key: cord-277907-x6387i7b
authors: Tham, Sai Meng; Lim, Wei Yang; Lee, Chun Kiat; Loh, Jerold; Premkumar, Arthi; Yan, Benedict; Kee, Adrian; Chai, Louis; Tambyah, Paul Anantharajah; Yan, Gabriel
title: Four Patients with COVID-19 and Tuberculosis, Singapore, April–May 2020
date: 2020-11-17
journal: Emerg Infect Dis
DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.202752
sha: 
doc_id: 277907
cord_uid: x6387i7b

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and tuberculosis (TB) developed in 4 foreign workers living in dormitories in Singapore during April–May 2020. Clinical manifestations and atypical radiographic features of COVID-19 led to the diagnosis of TB through positive interferon-gamma release assay and culture results. During the COVID-19 pandemic, TB should not be overlooked.

The IGRA for TB result was positive. In consideration of the clinical manifestations and risk factors, anti-TB therapy (ATT) was started, and interval radiographic imaging showed resolution.

Patient 2 was a 33-year-old man from India with an 8-day history of fever and cough and a 1-month history of weight loss (3 kg) . He was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR of a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Radiographs showed a right-sided pleural effusion (Figure 1, panel B) . Pleural fluid analysis revealed a lymphocytic exudative effusion with an adenosine deaminase (ADA) level of 130 U/L (reference range <40 U/L), but the fluid was negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Sputum and pleural fluid were smear negative for AFB and M. tuberculosis nucleic acid negative by molecular testing; culture results are pending. IGRA was positive for TB, and ATT was started with subsequent clinical improvement. Patient 3 was a 22-year old man from India with a 10-day history of fever and cough (associated with exertional dyspnea) and pleuritic chest pain. He was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR of a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Radiographs showed a rightsided pleural effusion ( Figure 1 , panel C). Pleural fluid analysis revealed a lymphocytic exudative effusion with an ADA level of 112 U/L and interleukin-6 (IL-6) level of >1,000 pg/mL, but the fluid was negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Sputum and pleural fluid were smear negative for AFB and negative for M. tuberculosis nucleic acids by molecular testing; culture results are pending. IGRA was positive for TB and ATT was started; symptoms subsequently resolved.

Patient 4 was a 40-year old man from Bangladesh with a 3-day history of fever and cough. He was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Radiographs showed a left-sided pleural effusion with bilateral consolidation ( Figure  1 , panel D). Pleural fluid analysis revealed a lymphocytic exudative effusion with an ADA level of 62 U/L and an IL-6 level of >1,000 pg/mL, but the fluid was negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Sputum and pleural fluid were smear negative for AFB and negative for M. tuberculosis nucleic acids by molecular testing, but the IGRA for TB was positive. ATT was started, and pleural fluid cultures were subsequently positive for M. tuberculosis.

All 4 patients were workers who resided in dormitories and had COVID-19 but atypical radiographic features; typical radiographic features for COVID-19 patients include ground-glass opacities, multifocal patchy consolidation, and peripheral interstitial changes (3). Despite confirmed diagnoses of COVID-19, the 4 patients' pulmonary radiologic findings were more consistent with those for TB, highlighting the value of considering other pulmonary pathologic conditions for patients with COVID-19.

Risk factors for TB include low socioeconomic status and overcrowded living conditions (4). Of note, patients 1 and 3 resided in the same dormitory. Migrant worker dormitories are often inadequately ventilated and crowded, resulting in residents being more susceptible to infectious diseases, including dengue, Zika, and varicella (5,6). The same working and living conditions have served as a catalyst for the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and potentially TB, in this population. Improving screening processes and living conditions and implementing routine vaccination strategies for this population may prevent future infectious disease outbreaks.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, care for patients with TB may be compromised as additional strains are placed on essential services. The 4 cases we report highlight a serious public health issue. Precautionary measures must be undertaken to be vigilant of an epidemic within the ongoing pandemic-TB. To ensure that care is not compromised, clinicians treating these at-risk populations should be aware of possible co-infection with M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 in patients with atypical radiographic features of COVID-19.

Dr. Tham is an infectious diseases senior resident in the Department of Medicine at the National University Hospital of Singapore. His research interests include virology and public health.

Ministry of Health Singapore. Communicable diseases surveillance in Singapore

Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

Risk factors for tuberculosis

Infectious diseases and migrant worker health in Singapore: a receiving country's perspective

Singapore Zika Study Group. Outbreak of Zika virus infection in Singapore: an epidemiological, entomological, virological, and clinical analysis

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has also been reported to disproportionately affect Black patients, but we do not know the infection fatality ratio (IFR), which requires knowing how many persons are at risk (i.e., infected). We estimated SARS-CoV-2 infections in Orleans and Jefferson Parishes, Louisiana, USA, and determined the COVID-19-related IFR by race.The protocol was approved by the Ochsner Clinic Foundation Institutional Review Board (New Orleans, LA, USA) and designed to enroll and test up to 3,000 persons at 10 sites during May 9-15, 2020. To recruit a representative sample for this high-throughput method, a novel 2-step system developed by