cord-002272-c7f1l13s	2016	title: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) controls monocyte production and maturation and the steady-state size of the liver in pigs Combined with earlier data from the mouse, this study supports the existence of a CSF1-dependent feedback loop, linking macrophages of the liver with bone marrow and blood monocytes, to mediate homeostatic control of the size of the liver. The expected increase in half-life was confirmed, and CSF1-Fc administration to mice produced substantial increases in circulating monocyte and tissue macrophage numbers, at much lower doses than the native protein. Cluster 2 (Fig. 9B) , the set of genes reduced in the CSF1-Fc-treated pigs, most likely reflects the functional zonation of the liver between periportal and perivenous regions of liver lobules (8, 19, 48) and the selective proliferation of cells derived from portal progenitors that has been observed in regenerating liver (15, 34, 36) .
cord-003447-kbpvt5on	2018	This study interviewed pig traders operating at Uganda''s only registered pork abattoir to describe their characteristics, business practices, biosecurity practices, and pig health management and reporting practices. Given pig traders'' important role in supplying pork for a rapidly expanding consumer base and linking farmers with consistent markets, a better understanding of their practices and motivations around purchasing, transportation, and pig health management is needed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) describe pig trader characteristics, trading practices, biosecurity practices, pig health management, and reporting practices and (2) map source locations of pigs purchased to supply pork through the major abattoir in Uganda. Furthermore, we observed trader brands on pigs at slaughter (e.g., number or letter carved on the animal at the time of purchase) and asked participants who had completed the interview if they could identify the trader who supplied the pig.
cord-003640-psnec2qp	2019	
cord-009820-fi54s0x7	2010	SUMMARY: Forty‐eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. The present studies were primarily designed to determine whether a virus isolate, obtained from pigs with the vomiting and wasting syndrome only, could produce clinical signs after inoculation by different routes. When sick, pigs were killed at time intervals varying from one to five days after the appearance of clinical signs and different tissues were collected for virus isolation. From the pigs killed at different time intervals after inoculation, the following tissues were collected for virus isolation : nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs (apical and cardiac lobes), pyloric region of the stomach, pons and medulla combined, cerebrum, cerebellum and blood clot. Forty-eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus.
cord-013174-whg64w0w	2020	In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify and characterize the complete genome of swIAV circulating in the herd, and to examine the antigenic variability in the antigenic sites of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. In pigs, circulation of IAV, so-called swine influenza A virus (swIAV), is currently mainly limited to three different subtypes including H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 [5] [6] [7] . In the phylogenetic analysis, the HA sequences of pig ID 250, obtained at weeks 4 and 8 were located in the same cluster and were~0.5% (9/1701) divergent at the nucleotide level and < 1% (5/566) divergent at the amino acid level. Comparison of amino acid sequences of neuraminidase (NA) antigenic sites of pig ID 380 sampled at week 5 and week 22 from the pig herd.
cord-257922-tbkitz7m	2017	The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify the strains of swine influenza virus (SwIV), as well as the seroprevalence of porcine parvovirus (PPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of selected viruses, namely porcine parvovirus (PPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), CSFV, PCV-2, PRRSV, and SwIV in the pig populations of T&T and to identify the strains of SwIV that are circulating in T&T pigs. It is, however, very important to note that some pig farms in Trinidad, and all the pigs sampled on Tobago, tested negative for PPV antibodies.
cord-260840-tudl9k1g	2012	
cord-261925-nsq837z1	2015	Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may be associated with the transfer of porcine infectious agents, which may infect the human recipient and in the worst case induce a disease (zoonosis). To prevent this, a broad screening program of the donor animals for putative zoonotic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and others, using sensitive and specific detection methods has to be performed. In the case of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) which are integrated in the genome of all pigs and which cannot be eliminated this way, selection of animals with low virus expression and generation of genetically modified pigs suppressing PERV expressions may be performed. At the moment hepatitis E virus (HEV), porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), porcine circoviruses (PCV), porcine lymphotropic herpes viruses (PLHV), and porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are thought to pose the main risk for reasons to be discussed below and therefore these microorganisms will be analysed in the next chapters in more details.
