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 8 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 798 9 Allelopathie Allelopathie NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 2 Science Science NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 4 Allelopathy Allelopathy NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 5 Allelopathy Allelopathy NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 6 Lectures Lectures NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 7 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 8 Insect Insect NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 9 Olfaction Olfaction NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 10 Focus Focus NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 11 on on IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 12 Insect Insect NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 13 - - HYPH cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 14 Plant Plant NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 15 Interactions Interactions NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 16 Alkaloid Alkaloid NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 17 Biology Biology NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 18 and and CC cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 19 Metabolism metabolism NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 20 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 21 Plants Plants NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 22 Molecular molecular JJ cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 23 Aspects aspect NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 24 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 25 Insect Insect NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 26 Plant Plant NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 27 Associations Associations NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 28 Methods Methods NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 29 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 30 Plant Plant NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 31 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 32 Secondary Secondary NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 33 Products Products NNPS cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 34 in in IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 35 Plant Plant NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 36 Tissue tissue NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 37 Culture culture NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 38 Proc proc NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 799 39 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 800 1 Natl Natl NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 801 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 801 2 Alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 1 The the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 2 work work NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 3 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 4 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 5 author author NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 6 was be VBD cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 7 supported support VBN cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 8 by by IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 9 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 10 Deutsche Deutsche NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 11 Forschungsgemeinschaft Forschungsgemeinschaft NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 802 12 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 803 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-021013-xvc791wx 803 2 thank thank VBP cord-021013-xvc791wx 803 3 Dr. Dr. NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 803 4 Th Th NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 803 5 . . . cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 1 Twardowski Twardowski NNP cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 2 for for IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 3 reading read VBG cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 4 an an DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 5 earlier early JJR cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 6 draft draft NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 7 of of IN cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 8 the the DT cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 9 manuscript manuscript NN cord-021013-xvc791wx 804 10 . . .