# ent

id: cord-031849-bo1ui5zh
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Stressful Aftermath of Katrina American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Prevalence


id: cord-031849-bo1ui5zh
type: ORG
entity:
  Mental Health Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid Term Mass Trauma Intervention Empirical Evidence Psychiatry Mental Health Services Required after Disasters Leaning


id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  geradezu einen explosionsartigen Wissenszuwachs zur Pathophysiologie und Differenzialtherapie von MODS bis hin zur Aufdeckung molekularer Mechanismen Neben Untersuchungen zu akuten Krankheitsstadien von ALI und ARDS zeichnen sich


id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  sich zwischen 25 bis 50 7 43 In einer konsiliarpsychiatrischen Perspektive überwiegen Angststörungen


id: cord-269522-38dhwggn
type: LAW
entity:
  the Impact of Event Scale IES Zung Self Rating Anxiety Scale SAS Zung Self Rating Depression Scale SDS Symptom Checklist 90


id: cord-269522-38dhwggn
type: ORG
entity:
  Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders


id: cord-285027-40ciukd7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 pandemic 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 The mental health impact of other emergencies such as bioterrorism have also been documented among survivors 23 Psychological distress anxiety depression


id: cord-256750-5m7psxri
type: ORG
entity:
  National Medical Center Seoul National University Hospital Chungnam National University Hospital Seoul Medical Center


id: cord-268884-oi5l5f7f
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  BJPsych Open DOI 10 1192 bjo 2020 109 sha fa302074473fc311465a1f9490594bf243096d9d doc_id 268884 cord_uid oi5l5f7f


id: cord-276044-z7rupgfo
type: ORG
entity:
  the Board of the Department of Human Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Sapienza University of Rome


id: cord-276044-z7rupgfo
type: ORG
entity:
  the Board of the Department of Human Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Sapienza University


id: cord-298536-kksivbh8
type: DNA
entity:
  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed DSM 5 American Psychiatric Association 2013


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
type: ORG
entity:
  the United Nations Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
type: ORG
entity:
  Catholic Charities United States Church World Service Lutheran Disaster Response National Association of Jewish Chaplains


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
type: ORG
entity:
  Green Cross Action Aid the United States the American Refugee Committee The Center for Victims of Torture and Doctors Without


id: cord-318803-xpa49sxt
type: EVENT
entity:
  Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom Defense Intelligence Agency Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Agency Medical


id: cord-318803-xpa49sxt
type: ORG
entity:
  USAMRIID s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook Preparing for an Era of Weapons Of Mass Destruction WMD


id: cord-318363-1mv5j4w2
type: DNA
entity:
  human internal circadian clock J o u r n a l P r e p r o o f runs slightly longer than 24 hours and therefore needs


id: cord-318363-1mv5j4w2
type: ORG
entity:
  Insomnia and Related Social Psychological Factors Among Medical Staff Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak Clinical


id: cord-322034-8wwqxkjl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The lancet Analysis of Psychological and Sleep State of Medical Stuff with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Posttraumatic


id: cord-322034-8wwqxkjl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Treatment Thoughts on Emotional Disease in Synopsis of Golden Chamber Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Antagonizing Post traumatic


id: cord-322034-8wwqxkjl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Clinical Effect of Baihe Dihuang Decoction on Climacteric Depression and Its Influence on Neuroendocrine System Clinical Observation


id: cord-322034-8wwqxkjl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Clinical Effect of Modified Suanzaoren Decoction on Extensive Anxiety Disorder Suanzaoren Decoction for Cancer Patients with Anxiety Disorder Effects of Suanzaoren Decoction on Serum NO


id: cord-322034-8wwqxkjl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Relationship of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Childhood Traumas Personality Characteristics Depression


id: cord-331797-05kcygis
type: DNA
entity:
  UConn Racial Ethnic Stress Trauma Survey National Action Plans Needed to Counter Intolerance Pandemics Waves of Disease Waves of Hate


id: cord-331797-05kcygis
type: ORG
entity:
  Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS SARS Basic Fact Sheet Case


id: cord-329561-4cz2jtt7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Cronbach s alpha of 0 94 Table S1 Lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorder yes vs no current psychiatric


id: cord-329561-4cz2jtt7
type: DNA
entity:
  e t a n o d o S u l 2 0 2 0 E x p o s u r e T o t a l n u m b e r o f C O V I D 1 9 s y m p t o m s C


id: cord-329561-4cz2jtt7
type: GGP
entity:
  n x i e t y a n d p o s t t r a u m a t i c s t r e s s s y m p t o m s a n d d i s o r d e r s a m o n g 8 9 5 p a t i e n t s w h o h a d p r e v i o u s l y m i l d C O V I D 1 9 S ã o C a e t a n o d o S u l 2 0 2 0 M e a n 9 5 C I C u t t o f f n D e p r e s s i v e S y m p t o m s D e p r e s s i o n P H Q CC BY NC ND 4 0


id: cord-336257-f6yglaz8
type: ORG
entity:
  Somatization Obsessive Compulsive Interpersonal Sensitivity Depression Anxiety Anger Hostility Phobic Anxiety Paranoid Ideation Psychoticism and Sleep Disturbance A Global Severity


id: cord-336257-f6yglaz8
type: ORG
entity:
  Somatization Obsessive Compulsive Interpersonal Sensitivity Depression Anxiety Anger Hostility Phobic Anxiety Paranoid Ideation Psychoticism and Sleep Disturbance


id: cord-336942-2mvcyvbl
type: ORG
entity:
  Loneliness Matters A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys


id: cord-351852-ilxaurgt
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Assessing the Presence of Post Traumatic Stress and Turnover Intention Among Nurses Post Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak


# bib

id: cord-011241-2f73r2nv
title: Compassion Meditation for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): a Nonrandomized Study
author: Lang, Ariel J.
date: 2017-12-22
txt: ./txt/cord-011241-2f73r2nv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011241-2f73r2nv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223870/
doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0866-z
summary:
  Data from clinical and non-clinical samples suggest that compassion meditation (CM) has a positive impact on positive emotion and social functioning, which are areas of difficulty for many individuals with PTSD. Group meetings for this study were structured approximately as follows: welcome agenda setting (5 min), homework review (15 min), participants'' summary of past week''s material (10 min), didactics (20 min), mindfulness exercise incorporating new concepts (15 min), meditation incorporating new concepts (15 min), homework assignment, and question/answer session (10 min). Protocol Refinement The CBCT® program was manualized before the initial group based on clinical experience with Veterans with PTSD (AJL, PC, ME) in collaboration with CBCT developers (LN, TH) to create the Veteran version, CBCT-Vet. Initial modification was aimed at increasing military/Veteran relevance and facilitating use by individuals with psychopathology. This open trial suggests that compassion meditation may help alleviate symptoms of PTSD and depression, although causality cannot be concluded based on this study design and the mechanism by which change occurs is unclear.

abstract:
  Compassion meditation (CM) is a contemplative practice that is intended to cultivate the ability to extend and sustain compassion toward self and others. Although research documents the benefits of CM in healthy populations, its use in the context of psychopathology is largely unexamined. The purpose of this study was to refine and initially evaluate a CM protocol, Cognitively Based Compassion Training (CBCT®), for use with Veterans with PTSD. To this end, our research team developed and refined a manualized protocol, CBCT-Vet, over 4 sets of groups involving 36 Veterans. This protocol was delivered in 8–10 sessions, each lasting 90–120 min and led by a CBCT®-trained clinical psychologist. Quantitative and qualitative data were used to identify areas to be improved and to assess change that occurred during the treatment period. Based on pooled data from this series of groups, CM appears to be acceptable to Veterans with PTSD. Group participation was associated with reduced symptoms of PTSD (partial eta squared = .27) and depression (partial eta squared = .19), but causality should not be inferred given the nonrandomized design. No change was observed in additional outcomes, including positive emotion and social connectedness. The results of this open trial support additional exploration of CM as part of the recovery process for Veterans with PTSD.