cord-266199-smlq11y9	2019	The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Likewise, DCs targeted chitosan NPs loading plasmid DNA encoding nucleocapsid protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induced better nucleocapsid protein-specific mucosal IgA antibody response compared to soluble unentrapped antigens after nasal immunization in mice [57] . In this review, only studies conducted in pigs related to the development and evaluation of NPs-based vaccine candidates by using virus-like particles (VLPs), biodegradable polymers, polysaccharides and liposomes against porcine viral infections are included (Table 3) . Chitosan-based NPs are used in pigs to deliver adjuvants such as bee venom and plasmid encoding porcine IL-2 and IL-4/IL-6 genes, which improved induction of better virus-specific immune responses of respective vaccines against PRRSV and PCV2 [103, 104] .
cord-273705-0oyzg5tq	2018	title: Impact of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma addition on pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Experimental data suggest that the addition of spray-dried plasma (SDP) to pig feed may enhance antibody responses against certain pathogens and negatively impact virus survival. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bovine SDP (BovSDP) in the pig diet on acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. The results indicate that addition of BovSDP induced an earlier anti-PEDV antibody response in pigs experimentally infected with PEDV thereby reducing clinical disease and the amount and duration of viral shedding during acute PEDV infection. Starting with arrival in the research facility and for the duration of the study, all pigs were fed the same standard commercial corn-soybean meal-dried whey-based diet ( Table 2 ) except for the diet of the PEDV-BovSDP group, which was supplemented with 5% spray-dried commercial bovine plasma replacing soy protein concentrate on an equal total lysine basis ( Figure 1 ).
cord-277487-jgbjxgh1	2020	Clinical development of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, a replication-deficient simian adenoviral vector expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was initiated in April 2020 following non-human primate studies using a single immunisation. Whilst a single dose induced antigen-specific antibody and T cells responses, a booster immunisation enhanced antibody responses, particularly in pigs, with a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 neutralising titres. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific murine splenocyte responses by IFNγ ELISpot assay showed no statistically significant difference between the prime-only and primeboost vaccination regimens, in either strain of mouse ( Figure 1A ). IFN-γ ELISpot analysis of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed responses on 42 dpv (2 weeks after boost) that were significantly greater in the prime-boost pigs compared to prime-only animals (p < 0.05; Figure 1C ). : SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific antibody responses following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 primeonly and prime-boost vaccination regimens in mice and pigs.
cord-279863-5kxgu4t9	2013	Eleven BAstVs, four porcine astroviruses, and two deer astroviruses (DAstVs; CcAstV-1 and -2) belonged to group 1; group 2 contained two BAstVs (BAstK08–51 and BAstK10–96) with another two in group 3 (BAstK08–2 and BAstK08–53); and group 4 comprised the BAstV-NeuroS1 strain derived from a cattle brain tissue sample and an ovine astrovirus. Recently, the complete genome of a novel BAstV associated with neurological disease in cattle was sequenced, i.e., BoAstV-NeuroS1, which was phylogenetically related to an ovine astrovirus (OAstV). In the present study, nine Korean BAstVs were associated with clinical diarrhea in cattle where calves aged \1 month accounted for 77.8 % of cases (Table 1) . Recently, the BoAstV-NeuroS1 strain was detected in the brain tissues of cattle and the analysis of its genetic diversity showed that it was most closely related to the OAstV prototype, which was identified in 1977 [3] , whereas it was phylogenetically distant from a recently reported OAstV [33] and the Hong Kong BAstVs [20] .
cord-281309-c9y7m5do	2013	We found that this HP-PRRSV strain caused extreme morbidity, as was seen in Asia, but novel to this study, resulted in up to 100x higher abundance of circulating virus when compared to VR-2332, caused extremely exacerbated thymic atrophy such that the thymus was often difficult to discern, and the host response was assessed in comparison to animals infected with strain VR-2332 for the first time by a swine protein array including 5 innate and 5 adaptive cytokines in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lymph nodes. It was demonstrated that infection with a highly pathogenic strain of PRRSV elicited a significant elevation of all adaptive immunity cytokines measured in BALF, as well as a majority of these cytokines in serum and TBLN homogenates of the same groups of pigs.
