cord-002282-ldfa616a	2016	Another important advantage as emerging vaccine is the more effective activation of key aspects of the immune response to achieve potent immune stimulation and to provide immunological memory for long-lasting protection [22, 23] Plant-based platforms including whole plant, organs or cell and expression technology to produce target antigens of interest are diverse [38] [39] [40] . In the case of plant-derived HBV vaccines, the first report was on the expression of the small hepatitis B surface antigen (S-HBsAg) in transgenic tobacco plants. In the transgenic tobacco plant transformed with the S-HBsAg gene controlled by the 35S promoter, expression levels were very low: less than 0.01% total soluble protein and less than 10 ng/g fresh weight in leaf tissues. Expression of the human hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in transgenic tomato plants Oral immunization of human with transgenic lettuce expressing hepatitis B surface antigen
cord-005145-1l87fdmi	2003	Despite differences in post-translational processing viral and bacterial antigens preserved their immunogenic properties when produced in plants and induced cross-reactive and sometimes neutralizing and protective antibodies. The aim of this study was (1) to explore the potential of carrots as an expression system for antigens that is suitable for human consumption, and (2) to test whether the measles virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein would preserve its neutralizing immunogenicity in this system. Although some work has been done with transgenic carrot callus cells (Brodzik et al., 2000) , this is one of the first reports of the expression of a transgenic antigen in mature carrots, showing that high levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies can be induced with a glycoprotein produced in this plant. The flow cytometry data showed that all mice vaccinated with transgenic leaf or root extracts produced high levels of antibodies cross-reacting with the native protein independently whether virus-infected or H-protein transfected cells were used. Plant-derived measles virus hemagglutinin protein induces neutralizing antibodies in mice
cord-005205-z6bx0309	1995	Transgenic tobacco plants (ppa-1) constitutively expressing Escherichia coli pyrophosphatase behind the 35S CaMV promoter accumulate high levels of soluble sugars in their leaves [27]. One of these clones (termed PAR-1 for photoassimilate-responsive) displayed features similar to pathogenesis-related proteins: Hybridizing transcripts, 1.2 and 1.0 kb in length, were strongly inducible by salicylate and accumulated in tobacco plants after infection with potato virus Y (PVY) both in infected and uninfected systemic leaves. As cDNAs coding for PR-proteins had been isolated from the ppa-l-specific library supporting the hypothesis that sugar accumulation in leaves would result in a general stress response we wondered whether PAR-1 also possessed any features of stress-related genes. To discriminate between the differently sized PAR-1 transcripts DNA fragments were isolated from the putative 3''-untranslated regions of the three PAR-1 cDNAs. These were used as probes in northern blots to analyse the accumulation of PAR-1 mRNAs in infected and uninfected leaves of PVY-treated tobacco plants.
cord-007440-7gcpk9x9	2005	After considering various alternatives of fulfilling the criteria established for a global approach to immunization, it has become clear that our only choice is the production of vaccines or other materials of biomedical importance in plants. Immunogenicity was tested in mice, which were either injected with or fed the plant-produced vaccine ( as compared to controls; high-titer antibodies against RSV were also induced. To express rabies vaccine in plants, we have used a recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus in spinach leaves. Research conducted by Dr. Kisung Ko, led to the production of a transgenic tobacco plant containing the heavy and light chains of human rabies antibody. The two chains recombined in the plants to produce a complete antirabies antibody, which was as effective as the original antibody in animals, before and after exposure to rabies (Table 4 ).
cord-009987-biop7gyd	2017	& Thonn., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Capparis spinosa (L.), Cichorium intybus (L.), Solanum nigrum (L.), Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Ginkgo biloba (L.), Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Vitex trifolia (L.), Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Cuscuta chinensis (Lam.), Lycium barbarum, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, and Litsea coreana (H. Herbal medicines are claimed to both treat and prevent diseases, which adds to a deep belief that these Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransaminase; ASP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharides; AST, aspartate transaminase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; LBPs, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides; WF4, Woodfordia fruticosa flower extract.
cord-014462-11ggaqf1	2011	Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein.
cord-014901-d9szap94	2015	Transgenic plants as an alternative of costly systems of recombinant immunogenic protein expression are the source for the production of cheap and highly efficient biotherapeuticals of new generation, including plant vaccines. Of principal importance of this work development was the creation of the "edible vaccine" concept, the essence of which is the use of genetically modified plants containing protein anti gens of infectious agents for oral delivery of relevant antigens to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of warm blooded animals. Preparation of medicinal substances for the pro duction of veterinary products is based on various approaches, including biotechnology using genetically modified (transgenic) organisms for these purposes; such expression systems as bacteria, yeast, cells of insects and mammals are used. This review is devoted to the analysis of possibilities of producing recombinant immunogenic proteins for veterinary use on the basis of plant expression systems, and the history of the concept of "edible vaccines" for animal immunization.
cord-015965-n4sjixg8	2017	The interaction of the endophytic microbiota with the plants are more protected and can withstand the adverse environmental conditions and contribute to plant growth, productivity, carbon sequestration, enhanced phytoremediation efficiencies and amelioration of metal induced toxicity. The impact of endophytes that enhances plant growth, disease resistance, agricultural and environmental sustainability as well as its ecotoxicological importance is shown in Table 19 .4. Moreover, these endophytes could efficiently execute this spectacular attribution of plant growth enhancement via certain important interrelated mechanisms like phytostimulation, phytoimmobilization, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytovolatilization, phytofilterastion, biofertilization and biocontrol (Conesa et al. Phoma species isolated from two medicinal plants namely Tinospora cordifolia and Calotropis procera was evaluated for its PGP activity on Zea mays, where it was observed that the fungus indeed showed the ability to promote the plant growth (Kedar et al.