id: cord-011284-u4qmvz3c
author: Livingston, Nicholas A.
date: 2020-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-011284-u4qmvz3c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011284-u4qmvz3c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223966/
doi: 10.1007/s40501-020-00204-0
summary:
  However, evaluations of these interventions have failed to examine the role of LGBTQ identities in recovery from trauma, and existing PTSD treatments do not account for ongoing threat to safety or the pervasive minority stress experienced by LGBTQ patients. To begin the review of current best-practice interventions for PTSD, it is important to note that gold-standard PTSD treatments, such as PE and CPT, were not developed for non-criterion A trauma, and that debate continues regarding the appropriateness or sufficiency of these treatments in addressing the range of clinically significant experiences faced by many LGBTQ individuals (e.g., discrimination [29••] ). Given the pervasive nature of stress, stigma, and discrimination against LGBTQ people, and the concomitant high rates of trauma exposure, it is critical for health care providers to ensure cultural awareness, sensitivity, and responsiveness to the experiences and healthcare needs of this patient population. In this paper, we provided an overview of the key issues with respect to trauma, PTSD, minority stress, and evidence-based treatment for LGBTQ patients with which any health care provider should be aware.

title:
  Addressing Diversity in PTSD Treatment: Clinical Considerations and Guidance for the Treatment of PTSD in LGBTQ Populations

abstract:
  PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Trauma exposure is widespread but is especially common among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals. LGBTQ individuals also experience higher rates of discrimination, victimization, and minority stress which can complicate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment but also represent independent intervention targets. In this review, we highlight existing evidence-based practices, current limitations, and provide recommendations for care in the absence of established guidelines for treatment PTSD among LGBTQ patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Trauma-focused therapies (e.g., CPT, PE) and medications (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs) have shown benefit for people with PTSD. However, evaluations of these interventions have failed to examine the role of LGBTQ identities in recovery from trauma, and existing PTSD treatments do not account for ongoing threat to safety or the pervasive minority stress experienced by LGBTQ patients. In addition, many LGBTQ patients report negative experiences with healthcare, necessitating increased education and cultural awareness on the part of clinicians to provide patient-centered care and, potentially, corrective mental health treatment experiences. SUMMARY: Providers should routinely assess trauma exposure, PTSD, and minority stress among LGBTQ patients. We provide assessment and screening recommendations, outline current evidence-based treatments, and suggest strategies for integrating existing treatments to treat PTSD among LGBTQ patients.


id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0
author: Hans-Peter, Kapfhammer
date: 2008-11-27
txt: ./txt/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104133/
doi: 10.1007/s11800-008-0129-x
summary:
  From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on healthIn the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO 2 triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Social support during intensive care unit stay might improve mental impairment and consequently health-related quality of life in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study Post-traumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: Assessing the magnitude of the problem Health-related quality of life and posttrauamtic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome

title:
  Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock

abstract:
  Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) define medical conditions of acute respiratory insufficiency deriving from direct and indirect damage of the alveolar parenchyma and often associated with multiorgan dysfunction (MODS). As a rule, intensive care is based on mechanical ventilation often requiring high doses of sedatives and narcotics. Despite major progress in intensive care medicine the rate of mortality is still very high. Whereas in the past the level of medical progress has been rated based on the mortality rate alone, the many negative somatic and psychological sequelae in long-term-survivors of ARDS are only now being appreciated. From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on health-related quality of life are intensively investigated. In the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO(2) triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Consolidation and retrieval of traumatic memories of the ICU stay are influenced by complex factors. From a clinical point of view prophylactic stress doses of hydrocortisone may reduce the major risk of PTSD associated with ALI / ARDS.


id: cord-031849-bo1ui5zh
title: Mental health framework: coronavirus pandemic in post-Katrina New Orleans
author: Shervington, Denese O.
date: 2020-07-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7487127/
doi: 10.5249/jivr.vo112i2.1538
abstract:
  The United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction defines disaster risk as the “likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period, and a product of the complex interactions that generate conditions of exposure, vulnerability and hazard”. Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States have been shown to have increased vulnerability and risk to disasters due to links between racism, vulnerability, and economic power, based on disadvantage related to different disaster stages: 1) reduced perception of personal disaster risk; 2) lack of preparedness; 3) reduced access and response to warning systems; 4) increased physical impacts due to substandard housing; 5) likelihood of poorer psychological outcomes; 6) cultural insensitivity on the part of emergency workers; 7) marginalization, lower socio-economic status, and less familiarity with support resources leading to protracted recovery; and 8) diminished standard of living, job loss, and exacerbated poverty during reconstruction and community rebuilding. Moreover, given that psychiatric morbidity is predictable in populations exposed to disasters, mental health and psychosocial support programs should increasingly become a standard part of a humanitarian response. In the crisis and immediate recovery phase of disasters, the focus should be on making survivors feel safe and giving them assistance in decreasing their anxiety by addressing their basic needs and welfare. So, it is critical that governmental institutions, business, and non-profit organizations proactively find mechanisms to work collaboratively and share resources. Special attention and extra resources must be directed towards vulnerable and marginalized populations. In this editorial we share lessons learned from experiencing disproportionate impact of health crisis and advocate for the notion that recovery efforts must address trauma at individual, interpersonal and community levels, and be based in a healing justice framework.


id: cord-256750-5m7psxri
author: Park, Hye Yoon
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32410603/
doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08726-1
summary:
  Acute infectious outbreaks of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) are known to influence the physical as well as the mental health of affected patients, as observed during similar events such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak [3] , which was associated with such issues during the acute phase [4] and the long-term follow-up phase [5, 6] . Thus, the present study explored mental health issues and related factors in MERS survivors 12 months after the outbreak to determine the long-term psychological outcomes of this population. The univariate analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with PTSD, including previous psychiatry history, having a family member who died from MERS, depression and anxiety during the MERSaffected period, greater perceived stigma currently and during the illness, and negative coping strategies (Table S2) . Our study showed that nearly half the assessed MERS survivors experienced significant mental health problems, including PTSD and depression, at 12 months post-MERS.

title:
  Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression of survivors 12 months after the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in the Republic of Korea is a recent and representative occurrence of nationwide outbreaks of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs). In addition to physical symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are common following outbreaks of EID. METHODS: The present study investigated the long-term mental health outcomes and related risk factors in survivors of MERS. A prospective nationwide cohort study was conducted 12 months after the MERS outbreak at multi-centers throughout Korea. PTSD and depression as the main mental health outcomes were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version (IES-R-K) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) respectively. RESULTS: 42.9% of survivors reported PTSD (IES-R-K ≥ 25) and 27.0% reported depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) at 12 months post-MERS. A multivariate analysis revealed that anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.76; 95%CI, 1.29–25.58; P = 0.021), and a greater recognition of stigma (aOR, 11.09, 95%CI, 2.28–53.90; P = 0.003) during the MERS-affected period were independent predictors of PTSD at 12 months after the MERS outbreak. Having a family member who died from MERS predicted the development of depression (aOR, 12.08, 95%CI, 1.47–99.19; P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: This finding implies that psychosocial factors, particularly during the outbreak phase, influenced the mental health of patients over a long-term period. Mental health support among the infected subjects and efforts to reduce stigma may improve recovery from psychological distress in an EID outbreak.


