Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 63 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7235 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 Singapore 17 SARS 10 covid-19 8 patient 8 COVID-19 6 Hong 5 Asia 4 Kong 2 virus 2 health 2 dengue 2 control 2 city 2 SUI 2 SSS 2 NEA 2 Health 2 H1N1 2 Fig 2 FRI 2 Aedes 1 viral 1 urban 1 symptom 1 study 1 state 1 spine 1 site 1 simulation 1 service 1 school 1 risk 1 respiratory 1 rehabilitation 1 region 1 public 1 psychological 1 practice 1 nerve 1 migrant 1 mental 1 mag 1 lockdown 1 information 1 industry 1 human 1 hotel 1 hospital 1 event 1 disaster Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 2926 patient 1754 % 1590 case 1195 study 1142 disease 905 nerve 789 service 702 infection 683 health 682 neuropathy 656 control 619 virus 604 time 571 datum 561 symptom 561 outbreak 559 number 546 country 518 hospital 516 city 511 year 507 group 503 risk 495 treatment 488 model 488 level 487 analysis 486 day 472 information 470 response 464 measure 453 population 447 influenza 428 pandemic 418 area 417 development 416 community 411 cell 404 government 398 system 397 result 392 region 381 transmission 379 industry 374 effect 373 period 372 age 366 care 363 policy 349 contact Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1989 Singapore 1059 SARS 472 COVID-19 425 CIDP 419 Asia 412 al 368 Kong 367 Hong 363 GBS 361 et 325 Health 319 CMT 318 University 304 . 232 China 226 Pacific 203 Department 195 M 192 Hospital 183 A 159 National 154 C 150 HIV 149 AIDS 144 Ministry 134 USA 132 Fig 123 March 120 Japan 119 April 118 Neurology 116 S 114 Schwann 114 PCR 112 J 112 IVIg 107 New 105 South 104 T 104 R 104 Marie 104 Charcot 102 World 102 Tooth 102 Medical 100 United 98 January 98 East 97 L 93 H1N1 Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1683 we 933 it 421 they 287 i 190 he 153 them 123 she 93 us 56 you 44 me 32 itself 29 themselves 22 him 19 one 15 her 11 myself 7 ourselves 5 igg4 3 pbp 3 ours 2 yourself 2 ncs-4 2 imagej 2 herself 1 uhfus 1 oneself 1 n=9 1 mg 1 itg2a+ 1 his 1 cord-348129-tph0d5fl Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 13757 be 3350 have 974 use 819 include 641 show 460 report 452 do 452 associate 446 identify 433 increase 433 base 399 compare 367 provide 346 follow 324 develop 316 suggest 314 find 307 perform 303 reduce 273 lead 271 make 266 affect 265 see 262 confirm 256 present 252 cause 248 require 242 observe 235 take 220 detect 218 consider 214 relate 210 describe 209 assess 206 know 205 remain 203 need 203 become 202 give 196 result 186 support 183 test 182 treat 178 indicate 173 implement 170 demonstrate 167 improve 166 determine 159 allow 156 infect Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1184 not 1152 - 904 also 850 high 775 clinical 739 more 712 other 622 respiratory 607 such 540 well 533 low 505 public 491 new 470 first 454 however 453 most 408 only 401 early 386 large 378 urban 378 acute 376 different 374 as 373 severe 354 peripheral 346 human 343 sensory 341 significant 338 positive 326 social 321 non 282 many 278 global 277 anti 272 economic 268 medical 260 local 255 important 254 axonal 247 viral 235 further 232 regional 228 long 226 small 226 covid-19 217 infectious 215 specific 210 out 207 similar 207 same Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136 most 76 high 64 least 51 good 40 Most 37 large 26 low 12 early 11 late 11 bad 8 great 7 big 6 near 5 small 5 long 3 fast 3 deadly 3 close 3 broad 2 young 2 tough 2 slight 2 sharp 2 old 2 light 2 common 1 ~3 1 weak 1 strong 1 strict 1 slow 1 simple 1 short 1 safe 1 poor 1 new 1 hard 1 dire 1 cord-326574-ke0iktly 1 busy Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 317 most 53 least 5 well 2 hard 1 worst 1 fast 1 early Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 doi.org 5 orcid.org 1 www.weather.gov.sg 1 www.timeanddate.com 1 www.singstat.gov.sg 1 www.sgh.com.sg 1 www.scl.org 1 www.peta.org 1 www.oneworldonehealth.org 1 www.moh.gov.sq 1 orcid 1 github.com 1 data 1 creativecommons.org 1 creat 1 cdc.cma.gov.cn Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 15 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20029983 5 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75697-z 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 1 http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-daily/ 1 http://www.timeanddate.com/ 1 http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/browse-by-theme/ 1 http://www.sgh.com.sg 1 http://www.scl.org/ 1 http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/first-ever-taiwan-raid-police-bust-pigeon-racers/ 1 http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/ 1 http://www.moh.gov.sq/sars/news/chronology.html 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-147X 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-5309 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-8541 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8951-9607 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-2561 1 http://orcid 1 http://github.com/wcchin/Spatial_Spreader_Susceptible_ 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.017 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.007 1 http://data 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://creat 1 http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 vernonljm@hotmail.com 1 socquahs@nus.edu.sg 1 drphisham@gmail.com 1 angie.au.yong.p.s@singhealth.com.sg 1 alex.richard.cook@gmail.