Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 100 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7548 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 public 34 health 26 Health 14 Public 10 SARS 10 COVID-19 9 disease 7 China 5 pandemic 4 service 4 research 4 care 4 CDC 3 urban 3 social 3 quarantine 3 datum 3 city 3 Toronto 3 New 3 Europe 2 system 2 surveillance 2 risk 2 right 2 response 2 population 2 political 2 organization 2 model 2 institution 2 information 2 human 2 government 2 chinese 2 chapter 2 case 2 United 2 USA 2 March 2 Korea 2 Influenza 2 HIV 2 Code 2 Act 1 world 1 worker 1 western 1 water 1 voice Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 8267 health 1963 disease 1445 system 1217 pandemic 1198 government 1161 care 1099 service 1085 research 1073 community 1039 policy 1000 population 986 information 974 response 957 risk 940 state 928 people 914 outbreak 880 time 871 country 869 datum 869 case 834 measure 784 level 726 resource 706 % 701 organization 699 study 697 right 653 individual 647 emergency 633 management 618 influenza 604 public 600 control 594 issue 592 development 581 need 572 example 560 use 557 group 557 approach 556 institution 540 problem 539 model 533 infection 533 analysis 530 authority 524 crisis 523 decision 517 patient Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1601 Health 787 Public 605 SARS 549 al 480 China 469 et 432 COVID-19 363 CDC 311 . 310 United 270 States 268 World 247 US 240 New 233 National 202 UK 199 • 194 Singapore 182 Toronto 171 Disease 171 Act 170 H1N1 167 Pandemic 166 Organization 158 Influenza 147 Europe 140 March 131 Department 127 Canada 126 WHO 126 Human 126 Government 121 U.S. 121 Global 118 Johnson 112 Control 111 USA 111 Research 110 State 109 HIV 106 International 103 Africa 102 der 99 York 99 AIDS 97 University 97 Association 97 America 96 Ministry 96 Coronavirus Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 2638 it 1454 we 1293 they 461 them 396 i 370 he 245 you 201 us 167 themselves 119 itself 68 one 63 she 48 him 45 me 18 ourselves 15 himself 13 her 9 oneself 5 yourself 5 s 5 's 4 herself 3 theirs 3 myself 2 em 1 yours 1 whither 1 upon,% 1 organizaƟon 1 http://tinyurl.com/howcleanareyourhands 1 his Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 19032 be 4672 have 1131 do 1099 include 987 use 964 provide 915 make 679 develop 632 base 613 take 606 require 592 need 562 see 515 become 491 increase 470 improve 446 address 435 show 423 give 414 relate 405 lead 401 identify 395 reduce 390 follow 380 work 376 help 367 promote 355 emerge 352 create 352 consider 347 affect 346 find 341 involve 336 report 324 protect 324 prevent 314 understand 306 support 301 ensure 301 cause 291 know 287 share 283 focus 268 occur 268 establish 260 exist 258 suggest 255 define 255 build 252 come Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6636 public 2499 not 1431 more 1404 such 1359 also 1275 other 1227 social 929 - 908 new 902 well 791 human 786 many 675 most 675 medical 671 high 619 only 609 local 605 as 595 global 589 economic 583 however 570 national 546 first 520 political 509 important 495 infectious 473 different 470 even 464 effective 427 ethical 396 great 392 good 391 early 372 large 363 international 349 specific 344 out 340 urban 336 so 336 low 331 often 329 regional 320 individual 308 same 307 general 306 long 304 much 302 non 300 key 297 legal Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 226 most 157 good 128 least 57 Most 54 high 43 great 41 large 40 bad 28 weak 19 low 15 late 13 big 11 small 9 strong 7 early 6 sick 6 old 5 poor 4 short 3 wide 3 simple 3 near 3 deadly 2 young 2 pure 2 new 2 few 2 dense 1 wild 1 white 1 tough 1 stark 1 slight 1 scary 1 safe 1 rad 1 performance(P4P 1 long 1 hot 1 healthy 1 hard 1 full 1 fit 1 fierce 1 fair 1 busy 1 bleak 1 Least 1 -which 1 -outbreak Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 449 most 41 least 25 well 6 highest 2 worst 2 hard 1 fast 1 -somewhat Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 doi.org 3 ojphi.org 2 www.pongovernance1420.gov.it 2 www.gov.uk 2 www.cdc.gov 2 www 2 orcid.org 2 creativecommons.org 2 booksite.elsevier.com 1 www2a 1 www.wane.com 1 www.uhn.ca 1 www.toronto.ca 1 www.thecoi~iiiinityguide.org> 1 www.senato.it 1 www.publichealthlaw.net 1 www.protezionecivile.gov.it 1 www.pongover-nance1420.gov.it 1 www.plippo.cdc.gov 1 www.opensecrets.org 1 www.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.mohurd.gov.cn 1 www.mobilita.gov.it 1 www.italiasemplice.gov.it 1 www.iog.ca 1 www.hhs.gov 1 www.health.gov.on.ca 1 www.funzionepubblica.gov.it 1 www.ft.com 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.fema.gov 1 www.fec.gov 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.eticapa.it 1 www.eol.cn 1 www.endnote.com 1 www.ejustice.just.fgov.be 1 www.dovepress.com 1 www.cocops.eu 1 www.chinanews.com 1 www.cbsnews.com 1 www.bt.cdc.gov 1 www.biomedcentral.com 1 www.biofilms.ac.uk 1 www.biofilm.montana.edu 1 tinyurl.com 1 phaboard.org 1 pha4ge.github.io 1 partecipa.gov.it 1 pan-inform.yorku.ca Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 16 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.20203505 3 http://ojphi.org 2 http://www 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09 2 http://doi.org/10 2 http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780124157668 1 http://www2a 1 http://www.wane.com/Global/story.asp?S=1326536 1 http://www.uhn.ca/home/sars/ 1 http://www.toronto.ca/wes/ 1 http://www.thecoi~iiiinityguide.org> 1 http://www.senato.it/leg/18/BGT/Schede/Ddliter/51407.htm# 1 http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA 1 http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/home 1 http://www.pongovernance1420.gov.it/en/programme/action-strategy/documents/ 1 http://www.pongovernance1420.gov.it/en/): 1 http://www.pongover-nance1420.gov.it/it/rafforzare-le-politiche-di-coesione-attraverso-il-behavioural-insights/ 1 http://www.plippo.cdc.gov/od/ 1 http://www.opensecrets.org 1 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ 1 http://www.mohurd.gov.cn 1 http://www.mobilita.gov.it/home.php 1 http://www.italiasemplice.gov.it/ 1 http://www.iog.ca/ 1 http://www.hhs.gov/disasters/index.shtml 1 http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/providers/program/pubhealth/sars/docs/new 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health/about#our-priorities 1 http://www.funzionepubblica.gov.it/semplificazione 1 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a62be1dc-d897-11df-8e05-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1K1HBRFpp 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg 1 http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-08.pdf 1 http://www.fec.gov 1 http://www.fda.gov/cder/drugprepare/default.htm 1 http://www.eticapa.it/eticapa/documento-ufficiale-di-nuova-etica-pubblica-sul-fallimentodelle-riforme-amministrative/ 1 http://www.eol.cn/html/g/ydgk/ 1 http://www.endnote.com/ 1 http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/mopdf/2014/05/16_1 1 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials 1 http://www.cocops.eu/ 1 http://www.chinanews.com/edu/zcdt/news/2008/08-29/1365019.shtml 1 http://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/cre/CDC_ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart] 1 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/06/17/ 1 http://www.bt.cdc.gov/ 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/470/pre 1 http://www.biofilms.ac.uk/ 1 http://www.biofilm.montana.edu/ 1 http://tinyurl.com/howcleanareyourhands 1 http://phaboard.org/2019/09/03/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 support@pulsus.com 1 alex.price@mail.utoronto.ca Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 measures are necessary 9 health is not 5 organizations become institutions 4 people are not 4 people do not 4 policy is not 3 data do not 3 government is responsible 3 health is critical 3 information is available 3 measures are difficult 3 measures is not 3 measures were not 3 policy is effective 3 response is not 2 % were undecided 2 case is not 2 cases taken collectively 2 community is not 2 community needs assessments 2 countries are now 2 countries has more 2 data are available 2 disease is readily 2 diseases are multifactorial 2 diseases are not 2 diseases are zoonotic 2 government did not 2 government does not 2 government was responsible 2 health are not 2 health is also 2 health is as 2 health is now 2 health is replete 2 health is thus 2 health is vital 2 health related issues 2 health using first 2 health were not 2 health work force 2 information became available 2 information is generally 2 measures are also 2 measures are not 2 organizations showed interest 2 outbreak was eventually 2 outbreak was over 2 pandemic has already 2 pandemic is not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 health is not just 2 policy is not effective 1 % had no sewage 1 care have not traditionally 1 care is no surprise 1 case is not identical 1 community is not able 1 data show no effect 1 government has not yet 1 government is no longer 1 government is not necessarily 1 government was not able 1 health are not immune 1 health are not mutually 1 health is no longer 1 health is not only 1 health is not so 1 health is not surprising 1 health were not always 1 measures are not just 1 measures is not achievable 1 measures were not enough 1 measures were not only 1 outbreaks is not likely 1 pandemic does not automatically 1 pandemic is not only 1 pandemic provides no insight 1 pandemic were not sufficient 1 people are not interested 1 people are not unnecessarily 1 policy has no significant 1 policy is not only 1 policy is not well 1 population is not as 1 populations are not strictly 1 research is not equivalent 1 resource is no longer 1 response is not so 1 responses are not unique 1 rights are no more 1 risk is not home 1 risk is not limited 1 risk was not widely 1 state has no role 1 states have not yet 1 studies are not comprehensive 1 study was not medical 1 system is no exception 1 systems do not currently A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-025905-9k7owm1v author = Acton, Michele title = Coronavirus: reducing the impact of quarantine date = 2020-04-29 keywords = public; quarantine summary = doi = 10.1002/tre.737 id = cord-019057-3j2fl358 author = Afolabi, Michael Olusegun title = Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach date = 2018-08-28 keywords = Ethics; Health; Influenza; Pandemic; Public; care; outbreak; people summary = This biological fact makes it difficult to stockpile influenza vaccines ahead of outbreaks and, by consequence, limits the preparedness efforts geared towards confronting the public health challenges and moral quandaries. But considering the limitations associated with antiviral drugs as well as vaccines in relation to combating pandemic influenza, some form of non-therapeutic approach is necessary, at least as some adjunct to mitigate the overall impact of pandemic influenza on the local and global human community. This implies that the care ethical lens may have some limitations in relation to sufficiently engaging the ethical dilemmas raised by pandemic influenza in particular and other types of public health disasters, in general. The chapter explored the strengths of the communitarian and care ethics moral lenses in relation to engaging the moral quandaries elicited during pandemic influenza outbreaks. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-92765-7_3 id = cord-261524-nqukwoqz author = Al-Mohaithef, Mohammed title = Evaluation of Public Health Education and Workforce Needs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia date = 2020-03-17 keywords = KSA; Saudi; health; public summary = doi = 10.2991/jegh.k.191123.001 id = cord-271892-cadjzw9h author = Ario, Alex Riolexus title = Uganda public health fellowship program’s contribution to building a resilient and sustainable public health system in Uganda date = 2019-05-23 keywords = Health; PHFP; Public; Uganda summary = doi = 10.1080/16549716.2019.1609825 id = cord-005385-hswyus24 author = Baehr, Peter title = On the Edge of Solidarity: The Burqa and Public Life date = 2012-08-21 keywords = citizenship; face; political; public; social; western summary = It argues that, in political terms, the wearing of the burqa and niqab is inconsistent with Western norms of equality, the backbone of the citizenship ideal; and that, in social terms, the full veil erects a partition to interpersonal understanding and reciprocity. Invented in the ancient Greek world, the concept of "public" has assumed since its birth a host of connotations: common property and the common good; a realm in which free and equal men are able to deliberate on and decide political affairs; a place of discourse rather than labor; the primacy of law over arbitrary rule; a domain in which the ruler is considered to be a kind of custodian or guardian of the commonweal rather than a seigneur or lord; a region in which citizens may find distinction and glory; an area accessible to the many; a vehicle of composite opinion; a community pursuing a joint purpose (Habermas [1962 (Habermas [ ] 1999 Oakeshott 1975: 149, 207, 218.) Each of these meanings has, in turn, taken on its own inflections; for instance, Robert Nisbet''s (1982: 249-50 ) distinction between public opinion ("the sturdy filter of long-shared values and traditions") and popular opinion (the transient froth of mood and fashion). doi = 10.1007/s12115-012-9584-2 id = cord-342939-b7qn6ynk author = Baillie, L. title = Dual Use of Biotechnology date = 2012-01-03 keywords = Kingdom; United; public; research; scientist summary = This article addresses issues that are central to the dual use of biotechnology, such as the public perception of risk and the need for physical containment to prevent the release of potentially dangerous microorganisms. It also examines the public and media perception of the scientists who handle and manipulate these pathogens and discusses the controls that are currently in place to ensure that scientists engaged in defense-related dual-use medical research act in a transparent and ethical manner. It also examines the public and media perception of the scientists who handle and manipulate these pathogens and discusses the controls that are currently in place to ensure that scientists engaged in defense-related dual-use medical research act in a transparent and ethical manner. Although extremely rare, this event is likely to have had a major impact on the public perception of scientists engaged in defense-related research and their motivation. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00430-0 id = cord-314443-qeuvymu8 author = Banai, Reza title = Pandemic and the planning of resilient cities and regions date = 2020-09-15 keywords = New; city; pandemic; public; urban summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102929 id = cord-307303-9mzs5dl4 author = Barnett, Daniel J. title = The Application of the Haddon Matrix to Public Health Readiness and Response Planning date = 2005-02-02 keywords = Haddon; SARS; health; public summary = doi = 10.1289/ehp.7491 id = cord-354434-bi409a6o author = Benjamin, Georges C. title = Ensuring health equity during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of public health infrastructure date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; Health; public summary = doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.70 id = cord-258842-vuxzv6eu author = Bennett, B. title = Legal rights during pandemics: Federalism, rights and public health laws – a view from Australia date = 2009-02-26 keywords = Act; Health; Organization; public summary = Secondly, our understandings of the role of law in responding to pandemics are necessarily informed by relational bonds between individuals in society, and by the meanings of rights and responsibilities for public health laws when dealing with infectious disease. 17, 19 However, while the Federal Government can seek to use its other constitutional powers to achieve health-related objectives, it is important to realize that the power under Section 51(ix) of the Constitution to make laws ''with respect to quarantine'' is the only power relating to communicable diseases directly given to the Federal Government in the Constitution, and that this, in turn, shapes Australian debates about government responses to public health issues and emergencies. 46 The World Health Organization has acknowledged the importance of legal and ethical considerations to pandemic preparedness, noting that public health measures such as quarantine, compulsory vaccination and off-licence use of medicines ''need a legal framework to ensure transparent assessment and justification of the measures that are being considered, and to ensure coherence with international legislation (International Health Regulations)''. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.019 id = cord-035351-3mv6x0w9 author = Boin, Arjen title = Guardians of Public Value: How Public Organizations Become and Remain Institutions date = 2020-11-13 keywords = Boin; IPCC; Selznick; case; institution; organization; public; value summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_1 id = cord-015944-6srvtmbn author = Brown, David title = The Role of the Media in Bioterrorism date = 2008-09-10 keywords = CDC; New; Thompson; anthrax; event; public summary = Consequently, understanding policy issues involving bioterrorism -to mention nothing of terrorist events themselves -requires knowledge of biological mechanisms, an appreciation of clinical decision-making in medicine, and a sense of how to conceptualize and evaluate relative risks. In the 110 days after the first case, the Office of Communications at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the government agency coordinating the public health response to the attacks, conducted 23 press briefings and 306 television interviews, wrote 44 press releases, and took 7737 calls from the news media [2] . The media and public were interested in what the response to the event seemed to say about state decision making and readiness to address emergencies in general [26] .'''' If a journalist doesn''t really understand the medical, statistical, and biological substance of a disease outbreak, he can at least appear to be knowledgeable about the interaction of individuals and agencies, and how events are believed to be changing their power and image. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-326-4_15 id = cord-260565-cdthfl5f author = Burkle, Frederick M. title = Declining Public Health Protections within Autocratic Regimes: Impact on Global Public Health Security, Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics date = 2020-04-02 keywords = Africa; China; Health; Korea; SARS; chinese; public summary = doi = 10.1017/s1049023x20000424 id = cord-309118-810fmd8e author = Burkle, Frederick M. title = Political Intrusions into the International Health Regulations Treaty and Its Impact on Management of Rapidly Emerging Zoonotic Pandemics: What History Tells Us date = 2020-04-13 keywords = China; Health; Osler; public summary = doi = 10.1017/s1049023x20000515 id = cord-138627-jtyoojte author = Buzzell, Andrew title = Public Goods From Private Data -- An Efficacy and Justification Paradox for Digital Contact Tracing date = 2020-07-14 keywords = datum; dct; privacy; public summary = Privacy-centric analysis treats data as private property, frames the relationship between individuals and governments as adversarial, entrenches technology platforms as gatekeepers, and supports a conception of emergency public health authority as limited by individual consent and considerable corporate influence that is in some tension with the more communitarian values that typically inform public health ethics. They require populations be persuaded to use the DCT app, and that hardware and software vendors cooperate with public health authorities to resolve barriers to adoption and usage, such as the need for software modifications to enable passive RSSI measurement. The privacy preserving model serves vendor interests, allowing them to cooperate with public health authorities, thus avoiding regulatory or coercive measures, by limiting the possibility that the use of DCT apps breaks tacit or contractual agreements with their users that could damage already wavering public trust. doi = nan id = cord-259247-7loab74f author = CAPPS, BENJAMIN title = Where Does Open Science Lead Us During a Pandemic? A Public Good Argument to Prioritize Rights in the Open Commons date = 2020-06-05 keywords = datum; open; public; science summary = doi = 10.1017/s0963180120000456 id = cord-018504-qqsmn72u author = Caron, Rosemary M. title = Public Health Lessons: Practicing and Teaching Public Health date = 2014-09-23 keywords = CDC; CRE; MERS; NHDHHS; health; public summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-07290-6_4 id = cord-027695-ptp62krc author = Cavatorto, Sabrina title = Conclusions: Still Risking