id: cord-257216-0dr6xupy
author: Liang, Leilei
date: 2020-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-257216-0dr6xupy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257216-0dr6xupy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32627606/
doi: 10.1177/1359105320937057
summary:
  This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese participants as the result of COVID-19 outbreak. In a survey with regard to the mental health of general population 2 weeks after the COVID-19 outbreak in China, which the result showed about one-third of participants reported moderate to severe level of anxiety (Wang et al., 2020a) , and nearly 40.4% of the youth had a tendency to have psychological problems . However, most of previous studies focused on the impacts of public health emergencies such as infectious diseases on the medical staffs who are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Brooks et al., 2018; Kang et al., 2020) , and less on the impacts of PTSD diagnoses among younger people with lower adaptive capacities and less mature cognitive abilities which make them vulnerable against psychological distresses (Cénat and Derivois, 2014) .

title:
  Post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress in Chinese youths following the COVID-19 emergency

abstract:
  This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese participants as the result of COVID-19 outbreak. This study was conducted within 1 month after COVID-19 appeared in China, it included 570 participants age from 14 to 35. The results indicated that 12.8% of all participants with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and the effects of psychological distress on post-traumatic stress disorder was mediated by negative coping style. Gender moderated the direct effect between psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder, which is a significant discovery for relevant departments to take further measures.


id: cord-268884-oi5l5f7f
author: Shevlin, Mark
date: 2020-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-268884-oi5l5f7f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268884-oi5l5f7f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.109
doi: 10.1192/bjo.2020.109
summary:
  10 The primary aim of this study was to assess the levels of anxiety, depression and traumatic stress, based on validated selfreport measures, in a large, representative community sample during an early stage of the pandemic, between 23 and 28 March 2020. Our secondary aim was to identify groups that are psychologically vulnerable during the pandemic, by assessing the relationship between levels of anxiety, depression and traumatic stress and (a) age; (b) household income; (c) economic threat due to COVID-19; (d) health-related risk factors (being male, self or close friend or relative having a pre-existing serious health condition); (e) COVID-19 infection status; (f) anxiety specifically related to COVID-19; (g) perceived risk of COVID-19 infection; (h) living in an urban area; (i) living as a lone adult and (j) living with children in the home.

title:
  Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented global crisis, necessitating drastic changes to living conditions, social life, personal freedom and economic activity. No study has yet examined the presence of psychiatric symptoms in the UK population under similar conditions. AIMS: We investigated the prevalence of COVID-19-related anxiety, generalised anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms in the UK population during an early phase of the pandemic, and estimated associations with variables likely to influence these symptoms. METHOD: Between 23 and 28 March 2020, a quota sample of 2025 UK adults aged 18 years and older, stratified by age, gender and household income, was recruited by online survey company Qualtrics. Participants completed standardised measures of depression, generalised anxiety and trauma symptoms relating to the pandemic. Bivariate and multivariate associations were calculated for demographic and health-related variables. RESULTS: Higher levels of anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms were reported compared with previous population studies, but not dramatically so. Anxiety or depression and trauma symptoms were predicted by young age, presence of children in the home, and high estimates of personal risk. Anxiety and depression were also predicted by low income, loss of income and pre-existing health conditions in self and others. Specific anxiety about COVID-19 was greater in older participants. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a modest increase in the prevalence of mental health problems in the early stages of the pandemic, and these problems were predicted by several specific COVID-related variables. Further similar surveys, particularly of those with children at home, are required as the pandemic progresses.


id: cord-269522-38dhwggn
author: Hong, Xia
date: 2009-08-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892213/
doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.008
title:
  Posttraumatic stress disorder in convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome patients: a 4-year follow-up study()

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To measure the incidence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of 70 subjects with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). METHODS: Clinical assessments of PTSD were conducted at 2, 7, 10, 20 and 46 months after discharge from medical hospitalization for treatment of SARS. Diagnoses of PTSD were established by a trained psychiatrist using the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD-III) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. To study the impact of PTSD, we used the Impact of Event Scale (IES), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), Short Form-36 (SF-36 Health Survey) and Social Disability Screening Schedule (SDSS). RESULTS: Of the 68 subjects who finished at least two follow-up interviews, 30 developed PTSD over the study period (44.1%). Scores on IES, SAS, SDS and SCL-90 (P<.0001) were higher, and functional impairment as measured by SF-36 (P<.0001) and SDSS was more severe (P=.0073) for subjects with PTSD. CONCLUSION: PTSD occurs in a significant percentage of subjects who recover from SARS, and the occurrence of PTSD predicts persistent psychological distress and diminished social functioning in the 4 years after SARS treatment.


id: cord-269703-d3yv9mcl
title: PTSD and bipolar II disorder in Fukushima disaster relief workers after the 2011 nuclear accident
author: Hori, Arinobu
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-269703-d3yv9mcl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269703-d3yv9mcl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236725
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-236725
summary:
  The complex and harsh experience provoked a hypomanic response such as elated feelings with increased energy, decreased need for sleep and an increase in goal-directed activity, which allowed him to continue working, even though he was adversely affected by the disaster. Thereafter, we considered the characteristics of mental health problems that emerge in disaster-relief workers, a long time after the disaster, and the conditions and treatments necessary for recovery. Thereafter, we considered the characteristics of mental health problems that emerge in disaster-relief workers, a long time after the disaster, and the conditions and treatments necessary for recovery. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression significantly impair the social functioning of those affected and are often recognised as the most visible mental health effects on survivors, as was the case with the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) of 2011. The GEJE, which was followed by the nuclear accidents, left the affected areas severely damaged and required the victims to contribute as disaster-relief workers for a long period.

abstract:
  The global threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to accurately identify the immediate and long-term postdisaster impacts on disaster-relief workers. We examined the case of a local government employee suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bipolar II disorder following the Great East Japan Earthquake. The complex and harsh experience provoked a hypomanic response such as elated feelings with increased energy, decreased need for sleep and an increase in goal-directed activity, which allowed him to continue working, even though he was adversely affected by the disaster. However, 3.5 years later, when he suffered further psychological damage, his PTSD symptoms became evident. In addition to treating mood disorders, trauma-focused psychotherapy was required for his recovery. Thereafter, we considered the characteristics of mental health problems that emerge in disaster-relief workers, a long time after the disaster, and the conditions and treatments necessary for recovery.


id: cord-272940-i9iugwz1
author: Wang, Ya-Xi
date: 2020-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-272940-i9iugwz1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272940-i9iugwz1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32590808/
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000020965
summary:
  Quantitative studies using validated questionnaires on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of Nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China are rare and the baseline PTSD must first be evaluated before prevention. The incidence of PTSD in Nurses exposed to COVID-19 was 16.83%, the PCL-C score was 27.00 (21.00–34.00), and the highest score in the three dimensions was avoidance dimension 9.50 (7.00–13.25); multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis showed that job satisfaction and gender were independently associated with lower PCL-C scores (both P < .001); PCL-C scores were correlated with positive coping (r = −0.151, P = .032), negative coping (r = 0.154, P = .029). The purpose of this study was to investigate PCL-C scores and the incidence of PTSD in Nurses exposed to COVID-19 in China; to analysis of influencing factors of PTSD; and to explore the correlation between the PCL-C scores, positive coping and negative coping.