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 patients did not 5 patients were not 4 patients do not 4 singapore does not 3 cases were positive 3 data are available 3 group was operation 3 patient did not 3 patients were randomly 3 sars affected countries 3 singapore was much 3 singapore was not 3 studies are necessary 3 study are available 3 study did not 2 % are males 2 % are non 2 % are residents 2 % had temperatures 2 % was male 2 case was not 2 cases developed symptoms 2 cases has significantly 2 cases were less 2 cases were negatively 2 countries did not 2 data are then 2 data provides hourly 2 data were then 2 disease was not 2 hospitals were also 2 levels are primarily 2 neuropathy are eligible 2 neuropathy do not 2 neuropathy is not 2 neuropathy was grade 2 neuropathy was not 2 numbers are not 2 outbreak was eventually 2 patient had normal 2 patient had not 2 patient provided information 2 patient reported outcome 2 patient reported outcomes 2 patient requiring oxygen 2 patient was able 2 patients had abnormal 2 patients had clinical 2 patients required mechanical 2 patients were bed Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 analysis showed no significant 1 case was not available 1 countries has not only 1 countries reported no positive 1 disease was not widely 1 diseases have not yet 1 group had no information 1 groups was not statistically 1 model showed no effect 1 nerves were not significant 1 neuropathy have no molecular 1 neuropathy is not clear 1 neuropathy is not well 1 numbers are not reliable 1 patient had no fever 1 patient is no longer 1 patient reported no contact 1 patients had no family 1 patients had no sensory 1 patients had no symptoms 1 patients is not low 1 patients were not suitable 1 patients were not very 1 sars had no direct 1 sars were not specific 1 singapore does not entirely 1 singapore is no exception 1 singapore is not dependent 1 singapore makes no annual 1 singapore was not comparable 1 singapore was not dangerous 1 studies are not available 1 studies were not diagnostic 1 studies were not feasible 1 treatments were not aggressive A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-289054-fh95b5n4 author = Au Yong, Phui S. title = Reducing droplet spread during airway manipulation: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore date = 2020-04-15 keywords = Singapore; patient summary = E-mail: angie.au.yong.p.s@singhealth.com.sg Keywords: airway management; COVID-19; extubation; infection control; intubation; operating room; prevention EditordCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization 1 on March 11, 2020 because of its rapid worldwide spread. 2 Airway manipulation poses a high risk of viral transmission to humans within close contact because of the proximity of the respiratory secretions that can aerosolise from coughing and gagging. The Singapore General Hospital instituted guidelines for airborne and contact precautions, including (i) environmental, reducing staff during airway manipulation, regular disinfection and sterilisation, sufficient air exchange time; and (ii) personal protective equipment (PPE). The main aim of constructing a tent or screen is that, if the patient coughs/gags during intubation, secretions will land under the sheet. A videolaryngoscope and tracheal tube can be passed under the plastic tent for intubation. Alternatively, Supplementary Fig 4 shows the use of a large plastic screen for intubation. doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.007 id = cord-022234-jjaqlyo5 author = Beirman, David title = A Comparative Assessment of Three Southeast Asian Tourism Recovery Campaigns: Singapore Roars: Post SARS 2003, Bali Post-the October 12, 2002 Bombing, and WOW Philippines 2003 date = 2009-11-16 keywords = Asia; Bali; Philippines; SARS; Singapore summary = Fear of terrorism arising from the Bali bombing and the outbreak of SARS in SE Asia, much of it magnified by media coverage in the West, was exacerbated by a series of negative travel advisories issued by the governments of many economically significant tourism source markets including the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan. At the private sector level, the Bangkok-headquartered Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA), the main travel industry body representing the Pacific Rim, placed the restoration of SE Asian tourism as its top priority project from the time of the Bali bombing and was supported by national tourist offices and peak travel industry bodies of all SE Asian nations and the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The prevailing dissonance between the private and the government sector''s approach to regional tourism marketing in SE Asia during the 1990s and the early years of the twenty-first century was radically affected by the Sari Club bombing of October 12 , 2002, and the SARS scare of March-June 2003. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7506-7898-8.50021-7 id = cord-003360-mkv1jc7u author = Chen, Yirong title = The Effect of School Closure on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Transmission in Singapore: A Modeling Approach date = 2018-10-22 keywords = HFMD; Singapore; school summary = title: The Effect of School Closure on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Transmission in Singapore: A Modeling Approach Singapore implements a school closure policy for institutional hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks, but there is a lack of empirical evidence on the effect of closure on HFMD transmission. The effects of school closure due to 1) institutional outbreaks, 2) public holidays, and 3) school vacations were assessed using a Bayesian time series modeling approach. These policies provide data that enable us to obtain three sources of information on the effect of school closure: 1) the reduction in the numbers of cases after a public holiday, when childcare centers and schools close; 2) the reduction during school vacations; and 3) the impact within childcare centers of school closure in response to an ongoing outbreak. To measure the effect of school vacations on HFMD transmission, we built time series models, fit Bayesianly, for the weekly number of children with HFMD aged 12 years and younger. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0099 id = cord-326574-ke0iktly author = Chew, Alton Ming Kai title = Digital Health Solutions for Mental Health Disorders During COVID-19 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore; health; mental summary = In the context of the ongoing pandemic, several potential applications of these tools have emerged, such as predicting outbreaks of COVID-19 based on historic travel data and public health capacity (22) . Direct potential applications of OHCs for patients at-risk of mental health disorders include lowering the barrier to access care and support for stigmatized illnesses such as anxiety and depression, by allowing patients to seek initial medical advice anonymously (43) . The pyramid base catering to the needs of the general population could include screening tools such as big data systems and/or OHCs to actively identify and/or engage at-risk individuals without pre-existing mental health disorders, as well as provide tele-support services to reduce risk of progression in patients with mental health disorders (49) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582007 id = cord-254288-duukt2wh author = Chew, Nicholas W.S. title = A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-04-21 keywords = Singapore; covid-19; psychological; symptom summary = title: A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak METHODS: Healthcare workers from 5 major hospitals, involved in the care for COVID-19 patients, in Singapore and India were invited to participate in a study by performing a self-administered questionnaire within the period of February 19 to April 17, 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significant association between the prevalence of physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. We investigate the association between various physical symptoms and psychological distress amongst healthcare workers in Singapore and India during the current COVID-19 outbreak. The study questionnaire, written in English, comprised five main components-demographic characteristics, medical history, symptom prevalence in the previous month, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) instruments. This multinational, multicenter study found significant association between adverse psychological outcomes and physical symptoms displayed by healthcare workers during the current COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049 id = cord-294628-ecg13s7a author = Chia, Ming Li title = Managing COVID-19 in a Novel, Rapidly Deployable Community Isolation Quarantine Facility date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore; patient summary = During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Singapore implemented large-scale institutional isolation units called Community Care Facilities (CCFs) to combat the outbreak in the community by housing low-risk COVID-19 patients from April to August 2020. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Singapore implemented large-scale institutional isolation units called Community Care Facilities (CCFs) to combat the outbreak in the community by housing low-risk COVID-19 patients from April to August 2020. In the first month, a total of 3758 patients were admitted to 4 halls, 4929 in-house medical consults occurred, 136 patients were transferred to a hospital, 1 patient died 2 weeks after discharge, and no health care workers became infected. As such, isolation centers called Community Care Facilities (CCFs) were set up throughout the country to house patients with COVID-19 who were at low risk for dying of the disease. doi = 10.7326/m20-4746 id = cord-178791-cywjp5jh author = Chin, Wei Chien Benny title = Spatial super-spreaders and super-susceptibles in human movement networks date = 2020-05-11 keywords = Fig; SSS; SUI; Singapore summary = Here, we propose a quantitative and systematic framework to identify spatial super-spreaders and the novel concept of super-susceptibles, i.e. respectively, places most likely to contribute to disease spread or to people contracting it. Identifying these places would therefore be critical in the fight with infectious diseases such as In this article, we report a study aimed at systematically identifying the spatial super-spreaders and spatial super-susceptibles in the spatial human network of the city-state of the Republic of Singapore. We applied this analysis framework to the Singapore public transport flow network, and identified the SSP and SSS using the SUI and SPI indexes. This study uses a community detection method (MapEquation algorithm 51 ) to identify the zones from the flow network, instead of using the administrative spatial boundaries (i.e. the boundaries of planning areas and regions as defined by the Singapore Government in its Master Plan 2014 50 ) that were designed and selected for governance and political purposes. doi = nan id = cord-255511-nk3iyg07 author = Chin, Wei Chien Benny title = Spatial super-spreaders and super-susceptibles in human movement networks date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Fig; SPI; SSS; SUI; Singapore summary = Here, we propose a quantitative and systematic framework to identify spatial super-spreaders and the novel concept of super-susceptibles, i.e. respectively, places most likely to contribute to disease spread or to people contracting it. We applied this analysis framework to the Singapore public transport flow network, and identified the SSP and SSS using the SUI and SPI indexes. This study uses a community detection method (MapEquation algorithm 60 ) to identify the zones from the flow network, instead of using the administrative spatial boundaries (i.e. the boundaries of planning areas and regions as defined by the Singapore Government in its Master Plan 2014 59 ) that were designed and selected for governance and political purposes. Figure 7 shows the local out-and in-degree (left column), the outgoing and incoming neighborhood zone-entropy (central column) and coreness-entropy (right column) of the weekday (first two rows) and weekend (bottom two rows) flow networks. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-75697-z id = cord-270969-zb6ih5dl author = Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi title = Health and health-care systems in southeast Asia: diversity and transitions date = 2011-01-25 keywords = Asia; Singapore; country; health; region summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61507-3 id = cord-007026-ejv0gidp author = Coleman, Kristen K title = Adenoviral Infections in Singapore: Should New Antiviral Therapies and Vaccines Be Adopted? date = 2020-02-15 keywords = HAdV; Singapore summary = METHODS: To understand the epidemiology of HAdV infections in Singapore, we studied 533 HAdV-positive clinical samples collected from 396 pediatric and 137 adult patients in Singapore from 2012 to 2018. CONCLUSIONS: Singapore would benefit from more frequent studies of clinical HAdV genotypes to identify patients at risk for severe disease and help guide the use of new antiviral therapies, such as brincidofovir, and potential administration of HAdV 4 and 7 vaccine. Clinical samples previously collected from HAdV-positive patients admitted to Singapore General Hospital (SGH) and KK Women''s and Children''s Hospital (KKH) between 2012 and 2015 were preserved at −80°C and transferred to Duke-NUS Laboratory of One Health Research for study. Human adenovirus-C datasets consisted of 4 novel genomes from Singapore and 22 representative virus isolates from different genotypes (HAdV-C1, HAdV-C2, HAdV-C5, and HAdV-C6). doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiz489 id = cord-339973-kj56zi59 author = Coleman, Kristen K. title = Bioaerosol Sampling for Respiratory Viruses in Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit Network date = 2018-11-30 keywords = MRT; PCR; Singapore; virus summary = Although baseline metagenomic maps created from these studies are said to be useful for mitigating bioterrorism and infectious disease outbreaks, most of them focus largely on mapping surface-borne bacterial DNA 17 and neglect to address the threat of weaponized or global catastrophic biological risk-level (GCBR-level) agents, both of which would likely be aerosolized or respiratory-borne RNA viruses 19 . Bioaerosol sampling in the field provides a noninvasive way to monitor and characterize the community of aerosolized respiratory viruses that regularly infect the public, as well as potentially detect or discover novel pathogens with pandemic potential, such as the influenza A(H7N9) virus. Although the air pump flow rate and sample collection times used in our study have been demonstrated to efficiently capture aerosolized influenza virus and RSV RNA [33] [34] [35] , it is possible that these parameters are not optimal for capturing the other respiratory virus DNA/RNA targeted in our study. doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-35896-1 id = cord-348129-tph0d5fl author = De Deyn, Michelle Lee Zhi Qing title = A tale of two cities: a comparison of Hong Kong and Singapore''s early strategies for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-25 keywords = Hong; Singapore summary = Based on news reports and official press releases, it is evident that many Asian countries, which have successfully contained the first wave of infections, are now experiencing a second wave of imported cases from abroad and worsening local transmission 2 . After the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak, Singapore authorities had put in place a multi-ministry taskforce and a Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) framework that enables the whole-of-government to respond immediately to any disease outbreak and guide interventions 5 . While Hong Kong saw her first imported case on 22 January 2020 and had taken similar pre-emptive measures prior to this 6 . The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2 Confirmed imported case of novel coronavirus infection in Singapore; multi-ministry taskforce ramps up precautionary measures doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.058 id = cord-337516-hrcf2udq author = Dickens, Borame L. title = Modelling lockdown and exit strategies for COVID-19 in Singapore date = 2020-08-01 keywords = GRES; Singapore; lockdown summary = Although Singapore''s lockdown seemingly had no effect on several large outbreaks among foreign worker dormitories that started in early April, it appears to have arrested the epidemic growth in the general population, using school closures and workplace distancing as recognized and effective attack rate reduction measures [ 7 , 8 ] . (1) Establishing a limited control baseline with case isolation and quarantining of family members only; (2) Measuring the impact of 6-week (early cessation), 8-week (planned) and 9-week (extended) lockdown in duration, at different start dates of 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks, on the final infection attack size, when compared to a no-exit strategy where lockdown is immediately lifted; (3) Estimating the effects of this lockdown with GRES which includes the immediate re-opening of schools post lockdown, due to their limited epidemic suppression impact [14] , with a 3-month readjustment period. doi = 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100004 id = cord-290305-8u2zxsam author = Fisher, D. title = Sustained meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus control in a hyper-endemic tertiary acute care hospital with infrastructure challenges in Singapore date = 2013-09-05 keywords = MRSA; Singapore; Staphylococcus summary = METHODS: The bundle included active surveillance on admission and transfer/discharge to identify ward-based acquisition of MRSA, isolation and cohorting of MRSA-infected patients, enhanced hand hygiene initiatives, and publicly displayed feedback of MRSA acquisition and hand hygiene compliance rates. 