Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 68 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16897 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67 pulmonary 25 patient 23 lung 11 disease 10 COPD 7 respiratory 7 cell 7 acute 6 increase 6 Fig 6 ARDS 5 study 5 IPF 4 result 4 pneumonia 4 infection 4 fibrosis 4 blood 4 alveolar 3 type 3 pregnancy 3 level 3 hypertension 3 high 3 failure 3 effect 3 drug 3 covid-19 3 chronic 3 cause 3 cardiac 3 asthma 3 TGF 3 PAH 3 ICU 3 HSCT 3 ECMO 3 CPB 2 vitamin 2 vascular 2 treatment 2 obstructive 2 nasal 2 method 2 mean 2 interstitial 2 idiopathic 2 hour 2 heart 2 group Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 8342 patient 6009 lung 4881 % 4078 disease 3411 cell 2686 study 2190 infection 1787 pneumonia 1739 case 1728 blood 1690 group 1484 effect 1462 treatment 1449 result 1392 syndrome 1339 factor 1316 level 1309 pressure 1264 change 1238 fibrosis 1209 tissue 1184 function 1172 therapy 1129 day 1127 type 1112 airway 1071 injury 1066 risk 1060 response 1059 child 1024 year 1003 diagnosis 987 method 979 hypertension 965 failure 940 lesion 928 time 905 mortality 899 protein 894 drug 873 heart 843 system 831 macrophage 831 chest 819 rate 813 volume 793 ventilation 789 role 777 age 763 artery Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1356 al 1155 et 956 . 941 COPD 640 ICU 580 Fig 579 CT 564 ARDS 512 IPF 433 PAH 417 II 341 T 295 A 287 AIDS 282 C 280 mg 255 RV 241 HIV 229 kg 227 B 226 ECMO 215 fl 210 SP 208 Pulmonary 208 PA 204 Lung 203 fi 200 Group 176 CO 175 RNA 172 UIP 167 ILD 164 L 159 TGF 157 Care 155 PHT 150 PE 149 • 145 S 141 TNF 141 CI 140 HSCT 137 IV 136 COVID-19 134 Disease 130 Hospital 128 airways 125 CD4 124 PH 124 LV Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 2205 it 1234 we 711 they 444 i 234 them 143 he 118 she 55 itself 49 one 43 us 28 themselves 16 you 8 me 8 him 8 her 4 em 3 himself 2 thee 2 oneself 2 mg 1 tv/ 1 tnfrt 1 t 1 s 1 p~ 1 p.dligh]cine 1 ol!guria 1 m 1 il-1β 1 icam-2 1 hom'~ 1 hav~ 1 etco~. 1 endothelin-1 1 emergen~ 1 eleven/36 1 bear-2001 1 ar)d 1 aptt 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 33949 be 5828 have 1885 increase 1838 use 1701 include 1578 show 1473 associate 1418 cause 1406 see 1172 follow 1160 induce 1067 occur 934 find 915 do 825 develop 814 reduce 747 report 695 compare 688 decrease 664 suggest 656 lead 648 require 640 result 629 relate 599 treat 564 describe 556 improve 543 involve 516 perform 515 demonstrate 512 measure 508 observe 505 base 475 inhale 473 produce 460 remain 458 affect 454 die 450 provide 445 identify 432 consider 420 study 417 know 413 evaluate 410 present 407 indicate 403 determine 392 obtain 390 give 386 make Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 7002 pulmonary 2640 not 2309 respiratory 1972 acute 1960 also 1789 high 1621 clinical 1562 other 1489 - 1475 more 1387 chronic 1289 most 1249 such 1249 low 1208 severe 947 well 911 however 893 vascular 884 interstitial 871 cardiac 849 alveolar 835 only 833 early 807 common 769 normal 735 inflammatory 726 important 707 human 698 large 692 small 680 right 658 often 649 first 640 significant 639 as 634 arterial 630 systemic 624 non 607 primary 580 idiopathic 573 less 568 different 556 present 556 obstructive 555 many 532 usually 526 long 522 possible 516 specific 514 similar Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 353 most 131 least 119 Most 85 good 63 high 28 low 25 great 20 large 14 early 12 strong 11 bad 10 late 10 common 9 small 6 big 5 long 4 young 3 short 3 old 3 eld 2 slight 2 new 2 light 2 close 1 −Gulo 1 ~I 1 ~20 1 thick 1 straight 1 slow 1 simple 1 severe 1 poor 1 palienl 1 oflNO 1 mild 1 http://medicalsegmentation.com/covid19/ 1 heavy 1 hard 1 fine 1 fast 1 farth 1 easy 1 dry 1 andQT 1 ana 1 aff 1 \2-t 1 3~umg 1 -steady Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 936 most 91 least 43 well 2 worst 2 highest 1 early Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 orcid.org 3 www.jgc301.com 2 www.socscistatistics.com 1 www.pneumotox.com 1 www.medcalc.org 1 www.gov.uk 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.dovepress.com 1 www.cibmtr.org 1 www.alcula.com 1 www 1 medicalsegmentation.com 1 creativecommons Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 3 http://www.jgc301.com 1 http://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/fisher/default2.aspx 1 http://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/chisquare/default2.aspx 1 http://www.pneumotox.com 1 http://www.medcalc.org/calc/comparison_of_means.php 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-testsand-testing-kits-for-coronavirus-covid-19-work 1 http://www.fda.gov/ 1 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 1 http://www.cibmtr.org 1 http://www.alcula.com/calculators/statistics/dispersion/ 1 http://www 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-5156 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3094- 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-5645 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-1278 1 http://medicalsegmentation.com/covid19/ 1 http://creativecommons Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 3 jgc@mail.sciencep.com 1 picu@its.mew.edu 1 nicu-net@u.washington.edu 1 m.l.dentoom@uu.nl Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 patients did not 7 cells are also 7 cells are present 7 patients are often 7 studies have also 6 infection is usually 6 patients do not 6 treatment is usually 5 cells did not 5 diseases including asthma 5 levels were significantly 5 patients is not 5 patients requiring mechanical 5 patients were then 5 pneumonia is also 5 studies are available 4 % had evidence 4 cells are not 4 changes were also 4 disease is often 4 diseases are commonly 4 infection is also 4 levels were higher 4 levels were not 4 lungs are also 4 lungs is not 4 patients are asymptomatic 4 patients had normal 4 patients is often 4 patients were eligible 4 studies are necessary 4 studies are not 4 therapy did not 4 therapy is often 4 treatment is supportive 3 cells are capable 3 cells do not 3 changes are not 3 changes have also 3 disease did not 3 disease is usually 3 effects are not 3 function is also 3 group was defi 3 groups did not 3 groups were comparable 3 groups were similar 3 groups were well 3 infection is often 3 infections are frequently Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 levels were not different 2 cells are not immortal 2 lungs is not well 2 patients do not usually 2 studies are not available 2 study showed no difference 1 airways are not primarily 1 blood is not available 1 cells are not always 1 cells are not prominent 1 cells did not substantially 1 cells had no growth 1 cells is not as 1 changes are not always 1 changes are not specific 1 changes do not necessarily 1 disease is not easily 1 disease were not statistically 1 diseases involve not only 1 effect has not yet 1 effect is not clearly 1 effects are not commonly 1 effects are not identifiable 1 effects are not yet 1 effects have not yet 1 factor has not yet 1 factors is not clearly 1 factors showed no difft 1 fibrosis is not likely 1 function is not predictive 1 group found no such 1 group is not different 1 groups showed no significant 1 groups was no more 1 infection has no characteristic 1 infection is not always 1 infections did not significantly 1 injury is not convincing 1 injury is not due 1 level is not closely 1 levels does not necessarily 1 lung are not exclusively 1 lung has not yet 1 lung is not antigen 1 lung is not essential 1 lungs are no longer 1 lungs are not fully 1 lungs are not specific 1 patient had no detectable 1 patient had no risk A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-255519-tcobane8 author = Bartels, Matthew N. title = Acute Medical Conditions: Cardiopulmonary Disease, Medical Frailty, and Renal Failure date = 2020-10-02 keywords = American; Association; Cardiovascular; Rehabilitation; cardiac; disease; exercise; heart; patient; pulmonary summary = The population of patients who benefit from both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation is increasing as the population ages and heart disease remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Many patients with stroke, vascular disease, or other conditions can be included in active cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation programs or benefit from the application of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation principles to their rehabilitation. For secondary prevention in patients with known cardiopulmonary disease, exercise should be at a safe level at 60% or more of the maximum heart rate to achieve a training effect. 82 Rehabilitation is focused on a program that resembles exercise for patients with heart failure, with the addition of close monitoring of oxygen saturation and the use of appropriate levels of supplemental oxygen to prevent hypoxemia. Individuals who are disabled tend to have lower activity levels, which puts them at increased risk of cardiac and pulmonary disease and may present obstacles for a standard rehabilitation program for a person who is newly disabled and who has preexisting cardiopulmonary limitations. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-62539-5.00027-8 id = cord-322919-5ty35rsy author = Busana, Mattia title = Non‐invasive hemodynamic profile of early COVID‐19 infection date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; SVRI; pulmonary summary = When stratifying for SVRI, patients with an SVRI value below the cohort median had also more severe oxygenation impairment and lower TPR, despite a similar degree of CXR infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS: In the early stages of COVID‐19 infection the hemodynamic profile is characterized by a hyperdynamic circulatory state with high CI and low SVRI, while the right heart is functionally unaffected. In this study, we found that in the early stages of the disease, COVID-19 infection leads to a hyperdynamic circulatory state characterized by an elevated CI and low SVRI. The right heart function was unaffected, and pulmonary pressures were normal, despite the high CI, particularly in the low SVRI range. Lung recruitability in COVID-19 is moderately low (Pan et al., 2020) and blood diversion with cardiac output reduction may justify the reported oxygenation improvement at high Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP). doi = 10.14814/phy2.14628 id = cord-022173-kb6mez61 author = Calvillo Batllés, P. title = Hematologic neoplasms: Interpreting lung findings in chest computed tomography() date = 2015-11-06 keywords = HPT; HRCT; patient; pulmonary summary = Chest HRCT plays a fundamental role---urgent when there are clinical signs of severity and early (<24 h) in the absence of a response to antibiotics therapy in 72---96 h because treatment of a possible invasive fungal infection (IFI) requires an early administration, a determinant factor for prognosis. 20, 40 Noninfectious complications secondary to treatment In the 6 h following the transfusion of blood products, the sudden appearance of consolidations simulating an edema and accompanying a respiratory failure usually reflect acute pulmonary damage (APD) called TRALI (transfusion-related alveolar lung injury) which associates high mortality rates. In patients with HP the thoracic HRCT helps us come close to the differential diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious pulmonary complications by integrating image findings and clinical data. doi = 10.1016/j.rxeng.2015.09.001 id = cord-334528-xenq90xj author = Chen, Hsing I title = Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date = 2011-03-17 keywords = ALI; ARDS; acute; lung; pulmonary summary = This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs doi = 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044 id = cord-323566-jck799zq author = Cheung, Oi-Yee title = Acute Lung Injury date = 2017-11-05 keywords = ARDS; DAD; Fig; acute; lung; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5 id = cord-322756-ouvn71r9 author = Chow, Michael Y.T. title = Inhaled RNA Therapy: From Promise to Reality date = 2020-09-04 keywords = RNA; delivery; lung; pulmonary; table summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2020.08.002 id = cord-000254-bufbjdmw author = Clement, Annick title = Interstitial lung diseases in children date = 2010-08-20 keywords = ILD; TGF; alveolar; cell; child; disease; disorder; interstitial; lung; pulmonary summary = Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children represents a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality (around 15%) [1, 2] . These disorders, more prevalent in young children, include diffuse developmental disorders, lung growth abnormalities, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, surfactant dysfunction disorders, disorders related to systemic diseases, disorders of immunocompromised host, and disorders of normal host caused by various insults such as aspiration syndrome or infections [8] . Several studies in the adult literature have reported an increased incidence of EBV and CMV infection in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, associated with virus DNA-positive lung tissue biopsies in several cases [147] . doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 id = cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author = Corrin, Bryan title = Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date = 2011-03-02 keywords = Fig; alveolar; asbestos; cause; disease; drug; dust; effect; exposure; fibre; fibrosis; high; interstitial; lung; patient; pneumoconiosis; pulmonary; respiratory; silica; worker summary = As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term ''acute silicosis'' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms ''accelerated silicosis'' or ''cellular phase silicosis'' have been substituted for ''acute silicosis'' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 id = cord-018339-tyrlpl94 author = Dsouza, Kevin title = Late Noninfectious Pulmonary Complications in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date = 2019-07-09 keywords = BOS; HSCT; IPS; cell; pulmonary summary = A recent prospective study to evaluate the epidemiology of late non onset noninfectious complications after allogenic stem cell transplant reported a cumulative incidence of BOS 36 months posttransplant at 10.7% [9] . In a study of 9550 patients of post-allogenic HCST recipients, HLA disparity, female-to-male HSCT, and peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) were associated with an increased risk of developing OP. Association between acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants Concurrent treatment with a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient with idiopathic pneumonia syndrome: a case report Incidence, clinical features, and risk factors of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), and other late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_51 id = cord-312978-i41l4mtx author = El Fakiri, Karima title = Hydropneumothorax Revealing a Pneumoblastoma in Children date = 2020-09-09 keywords = blastoma; pulmonary summary = A thoracic CT scan searching an underlying pathology revealed overdistension of the right hemithorax with parenchymal air cystic lesions involving the external segment of the middle lobe conducting to a malformation cystic adenomatoid, a fairly abundant right hydropneumothorax responsible for a compressive effect on the adjacent pulmonary parenchyma, and inflammation of the pleura ( Figure 2 ). Regarding the localization, the right lung is more frequently affected by pulmonary blastoma than the left, which is consistent with a previous study involving adult patients [6] . When performing a lobectomy for type II or III PPB, involved pleural surfaces should be resected with the primary tumor and involved pulmonary lobe. Pneumoblastoma in children is a rare, aggressive tumor that shows up with nonspecific clinical and radiological signs which may often delay diagnosis, so the prognosis may be so bad. Pulmonary blastoma in children: report of a rare case and review of the literature doi = 10.1155/2020/8879661 id = cord-006608-mq4a4u40 author = Fabbri, Marilyn title = Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States date = 2001 keywords = HPS; Hantavirus; SNV; pulmonary summary = Unlike the previously characterized hantaviruses, which cause fever, hemorrhagic manifestations, and acute renal failure (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome), the newly named hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) presented with a brief prodromal illness followed by rapidly progressive noncardiogenic pulmonary edema [2] . In the United States, HPS is caused by at least four hantaviruses: the Sin Nombre virus (SNV, responsible for the Four Corners outbreak), the Black Creek Canal virus (isolated from the Florida cotton rat) [4] , the Bayou virus in Louisiana [5] , and the New York 1 hantavirus [6] . RNA viruses with segmented genomes, such as influenza virus, Since the first outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in 1993, understanding of the vast distribution and potential impact of hantaviruses has grown. A case-control study of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome during an outbreak in the southwestern United States doi = 10.1007/s11908-001-0028-1 id = cord-335382-fk4um9nw author = Farver, Carol F. title = Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-08-10 keywords = EGFR; LAM; Molecular; Pathology; cause; cell; disease; figure; gene; lung; patient; pulmonary; tumor; type summary = When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00018-4 id = cord-007797-toam6r5y author = Franquet, Tomás title = Imaging of Pulmonary Infection date = 2019-02-20 keywords = infection; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = Community acquired pneumonia refers to an acute infection of the lung in patients who did not meet any of the criteria for HCAP, presenting select clinical features (e.g., cough, fever, sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain) and accompanied by an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph. Chest radiographs are of limited value in predicting the causative pathogen but are of good use to determine the extent of pneumonia and to detect complications (i.e., cavitation, abscess formation, pneumothorax, pleural effusion), to detect additional or alternative diagnoses, and, in some cases, to guide invasive diagnostic procedures. Risk factors for the development of staphylococcal pneumonia include underlying pulmonary disease (e.g., COPD, carcinoma), chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes mellitus, renal failure), or viral infection. The lower lobes contrast-enhanced CT image shows a mixed opacity of consolidation (arrow) and ground-glass opacity (small arrows) consistent with lobar pneumonia tend to be affected, and the radiographic pattern is similar to that seen with S. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-11149-6_7 id = cord-017581-6lubp7io author = Glass, Daniel M. title = Respiratory Diseases of Pregnancy date = 2019-07-24 keywords = patient; pregnancy; pulmonary summary = Pregnant patients can suffer from the same respiratory diseases as the general population in addition to unique syndromes of pregnancy (such as pre-eclampsia and tocolytic induced pulmonary edema, and pregnancy induced cardiomyopathy). Low pulmonary reserves that arise from reductions in functional residual capacity (caused by the gravid uterus and changes in the chest wall morphology) [1] and increased oxygen consumption make pregnant women develop hypoxemia more rapidly during apnea [4] . The most common causes of non-cardiogenic acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy are, fluid overload, preeclampsia, tocolytic agents, sepsis, trauma or following aspiration of gastric contents [6, 7] . A partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the normal range of 36-40 on an arterial blood gas can be an early sign of imminent respiratory failure in the gravid patient. Some of the risk factors for pneumonia in pregnancy include anemia, asthma, antepartum corticosteroids given to enhance fetal lung maturity, and the use of tocolytic agents to induce labor [27] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_99 id = cord-006586-49btg9w7 author = Golfieri, R. title = Pulmonary complications of liver transplantation: radiological appearance and statistical evaluation of risk factors in 300 cases date = 2000 keywords = CMV; OLT; infection; pulmonary summary = The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, radiographic appearance, time of onset, outcome and risk factors of non-infectious and infectious pulmonary complications following liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, radiographic appearance, time of onset, outcome and risk factors of non-infectious and infectious pulmonary complications following liver transplantation. In univariate analysis (Table 1) , a statistically significant higher risk was demonstrated in cases of AHF patients, retransplantation, immunosuppression with OKT3, prolonged stay in ICU and AMV and in protracted pulmonary oedema; instead, surgical piggyback caval anastomosis is a factor reducing hazard. The present study, performed on a wider patient population, demonstrated, in univariate analysis, a significantly increased association of pulmonary infection with the following five risk factors: caval traditional anastomosis, retransplantation, OKT3 immunosuppression, ICU stay and AMV duration, pulmonary non-inflammatory abnormalities, such as effusion and atelectasis, and oedema. doi = 10.1007/s003309900268 id = cord-022082-1dq623oe author = Greaves, Peter title = Respiratory Tract date = 2007-09-28 keywords = BALT; Clara; cell; drug; epithelium; lung; mouse; nasal; pulmonary; rat; respiratory; study summary = In the case of tulobuterol, a 32-adrenergic receptor agonist, it was argued that the nasal inflammation induced in rats in a one month inhalation toxicity study was the result of a particularly high exposure of the nasal epithelium to drug, not representative of the likely human exposure to tulobuterol by inhalation, where little or no nasal exposure would occur.^^ RP73401 [3cyclopentyloxy)-Ar-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridy)-4-methoxybenzamide], a novel type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor which was being developed for the treatment of asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, was also reported to produce degeneration of the olfactory epithelium in rats but neither dogs nor mice after single and repeated oral doses and by inhalation.^^ Histologically, the olfactory epithelium showed necrosis of the superflcial epithelial layers including the sustentacular and sensory cells, with sparing of the basal cell layer. doi = 10.1016/b978-044452771-4/50007-9 id = cord-005941-e4fvj54l author = Hamm, H. title = The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date = 1992 keywords = ARDS; alveolar; lung; pulmonary; surfactant summary = Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. The fate of secreted surfactant material seems to be determined by five mechanisms: -Intraalveolar catabolism -Phagocytosis and degradation by alveolar macrophages [110, 118] -Removal by the mucociliary escalator -Recycling into the alveolar type II cell -Redistribution into other surrounding tissue Clearance studies in rabbits [140] have shown that approximately 7% of radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine is removed via the upper airways in 24 h, suggesting that this pathway is only of minor importance. These studies may indicate that the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar type II cells is enhanced surfactant lipid synthesis, while chronic low-dose exposure leads to a decrease in surfactant synthesis capacity. Effects of ozone on phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II cells isolated from adult rat lung doi = 10.1007/bf00180279 id = cord-024183-1mrdjc39 author = Hutchison, Alastair A. title = The Respiratory System date = 2013-10-08 keywords = BPD; FEV; FRC; TLC; airway; lung; pulmonary; respiratory summary = After airway occlusion at mid-expiration, there is a biphasic change in P ao : the immediate rapid rise in P ao represents the resistive pressure drop across the conducting airways and is followed by a secondary slower increase in P ao (often referred to as P dif ) generally attributed to stress recovery in the respiratory tissues (lung and chest wall) and gas redistribution associated with ventilation inhomogeneity (Bates et al. To describe flow (F), lung volumes (V), and respiratory pressure (P) measurements together with resistance (R) and compliance (C) measurements in restrictive lung diseases, obstructive lung diseases, and neuromuscular disorders (NMD) decrease in TLC, in general, is relatively less than that of VC because of normal chest wall recoil and inspiratory muscle function in most patients (Martinez and Flaherty 2006) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_4 id = cord-017105-mljywm9p author = Jain, Amisha title = Pulmonary Complications of Obstetric and Gynecologic Conditions date = 2017-10-24 keywords = LAM; OSA; increase; patient; pregnancy; pulmonary; woman summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-69620-1_8 id = cord-018414-6ffhm895 author = Kang, Yoogoo title = Anesthesia Management of Liver Transplantation date = 2016-07-22 keywords = CVP; IVC; blood; hepatic; level; liver; patient; portal; pulmonary; transplantation summary = Specifically, patients with fulminant hepatic failure develop significant changes in cerebral function, and cerebral perfusion is maintained by monitoring cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, and intracranial pressure. Small-for-size syndrome develops in a patient who received a donor graft that was less than 1 % of the recipient''s body weight and is caused by decreased hepatic arterial flow in response to increased portal venous flow and pressure. The major criteria for the diagnosis of the hepatorenal syndrome are as follows: (1) advanced hepatic disease and portal hypertension; (2) low glomerular filtration rate (serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL or creatinine clearance <40 mL/ min); (3) absence of nephrotoxic drug use, shock, systemic infection, or recent fluid losses; (4) lack of sustained improvement after diuretic withdrawal and volume resuscitation with 1.5 L of normal saline; (5) proteinuria (<500 mg/dL); and (6) no ultrasound evidence of urinary obstruction or parenchymal disease. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-07209-8_9 id = cord-021742-sdz6d1r5 author = Karnik, Ankur A. title = Pneumothorax and Barotrauma date = 2009-05-15 keywords = AIDS; chest; patient; pneumothorax; pulmonary; spontaneous; tube summary = Pneumothorax Secondary to Underlying Lung Disease In adults, SP has been reported to occur as a result of a large variety of diseases including asthma, staphylococcal septicemia, pulmonary infarction, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, familial fi brocystic pulmonary dysplasia, tuberous sclerosis, cryptogenic fi brosing alveolitis, eosinophilic granuloma, coccidioidomycosis, echinococcal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Shaver''s disease (bauxite pneumoconiosis), lymphangioleiomyomatosis, von Recklinghausen''s disease, gastropleural and colopleural fi stulas through the diaphragm into the left pleural cavity, radiation therapy to the thorax, Wegener''s granulomatosis, cystic fi brosis, acute bacterial pneumonia, and as a complication of the chemotherapy used in the treatment of malignancy and pulmonary metastases from a variety of malignancies. In those patients whose pneumothorax is large (more than 20% to 25%), progressive, or tension type; who are symptomatic; have an underlying chronic lung disease; are on a ventilator; or who have a recurrent pneumothorax, the pleural space air needs to be removed by various therapeutic means rather than be allowed to be absorbed spontaneously. doi = 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50050-9 id = cord-290006-63sa00ju author = Ko, Jane P. title = Approach to Peribronchovascular Disease on CT date = 2018-12-20 keywords = Kaposi; lymphoma; patient; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1053/j.sult.2018.12.002 id = cord-305838-i0ck2oo0 author = Kouri, Andrew title = CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COPD; Pulmonary; asthma; patient summary = Home measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) using an inexpensive portable handheld device is already a guideline-recommended option to facilitate patient self-management in asthma and in the diagnosis of occupational asthma, but its role is less well defined in COPD. 37 Electronic portable spirometers have been studied and found to be comparable to conventional laboratory spirometry in several chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma and COPD, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and post-lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant monitoring. Oscillometry is emerging as an alternative form of pulmonary function testing that offers some advantages over conventional PFTs. 54 It has been shown to be more sensitive than spirometry in early diagnosis of COPD, 55, 56 to correlate better with respiratory symptoms and asthma control 57,58 as well as in identifying spirometrically silent episodes of biopsy-proven acute graft rejection following lung transplant. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.065 id = cord-006428-l9akk8i6 author = Kuebler, W. M. title = Zelluläre Pathophysiologie der pulmonalen Hypertonie date = 2014-02-18 keywords = Hypertonie; Patienten; der; die; hypertension; pulmonary summary = Die endotheliale Dysfunktion bewirkt durch eine verminderte Freisetzung vasodilatierender, anti-proliferativer Mediatoren bei gleichzeitig vermehrter Produktion vasokonstriktiver, proliferativer Substanzen nicht nur eine zunehmende pulmonale Vasokonstriktion, sondern unterstützt auch die pathologischen Umbauprozesse in Gefäßintima und -media. Durch Einnahme von Appetitzüg143) kam es allerdings in den 60er, 80er und 90er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts jeweils zu einem epidemischen Auftreten der Erkrankung in Europa, in dessen Folge die Inzidenz teilweise um das 25fache anstieg (1). Mittels Oligonukleotid-Microarray-Technik wurde zudem kürzlich bei PPH-Patienten eine veränderte pulmonale Expression verschiedener Onkogene, Apoptosegene sowie von Genen diagnostiziert, die für verschiedene Angiogenese-Mediatoren, Proteine der TGF-b-Familie, Kinasen sowie spezifische Ionenkanäle kodieren (45). Auch Hypoxie, die häufig mit der PH assoziiert ist, vermindert die Aktivität spannungsabhängiger Kaliumkanäle und bedingt dadurch einen Anstieg der zytosolischen Calcium-Konzentration, dem vermutlich wesentliche Bedeutung hinsichtlich der hypoxischen pulmonalen Vasokonstriktion zukommt (123, 169) . Dysfunctional voltage-gated K + channels in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension doi = 10.1007/s00398-002-0347-z id = cord-253722-6jsaxirt author = Lan, Yanqiu title = Danhong injection in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-11 keywords = idiopathic; pulmonary summary = title: Danhong injection in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis RESULTS: This study will provide high-quality comprehensive evidence for the effectiveness and safety of danhong injection in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained from this study will define the basis for the effectiveness and safety of danhong injection in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [13] To further evaluate the efficacy and safety of danhong injection in the management of patients with Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a meta-analysis of related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted. A comprehensive search of electronic databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, EMbase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, the Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and China biomedical literature database was effected to collect RCTs on the integration of danhong injection in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicine for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022016 id = cord-320959-sgdqhtns author = Lee, Hanjun title = Vitamin E Acetate as Linactant in the Pathophysiology of EVALI date = 2020-08-12 keywords = EVALI; acetate; pulmonary; vitamin summary = In membrane biophysics, Vitamin E is a linactant and a potent modulator of lateral phase separation that effectively reduces the line tension at the two-dimensional phase boundaries and thereby exponentially increases the surface viscosity of the pulmonary surfactant. Supplementation of pulmonary surfactants which retain moderate level of cholesterol and 10 controlled hypothermia for patients are recommended when the hypothesis that the line-active property of the vitamin derivative drives the pathogenesis of EVALI holds. Currently, there are 5 five established non-antioxidative properties of Vitamin E in the biological system: i) its ability to induce gel-liquid crystalline phase transition, ii) its active deposition in the lipid droplet of macrophages, iii) its modulation of the antidiabetic cascade involving diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) and protein kinase C (PKC), iv) its activation of the xenobiotic-sensing pregnane X receptor (PXR) signaling, and v) its ability to modulate lateral phase separation. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110182 id = cord-017983-ehxpdavo author = Lee, Joyce S. title = Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date = 2013-09-13 keywords = IPF; acute; pulmonary summary = Often, patients are found to have impaired gas exchange with a decrease in SP-D Marker of alveolar type II cell injury and/or proliferation Plasma levels higher in AEx compared to stable [ 42 ] Thrombomodulin Membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells which serves as a receptor for thrombin Plasma levels higher in AEx compared to stable and log change in thrombomodulin was predictive of survival [ 42 ] von Willebrand factor Marker of endothelial cell injury and is involved in hemostasis Higher plasma % in AEx compared to stable [ 42 ] AEx acute exacerbation, IPF idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis, KL-6 Previous or concurrent diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis Unexplained development or worsening of dyspnea within 30 days High-resolution computed tomography with new bilateral ground-glass abnormality and/or consolidation superimposed on a background reticular or honeycomb pattern consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia No evidence of pulmonary infection by endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage Exclusion of alternative causes, including left heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and other identifi able causes of acute lung injury a Patients who do not meet all fi ve criteria should be termed "suspected acute exacerbation" doi = 10.1007/978-1-62703-682-5_17 id = cord-016690-3gsq724l author = Li, Hongjun title = HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date = 2013-09-30 keywords = AIDS; CD4; CDC; HIV; PCP; infection; lung; pulmonary summary = Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17 id = cord-320447-nq9f1gmu author = Lins, Muriel title = Assessment of small pulmonary blood vessels in COVID-19 patients using HRCT date = 2020-07-25 keywords = covid-19; pulmonary summary = Results: Compared to healthy volunteers, COVID-19 patients