title:
  Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder of nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 in China

abstract:
  Quantitative studies using validated questionnaires on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of Nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China are rare and the baseline PTSD must first be evaluated before prevention. This study aimed to investigate the factors potentially involved in the level of PTSD of Nurses exposed to COVID-19 in China. In this cross-sectional study, male and female Nurses (n = 202) exposed to COVID-19 from HuBei China were included in the final sample. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) questionnaire and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) were used for evaluation. Multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis and spearman correlation test were performed to assess the association between various factors associated with PTSD. The incidence of PTSD in Nurses exposed to COVID-19 was 16.83%, the PCL-C score was 27.00 (21.00–34.00), and the highest score in the three dimensions was avoidance dimension 9.50 (7.00–13.25); multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis showed that job satisfaction and gender were independently associated with lower PCL-C scores (both P < .001); PCL-C scores were correlated with positive coping (r = −0.151, P = .032), negative coping (r = 0.154, P = .029). Nurses exposed to COVID-19 from HuBei China with job satisfaction, male and positive coping had low PCL-C scores which necessitate reducing the PTSD level by ways of improving job satisfaction, positive response, and strengthening the psychological counseling of female nurses in order to reduce the risk of psychological impairment.


id: cord-276044-z7rupgfo
author: Di Crosta, Adolfo
date: 2020-09-08
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567367
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567367
title:
  Individual Differences, Economic Stability, and Fear of Contagion as Risk Factors for PTSD Symptoms in the COVID-19 Emergency

abstract:
  On January 30th 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Italy has been one of the most affected countries in the world. To contain further spread of the virus, the Italian government has imposed an unprecedented long-period lockdown for the entire country. This dramatic scenario may have caused a strong psychological distress, with potential negative long-term mental health consequences. The aim of the present study is to report the prevalence of high psychological distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population, especially considering that this aspect is consistently associated with PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the present study aims to identify the risk factors for high PTSD symptoms, including individual differences and subjective perception of both economic and psychological aspects. We administered an online survey to 1253 participants during the peak period of the contagion in Italy. A logistic regression on the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) scores was used to test the risk factors that predict the possibility to develop PTSD symptoms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender (female), lower perceived economic stability, higher neuroticism, and fear and consequences of contagion were predictors of high PTSD symptomatology. The results, highlighted in the present study, extend our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the population’s mental health, by identifying individuals at high-risk of developing PTSD. This may help with the implementation of specific protocols to prevent the possibility of developing symptoms of PTSD in target populations.


id: cord-285027-40ciukd7
title: Impact of Ebola experiences and risk perceptions on mental health in Sierra Leone, July 2015
author: Jalloh, Mohamed F
date: 2018-03-17
txt: ./txt/cord-285027-40ciukd7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285027-40ciukd7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29607096/
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000471
summary:
  We assessed symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population in Sierra Leone after over a year of outbreak response. ► To the best of our knowledge, the assessment was the first national survey that examined the impact of the devastating Ebola epidemic on populationlevel mental health using globally validated scales, and conducted after more than a year of ongoing transmission of Ebola in the country. 25 26 Known risk factors for anxiety, depression and PTSDincluding experience with ill individuals, perceptions of threat, high levels of mortality, food and resource insecurity, stigma and discrimination, and intolerance of uncertainty-may have been experienced by people in Sierra Leone during the Ebola epidemic. Table 4 presents multivariate analyses of the associations between Ebola experience and perceived Ebola threat and symptoms of anxiety and depression and PTSD, adjusting for gender, age, region and education levels.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The mental health impact of the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic has been described among survivors, family members and healthcare workers, but little is known about its impact on the general population of affected countries. We assessed symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population in Sierra Leone after over a year of outbreak response. METHODS: We administered a cross-sectional survey in July 2015 to a national sample of 3564 consenting participants selected through multistaged cluster sampling. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-4. PTSD symptoms were measured by six items from the Impact of Events Scale-revised. Relationships among Ebola experience, perceived Ebola threat and mental health symptoms were examined through binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of any anxiety-depression symptom was 48% (95% CI 46.8% to 50.0%), and of any PTSD symptom 76% (95% CI 75.0% to 77.8%). In addition, 6% (95% CI 5.4% to 7.0%) met the clinical cut-off for anxiety-depression, 27% (95% CI 25.8% to 28.8%) met levels of clinical concern for PTSD and 16% (95% CI 14.7% to 17.1%) met levels of probable PTSD diagnosis. Factors associated with higher reporting of any symptoms in bivariate analysis included region of residence, experiences with Ebola and perceived Ebola threat. Knowing someone quarantined for Ebola was independently associated with anxiety-depression (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.3, 95% CI 1.7 to 2.9) and PTSD (AOR 2.095% CI 1.5 to 2.8) symptoms. Perceiving Ebola as a threat was independently associated with anxiety-depression (AOR 1.69 95% CI 1.44 to 1.98) and PTSD (AOR 1.86 95% CI 1.56 to 2.21) symptoms. CONCLUSION: Symptoms of PTSD and anxiety-depression were common after one year of Ebola response; psychosocial support may be needed for people with Ebola-related experiences. Preventing, detecting, and responding to mental health conditions should be an important component of global health security efforts.


id: cord-286889-l765mxmy
title: Disaster Nursing: A Retrospective Review
author: Stangeland, Paula A.
date: 2010-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-286889-l765mxmy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286889-l765mxmy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21095551/
doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2010.09.003
summary:
  Eight themes, including (1) defining disaster, (2) nursing during and after disaster, (3) nursing education in disaster preparedness, (4) military nurse preparedness, (5) postdisaster stress, (6) ethical issues and intent to respond, (7) policy, and (8) hospital emergency policy, were derived from the review and are explored in this article. Although some nurses identified their experiences of working during and in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and other health emergencies as rewarding, they also identified planning and education as critical needs for providing care in future disasters. 20 Specifically, the guidelines state that baccalaureate nursing programs should prepare graduates to use clinical judgment appropriately and provide timely interventions when making decisions and performing nursing care during disasters, mass casualties, and other emergency situations. Because the literature reveals that working during disasters and traumatic situations causes increased stress for nurses, it is necessary to include information related to disorders that have been associated with experiencing traumatic situations.

abstract:
  This article presents a review of the literature related to disaster preparedness and nursing. A definition of disaster as set forth by the American Red Cross is provided. Eight themes, including (1) defining disaster, (2) nursing during and after disaster, (3) nursing education in disaster preparedness, (4) military nurse preparedness, (5) postdisaster stress, (6) ethical issues and intent to respond, (7) policy, and (8) hospital emergency policy, were derived from the review and are explored in this article. Although a plethora of disaster-related literature exists, the voice of the nurses who worked during these disasters is missing. Areas of proposed research illuminated by current research are suggested.


id: cord-287452-nslygsdf
author: Hamam, Asmaa Abu
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-287452-nslygsdf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287452-nslygsdf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029
summary:
  Furthermore, a recent study that explored psychological distress related to COVID-19 indicated that prior trauma exposure and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f subsequent PTSD symptoms were associated with elevated levels of psychiatric symptomatology and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic (Lahav, under review) . Specifically, it explored the unique contribution of PTG attributed to prior trauma in explaining peritraumatic stress symptoms J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f related to the pandemic, above and beyond background characteristics, COVID-19-related stressors, and PTSD symptoms resulting from past trauma. Our results revealed that several background characteristics and COVID-19-related stressors were associated with peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic, even after taking into account PTSD symptoms and PTG attributed to prior trauma.