6e9 Effective interventions for controlling MRSA transmission in a hospital setting are well known and include active surveillance, improving hand hygiene compliance, and isolating all MRSA cases, whereas general strategies such as obtaining focused and committed hospital leadership are critical towards lowering implementation barriers and improving sustainability. À Other measures included a bare-below-the-elbows policy for all clinical staff, coloured bracelets to identify all colonized and infected patients, and cash rewards (of around US$250) for exemplary performances by wards or departments with regards to hand hygiene compliance and MRSA transmission rates to enjoy a celebratory lunch or similar. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.07.005 id = cord-010050-utbrf4ad author = Fisher, Dale A title = Preventing local transmission of SARS: lessons from Singapore date = 2003-06-02 keywords = SARS; Singapore summary = 4 Instituting this Preventing local transmission of SARS: lessons from Singapore Clinical record At 11:30 on 8 April 2003, a 64-year-old man presented to the National University Hospital emergency department (ED) complaining of light headedness for 3 days, and dry cough and body aches for 2 days. Australia must ensure rapid identification of a potential index case at points of initial contact in hospitals, community clinics and general practices across the country. 1, 2 In countries with the resources to implement full and effective contact and respiratory isolation for all suspect patients, local transmission of the virus has been almost non-existent. Provided there is consistent early identification of imported suspect cases, then Australia''s healthcare system can manage these patients with appropriate isolation to prevent secondary transmission. Each health jurisdiction in Australia must have a plan for managing a local SARS outbreak, which should include prompt hospital and community responses, and an ability to meet potential needs at short notice. doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05358.x id = cord-021673-vs4famsa author = Foley, M. title = Establishing Singapore as the Events and Entertainment Capital of Asia: Strategic Brand Diversification date = 2009-11-16 keywords = Asia; Singapore; city; cultural; event summary = Methodologically, it draws on elite interviews with leading Singaporean cultural policy makers, observations at local, national and international events and documentary analysis of the recent strategic environment for Singapore tourism. In essence, we suggest that Singapore has used its events-led strategies to extend its internal processes of cultural planning, regeneration and development at the same time as securing a global position in the increasingly competitive events (and place) bidding wars. In urban environments across Europe, the Americas and Asia, public and private growth coalitions come together to utilise events and festivals as a means of gaining competitive advantage in increasingly aggressive place wars ( Haider, 1992 ; Short and Kim, 1999; Yeoh and Chang, 2001) with other aspiring global cities. Increasingly, sporting and other cultural festivals and events represent particularly attractive communication vehicles for cities as they interact with the globalised media complex and vie for the attention of policy makers, consumers and investors, alike. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-045100-8.00004-1 id = cord-322802-id9jg6v4 author = Fouda, Ayman title = The COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore: Health Policies and Lessons Learned date = 2020-08-28 keywords = Greece; New; Singapore; Zealand summary = title: The COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore: Health Policies and Lessons Learned OBJECTIVE(S): This paper aims at providing an overview of the COVID-19 situation, health policies, and economic impact in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore. The countries Greece, Iceland, New Zealand and Singapore have been chosen due to their ability to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 at an early stage and, in the case of one, eliminate community transmission of SARS-CoV-2; their similar geographic nature as islands and peninsulas; and their economies which mainly rely on service producing industries. Daily data COVID-19 cases, deaths, recoveries As of the 9 th of August 2020, Greece, Iceland, New Zealand and Singapore had reported 20,440 laboratory confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 between them, accounting for 0.6% of the world''s confirmed cases [34] . doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.015 id = cord-279861-gk8cow8k author = Glasser, John W. title = Modeling and public health emergency responses: Lessons from SARS date = 2011-01-28 keywords = SARS; Singapore summary = By overestimating the potential of managing contacts versus cases, moreover, we may even have inadvertently contributed to a lingering misunderstanding of means by which this epidemic was controlled that will affect their future responses to newly-emerging infectious diseases. Given the assumptions outlined above, together with a gamma distribution, these results suggest that for a disease with ℜ 0 = 3, isolation that was 100% effective in blocking transmission could prevent ℜ 0 − 1 infections (and thus lead to epidemic control) if implemented up to 5.2 days after symptom onset, on average (Fig. 1) . Knowledgeable public health practitioners might have cautioned against overestimating the potential impact of managing contacts of SARS patients, and interpreted observations suggesting that infected people were not particularly