cord-016200-zfh20im0	2013	In 1998 a new era was opened in vaccine delivery when researchers supported by the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID) have shown for the first time that an edible vaccine can safely generate significant immune responses in people. Transgenic tobacco is successfully engineered for the production of edible vaccines against hepatitis B antigen using ''s'' gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Egyptian scientists have genetically engineered the maize plants to produce a protein known as HbsAg which elicits an immune response against the hepatitis B virus and could be used as a vaccine. It has been studied that genes are successfully expressed in experimental model plants and when given orally to animals, the extract of transgenic plant containing the antigen induced serum antibodies, thus can be used to produce the edible vaccine.
cord-016268-xcx1c0da	2013	Factors in favor of plant systems as sources of animal derived proteins include: the potential for large-scale, low-cost biomass production using agriculture; the low risk of product contamination by mammalian viruses, blood borne pathogens, oncogenes and bacterial toxins; the capacity of plant cells to correctly fold and assemble multimeric proteins; low downstream processing requirements for proteins administered orally in plant food or feed; the ability to introduce new or multiple transgenes by sexual crossing of plants; and the avoidance of ethical problems associated with transgenic animals and the use of animal materials (Doran 2000 ) . In parallel with evaluation of plant-derived Hepatitis B surface antigen, Mason and Arntzen explored plant expression of other vaccine candidates including the labile toxin B subunit (LT-B) of entertotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and the capsid protein of Norwalk virus (NVCP).
cord-016293-pyb00pt5	2006	In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes.
cord-016341-7obr779b	2008	The most common and prevalent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an indispensable role in upgrading plant growth, vigor and survival by a positive impact on the nutritional and hydratic status of the plant and on soil health, by increasing the reproductive potential, improving root performance, and providing a natural defence against invaders, including pests and pathogens. The most common and prevalent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an indispensable role in upgrading plant growth, vigor and survival by a positive impact on the nutritional and hydratic status of the plant and on soil health, by increasing the reproductive potential, improving root performance, and providing a natural defence against invaders, including pests and pathogens. Piriformospora indica tremendously improves the growth and overall biomass production of diverse hosts, including legumes , medicinal and economically important plants (Rai et al. P. indica colonizes the roots of host plants of diverse groups of economically important crops: medicinal (Rai et al.
cord-016425-8yd2bkf1	2005	It may also be true that a reduction in interest in natural products for use in drug development has happened as a result of people growing weary of dealing with the traditional sources of bioactive compounds, including plants of the temperate zones and microbes from a plethora of soil samples gathered in different parts of the world by armies of collectors. Frequently, many endophytes of the same species are isolated from the same plant, and only one or a few biotypes of a given fungus will produce a highly biologically active compound in culture (19) . Pestalotiopsis jesteri is a newly described endophytic fungal species from the Sepik River area of Papua New Guinea, and it produces jesterone and hydroxyjesterone, which exhibit antifungal activity against a variety of plant pathogenic fungi (30) .
cord-016575-bn15006x	2019	Terpenes have a wide range of medicinal uses among which antiplasmodial activity is notable as its mechanism of action is similar to the popular antimalarial drug in use—chloroquine. Terpenes and terpenoids are terms that are often used interchangeably but the two terms have slight differences; terpenes are an arrangement of isoprene units that are naturally occurring, volatile, unsaturated 5-carbon cyclic compounds that give off a scent or a taste to defend itself from organisms that feed off of certain types of plants (see footnote 1). This plant contains many medicinal properties like anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic (Franklin et al. Beta-myrcene from Cannabis sativa, the plant which is high in terpenes, does not show an anti plasmodial effect but extracts from stem, leaves, and seeds of clove basil showed a good antiplasmodial activity (Small 2017; Kpoviessi et al. The results revealed that terpenes formed a major part of the extracts of medicinal plants that exerted antidepressant effects (Saki et al.
cord-017419-yrw4wrxj	2012	Triterpenes and sterols derived from 2,3 oxidosqualene are further elaborated by oxidative and other modi fi cations, and by glycosylation, leading to the synthesis of saponins The function and synthesis of saponins in plants will be discussed in this chapter, with particular focus on triterpenoid saponins and on the oat root triterpenoid saponins known as avenacins. Further compelling evidence for a role for avenacins in plant defence came from the mutagenesis of a diploid avenacinproducing oat species ( Avena strigosa ), and the demonstration that avenacin-de fi cient mutants (isolated by screening for reduced root fl uorescence) have enhanced susceptibility to a range of soil-borne fungal pathogens including G. Examples of saponin glycosyl hydrolases have been reported from various other plant pathogenic fungi, including pathogens of oat leaves (which encounter the steroidal avenacosides) and of tomato (which encounter the steroidal glycoalkaloid a -tomatine) (Sandrock and Van Etten 1998; Morrissey and Osbourn 1999 ) (Fig. 28.1 ).
cord-018018-2yyv8vuy	2018	1995) was also used to demonstrate the efficacy of two very different plant-made papillomavirus vaccines, a few years after the demonstration that Human papillomavirus L1 major capsid protein virus-like particles could be produced in transgenic tobacco or potato (Biemelt et al. The early historical account of molecular farming for veterinary vaccines given above gives an idea of the array of technologies available and used up to the mid-2000s: transgenic and transplastomic expression of subunit proteins; recombinant plant viruses either used to express whole vaccine candidate genes, or to display chosen peptides fused to their capsid proteins; fusion of vaccine protein genes to carrier proteins to improve immunogenicity, including by inherent adjuvant properties; candidate parenteral and oral vaccines to both viruses and bacteria; therapeutics for animals made in plants; use of plant cell cultures to make antigens.
