key: cord-317067-u90zkjk9 authors: Trottein, François; Sokol, Harry title: Potential causes and consequences of gastrointestinal disorders during a SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-07-03 journal: Cell Rep DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107915 sha: doc_id: 317067 cord_uid: u90zkjk9 Summary Coronaviruses cause several human diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome. The global coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threat to humans. Intensive research on the pathogenic mechanisms used by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is urgently needed – notably in order to identify potential drug targets. Clinical studies of patients with COVID-19 have shown that gastrointestinal disorders appear to precede or follow the respiratory symptoms. Here, we review gastrointestinal disorders in patients with COVID-19, suggest hypothetical mechanisms leading to gut symptoms, and discuss the potential consequences of gastrointestinal disorders on the outcome of the disease. Lastly, we discuss the role of the gut microbiota during respiratory viral infections and suggest that targeting gut dysbiosis may help to control the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses containing a large (25 to 32 kb) single-stranded, 46 positive-sense RNA genome. These viruses circulate continuously in human populations and 47 generally cause mild respiratory diseases, including the common cold. In contrast, the 48 zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Clin. Res Rev. 14, 303e310. In this review, Trottein & Sokol present hypothetical mechanisms leading to gut symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and discuss their potential consequences on disease severity. They also discuss the role of the gut microbiota in disease and the potential interest of targeting it to improve COVID-19 pathogenesis. Oxygen battle in the gut: hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible 544 factors in metabolic and inflammatory responses in the intestine The microbial metabolite 549 desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon American Gastroenterological Association. AGA institute rapid 553 review of the gastrointestinal and liver manifestations of COVID-19, meta-analysis of 554 international data, and recommendations for the consultative management of patients with 555 COVID-19 A mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. 560 Cell Host Microbe SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are 565 highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes Dietary fiber confers protection against 570 flu by shaping Ly6c -patrolling monocyte hematopoiesis and CD8 + T cell metabolism COVID-19: hemoglobin, iron, and hypoxia 574 beyond inflammation. A narrative review Respiratory influenza 577 virus infection induces intestinal immune injury via microbiota-mediated Th17 cell-dependent 578 inflammation A novel coronavirus outbreak 581 of global health concern Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2 Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel 589 coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Characteristics of and important lessons from the 593 COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 594 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention Evidence for 598 gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2 Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces of patient with Severe COVID-19 Influenza A virus infection impacts systemic microbiota dynamics and causes quantitative 606 enteric dysbiosis Immunodepletion with hypoxemia: A potential high risk subtype of coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected 619 patients: implication of multiple shedding routes Single-cell RNA 622 expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan COVID-19 A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of 631 probable bat origin Effect of gastrointestinal 634 symptoms in patients with COVID-19 Infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by SARS-CoV-2 Alterations of gut microbiota with COVID-19 during time of Gheblawi, M., Wang, K., Viveiros, A., Nguyen, Q., Zhong, JC., Turne,r AJ., Raizada, MK., Gu, J., Chen, Y., Wu, Z., Chen, Y., Gao, H., Lv, L., Guo, F., Zhang, X., Luo, R., Huang, C.,