infectious until acutely ill as an indication for managing cases instead. doi = 10.1016/j.epidem.2011.01.001 id = cord-030529-2wkes9nk author = Goggin, Gerard title = COVID-19 apps in Singapore and Australia: reimagining healthy nations with digital technology date = 2020-08-14 keywords = Australia; COVID; Health; Minister; Singapore; app summary = In this article, I consider the development, deployment and imagined uses of apps in two countries: Singapore, a pioneer in the field, with its TraceTogether app, and Australia, a country that adapted Singapore''s app, devising its own COVIDSafe, as key to its national public health strategy early in the crisis. The data sets generated by smartphones, computers, apps and people''s use of them, such as that data collected by Apple and Google, were used by public health officials, researchers and journalists to map population or district-level activity and movement, leading to the very interesting charts, graphs and visualisations in news and current affairs reports and features seeking to map and analyse the spread of COVID and its impact on social and economic activity. With much at stake in terms of public health concerns at a critical juncture of the COVID pandemic, the Australian government emphasised that it was keen to adopt a ''consent-based'' model, hence its interest in adapting the Singapore TraceTogether app. doi = 10.1177/1329878x20949770 id = cord-267326-355q6k6k author = Gu, Xiaoqiong title = Geospatial distribution of viromes in tropical freshwater ecosystems date = 2018-06-15 keywords = RNA; Singapore; site; viral; virus summary = This study shows that spatial factors (e.g., reservoirs/tributaries, land use) are the main drivers of the viral community structure in tropical freshwater ecosystems. However, up till now, studies of land use impacts on the virome community in freshwater ecosystems are still limited as they mainly rely on traditional methodology (culture-based method or qPCR/RT-qPCR), which focuses on limited human virus targets without considering the whole picture of the viral community in the water environment (Corsi et al., 2014; Lenaker et al., 2017) . Thus, the objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate the overall virome distribution and diversity in diverse freshwater ecosystems (reservoirs/tributaries) in a tropical environment, 2) compare the virome community based on the different land use patterns, 3) assess the extent of human-related pathogenic viruses in surface waters, especially emerging zoonotic and human-related viruses, which may have been undetected before. doi = 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.017 id = cord-260179-g9umdcn2 author = He, Zonglin title = Meteorological factors and domestic new cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in nine Asian cities: A time-series analysis date = 2020-04-18 keywords = Lag; Singapore; covid-19 summary = METHOD Pearson correlation and generalized additive modeling were performed to assess the relationships between daily new COVID-19 cases and meteorological factors (daily average temperature and relative humidity) with the most updated data currently available. In most of the cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Seoul, Tokyo, and Kuala Lumpur), generalized additive modeling analysis showed the number of daily new confirmed cases was positively associated with both average temperature and relative humidity, especially in lagged 3d model, where a positive influence of temperature on the daily new confirmed cases was discerned in 5 cities except in Beijing, Wuhan, Korea, and Malaysia. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with a Poisson family and logarithm link function were used to estimate the associations of daily COVID-19 new cases with average temperature and relative humidity. The correlation between average temperature and relative humidity was found positive in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Korea, and Japan, and negative in Beijing, Wuhan, Singapore, and Malaysia according to the pairwise Pearson correlation test ( Table 2) . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066613 id = cord-023140-ytal7wog author = Henderson, Joan C. title = Responding to crisis: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and hotels in Singapore date = 2004-12-09 keywords = SARS; Singapore; crisis; hotel summary = title: Responding to crisis: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and hotels in Singapore The sudden outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore in 2003 was a grave crisis for the tourism industry as a whole and highlights the importance of effectively managing and planning for such occurrences. It focuses on how the epidemic impacted on Singapore''s hotel sector and management reactions to it, affording insights into the problems caused by outbreaks of infectious disease at destinations and possible responses. The epidemic of SARS in 2003 was an exceptional crisis for Singapore''s hotels and an exacting test for its managers, in which advances to near normality were dictated by outside developments and agencies as much as their own efforts. Managing a health-related crisis: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry doi = 10.1002/jtr.505 id = cord-272526-2fgtjouu author = Hutton, Thomas A title = Service industries, globalization, and urban restructuring within the Asia-Pacific: new development trajectories and planning responses date = 2003-05-30 keywords = Asia; Atlantic; Hong; Kong; Pacific; Shanghai; Singapore; Tokyo; Vancouver; city; industry; service; urban summary = 5 5 In general scholarly attention to the growth and development of service activities has evolved as follows: (a) an early interest in the growth of high-rise offices in the CBDs of the largest metropolitan cities, including important theoretical and