showed significant reduction in BV5 (pulmonary blood volume contained in blood vessels of <5 mm(2)) expressed as BV5/(Total pulmonary blood volume) (p<0.0001), and significant increases in BV5-10 and BV 10 (pulmonary blood volumes contained in vessels between 5 and 10 mm(2) and above 10 mm(2), respectively) (p<0.0001). Conclusions: COVID-19 patients display striking anomalies in the distribution of blood volume within the pulmonary vascular tree, consistent with increased pulmonary vasculature resistance in the pulmonary vessels below the resolution of CT. These results suggest that while the pathological changes to the pulmonary vasculature implicated in pulmonary vascular disease (PVD), collectively termed "pulmonary vascular remodeling", occur primarily below the resolution of CT scans, those processes do have a measurable effect on larger, more proximal vessels. In this study we assessed the use of novel CT-derived measures of pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary vascular density in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.07.019 id = cord-008510-mnpu27kl author = Lipscomb, Mary F. title = The Regulation of Pulmonary Immunity date = 2008-04-10 keywords = CD4; CD8; GVHD; Lipscomb; Mtb; antigen; cell; lung; pulmonary; role summary = Demonstration that lung cells regulate both nonspecific inflammation and immunity through the expression of adhesion molecules and the secretion of cytokines offers hope for ways to design more effective vaccines, enhance microbial clearance in immune-suppressed hosts, and to suppress manifestations of immunologically mediated lung disease. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. The cells that are the major initiators and regulators of immunity in the lung include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, each expressing surface molecules and secretory products that depend on perturbations in the environments. Models to examine immune responses to various respiratory antigens were developed in many animal strains, including mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, dogs, monkeys, horses, and cattle; antigens were delivered via aerosol, intranasal, intratracheal, or intrabronchial instillation. doi = 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60634-3 id = cord-017771-g72qaoub author = Lohan, Rahul title = Imaging of ICU Patients date = 2019-01-15 keywords = Fig; ICU; pulmonary summary = Besides the evaluation of these conditions, imaging is routinely used for the assessment of various catheters and tubes commonly used in ICUs. The common pulmonary parenchymal disease processes in ICU patients include hydrostatic pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), atelectasis, pneumonia, aspiration, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Indistinctness of pulmonary vasculature is subtle but often the most useful radiographic sign of early interstitial edema in ICU patients. The CT findings of hydrostatic pulmonary edema include smooth interlobular septal thickening, ground-glass opacities, consolidation, and pleural effusions ( Fig. 7.4) . The diagnosis of pneumonia in ICU patients is often challenging as the airspace opacities seen on chest radiographs in these patients can be caused by atelectasis, aspiration, pulmonary hemorrhage, noninfectious lung inflammation (e.g., drug reaction), pulmonary edema, or ARDS [12] . The radiographic abnormalities commonly seen with aspiration are patchy ill-defined ground-glass opacities, nodular opacities, or consolidation in the dependent regions of the lungs (Fig. 7.10 ). doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2544-1_7 id = cord-015836-ojx04jsh author = Lynch, Joseph P. title = Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date = 2011-07-12 keywords = FVC; IPF; UIP; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-9771-5_10 id = cord-026005-f2khcjdy author = López, Alfonso title = Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date = 2017-02-17 keywords = Fig; Mannheimia; Mycobacterium; Mycoplasma; Pasteurella; alveolar; cause; cell; disease; horse; infection; lesion; lung; nasal; pneumonia; pulmonary; respiratory; type summary = Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 id = cord-034406-i1hbx3pz author = Matthews, Abigail A. title = Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases date = 2020-10-30 keywords = delivery; drug; formulation; lung; protein; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1186/s43556-020-00014-z id = cord-272034-fvii5nsv author = McNaughton, Amanda title = Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COPD; pulmonary summary = title: Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD We offer a different perspective drawn from clinical experience of PR, quantitative and qualitative studies of singing groups for people with COPD, and stroke rehabilitation research that gives psychological factors a more central role in determining outcomes after PR. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Two randomized controlled trials of singing group interventions in COPD report improvements in quality of life and reduction in anxiety, although not in lung function. 49 Arnold and colleagues showed that improvements in quality of life scores after PR were associated with increases in measures of self-efficacy and suggested that "focussing more explicitly on the enhancement of perceptions of personal control in COPD patients may be an important aim of pulmonary rehabilitation". Taking Charge after stroke: promoting self-directed rehabilitation to improve quality of life -a randomized controlled trial doi = 10.2147/copd.s267268 id = cord-016973-s32jp0ej author = Menon, Nithya title = Respiratory Diseases of Pregnancy date = 2016-07-21 keywords = patient; pregnancy; pulmonary summary = Understanding the underlying pulmonary physiologic changes that come with pregnancy as well as those conditions which are unique to the pregnant patient will help arrive at the correct diagnosis and management. Recognizing that the gravid patient has other physiologic changes that contribute to decreased respiratory reserve, increased risk of aspiration, infection, and difficult airway can help in managing these patients acutely. The most common causes of non-cardiogenic acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy are the use of tocolytic agents, fluid overload, preeclampsia, sepsis, trauma or following aspiration of gastric contents [6, 7] . A partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the normal range of 36-40 on an arterial blood gas can be a early sign of imment respiratory failure in the gravid patient. Some of the risk factors for pneumonia in pregnancy include anemia, asthma, antepartum corticosteroids given to enhance fetal lung maturity, and the use of tocolytic agents to induce labor [25] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-43341-7_89 id = cord-018601-mk66097y author = Michelakis, Evangelos D. title = Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension date = 2007 keywords = Bosentan; Fig; Flolan; PAH; PHT; artery; hypertension; increase; pap; patient; primary; pulmonary summary = 18 Primary PHT was defined as mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure >25 mm Hg at rest (or >30 mm Hg with exercise) in the absence of secondary causes for PHT, a definition different from the current definition of PAH, which includes PHT due to more common diseases like collagen vascular disease, HIV infection, portal hypertension, congenital heart disease as PAH (Table 105 .2). The following tests should be obtained in all patients in whom the cause of PHT is not evident: electrocardiogram (ECG), chest radiograph, arterial blood gases, complete blood count, electrolytes and liver function tests, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), ventilation/ perfusion lung scan, serology for rheumatic diseases (e.g., fluorescent antinuclear antibody, FANA), serology for HIV, ventilation perfusion (V/Q) scan, and an echocardiogram with Doppler assessment of PA acceleration time and tricuspid regurgitation velocity as well as an echo-contrast study, to exclude shunting. doi = 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_108 id = cord-278846-nqj7ctk3 author = Ogger, Patricia P. title = Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COPD; IPF; Mtb; ROS; lung; macrophage; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5 id = cord-019001-ralxw4ad author = Oishi, Peter title = Diseases of the Pulmonary Vascular System date = 2008-11-15 keywords = ET-1; disease; effect; hypertension; increase; pulmonary; vascular summary = In addition, physical expansion of the lung results in the release of vasoactive substances, such as PGI 2 , which increases pulmonary blood fl ow and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance in the fetal goat and lamb independent of the changes in oxygen tension [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . In humans, endothelial