title:
  Peritraumatic reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic – The contribution of posttraumatic growth attributed to prior trauma

abstract:
  Trauma survivors who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may be particularly vulnerable when facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet trauma exposure may also lead to salutogenic outcomes, known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Nevertheless, the implications of PTG attributed to prior trauma, for trauma survivors’ adjustment when facing additional stressors, are unclear. Addressing this gap, 528 Israeli trauma survivors were assessed for PTG and PTSD symptoms attributed to prior trauma, as well as peritraumatic stress symptoms related to the pandemic, as part of an online survey. Analyses revealed that being younger, female, quarantined, negatively self-rating one’s health status, and suffering from PTSD symptoms were associated with elevated peritraumatic stress symptoms. Furthermore, PTG attributed to prior trauma made a significant contribution in explaining elevated intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. The present results point to the need for clinicians to take into account reports of PTG attributed to prior trauma when treating trauma survivors during the current pandemic.


id: cord-291643-c8dgf7mx
author: Shahrour, Ghada
date: 2020-08-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32767827/
doi: 10.1111/jonm.13124
title:
  Acute Stress Disorder, Coping Self‐Efficacy, and Subsequent Psychological Distress among Nurses Amid COVID‐19

abstract:
  PURPOSE: Healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, are considered a vulnerable group to experience acute stress disorder (ASD) and subsequent psychological distress amid COVID‐19 pandemic. This study aims to establish the prevalence of acute stress disorder and predictors of psychological distress among Jordanian nurses. METHODS: A quantitative, cross‐sectional, descriptive and comparative design was used. Data was collected using a web‐based survey. A total of 448 Jordanian nurses (73% females) completed and returned the study questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of nurses (64%) are experiencing ASD due to the COVID‐19 pandemic and thus are at risk for PTSD predisposition. More than one third of nurses (41%) are also suffering significant psychological distress. Among our sample, age, ASD, and coping self‐efficacy significantly predicted psychological distress. More specifically, younger nurses are more prone to experience psychological distress than older ones. While higher scores on ASD showed more resultant psychological distress, coping self‐efficacy was a protective factor. CONCLUSION: Given that individuals who suffer from ASD are predisposed to PTSD, follow‐up with nurses to screen for PTSD and referral to appropriate psychological services is pivotal. Coping self‐efficacy is found to ameliorate the effect of psychological distress on nurses' traumatic experience. Such findings warrant intensive efforts from healthcare institutions to provide psychosocial support services for nurses and ongoing efforts to screen them for traumatic and psychological distress symptoms. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nursing leaders and managers are in the forefront of responding to the unique needs of their workforces during the COVID‐19 crisis. They need to implement stress‐reduction strategies for nurses through providing consecutive rest days, rotating allocations of complex patients, arranging support services, and being accessible to staff. They also need to ensure nurses’ personal safety through securing and providing personal safety measures and undertake briefings to ensure their staff's physical and mental well‐being, as well as providing referrals to appropriate psychological services.


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
title: Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field
author: Ford, Julian D.
date: 2015-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012801288800011X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x
summary:
  A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual''s or group''s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society).

abstract:
  This chapter describes how the impact of psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differ, depending on individual differences and the social and cultural context and culture-specific teachings and resources available to individuals, families, and communities. A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual’s or group’s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. While personal, familial, social, and cultural factors can be a positive resource contributing to safety and well-being, they also can be a basis for placing the person, group, or entire community or population in harm’s way or at heightened risk of developing PTSD.


id: cord-297289-4kudq4h7
author: Hahn, Austin M.
date: 2020-04-25
txt: ./txt/cord-297289-4kudq4h7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297289-4kudq4h7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551714420300902
doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106012
summary:
  title: Risk reduction through family therapy (RRFT): Protocol of a randomized controlled efficacy trial of an integrative treatment for co-occurring substance use problems and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents who have experienced interpersonal violence and other traumatic events Beyond serving as the first large RCT to date to address the long-standing question of efficacy of an integrative treatment targeting co-occurring SUP and PTSD for adolescents, the study aimed to improve clinical practice by offering: 1) a more efficient alternative to the current compartmentalized approach to treatment of this population (which often involves referrals to multiple agencies) [21] ; and 2) a risk-reduction option for youth at elevated risk for developing substance abuse and related mental health problems in the future, but who may or may not meet diagnostic thresholds.

title:
  Risk reduction through family therapy (RRFT): Protocol of a randomized controlled efficacy trial of an integrative treatment for co-occurring substance use problems and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents who have experienced interpersonal violence and other traumatic events

abstract:
  Decades of research demonstrate that childhood exposure to traumatic events, particularly interpersonal violence experiences (IPV; sexual abuse, physical abuse, witnessing violence), increases risk for negative behavioral and emotional outcomes, including substance use problems (SUP) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite this well-established link—including empirical support for shared etiological and functional connections between SUP and PTSD –the field has been void of a gold standard treatment for adolescent populations. To address this gap, our team recently completed a large randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of Risk Reduction through Family Therapy (RRFT), an integrative and exposure-based risk-reduction and treatment approach for adolescents who have experienced IPV and other traumatic events. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the design and methods of this RCT designed to reduce SUP, PTSD symptoms, and related risk behaviors, with outcomes measured from pre-treatment through 18 months post-entry. Specifically, the recruitment and sampling procedures, assessment measures and methods, description of the intervention, and planned statistical approaches to evaluating the full range of outcomes are detailed. Clinical and research implications of this work are also discussed.


id: cord-298536-kksivbh8
title: Psychological Distress Related to COVID-19 – The Contribution of Continuous Traumatic Stress
author: Lahav, Yael
date: 2020-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-298536-kksivbh8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298536-kksivbh8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165032720325994
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.141
summary:
  Individuals who had been exposed to trauma, and to CTS in particular, had elevated anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms compared to individuals without such a history or to survivors of non-ongoing traumatic events. Specifically, the current investigation strove to explore the contribution of PTSD symptoms as a result of past trauma exposure versus as a result of CTS in explaining psychological distress (peritraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depression symptoms) in the face of COVID-19. To explore the moderating role of trauma type (CTS versus previous non-ongoing trauma exposure) in the associations between PTSD symptoms and psychological distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic, moderation analyses were conducted via PROCESS (Model 1) computational macro (Hayes, 2012) . Additionally, higher levels of PTSD symptoms subsequent to trauma exposure were related to elevated psychological distress manifested in anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a substantial stressor that could eventuate in psychological distress. Evidence suggests that individuals previously exposed to traumatic events, and particularly to continuous traumatic stress (CTS), might be more vulnerable to distress when facing additional stressors. This study aimed to investigate these suppositions in the context of the ongoing shelling of Israel from the Israel-Gaza border, which continues even amidst the COVID-19 crisis. METHOD: An online survey was conducted among Israel's general population. The sample included 976 participants. Seven-hundred-and-ninety-three participants had been exposed to traumatic events, with 255 participants reporting CTS. Trauma exposure, COVID-19-related stressors, and psychological distress related to COVID-19 (anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms) were assessed. RESULTS: Most participants reported experiencing at least one psychiatric symptom related to COVID-19. Being younger, female, not in a relationship, having a below-average income, being diagnosed with the disease, living alone during the outbreak, having a close other in a high-risk group, and negatively self-rating one's health status were associated with elevated distress. Individuals who had been exposed to trauma, and to CTS in particular, had elevated anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms compared to individuals without such a history or to survivors of non-ongoing traumatic events. CTS moderated the relations between PTSD symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and peritraumatic stress symptoms, with significantly stronger relations found among individuals exposed to CTS. LIMITATIONS: This study relied on convenience sampling. CONCLUSIONS: Trauma survivors, and particularly traumatized individuals exposed to CTS, seem at risk for psychological distress related to COVID-19.