cord-018428-6lc1fcpe	2017	These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Besides, hairy root cultures are usually capable of producing the same compound(s) of identical chemistry found in wild-type roots of the naturally occurring parent plant without loss of structural integrity and/or quantity or concentration of the product, which is frequently observed in callus or cell suspension cultures [22] . Fast growth, low doubling time, ease of maintenance of hairy roots, and their ability to synthesize a large range of chemical compounds offer an additional advantage as a continuous source for the production of valuable secondary metabolites [25] . This study tested the sc-RIP extracts from the seeds and hairy root tissue cultures of Luffa cylindrica (established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 1855) for inhibitory effects on the growth of in vitro melanotic and amelanotic human melanoma cell lines [79] .
cord-018647-bveks6t1	2019	Chemical or biological NBS functions on the principle of signal emission (voltage or electrical, photonic) in response to a chemical reaction involve a chemical or biological receptor, R (macrocyclic ligand, antibody enzyme), that binds to a specific target molecule of a sample to be studied, the analyte, A. Analysis of signals in plant nanobionics aims at processing signals recorded by measurements in order to extract the maximum of useful information for diagnostics and These devices are mostly used in genetic engineering in agriculture, where it is necessary to know the mechanisms of reaction and the affinity of enzymes and microorganisms for different substrates of interest and signaling molecules. The reaction is monitored by an integrated detector (transducer) that measures the stationary or transition states or the final reaction product via the immobilized biocidal product in NBSs. Types of commonly used biocatalysts are enzymes (simple or enzymatic complexes)-most commonly used as recognition systems, cells, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic cells, or yeasts), cellular organs, or component (cell walls, mitochondria) sections of plant or animal tissues.
cord-018724-ss8x2g3b	2016	The variation we see within a single plant host has profound effects on the how the virus responds to selective pressures associated with new hosts, and factors such as the bottleneck events associated with cell-to-cell movement or vectoring. However, several forms of virus variation, such as the high mutation rates of RNA and some DNA viruses, recombination, and reassortment lead to resistance breaking (Duffy and Holmes 2008; McDonald and Linde 2002; Harrison 2002) . For example, genetic diversity (heterosis) induced tolerance to Turnip mosaic virus in wild cress (Lepidium sp.) hybrids, while plants that were selfed were more susceptable to disease, suggesting that small populations with low genetic diversity could lead to increased disease symptoms, and infection rates (Houliston et al. Genetic bottlenecks during systemic movement of Cucumber mosaic virus vary in different host plants Role of recombination in the evolution of natural populations of Cucumber mosaic virus, a tripartite RNA plant virus
cord-021013-xvc791wx	2008	In animals, we can observe the analogous situation in that many insects and other invertebrates (especially those which are sessile and unprotected by armor), but also some vertebrates, store secondary metabolites for their defense which are often similar in structure to plant allelochemicals (1,4,12,16,17,28-30, [494] [495] [496] 503) . During the next three decades this concept was improved experimentally, and we can summarize the present situation as follows Although the biological function of many plant-derived secondary metabolites has not been studied experimentally, it is now generally assumed that these compounds are important for the survival and fitness of a plant and that they are not useless waste products, as was suggested earlier in the twentieth century (34, 35) . These "generalists," as we can also call this subgroup of herbivores, are usually deterred from feeding on plants which store especially noxious metabolites and select those with less active ones (such as our crop species, where man has bred away many of the secondary metabolites that were originally present; see Table XI ).
cord-022889-lv6fy6e6	2019	This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used.
cord-024149-qnclsjym	2016	Genome sequencing of a free-living heterotroph bacteria found in aerobic soil, e.g., Chthoniobacter flavus, suggests that it is able to metabolize plant polysaccharides but not amino acids except pyruvate. Sphingobacteria are known to be involved in aerobic degradation of plant materials present in soil and complex organic molecules, e.g., starch, proteins, cellulose, and chitin. Other microbes such as green and purple sulfur bacteria participate in carbon cycle by degrading hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) into compounds having carbon during energy production (see in reaction). In rhizosphere different microbes colonize around growing roots, which may either result in symbiotic, neutralistic, or parasitic interactions depending upon nutritional status of soil, soil environment, plant defense mechanism, and the type of microbial proliferation in the rhizosphere zone. Numerous fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes are pathogenic in nature and caused many plant and animal diseases (Tables 3.4 and 3.5).
cord-024652-4i6kktl0	2020	A large number of bioactive compounds ranging from direct plant (both cryptogams algae and moss and phanerogams)-derived natural extracts, essential oil of aromatic plants, and low-molecular-weight antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins to secondary metabolites that are both volatile and nonvolatile organic compounds of microbes (fungal and actinobacterial members) residing inside the host tissue, called endophyte, are widely used as agricultural bioweapons. Endophytic culture extracts are also known to be rich sources of phenolics; usually they are directly proportional to the antioxidative property of any fungal isolate, but in some particular cases, they are characterized with their antifungal potentials against phytopathogenic fungus. So it is a great opportunity to use the unique mixture of volatile organic compounds of the endophytic isolate to reduce the crop loss caused by the pathogenic infection on the commercially valuable plant of cherry tomato worldwide.
cord-030028-s6sxi8uj	2020	This technique has been used to differentiate isolates of some plant viruses, such as prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), TYLCV and CTV (Gillings et al., 1993; Hammond et al., 1998; Font et al., 2007) ; iii) Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is based on electrophoresis of denatured dsDNA in non-denaturing gels so migration of single-stranded DNA depends on its conformation determined by its nucleotide sequence and the electrophoretic conditions. This technique followed by sequencing of the different haplotypes detected has been used to evaluate the genetic variation of some plant viruses, such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) and CTV (Rubio et al., 1996; Rubio et al., 1999; Vives et al., 2002; Lin et al., 2003; Martıń et al., 2006) . Procedures to detect and identify various viruses or virus strains in a single assay simultaneously reduce time and cost of the analysis (see Pallaś et al., 2018 for a comprehensive review), and are especially suitable for evaluating mixed infections in individual plants.
