Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 90 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6765 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 pneumonia 34 patient 19 child 13 infection 11 respiratory 11 Fig 8 ICU 7 PCR 7 CAP 6 lung 6 cap 5 virus 5 disease 4 pulmonary 4 influenza 4 community 4 cause 4 VAP 4 SARS 3 cell 3 Society 3 HIV 3 China 3 COVID-19 2 pneumococcal 2 organism 2 eosinophilic 2 des 2 antibiotic 2 United 2 RSV 2 MRSA 2 MDR 2 Legionella 2 Japan 2 CMV 2 Asia 1 year 1 vírus 1 viral 1 ventilator 1 type 1 treatment 1 therapy 1 table 1 study 1 severe 1 round 1 risk 1 result Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 8421 pneumonia 5425 patient 3462 infection 2965 % 2438 disease 2376 child 2166 study 1938 lung 1866 virus 1658 case 1588 influenza 1487 treatment 1378 community 1355 therapy 1209 day 1189 diagnosis 1174 pathogen 1134 adult 1105 pneumoniae 1101 cell 1025 mortality 1004 risk 949 year 912 hospital 880 chest 834 drug 808 culture 798 result 765 cause 763 factor 760 time 731 blood 729 age 724 test 698 care 679 type 665 rate 664 cap 662 finding 655 aspiration 652 analysis 626 bacteria 609 tract 599 death 596 management 584 organism 584 antibiotic 578 agent 567 group 565 use Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 676 Fig 565 CAP 512 et 492 S. 491 CT 481 al 437 PCR 408 • 371 ICU 364 . 343 de 333 VAP 325 mg 314 HIV 290 Society 280 Pneumonia 267 Legionella 253 SARS 250 COVID-19 241 la 238 RSV 209 Table 208 United 198 China 195 States 184 MRSA 182 Health 178 A 174 Staphylococcus 174 Mycoplasma 173 M. 168 America 166 Streptococcus 155 Infectious 153 Japan 141 Pseudomonas 140 Diseases 130 ARDS 127 empyema 124 que 124 BAL 123 Community 121 II 121 Chlamydia 120 Influenza 120 Disease 119 des 118 B 117 un 117 le Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1337 it 514 we 387 they 120 i 97 them 63 she 52 he 30 itself 20 em 14 us 12 themselves 12 one 7 you 6 her 3 him 1 ours 1 mg 1 il 1 ihe 1 himself Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 21300 be 3737 have 1604 acquire 1383 include 1360 use 1317 associate 1284 cause 879 occur 820 see 743 show 695 increase 693 identify 656 do 599 consider 575 develop 550 base 548 require 516 follow 507 report 475 hospitalize 452 find 389 suggest 384 treat 382 perform 378 detect 362 lead 357 relate 357 compare 355 reduce 349 define 341 obtain 338 infect 329 recommend 323 result 321 present 316 make 302 involve 296 demonstrate 292 remain 292 improve 288 describe 279 provide 268 receive 260 produce 257 characterize 250 admit 249 give 248 suspect 246 decrease 242 confirm Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2552 respiratory 2064 not 1629 clinical 1463 severe 1415 pulmonary 1241 most 1241 bacterial 1233 high 1229 other 1205 more 1160 viral 1151 also 1073 low 1067 such 992 - 969 pneumococcal 962 acute 834 common 690 however 672 antibiotic 610 only 596 antimicrobial 589 chronic 583 often 557 well 552 diagnostic 549 positive 532 human 524 oral 511 usually 510 early 466 important 460 non 457 specific 455 resistant 438 pleural 428 many 425 first 414 negative 407 less 403 new 392 large 384 primary 384 intravenous 381 infectious 363 initial 363 as 362 old 355 different 348 present Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 273 most 115 Most 95 high 81 least 73 good 34 great 17 large 16 low 16 common 8 small 6 strong 5 poor 5 light 5 late 5 early 5 deep 3 near 2 young 2 heavy 2 cold 2 close 2 clear 2 big 2 bad 1 wide 1 weak 1 straight 1 slow 1 sick 1 short 1 severe 1 outermost 1 onehalf 1 old 1 new 1 narrow 1 mild 1 long 1 ll.llA 1 fast 1 easy 1 deadly 1 -needs 1 -(1 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 968 most 83 least 31 well 2 highest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 doi.org 3 github.com 2 www.frontiersin.org 2 www.cdc.gov 2 www 2 orcid.org 2 dataverse.harvard.edu 1 www.who.int 1 www.wanfangdata 1 www.surgeongeneral.gov 1 www.perform2020.org 1 www.pandemicflu.gov 1 www.nupulmonary.org 1 www.mbio.ncsu.edu 1 www.google.fr 1 www.aje.cn 1 www.aic.cuhk.edu.hk 1 www.aic.cuhk 1 www.aap.org 1 worldpneumoniaday.org 1 jsp.tm.nagasaki-u.ac.jp 1 gabriel.globe-network.org 1 gabriel 1 figshare.com Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 3 http://doi.org/10 2 http://www 2 http://github.com/NUPulmonary/2020_Grant 2 http://dataverse.harvard.edu/ 1 http://www.who.int 1 http://www.wanfangdata 1 http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco 1 http://www.perform2020.org/ 1 http://www.pandemicflu.gov 1 http://www.nupulmonary.org/covid-19/ 1 http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html 1 http://www.google.fr/ 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov 1 http://www.aje.cn/ 1 http://www.aic.cuhk.edu.hk/web8/ 1 http://www.aic.cuhk 1 http://www.aap.org/new/swinefl 1 http://worldpneumoniaday.org 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-3652 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5305-6233 1 http://jsp.tm.nagasaki-u.ac.jp 1 http://github.com/NUPulmonary/utils/blob/master/R/k_means_figure.R 1 http://gabriel.globe-network.org 1 http://gabriel 1 http://figshare.com/articles/dataset_for_the_ 1 http://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/02BUNE 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.017 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.037 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 philippe.vanhems@chu-lyon.fr 1 philip.efron@surgery.ufl.edu 1 lihongjun00113@126.com 1 benet@chu-lyon.fr Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 community acquired pneumonia 31 pneumonia requiring hospitalization 19 pneumonia is not 13 pneumonia requiring intensive 10 pneumonia are not 10 pneumonia is most 9 cultures are positive 8 hospital acquired pneumonia 8 treatment is not 7 infection is not 7 infection is usually 7 pneumonia does not 7 pneumonia has not 7 pneumonia is mainly 7 pneumonia is more 7 pneumonia is often 7 pneumonia is usually 7 studies did not 6 infections are common 6 pneumonia is frequently 6 pneumonia is generally 5 disease is usually 5 infections are more 5 mortality was higher 5 patients do not 5 pneumonia is commonly 5 pneumonia is difficult 5 pneumonia requiring mechanical 5 therapy is not 4 cases requiring treatment 4 diagnosis is not 4 diagnosis is usually 4 disease is more 4 drug is also 4 drug is contraindicated 4 drugs are not 4 infection does not 4 infection is also 4 infection is often 4 patients are not 4 patients did not 4 patients requiring intensive 4 patients requiring mechanical 4 pneumonia are similar 4 pneumonia did not 4 pneumonia do not 4 pneumonia is also 4 pneumonia is rare 4 pneumonia is relatively 4 pneumonia requiring hospital Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 drugs are not necessary 2 drugs is not necessary 2 patients found no benefit 2 viruses are not usually 1 adults are not exempt 1 case is not immediately 1 cells are not prominent 1 cells do not usually 1 cells is not as 1 child is not fully 1 children are not currently 1 cultures are not as 1 cultures are not routinely 1 cultures were not helpful 1 diagnoses were not uncommon 1 diagnosis is not specific 1 diagnosis was not correctly 1 disease are not uncommon 1 disease is not limited 1 drug is not always 1 drugs did not always 1 drugs have no effect 1 drugs is not always 1 hospitals do not significantly 1 infection does not always 1 infection have not always 1 infection is not completely 1 infection is not normally 1 infection is not routinely 1 infection is not uncommon 1 infections are not uncommon 1 infections did not significantly 1 infections showed no significant 1 influenza are not part 1 lungs are not fully 1 lungs is not well 1 pathogens are not causes 1 pathogens are not often 1 pathogens did not statistically 1 pathogens were not directly 1 patient has no pre 1 patient has no risk 1 patient is not allergic 1 patients are not fully 1 patients are not only 1 patients do not necessarily 1 patients do not often 1 patients had no pulmonary 1 patients is not common 1 patients is not uncommon A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-021951-xxvol17t author = Amos, Louella B. title = Cough date = 2017-05-12 keywords = RSV; cause; child; cough; diagnosis; pneumonia; table summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00002-9 id = cord-273096-pgda7i3u author = Baba, Yuri title = A 72-Year-Old Woman With Respiratory Failure and Bilateral Ground-Glass Opacities date = 2020-07-02 keywords = HSV1P; pneumonia summary = CHEST 2020; 158(1):e41-e45 KEY WORDS: bronchoscopy; herpes simplex virus pneumonia; immunoperoxidase staining A 72-year-old Japanese housewife was admitted to our hospital due to anorexia and dyspnea on exertion. Laboratory data on admission showed a WBC count of 8,800/mm 3 with infectious symptoms, or a history suggestive of drug-induced lung diseases but did have fine crackles and diffuse, bilateral patchy ground-glass opacities in her chest, 1 we initially suspected acute interstitial pneumonia and administered prednisolone (50 mg/d), which is often used in the treatment of acute interstitial pneumonia. Immunoperoxidase staining for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) of lymphocytes using bronchial washing fluid was positive (Fig 2C) Diagnosis: Viral Pneumonia due to HSV1 e42 Chest Imaging and Pathology for Clinicians coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus, but HSV was not included in previous reports investigating the frequency of viral infection in community-acquired pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2019.11.054 id = cord-314359-fw14b5cv author = Bajaj, Satish Kumar title = Respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients: Lung findings using chest computed tomography date = 2016-11-23 keywords = Fig; infection; pneumonia summary = Patient who present with classical symptoms like fever, rigors, chills, cough with expectoration, chest pain, dyspnea and whose chest radiographic findings are suggestive of common bacterial infections is considered to have typical pneumonia. Clinical features such as patient age, immune status, time of year, illness in other family members, community outbreaks, different stages of the underlying disease at onset, severity and duration of symptoms, and presence of a rash remain important in diagnosing viral causes of atypical pneumonia in immune-competent as well as ICPs. CXR is an essential tool for rapid diagnosis of lung changes and may also be help in follow up of the treatment response. However, in hospitalized patients with similar radiological features without any relevant clinical and laboratory findings consistent with lung infection, a possible diagnosis of atelectasis, old changes and organizing pneumonias following a course of antibiotics should be considered. doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2016.11.001 id = cord-302226-0rhgmtbo author = Bajpai, Vijeta title = Spectrum of respiratory viral infections in liver disease patients with cirrhosis admitted in critical care unit date = 2019 keywords = patient; pneumonia summary = title: Spectrum of respiratory viral infections in liver disease patients with cirrhosis admitted in critical care unit BACKGROUND: Clinical significance of respiratory viruses (RVs) as an etiology of pneumonia in liver disease patients with cirrhosis is usually underestimated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of RVs in cirrhotic patients with pneumonia admitted in critical care units (CCUs) and its impact on the clinical outcome of cirrhotic patients. [7, 8, 14] The current study has found that respiratory viral infections other than influenza virus infection are also an important etiology of pneumonia in liver disease patients with cirrhosis admitted in CCUs. Transmission dynamics and seasonal distribution of RVs are key importance in understanding and limiting burden of morbidity and mortality of pneumonia patients in CCUs. doi = 10.4103/jlp.jlp_6_19 id = cord-294270-do6i6ymq author = Banu, Buyukaydin title = Pneumonia date = 2019-11-29 keywords = ICU; cap; elderly; patient; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.62174-8 id = cord-256424-t3dtabi4 author = Bousbia, Sabri title = Repertoire of Intensive Care Unit Pneumonia Microbiota date = 2012-02-28 keywords = Fig; ICU; bal; pneumonia summary = Recently, the bacterial microbiota of patients with cystic fibrosis and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were studied using 16S rDNA gene amplification followed by clone libraries sequencing [9] [10] [11] . Bacterial microbiota as evaluated by 16S rDNA Molecular assays were positive for at least one bacterium for 129 out of 185 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from patients with pneumonia as well as from 13 out of 25 from control individuals (p = 0.07). Fungal microbiota obtained from patients showed the presence of 22 different species belonging to 2 phyla (8 orders, 11 families and 12 genera) among which 6 phylotypes had not been previously identified in BAL fluids from pneumonia. Indeed, our study reveals that some pathogens that till now had been considered typical for ICU pneumonia, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus species, or viruses, such CMV and HSV, can be detected as commonly in controls as in patients (Fig. S1 and S2 ). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032486 id = cord-319002-xmsfkaoc author = Brown, James title = Community-Acquired Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Individuals date = 2014-02-22 keywords = CD4; HIV; art; pneumonia summary = Studies in populations other than in Europe and the US have confirmed the importance of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals, with recent work in Taiwan showing this to be the most common respiratory complication of HIV infection in those with CD4 counts above 200 cells/μL [9] . This may be due to the high levels of immunocompromise in this population despite the availability of ART, although an increase in invasive pneumococcal disease was found amongst women in that study, suggesting that general uptake of the childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV; which now forms part of the childhood immunization schedule in South Africa) may be particularly effective at reducing rates of invasive pneumococcal disease amongst HIV-infected adults in this community. Several interventions can be made that have been shown to reduce this risk; these include: the use of ART and achievement of an undetectable plasma HIV load, smoking cessation, and the uptake of the pneumococcal and influenza immunizations, which international guidelines recommend for HIV-infected individuals. doi = 10.1007/s11908-014-0397-x id = cord-305547-e66o5j85 author = Bénet, Thomas title = Etiology and Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children under 5 Years of Age in Mali: A Prospective Case-Control Study date = 2015-12-22 keywords = Mali; pneumonia summary = title: Etiology and Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children under 5 Years of Age in Mali: A Prospective Case-Control Study pneumoniae (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.6–7.0), human metapneumovirus (aOR = 17.2, 95% CI: 2.0–151.4), respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] (aOR = 7.4, 95% CI: 2.3–23.3), and influenza A virus (aOR = 10.7, 95% CI: 1.0–112.2) were associated with pneumonia, independently of patient age, gender, period, and other pathogens. The primary objective of this prospective case-control study was to assess the etiology and factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in Mali. pneumoniae, human metapneumovirus, RSV, and influenza A were the main microbial agents associated with pneumonia among children in Mali, independently of patient age, gender, period, and other pathogens. recently observed, in a pneumonia cases-control study implemented in hospitals of Utah, that detection respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and influenza from nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal sample of patients with pneumonia probably indicates an etiologic role [24] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0145447 id = cord-321514-knyw023l author = Bénet, Thomas title = Severity of Pneumonia in Under 5-Year-Old Children from Developing Countries: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study date = 2017-07-12 keywords = PCR; child; pneumonia summary = The objectives were to evaluate the microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries, to identify predictors of hypoxemia, and to characterize factors associated with in-hospital mortality. The objectives of the present study are to assess the microbiological agents linked to hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia in developing countries, to identify clinical and para-clinical predictors of hypoxemia and to pinpoint factors associated with death within 2 weeks after admission. The present study selectively comprised sites with better quality data on oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) at admission, mortality among pneumonia cases, and documented recording of patient follow-up during hospitalization. One of the objectives of this study was to assess microbiological agents and other predictors of hypoxemia and death in under 5-year-old hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0733 id = cord-009667-8r8j0h08 author = Cao, Bin title = Diagnosis and treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association date = 2017-09-26 keywords = China; cap; community; patient; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1111/crj.12674 id = cord-323742-rt0g0ufe author = Carter, Michael J. title = Assessment of an Antibody-in-Lymphocyte Supernatant Assay for the Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children date = 2020-01-17 keywords = ALS; child; pneumococcal; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00459 id = cord-323473-e2pgjynr author = Cevey-Macherel, Manon title = Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children based on WHO clinical guidelines date = 2009-02-24 keywords = PCR; child; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1007/s00431-009-0943-y id = cord-027678-k64whepc author = Chan, Kai Man title = Pneumonia date = 2020-06-22 keywords = HIV; ICU; Society; patient; pneumonia summary = The differential diagnosis and the likely causative organisms can be narrowed by using epidemiological clues, the most important of which are whether the pneumonia is community-acquired or healthcare-associated and whether the patient is immunocompromised. An acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma that is associated with at least some symptoms of acute infection, accompanied by an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph (CXR), or auscultatory findings consistent with pneumonia (e.g. altered breath sounds, localised crackles) in a patient not hospitalised or residing in a long-term care facility for ≥14 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Diagnosis may be difficult: the clinical features of pneumonia are non-specific and many non-infectious conditions (e.g. atelectasis, pulmonary embolus, aspiration, heart Table 36 .2 Procedure for obtaining microbiological samples using bronchoscopy and protected specimen brushing and/or bronchoalveolar lavage 35, 49 Infection control doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4762-6.00036-9 id = cord-016659-26zz8kaw author = Chen, Feng title = Influenza date = 2016-06-23 keywords = lung; pneumonia summary = Chest X-ray demonstrates mainly interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, initially with poorly defined thickening of the lung markings, predominantly both lower lung field significantly; increased density of the lung markings resembling to GGO. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia mainly as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, early with poorly defined but enhanced lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lung fields. Chest X-ray demonstrates primary influenza virus pneumonia as interstitial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia, with initial radiological signs of enhanced but poorly defined lung markings, predominantly in bilateral lower lungs. CT scan demonstrates uniform shaped consolidations with lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular and patches of opacity in different sizes along bronchical bundle as well as lobular atelectasis or focal emphysema. CT scan demonstrates consolidations with uniform shape and lobar distribution, with air bronchogram inside, and poorly defined nodular or patches of opacities of different sizes along bronchial bundles as well as lobular atelectasis and focal emphysema. doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_8 id = cord-259731-kiccsa89 author = Chen, Wei-Chieh title = Adjuvant therapy with traditional Chinese medicine in a heart failure patient complicated by hospital-acquired pneumonia: A case report date = 2019-02-27 keywords = TCM; anti; pneumonia summary = title: Adjuvant therapy with traditional Chinese medicine in a heart failure patient complicated by hospital-acquired pneumonia: A case report OBJECTIVE: We report a case of congestive heart failure complicated by hospital-acquired pneumonia that was successfully treated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and antibiotics. Broad spectrum antibiotics did not relieve the fever or the purulent sputum; therefore, the patient requested TCM for integrated therapy, and was subsequently treated with a regiment of "clearing heat and damp excreting" decoction according to TCM theory. CONCLUSION: Integrated therapy with a "clearing heat and damp excreting" decoction may have improved hospital-acquired pneumonia in a patient comorbid with congestive heart failure. We report a HAP patient comorbid with CHF who experienced rapid and significant improvement in symptoms and image findings following treatment with TCM adjuvant therapy. Because the bacterial cultures from sputum and blood were all negative, we believe that the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antitussive effects of the TCM regiment acted against the persistent inflammation in this patient. doi = 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.008 id = cord-001280-skavefji author = Choi, Sang-Ho title = Usefulness of Cellular Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for Predicting the Etiology of Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients date = 2014-05-13 keywords = BAL; WBC; pneumonia summary = This study investigated the ability of cellular analysis of BAL fluid to differentially diagnose bacterial pneumonia from viral pneumonia in adult patients who are admitted to intensive care unit. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients in whom the pathogen was not identified, (2) patients in whom BAL fluid analysis was impossible (due to severe neutropenia or clotting of specimen) or not performed, (3) patients with a mixed infection (identification of bacteria and virus), (4) patients who were treated with antimicrobial agents for more than 24 hours before bronchoscopic BAL, (5) patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, (6) patients with mycobacterial infection, and (7) patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Several authors of the current study previously investigated the diagnostic utility of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in BAL fluid of various patient populations with bilateral lung infiltrates. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0097346 id = cord-320438-9j41eyw3 author = Daltro, Pedro title = Pulmonary infections date = 2011-04-27 keywords = Fig; child; pneumonia summary = This paper reviews the most common imaging findings of pulmonary infection in children. This paper reviews the most common causes of pulmonary infection in children, emphasizing the imaging findings. As with other viral infections, focal or diffuse interstitial opacities are the initial chest radiograph presentation, but they can progress rapidly to bilateral areas of consolidation (Fig. 3 ). These children are prone to repeated bacterial infections with associated pneumonia leading to postinfectious bronchiectasis (Fig. 18) . Chest radiograph and CT findings show Fig. 16 Axial CT shows the typical halo sign in an immunocompromised child with invasive aspergillosis chronic or recurrent pneumonia, usually by Aspergillus or Candida organisms. The most common chest radiograph and CT findings are diffuse reticular interstitial opacities that can progress to massive alveolar consolidations resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome in infants (Fig. 20) . doi = 10.1007/s00247-011-2012-8 id = cord-302111-kg0dmgq0 author = Darden, Dijoia B. title = The Clinical Presentation and Immunology of Viral Pneumonia and Implications for Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-04-29 keywords = SARS; pneumonia; respiratory; viral; virus summary = Given the rapidly emerging pandemic associated with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019, it is important to review the clinical presentation and immunologic changes associated with viral pneumonia. Given the rapidly emerging pandemic associated with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019, it is important to review the clinical presentation and immunologic changes associated with viral pneumonia. Key Words: coronavirus; immunology; influenza virus; severe acute respiratory syndrome; viral pneumonia P neumonia is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization among adults and children in the United States (1) . Given the rapid spread of this virus and its association with severe pulmonary disease, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the presentation and immunology of viral pneumonia, principles of early management, and application to COVID-19. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000109 id = cord-000757-bz66g9a0 author = Davis, Kailah title = Identification of pneumonia and influenza deaths using the death certificate pipeline date = 2012-05-08 keywords = code; death; influenza; pneumonia summary = Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a pipeline, composed of a detection rule and a natural language processor, for the real time encoding of death certificates using the identification of pneumonia and influenza cases as an example and demonstrating that its accuracy is comparable to existing methods. Other research groups [18, 19] have demonstrated the feasibility of using mortality data for real time surveillance but all used "free text" search for the string "pneumonia", "flu" or "influenza." As noted earlier, although this method can provide the semi quantitative measurements for disease surveillance purposes, keyword searches can also result in an array of problems that result from complexities of human language such as causal relationships and synonyms [20] . Although, the focus of this study was to use NLP techniques to process death certificates, the description of this system reported in the literature did not show how well coded data from an NLP tool along with predefined rules can detect countable cases for a specific disease or condition. doi = 10.1186/1472-6947-12-37 id = cord-260750-utbuj5iz author = Dear, Jonathan D. title = Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats date = 2013-11-21 keywords = airway; bacterial; disease; pneumonia; respiratory summary = 3 Often, such diseases are acute and self-limiting, but in a subset of dogs inflammation associated with these organisms immobilizes the host''s immune defenses and predisposes infection with other (often bacterial) respiratory pathogens. Young animals are especially prone to the development of bacterial pneumonia because of their naive immune systems, and when coupled with alterations to the innate immune system, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or complement deficiency, the risk of life-threatening infection increases greatly (see Veterinary Clinics of North America 2007;37(5):845-60 for a comprehensive review of respiratory defenses in health and disease). 4, [11] [12] [13] DIAGNOSIS Bacterial pneumonia implies sepsis of the lower airway and lungs, so the diagnosis is confirmed by showing septic suppurative inflammation on airway cytology obtained through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or tracheal wash, along with a positive microbiology culture. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.09.003 id = cord-010018-gl8uuqej author = Del Borrello, Giovanni title = New insights into pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia gained from untargeted metabolomics: A preliminary study date = 2019-12-10 keywords = child; pneumonia; study summary = 3, 4 Although epidemiological research has repeatedly pointed out that the large majority of lower respiratory infection in pediatric patients are caused by viruses, 2 physicians often lack the tools to reliably discriminate between bacterial and viral etiology [5] [6] [7] and a large percentage of children presenting with respiratory symptoms and fever are ultimately administered antibiotics. To increase the specificity of our findings and reduce the role of confounding variables, three exclusion criteria were strictly applied, concerning: infants (ie, children under 1 year of age), to avoid any diagnostic overlap between pneumonia and bronchiolitis; children with a previous diagnosis of chronic disease (HIV, asthma, immunodeficiency, CHD), to reduce the pathophysiological heterogeneity between CAP cases; and children given any oral or injected antibiotic therapy in the 48 hours preceding enrollment, to avoid cases of partially treated pneumonia, as the related pathophysiological profile differs from that of a lung infection devoid of any treatment. doi = 10.1002/ppul.24602 id = cord-018134-k4vdqlgs author = Eisenberg, Ronald L. title = Pneumonia date = 2019-11-01 keywords = Fig; lung; pneumonia summary = • Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia that is most common in debilitated middle-aged and older men with alcoholism (about two-thirds of cases); high mortality rate • Tends to form a voluminous exudate that produces a homogeneous parenchymal consolidation containing an air bronchogram • Lobar enlargement (especially the right upper) with the characteristic bulging fissure sign (Fig. 6 .17) ○ Bulging fissure sign also in Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia (predominantly in compromised hosts, such as chronic pulmonary disease, immune deficiency, alcoholism, diabetes) (see Fig. e6 .22) • Most frequently result from infectious particles reaching the lung from an infected heart valve (especially the tricuspid), intravenous catheter, or injected debris • Persons at risk include drug abusers, immunocompromised patients, individuals with septal defects, and those with indwelling venous catheters, pacemakers, or prosthetic heart valves • Initially, multiple ill-defined round or wedge-shaped opacities with a swirling pattern that are usually peripheral and tend to involve the lower lobes (starry night sign -mimicking the brush strokes in van Gogh''s painting of that name) • Cavitary pulmonary nodules tend to develop rapidly (1-2 days) doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-16826-1_6 id = cord-310840-h49dx92d author = Eslamy, Hedieh K. title = Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date = 2011-09-30 keywords = Fig; child; infection; lung; pneumonia summary = The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The role of imaging, including chest radiographs, ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), is to detect the presence of pneumonia, determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as parapneumonic effusion/ empyema and suppurative lung complications. CT is often used to further evaluate: (1) suppurative lung complications and to differentiate these from parapneumonic effusion/empyema; (2) patients with recurrent or chronic pneumonia and concern for an underlying lesion; and (3) immunocompromised children with noncontributory or confusing chest radiographs and clinical findings that could be secondary to lung infection. The chest radiograph of acute focal pneumonia usually shows a dense, typically more peripheral airspace opacity, which may appear segmental, lobar, or spherical ( Figs. doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 id = cord-000286-3njrml7x author = Facciolongo, Nicola title = Eosinophilic infiltrate in a patient with severe Legionella pneumonia as a levofloxacin-related complication: a case report date = 2010-11-11 keywords = Legionella; eosinophilic; pneumonia summary = title: Eosinophilic infiltrate in a patient with severe Legionella pneumonia as a levofloxacin-related complication: a case report This report concerns the case of a man with Legionella pneumonia that evolved into ARDS and then became complicated with eosinophilic infiltration as an effect of treatment with levofloxacin. There are some reports in the literature regarding the possibility of development of eosinophilic pneumonia during the course of levofloxacin therapy [4] ; moreover, it was the drug administered to our patient for the greatest number of days (21 in total). (2) The BAL on the 22nd day, as some other authors have reported, still showed compatibility with ARDS Legionella, [10] while the following BAL showed eosinophilia (28%) compatible with an acute eosinophilic pneumonia [6] , which histological exams confirmed ( Figure 3) . Severe sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome from community-acquired Legionella pneumonia: case report doi = 10.1186/1752-1947-4-360 id = cord-009278-98ebmd33 author = Ferreira-Coimbra, João title = Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Unmet Clinical Needs date = 2020-02-18 keywords = cap; community; patient; pneumonia summary = Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases and an important health problem, having considerable implications for healthcare systems worldwide. Recently, Nature Medicine published the first use of phages to treat a multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganism [3] and Lancet Infectious Diseases reported the first use of pneumolysin in severe CAP treatment added to standard of care in a phase II trial [4] . Incidence of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia among older adults in the United Kingdom: a population-based study Incidence rate of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based prospective active surveillance study in three cities in South America Disease burden and etiologic distribution of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: evolving epidemiology in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian network for surveillance of resistant pathogens Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1007/s12325-020-01248-7 id = cord-001894-ptuelrqj author = Ferrer, Miquel title = Polymicrobial intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, microbiology and outcome date = 2015-12-23 keywords = ICUAP; pneumonia; polymicrobial summary = Intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia (ICUAP) is the leading infection in critically-ill patients, accounting for prolonged mechanical ventilation and length of stay, and poor outcome [1] [2] [3] [4] . Recent investigations have shown that multi-drug-resistant (MDR) or high-risk pathogens have been isolated in around half of patients with an episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) or ICUAP confirmed microbiologically [9, 10] . The association between polymicrobial or monomicrobial etiology and patients'' outcomes was adjusted for variables potentially related to mortality, such as age, APACHE-II and SAPS scores at ICU admission, SOFA score, CPIS and arterial partial pressure of oxygen/inspired oxygen fraction (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ) ratio at onset of pneumonia, VAP or NV-ICUAP, and unilateral or bilateral chest x-ray infiltrates. doi = 10.1186/s13054-015-1165-5 id = cord-016498-j72vrvqf author = Fong, I. W. title = Issues in Community-Acquired Pneumonia date = 2020-03-07 keywords = ICU; acquire; cap; patient; pneumonia summary = In a recent study of 70 children <5 years of age hospitalized for CAP without an identifiable etiology and 90 asymptomatic controls, metagenomics [next-generation sequencing] and pan-viral PCR were able to identify a putative pathogen in 34% of unidentifiable cases from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs [18] . More recently in Britain, 325 adult patients with confirmed pneumonia admitted to two tertiary-care hospitals had cultures and comprehensive molecular testing [multiplex real-time PCR for 26 respiratory viruses and bacteria] from sputum [96%] and endotracheal aspirate [4% or 13 cases] [32] . Incidence of respiratory viral infections detected by PCR and real-time PCR in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis Severe thinness is associated with mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-36966-8_3 id = cord-007797-toam6r5y author = Franquet, Tomás title = Imaging of Pulmonary Infection date = 2019-02-20 keywords = infection; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = Community acquired pneumonia refers to an acute infection of the lung in patients who did not meet any of the criteria for HCAP, presenting select clinical features (e.g., cough, fever, sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain) and accompanied by an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph. Chest radiographs are of limited value in predicting the causative pathogen but are of good use to determine the extent of pneumonia and to detect complications (i.e., cavitation, abscess formation, pneumothorax, pleural effusion), to detect additional or alternative diagnoses, and, in some cases, to guide invasive diagnostic procedures. Risk factors for the development of staphylococcal pneumonia include underlying pulmonary disease (e.g., COPD, carcinoma), chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes mellitus, renal failure), or viral infection. The lower lobes contrast-enhanced CT image shows a mixed opacity of consolidation (arrow) and ground-glass opacity (small arrows) consistent with lobar pneumonia tend to be affected, and the radiographic pattern is similar to that seen with S. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-11149-6_7 id = cord-001746-pbahviaz author = Garg, Shikha title = Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza virus infection—United States, 2005–2008 date = 2015-08-26 keywords = AOR; influenza; pneumonia summary = Although there is evidence that adult patients with underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease are more likely to develop influenza-associated pneumonia than those without underlying medical conditions [6, 7] , much of the data describing factors associated with influenzaassociated pneumonia among adults comes from case series conducted at single sites and during a limited number of seasons. The following data were collected on patients: demographics, results of laboratory tests for influenza, influenza vaccination status for the current season, underlying medical conditions, bacterial coinfections, CXR data, antiviral treatment, clinical outcomes, and discharge diagnoses. Patients with pneumonia were significantly more likely than patients without pneumonia to reside in a nursing home prior to hospital admission, to have received influenza vaccine, and to have the following underlying medical conditions: chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and immunosuppression. doi = 10.1186/s12879-015-1004-y id = cord-304356-jyp9gjh9 author = Grant, Rogan A. title = Alveolitis in severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is driven by self-sustaining circuits between infected alveolar macrophages and T cells date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; cell; figure; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.08.05.238188 id = cord-254852-qr5gdmbc author = Grief, Samuel N. title = Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia date = 2018-08-14 keywords = Society; child; patient; pneumonia summary = A 2015 prospective, multi-center study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified a responsible pathogen in only 38% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults requiring hospitalization. 