id: cord-309264-jtid5g1p
title: Over the Rainbow: Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic While Living With PTSD
author: Vigouroux, Marie
date: 2020-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-309264-jtid5g1p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309264-jtid5g1p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821784/
doi: 10.1177/2374373520930456
abstract: nan
summary:
  Throughout the years, I have learned to manage my condition effectively through treatments which have helped me in different ways. Then, the world became engulfed in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which required people everywhere to make drastic changes to their lives in order to protect themselves and others against this novel virus. These changes, and the global malaise surrounding the pandemic, have heightened some of the PTSD symptoms that I had learned to cope with efficiently. Just like that, within 2 weeks of social distancing measures being put in place, I found myself expanding considerable energy managing these symptoms. While I understand that people need a positive outlook on the situation in order to keep hope, I cannot help but think about those of us for whom it is just not going to be alright. I also hope that sharing my experience will spark a conversation among health care workers about PTSD, as they are themselves currently dealing with immense stress and trauma.


id: cord-309997-iwueedmm
author: Chan, C.H.
date: 2010-03-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303490/
doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.01.003
title:
  Post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese women survivors of intimate partner violence: A review of the literature

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the most prevalent mental health sequelae of intimate partner violence, and as a result, it has been extensively documented in Western literature. However, whether abused women from non-Western cultures experience similar post-traumatic responses to intimate partner violence is less documented. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this paper were (1) to review the literature for information about post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese women survivors of intimate partner violence; (2) to provide a synthesis of the literature on post-traumatic stress disorder among abused Chinese women; and (3) to identify implications for practice and to suggest directions for research relating to post-traumatic stress disorder among abused Chinese women. DESIGN: A systematic review of the literature. DATA SOURCES: Following a systematic search for relevant literature in computerized databases and manual searches of English and Chinese language publications, five papers reporting on four studies conducted in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the United States were included in the review. REVIEW METHODS: Abstracts meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed independently by two of the authors and any discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Full papers for selected abstracts were then retrieved and assessed independently by the same reviewers. RESULTS: The present literature review revealed a paucity of information relating to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms or diagnoses in abused Chinese women. Nevertheless, a link between post-traumatic stress disorder and intimate partner violence was demonstrated by the reviewed papers. CONCLUSIONS: Caution should be exercised when making comparison of the findings across the four studies because of the inherent methodological differences. Also, as the assessment tools have not been validated for culture-bound interpretation of trauma and symptom manifestation, comparisons of findings for Chinese women to women in Western literature should be undertaken with due consideration. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.


id: cord-318363-1mv5j4w2
title: Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Zvolensky, Michael J.
date: 2020-08-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715
doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715
abstract:
  • The public health impact of COVID-19 on psychological symptoms and disorders, addiction, and health behavior is substantial and ongoing. • An integrative COVID-19 stress-based model could be used to guide research focused on the stress-related burden of the pandemic. • This work could provide a theoretical and empirical knowledge base for future pandemics.


id: cord-318803-xpa49sxt
author: McFee, Robin B.
date: 2008-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-318803-xpa49sxt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318803-xpa49sxt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18440371/
doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.02.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  From substance abuse, combat, infections, sexual abuse, and mental illness, troops about to be deployed to or returning from the Persian Gulf, as well as their families, face potentially significant medical, psychological and financial challenges. The following monograph describes and discusses many of the challenges our Persian Gulf troops will face in the hope it will better prepare civilian health care professionals provide appropriate services, address gaps in resources, promote collaboration between biomedical and psychosocial professional disciplines, and ultimately assist our patients to successfully reenter society. In the following sections we will discuss the changing nature of battlefield injuries and the impact on survivors and their families, the endemic illnesses of the Persian Gulf, approaches to PTSD and other threats to health, psychosocial issues, as well as emerging resources under development and yet to be realized for the care of our returning troops.

title:
  Gulf War Servicemen and Servicewomen: The Long Road Home and the Role of Health Care Professionals to Enhance the Troops'' Health and Healing


id: cord-319400-lghjiw5p
author: Chaix, B.
date: 2020-05-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.10.20093161
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.10.20093161
title:
  Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in France: a national assessment of at-risk populations

abstract:
  Introduction More than 2.5 billion people in the world are currently in lockdowns to limit the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Psychological Distress (PD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder have been reported after traumatic events, but the specific effect of pandemics is not well known. The aim of this study was to assess PD in France, a country where COVID-19 had such a dramatic impact that it required a country-wide lockdown. Patients and methods We recruited patients in 4 groups of chatbot users followed for breast cancer, asthma, depression and migraine. We used the Psychological Distress Index (PDI), a validated scale to measure PD during traumatic events, and correlated PD risk with patients characteristics in order to better identify the one who were the most at-risk. Results The study included 1771 participants. 91.25% (1616) were female with a mean age of 32.8 years (SD=13,71), 7.96% (141) were male with a mean age of 28.0 years (SD=8,14). In total, 38.06% (674) of the respondents had psychological distress (PDI [≥]15). An ANOVA analysis showed that sex (p=0.00132), unemployment (p=7.16x10-6) and depression (p=7.49x10-7) were significantly associated with a higher PDI score. Patients using their smartphone or computer more than one hour a day also had a higher PDI score (p=0.02588). Conclusion Prevalence of PD in at-risk patients is high. These patients are also at increased risk to develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Specific steps should be implemented to monitor and prevent PD through dedicated mental health policies if we want to limit the public health impact of COVID-19 in time.


id: cord-322034-8wwqxkjl
author: Ma, Ke
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-322034-8wwqxkjl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322034-8wwqxkjl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332220310039?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110810
summary:
  In addition to this, on the basis of signs and symptoms, TCM were used on treat mental disorder as per suggested clinical and animal experimental data plus relevant records in classical Chinese medicine books written by Zhang Zhongiing during Han Dynasty. Therefore, due to the fear of disease, physical discomfort, drug side effects and social isolation, COVID-19 patients might be suffering from loneliness, anger, anxiety, depression, insomnia and PTSD in the period of treatment and isolation [20] . Ganmai Dazao Decoction was indicated for "Hysteria disease", whose symptoms were sadness, crying, mood disorders, and abnormal behavior, Decoction combined with Flupentixol and Melitracen Tablets in the treatment of menopausal depression and found that the total clinical effective rate of the combined group was significantly higher than that of the single group [51] . Research suggested that patients with PTSD of Yin deficiency of heart and lung Syndrome were suitable to be treated with Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction.