cord-031957-df4luh5v	2020	19 Plant AMPs are the central focus of the present review, comprising information on their structural features (at genomic, gene, and protein levels), resources, and bioinformatic tools available, besides the proposition of an annotation routine. 26 Plant AMPs are also classified into families considering protein sequence similarity, cysteine motifs, and distinctive patterns of disulfide bonds, which determine the folding of the tertiary structure. 27, 31 These AMP categories will be detailed in the next sections, together with other groups here considered (Impatienlike, Macadamia [β-barrelins], Puroindoline (PIN), and Thaumatin-like protein [TLP]) and the recently described αhairpinin AMPs. The description includes comments on their structure, pattern for regular expression (REGEX) analysis (when available), functions, tissue-specificity, and scientific data availability. 179 As to the TLP structure, this protein presents characteristic thaumatin signature (PS00316): 180, 181 Most of the TLPs have molecular mass ranging from 21 to 26 kDa, 163 possessing 16 conserved cysteine residues (Supplementary Figure S8) involved in the formation of 8 disulfide bonds, 182 which help in the stability of the molecule, allowing a correct folding even under extreme conditions of temperature and pH.
cord-032371-qwqf3rlf	2020	KEY MESSAGE: Defence responses of cyst nematode and/or wheat curl mite infested barley engage the altered reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant machinery, carbon dioxide assimilation and photosynthesis efficiency. Biotic and abiotic stress factors cause redox imbalance in the plant, leading to a reduction of photosynthesis efficiency, an activation of alternative Fig. 3 The contents of phenolic metabolites (a-f) in the leaves of the spring barley Hordeum vulgare plants cultivated for 18 days on commercial horticultural substrate after the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi and the wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella inoculations. As already mentioned, increased content of H 2 O 2 Fig. 6 Photosynthetic pigment contents and their ratios (a-f) in the leaves of the spring barley Hordeum vulgare plants cultivated for eighteen days on commercial horticultural substrate after the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi and the wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella inoculations.
cord-103255-4k13re9y	2001	The production of recombinant proteins in plants has many potential advantages for generating biopharmaceuticals relevant to clinical medicine. In the decade since the expression and assembly of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chains into functional antibodies was first shown in transgenic tobacco, plants have proven to be versatile production systems for many forms of antibodies. Other advantages of tobacco include its relative ease of genetic manipulation, production of large numbers of seeds (up to a million per plant) and an impending need to explore alternate uses for this hazardous crop. However, the most attractive species for expressing subunit vaccine components should have high levels of soluble protein that is stable during storage; seed crops such as cereals are particularly suitable. Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1
cord-253997-imwjoecx	2012	Protein based microbicides, namely, neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins-lend themselves to production in plants (De Muynck et al., 2010; Matoba et al., 2010; O''Keefe et al., 2009; Sexton et al., 2006) . However the four well-known HIV-1 neutralising antibodies, namely, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5 and b12 have been well researched in terms of structure, interaction with the virus, protection in animal models and safety in clinical trials and were produced in various plant platforms. coli produced and native GRFT respectively, demonstrating the potential of plant expression approaches as viable alternatives for the production of the lectin for use as a candidate microbicide. We reviewed here the progress made with the production of HIV neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins in plant systems. Although several anti-HIV neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins have been produced in plants, only two have entered clinical trials .
cord-255018-dhkz23co	2020	In this study we focus on native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) that grow in Patagonia; that is, species that may be wild, cultivated or in an intermediate state of domestication, which bear fruit that is distinguished by its flavor, preferably sweet, and its use principally as a food resource. In this study we propose a cross-sectional approach which enables exotic and native species richness, local foods, medicines and their use patterns to be evaluated, and which will also help us understand in greater depth, from an ethnobotanical perspective, that diet and health are linked concepts. The principal functional species according to the CIF values were the native Aristotelia chilensis, Ribes magellanicum, Ephedra ochreata, Berberis microphylla, Fragaria chiloensis, Luma apiculata and Amomyrtus luma, and the exotic Sambucus nigra, Rosa rubiginosa and Prunus cerasus ( Table 2) .
cord-258489-pyfc7jde	2008	In this review, we will focus on transient production strategies using plant viral expression systems, with a particular focus on the variety of proteins produced, and their applications. The unique properties of viruses such as ease of manipulation, high level amplification, site specific recombination, strong infectivity, enhanced translation and compact and repetitive morphological structure have enabled their broad application, from basic research to product development, including the generation of robust expression systems. From the discovery of viruses in 1898 (tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) (Bos, 1999) , to the first demonstration of RNAs role in virus replication by turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) (Matthews, 1989) , to the very recent discovery of gene silencing and its implication in host response to infection, gene regulation and transgene expression (Baulcombe, 1999; Lu et al., 2003; Waterhouse and Helliwell, 2003) , plant virology has played a crucial role in the understanding of the most fundamental concepts of modern biology. Thanks to the recent improvements of viral-based vectors, mAbs have been produced with transient expression systems to quickly achieve much higher production levels along with other complex proteins.
cord-258927-masvn1gu	2009	title: Expression of a multi-epitope DPT fusion protein in transplastomic tobacco plants retains both antigenicity and immunogenicity of all three components of the functional oligomer We report the introduction and expression of a fusion DPT protein containing immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, and Clostridium tetani in tobacco chloroplasts. Recently in our laboratory, a fusion protein of the heat labile toxin B subunit (LTB) of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli along with the heat stable toxin (ST) fusion protein (LTB-ST) has been expressed in transplastomic tobacco plants, and demonstrated its immunogenic characteristic in tested mice (Rosales-Mendoza et al. Recently, a novel polypeptide containing the DPT immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes has been designed and used to demonstrate expression of this fusion protein in transgenic tomato plants ). Western blots and ELISA assays conWrmed that the tobacco-derived DPT protein was recognized by speciWc antibodies against each of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus toxins.