cord-281679-xmbnpawj	2020	
cord-282849-ve8krq78	2019	We converted sales data to the number of potential treatments of calves and pigs in Switzerland for the years 2011 to 2015 using animal course doses (ACD). We converted sales data to the number of potential treatments of calves and pigs in Switzerland for the years 2011 to 2015 using animal course doses (ACD). We then defined ACD for each product containing antimicrobials authorized in Switzerland for use in either pigs or calves and combined this information with national antibiotic sales data to extrapolate the number of potentially treated animals during the years 2011 to 2015. Using the number of animals in different production stages presents some challenges, the most prominent one for pigs being the lack Number of ACDs = total quantity of active ingredient sold in one year (mg) daily dose mg kg × duration of tratment days × weight at treatment (kg)
cord-283545-vu8lt3w6	2011	Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. The efficacy of canine, porcine, human, and autogenous Bordetella vaccines and bacterins has been evaluated by several individuals; reports suggest that these vaccines do not completely protect guinea pigs from infection, but a decrease in the incidence and severity of clinical disease has been noted in experimentally challenged animals (Matherne et al., 1987; Stephenson et al., 1989) .
cord-285585-tigj7fhc	2017	Exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and Leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. In contrast to the previous domestic swine survey, we found evidence of numerous pathogens in wild pigs including new reports of pseudorabies virus, PRRS virus, Brucella, and Leptospira in pigs on Guam. Recent reports of leptospirosis in residents and tourists is one concern and although rodents tend be considered the most common reservoir of Leptospira, there is evidence of Leptospira in domestic swine on Guam (Dugies et al., 2000) , and wild pigs in numerous countries have antibodies to leptospires (Jansen et al., 2007; Corn et al., 1986) . Samples collected from these animals were used to conduct a comprehensive surveillance project on pathogen exposure of wild pigs on Guam. No evidence of exposure to Trichinella spp., IAV, or coronaviruses associated with enteric and respiratory disease was found; one pig had antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.
cord-288101-pij16jaa	2019	The 226 DEPs from adrenal gland under heat stress, which correspond to 24 diseases and disorders (Fig. 4a) , included proteins that are related to neurological disease, psychological disease, metabolic disease, skeletal and muscular disorders, hereditary disorders, hematological disease, immunological disease, inflammatory disease, inflammatory response, respiratory disease, dermatological disease and conditions, connective tissue disorders, infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and endocrine system disorders. IPA analysis software was used to analyze the cell localization, molecular function, signal pathway, regulatory network, and upstream regulators of these DEPs, which laid the foundation to elucidate mechanism of heat stress and stress-induced immunosuppression. β-tubulin was one of the DEPs identified in this study, and its expression was approximately 2.2-fold up-regulated in adrenal tissue under heat stress, suggesting that differentially expressed cytoskeletal proteins could promote stress response in the adrenal gland.
cord-296441-682uop9z	2017	Swine IV infection induced interferon (IFN)-alpha and interleukin-6 responses in bronchoalveolar fluids (BALF) at day 3 post infection, as opposed to the other non-swine-adapted virus strains. Swine IV infection induced interferon (IFN)-alpha and interleukin-6 responses in bronchoalveolar fluids (BALF) at day 3 post infection, as opposed to the other nonswine-adapted virus strains. In order to answer these questions, samples from pigs infected with a Swine (H3N2) and four different non-swine-adapted H3N8 IV strains circulating in different animal species (dogs, horses, wild aquatic birds, and seals) from our previous study (16) were analyzed and innate immune responses in the respiratory tract were thoroughly investigated. In order to check IV replication in the lower respiratory tract of pigs, BALF samples collected from pigs killed at day 3, 6, and 21 were tested for gene M of the influenza A virus using a quantitative real-time PCR procedure (17) .