Implementation Gaps date = 2020-06-25 keywords = Minister; Nucleo; public; reform summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-32288-5_6 id = cord-320924-tphlv442 author = Cheshmehzangi, Ali title = 10 Adaptive Measures for Public Places to face the COVID 19 Pandemic Outbreak date = 2020-08-06 keywords = place; public summary = doi = 10.1111/ciso.12335 id = cord-258223-8dhtwf03 author = Chow, Cristelle title = The Next Pandemic: Supporting COVID-19 Frontline Doctors Through Film Discussion date = 2020-09-05 keywords = SARS; film; participant; public summary = doi = 10.1007/s10912-020-09662-2 id = cord-284125-35ghtmhu author = Chua, Kaw Bing title = Perspectives of public health laboratories in emerging infectious diseases date = 2013-06-26 keywords = disease; health; laboratory; public summary = doi = 10.1038/emi.2013.34 id = cord-285397-rc65rv6r author = Comfort, Louise title = Crisis Decision Making on a Global Scale: Transition from Cognition to Collective Action under Threat of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; KCDC; March; public summary = doi = 10.1111/puar.13252 id = cord-349348-9rnvawfa author = Cousineau, J title = Genomics and Public Health Research: Can the State Allow Access to Genomic Databases? date = 2012-05-31 keywords = Act; Canada; Health; Public; Quebec summary = doi = nan id = cord-010513-7p07efxo author = Daniels, Norman title = Resource Allocation and Priority Setting date = 2015-08-31 keywords = CEA; Medicaid; care; case; decision; health; public; service summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_3 id = cord-017733-xofwk88a author = Davis, Mark title = Uncertainty and Immunity in Public Communications on Pandemics date = 2018-11-04 keywords = Health; Influenza; pandemic; public summary = The chapter draws on research conducted in Australia and Scotland on public engagements with the 2009 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and discusses implications for communications on more recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola and Zika. Like the "swine flu affair" of the 1970s in the United States (Fineberg 2008) , the 2009 pandemic raised questions for the public health system of how to shape public action in light of the significant uncertainties which are particular to influenza, and without jeopardizing trust in government and the scientific knowledge on which is built public policy. Appeals to the collective good and altruistic vaccination on which depend public health efforts concerning pandemics, may miss the point that individuals are led to think of their personal immunity as an arena within which they can sustain themselves in the face of deeply uncertain threats which arise in communal life. Individualized ideas of immunity in connection with uncertainties may limit the effectiveness of public health communications on influenza pandemics and other contagious threats. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2802-2_3 id = cord-001634-mi5gcfcw author = Davis, Mark D M title = Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza date = 2015-04-29 keywords = health; influenza; pandemic; public summary = In relation to pandemic influenza, public communications feature in preparedness and response planning which requires that members of the general public adopt measures during a public health emergency, including: hygiene (e.g., covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, washing hands, keeping surfaces clean, avoiding sharing personal items) and the avoidance of close contact with others [4] . This paper, therefore, uses inductive, qualitative research methods to develop new knowledge on how members of the general population respond to pandemic influenza, set against the backdrop of the assumed resistance on the part of the general public and related critiques, including, health risk fatigue, the risk communication dilemma and individualism. The research aimed to identify how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza so that public health communications can be designed to engage with how its audiences respond to risk messages and how they enact hygiene, social isolation and related measures. doi = 10.1186/s12889-015-1756-8 id = cord-283553-n06og3cw author = De Coninck, David title = nan date = 2020-05-13 keywords = public summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.011 id = cord-317477-h3c5kddj author = De Coninck, David title = Perceived vulnerability to disease and attitudes towards public health measures: COVID-19 in Flanders, Belgium date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; belgian; public summary = We aim to show how perceived vulnerability to disease, personality characteristics, opinion on news media coverage and consumption of news media, and socio-economic and socio-psychological perceptions are related to attitudes towards public health measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, we conducted stepwise linear regressions to investigate associations of perceived vulnerability to disease, personality characteristics, consumption of and opinion on news media, and socio-economic and sociopsychological perceptions, with attitudes towards public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Flanders, Belgium. To answer our main research question, we conducted two stepwise linear regressions to investigate associations between on the one hand perceived vulnerability to disease (GA and PI), personality characteristics, opinion on and consumption of news media, socio-psychological and economic perceptions (independent variables), and on the other hand the belief that the current measures are necessary to protect the Belgian population (dependent variable; Table 3 ) and that the Belgian government is handling the COVID-19 crisis well (dependent variable; Table 4 ). doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110220 id = cord-352546-w3catjj3 author = Degeling, Chris title = Implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political, ethical and legal dimensions date = 2015-12-29 keywords = EID; Health; Hendra; approach; disease; public summary = The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people''s preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric. In particular we focused on materials pertaining to the social, political and ethical consequences of responses to the risks posed to human health and wellbeing by Hendra virus [HeV], Nipah virus [NiV] and Rabies virus [RbV] in Australasia, and compared them with international responses to canonical examples of pandemic and food borne zoonoses severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17] and bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (BSE/vCJD), respectively. doi = 10.1186/s12889-015-2617-1 id = cord-294320-4s6vxmy7 author = Depoux, Anneliese title = The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-03-03 keywords = public summary = doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa031 id = cord-288477-dojdlfrv author = Doerr, Megan title = Research ethics in a pandemic: considerations for the use of research infrastructure and resources for public health activities date = 2020-05-18 keywords = SFS; health; public; research summary = doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa028 id = cord-029261-6d9cjeec author = D’Alessandro, Daniela title = Urban Public Health, a Multidisciplinary Approach date = 2020-07-16 keywords = Public; health; urban summary = WHO considers urbanization as one of the key challenges for public health in the twenty-first century, since cities offer significant opportunities to improve public health if health-enhancing policies and actions are promoted. Speaking about urban environment, it is to be underlined that cities around the world face many health challenges, including air, water and soil pollution, traffic congestion and noise, and poor housing conditions, and all these situations are caused and worsened by unsustainable urban development and climate change. It follows that health and environmental issues, like climate change or the growing populations, need to be addressed using "holistic" approaches that require the development of multidisciplinary research synergies focused on urban health, accompanied by multidisciplinary sustainable interventions. Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-49446-9_1 id = cord-339376-2dczotbh author = Everts, Jonathan title = Announcing Swine Flu and the Interpretation of Pandemic Anxiety date = 2012-07-19 keywords = CDC; H1N1; health; pandemic; public summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01021.x id = cord-342386-t5b8wpe2 author = Falcone, Rino title = All We Need Is Trust: How the COVID-19 Outbreak Reconfigured Trust in Italian Public Institutions date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; authority; italian; public; trust summary = Since overall trust in public authorities did not decrease after March 11 in the whole sample, this indicates a leveling in trust attribution across the country after the introduction of new measures, which in turn could be interpreted as a shift in the perception of the emergency: whereas in early March, a significant part of the Italian population still believed the outbreak to be somehow contained to specific regions, and thus a local problem unlikely to affect everybody in the same way, the nationwide interventions announced on March 11 made it crystal clear to all that COVID-19 was indeed a national concern. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561747 id = cord-028618-kn87q7nb author = Flinders, Matthew title = Democracy and the Politics of Coronavirus: Trust, Blame and Understanding date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Coronavirus; blame; crisis; democracy; public summary = doi = 10.1093/pa/gsaa013 id = cord-285532-rknygv7u author = Fraser, Michael R. title = ASTHO at 75: Celebrating the Past and Preparing for the Future date = 2017-08-04 keywords = ASTHO; health; public summary = doi = 10.1097/phh.0000000000000629 id = cord-254304-6o50m9si author = Fusco, Floriana title = Co-production in health policy and management: a comprehensive bibliometric review date = 2020-06-05 keywords = analysis; production; public; service summary = doi = 10.1186/s12913-020-05241-2 id = cord-289175-n95j94ck author = GOSTIN, LAWRENCE O. title = Responding to COVID‐19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; Health; public summary = doi = 10.1002/hast.1090 id = cord-017721-5bp0qpte author = Gable, Lance title = Public Health Law and Biological Terrorism date = 2008-09-10 keywords = health; public; quarantine; state summary = However, many existing public health and emergency response laws at the state and federal levels may not be sufficient to address biological terrorism. Federal public health and legal authorities may specifically respond to multiple components of a bioterrorism attack, as well as offer guidance and expertise to assist state and local governments in their responses. In the following sections, we focus predominantly on two specific areas of public health powers authorized under law: (1) restrictions on personal liberty (quarantine, isolation, travel restrictions, privacy) and (2) restrictions on property (decontamination, use of supplies and facilities, disposal of remains). The use of quarantine and isolation by state and local governments is therefore legally and constitutionally acceptable, provided that these powers are used appropriately to protect public health and safety. When should public health authorities use quarantine or isolation to restrict individuals during a bioterrorism emergency? doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-326-4_12 id = cord-306816-n0ggrp16 author = Gardiner, Rita A. title = Virus Interruptus: An Arendtian exploration of political world‐building in pandemic times date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Arendt; political; public; world summary = doi = 10.1111/gwao.12510 id = cord-011700-ljc5ywy2 author = Hamaguchi, Ryoko title = Picture of a pandemic: visual aids in the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-06-12 keywords = health; public summary = As a global crisis, COVID-19 has underscored the challenge of disseminating evidence-based public health recommendations amidst a rapidly evolving, often uncensored information ecosystem—one fueled in part by an unprecedented degree of connected afforded through social media. Visual communication offers a creative and practical medium to bridge critical health literacy gaps, empower diverse patient communities through evidence-based information and facilitate public health advocacy during this pandemic and the ''new normal'' that lies ahead. While frontline clinicians and innovative researchers continue to work tirelessly, effective management of this pandemic requires engagement of the public if we are to curb further rises in cases and safely enter a ''new normal.'' However, despite the unprecedented connectedness that we are afforded in 2020, disseminating useful, accurate public health information has emerged as a major challenge-one exacerbated by the exponential growth of unverified COVID-19-related information on social media platforms. However, there remains a need for simple illustrated resources that consolidate key public health messages and validated clinical evidence into compact visual aids-especially those that can be seamlessly disseminated through social media outlets to reach diverse patient communities. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa080 id = cord-349790-dezauioa author = Johnson, Stephanie title = Ethical challenges in pathogen sequencing: a systematic scoping review date = 2020-06-03 keywords = HIV; datum; public; research summary = Methods: We systematically searched indexed academic literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed articles that substantively engaged in discussion of ethical issues in the use of pathogen genome sequencing technologies for diagnostic, surveillance and outbreak investigation. We systematically searched indexed academic literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed articles that substantively engaged in discussion of ethical issues in the use of pathogen genome sequencing technologies for diagnostic, surveillance and outbreak investigation. Implementation science research may also inform best practices for discussing the meaning and limitations of sequence data and cluster membership with community members and help to identify acceptable and evidence-based approaches that impose the least risk to persons within specific contexts. Many noted that there are important reasons to ensure that the public and individuals understand the uses of data collected as part of a sequencing studies, and the potential risks. doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15806.1 id = cord-315209-xpzqd0wk author = Kabamba Nzaji, Michel title = Predictors of Non-Adherence to Public Health Instructions During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; Health; public summary = doi = 10.2147/jmdh.s274944 id = cord-287304-h6wj7m8u author = Keil, Roger title = Governing the Sick City: Urban Governance in the Age of Emerging Infectious Disease date = 2007-12-07 keywords = SARS; Toronto; city; governance; health; new; public; urban summary = While there has been much attention in recent years on the significance of global city regions in the new world economy (Brenner and Keil 2006) and while the governance and regulation of these regions has captured the imagination of academics and policymakers alike (Buck et al 2005; Harding 2005; Heinelt and Kübler 2005; Kantor and Savitch 2005; Scott 2001) , little has been said specifically about the growing pressures posed by the potential threat of infectious disease through the global network on urban governance. 2 For the area of urban planning and governance a more or less critical literature has begun to explore the spaces that cities have to maneuver in the rather open field of infectious disease preparedness planning and public health since the onset of the "new normal" after the attacks of 9/11 Malizia 2006; Matthew and Macdonald 2006) . doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00555.x id = cord-310197-gwhb2e6q author = Khan, Ali S title = Health security in 2014: building on preparedness knowledge for emerging health threats date = 2014-07-02 keywords = HHS; health; public summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60260-9 id = cord-278074-cube7lfh author = Kim, Ock-Joo title = Ethical Perspectives on the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Epidemic in Korea date = 2016-01-29 keywords = Korea; public summary = doi = 10.3961/jpmph.16.013 id = cord-006037-we1rp0pa author = Koh, Howard K. title = Leadership in public health date = 2009 keywords = Cancer; Freeman; health; leader; leadership; public summary = In fact, recent years have seen a crescendo of calls to reinvigorate leadership education and training, because "today, the need for leaders is too great to leave their emergence to chance." 3-5 Such leaders could help further social justice and the common good by promoting the values captured in the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization-"the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being." 6 To advance such training, the Association of Schools of Public Health has identified leadership as a core competency area in the Master of Public Health Competency Model for 2007. By working between and above the levels of leadership of self, others and organizations, these transcendent leaders can ultimately shift the paradigm from "no hope" to "new hope" and create a renewed sense of community. doi = 10.1007/bf03182303 id = cord-017349-eu1gvjlx author = Koh, Howard K. title = Disaster Preparedness and Social Capital date = 2008 keywords = U.S.; health; public; social summary = In many parts of the United States, efforts have focused attention to regionalization of local public health, surge capacity planning, vulnerable populations, risk communication, and training through exercises and drills. The United States unveiled its National Pandemic Influenza Plan in November, 2005, addressing areas such as domestic and international surveillance, vaccine development and production, antiviral therapeutics, communications and state/local preparedness. Mounting a rapid, coordinated, integrated local response to mass casualty events such as pandemic influenza necessitates tight collaboration among a host of participants, including emergency management, public health, law enforcement, fire, emergency medical services, health care providers, public works, municipal government, and community-based organizations. In a time of social isolation where many are "bowling alone", disaster preparedness efforts may serve as a force that reverses this trend and contributes to a legacy of stronger local public health and a more revitalized society for the future. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-71311-3_13 id = cord-016405-86kghmzf author = Lai, Allen Yu-Hung title = Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic date = 2014-06-13 keywords = MOH; SARS; SCDF; Singapore; disaster; public; risk summary = We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore''s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. To understand the principles and practices of Singapore''s approach to disaster risk management, we carry out an historical analysis of official documents obtained from the relevant Singapore government agencies as well as international organizations, literature reviews, quantitative analysis of economic impacts, qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g. public health professionals and decision-makers), and email communications with frontline managers from the public sector (e.g. the Singapore Civil Defense Force, the Communicable Disease Centre) and non-governmental organizations. Responding to the uncertainty of disease transmission, the Singapore government instituted many draconian public policies, such as social distancing, quarantine and isolation, as risk mitigating measures. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55022-8_15 id = cord-016387-ju4130bq author = Last, John title = A Brief History of Advances Toward Health date = 2005 keywords = Jenner; cause; disease; epidemic; health; public summary = doi = 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_1 id = cord-337120-irpm5g7g author = Lee, Bruce Y. title = The Role of Internists During Epidemics, Outbreaks, and Bioterrorist Attacks date = 2007-01-13 keywords = health; internist; patient; public summary = Therefore, Internists must understand early warning signs of different bioterrorist and infectious agents, proper reporting channels and measures, various ways that they can assist the public health response, and roles of different local, state, and federal agencies. During the past half decade, well-publicized events, including the anthrax mail attacks, 1 Hurricane Katrina, 2 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 3, 4 have reminded us that epidemics, disease outbreaks, bioterrorist attacks, and natural disasters can occur. Therefore, Internists must understand early warning signs of bioterrorist and infectious agents, proper reporting channels and measures, and ways that they can help contain and treat the consequences of epidemics, outbreaks, and attacks. Internists suspecting an attack or epidemic should immediately inform the local or state health department and contain any possible threat in their clinics, especially if the agent is contagious. Bioterrorist attacks and epidemics require physicians to quickly transmit patient and case information to other health care personnel and appropriate authorities. doi = 10.1007/s11606-006-0030-2 id = cord-006130-x8kl9bx4 author = Lee, Connal title = Ethics, Pandemic Planning and Communications date = 2014-05-27 keywords = information; pandemic; public summary = In the following sections, we argue for ethical pandemic communications that overcome barriers to accessing information and avoid inequalities imposed by current media arrangements. Addressing inequalities in access therefore requires making information directly accessible for the public and ensuring that information is sensitive to the varying needs and interests of different individuals and groups in society so that it is information that people have the capacity to act on. This is inadequate communication from an ethical point of view, as it places the burden of responsibility on individuals to access information.P In planning for a public health crisis such as a pandemic, there needs to be more than a formal capacity to access necessary information. 22 Given the potential for increased burden of disease amongst the disadvantaged, it may be particularly harmful for the effective implementation of pandemic plans if less well-off sections of the community and vulnerable groups are not given a voice through the media. doi = 10.1007/bf03351458 id = cord-343530-3fnfs2e5 author = Leung, T.Y. title = Gender equity and public health outcomes: The COVID-19 experience date = 2020-05-21 keywords = covid-19; health; public summary = Specifically, it introduces a conceptual model incorporating the impact of gender equity and human development on women''s representation in legislature and public health expenditure, and their combined impact with human environment (population density, aging population and urban population) on important public health outcomes in the Covid-19 context, including the total number of tests, diagnosed, active and critical cases, and deaths. The authors begin with an extensive review of the relevant literature to develop a conceptual model and specific hypotheses about the impact of gender equity and human development on women''s representation in legislature and public health expenditure, and the combined impact of public health expenditure along with human environment (population density, aging population and urban population) on important public health outcomes in the Covid-19 context, including the total number of tests, diagnosed, active and critical cases, and deaths. doi = 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.031 id = cord-322543-lo1ra50f author = Li, z. title = Causal Analysis of Health Interventions and Environments for Influencing the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States of America date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; Domain; Public summary = The proposed ANMs and multivariate linear Granger causality analysis methods are applied to the surveillance data of lab-confirmed Covid-19 cases in the US, UMD data, and Google mobility data from March 5, 2020 to August 25, 2020 in order to evaluate the contributions of social-biological factors, economics, the Google mobility indexes, and the rate of virus testing to the number of the new cases and number of deaths from COVIDNonlinear additive noise models for bivariate causal discovery this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) in the Public Domain. The scalar variables tested for causation of the new cases and deaths from COVID-19 in the US included the number of contact tracing workers per 100,000 people, percent of population above 60 years of age, median income, population density, percentage of African Americans, reuse, remix, or adapt this material for any purpose without crediting the original authors. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.29.20203505 id = cord-347877-px8e0hhi author = Liu, Tao title = Regional Differences and Influencing Factors of Allocation Efficiency of Rural Public Health Resources in China date = 2020-08-14 keywords = China; efficiency; health; public summary = Consequently, this paper uses the game cross-efficiency model and Theil index model to evaluate and analyze the regional differences and the causes of the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in 31 provinces of China from 2008 to 2017, and uses the bootstrap truncated regression model to find out the influencing factors, so as to provide the policy basis for improving the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in China. The economic development level, the living conditions and the population density are the important influencing factors of the allocation efficiency differences of the rural public health resources in the three regions. The economic development level, the living conditions and the population density are the important influencing factors of the allocation efficiency differences of the rural public health resources in the three regions. doi = 10.3390/healthcare8030270 id = cord-013405-68777jts author = Lu, Wenze title = The Importance of Genuineness in Public Engagement—An Exploratory Study of Pediatric Communication on Social Media in China date = 2020-09-27 keywords = China; SMIP; chinese; comment; public summary = This study developed a four-dimension framework including self-disclosure, genuine response, functional interactivity, and genuineness in Chinese culture to investigate the effect of genuineness in the communication of Chinese social media influencers in pediatrics on public engagement. This study is the first to develop an integrated framework to measure genuineness in online health communication and contributes to the understanding of the effect of genuineness on Chinese public engagement in social media. Table 5 summarizes the negative binomial regression results on the sub-dimensions of "self-disclosure", "genuine response", "functional interactivity", "genuineness in Chinese culture" and the number of shares, likes, comments and positive comments. Negative Binomial Regression Results on the Sub-dimensions of "Self-disclosure", "Genuine response", "Functional interactivity", "Genuineness in Chinese Culture" and the Number of Shares, Likes, Comments and Positive Comments. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197078 id = cord-336142-jmetfa6x author = MacDougall, Heather title = Toronto’s Health Department in Action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003 date = 2006-10-11 keywords = Hastings; Health; Ontario; Public; SARS; TPH; Toronto; disease summary = This article compares the Toronto Health Department''s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. 3 By comparing and contrasting the way in which public health authorities in Toronto managed the 1918 influenza pandemic and SARS in 2003, we can see how a century of medical advances had conditioned the public and health care professionals to expect prompt control of communicable diseases, speedy development of a prophylactic vaccine, and effective exchange of information at the provincial, national, and international levels. For Toronto''s medical officer and its Local Board of Health (LBH), this presented a challenge, because influenza was not a reportable disease under the 1912 Ontario Public Health Act, and most doctors were hoping that the outbreak would be similar to the one in 1889-90 that had attacked primarily the elderly and apparently provided some immunity to those who survived. doi = 10.1093/jhmas/jrl042 id = cord-257821-y3fhubnc author = Maeshiro, Rika title = Public Health Is Essential: COVID-19’s Learnable Moment for Medical Education date = 2020-05-26 keywords = health; public summary = To achieve a more effective medicine–public health relationship in practice, curricula across the continuum of medical education must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. Recommendations to secure a foundational position in medical education for public health, described by C.-E.A. Winslow as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals," 2 date back for generations and are included in the 1910 Flexner Report. To achieve a more effective medicinepublic health relationship in practice, curricula across the continuum of medical education must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. To achieve more effective medicinepublic health relationships in practice, medical education across the continuum must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003517 id = cord-308095-mehmk49a author = Marks, Jonathan H. title = Lessons from Corporate Influence in the Opioid Epidemic: Toward a Norm of Separation date = 2020-07-13 keywords = Marks; Pharma; Purdue; company; opioid; public summary = Opioid companies built these webs as part of corporate strategies of influence that were designed to expand the opioid market from cancer patients to larger groups of patients with acute or chronic pain, to increase dosage as well as opioid use, to downplay the risks of addiction and abuse, and to characterize physicians'' concerns about the addiction and abuse risks as "opiophobia." In the face of these pervasive strategies, conflict of interest policies have proven insufficient for addressing corporate influence in medical practice, medical research, and public health policy. The focus on "naming and shaming" individuals, even when warranted, threatens to downplay or ignore a systemic problem: institutional and societal cultures and practices that embrace partnership with industry and, wittingly or unwittingly, promote companies'' products, increase brand loyalty, burnish corporate reputations, defuse support for the regulation of companies'' products and marketing practices, and reinforce the framing of public health problems and their solutions in ways that are least threatening to the commercial interests of those companies (Marks 