id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-017241-0is2skpw	Lesser, William	Whither the Research Anticommons?	2017-09-12		.txt	text/plain	5517	299	49	Fifteen years ago, the "tragedy of the anticommons" article warned that excessive patenting of biotech products and research methods could deter rather than stimulate invention, but little evidence was offered. The Supreme Court noted that "… the grant of patents that tie up [a law of nature] will inhibit future innovation premised upon them […] or otherwise forecloses more future invention than the underlying discovery could reasonably justify." Like Heller and Eisenberg (1998) , the justices apparently saw a potential anticommons in biomedical research and constrained it by invalidating the Prometheus patents, narrowing the field of patentable inventions. The author explains the outcome as a result of transaction costs, including the uncertainties over Celera's attempts to patent the genes it had sequenced and the conditions of granting free access to academic researchers for "noncommercial" research. For example, the patent and related rights issues surrounding Golden Rice related to commercial use, not research access, did not restrict product development (see above).	./cache/cord-017241-0is2skpw.txt	./txt/cord-017241-0is2skpw.txt