cord-297669-22fctxk4	2019	The virus was thought to attach to CD169 to be taken up into the cells; however, genome-edited pigs lacking CD169 were not resistant to PRRSV infection (Prather et al., 2013) . Chicken somatic cell lines have been edited to introduce changes to this gene-conferring resistance to avian leucosis virus in vitro (Lee et al., 2017) . However, as the example for avian influenza shows, host genes play an important role in other steps of the pathogen replication cycle and also provide editing targets for disease resilience or resistance. Genome editing allows integration of the disease-resistance trait into a wider selection of pigs, ensuring genetic variability and maintenance of desirable traits. (D) Resistance genes may be identified in laboratory research but not in highly bred lines, making integration into those productive animals only possible using genome editing. She employs genome editing and genetic selection to generate animals genetically resistant to viral disease.
cord-302155-hksmt48i	2019	Despite the importance of NiV as an emerging disease with the potential for pandemic, no vaccines, or therapeutics are currently approved for human or livestock use. Vaccine efficacy studies in animal models aim to identify specific vaccine-induced correlates of protection including neutralizing antibodies or cell-mediated responses (53) . On the other hand, pigs have been used successfully as models to study many human infectious diseases (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) , including NiV infection (64) . There is also a growing appreciation that pigs provide a superior animal model for influenza A virus infection and immunity and should play a more prominent role as a model for human influenza vaccine development (65) . The use of non-human animal models is crucial for vaccine development against diseases such as NiV since efficacy testing in humans is impossible. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia
cord-302306-fudeixy2	2020	Here, we report generation of double-gene-knockout (DKO) pigs harboring edited knockout alleles for known receptor proteins CD163 and pAPN and show that DKO pigs are completely resistant to genotype 2 PRRSV and TGEV. Additional infection challenge experiments showed that DKO pigs exhibited decreased susceptibility to porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), thus offering unprecedented in vivo evidence of pAPN as one of PDCoV receptors. Through viral challenge experiments, we found that these DKO pigs exhibit complete resistance to genotype 2 PRRSV and TGEV, and exhibit decreased susceptibility to PDCoV infection. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that our DKO pigs are robustly resistant to both PRRSV and TGEV without suffering deleterious effects for production performance, our study also provides insights into ongoing controversy about the pAPN protein as a potential receptor for PDCoV infection of pigs. pAPN protospacer PAM In order to generate more DKO pigs for viral challenge experiments, we collected ear tissue samples from three piglets (#1143, #1144, and #1145) and isolated ear-derived fibroblasts.
cord-304720-0lgup7yj	2014	The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Important history to understand from caretakers includes: age of pigs affected, duration of clinical signs, morbidity rate, mortality rate, treatments administered, response to treatments, and any other important information regarding previous diagnoses or disease in the affected group of animals. Records include but are not limited to: where the animals originated from; number in the herd; age; daily mortality; number treated; name of treatment, route of delivery and dose; feed and water usage; high-low temperatures; and vaccinations received or administered. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency.
cord-308767-trwa5grl	2012	13 Subsequent studies showed survival times of up to 11 days for kidneys of alpha1,3-GT knockout pigs transplanted in baboons, meaning that the organs of these transgenic pigs were also protected against HAR, 14 as occurred in animals transgenic for human complement regulatory proteins. Thus, recipients dying after long survival times due to causes not associated with rejection DUH IRXQG WR KDYH [HQRJUDIWV ZLWK PLQLPDO RU QRQH[LVWHQW SDWKRORJLFDO ¿QGLQJV )RU this reason, although it is not possible to completely rule out an effect of clotting incompatibilities between pigs and humans, as we will see in the following section that looks at the physiological barriers between these species, the control of the response mediated by anti-nonGal antibodies has become the biggest challenge for clinical xenotransplantation.
cord-310844-7i92mk4x	2020	Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models. It was demonstrated that precise integration of the human CFTR gene at a porcine safe harbor locus through CRISPR/Cas9-induced HDR-mediated knock-in allowed the achievement of persistent in vitro expression of the transgene in transduced cells. The study showed that multiple genetically modified porcine hearts were protected from complement activation and myocardial natural killer cell infiltration in an ex vivo perfusion model with human blood [86] . Biomedical applications for which genetically engineered pigs are generated include modeling human diseases, production of pharmaceutical proteins, and xenotransplantation.