title:
  From the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine: treatment of mental disorders in COVID-19 survivors

abstract:
  PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to explore the possible benefits of traditional Chinese medicine on the pathogenesis of psychological and mental health of COVID-19 survivors. METHODS: A literature search was conducted to confirm the effects of COVID-19 on psychological and mental health of survivors. In addition to this, on the basis of signs and symptoms, TCM were used on treat mental disorder as per suggested clinical and animal experimental data plus relevant records in classical Chinese medicine books written by Zhang Zhongiing during Han Dynasty. A series of treatment plans were prescribed for COVID-19 survivors with psychological and mental disorders. RESULTS: According to previous extensive studies focusing on effects on mental health of survivors, high incidence was observed in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) survivors. During investigations of mental health of COVID-19 patients and survivors, it is observed that they also had symptoms of mental disorders and immune dysfunction. Furthermore, it was also proposed that depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were most common mental disorders requiring special attention after the recovery from COVID-19. The symptoms of COVID-19 were analyzed, and the TCM syndrome of the depression, anxiety and PTSD after recovered from COVID19 was interpreted as internal heat and Yin deficiency. These three mental disorders pertains the category of “Lily disease”, “hysteria” and “deficient dysphoria” in TCM. CONCLUSION: Lily Bulb, Rhizoma Anemarrhena Decoction and Ganmai Dazao Decoction were used to treat depression. Suanzaoren Decoction, Huanglian Ejiao Decoction and Zhizi Chi Decoction were suggested for anxiety. Moreover, Lily Bulb, Rehmannia Decoction and Guilu Erxian Decoction were the formula for PTSD.


id: cord-325213-e6i6buow
title: Risk factors for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in SARS survivors
author: Mak, Ivan Wing Chit
date: 2010-09-15
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163834310001453
doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.07.007
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent long-term psychiatric diagnoses among survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify the predictors of chronic PTSD in SARS survivors. DESIGN: PTSD at 30 months after the SARS outbreak was assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. Survivors' demographic data, medical information and psychosocial variables were collected for risk factor analysis. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female gender as well as the presence of chronic medical illnesses diagnosed before the onset of SARS and avascular necrosis were independent predictors of PTSD at 30 months post-SARS. Associated factors included higher-chance external locus of control, higher functional disability and higher average pain intensity. CONCLUSION: The study of PTSD at 30 months post-SARS showed that the predictive value of acute medical variables may fade out. Our findings do not support some prior hypotheses that the use of high dose corticosteroids is protective against the development of PTSD. On the contrary, the adversity both before and after the SARS outbreak may be more important in hindering recovery from PTSD. The risk factor analysis can not only improve the detection of hidden psychiatric complications but also provide insight for the possible model of care delivery for the SARS survivors. With the complex interaction of the biopsychosocial challenges of SARS, an integrated multidisciplinary clinic setting may be a superior approach in the long-term management of complicated PTSD cases.


id: cord-327452-fl7yrpzs
author: Sayde, George
date: 2020-07-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32763640/
doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.017
title:
  Implementing an intensive care unit (ICU) diary program at a Large Academic Medical Center: Results from a randomized control trial evaluating psychological morbidity associated with critical illness

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Psychological morbidity in both patients and family members related to the intensive care unit (ICU) experience is an often overlooked, and potentially persistent, healthcare problem recognized by the Society of Critical Care Medicine as Post-intensive Care Syndrome (PICS). ICU diaries are an intervention increasingly under study with potential to mitigate ICU-related psychological morbidity, including ICU-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. As we encounter a growing number of ICU survivors, in particular in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, clinicians must be equipped to understand the severity and prevalence of significant psychiatric complications of critical illness. METHODS: We compared the efficacy of the ICU diary, prospectively written by third parties during the patient's intensive care course, versus education alone in reducing acute PTSD symptoms after discharge. Patients with an ICU stay greater than 72 h, who were intubated and mechanically ventilated over 24 h, were recruited and randomized to either receive a diary at bedside with psychoeducation or psychoeducation alone. Intervention patients received their ICU diary within the first week of admission into the intensive care unit. Psychometric testing with IES-R, PHQ-8, HADS and GAD-7 was conducted at weeks 4, 12, and 24 after ICU discharge. Change from baseline in these scores, obtained within one week of ICU admission, was assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. RESULTS: From September 26, 2017 to September 25, 2018, our team screened 265 patients from the surgical and medical ICUs at a single large academic urban hospital. 60 patients were enrolled and randomized, of which 35 patients completed post-discharge follow-up (n = 18) in the diary intervention group and (n = 17) in the education-only control group. The control group had a significantly greater decrease in PTSD, hyperarousal, and depression symptoms at week 4 compared to the intervention group. There were no significant differences in other measures, or at other follow-up intervals. Both study groups exhibited clinically significant PTSD symptoms at all timepoints after ICU discharge. Follow-up phone interviews with patients revealed that while many were interested in getting follow-up for their symptoms, there were many barriers to accessing appropriate therapy and clinical attention. CONCLUSIONS: Results from psychometric testing demonstrate no benefit of ICU diaries versus bedside education-alone in reducing PTSD symptoms related to the intensive care stay. However, our study finds an important gap in care – patients at high risk for PICS are infrequently connected to appropriate follow-up care. Perhaps ICU diaries would prove beneficial if utilized to support the work within a program providing wrap-around services and close psychiatric follow up for PICS patients. This study demonstrates the high prevalence of ICU-related PTSD in our cohort of survivors, the high barrier to accessing care for appropriate treatment of PICS, and the consequence of that barrier—prolonged psychological morbidity. Trial registration: NCT04305353 Grant identification: GH-17-022 (Arnold P. Gold Foundation)


id: cord-329561-4cz2jtt7
author: Ismael, F.
date: 2020-08-31
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.25.20182113
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.25.20182113
title:
  Post-infection depression, anxiety and PTSD: a retrospective cohort study with mild COVID-19 patients

abstract:
  Background: It remains unclear whether COVID-19 is associated with psychiatric symptoms during or after the acute illness phase. Being affected by the disease exposes the individual to an uncertain prognosis and a state of quarantine. These factors can predispose individuals to the development of mental symptoms during or after the acute phase of the disease. There is a need for prospective studies assessing mental health symptoms in COVID-19 patients in the post-infection period. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 tests were collected at patients homes under the supervision of trained healthcare personnel. Patients who tested positive for COVID-19 and were classified as mild cases (N=895) at treatment intake were further assessed for the presence of mental health disorders (on average, 56.6 days after the intake). We investigated the association between the number of COVID-19 symptoms at intake and depression, anxiety and PTSD, adjusting for previous mental health status, time between baseline and outcome, and other confounders. Multivariate logistic regression and generalized linear models were employed for categorical and continuous outcomes, respectively. Findings: Depression, anxiety and PTSD were reported by 26.2% (N=235), 22.4% (N=201), and 17.3% (N=155) of the sample. Reporting an increased number of COVID-related symptoms was associated with depression (aOR=1.059;95%CI=1.002-1.119), anxiety (aOR=1.072;95%CI=1.012-1.134), and PTSD (aOR=1.092;95%CI=1.024-1.166). Sensitivity analyses supported findings for both continuous and categorical measures. Interpretation: Exposure to an increased number of COVID-19 symptoms may predispose individuals to depression, anxiety and PTSD after the acute phase of the disease. These patients should be monitored for the development of mental health disorders after COVID-19 treatment discharge. Early interventions, such as brief interventions of psychoeducation on coping strategies, could benefit these individuals.


