key: cord-312350-klxw65qa
authors: Khan, Zafran; Ghafoor, Dawood; Khan, Asaf; Ualiyeva, Daniya; Khan, Shahzad Akbar; Bilal, Hazrat; Khan, Babar; Khan, Ayub; Sajjad, Wasim
title: Diagnostic approaches and potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
date: 2020-09-30
journal: New Microbes New Infect
DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100770
sha:
doc_id: 312350
cord_uid: klxw65qa
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan city of China in late December 2019 and identified as a novel coronavirus. Due to its contagious nature, the virus spreads rapidly and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The global tally of COVID-19 spikes 28 million. The fears and stress associated with SARS- CoV-2 demolished the socio-economic status all over the world. Researchers are trying around the clock to find out the treatment especially antiviral drugs and/or vaccines that could potentially control the viral spread and manage the ongoing unprecedented global crises. To date, more than 300 clinical trials have been conducted on various antiviral drugs, and immunomodulators are being evaluated at various stages of COVID-19. This review is aimed to collect and summarize a list of drugs used to treat COVID-19 for instance, dexamethasone, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, tociluzimab, nitazoxanide, and ivermectin. However, some of these drugs are not effective and suspended by the WHO (World Health Organization).
The recent emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCoV), which caused an 28 outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in China, has brought about serious threats to 29 public health, worldwide. Coronaviruses belong to Nidovirales order, a large and positive sense Currently, there is no specific and effective antiviral therapy is available for the COVID-19. 148 However, most patients with COVID-19 have a mild/asymptomatic or moderate course of the 149 disease, up to 5 -10% of the course of the disease is severe and lead to death in a vulnerable 150 population of the communities. The immediate need for effective drugs is crucial at this stage 151 www.covidreference.com (34). 152 Also enhanced supportive care remains the mainstay of treatment. More than 300 clinical trials 153 for drugs have been conducted, some of which will be published in the coming months. WHO 154 launches the "Solidarity" clinical trial for COVID-19 treatment to further evaluate remdesivir, 155 hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir with and without interferon-beta [64] . 156 However, various other antiviral agents and immunomodulators are being evaluated at various 157 stages of COVID-19. The registry of international clinical trials might be found on the WHO 158 website and ClinicalTrials.gov (35) . Currently, it is strongly recommended to recruit patients to 159 participate in ongoing trials because we cannot determine whether the benefits of most
Recently in Singapore, the five COVID-19 patients were subjected to treatment with lopinavir 258 and ritonavir within 1 to 3 days of desaturation, but evidence of clinical use is ambiguous.
Although fever developed within 1 to 3 days after the onset of LPV / r, 2 patients could not believed that this broad-spectrum antiviral activity is due to the following facts. The basis of the 301 role is to interfere with the host regulatory pathways associated with viral replication, rather than
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