key: cord-337599-dyxfsojh authors: Ahamad, Shakir; Branch, Scotty; Harrelson, Shea; Hussain, Mohd Kamil; Saquib, Mohammad; Khan, Saeed title: Primed for Global Coronavirus Pandemic: Emerging Research and Clinical Outcome date: 2020-09-19 journal: Eur J Med Chem DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112862 sha: doc_id: 337599 cord_uid: dyxfsojh The global effort to combat and contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is now proceeding on a war footing. The world was slow to react to the developing crisis, but once the contours of the impending calamity became evident, the different state and non-state actors have raced to put their act together. The COVID-19 outbreak has blatantly exposed the shortcomings of our healthcare system and the limitations of medical science, despite considerable advances in recent years. To effectively tackle the current epidemic, almost unprecedented in the modern era, there is an urgent need for a concerted, sustained, and coordinated effort towards the development of new diagnostics, therapeutic and vaccines, and the ramping up of the healthcare infrastructure, especially in the poorer, underprivileged nations. Towards this end, researchers around the world are working tirelessly to develop new diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Efforts to develop a vaccine against COVID-19 are presently underway in several countries around the world, but a new vaccine is expected only by the end of the year-at the earliest. New drug development against COVID-19 and its approval may take even longer. Under such circumstances, drug repurposing has emerged as a realistic and effective strategy to counter the virus menace in the short run, and several antiviral and antimalarial medicines are currently in different stages of clinical trials. Researchers are also experimenting with nutrients, vitamins, monoclonal antibodies, and convalescent plasma as immunity boosters against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This report presents a critical analysis of the global clinical trial landscape for COVID-19 with an emphasis on the therapeutic agents and vaccines currently being tested at pandemic speed. where the virus originated, to check whether this vaccine could stimulate antibody production 142 and boost immunity against SARS-CoV-2. In preclinical studies, Ad5-nCoV showed an 143 acceptable safety profile and generated a robust immune response in animal models. 144 Currently, a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled Phase-II clinical study with 145 Ad5-nCoV (registered on April 10, 2020) is ongoing. This trial will evaluate the 146 immunogenicity and safety of Ad5-nCoV in 500 healthy adults over 18 years of age (Table1, 147 Entry 2).[31-33] 148 The University of Oxford's Jenner Institute, along with the Oxford vaccine group, has also 149 developed a single-dose vaccine, ChAdOx1nCov-19, from a non-replicating adenovirus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine to protect people against COVID-19 are also advancing in 165 six countries (Table1, Entry 5). 166 The Institute of Biotechnology, AMMS, China, registered a randomized, double-blind, 167 placebo-controlled Phase-II clinical trial of recombinant novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) 168 vaccine (adenovirus vector) in healthy adults aged 18 and above on April 10, 2020, (Table1, 169 Entry 6). The same day, BioNTech and Pfizer also secured approval from the German The use of a vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and tackle pandemic could be a potential fool 219 proof strategy. However, effective vaccine development for clinical use is projected to take 220 about 6-8 months or even more, a significant drawback in this time of crisis. Similarly, the 221 discovery, development, and approval of a new drug against COVID-19 would take even Interestingly, these results concur with the findings from earlier studies on favipiravir, which 311 reported a reduction in the disease duration from 11 days to 4-5 days and faster recovery from 312 COVID-19 disease. [57] 313 314 Table 2 and figure 3-6, which are currently undergoing clinical validation (Table 2, 329 Entries 24-103). (Table 3 Entry 37-43) . Vitamins and other cofactors play a significant role in boosting the immune system. 586 Therefore, clinical trials with vitamin A, B, C, D, and E, and cofactors lipoic acid, calcifediol, 587 and zinc are currently underway for the treatment of COVID-19 (Table 3 Entry 38-50). 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