id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-287855-jfrg9soy	Gaur, Pratibha	Influenza virus and cell signaling pathways	2011-06-01		.txt	text/plain	4411	263	43	During viral infection there is activation of the NF-kB signaling pathway and an increase in the gene expression levels of IFN-b/TNFa/IL8 [22, 23] , which suggests that IKK-mediated NF-kB signaling is essential for the host innate immune response [24] . Activation of Akt through phosphorylation at Thr 308 and Ser 473 residues [42] plays a major role in modulating diverse downstream signaling pathways, including cell survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation and inhibition of proapoptotic factors such as BAD and caspase-9 by their phosphorylation (Figure 1(1) ). Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in the conversion of various extracellular signals into cellular responses as diverse as proliferation, differentiation, immune response and cell death [51, 52] . Binding of influenza virus HA protein to host cell surface receptor activates PKC [12, 77, 78] , and overexpression of HA inside the cells induces ERK signaling. Most importantly, NS1 protein reduces the antiviral response by activating NF-kB signaling and also activates PI3K/Akt pathway for efficient viral replication.	./cache/cord-287855-jfrg9soy.txt	./txt/cord-287855-jfrg9soy.txt