key: cord-190540-zf5ksac2 authors: Rakshit, Kausik; Chatterjee, Sudip; Bandyopadhyay, Durjoy; Sarkar, Somsekhar title: An effective approach to reduce the penetration potential of Sars-Cov-2 and other viruses by spike protein: Through surface particle electrostatic charge negotiation date: 2020-06-18 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 190540 cord_uid: zf5ksac2 The objective of this paper is to provide a mathematical model to construct a barrier that may be useful to prevent the penetration of different viruses (Eg. SARS-COV-2) as well as charged aerosols through the concept of electrostatic charge negotiation. (Fusion for the opposite types of charges and repulsion for the similar types of charges). Reviewing the works of different authors, regarding charges, surface charge densities ({sigma}), charge mobility ({mu}) and electrostatic potentials of different aerosols under varied experimental conditions, a similar intensive study has also been carried out to investigate the electron donating and accepting (hole donating) properties of the spike proteins (S-proteins) of different RNA and DNA viruses, including SARS-COV-2. Based upon the above transport properties of electrons of different particles having different dimensions, a mathematical model has been established to find out the penetration potential of those particles under different electrostatic fields. An intensive study have been carried out to find out the generation of electrostatic charges due to the surface emission of electrons (SEE), when a conducting material like silk, nylon or wool makes a friction with the Gr IV elements like Germanium or Silicon, it creates an opposite layer of charges in the outer conducting surface and the inner semiconducting surface separated by a dielectric materials. This opposite charge barriers may be considered as Inversion layers (IL). The electrostatic charges accumulated in the layers between the Gr IV Ge is sufficient enough to either fuse or repel the charges of the spike proteins of the RNA, DNA viruses including SARS-Cov-2 (RNA virus) or the aerosols. ) The data from Where e is the elementary charge of an electron and A is the median number of elementary charges of magnitude e present on a particle of diameter 1 μm., It is found that, the value of B is nearly equal to 2 and also at per as suggested by Jonhston. (Range between 1 and 2). This expected range of B is also applicable for calculating the charge of any small particles. The accumulation of charges on the surface of SARS-COV-2 can be attributed by the following four factors: • (depending upon their shapes and sizes). The ultimate structural understanding of a protein comes from an atomic-level structure obtained by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. However, structural information at the nanometer level is frequently invaluable. Hydrodynamics, in particular sedimentation and gel filtration, can provide this structural information, and it becomes even more powerful when combined with electron microscopy (EM). A hypothetical visualization is that if we consider one charged site per 'n' amino acids at a particular pH, the number of free electrons present per nano meter length of spike proteins remain in the order of (1400/n) and the value of the charges per nano meter length of the spike may be of the order of 1.6 X 10 -19 X (1400/n) = (2240 X 10 -19 /n) C. (Experimental determination of the value of n is beyond the scope of this paper and is strongly recommended by the Authors). Therefore, at a particular pH Considering the above values, a mathematical model has been established in 1.3 to find out the charges of the spike proteins of different lengths ranging from 8.0 nm to 10.0 nm for SARS-CoV- Therefore, it can be predicted that, the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 shows measurable electron donating or accepting capabilities. If we look at the enveloping proteins of the SARS-CoV, refereeing to the following research by Dewald Schoeman et al 45 ., we have found that, the Envelope Proteins (E-proteins) have a capability to maintain a neutrality through the membrane potential of their own, till a considerable amount of charge difference is created when the structure of whole envelope collapses. The COV E protein is a short, integral membrane protein of 76-109 amino acids, ranging from 8.4 to 12.0 kDa in size. The primary and secondary structure reveals that, E protein has a short, hydrophilic amino terminus consisting of 7-12 amino acids, followed by a large hydrophobic Trans Membrane Domain (TMD) of 25 amino acids, and ends with a long, hydrophilic carboxyl terminus, which comprises the majority of the protein. The hydrophobic region of the TMD contains at least one predicted amphipathic α-helix that oligomerizes to form an ion-conductive pore in membranes. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-COV E revealed that, a substantial portion of the TMD consists of the two nonpolar, neutral amino acids, valine and leucine, lending a strong hydrophobicity to the E protein. The peptide exhibits an overall net charge of zero, the middle region being uncharged and flanked on one side by the negatively charged amino (N)-terminus, and, on the other side, the carboxy (C)-terminus of variable charge. The C-terminus also exhibits some hydrophobicity but less than the TMD due to the presence of a cluster of basic, positively charged amino acids. An investigation regarding maintenance of this membrane potential had been done in case of Here, it can be seen that, the charge of the S-protein is predicted to vary linearly with spike length at a particular pH. The effects due to various factors affecting the charge are listed below in the form of equations stated beforehand:- At The electrostatic charges form due to the surface emission owing to the frictions between the layers of semiconducting materials like Ge with the conducting materials like nylon, wool. When the conducting materials like wools make friction with a semiconducting Gr IV materials, it shows a surface emission of electrons and the charges remain accumulated at the outer conducting layers since the middle layer of the mask is a semiconductor and is separated by an effective dielectric medium. The charge densities per square cm area(σ) follow empirically the growth of charges equation in a capacitor. Where, ε is the permittivity of the medium, μ is the coefficient of friction between the two layers, Nf is the normal force acting over the surface depending upon the rate of movement, 4πr 2 is the surface area and dx is the separation distance between the conducting and semi conducting surface separated by the dielectric materials. Given below is a graphical representation of 3. From the above studies it is clear that, the accumulation of charges per square cm area of a conducting bi layer due to the surface emission of electrons in normal movement is at least 10 6 times more than the charges on surface of viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and also the charge density is much higher than the charges accumulated in the concentrated dust particles of normal ranges. Therefore, it may be concluded that, due to the surface emission of electrons, the IL of a mask can effectively trap, neutralize or repel the the viruses and/or the charged aerosols which might be carrying air borne viruses. The charge accumulation on the surface of a virus is established to be in accordance with the Equation Which has been simplified with some basic assumption to Using a derivation from this mathematical model, the model of a protective barrier has been established as follows: A three layer mask can be produced to prevent the immediate infections of DNA, RNA viruses including SARS-COV-2 and others because the electric charge accumulation of the RNA viruses is much less than the electrostatic charges accumulated in the layers of the mask within few minutes. In the inner surface, a cotton type non conducting material can be used which will work basically as a nonconductor so that the electrostatic charges produced inside the two layers does not drain out through surface of the (human)body. Additionally, the cotton layer may be effective to protect the skin from electrostatic thermal radiation. Frictions between the middle and the outer layers, where the hydrophobic conducting and semiconducting materials are used, effectively lead to accumulation of the static charges. The rate of accumulation of charges increase with the increase of friction but come to a saturation level following the model of growth of charges in a capacitor per square cm of area. From the above studies, authors strongly recommend the following investigations: • Experimental determination of the value of 'n' as specified in Equation 1.2.5. • Experimental determination of the value of 'k' as specified in Equation 2.2.2. • Experimental determination of parameters 'χ' and 'C' as specified in this article. • Conducting of further experiments to find out the applications of the same for the preparation of PPE or gloves. 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