cord-263470-vmqvropy	2007	The level of HBs-antigen in plants carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by (Aocs)(3)AmasPmas, the hybrid agrobacterium-derived promoter, was the highest in roots and made up to 0.01% of total amount of soluble protein. Earlier we have obtained the tobacco plants expressing the synthetic gene of the hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) controlled by single and dual 35S RNA cauliflower mosaic virus promoters (CaMV 35S and CaMV 35SS, respectively) [10, 11] . The objective of this study was to obtain transgenic tobacco plants synthesizing the hepatitis B surface antigen controlled by ( Aocs ) 3 AmasPmas promoters and regulated by the elements of agrobacterial octopine synthase and mannopine synthase genes and also to analyze the expression profile of the HBsAg gene in different cells of the whole plant as well as that in callus and hairy root tissue cultures.
cord-264571-rtac6hh2	2015	Research under way is dedicated to solving these limitations by finding ways to produce oral (edible) vaccines from transgenic plants. In the last decade, it was found that green plants can also be used as the "surrogate production organism" to produce antigens of human pathogens (including HB-sAg). The introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to produce the encoded proteins is the primary condition for the development of edible vaccines. Edible vaccine development has been challenged by low expression levels of foreign proteins in transgenic plants. Selection of strong plant-specific super promoters to improve expression levels is another key factor that can determine the success of edible vaccines [4] . Using transgenic plants as bioreactors to produce edible vaccines Expression of chimeric HCV peptide in transgenic tobacco plants infected with recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus for development of a plantderived vaccine against HCV
cord-268149-narre5e7	2018	title: Traditional uses of medicinal plants used by Indigenous communities for veterinary practices at Bajaur Agency, Pakistan Most widely used medicinal plants with maximum use reports (URs) were Visnaga daucoides Gaertn., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Solanum virginianum L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Curcuma longa L. It has been recognized that plants have the capacity to combat several types of diseases ethnoveterinary medicines, a term generally used for folk skills, beliefs, knowledge, practices, methods related to animals'' health, and cure of various ailments in the rural areas [1] . Indigenous people of the study area are rich in traditional knowledge on veterinary medicines, which may be due to their close observation on domestic animals being considered as an important part of traditional lifestyle. Medicinal plants with high URs strengthen the concept that such species are more significant to the local population and useful in sharing the traditional knowledge with one another in the area.
cord-268590-3e1tb64o	2020	The respondents/informants provided expert knowledge concerning genebanks'' performance targets and quality management standards, methods for identifying and prioritizing gaps in collections to be addressed through new collecting expeditions, Centers'' efforts to ensure healthy, quarantine organism-free genetic materials, and international crop conservation strategies. The respondents/informants provided expert knowledge concerning genebanks'' performance targets and quality management standards, methods for identifying and prioritizing gaps in collections to be addressed through new collecting expeditions, Centers'' efforts to ensure healthy, quarantine organism-free genetic materials, and international crop conservation strategies. On the positive side, there is evidence that the Plant Treaty''s multilateral system of access and benefit sharing is contributing positively to the willingness of many countries, national genebanks, and other providers to make PGRFA available and to safety-duplicate material in the CGIAR Center-hosted international collections.
cord-269992-ruf0vvz4	2020	The development of an edible vaccine in a selected plant system has many significant advantages such as; easy and efficient oral delivery, low cost with higher scale production, avoidance of any trained medical personnel for delivery, lack of any pathogenic infection, multicomponent expression in a single plant, and so forth. Currently, the use of plant-based expression system platform have been extensively utilized for the expression and purification of vaccines, recombinant proteins, enzymes, and many bio-pharmaceuticals in a variety of plant species, including potato, corn, tomato, carrot, lettuce, and spinach and have reached at advanced stage of pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. The specific proteins can be expressed into desired plants with very less cost and can be grown to the required locations so that, an edible vaccine can be available to the needy population globally, especially in the developing countries. This novel technology provides the high and fast expression, purification, and better stability of desired proteins in to plant cells as well as their removal of refrigeration requirement and trained medical personnel for delivery.
cord-288673-ku3tmjd3	2012	Because proteases play essential roles in life and death processes in all living organisms and because peptide bond hydrolysis is irreversible, anomalies in proteolytic activities lead to numerous pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases (Lopez-Otin and Bond 2008; Turk 2006) . Another important oral cavity pathogen involved in periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis, in addition to a few cysteine proteases (discussed further in the following), produces a serine protease, a prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase PtpA (family S9), which is involved in degrading host connective tissue, providing nutrients for bacterial growth (Banbula et al. Several proteases of the serine catalytic type have also been targeted for the design of specific protease inhibitors for use in cancer treatment, including the urokinase plasminogen activator and matriptase (Abbenante and Fairlie 2005; Bialas and Kafarski 2009; Ulisse et al.