13 However, more extensive diagnostic testing should be considered in patients who are at risk for infection with unusual pathogens, who are not responding to treatment, or when additional testing is likely to change antibiotic management (Table 3) . Their analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials found significantly decreased mortality in severe pneumonia, decreased need for mechanical ventilation, decreased occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome, decreased time to clinical stability, and shorter duration of hospitalization. Elderly patients with pneumonia may not exhibit typical symptoms or physical examination findings seen in younger adults, such as pleuritic chest pain, cough, fever, and leukocytosis. Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associate pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2018.04.001 id = cord-000237-mticfoic author = Guan, Xuhua title = Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008 date = 2010-07-23 keywords = China; pneumonia; year summary = We conducted a systematic review of the Chinese-and Englishlanguage literature in order to describe pneumonia incidence and mortality in China, evaluate the quality of published studies, and identify gaps in the literature that can be addressed through surveillance and epidemiologic research projects in the future. Based on published recommendations for measuring quality of epidemiologic studies of pneumonia [15] , we assessed quality using the following six criteria: (1) geographic location was reported, (2) study was conducted for a period of at least one year or multiples of one year to account for seasonal factors, (3) site of case detection or surveillance location was reported, (4) age and population size of cohort of at least 50 cases were reported, (5) quality assurance and monitoring methods were employed to assure that data was complete and high quality, and (6) a clearly defined case definition (e.g., not based solely on clinical diagnosis) was used and reported. In children aged ,5 years, the highest mortality rates were reported by four studies that were each conducted in multiple regions throughout mainland China (9.55±14.40 deaths from pneumonia per 1,000 live births; Table S3 ) [21, 23, 38, 48] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011721 id = cord-315834-ashjw2xs author = Guo, Lingxi title = Clinical Features Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Viral Pneumonia: The MuLBSTA Score date = 2019-12-03 keywords = patient; pneumonia summary = title: Clinical Features Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Viral Pneumonia: The MuLBSTA Score OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to further clarify clinical characteristics and predict mortality risk among patients with viral pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Here, we designed an easy-to-use clinically predictive tool for assessing 90-day mortality risk of viral pneumonia. Influenza and other respiratory viruses are common reasons of acute pneumonia which can result in significant morbidity or mortality in the setting of high-risk factors such as extremes of age, pregnancy, obesity or chronic pre-existing conditions. Other reported risk factors for influenza pneumonia such as PO2/FiO2, lymphocyte count, and antigen-specific T cells are likewise useful in predicting mortality and deciding on appropriate management (Viasus et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2017) . In patients hospitalized with viral pneumonia, a simple prognostic tool was made for overall mortality which is useful for prediction several days after admission upon obtaining culture results. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02752 id = cord-028328-5lews3uw author = Haas, Andrew R. title = COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA date = 2020-06-22 keywords = CAP; DRSP; patient; pneumonia summary = With the development of the fl uoroquinolones, effective high levels of lung penetration have been achieved without the development of resistance to treat even those patients with severe pneumonia using a single agent once a day (except those with risk factors for P. Although an antipneumococcal fl uoroquinolone would be equally effective, use of one of these agents in this Chapter 78 Community-Acquired Pneumonia 1085 Practice: Therapy of Infectious Diseases low-risk patient population is likely unnecessary and may promote selection pressure for resistance. Recognition of the clinical syndrome consistent with pneumonia, assessing patients'' risk factors for specifi c organisms, determining their medical comorbidities, and evaluating their severity of illness will allow the clinician to ascertain pertinent pathogens and choose appropriate empirical coverage for CAP. A fi ve-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3291-5.50082-2 id = cord-287145-w518a0wa author = Habib, Nahida title = Ensemble of CheXNet and VGG-19 Feature Extractor with Random Forest Classifier for Pediatric Pneumonia Detection date = 2020-10-30 keywords = model; pneumonia summary = This paper proposes an ensemble method-based pneumonia diagnosis from Chest X-ray images. This paper proposed an ensemble technique of two CNN models-fine-tuned CheXNet and VGG-19 models for the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia from Chest X-ray images. For the detection and classification of Pneumonia from Normal images different ML algorithms-Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) are applied on the features afterword''s. Chest X-ray is easy to use medical imaging and diagnostic technique performed by expert radiologists to diagnose pneumonia, tuberculosis, interstitial lung disease, and early lung cancer [13] . The CheXNet deep CNN model uses this NIH CXR dataset and is said to exceed the average radiologist performance on the pneumonia detection task [8] . The proposed methodology includes image preprocessing using an image enhancement technique and resizing of images, augmentation of training images, finetuning CNN models, model''s training, extraction of CNN''s feature vector, ensemble of extracted feature vectors, dataset imbalance handling and Pneumonia classification using different machine learning algorithms. doi = 10.1007/s42979-020-00373-y id = cord-018408-ttae193b author = Haddad, Imad Y. title = Pneumonia and Empyema date = 2008-11-15 keywords = VAP; cause; child; patient; pneumonia; respiratory summary = Second, patients with genetic or acquired immune defi ciency commonly develop severe pneumonia with opportunistic infections that usually do not infect healthy children. These immunocompromised patients commonly have been given chemo-radiotherapy for cancer or are receiving immune-suppressive agents to prevent rejection episodes following solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The pathogens that commonly produce CAP or VAP, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus, are relatively virulent bacteria so that only a small inoculum is required and the aspiration is usually subtle. Bacterial organisms recovered from tracheal secretions obtained through an endotracheal tube may or may not refl ect the causative agent(s) responsible for lower respiratory tract infection. In addition, recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are frequently given life-long treatment with immunosuppressive agents designed to prevent graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease. Early-onset nosocomial pneumonia and VAP are commonly caused by antibiotic-sensitive, community-acquired organisms (e.g., Strep. doi = 10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_17 id = cord-326751-fn43p19j author = Herold, Christian J. title = Community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia date = 2004-01-29 keywords = CAP; Fig; patient; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1007/s00330-003-2162-7 id = cord-304277-aek6mvdw author = Ishiguro, Takashi title = Two Cases of Primary Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 Pneumonia in Which Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Yielded Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 date = 2019-09-11 keywords = HPIV; pneumonia summary = We initially suspected these patients of having influenza-associated pneumonia and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, respectively, and performed bronchoalveolar lavage, but only human parainfluenza virus-1 infection was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing. We recently experienced two cases of pneumonia in which HPIV-1 was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and confirmed by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (Fast Track Diagnostics Resp 21 Kit, Silema, Malta), which detects the following respiratory pathogens: influenza A and B viruses; coronaviruses NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1; human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4; human metapneumovirus A/B; rhinovirus; respiratory syncytial virus A/B; adenovirus; enterovirus; human parechovirus; bocavirus; and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. However, previous reports that investigated virus infections in patients with pneumonia used nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs to detect viruses, which raises the possibility of upper respiratory tract infection by HPIV. Furthermore, these studies include mixed viral and bacterial infections, and the clinical characteristics of the immunocompetent patients with primary HPIV pneumonia are not fully known. doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.3435-19 id = cord-261118-rzdxdzp5 author = Jenks, Christopher L. title = Drug hypersensitivity causing organizing eosinophilic pneumonia in a pediatric patient date = 2015-03-17 keywords = eosinophilic; pneumonia summary = title: Drug hypersensitivity causing organizing eosinophilic pneumonia in a pediatric patient The presentation is typically rapid over the course of 1e5 days, and generally involves fever, myalgias, pleuritic chest pain, crackles on lung exam, plus or minus peripheral eosinophilia as was the case in our patient. Bronchoalveolar lavage is the diagnostic study of choice to diagnose an eosinophilic lung disease as it may be the only clue revealing a high eosinophil count (typically >25% when the normal in BAL fluid is <1%). 4 There have been very few reported cases of organizing eosinophilic pneumonia being associated with pulmonary embolism or a pneumomediastinum. Eosinophilic pneumonia has no obvious association with pulmonary embolism but still could be the possible etiology. 5 At 8 weeks of life the patient had a lung biopsy which showed the eosinophilic pneumonia. If corticosteroids fail to improve the patient''s condition, other treatment options could include IVIG, and cyclosporine A. doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2015.02.007 id = cord-315860-9j667c03 author = Jullien, Sophie title = Pneumonia in children admitted to the national referral hospital in Bhutan: A prospective cohort study date = 2020-04-10 keywords = Bhutan; child; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.017 id = cord-297494-6yxmaihl author = Katsurada, Naoko title = The impact of virus infections on pneumonia mortality is complex in adults: a prospective multicentre observational study date = 2017-12-06 keywords = patient; pneumonia; virus summary = However, influenza virus A and B were associated with three-fold higher mortality in patients with chronic respiratory disease but not with other comorbidities (ARR 3.38, 95% CI 1.54–7.42). We conducted this prospective multicentre study to determine the distribution of viruses associated with pneumonia in adults and to establish their virus-specific effects on pneumonia mortality stratified by age group and comorbidity status. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to systematically investigate virus-specific effects on pneumonia mortality by age group and comorbidity status among adults. In our study, multiple viruses were identified in 5.1% of virus-associated pneumonia and were associated with higher mortality than single viral infection in patients with chronic respiratory disease and other comorbidities. Systematic reviews have shown that multiple viral infections in patients with respiratory disease are not associated with disease severity [27, 28] ; however, the majority of previous studies included young children but not adults. doi = 10.1186/s12879-017-2858-y id = cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 author = Katz, Sophie E. title = Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research date = 2018-03-31 keywords = CAP; United; child; pneumonia summary = That study used traditional culture methods, pneumolysin-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, viral direct fluorescent antibody tests, and serologic tests for viruses, Mycoplasma spp, and Chlamydia spp to identify pathogens in 154 hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed lower respiratory infections at a single institution. A majority of patients (60%) were noted to have infection with typical respiratory bacteria (most commonly, Streptococcus pneumoniae, detected in 73% of children with documented bacterial disease), with viruses identified in 45% of children. The multicenter Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) Study was a prospective, population-based surveillance study of greater than 2300 pediatric CAP hospitalizations in the United States conducted from 2010 to 2012. To evaluate the impact of CRP in the etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia, a meta-analysis of 8 studies with more than 1200 children with viral or bacterial causes of CAP demonstrated that CRP levels greater than or equal to 40 mg/L to 60 mg/L were associated with only a 64% positive predictive value for identifying children with bacterial pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.002 id = cord-340766-aic570x8 author = Kim, Se Jin title = Outcomes of Early Administration of Cidofovir in Non-Immunocompromised Patients with Severe Adenovirus Pneumonia date = 2015-04-15 keywords = adv; patient; pneumonia summary = The present study describes in detail the clinical characteristics and favorable treatment outcomes of non-immunocompromised adults who had experienced severe AdV pneumonia and received early cidofovir administration. Only non-immunocompromised adult patients who fulfilled the criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia, set out in the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines [23] , and admitted to the intensive care unit with progressive respiratory failure, defined as a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 )/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) ratio of < 300 mmHg and/or tachypnea (respiration rate >30 breaths/min) [24] , were included in the analysis. Our data suggest that early administration of cidofovir in the course of treatment for respiratory failure as a result of AdV pneumonia in non-immunocompromised patients could be a treatment strategy worth considering, especially in cases of HAdV-55 infection. Our data suggest that early administration of cidofovir in the course of treatment for respiratory failure as a result of AdV pneumonia in non-immunocompromised patients could be a treatment strategy worth considering, especially in cases of HAdV-55 infection. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0122642 id = cord-334470-tg8yqzrt author = Kirkby, Charles title = Is low dose radiation therapy a potential treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia? date = 2020-04-06 keywords = pneumonia summary = title: Is low dose radiation therapy a potential treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia? We would like to draw the radiotherapy community''s attention to the potential for low doses (< 100 cGy) of low LET radiation to treat viral pneumonia as a possible therapy for COVID-19 patients. A review showed low doses from kilovoltage x-rays reduced pneumonia mortality from roughly 30 percent to 10 percent on average.(2) Doses reported were generally in the 20 -few hundred Roentgen range, which given the attenuation through chest wall would likely have resulted in mean lung doses in the tens to < 100 cGy range. Therefore, it stands to reason that an LDRT treatment of 30 to 100 cGy to the lungs of a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia could reduce the inflammation and relieve the life-threatening symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.04.004 id = cord-312266-hnbgaxft author = Krishnamurthy, A. title = Current therapeutics and prophylactic approaches to treat pneumonia date = 2016-08-05 keywords = CAP; antibiotic; child; pneumonia summary = The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are increasingly available in both developed as well as developing countries, especially the 7-and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines which have shown effectiveness in reducing the incidence and severity of pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections in children. 61 The efficacy of ribavirin for the treatment of RSV CAP in infants is debatable, as certain in vitro studies have shown activity of ribavirin against RSV, but its usage for RSV infection is not routinely recommended in the management of lower respiratory tract disease because of the high cost, aerosol administration, and possible toxic effects among healthcare providers. 90 Zabofloxacin: is being developed as a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is a potent and selective inhibitor of the essential bacterial type II topoisomerases and topoisomerase IV and is indicated for community-acquired respiratory infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-804543-5.00017-8 id = cord-347691-ia2i8svg author = Larici, Anna Rita title = Multimodality imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia: from diagnosis to follow-up. A comprehensive review date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; HRCT; pneumonia summary = The purpose of this comprehensive review is to understand the diagnostic capabilities and limitations of chest X-ray (CXR) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in defining the common imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia and correlating them with the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. As suggested in the recently published WHO (World Health Organization) advice guide for the diagnosis and management of COVID-19, chest imaging should be used for diagnostic purpose in symptomatic patients if RT-PCR is not available or its results are delayed, or in case of negative result in the presence of a high clinical suspicion of COVID-19 [11] . Apart from recognizing COVID-19 pneumonia features, imaging -especially CT -may reveal possible alternative diagnoses (e.g. pulmonary oedema, alveolar haemorrhage, other type of lung infections) that justify patient''s respiratory symptoms [25, 26] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109217 id = cord-019089-oots4fe4 author = Laya, Bernard F. title = Infections date = 2013-08-31 keywords = Fig; child; infection; pneumonia summary = Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. Viruses are the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia in infants older than 4 months and in preschool-aged children, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common. For school-aged children (6-16 years old), the incidence of bacterial infections from Streptococcus increases, although viral disease remains the most common cause (Condon 1991 ; Ostapchuk et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes 30 % of lower respiratory tract infections in school-aged children (Condon 1991 ; Donnelly 2001 ) . However, lung parenchymal, pleural, and lymph node infl ammatory abnormalities can be visualized and characterized by MRI in children with pulmonary infections. Swine-origin infl uenza A (H1N1) viral infection in children: initial chest radiographic fi ndings doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-35573-8_13 id = cord-007564-ljqrxjvv author = Leroy, O. title = 04 – Apport des explorations microbiologiques au diagnostic des infections des voies respiratoires basses date = 2006-11-13 keywords = PAC; PCR; des; les; patient; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2006.07.008 id = cord-004464-nml9kqiu author = Lhommet, Claire title = Predicting the microbial cause of community-acquired pneumonia: can physicians or a data-driven method differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia at patient presentation? date = 2020-03-06 keywords = datum; patient; pneumonia summary = title: Predicting the microbial cause of community-acquired pneumonia: can physicians or a data-driven method differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia at patient presentation? Whether the etiology of CAP is viral or bacterial should be determined based on the patient interview, clinical symptoms and signs, biological findings and radiological data from the very first hours of the patient''s presentation (a time when microbiological findings are typically not yet available). The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the abilities of experienced physicians and a data-driven approach to answer this simple question within the first hours of a patient''s admission to the ICU for CAP: is it a viral or a bacterial pneumonia? Step 2: clinician and data-driven predictions of microbial etiology Clinicians and a mathematical algorithm were tasked with predicting the microbial etiology of pneumonia cases based on all clinical (43 items), and biological or radiological (17 items) information available in the first 3-h period after admission except for any microbiological findings (Supplementary Table 1 ). doi = 10.1186/s12890-020-1089-y id = cord-002227-x1ddi8wg author = Li, Wanli title = Emergency treatment and nursing of children with severe pneumonia complicated by heart failure and respiratory failure: 10 case reports date = 2016-07-29 keywords = child; pneumonia; respiratory; severe summary = In the process of nursing children with severe pneumonia, intensive care was provided, including condition assessment and diagnosis, close observation of disease, keeping the airway unblocked, rational oxygen therapy, prevention and treatment of respiratory and circulatory failure, support of vital organs, complications, and health education. As a result, severe pneumonia produces corresponding clinical symptoms, such as respiratory failure, heart failure, toxic encephalopathy and intestinal paralysis, which endanger the lives of children in the short term, and is the first cause of death of pediatric inpatients (6, 7) . Type I respiratory failure also refers to the coexistence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia, impairment of ventilatory function and gas exchange functions, severe lung lesion, obstruction of trachea and bronchia caused by sticky secretions, blood change of PaO 2 <60 mmHg, and PaCO 2 >50 mmHg. Main clinical manifestations of children patients with type I pneumonia with respiratory failure include, poor mental state or dysphoria, polypnea, cyanosis of lips, dyspnea, nasal flaring and three depression signs. doi = 10.3892/etm.2016.3558 id = cord-303079-tglvxelu author = Liam, Chong‐Kin title = Community‐acquired pneumonia: An Asia Pacific perspective date = 2007-02-13 keywords = Asia; pneumonia summary = Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common illness that is potentially life-threatening especially in older adults and those with comorbid disease. Studies conducted in Japan, Korea and Thailand showed that the aetiology of CAP is similar to that reported in the West except for the low incidence of Legionella pneumonia. Furthermore, the PSI is more useful for identifying low-risk patients who may be safely treated as outpatients rather than those with severe CAP. pneumoniae, after controlling for comorbid illness, although patients infected by resistant organisms may have more severe disease and suppurative complications as well as a more prolonged hospital stay. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a 3-year prospective study in Japan Community-acquired pneumonia in Japan: a prospective ambulatory and hospitalized patient study Prospective study of the aetiology of adult community acquired bacterial pneumonia needing hospitalisation in Singapore A study on community acquired pneumonia in adults requiring hospital admission in Penang doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.01013.x id = cord-266516-0ure8256 author = Lim, Tow Keang title = Pneumonia in the tropics date = 2017-08-01 keywords = Asia; disease; pneumonia; respiratory summary = The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio‐economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery. Prevalent in poultry and wild birds, animal-to-human transmission occurs to cause a spectrum of pneumonia/ pneumonitis, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In a series of severe CAP cases in Singapore, patients who had Gram-negative organisms isolated tended to have a worse outcome including a higher mortality, especially for patients with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia pseudomallei infections. doi = 10.1111/resp.13137 id = cord-260679-tm1s6wvj author = Lim, Wei Shen title = Pneumonia—Overview date = 2020-05-20 keywords = CAP; infection; pathogen; patient; pneumonia summary = Within the grouping of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), further distinction is usually made according to whether the patient was on an intensive care unit, or intubated (ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP)) at the time of infection (Torres et al., 2017; Kalil et al., 2016) . A definitive diagnosis of pneumonia comprises four aspects: (i) symptoms and signs of a respiratory tract infection, (ii) radiological changes, (iii) identification of a putative pathogen and (iv) a treatment response, or clinical course, consistent with pneumonia. A meta-analysis of individual participant data from 26 RCTs found that PCT-directed treatment in the management of acute respiratory tract infections (of varying types and severity, including CAP and HAP) was associated with a reduction in antibiotic exposure (5.0 vs. The respiratory pathogens commonly implicated in patients with CAP remain important aetiological agents in all other types of pneumonia, including HAP and pneumonia in the immunocompromised host (Table 8 ). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11636-8 id = cord-282301-7hjeaf1s author = Liu, Yen-Lin title = Pediatric Round Pneumonia date = 2013-03-13 keywords = pneumonia; round summary = We herein report the case of a 7-year-old boy who presented with prolonged fever, cough, and chest X-rays showing a well-demarcated round mass measuring 5.9 × 5.6 × 4.3 cm in the left lower lung field, findings which were typical for round pneumonia. We herein report the case of a 7year-old boy who presented with prolonged fever, cough, and chest X-rays showing a welldemarcated round mass measuring 5.9 Â 5.6 Â 4.3 cm in the left lower lung field, findings which were typical for round pneumonia. Recent evidence suggests treating classical round pneumonia with antibiotics first and waiving unwarranted advanced imaging studies, while alternative etiologies such as abscesses, tuberculosis, nonbacterial infections, congenital malformations, or neoplasms should still be considered in patients with atypical features or poor treatment response. Recent evidence suggests treating classical round pneumonia with antibiotics first and waiving unwarranted advanced imaging studies, while alternative etiologies such as abscesses, tuberculosis, nonbacterial infections, congenital malformations, or neoplasms should still be considered in patients with atypical features or poor treatment response. doi = 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.01.014 id = cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author = Luby, James P. title = Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date = 2016-01-14 keywords = CMV; infection; influenza; patient; pneumonia; virus summary = doi = 10.1097/00000441-198707000-00007 id = cord-026005-f2khcjdy author = López, Alfonso title = Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date = 2017-02-17 keywords = Fig; Mannheimia; Mycobacterium; Mycoplasma; Pasteurella; alveolar; cause; cell; disease; horse; infection; lesion; lung; nasal; pneumonia; pulmonary; respiratory; type summary = Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 id = cord-292094-vmsdhccp author = Mandell, Lionel A. title = Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults date = 2007-03-01 keywords = ICU; Legionella; PSI; antibiotic; cap; community; patient; pneumonia; risk; therapy summary = Severity-of-illness scores, such as the CURB-65 criteria (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, age 65 years or greater), or prognostic models, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), can be used to identify patients with CAP who may be candidates for outpatient treatment. A respiratory fluoroquinolone should be used for penicillin-allergic patients.) Increasing resistance rates have suggested that empirical therapy with a macrolide alone can be used only for the treat-ment of carefully selected hospitalized patients with nonsevere disease and without risk factors for infection with drug-resistant pathogens. Advantages include the high specificity, the ability of some assays to distinguish between influenza A and B, the rapidity with which the results can be obtained, the possibly reduced use of antibacterial agents, and the utility of establishing this diagnosis for epidemiologic purposes, especially in hospitalized patients who may require infection control precautions. doi = 10.1086/511159 id = cord-027679-89yt6fzo author = McLoud, Theresa C. title = Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Box; Fig; States; United; infection; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00003-2 id = cord-275828-c6d6nk7x author = Mikasa, Keiichi title = JAID/JSC Guidelines for the Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases/Japanese Society of Chemotherapy – The JAID/JSC Guide to Clinical Management of Infectious Disease/Guideline-preparing Committee Respiratory Infectious Disease WG date = 2016-07-31 keywords = ABPC; BII; Japan; Japanese; MRSA; Respiratory; Society; day; drug; patient; pneumonia; treatment summary = -SBT/ABPC, intravenous drip, 3 g/3e4 times a day -CTRX, intravenous drip, 1 g/twice a day or 2 g/once a day -CTX, intravenous drip, 1e2 g/2e3 times a day -LVFX, intravenous drip, 500 mg/once a day (2) Cases of late-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia or ventilator-associated pneumonia in which the risk of resistant bacteria is high An antimicrobial drug with anti-pseudomonal activity that targets non-glucose-fermentative gram-negative rod should be administered [50, 51, 68] -To treat polymicrobial infection, the administration of an antimicrobial drug with an activity against obligate anaerobe is not always necessary [67, 70] . -SBT/ABPC, intravenous drip, 3 g/3e4 times a day -CTRX, intravenous drip, 2 g/once a day or 1 g/twice a day -CTX, intravenous drip, 1e2 g/2e3 times a day -LVFX, intravenous drip, 500 mg/once a day (2) Late-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia or cases in which there is a risk of multi-drug-resistant bacteria In addition to the above pathogens, the involvement of non-glucose-fermentative gram negative bacteria or ESBLproducing enteric bacteria must be considered. For the treatment of immunodeficiency-/blood disease-related pneumonia in children, antimicrobial drug therapy should also be basically selected, considering causative microorganisms. doi = 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.12.019 id = cord-029183-3aotgq6m author = Monard, Céline title = Multicenter evaluation of a syndromic rapid multiplex PCR test for early adaptation of antimicrobial therapy in adult patients with pneumonia date = 2020-07-14 keywords = PCR; patient; pneumonia; result summary = We evaluated the relevance of a new syndromic rapid multiplex PCR test (rm-PCR) on respiratory samples to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a syndromic rm-PCR test has the potential to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial exposure and increase the appropriateness of empirical antibiotic therapy in adult patients with pneumonia. Therefore, in pneumonia patients, international guidelines state that an attempt should be made to obtain respiratory samples and recommend to start early empirical treatment while awaiting for the results of culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) [3] . The BioFire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel (bioMerieux S.A., Marcy-l''Etoile, France) is a novel assay able to simultaneously identify 27 of the most common pathogens involved in lower respiratory tract infections (semi-quantitative results for 11 Gram-negative and 4 Gram-positive bacteria, qualitative results for 3 atypical bacteria and 9 viruses) as well as 7 antibiotic resistance genes (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03114-y id = cord-017252-88b3preq author = Morgan, Carrie I. title = Pneumonia date = 2014-02-20 keywords = child; infection; patient; pneumonia; respiratory summary = Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus infl uenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 23 ] . Chest CT is helpful to further evaluate diffi cult cases, particularly immunocompromised children with ill-defi ned infi ltrates on CXR, complex empyema or effusion, or recurrent or chronic pneumonia [ 11 ] . Respiratory failure in an immunocompromised child frequently necessitates a chest CT to better visualize the pattern and extent of disease, aid in diagnosis of the etiology, determine the need for more invasive procedures, and to increase the sensitivity of assessing treatment response [ 11 ] . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-6356-5_6 id = cord-295201-u2dola34 author = Morimoto, Konosuke title = The Burden and Etiology of Community-Onset Pneumonia in the Aging Japanese Population: A Multicenter Prospective Study date = 2015-03-30 keywords = Japan; pneumonia summary = This study was conducted to elucidate the burden of community-onset pneumonia (COP) and its etiologic fractions in Japan, the world''s most aged society. All pneumonia patients aged ≥15 years, including those with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP), were enrolled at four community hospitals on four major islands. The age-group specific incidence rates of pneumonia, hospitalization and death in the four prefectures were estimated using the surveillance data and the national statistics. Assuming that these proportions of pneumonia etiologies were constant across all prefectures, the estimated annual number of COP in the entire Japanese adult population was 1,880,000; of these, 1,300,000 cases (70%) occurred in people aged !65 years (Fig 2) . The burden was particularly high among the elderly population; 85.8% of aspiration-associated pneumonia cases occurred in patients aged !65 years. Incidence of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia among older adults in the United Kingdom: a population-based study doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0122247 id = cord-345211-4ivqlsgt author = Murdoch, David R. title = How recent advances in molecular tests could impact the diagnosis of pneumonia date = 2016-03-07 keywords = PCR; diagnostic; pneumonia; respiratory summary = doi = 10.1586/14737159.2016.1156536 id = cord-300356-oorac5he author = Nair, Girish B. title = Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Unfinished Battle date = 2011-10-05 keywords = CAP; ICU; community; patient; pneumonia summary = 20 Risk factors for community-acquired P aeruginosa pneumonia include bronchiectasis, immunocompromised state, use of multiple courses of antibiotics, prolonged glucocorticoids in patients with COPD, and recent hospitalization. One of the most important decisions in the management of pneumonia is to assess the severity of the disease, which can be used to predict mortality risk and may be Nair & Niederman a surrogate measure to define the site of care (outpatient, hospital ward, or ICU). 61, 62 Although administration of therapy within 4 to 6 hours of arrival at the hospital can reduce mortality, it is important to only use antibiotics when the diagnosis is certain, because indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the absence of radiographic pneumonia has limited benefit and a real risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia antibiotic-associated adverse events, including drug-induced infectious diarrhea. doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.08.007 id = cord-322104-f1dukpso author = Niederman, M.S. title = PNEUMONIA | Community Acquired Pneumonia, Bacterial and Other Common Pathogens date = 2006-05-13 keywords = CAP; gram; infection; organism; patient; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/b0-12-370879-6/00310-0 id = cord-352532-xqphom6x author = Papanikolaou, Ilias C title = 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = disease; lung; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 id = cord-005692-n4vxazst author = Papazian, Laurent title = Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a narrative review date = 2020-03-10 keywords = ICU; MDR; VAP; patient; pneumonia; ventilator summary = Empirical treatment takes into account the underlying disease and its severity, the presence of risk factors for multiple-drug-resistant pathogens (antibiotic therapy in the previous 90 days, hospital stay > 5 days, septic shock at VAP onset, ARDS prior to VAP onset, acute renal replacement therapy prior to VAP onset, previous colonization with MDR pathogen) and local pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility. While lower respiratory tract surveillance cultures may help to predict the involvement of MDR microorganisms in patients that develop VAP and thus decrease unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotics use, there are no clear data that this strategy improves clinical outcomes or lowers costs [89, 90] . Subglottic secretion drainage has repeatedly been associated with lower VAP rates in both individual randomized trials and meta-analyses but does not appear to shorten the time to extubation, ICU length-of-stay, prevent ventilator-associated events, or lower mortality rates [94] . Effect of oropharyngeal povidone-iodine preventive oral care on ventilator-associated pneumonia in severely brain-injured or cerebral hemorrhage patients: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-05980-0 id = cord-261410-kb91eagd author = Park, Ji Young title = Clinical Features and Courses of Adenovirus Pneumonia in Healthy Young Adults during an Outbreak among Korean Military Personnel date = 2017-01-23 keywords = hadv; patient; pneumonia summary = The clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infection among military personnel were described previously; however, HAdV pneumonia in immunocompetent individuals and risk factors of disease progression to severe pneumonia or acute respiratory failure have not been well studied. All military trainees or active duty members, but not officers, were eligible for enrollment if they were !18 years old and had been admitted to the study hospital for pneumonia, defined by acute respiratory symptoms (fever, cough, sputum, dyspnea, and pleuritic chest pain) and pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. Most HAdV pneumonia patients were basic military trainees or personnel who had recently completed training; active duty service personnel were not usually affected, even during outbreak peaks. Our results show that an outbreak of HAdV pneumonia occurred in Korean military training centers and indicate that emergent-type HAdV-55 infections might have caused the outbreak. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0170592 id = cord-291400-o9skj94r author = Plouffe, Joseph F. title = Re-evaluation of the therapy of severe pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae date = 2004-12-31 keywords = CFR; pneumococcal; pneumonia summary = Several retrospective reviews of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia suggest that dual therapy with a beta-lactam and a macrolide antimicrobial agent is associated with a lower case fatality rate than therapy with a beta-lactam alone. With the advent of modern microbiology, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was identified as the cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the most patients [1] . Changes that have been associated with improvements in CFR in some series of patients with CAP include more rapid antibiotic delivery [31] , combination therapy with a cephalosporin with good pneumococcal activity and macrolide (versus the cephalosporin alone), and therapy with a fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin; versus a cephalosporin alone) [32] . A previous study of patients with CAP, but not nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, found that treated with blactamase inhibitors and a macrolide were less effective than treatment with a cephalosporin alone [32] . doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2004.07.010 id = cord-266455-rbblg4pu author = Poole, Stephen title = Rapid syndromic molecular testing in pneumonia: The current landscape and future potential date = 2019-12-03 keywords = HAP; VAP; patient; pneumonia summary = Syndromic diagnostic testing using novel, rapid multiplexed molecular platforms represents a new opportunity for rapidly targeted antimicrobial therapy to improve patient outcomes and facilitate antibiotic stewardship. This is an FDA approved and CE marked platform that uses nested real-time PCR to detect 34 clinically important respiratory targets (15 semi-quantitative bacterial targets, 3 qualitative atypical bacterial targets, 8 [30] [31] [32] Furthermore, the pneumonia panel detects pathogens in a much higher proportion of samples than culture. Rapid syndromic molecular platforms have the potential to significantly improve the use of antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patient with pneumonia, but high quality randomised controlled trials are urgently required to evaluate their clinical impact. an observational study comparing the performance of two multiplex PCR platforms against routine microbiology for the detection of potential pathogens in patients with suspected hospital acquired/ventilator associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) across doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.021 id = cord-023942-vrs3je1x author = Powers, Karen S. title = Acute Pulmonary Infections date = 2011-12-16 keywords = MRSA; RSV; child; disease; infant; infection; pneumonia; respiratory summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25 id = cord-294546-0otd1heg author = Prendki, V. title = Accuracy of comprehensive PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for CT-scan-confirmed pneumonia in elderly patients: a prospective cohort study date = 2019-01-12 keywords = NPS; PCR; pneumonia summary = CONCLUSION: Comprehensive molecular testing of NPS increases the number of pathogens detected compared with routine methods, but results are poorly predictive of the presence of pneumonia. showed in a randomized controlled trial (107 individuals with lower respiratory tract infections, mean age 65 years) that PCR for viruses and atypical bacteria in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs (NPS) allowed the identification of additional pathogens but did not reduce antibiotic use or costs [7] . Individuals admitted to hospital for suspected pneumonia had NPS collected at inclusion for the detection of multiple bacterial and viral pathogens using multiplex PCR (comprehensive molecular testing), in addition to routine testing. Demographic data, co-morbidities, vital signs, clinical findings, severity scores, results of standard laboratory tests, blood, sputum and urine cultures, urinary antigen detection, PCR for respiratory viruses on NPS, and antimicrobial therapy administered were recorded prospectively. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.037 id = cord-254874-ug0ler5e author = Ramos-Rincón, José M. title = A snapshot of pneumonia research activity and collaboration patterns (2001–2015): a global bibliometric analysis date = 2019-09-05 keywords = China; USA; country; pneumonia; research summary = BACKGROUND: This article describes a bibliometric review of the scientific production, geographical distribution, collaboration, impact, and subject area focus of pneumonia research indexed on the Web of Science over a 15-year period. The only document types we studied were original articles and reviews, analyzing descriptive indicators by five-year periods and the scientific production by country, adjusting for population, economic, and research-related parameters. In this study, by analyzing scientific papers on pneumonia published in the main international scientific journals, we aimed to identify the scientific contribution of different countries to the worldwide research effort, the most cited landmark articles, the degree and nature of scientific collaboration, and the topics addressed. Specifically, we will analyze: (1) the evolution of scientific production; (2) its distribution by countries and regions; (3) the impact of the research papers; and (4) the degree of international collaboration. doi = 10.1186/s12874-019-0819-4 id = cord-017489-ftz9190a author = Richards, Guy A. title = Viruses in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) date = 2005 keywords = ICU; SARS; patient; pneumonia; virus summary = Pneumonia is the most common complication, which occurs in high-risk patients including those with comorbid illness such as cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, diabetes, renal failure, immunosuppression, the elderly, or residents of nursing homes. A study performed in our ICU indicates that corticosteroids may dramatically alter the course of the most severe disease and should be considered in addition to antiviral therapy along with appropriate supportive care in any previously well patient with life threatening varicella pneumonia (42). Patients with HIV or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) who are hospitalized with chickenpox appear to be at high risk for developing varicella pneumonia, which manifests in a similar clinical fashion to that in immunocompetent individuals. In another study of 68 adult patients admitted with measles diagnosed on clinical and serological grounds, 9 required intensive care, six mechanical ventilation for approximately 15 days, and two deaths occurred. doi = 10.1007/0-387-23380-6_3 id = cord-317024-1rhzhpij author = Rocha Neto, Ozéas Galeno da title = Atualização em pneumonia comunitária viral() date = 2013-09-23 keywords = H1N1; como; pneumonia; vírus summary = doi = 10.1590/s0104-42302013000100015 id = cord-305786-06dpjik8 author = Sandora, Thomas J. title = Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children date = 2005-07-09 keywords = child; patient; pneumonia summary = Fever and cough are also frequently present in children with pneumonia, and clinical signs may include retractions or abnormal auscultatory findings, such as rales or decreased breath sounds, which tend to be more specific as indicators of lower respiratory tract infection [23] [24] [25] [26] . Published studies of adult patients with CAP have shown that adherence to a treatment guideline results in improvement in several outcomes, including lower costs, decreased length of stay, more appropriate antibiotic usage, and lower mortality rates [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] . Empiric coverage for pneumonia in patients in the intensive care unit or others at risk for nosocomial infections should include broad-spectrum agents that provide coverage for these antibiotic-resistant organisms (and any organisms known to be a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infections in the institution) until a specific diagnosis can be made and antimicrobial susceptibilities are available. doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.004 id = cord-256008-lwki1rzc author = Sekeroglu, Boran title = Detection of COVID-19 from Chest X-Ray Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks date = 2020-09-18 keywords = AUC; COVID-19; Pneumonia; ROC summary = When the images fed ConvNets directly (Experiments 11-17), we observed that the increment of the convolutional layer number of ConvNets reduces the scores obtained by the neural network up to 4%, similar to COVID-19/Normal results. Similar results were obtained in the experiments, and nB produced the highest mean ROC AUC, mean sensitivity, and mean accuracy scores (88.92, 80.00, and 96.96%, respectively) for statistical measurement experiments of COVID-19/Pneumonia classification. Inception-V3 produced higher results than other pre-trained networks; however, the highest mean ROC AUC score in transfer learning experiments was obtained by DenseNet121 (96.48%). In COVID-19/Normal classification, the highest mean specificity (when the 100.0% scores of pre-trained networks are not considered because of not learning another class) and the highest mean accuracy results were obtained in Exp.14 (99.78 and 99.11%, respectively), which consisted of the deepest architecture in ConvNet experiments ( Table 4 ). doi = 10.1177/2472630320958376 id = cord-016521-ouwwkxox author = Stevens, Jennifer P. title = Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Other Complications date = 2016-07-21 keywords = VAP; patient; pneumonia summary = Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurs in patients who have been intubated for two to three days with significant exposure to hospital-acquired organisms. Patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia should have the duration of antimicrobial therapy guided by type of organism. Other studies have employed the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) with a cut-off of 6 as a noninvasive method of identifying patients with VAP, using autopsy findings of pneumonia as the gold standard (Table 29 .1) [18] . While clinical suspicion and identification of ventilator-associated pneumonia should remain high, significant controversy has revolved around establishing a reliable epidemiological surveillance definition. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilatorassociated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia Alternative case definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia identify different patients in a surgical intensive care unit Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-43341-7_29 id = cord-003291-zuqx6ksy author = Tang, Pingping title = Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of patients with severe pneumonia complicating pregnancy: a retrospective study of 12 cases and a literature review date = 2018-11-03 keywords = patient; pneumonia; pregnancy summary = title: Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of patients with severe pneumonia complicating pregnancy: a retrospective study of 12 cases and a literature review METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with 12 patients who were diagnosed with severe pneumonia complicating pregnancy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2010 and June 2017. High incidences of adverse fetal outcomes were observed; thus, termination of the pregnancy is recommended for patients in their third trimester when respiratory function deteriorates progressively. Several physiological and immunological changes that are experienced during pregnancy, such as altered T lymphocyte immunity, increased oxygen consumption, decreased functional residual capacity, decreased chest compliance, and increased risk of aspiration, may predispose pregnant women to a more severe course of pneumonia, which may result in greater maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality [1, 4] . The patients'' clinical data including symptoms at presentation, laboratory tests, and treatment strategies were reviewed carefully to screen for severe pneumonia. doi = 10.1186/s12884-018-2070-0 id = cord-015763-5lx179pa author = Thellier, D. title = Quels prélèvements aux urgences pour le diagnostic microbiologique d’une infection pulmonaire communautaire grave du sujet immunocompétent ? date = 2014-09-23 keywords = PCG; PCR; des; pneumonia summary = Keywords Severe community acquired pneumonia · Microbial diagnosis La pneumonie communautaire grave (PCG) est la première cause de sepsis sévère et de choc septique rencontrée