dysfunction, including histologic abnormalities of the endothelium, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, and increased plasma ET-1 concentrations have been described in children with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension before the development of signifi cant vascular remodeling [22, 98, 101] . In addition, neonates with PPHN and adults with advanced pulmonary vascular disease have evidence of endothelial dysfunction, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, increased plasma ET-1 concentrations, and decreased prostacyclin production [23, 24, 62, 99] . The oral formulation is currently being investigated for chronic pulmonary hypertensive therapy, and recent short-term studies demonstrate benefi cial effects in children with advanced pulmonary vascular disease [164] . doi = 10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_20 id = cord-352532-xqphom6x author = Papanikolaou, Ilias C title = 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = disease; lung; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 id = cord-018209-v2crgj5w author = Pastores, Stephen M. title = What Has Been Learned from Postmortem Studies? date = 2010-08-19 keywords = HSCT; autopsy; patient; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_20 id = cord-329442-ycj6sf6z author = Perotin, Jeanne‐Marie title = Detection of multiple viral and bacterial infections in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A pilot prospective study date = 2013-02-27 keywords = chronic; obstructive; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.23495 id = cord-314106-r3axl3w1 author = Porembskaya, Olga title = Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis: A Diagnosis That Strives for Its Independence date = 2020-07-18 keywords = DVT; patient; platelet; pulmonary; thrombosis summary = doi = 10.3390/ijms21145086 id = cord-000268-480d3yfv author = Porfyridis, Ilias title = Diagnostic value of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 and C-reactive protein for patients with lung infiltrates: an observational study date = 2010-09-29 keywords = CRP; TREM-1; patient; pulmonary summary = title: Diagnostic value of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 and C-reactive protein for patients with lung infiltrates: an observational study The aim of the present study was to define whether expression of TREM-1 on cell membranes of neutrophils (nTREM-1), of monocytes (mTREM-1) and serum sTREM-1 may help in the diagnosis of acute bacterial infections for patients admitted with a new pulmonary infiltrate or pleural effusion. In conclusion, the presented results indicate that serum sTREM-1 and expression of TREM-1 on neutrophils and monocytes may serve as markers of CAP in patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Increased levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in patients with acute pancreatitis Prognosis of community acquired pneumonia(CAP): value of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and other mediators of the inflammatory response Diagnostic implications of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in BAL fluid of patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the ICU doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-10-286 id = cord-273149-b1qsnxr1 author = Ramjug, Sheila title = ERS International Congress, Madrid, 2019: highlights from the Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Assembly date = 2020-10-13 keywords = ERS; PAH; pulmonary summary = The use of risk stratification in relation to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was heavily featured and the scientific sessions informing the respiratory community of potential biomarkers and targets for future therapies were thought-provoking. It is also important to consider risk factors for possible chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) or chronic thromboembolic disease in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic patient, which are helpfully listed in the new guidance [17] [18] [19] . [24] also demonstrated that ILD-related PH patients, at right heart catheterisation, had lower mPAP and PVR when compared to their idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) cohort; despite these findings, mortality was high in both groups. Prognostic value of right ventricular dysfunction or elevated cardiac biomarkers in patients with low-risk pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis A dynamic prognostic model to predict survival and determine treatment goals in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): the EFORT study Risk stratification of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) doi = 10.1183/23120541.00304-2020 id = cord-000364-ikq38rm1 author = Rasmuson, J. title = Time to revise the paradigm of hantavirus syndromes? Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by European hantavirus date = 2011-01-15 keywords = PUUV; RNA; pulmonary summary = Lung computer tomography (CT) on admission revealed pronounced diffuse bilateral interstitial infiltrates with pulmonary oedema, dependant atelectasis, and moderate pleural effusions (Fig. 1 ) which were later drained (>800 ml). Hantavirus infection was verified with the detection of PUUV RNA in plasma (630,000 copies/ml) on the day of admission, while IgM and IgG were negative. Consecutive plasma samples were analysed for PUUV RNA with declining viral copy numbers until negative 16 days post onset of Fig. 1 Chest CT-scans of two European patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Concerning the cases of European hantavirus infection in our present report, there was only mild or no renal impairment at the time of admission, whereas the respiratory involvement was early and severe, consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), fulfilling criteria of HPS according to CDC case definition [19] . doi = 10.1007/s10096-010-1141-6 id = cord-293613-xnos7iud author = Ritchie, Andrew I. title = Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COPD; chronic; exacerbation; obstructive; pulmonary summary = The 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) document AECOPD definition slightly differs from this as "an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy." This definition requires the patient to seek or use treatment and is an example of a health care use (HCU) exacerbation in which the patient or clinician decides whether treatment is warranted. This approach has been widely accepted in research, using several validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) tools such as symptom/treatment diary cards and questionnaire tools such as the EXACT (Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Tool) and CAT (The COPD Assessment Test). Analysis of viral infection and biomarkers in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.007 id = cord-010697-0eutz8xy author = Roumy, Aurélien title = Pulmonary complications associated with veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a comprehensive review date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ECMO; extracorporeal; pulmonary summary = Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a life-saving technology that provides transient respiratory and circulatory support for patients with profound cardiogenic shock or refractory cardiac arrest. The interaction of blood components with the biomaterials of the extracorporeal membrane elicits a systemic inflammatory response which may increase pulmonary vascular permeability and promote the sequestration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils within the lung parenchyma. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a life-saving technology providing respiratory and circulatory support in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest [1] and which may give time to plan future therapeutic decisions such as the insertion of long-term cardiac assist devices or heart transplantation (HTX) [2] . Alveolar edema and decreased pulmonary artery perfusion lead to lung parenchymal ischemia which in turn maintains chronic inflammation and promotes neoangiogenesis and fibrosis generation and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and triggers the intrinsic coagulation cascade, resulting in the rapid generation of thrombin and fibrin within the systemic circulation [13] . doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02937-z id = cord-325461-q8igdvq4 author = Ryan, Donal title = Pulmonary vascular dysfunction in ARDS date = 2014-08-22 keywords = ARDS; PVR; pulmonary; vascular summary = We consider the factors that influence pulmonary arterial pressure, both in normal lungs and in the presence of ARDS, including the important effects of mechanical ventilation. (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:1123–1128, 2010) have recently reported that elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and TPG were independently associated with increased mortality in ARDS, in a large trial with protocol-defined management strategies and using lung-protective ventilation. Studies were identified after a literature search using key terms (ARDS or acute respiratory distress or ALI or acute lung injury) together with any of the following: pulmonary haemodynamics, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular dysfunction, right ventricle, right ventricular failure, acute cor pulmonale, or pulmonary artery catheter. There are very few studies which have measured pulmonary vascular resistance in ARDS patients ventilated with lower tidal volumes, perhaps due to the reduction in the use of the pulmonary artery catheter just as lung-protective ventilation was gaining widespread acceptance [60] . doi = 10.1186/s13613-014-0028-6 id = cord-018243-hyvu9nuq author = Salman, Huda title = Fibrosing Alveolitis in Hematologic Malignancy Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation date = 2010-08-19 keywords = GVHD; HSCT; lung; patient; pulmonary summary = This chapter will address the chronic lung complications that lead to pulmonary fibrosis and persistent organ dysfunction in each context with specific focus on hematologic malignancy patients treated using HSCT. Hematologic malignancy patients treated with chemotherapy or chest wall radiation therapy, or those who proceed to receive a HSCT may develop a wide variety inflammatory noninfectious lung disorders that ultimately may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. The diagnosis of drug-induced respiratory disease often is complex because: (1)1 patients may be exposed to several pneumo-toxic drugs concurrently or in sequence due to earlier treatment failure; (2)2 time to onset of pulmonary toxicity may be delayed, making it difficult to ascertain which agent is responsible for the pulmonary reaction; (3)3 the combination of drugs to treat malignant hematologic conditions may lead to unexpected drug interactions, producing enhanced toxicity compared with the toxicity of each agent considered separately; and (4)4 radiation therapy to the chest or TBI. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_42 id = cord-017998-tcf2mr1h author = Sayer, Gabriel title = Acute and Chronic Right Ventricular Failure date = 2017-02-22 keywords = failure; pulmonary summary = While both echocardiography and CMRI can provide some assessment of RV hemodynamics, invasive measurement of intracardiac pressures by right heart catheterization is often required to diagnose the etiology of RV failure and determine the appropriate therapeutic approach. Severe RV dilation predictor of death, VT, advanced NYHA class CMRI cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, HF heart failure, LV left ventricle, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVESV left ventricular end systolic volume, MI myocardial infarction, NYHA New York Heart Association, OHT orthotopic heart transplantation, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAP pulmonary artery pressure, PVR pulmonary vascular resistance, RIMP right ventricular index of myocardial performance, RV right ventricle, RVEF right ventricular ejection fraction, RVESV right ventricular end systolic volume, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, TOF tetralogy of Fallot, V E /V CO2 ratio of minute ventilation to production of carbon dioxide, VT ventricular tachycardia of RV dysfunction are addressed. Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-4219-5_4 id = cord-331939-6okbdw7a author = Sin, David title = Acute pulmonary embolism multimodality imaging prior to endovascular therapy date = 2020-08-30 keywords = CTPA; acute; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1007/s10554-020-01980-9 id = cord-287544-n32iscmr author = Solaimanzadeh, Isaac title = Nifedipine and Amlodipine Are Associated With Improved Mortality and Decreased Risk for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = CCB; COVID-19; patient; pulmonary summary = title: Nifedipine and Amlodipine Are Associated With Improved Mortality and Decreased Risk for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 A retrospective review was conducted on CCB use in hospitalized patients in search of any difference in outcomes related to specific endpoints: survival to discharge and progression of disease leading to intubation and mechanical ventilation. Nifedipine and amlodipine were found to be associated with significantly improved mortality and a decreased risk for intubation and mechanical ventilation in elderly patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Nifedipine and amlodipine were found to be associated with significantly improved mortality and a decreased risk for intubation and mechanical ventilation in elderly patients hospitalized with COVID-19. A retrospective review of patients on either nifedipine or amlodipine was conducted in search of any difference in outcomes, including survival to discharge and progression of disease leading to intubation and mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8069 id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 keywords = A1AT; COPD; IPF; asthma; disease; increase; lung; pulmonary; respiratory; vitamin summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id = cord-035258-nff6gfik author = Tanner, Tristan George title = Pulmonary Complications of Cardiac Surgery date = 2020-11-11 keywords = CPB; cardiac; pulmonary; surgery summary = Pulmonary complications are common in patients who undergo cardiac surgery with outcomes such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, ventilation longer than 24 h, and pleural effusions necessitating drainage being reportable to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons [1] . Risk factors for postoperative bleeding in cardiac surgery patients include advanced age, low body weight, nonelective surgery, CPB time over 150 min, high complexity of procedure, perioperative use of antiplatelet agents, and use of over 5 bypass grafts [58] . Operative risk factors include low cardiac output syndrome, more than 3 U of packed RBCs (or massive transfusion), isolated valve surgery, and development of postoperative pneumonia [68, 69] . While routine use of the pulmonary artery catheter became less prevalent over the previous decades, it still holds a central role in the postoperative care of cardiac surgery patients. The incidence, risk factors, and outcome of transfusion-related acute lung injury in a cohort of cardiac surgery patients: a prospective nested casecontrol study doi = 10.1007/s00408-020-00405-7 id = cord-331910-s474ecvk author = Thota, Sai Manohar title = Natural products as home‐based prophylactic and symptom management agents in the setting of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-17 keywords = SARS; TGF; acute; covid-19; fibrosis; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1002/ptr.6794 id = cord-017016-twwa9djm author = Tomashefski, Joseph F. title = Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date = 2008 keywords = Fig; aspiration; bronchial; bronchiectasis; case; chapter; cystic; fibrosis; lung; patient; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = These occult aspirations may lead to interstitial fibrosis, and perhaps account for the 20% to 54 % incidence of associated and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis in patients with esophageal abnormalities, most commonly hiatal hernia or simple reflux,39,40 The role of reflux in asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and sudden infant death syndrome has been reviewed by Allen et al. 130 In their reviews, Phillips and Rao l3l and Penner and colleagues130 note that similar predisposing factors as those with community-acquired pneumonia, such as aspiration and abscess formation, pertain to this entity, but the location helps distinguish it from the other typical sites of aspiration, When in the upper lobes, it appears to progress through necrotizing pneumonia with thrombosis of arteries (pulmonary and bronchial) and veins, [129] [130] [131] Although not strictly abiding by the foregoing definition (of localization in upper lobe), in one case total unilateral lung gangrene was attributed to hilar vessel involvement following treatment of a massive hilar recurrence of Hodgkin''s disease. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_5 id = cord-002122-s2r0en6f author = Toom, Marjolein Lisette den title = Interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary hypertension associated with suspected ehrlichiosis in a dog date = 2016-07-07 keywords = CME; dog; pulmonary summary = BACKGROUND: In dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), respiratory signs are uncommon and clinical and radiographic signs of interstitial pneumonia are poorly described. Treatment with oxygen supplementation, a typed packed red blood cell transfusion and medical therapy with doxycycline, pimobendan and sildenafil was initiated and the dog improved clinically. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica *Correspondence: M.L.denToom@uu.nl 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands Full list of author information is available at the end of the article vasorum, Leishmania chagasi, Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis carinii, Babesia canis, Leptospira sp., Mycoplasma sp, canine distemper virus and adenovirus [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . This case report describes the clinical, radiographic and echocardiographic presentation of a dog with interstitial pneumonia and severe PH suspected to be associated with E. doi = 10.1186/s13028-016-0228-1 id = cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author = Vijayan, Vannan K. title = Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date = 2013-06-05 keywords = Entamoeba; diagnosis; disease; lung; patient; pulmonary summary = The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on the microscopical demonstration of Leishmania amastigotes in the relevant tissue aspirates or biopsies such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or liver, skin slit smears, or in the peripheral blood buffy coat [ 19 ] . The important helminthic parasites that cause lung diseases include cestodes ( Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis ), trematodes ( Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma japonicum , and Paragonimus westermani ), and nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis , Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , Brugia timori , Dirofi laria immitis , Dirofi laria repens , Toxocara canis or cati , and Trichinella spiralis ). A diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to ascariasis can be made in an endemic region in a patient who presents with dyspnea, dry cough, fever, and eosinophilia. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-37609-2_1 id = cord-034294-ti1cc24m author = Wang, Cuixue title = Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD date = 2020-10-27 keywords = Akt; COPD; MIF; ROS; TGF; Trx; cell; inflammatory; pulmonary summary = Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. EPAC and PKA inhibit the human airway smooth muscle induced by a cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by blocking the activation of the NF-κB and ERK, respectively, and by releasing neutrophil chemokine IL-8, which together exert anti-inflammatory effects. 101 In COPD, increases in cAMP levels, activation of PKA and enhanced protein phosphorylation have the potential to reduce inflammation and immunomodulation, relax airway smooth muscle, inhibit chemotaxis and abnormal release of inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators, and reduce proliferation and migration of inflammatory cells. 135 The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway plays an important role in COPD by regulating inflammatory cell activation, inflammatory mediator release and airway remodelling. doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x id = cord-007696-83v9yfa6 author = Zisman, David A. title = Pulmonary Fibrosis date = 2005 keywords = IFN; IPF; NSIP; UIP; fibrosis; idiopathic; patient; pulmonary summary = Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing lung disease limited to the lungs and associated with the histologic appearance of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) on surgical lung biopsy. Factors that predict poor outcome include older age, male gender, severe dyspnea, history of cigarette smoking, severe loss of lung function, appearance and severity of fibrosis on radiological studies, lack of response to therapy, and prominent fibroblastic foci on histopathologic evaluation. With greater comprehension of the clinical relevance of the different histopathological subgroups that make up the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, the term idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is now reserved to patients with idiopathic usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) on surgical lung biopsy. Tang In a recent study, human T-lymphtropic virus type I (HTVL-I) positive IPF patients had more affected lung parenchyma, demonstrated traction bronchiectasis with honeycomb change, and exhibited increased levels of specific cytokines that correlated with activated T-cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). doi = 10.1385/1-59259-940-0:003 id = cord-018168-j85m7wno author = d’Ortho, Marie-Pia title = MMPs, inflammation and pulmonary arterial hypertension date = 2008 keywords = MMP-2; PAH; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-7643-8585-9_6 id = cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author = nan title = 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date = 1996 keywords = ARDS; CPB; Care; Children; ECMO; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; PICU; Pediatric; Unit; age; blood; case; child; conclusion; day; failure; group; high; hour; increase; infant; level; mean; method; patient; prism; pulmonary; respiratory; result; severe; study; ventilation; year summary = Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. doi = 10.1007/bf02316512 id = cord-005814-ak5pq312 author = nan title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date = 1995 keywords = AMI; APACHE; ARDS; ARF; COPD; CPB; CPR; CVP; Care; ECG; ECMO; Group; H20; Hospital; ICP; ICU; III; IL-6; Intensive; January; LPS; MOF; PSV; SAPS; TNF; Unit; University; acute; blood; cardiac; change; conclusion; control; day; effect; failure; follow; high; hour; increase; level; mean; measure; method; mortality; objective; patient; peep; pressure; pulmonary; respiratory; result; study; treatment; value summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. doi = 10.1007/bf02426401 id = cord-010078-8lkkez3n author = nan title = Invited Speakers date = 2010-11-24 keywords = AMS; COPD; CVD; EGFR; HAPE; ILD; Pacifi; asthma; disease; lung; patient; pulmonary; treatment summary = Both modes of imaging discriminate early malignant lesions from non-specifi c infl ammation, aid in selecting appropriate sites for biopsy and better delineate tumor margins for more precise staging, but are of little value at present in clinical practice since most patients with malignant pleural effusions have extensive pleural involvement that is easy to diagnose with white light pleuroscopy For pleuroscopic guided pleural biopsies, specimens obtained with the rigid forceps are larger than those with the fl ex-rigid pleuroscope since they are limited by size of the fl exible forceps, which in turn depends on the diameter of the working channel. In the United Kingdom, a thrombosis group has been formed to promote awareness among parliamentarians about the risk and management of VTE; to increase knowledge of its causes, effects, and treatments; and to monitor the implementation of government initiatives and other researches being and this program has corrected the wrong perception that PTE is a rare disease in China Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD). doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x id = cord-017248-a37t31u1 author = nan title = Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date = 2010-05-17 keywords = Associated; Related; Synonyms; acute; aortic; artery; autopsy; blood; chapter; chronic; condition; death; disease; external; heart; lung; note; poisoning; possible; procedure; pulmonary; record; sample; study; syndrome; term; tissue; type summary = Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17 id = cord-023311-7wqdlha4 author = nan title = Oral Session date = 2010-11-24 keywords = COPD; CPFE; group; lung; patient; pulmonary; result; signifi; study summary = Methods We determined the usefulness of preoperative lung function by spirometry in predicting regression of pulmonary hypertension after surgical correction of mitral stenosis among 20 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery at Philippine Heart Center from July to December 2009. Elderly patients exhibited a signifi cantly higher mortality rate that was independently associated with the following: age; residence status; confusion, urea, respiratory frequency and blood pressure (CURB) score; comorbid conditions; and failure of initial therapy. Methods A total of 40 patients (Male: 50%; Female: 50%) admitted and diagnosed with HAP at our Center were followed up to investigate the rate of adherence of physicians on the diagnosis and treatment of HAP based on Level I and II ATS/IDSA 2008 recommendations and to determine its association with outcome (mortality, mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, hospital stay). doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01864.x id = cord-335597-anrzcsrt author = nan title = 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COPD; FEV1; SARS; covid-19; lung; patient; pulmonary; result; vat summary = doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3