cord-290088-g9559ux3	2017	A major milestone for plant-based protein production for use in human health was achieved when Protalix BioTherapeutics produced taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso 1 ) in suspension cultures of a transgenic carrot cell line for the treatment of patients with Gaucher''s disease, was approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration in 2012. A major milestone for plant-based protein production for use in human health was achieved when Protalix BioTherapeutics produced taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso 1 ) in suspension cultures of a transgenic carrot cell line for the treatment of patients with Gaucher''s disease, was approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration in 2012. In this review, we are highlighting various approaches for plant-based production of proteins and recent progress in the development of plant-made therapeutics and biologics for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In this review, we are highlighting various approaches for plant-based production of proteins and recent progress in the development of plant-made therapeutics and biologics for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
cord-292019-rfu0bkag	1998	We report on the immunological response elicited by two recombinant versions of the glycoprotein S from the swine-transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) expressed in transgenic plants. Arabidoposis plants were genetically transformed with cDNAs constructs encoding either the N-terminal domain (amino acid residues 1–750) or the full-length glycoprotein S of TGEV, responsible for the neutralizing antibody induction against the virus, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter. Mice immunized with leaf extracts from transgenic plants developed antibodies that reacted specifically with TGEV in ELISA, immunoprecipitated the virus-induced protein, and neutralized the virus infectivity. In this report, we show that full-length or the globular part (N-terminal domain) of TGEV spike protein (glycoprotein S) expressed in transgenic plants retained the antigenic properties and elicited neutralizing antibodies when used to immunize animals.
cord-294945-hcf7gsv8	2015	The objectives of this study were to identify the proteins that were differentially regulated and the physiological changes that occurred during different time periods in ''H41'', ''H69'', and ''H71'' when responding to treatments of flooding, 40 °C, and both stresses combined. By the comparative proteomic analysis, 85 protein peaks that were differentially expressed in response to combination treatments at 0, 6, and 24 h, 69 (33 in ''H41'', 29 in ''H69'', and 9 in ''H71'') were identified, of which were cultivar specific. Compared to NFC treatment at 0 h, NFH treatment for 6 h showed that the abundances of peaks 271 (phosphoserine aminotransferase), 272 (imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunit hisF), Table 6 Identification of differentially expressed proteins found in cauliflower ''H71'' plants by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in comparison to combination treatments for 0 and 6 h.
cord-306733-df36w6l7	2020	Transient nuclear genome transformation Rapid production; high productivity; implemented at the industrial level Seed bank cannot be generated; requires purification of the antigen to eliminate toxic compounds from the host and ag-robacteria residues S protein; multiepitope vaccines A chimeric protein of GFP and amino acids 1-658 of the SARS-CoV-1 S protein (S1:GFP) was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and stably transformed in tobacco and lettuce. No immunization assays were performed The SARS-CoV-1 N protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, which induced in mice high levels of IgG1 and IgG2a and up regulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 in splenocytes. The precedents of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS antigens expressed in recombinant systems leading to the formation of VLPs constitute important guides for the topic of COVID-19 vaccine development. Thus, VLPs based on the main SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins is an attractive approach for vaccine development against coronavirus infections.
cord-307607-8xn9jtmh	2020	After obtaining the total list of plants with anti-influenza potential in Turkish folk medicine, a comparison was made to determine the similarity percentages in similar studies conducted in neighboring and nearby countries (Table 2) . The reason why the studies conducted in the Mediterranean and Eastern Anatolia regions were highly cited may be due to the fact that there are more plant options, which is the result of having a higher rate of biodiversity and endemism in these regions (Güner et al., 2012) compared to others, that the locals can use in the treatment of influenza. Based on the data to be obtained, we believe that the future extension of anti-influenza studies, including plant taxa that are frequently used in Turkish folk medicine, would be a more effective option.
cord-309052-3h0g7s9v	2017	The Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) Anti-Alzheimer (Chen et al., 2013) Carboxylesterase inhibitors 33 Isobavachin Flavonoid Seed/fruit Osteoblast (Li et al., 2014) 34 Isopsoralen Furanocoumarin Whole plant Antiprotozoal 35 Neobavaisoflavone Seeds Antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) 36 Psoralen Furanocoumarin Whole plant/root Leucoderma, psoriasis Anticancer (Hao et al., 2014) , antioxidant , anti-Alzheimer (Somani et al., 2015) , Collagengenesis 37 Psoralidin Coumarin Whole plant/seed Estrogen receptor modulator (Liu et al., 2014; Lim et al., 2011) Antioxidant (Wang, Yin, Zhang, Peng, & Kang, 2013b) , antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) Anti-diabetic (Behloul & Wu, 2013) , antiprotozoal Anticancer (Hao et al., 2014; Limper et al., 2013; Yang et al., 1996) , anti-depressent (Farahani et al., 2015) 38 Psoracorylifol D Flavonoid Seed Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) Psoracoumestan Coumestans Seeds essential oil Anti-cancer (Limper et al., 2013) 39 Xanthoangelol Chalcone Seeds Anticancer (Limper et al., 2013) FIGURE 2 Structures of important compounds isolated from Psoralea corylifolia psoralester is a 10-membered lactone compound and the latter is an isomer of already known compound bayachromene (Tewari & Bhakuni, 2010) .
cord-310439-z0bxsjug	2014	Buffer zone An area surrounding or adjacent to an area for production of plants in a certification scheme designed to minimize the probability of spread of the target pathogens, pollen, or seed into or out of the block, to meet phytosanitary or other control measures as defined in a certification standard. Many certification programs are based on a published standard that defines site selection and preparation, isolation distances from plants of the same species and other vegetation, number of inspections, record keeping on plant traceability so that tracebacks or traceforwards can be done if a problem should arise, a pest and disease management plan, records of all pest management activities, the conditions and protocols to be followed during plant or seed production, and types and amount of testing that needs to be done at each level in the propagation cycle.