aux urgences [1] . Ainsi, puisque les pathogènes responsables et l''antibiothérapie à instaurer sont connus, l''utilité de réaliser des prélèvements microbiologiques systématiques chez tous les patients admis aux urgences pour une pneumonie communautaire peut se discuter. Toutefois, cette relation entre la gravité de l''infection et la fréquence de positivité de l''hémoculture lorsqu''elle est appréciée non plus par le lieu d''admission du patient mais par un élément objectif tel que le Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI, score de Fine) ou le CURB-65 apparaît plus difficile à établir, tant les études sur le sujet rapportent des résultats discordants. Ces données ne doivent pas toutefois faire perdre de vue que les pneumonies ayant une étiologie pluri microbienne dans plus de 10 % des cas il n''est peutêtre pas raisonnable de focaliser l''antibiothérapie uniquement sur le pneumocoque en cas de test positif. doi = 10.1007/s13546-014-0923-8 id = cord-017016-twwa9djm author = Tomashefski, Joseph F. title = Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date = 2008 keywords = Fig; aspiration; bronchial; bronchiectasis; case; chapter; cystic; fibrosis; lung; patient; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = These occult aspirations may lead to interstitial fibrosis, and perhaps account for the 20% to 54 % incidence of associated and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis in patients with esophageal abnormalities, most commonly hiatal hernia or simple reflux,39,40 The role of reflux in asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and sudden infant death syndrome has been reviewed by Allen et al. 130 In their reviews, Phillips and Rao l3l and Penner and colleagues130 note that similar predisposing factors as those with community-acquired pneumonia, such as aspiration and abscess formation, pertain to this entity, but the location helps distinguish it from the other typical sites of aspiration, When in the upper lobes, it appears to progress through necrotizing pneumonia with thrombosis of arteries (pulmonary and bronchial) and veins, [129] [130] [131] Although not strictly abiding by the foregoing definition (of localization in upper lobe), in one case total unilateral lung gangrene was attributed to hilar vessel involvement following treatment of a massive hilar recurrence of Hodgkin''s disease. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_5 id = cord-288305-qt2a4pxs author = Virkki, R. title = Radiographic follow‐up of pneumonia in children date = 2005-07-11 keywords = pneumonia; radiograph summary = This study assessed the clinical value of routine follow‐up chest radiographs in hospitalized children with community‐acquired pneumonia. This prospective study was undertaken to investigate the resolution of chest radiographic changes in children with viral and bacterial pneumonia, and to assess the clinical value of information obtained from follow-up radiographs taken 3-7 weeks after a diagnosis of pneumonia. For a long-term perspective, 8-10 years later, the medical records of patients were reviewed, and a questionnaire was sent to the parents to elicit the illness history after the time of follow-up chest radiograph. As part of a 3-year prospective study of the etiology and clinical profile of childhood community-acquired pneumonia, 3, 6, 9, 10 we studied follow-up chest radiographs. No single etiologic agent predicted the persistence of radiographic changes (data not shown), and the numbers of viral and bacterial infections showed no significant differences between the original patient population and those with residual findings on follow-up radiograph ( Table 3 ). doi = 10.1002/ppul.20258 id = cord-323112-e78zpa9c author = WATERER, Grant title = Respiratory infections: A current and future threat date = 2009-07-16 keywords = infection; pneumonia; respiratory summary = This review will focus on the human, pathogen and environmental factors that contribute to the continued global burden or respiratory diseases with a particular focus on areas where we might hope to see some progress in the coming decades. 14 While it is clear that strict infection control can reduce nosocomial infection rates, 15 the practical necessity of pooling vulnerable hosts together combined with the inevitable ageing of health-care facilities will ensure that nosocomial outbreaks continue to be a problem. In recent years the marked increase in tumour necrosis factor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific lymphoid populations in patients with inflammatory arthritis (and especially rheumatoid disease) has significantly over taken patients on immunosuppressant therapy after solid organ transplantation as the major cause of iatrogenic immunosuppression. New therapeutic and diagnostic approaches coupled with clinical vigilance, strict infection control and solid public health measures are the hopes for reducing the burden of pulmonary infectious disease over the coming decades. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01554.x id = cord-017392-ja9b5vy9 author = Waterer, G. W. title = Adjunctive and Supportive Measures for Community-Acquired Pneumonia date = 2010-05-20 keywords = ECMO; cap; patient; pneumonia summary = Randomized, controlled trials have shown corticosteroids reduce mortality in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and significant hypoxia, if instituted at or prior to the onset of anti-pneumocystis therapy [8, 9] . Anecdotally, corticosteroids are frequently used in the setting of severe fungal pneumonia, particularly due to Histoplasmosis [11, 12] , and a small controlled trial of 55 patients supported their use in miliary tuberculosis [13] . Following the success of pre-antibiotic corticosteroids in children with meningitis [14] , Marik and colleagues [15] studied the effect of a single dose of hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg) 30 min prior to antibiotic therapy in a small randomized placebo controlled trial of 30 adult patients with severe CAP (SCAP). Once respiratory failure has ensued, supportive measures such as patient positioning and differential lung ventilation can improve oxygenation at no additional risk in some patients, particularly those with severe unilateral pneumonia. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-34406-3_38 id = cord-307638-fffjcnak author = Waterer, Grant title = Respiratory infections in the Asia‐Pacific region: Problems and cautious optimism date = 2017-12-21 keywords = MDR; pneumonia summary = Over the past 12 months, Respirology has published a series of excellent reviews outlining the challenges that respiratory infections continue to pose to the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. Equally, they argue that more resources are desperately needed to adequately control tuberculosis, and especially drug-resistant diseases, in the developing world. Rather than poverty, malnutrition and overcrowding driving the problem as with tuberculosis, frequent use and misuse of broadspectrum antibiotics in patients with a fundamental inability to resist infection (such as in those with severe chronic obstructive airway disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis or major organ failure requiring prolonged stays in intensive care units) are responsible for MDR-GNB. As Rodrigo-Troyano and Sibila point out, unlike tuberculosis, there has been very little progress in antibiotic development for MDR-GNB and case reports are increasing for pan-resistant organisms immune to all known therapies. Regional differences in antibiotic-resistant pathogens in patients with pneumonia: implications for clinicians doi = 10.1111/resp.13238 id = cord-021816-gk8rwyq4 author = Weinberger, Steven E. title = Pneumonia date = 2018-02-22 keywords = cause; organism; patient; pneumonia summary = In practice, several factors frequently cause enough impairment of host defenses to contribute to the development of pneumonia, even though individuals with such impairment are not considered "immunosuppressed." Viral upper respiratory tract infections, ethanol abuse, cigarette smoking, heart failure, and preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a few of the contributing factors. Three major settings in which this organism is seen as a cause of pneumonia are (1) as a secondary complication of respiratory tract infection with the influenza virus; (2) in the hospitalized patient, who often has some impairment of host defense mechanisms and whose oropharynx has been colonized by Staphylococcus; and (3) as a complication of widespread dissemination of staphylococcal organisms through the bloodstream. One issue that has sparked controversy is whether an attempt should be made to identify a specific etiologic agent, using Gram stain and culture, in patients with community-acquired pneumonia, or whether empirical therapy should be used based on the patient''s risk factors, clinical characteristics, and local bacterial resistance patterns. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-52371-4.00026-x id = cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author = Zaki, Sherif R. title = Viral Infections of the Lung date = 2008 keywords = CMV; Fig; HSV; Nipah; SARS; cell; human; infection; pneumonia; respiratory; virus summary = 105, [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] The pathology is more prominent in larger bronchi, and inflammation may vary in intensity in individual patients, Viral inclusions cannot be identified by light microscopy (Fig, 11 .8D), Secondary bacterial infections with organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (group A streptococcus [GAS]), Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae may occur as a complication in about 50% to 75% of fatal cases and make it difficult to recognize the pathologic changes associated with the primary viral infec-445 tion ,190,192,193 The histopathologic features in other organs may include myocarditis, cerebral edema, rhabdomyolysis, and hemophagocytosis (Figs, 11.8H and 11.9E,F), Immunohistochemistry and ISH assays demonstrate that viral antigens and nucleic acids are usually sparse and are primarily seen in the bronchioepithelial cells of larger bronchioles (Figs. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_11 id = cord-308916-6p2qutc5 author = le Roux, David M. title = Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease date = 2017-09-21 keywords = HIV; child; pneumonia summary = New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases and have reduced hospitalization and mortality. In a review of four randomized controlled trials and two case-control studies of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia [13] . However, given the high mortality from pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, the lack of easy access to care, and the high prevalence of risk factors for severe disease, revised World Health Organization pneumonia guidelines still recommend antibiotic treatment for all children who meet the WHO pneumonia case definitions [80] . Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age for prevention of pneumonia: updated analysis using World Health Organization standardized interpretation of chest radiographs doi = 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8 id = cord-008695-y7il3hyb author = nan title = Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date = 2007-01-25 keywords = H5N1; Staph; child; influenza; pandemic; patient; pneumonia summary = Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC, plus either chronic co-morbid disease or one of following features: breathing difficulties severe earache vomiting >24 hours drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those >1 year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have: Cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC and either (i) chronic co-morbid disease (see Appendix 2) or (ii) one of the following features • Breathing difficulties • Severe earache • Vomiting > 24 hours • Drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those over one year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(07)60001-2 id = cord-104392-egkd5o1u author = nan title = World Pneumonia Day — November 12, 2014 date = 2014-11-07 keywords = pneumonia summary = The United States has made great strides in protecting children from the serious, and sometimes deadly, effects of pneumonia through recent vaccination efforts. Tennessee, for example, is experiencing historically low rates of pneumonia hospitalizations in children aged <2 years since pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were introduced in 2000 (1). Globally, pneumonia kills nearly 1 million children aged <5 years each year (3). In addition to bacterial pathogens, many viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and measles also are major causes of pneumonia globally. Additional information regarding World Pneumonia Day is available at http://worldpneumoniaday.org. Declines in pneumonia hospitalizations of children aged <2 years associated with introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-Tennessee Effect of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on admissions to hospital 2 years after its introduction in the USA: a time series analysis Updated information on the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities doi = nan