2019a) . doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-09982-x id = cord-308821-j4vylbhy author = Martin, R. title = The role of law in pandemic influenza preparedness in Europe date = 2009-03-04 keywords = Europe; European; Health; public summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.002 id = cord-018384-peh5efat author = Merrick, Riki title = Public Health Laboratories date = 2013-07-29 keywords = APHL; Health; PHL; Public summary = Their work informs public health offi cials in state government, allowing for targeted disease surveillance, quicker response to disease outbreak and provides population based data that may lead to new guidelines or policies to protect their residents. Such emergencies might include bioterrorist incidents, newly emerging diseases, and foreign animal disease agents that threaten the nation''s food supply and public health GISN [ 17 ] The WHO Global Infl uenza Surveillance Network (GISN) receives result reports and samples of isolates from participating state and municipal PHLs to monitor infl uenza disease burden, detect potential novel pandemic strains, and obtain suitable virus isolates for vaccine development by promoting workfl ow improvements and refi ning laboratory science operations within the laboratory. Having identifi ed the need to harmonize the adoption of standards across federal programs and PHL functional areas, APHL is actively involved in national standards harmonization activities for laboratoryrelated use cases (information exchange standards for laboratory orders and results, reporting in clinical and public health settings, as well as functional standards for Electronic Health Record System (EHR-S) interactions with PHLs). doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-4237-9_16 id = cord-005068-3ddb38de author = Meslin, Eric M. title = Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds? date = 2011-07-15 keywords = ethical; health; human; individual; public; right summary = doi = 10.1007/s00439-011-1061-2 id = cord-001038-91uj6sph author = Mirza, Nabila title = Steps to a Sustainable Public Health Surveillance Enterprise A Commentary from the International Society for Disease Surveillance date = 2013-07-01 keywords = Health; Public; surveillance summary = This paper presents the recommendations of the Sustainable Surveillance Workgroup convened by the International Society for Disease Surveillance (ISDS) to identify strategies for building, strengthening, and maintaining surveillance systems that are equipped to provide data continuity and to handle both established and new data sources and public health surveillance practices. Public health surveillance is defined as, "the systematic and ongoing collection, management, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of information for the purpose of informing the actions of public health decision makers." 3 In addition to providing information about the health status of our communities, surveillance is a foundation of emergency preparedness, food safety, infectious disease outbreak prevention and control, chronic disease assessments, and other key areas that protect the health, economy, and security of the public. doi = 10.5210/ojphi.v5i2.4703 id = cord-351411-q9kqjvvf author = Moghadas, Seyed M title = Improving public health policy through infection transmission modelling: Guidelines for creating a Community of Practice date = 2015 keywords = health; model; modelling; public summary = doi = nan id = cord-316063-9bg2dm8e author = Morgan, Marcus title = Why meaning-making matters: the case of the UK Government’s COVID-19 response date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; Cummings; Guardian; Johnson; March; NHS; PPE; SAGE; Turner; british; government; public; virus summary = The paper also offers more specific contributions to cultural sociology by showing why social performance theory needs to consider the effects of casting non-human actors in social dramas, how metaphor forms a powerful tool of political action through simplifying and shaping complex realities, and how casting can shift responsibility and redefine the meaning of emotionally charged events such as human death. On 28th February, the first death of a British national occurred on the quarantined Diamond Princess cruise ship, and the Sunday Times reported that around the same time Dominic Cummings (Johnson''s Chief Advisor, and former director of the successful Vote Leave campaign) had ''outlined the government''s strategy'' for the UK''s national response to the virus ''at a private engagement'', quoting those present as claiming that it was ''herd immunity, protect the economy, and if that means some pensioners die, too bad'' (Shipman and Wheeler 2020) . doi = 10.1057/s41290-020-00121-y id = cord-334353-nc2jhemz author = Murphy, Thérèse title = IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date = 2009-05-08 keywords = health; human; public; right; risk; security summary = doi = 10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 id = cord-198609-jyg9y4g2 author = Noguchi, Asahi title = The Economic Costs of Containing a Pandemic date = 2020-06-21 keywords = economic; government; loss; public summary = doi = nan id = cord-314808-ssiggi2z author = Pappas, G. title = Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases date = 2014-12-12 keywords = disease; fear; public summary = On the other hand, numerous new major threats have emerged during the last three decades; the pandemic of AIDS, the SARS outbreak, the ominous scenarios of an avian influenza pandemic, and the threat of biological weapons are just some examples explaining the concern among health authorities, the media, and the public. The psychological response of both patients and the public to the threat of infection has been evaluated with respect to numerous circumstances in recent years, not only acute outbreaks such as SARS, but also gradually evolving pandemics such as AIDS, threats with marginal risk for humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease), and even threats that are only theoretical such as avian influenza. Mass media is another major factor that shapes the physical and psychological response of the public to an infectious disease threat, as depicted in numerous attack scenarios in the literature [32] [33] [34] . doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x id = cord-345811-f0yt2a32 author = Parmet, Wendy E. title = Public Health Literacy for Lawyers date = 2007-01-24 keywords = Court; health; law; legal; population; public summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00136.x id = cord-253120-yzb8yo90 author = Popovich, Michael L. title = The Power of Consumer Activism and the Value of Public Health Immunization Registries in a Pandemic: Preparedness for Emerging Diseases and Today’s Outbreaks date = 2018-09-21 keywords = health; immunization; public summary = This paper builds upon early experiments to empower individuals in this ecosystem by leveraging the value of these public health data assets and trusted communications, illustrating the possibilities for engaging consumers to support reducing the impact of emerging diseases, outbreaks and the next pandemic. If the odds of receiving accurate information during a pandemic are against you in the social media world, consider the opportunity if there were direct public health agency communication channels to individuals -by building on existing immunization networks. It was through these early experiments and the growing data assets in state immunization systems that create a framework and technical platform to accelerate the potential value of engaging individuals in response plans for pandemic preparedness planning and support of today''s outbreak. The next step is to begin to engage individuals to establish those that would be willing to provide ongoing information to public health specific to immunizations and disease occurrences. doi = 10.5210/ojphi.v10i2.9147 id = cord-257571-4ujw0mn1 author = Price, Alex title = Assessing Continuous Quality Improvement in Public Health: Adapting Lessons from Healthcare date = 2017-02-17 keywords = CQI; Health; Ministry; public summary = doi = nan id = cord-021847-wea0qpq2 author = Race, Jeffrey D. title = Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Quarantine date = 2015-10-23 keywords = SARS; exposure; incident; isolation; public; quarantine summary = Standard operating guidelines and procedures will likely provide the basis for much of these decisions, including a predetermined level of response to suspected or confirmed CBRN incidents, when to initiate a public health response, how to assess the extent of damage and risk, how to determine exposure pathways and the need for mutual aid, and criteria for activating an emergency operations center (EOC) and incident command post (ICP). Trust becomes a vital commodity during times of crisis, and it will become the duty of front-line medical professionals and public health officials to minimize novel cases after an event by providing reasonable yet effective methods of controlling the movements of people and their property following an exposure disaster. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00082-0 id = cord-333467-de2aimuj author = Revere, Debra title = Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Communications with Health Care Providers: A Literature Review date = 2011-05-18 keywords = PHEPR; health; public summary = doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-11-337 id = cord-306393-iu4dijsl author = Rosenstock, Linda title = Public Health Education in the United States: Then and Now date = 2011-06-12 keywords = ASPH; Health; SPH; public; school summary = From 1945 to 1973, APHA conducted accreditation of graduate professional education in public health, at first centered almost exclusively in SPH, but later including other college and university settings. NBPHE''s purpose is to "ensure that students and graduates from schools and programs of public health accredited by CEPH have mastered the knowledge and skills relevant to contemporary public health." NBPHE is an active, independent organization that develops, administers and evaluates a voluntary certification exam once every year. Graduates from public health accredited schools and programs conduct research and teach in universities, international bodies and nonprofit organizations, manage healthcare and health insurance systems, work in the private sector and for foundations, are public health leaders in state, local and federal health agencies, and work globally and locally in many different roles. The scope of public health education is expanding to new collaborations among health professions and other professional degree programs and includes college and even high school students. doi = 10.1007/bf03391620 id = cord-018254-v8syiwie author = Rotz, Lisa D. title = Case Study – United States of America date = 2012-08-31 keywords = health; public; response summary = This act authorized more than 1.5 billion US dollars in grants to state and local governments and healthcare facilities to improve planning, training, detection, and response capacity as well as funding to expand the federal Strategic National Stockpile of medications and vaccines and upgrade food inspection capacity and CDC facilities that deal with public health threats. In addition to the central role the LRN played in detecting and responding to the 2001 anthrax letter event, the commitment to infrastructure support and standardized platform testing capacity within the LRN has also proven extremely bene fi cial in assisting with more rapid and broader deployment of tests developed in response to other emerging public health threats such as the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2009 H1N1 avian in fl uenza pandemic. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-5273-3_18 id = cord-021105-6z619phm author = Sandler, Todd title = Regional public goods and international organizations date = 2006-03-09 keywords = Sandler; good; public; regional; rpg summary = doi = 10.1007/s11558-006-6604-2 id = cord-297216-1b99hm1e author = Sariola, Salla title = Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene date = 2020-05-16 keywords = Development; Gut; Health; Human; Microbiota; Precision; Public; antibiotic; microbe summary = In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. Its website proclaims this to be a big genome, big data approach to public health, whereby "taking into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology, researchers will uncover paths toward delivering precision medicine..." PPH is getting a shot in the other arm from pharmacogenomics, the study of how responses to drugs are influenced by the genetic makeup of the person receiving the drug. Holobiont public health would do well to recognize both the parasitic and the mutualistic branches of symbiosis [204] It would also recognize the two major changes in our scientific knowledge of microbial evolution that have occurred in this century: (1) organisms are holobionts composed of several species, wherein microbes help maintain healthy physiology and resilience; and (2) bacteria can pass genes through horizontal genetic transmission, thereby facilitating the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance through numerous bacterial species. doi = 10.3390/microorganisms8050746 id = cord-294789-07hto8qn author = Schoch-Spana, Monica title = The public’s role in COVID-19 vaccination: human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; public; vaccination; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059 id = cord-004531-agvg719f author = Schröder-Bäck, P. title = Ethische Aspekte eines Influenzapandemiemanagements und Schlussfolgerungen für die Gesundheitspolitik: Ein Überblick date = 2008-02-07 keywords = Ethik; Health; Pandemie; Public; der; die; eine; und summary = Der mögliche Ausbruch einer Pandemie mit einem neuartigen Influenza-A-Virus (im Folgenden kurz: Influenzapandemie) beschäftigt Public Health, die Öffentlichkeit und auch die Politik in den letzten Jahren vermehrt. Sie sollen sicherstellen, dass im Pandemiefall die gesundheitlichen Schäden der Bevölkerung gering gehalten werden und das öffentliche Leben so weit wie möglich aufrechterhalten wird, sodass nach einer Pandemie eine schnelle Rückkehr in den geordneten Alltag möglich wird. Die ethischen Herausforderungen bei einer Influenzapandemie liegen also vor allem darin, dass mögliche Public-Health-Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Bevölkerung individuelle Freiheiten einschränken können [16] . h. bereits in der Vorbereitung auf eine Pandemie, mit den ethischen Implikationen einer solchen auseinanderzusetzen und ethisches Urteilen bei der Weiterentwicklung von Maßnahmenkatalogen zu berücksichtigen. Die ärztliche Expertise und der heilberufliche Auftrag reichen allein nicht aus, den Herausforderungen im Falle einer befürchteten oder auch tatsächlichen Pandemie zu begegnen und gesamtgesellschaftliche Public-Health-Probleme zu lösen. doi = 10.1007/s00103-008-0449-1 id = cord-018316-drjfwcdg author = Shephard, Roy J. title = Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness date = 2017-09-19 keywords = Europe; Health; London; city; disease; public; water summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22 id = cord-004195-msqvb97f author = Smith, Maxwell J. title = Restrictive Measures in an Influenza Pandemic: A Qualitative Study of Public Perspectives date = 2012-09-01 keywords = measure; public; restrictive summary = RESULTS: Two key themes emerged from all town hall focus groups: 1) create an environment for compliance through communication rather than enforcement, and 2) establish the delineation between individual rights, community values, and the greater good. CONCLUSION: While there is a need for a decision-making authority and even a mechanism for enforcement, our data suggest that a more tractable approach to restrictive measures is one that enables individuals to voluntarily comply by creating an environment to compel compliance based on communication. This approach requires restrictive measures to be a) proportional to the threat, b) implemented along with reciprocal arrangements provided to those affected, and c) accompanied by open and transparent communication throughout all stages so that citizens can both understand and participate in decision-making. This approach requires restrictive measures to be a) proportional to the threat, b) implemented along with reciprocal arrangements provided to those affected, and c) accompanied by open and transparent communication throughout all stages so that citizens can both understand and participate in decision-making. doi = 10.1007/bf03404439 id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 keywords = Dr.; Health; Meyer; Public; States; United; Veterinary; animal; disease summary = doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id = cord-278707-36rr56oe author = Tandon, Ajay title = From Slippery Slopes to Steep Hills: Contrasting Landscapes of Economic Growth and Public Spending for Health date = 2020-07-05 keywords = public; spending summary = doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113171 id = cord-277246-24u9e4wr author = Thomas, James C. title = Codes of Ethics in Public Health date = 2016-10-24 keywords = Code; Health; Public summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00079-5 id = cord-258435-lhn34tc4 author = Tracy, C Shawn title = Public perceptions of quarantine: community-based telephone survey following an infectious disease outbreak date = 2009-12-16 keywords = SARS; Toronto; public summary = CONCLUSION: To engender strong public support for quarantine and other restrictive measures, government officials and public health policy-makers would do well to implement a comprehensive system of supports and safeguards, to educate and inform frontline public health workers, and to engage the public at large in an open dialogue on the ethical use of restrictive measures during infectious disease outbreaks. In view of the evidence of potential adverse effects on individual well-being and psychosocial health, and owing to the critical necessity of high compliance in the event of a major infectious disease outbreak, it is increasingly important to understand how quarantine is perceived by the general public. The data reported in this paper are derived from a subset of 15 survey items specifically designed to measure public attitudes towards the use of quarantine during infectious disease outbreaks. doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-9-470 id = cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Expanding the Concept of Public Health date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Europe; HIV; Health; New; Public; USA; care; chapter; community; country; disease; population; social summary = It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1 id = cord-333599-hl11ln2r author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Planning and Managing Health Systems date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Public; USA; care; chapter; health; management; organization; service; system summary = Planning and management are changing in the era of the New Public Health with advances in prevention and treatment of disease, population health needs, innovative technologies such as genetic engineering, new immunizations that prevent cancers and infectious diseases, prevention of non-communicable diseases, environmental and nutritional health, and health promotion to reduce risk factors and improve healthful living for the individual and the community. Selection of the direction to be taken in organizing health services is usually based on a mix of factors, including the political view of the government, public opinion, and rational assessment of needs as indicated through epidemiological data, cost-benefit analysis, the experience of "good public health practice" from leading countries, and recommendations by expert groups. Health is a knowledge-based service industry, so that knowledge management and information technology are extremely important parts of the New Public Health, not only in patient care systems in hospitals, but also in public health delivery systems in the community, school, place of work, and home. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00012-4 id = cord-017463-repm1vw9 author = Ungchusak, Kumnuan title = Public Health Surveillance: A Vital Alert and Response Function date = 2018-07-27 keywords = Health; SARS; disease; public; surveillance summary = We examine networks that contribute to global surveillance systems and highlight the role of social media and information technology in providing data to monitor new events of international importance. The IHR 2005 require countries to develop core capacities in public health, including surveillance systems and epidemiology services, that can analyse and act on surveillance information to detect and respond to diseases where and when they occur so that their potential to spread internationally is decreased. Surveillance and response teams detect early stage public health threats while control programmes gather disease (or condition) specific information to plan activities. These networks depend on cooperation of governments, public health workers and scientists to report cases, provide specimens and share information so that specific diseases can be controlled globally. doi = 10.1057/978-1-137-54984-6_10 id = cord-031017-xjnbmah5 author = Van Goethem, N. title = Perceived utility and feasibility of pathogen genomics for public health practice: a survey among public health professionals working in the field of infectious diseases, Belgium, 2019 date = 2020-08-31 keywords = NGS; WGS; health; pathogen; public summary = doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09428-4 id = cord-303468-95btvr1v author = Verran, Joanna title = Biofilm Control Strategies: Engaging with the Public date = 2020-07-30 keywords = activity; hand; public summary = This short communication describes three public engagement activities hosted by the authors, focused on biofilm control: hand hygiene, plaque control and an externally applied antimicrobial coating. Thus, as part of a PhD project investigating the activity of photocatalytic surfaces, one of the external walls of the University was used to illustrate the effectiveness of titanium dioxide paints in terms of self-cleaning and reduction of the formation of biofilm on the wall material. Our aim was to inform the passing public about our research (an interpretation panel was affixed to the wall), and on occasion, we encouraged passers-by to participate in a longitudinal subjective assessment of the impact of titanium dioxide-containing paint on the perceived cleanliness of the panel. doi = 10.3390/antibiotics9080465 id = cord-259727-u2zj7zf6 author = Wallar, L. E. title = Development of a tiered framework for public health capacity in Canada date = 2016-07-31 keywords = health; public summary = These families were then organized by LEW and AP into a tiered public health capacity framework where capacity within each tier builds upon the capacities within the preceding tiers, and moves from the individual to the systems level. Here, we present this framework of public health capacity that identifies individual components and suggests how they relate to and support one another for the purpose of enhancing overall capacity in public health systems. This framework arranges the components of public health capacity from the individual to the systems level. As the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology noted, "Capacity enhancement is a broad term which encompasses a number of areas: surveillance systems; Fig. 1 e Tiered framework of public health capacity and its components. The framework is based on government and governmentcommissioned SARS reports that reviewed the Canadian and Ontario public health systems with an emphasis on community public health outbreaks and emergencies. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.009 id = cord-018794-stcre6ol author = Wang, Ning title = Promoting Universal Coverage of Basic Public Services Among Urban Residents date = 2014-12-31 keywords = China; migrant; public; worker summary = In 2013, it was made clear in the Report on the Work of the Government that relevant authorities should accelerate reform of the household registration system and related institutions; that they should register eligible rural workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly manner, "progressively expand the coverage of basic public services in urban areas to include all their permanent residents and create an equitable institutional environment for freedom of movement and for people to live and work in contentment." Accordingly, in order to protect the rights of migrants and improve the quality of the process of social urbanization in China, the most significant tasks involve investigating the current status of basic public services in Chinese towns and cities, especially the public services provided for potential new permanent migrant worker residents, and exploring methods to expand the coverage of these basic public services in urban areas to all their permanent residents. doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-46324-6_10 id = cord-283099-nhz3pye2 author = Wang, Xue title = Unprotected mothers and infants breastfeeding in public amenities during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; public summary = doi = 10.1007/s10311-020-01054-1 id = cord-293893-ibca88xu author = Xie, Tian title = Parallel Evolution and Response Decision Method for Public Sentiment based on System Dynamics date = 2020-05-23 keywords = model; public; response; sentiment summary = This method is structure-dependent rather than data-dependent and can be implemented in real-time, which makes it helpful to simulate, analyze and guide the evolution processes of dynamic public sentiment in the case of lack of historical knowledge on less-frequently occurring original events. The rationality of the cultivated SD model and the consistency between its simulation results and the real evolution trends of the public sentiment are essential to achieve scenario rehearsal and response effectively in the decision-making processes (Thompson et al., 2016) . In a decision-making process for a non-duplicated public sentiment triggered by a major public health incident or a large-scale project, because the decision makers lack prior data and knowledge, the parameters of the initial equations of the 1-general SD model can be referenced from the developed models of historical cases which are similar with the current event in type, system structure and situation. doi = 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.05.025 id = cord-332313-9m2iozj3 author = Yang, Hyeonchae title = Structural efficiency to manipulate public research institution networks date = 2016-01-13 keywords = change; institution; network; public; research; structural summary = In a bid to address the issues involved in achieving network-wide outcomes, our work here sheds new light on quantifying structural efficiency to control inter-organizational networks maintained by public research institutions. With the addition of temporal dynamics to inter-organizational relations, a chain of networks over time allows the description of the structural evolution of public research institutions. In this study, we divided institutional research portfolios into six time periods based on scientific output over eighteen years (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) , and estimated structural efficiencies of research similarity networks. In order to understand the relation between efficiency and the inter-organizational research network, we extracted major features across institutions based on some structural properties, such as network size and connectivity. doi = 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.012 id = cord-308378-qnkqckvm author = Yang, Li title = Financing strategies to improve essential public health equalization and its effects in China date = 2016-12-01 keywords = China; health; public; service summary = doi = 10.1186/s12939-016-0482-x id = cord-341616-ts98sfxx author = Yang, Yang title = Public Voice via Social Media: Role in Cooperative Governance during Public Health Emergency date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Code; Health; policy; public; voice summary = This qualitive study uses China''s Health Code policy under COVID-19 to explore why the public performs voice behavior on social media and how this influences policy evolution and product innovation through cooperative governance. What is more, as a form of public participation in cooperative governance, public voice plays a significant role in promoting policy evolution and product innovation, and represents a useful form of cooperation with governments and enterprises to jointly maintain social stability under public health emergencies This study adopts a dynamic research perspective, and takes the dynamic evolution of health codes policy as an example, focusing on exploring how public voice promoted the improvement of products by enterprises and the implementation of policies by the government under a public health emergency. As shown in Figure 1 , the dynamic mechanism of public voice behavior to promote policy implementation and evolution in public health emergencies is as follows: First, under the guidance of the government, enterprises participate in the development of policy and design products to assist policy implementation with advanced technologies. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186840 id = cord-018336-6fh69mk4 author = Yasnoff, William A. title = Public Health Informatics and the Health Information Infrastructure date = 2006 keywords = CDC; NHII; health; information; public; system summary = doi = 10.1007/0-387-36278-9_15 id = cord-263659-9i5qws5h author = Zhao, Y. title = Basic public health services delivered in an urban community: a qualitative study date = 2010-12-08 keywords = Beijing; CHS; health; public summary = CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the delivery of basic public health services, it is necessary for Beijing Municipal Government to supply clear and detailed protocols, increase funding and increase the number of skilled practitioners in the community health services. 3 As the centre of politics, economy and culture of China, Beijing Municipal Government attaches extreme importance to and promotes advances in the development of basic public health services delivered in the community. For example, an additional duty hour allowance scheme should be brought forward, under which health workers would be allowed to work extra hours and receive pay to augment their salaries: 17 "Besides payment, of course, some changes in the process and organization of the providers'' work are also part of the solution to the problem of the under-provision of basic public health services.A useful solution to attract more community residents to see general practitioners would be to increase the proportion of medical reimbursement for CHS services." doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.09.003 id = cord-025744-pynqwj5t author = van der Linden, Clifton title = Does Collective Interest or Self-Interest Motivate Mask Usage as a Preventive Measure Against COVID-19? date = 2020-05-14 keywords = mask; public summary = doi = 10.1017/s0008423920000475