cord-315918-12rbbe8c	2019	To test the inhibitory activity of a new antiviral agent, it is first necessary to select the host cell system(s) in which the virus replication can be measured. (d) Assay systems based on the measurement of specialized functions and viral products; a number of viruses do not produce plaques nor do they cause CPE readily, but they may be quantified by certain specialized functions based on their unique properties, for example, hemagglutination and hemadsorption tests used to study the antiviral activity against myxoviruses and ELISA, used to determine the extent of virus replication and, thus, obtain a measure of the inhibitory effect of various antiviral agents on virus replication, etc. On the other hand, the antiviral activity is determined by comparing the virus titers of infected cells, which have been cultured with a maintenance medium containing plant extracts or test substances and a maintenance medium without test material (Colegate and Molyneux, 1993) .
cord-322100-zkuj22oc	2011	The initial goal to immunize orally by ingestion of plant-derived antigens has proven difficult to attain, although many studies have demonstrated antibody production in both humans and animals, and in a few cases, protection against pathogen challenge. 2010 studies with mice, we have found that nasal co-delivery of t-rNV and a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist can produce robust systemic and mucosal antigen-specific antibody responses. Fig. 2 Induction of antigen-specific IgA at distal mucosal sites following intranasal, but not oral administration of tobacco-derived Norwalk virus-like particles (t-rNV). The first plant-derived vaccine immunogen to be tested in humans was the B subunit protein of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) expressed in transgenic potatoes Tacket et al. Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1
cord-322926-xlwsj3v2	2020	Given the speed advantages, and proven viability of the plant production platform, the transient expression system in particular could be employed to produce recombinant proteins at high levels to meet the sudden demand for production of viral antigens or antiviral proteins that could be used as research reagents, emergency vaccines (SARS-CoV-2 subunit and virus-like particle vaccines), or other biopharmaceuticals to fight against COVID-19 [25, 124] . Given the speed advantages, and proven viability of the plant production platform, the transient expression system in particular could be employed to produce recombinant proteins at high levels to meet the sudden demand for production of viral antigens or antiviral proteins that could be used as research reagents, emergency vaccines (SARS-CoV-2 subunit and virus-like particle vaccines), or other biopharmaceuticals to fight against COVID-19 [25, 124] .
cord-323768-r7jbm1et	2017	Because lectins recognize and bind to specific glycoconjugates present on the surface of cells and intracellular structures; they can serve as potential target molecules for developing practical applications in the fields of food; agriculture; health and pharmaceutical research. This review presents the current knowledge of the main structural characteristics of legume lectins and the relationship of structure to the exhibited specificities; provides an overview of their particular antimicrobial; insecticidal and antitumor biological activities and describes possible applications based on the pattern of recognized glyco-targets. The isolation and purification of lectins from seeds of native plants such as Parkinsonia aculeata, Olneya tesota, Acacia constricta, Prosopis juliflora, Cercidium praecox, Caesalpinia caladenia and Phaseolus acutifolius has been described. Purification and characterization of complex carbohydrate specific isolectins from wild legume seeds: Acacia constricta is (vinorama) highly homologous to Phaseolus Vulgaris lectins
cord-324335-eoabmyg7	2020	Considering the enormous quantity of results and scientific data concerning the validation of medicinal and biological properties, the international scientific community included neem on the list of the top 10 plants to investigate and use for the sustainable development of the planet and the health of mankind (Tewari, 1992; Foster and Moser, 2000) . The plant drug is usually utilized exsiccated, or as a derived product, like an extract, resin or oil, which can be obtained as such, or be enriched in one or more constituents, which are considered responsible for the activity. In particular, considering insect-borne diseases, in vivo activity of neem seed oil (NSO) against malaria Plasmodium has also been reported (Dahiya et al., 2016; Trapanelli et al., 2016) .
cord-329881-9vnz5zzg	2020	I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Here I present a non-systematic review with a historical-botanical perspective on some of the most important pandemics that humanity has faced, and in some cases is still facing, and how certain plants or plantbased remedies have been used, and may continue being used, to treat these diseases, possibly including COVID19.
cord-330827-gu2mt6zp	2020	The emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has recently added to the list of problematic emerging pathogens in the 21st century, which was suspected to originate from the persons exposed to a seafood or wet market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, suggesting animal-to-human transmission [2, 3] . Several reports in the last two decades have enough evidence to prove that the plant produced biopharmaceuticals are as effective as the mammalian cell-based proteins and also elicit potent neutralizing antibodies, or shown therapeutic effects against the particular pathogen or infection [17] [18] [19] . Many reports reviewed the importance of plant expression system for the rapid production of candidate vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against infectious diseases [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . As plant-made biopharmaceuticals provide efficacious and cost-effective strategies to protect against emerging infectious diseases, plant expression systems can be employed for the development of vaccines against nCoV.
cord-333518-67md81fq	2020	title: Converting Home Spaces Into Food Gardens At the Time of Covid-19 Quarantine: All the Benefits of Plants in This Difficult and Unprecedented Period Home vegetable gardens could provide a small-scale approach to the sustainable use of natural resources, leading towards self-sufficiency, self-regulation, sustainability, and environmental protection. The selection of plant species to cultivate in outside home spaces should be based primarily on their ability to cope with the harsh conditions of the urban environment, such as high wind and irradiance, lack of organic material and nutrients, and intermittent drought (Pavao-Zuckerman 2008). In Mediterranean climates, the hot late spring/summer days can raise soil temperature in the pots to even reach 40-50°C and air temperature 30-35°C , so it is advisable to use shade cloth or shading vegetation on the scaffolding to avoid burning roots and shoots of the plants so laboriously cultivated.
cord-340497-8l3gw6sk	2020	This way, inside the greenhouses, farmers can develop and maintain the desired microclimate and create a more predictable environment that enhances the final plant yield, achieving higher quality and reduced water consumption compared to open field crops. Greenhouses is a type of farming that can provide the option to connect with renewable energy resources in order to increase the sustainability of such systems and the energy efficiency of the various treatments that are necessary for mass food production (Manos and Xydis, 2019) . Indoor vertical farming is an innovative type of closed plant production system that provides the opportunity of a controlled-environment agriculture, which can be controlled according to the crop regardless of the weather conditions. In addition to the hydroponic systems that recirculate the nutrient solution and benefit greenhouse cultivations, vertical farms use systems that condense and collect the water that is transpired by plants at the cooling panel of the air conditioners and continuously recycle and reuse it for irrigation.