id: cord-331797-05kcygis
title: Burnout and PTSD in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Intersection, Impact and Interventions
author: Restauri, Nicole
date: 2020-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-331797-05kcygis.txt
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url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1546144020305469?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.021
summary:
  Summary sentence Individual physicians and hospital administration should take proactive steps to minimize the compounding effects of high baseline burnout and the acute stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to promote wellness among health-care providers. As much as social distancing is being leveraged as a critical method of COVID-19 disease containment, both individual and system based practices will be required to reduce workplace stress and burnout and minimize the acute stress response and risk of subsequent PTSD. Support an infrastructure that allows radiologists and staff to work from home Decrease exposure and mitigate concerns about contracting the virus and promotes schedule flexibility Increase education treatment about burnout, ASD, and PTSD, via expert panel discussions and access to mental health Increase awareness and early intervention, reduce stigma Employ non-traditional methods of physician engagement (eg narrative medicine)

abstract:
  Summary sentence Individual physicians and hospital administration should take proactive steps to minimize the compounding effects of high baseline burnout and the acute stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to promote wellness among health-care providers.


id: cord-336257-f6yglaz8
author: Forte, Giuseppe
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-336257-f6yglaz8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336257-f6yglaz8.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061802
doi: 10.3390/jcm9061802
summary:
  Although these results need to be considered with caution being based on self-reported data collected at the beginning of this emergency, they should be used as a starting point for further studies aimed to develop interventions to minimize both the brief and long-term psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In both countries younger age, student status, female gender and direct contact with COVID-19 infection are associated with a greater psychological impact of the emergency, involving many psychopathological dimensions (e.g., anxiety, distress, sleep disturbance) [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 26] . One of the aims of the study was to analyse the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in the different Italian territorial areas. Overall, the results highlighted high levels of anxiety, psychopathological symptoms and PTSD symptoms in Italian respondents during the first critical phase of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and of the Government measures taken to contain it.

title:
  The Enemy Which Sealed the World: Effects of COVID-19 Diffusion on the Psychological State of the Italian Population

abstract:
  Background: Starting from the first months of 2020, worldwide population has been facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Many nations, including Italy, took extreme actions to reduce the diffusion of the virus, profoundly changing lifestyles. The Italians have been faced with both the fear of contracting the infection and the consequences of enforcing social distancing. This study was aimed to understand the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the psychopathological outcomes related to the first phase of this emergency. Methods: The study included 2291 respondents. An online survey collected information on socio-demographic variables, history of direct or indirect contact with COVID-19, and additional information concerning the COVID-19 emergency. Moreover, psychopathological symptoms such as anxiety, mood alterations and post-traumatic symptomatology were assessed. Results: The results revealed that respectively 31.38%, 37.19% and 27.72% of respondents reported levels of general psychopathological symptomatology, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms over the cut-off scores. Furthermore, a significant worsening of mood has emerged. Being a female or under the age of 50 years, having had direct contact with people infected by the COVID-19, and experiencing uncertainty about the risk of contagion represent risk factors for psychological distress. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic appear to impact not only on physical health but also on psychological well-being. Although these results need to be considered with caution being based on self-reported data collected at the beginning of this emergency, they should be used as a starting point for further studies aimed to develop interventions to minimize both the brief and long-term psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-336942-2mvcyvbl
author: Liu, Cindy H.
date: 2020-06-01
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165178120311185
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172
title:
  Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health

abstract:
  This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional online study assessed 898 participants from April 13, 2020 to May 19, 2020, approximately one month after the U.S. declared a state of emergency due to COVID-19 and prior to the initial lifting of restrictions across 50 U.S. states. Respondents reported high levels of depression (43.3%, PHQ-8 scores ≥ 10), high anxiety scores (45.4%, GAD-7 scores ≥ 10), and high levels of PTSD symptoms (31.8%, PCL-C scores ≥ 45). High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worries, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Resilience was associated with low levels of depression and anxiety symptoms but not PTSD. Most respondents had high levels of social support; social support from family, but not from partner or peers, was associated with low levels of depression and PTSD. Compared to Whites, Asian Americans were less likely to report high levels across mental health symptoms, and Hispanic/Latinos were less likely to report high levels of anxiety. These factors provide initial guidance regarding clinical management for COVID-19-related mental health problems.


id: cord-351852-ilxaurgt
author: Jung, Heeja
date: 2020-03-09
url: https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079919897693
doi: 10.1177/2165079919897693
title:
  Assessing the Presence of Post-Traumatic Stress and Turnover Intention Among Nurses Post–Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak: The Importance of Supervisor Support

abstract:
  Background: South Korea faced the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak for the first time in 2015, which resulted in 186 infected patients and 39 deaths. This study investigated the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and turnover intention, the relationship between PTSD and turnover intention, and the buffering effect of supervisor support among nurses post-MERS outbreak. Methods: In total, 300 nurses from three of 15 isolation hospitals in South Korea were invited to participate. We collected data pertaining to PTSD, turnover intention, supervisor support, work-related factors, and socio-demographic factors through a structured survey distributed to the nurses at the hospitals after the outbreak. For the statistical analyses, descriptive statistics and multiple regression were employed. Findings: Of the 147 participants, 33.3% were involved in the direct care of the infected patients, whereas 66.7% were involved in the direct care of the suspected patients. More than half (57.1%) of the nurses experienced PTSD, with 25.1% experienced full PTSD and 32.0% with moderate or some level of PTSD. The mean score of turnover intention was 16.3, with the score range of 4 to 20. The multiple regression analysis revealed that PTSD was positively associated with turnover intention, and supervisor support had a strong buffering effect. Conclusion/Application to Practice: These findings confirmed that after a fatal infectious disease outbreak like MERS, nurses experience high level of PTSD and show high intention to leave. Organizational strategies to help nurses to cope with stress and to prevent turnover intention, especially using supervisor support, would be beneficial.


id: cord-353427-m7xwsqdk
author: Cheng, Peng
date: 2020-08-23
txt: ./txt/cord-353427-m7xwsqdk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353427-m7xwsqdk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.038
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.038
summary:
  title: Psychometric Property Study of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese Healthcare Workers during the Outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 BACKGROUND: Previous studies about the reliability and validity of the updated PCL version for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (PCL-5) have only been evaluated in certain samples of the population, which lacks in the sample of Healthcare Workers. While there are many other instruments studied and being used in different settings, this article focuses on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), a 20-item self-report measure that assesses the presence and severity of PTSD symptoms (Weathers FW et al., 2013 number of core symptoms, it appears to be effective and reliable, and performs as well yields similar results as longer and more complex measurements (Brewin, 2005) .

title:
  Psychometric Property Study of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese Healthcare Workers during the Outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Previous studies about the reliability and validity of the updated PCL version for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (PCL-5) have only been evaluated in certain samples of the population, which lacks in the sample of Healthcare Workers. Our study focused on the factor structure, reliability and validity of the PCL-5 among Chinese Healthcare Workers during the Outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019. METHODS: We conducted an online survey of frontline healthcare workers using the PCL-5 for PTSD. Total of 212 frontline healthcare providers were included in this study. RESULTS: The findings showed that PCL-5 is a reliable instrument in our sample. The total and subscale scores showed good internal consistency. The convergent and discriminant validity of the PCL-5 were also well demonstrated. Our result showed a better fit with the seven-factor hybrid model compared with other models and supported that the PCL-5 Chinese version can be used as a reliable screening tool to conduct psychological screening for Chinese healthcare workers. LIMITATION: We could not examine other aspects of reliability and validity like test-retest reliability or criterion validity. We didn't use the gold-standard structured interview for PTSD in our study. Besides, most of our samples were young people who had access to the internet. Not all professional levels and seniorities were presented because our sample had a lower mean income and educational level. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the Chinese PCL-5 has good validity and reliability in frontline healthcare workers during the outbreak.