cord-325433-a2fynm75	2009	
cord-332049-geh9aaf5	2010	Pulmonary dysfunction was evaluated in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, isolate VR-2332) and compared to clinical and pathological findings. A combination of impulse oscillometry and rebreathing of test gases can be used to evaluate lung ventilation, respiratory mechanics and pulmonary gas exchange in spontaneously breathing pigs. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed twice before challenge (À7 and À3 days) and seven times after challenge (2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 dpi) in eight pigs exposed to PRRSV and in eight controls (Table 1) . M. hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; APP, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; PCV-2, porcine circovirus type 2; PRCV, porcine respiratory coronavirus; SIV, swine influenza virus; TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus; PFT, pulmonary function tests (8 pigs per group examined postmortem at 21 dpi). Pulmonary function tests in PRRSV challenged pigs indicate both obstructive and restrictive disorders (confirmed by increased Rrs at frequencies 65 Hz and decreased Xrs), as well as disorders in gas exchange (confirmed by decreased TL CO Hb ).
cord-339178-d6f6a5ds	1978	Coronavirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of pigs during a diarrheal outbreak on 4 swine breeding farms. Coronavirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of pigs during a diarrheal outbreak on 4 swine breeding farms. Diarrhea was reproduced in experimental pigs with one of the isolates, designated CV777, which was found to be distinct from the 2 known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. Diarrhea was reproduced in experimental pigs with one of the isolates, designated CV777, which was found to be distinct from the 2 known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. In a search for rotaviruses on Belgian swine breeding farms with diarrheal problems, a new coronavirus-like particle was detected b y electron microscopic examination of intestinal or fecal samples from sick pigs.
cord-339924-tsmnkuhw	2014	title: Pathology of US Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain PC21A in Gnotobiotic Pigs To understand the progression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, we inoculated gnotobiotic pigs with a newly emerged US strain, PC21A, of the virus. For the pig-passaged PC21A strain, RT-PCR/PCR results were negative for transmissible gastroenteritis virus/porcine respiratory coronavirus (7), rotavirus groups A-C (8), caliciviruses (13, 14) , astroviruses (15) , circoviruses, enterovirus, kobuvirus, and bocavirus. Electron micrograph of a US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) particle detected in a field fecal sample collected during a 2013 outbreak of PED on a farm in Ohio, USA; the fecal sample from which PEDV strain PC21A in this study was obtained was from a pig on the same farm during the same outbreak. Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences
cord-348522-r7ev9br6	2012	
cord-350626-ov9fy10b	2020	At peak viremia, the frequencies of alveolar macrophages in infected pigs were significantly decreased, whereas the monocyte-derived DC/macrophage and conventional DC frequencies were increased, and these effects coincided with the early induction of local T-cell responses and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the lungs, BAL, and BLN as early as 10 dpc. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the trend of host immune responses against PRRSV infection during disease progression and to elucidate the innate and adaptive immunological mediators modulated by the PRRSV-JA142 strain both systemically in peripheral blood and locally in the bronchoalveolar lavage, lung parenchyma and bronchial lymph nodes (BLN) of infected pigs. To observe the activation of the local adaptive immune responses by innate immune cells at the sites of replication and the persistence of PRRSV, the T-cell phenotypes in the BLN, BAL and lung parenchyma of the euthanized control and infected pigs were analysed at 10, 21, 28 and 35 dpc.
cord-351834-9pclxek0	2020	title: A descriptive study of acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in Norwegian fattening pig herds The main objective of this study was to investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in conventional Norwegian fattening pig herds. In seven herds with reported outbreaks of acute respiratory disease, data on clinical signs was recorded and samples for laboratory examination were collected. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 was isolated from lungs and/or pleura from all tested pigs (n = 28) in the outbreak herds, and from 2 out of 24 pigs (8%) in the non-outbreak herds, one pig with an acute and another pig with a chronic infection. The main objective of this study was to investigate clinical outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in Norwegian fattening pig herds, using a group of non-outbreak herds to compare diagnostic procedures. The inclusion criteria for outbreak herds were; three or more pigs displaying acute signs of respiratory disease including fever and coughing and/or dyspnea, and/ or otherwise reduced general condition e.g. lethargy or inappetence.