cord-346053-mk1mzc5z	2009	We present numerous examples of virulence traits in plant pathogenic microorganisms that also have a function in their survival and growth in nonagricultural and nonplant habitats. Adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses, within or outside of agricultural habitats, likely plays as important a role in the evolution of parasitic fitness of plant pathogens as it does for human pathogens. As illustrated above, traits that confer fitness in response to biotic and abiotic environmental stress can have dual-use as virulence factors in human pathogens. In plant pathogens, the transport systems for toxins and antimicrobials can have broad spectrum activity, leading to resistance to agricultural fungicides and also contributing to virulence [12] . The examples listed above that describe traits that play roles in both environmental fitness and virulence to plants provide a compelling incentive to expand our paradigms concerning the forces that drive evolution of plant pathogenicity.
cord-348812-lufg9w7n	2020	A recent field experiment managed in six different countries (China, India, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, and Turkey) varying in soil type and environmental conditions, proved that foliar fertilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants with a blend of Se, Fe, I, and Zn, was effective in enriching grains with all four elements (Zou et al. Effects of Se-biofortification on Se-S crosstalk and accumulation of S-metabolites One common observation from biofortification studies is that the content of inorganic or organic Se species tendentially builds up in crops fertilized with Se, while the amount of S-containing phytochemicals with functional roles in plant defense mechanisms and human health, such as glucosinolates (GLS), glutathione and S amino acids, might undergo variation depending on Se dose and species to be used, plant species and genotype, and mode of Se fertilization (foliar fertilization or soil amendment with Se) (Bachiega et al.
cord-348992-8su58m68	2018	With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). The main analysis in this study was conducted using data available from pilot-scale manufacturing of Griffithsin in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-induced transient gene expression, and assuming that manufacturing would take place in an existing and fully equipped state-of-the-art plant-based biomanufacturing facility. Nicotiana benthamiana host plants are generated from seed and propagated indoors under controlled environmental conditions until sufficient biomass is obtained for inoculation with the TMV vector carrying the Griffithsin gene.
cord-350846-8gxkwi9n	2020	Clinical aromatherapy is an alternative medicine therapy that can be beneficial in the inpatient or outpatient setting for symptom management for pain, nausea, general well-being, anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia. Aromatherapy regulation of guidelines, plant sources for aromatic oils, and safe use of essential oils in symptom management in clinical aromatherapy is reviewed. Essential oils come from seeds, stems, leaves, needles, petals, flowers, rinds and fruits, woods and resins, roots and rhizomes, and grasses. Cher Kaufman, a certified aromatherapist, wrote a book with a series of chapters on plant sources for aromatic essential oils-seeds, petals and flowers, rinds and fruits, woods and resins, roots and rhizomes, and grass. Three common examples of essential oils that come from seeds from plants are Uses for this oil include an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, detoxifier, and digestive and for relieving gas.
cord-353454-zq51hpjs	2016	While plant sources are being extensively explored for the discovery of new chemical entities for various therapeutic purposes, endophytic microorganisms play an important role in this search for natural bioactive compounds, with potential use in the health sector and in drug discovery (Lam, 2007) . Bacterial endophytes are diverse in nature and are known to produce different bioactive metabolites that act as antimicrobial and anticancer compounds, for example, with 76% of them reported from the single genus, Streptomyces (Berdy, 2012) . Endophytes are reported to produce a number of bioactive metabolites in a single plant or microbe which served as an excellent source of drugs for treatment against various diseases and with potential applications in agriculture, medicine, food and cosmetics industries (Strobel and Daisy, 2003; Jalgaonwala et al., 2011; Godstime et al., 2014; Shukla et al., 2014) .
cord-354950-kmpbdvof	2016	Here we demonstrate the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of two important antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV, the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the membrane protein (M) using a virus-derived vector or agro-infiltration, respectively. Here we demonstrate the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of two important antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV, the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the membrane protein (M) using a virus-derived vector or agro-infiltration, respectively. In addition, the WHO guidelines for SARS diagnosis, developed during the outbreak in 2003, suggested the use of N-based ELISA for specific IgG detection as confirmatory test of SARS-CoV infection (World Health Organization [WHO] , 2003 SARS: Laboratory diagnostic tests) due to the ability of the host to mount an early antibody response against the N protein (Che et al., 2004) . As the plant-derived recombinant M protein, the M RLV was also specifically recognized by the mouse anti-M pAb ( Figure 6C ) that had previously validated by Immunofluorescence Antibody Assay (IFA) in SARS CoV infected Vero cells (Carattoli et al., 2005) .
cord-356019-k7gs1ohp	2013	As molecular pharming platforms, plants are excellent biofactories for the production of drugs, antibodies, and vaccines in various host systems such as whole transgenic plants, cell suspension culture, hairy roots, and hydroponic culture [1] [2] [3] . Here, we review these aspects and report recent advances in the improvements of plant molecular pharming to increase protein yield and accumulation based on upstream and downstream processing studies and empirical essays. In addition to the importance of promoter architecture for gene expression in molecular pharming, other strategies based on using specific peptides at N-and C-termini have been employed to enhance the transcript level of recombinant proteins. For example, the production and accumulation of the recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was significantly increased in transgenic rice suspension culture by an RNAi approach designed to suppress the cysteine proteinase gene expression or by the inhibition of proteinase [104, 105] .