conceptual contributions (Gottmann, 1961) , (b) a stream of empirical studies of office location, emphasizing regional policy implications and urban planning problems (Daniels, 1975; Goddard, 1975) , (c) growing interest in the social ramifications of services growth (Bell, 1973) , (d) a sharper analytical focus on business, ''producer'' and other intermediate services, and their role in urban and regional development (Noyelle and Stanback, 1984) , and in the operation of ''flexible'' industrial regimes, (e) assessments of the global dimensions of services development, especially in banking and finance, as well as in producer services and communications (Daniels, 1993 ), (f) acknowledgement of the importance of specialized services in the emergence of the ''informational city'' and urban society (Castells, 1989) , and (g) explorations of the intersections between tertiarization, occupational shifts, urban class (re)formation, and community-level impacts, especially in the metropolitan core (Ley, 1996) . doi = 10.1016/s0305-9006(03)00013-8 id = cord-253111-n5ywei4t author = Keck, Frédéric title = Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore date = 2018-04-14 keywords = Hong; Kong; Singapore; Taiwan; bird; human; simulation summary = doi = 10.1111/1467-9655.12813 id = cord-031942-mfz313q0 author = Kim, Hye Kyung title = Effects of COVID-19 Misinformation on Information Seeking, Avoidance, and Processing: A Multicountry Comparative Study date = 2020-09-13 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; Singapore; South; information summary = Guided by the RISP model (Griffin et al., 1999) , the current study examines whether and how exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 prevention motivates or deters effortful seeking and processing of relevant information. Thus, we posit the following direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking and avoidance, as well as systematic and heuristic processing. Because misinformation on COVID-19 prevention is characterized by scientific uncertainty, we suggest that cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance may moderate the effect of misinformation exposure on information seeking and processing. Research Question 2 (RQ2): Do the direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking, avoidance, and processing differ between the United States and South Korea or Singapore? In predicting information avoidance, the direct effect of misinformation was significant across all three countries (Β US = .399, Β SG = .370, Β KR = .538, all p < .001), but the effect size significantly differed only between the U.S. and South Korea samples (p = .006; United States-Singapore comparison, p = .63). doi = 10.1177/1075547020959670 id = cord-027047-xlz576hm author = Koh, Vanessa title = The Singaporean State and Community Care in the Time of Corona date = 2020-06-04 keywords = Singapore; care; migrant; state summary = Following Aulino, and contra some of the rhetoric of aid organizations, we take seriously care-as-maintenance as a valid approach to care in the time of Covid-19, and note that competence on the part of state actors and policy-makers has little to do with sentiment or "concern" per se in terms of daily problem-solving and an overall moral orientation. Rather than adding to existing critiques of the state''s lack of care-as-concern, we focus instead on the structural issue of Singapore''s policies around migrant labor in Singapore that now renders present techniques of care-as-maintenance as insufficient. Of-the-moment responses in the time of Covid-19 may, therefore, fail to highlight areas of provision most needed for migrants in Singapore, beyond perceived insufficiencies in both care-as-concern and care-as-maintenance frameworks. Care-as-maintenance can also be a serious crisis response, but its apparent insufficiencies must be read within a larger context of structural inequalities that dispossess short-term migrant laborers in Singapore, rather than simply a lack of accompanying care-as-concern. doi = 10.1111/ciso.12297 id = cord-016405-86kghmzf author = Lai, Allen Yu-Hung title = Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic date = 2014-06-13 keywords = MOH; SARS; SCDF; Singapore; disaster; public; risk summary = We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore''s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. To understand the principles and practices of Singapore''s approach to disaster risk management, we carry out an historical analysis of official documents obtained from the relevant Singapore government agencies as well as international organizations, literature reviews, quantitative analysis of economic impacts, qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g. public health professionals and decision-makers), and email communications with frontline managers from the public sector (e.g. the Singapore Civil Defense Force, the Communicable Disease Centre) and non-governmental organizations. Responding to the uncertainty of disease transmission, the Singapore government instituted many draconian public policies, such as social distancing, quarantine and isolation, as risk mitigating measures. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55022-8_15 id = cord-294704-prizmksg author = Lateef, Fatimah title = New paradigm for protection:: The emergency ambulance services in the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome date = 2004-06-16 keywords = EAS; SARS; Singapore summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging and highly infectious form of atypical pneumonia with a high rate of transmission, especially among health care workers. With SARS, certain policies had to be implemented rapidly by the emergency ambulance services and the Ministry of Health to support and protect all personnel adequately. The authors hope to share their experience in the implementation of these strategies by the Singapore Civil Defence Force and stress the importance of the psychological preparedness of the paramedics and prehospital care providers worldwide in this era of SARS. To date, a total of seven probable and five suspected cases were conveyed by the EAS out of a total of 204 patients with SARS-like signs and symptoms. With the declaration of the SARS outbreak in Singapore, the Ministry of Health designated Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), one of the public hospitals, as the ''''SARS hospital.'''' All suspected and probable cases were sent and managed there. doi = 10.1016/j.prehos.2003.12.016 id = cord-256163-62cc135r author = Laurie Lau, Yiu Chung title = Cybercrime in cloud: Risks and responses in Hong Kong, Singapore date = 2015-06-05 keywords = Asia; Hong; Kong; Singapore; cloud; crime summary = Then, I review how the authorities in Hong Kong and Singapore respond to cybercrime risks and explore the current government policies on cloud computing, particularly in fighting cybercrime. For instance, in accordance with the United Nation International Telecommunication Union (UNITU) report on the digital divide in 2012, 1 IT disparities in terms of access to information and communication technology are pronounced between the developed Western economies such as those of America, Canada, and Western European countries (this group includes a few advanced economies in Asia such as those of Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong), and the lessdeveloped economies such as those of Northern Africa, Latin America, Pacific Ocean Islands, and some parts of South Eastern Asia. At the domestic level, both governments in Hong Kong and in Singapore must provide sufficient financial support to the policing agencies to enable them to fight the emerging crime such as cloud and smart mobile phone crimes. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801595-7.00002-1 id = cord-324345-j43rpvwk author = Leong, Hoe Nam title = SARS – My personal battle date = 2010-11-19 keywords = SARS; Singapore; day summary = I vividly remember the time when I first saw the index patient with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Singapore. The index patient was admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) on Saturday, (1st March 2003), and an infectious disease consult was sought on the following Monday. It was an exceedingly busy day for me as I had to attend to new referrals, run an outpatient clinic, and subsequently draft a clinical summary of these two patients by the early evening. Eventually, the patient''s fever defervesced on day 14 of illness. I wasn''t scheduled to perform the ward round that day, but I returned to visit the patient that Sunday morning. My wife and I telephoned a colleague in Singapore and we concurred to have a full blood count test done at the clinic the next day. My wife eventually joined me when she developed fever at the end of the second day of arrival. With that news, my days as a patient in isolation continued. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.10.007 id = cord-329737-l8u4s73w author = Liew, Yixin title = Antimicrobial stewardship program, a vital resource for hospitals during the global outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore summary = Since then, the Ministry of Health, Singapore, quickly raised "Disease Outbreak Response System Condition" (DORSCON) alert to orange (the second highest level of alert) on 7th Feb 2020, and implemented various measures nationwide, including border control, quarantine of contacts of COVID-19 cases or those who have travelled to affected areas, temperature screening as well as restricting the number of visitors to the hospital. 1 In light of increasing COVID-19 cases locally and internationally, 2 our hospital faced competing manpower needs arising from health crisis management, leading to uncertainty over manpower allocation of non-direct patient care personnel e.g. antibiotic stewardship practitioners. Here, we aim to describe the impact of COVID-19 on antibiotic use and the role of Antibiotic Stewardship Program (ASP) in Singapore General Hospital (SGH), an 1800-bed, tertiary-care hospital. Discontinuation of antibiotic therapy within 24 hours of treatment initiation for patients with no clinical evidence of bacterial infection: a 5-year safety and outcome study from Singapore General Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Program doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106145 id = cord-295514-vhymj0rw author = Lim, Peter A title = Impact of a viral respiratory epidemic on the practice of medicine and rehabilitation: Severe acute respiratory syndrome date = 2004-08-01 keywords = PPE; SARS; Singapore; patient; rehabilitation summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new respiratory viral epidemic that originated in China but has affected many parts of the world, with devastating impact on economies and the practice of medicine and rehabilitation. Rehabilitation was significantly affected by SARS, because strict infection control measures run counter to principles such as multidisciplinary interactions, patients encouraging and learning from each other, and close physical contact during therapy. Rehabilitation medicine was increasingly affected by everstricter infection control measures regarding close contacts and interactions between health care workers. Rehabilitation medicine was directly affected when the entire neurology ward, including patients and health care staff, were transferred out to TTSH for isolation and observation because of suspicious clusters of fevers that involved both patients and staff. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts doi = 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.01.022 id = cord-300300-jqi4ylrx author = Lin, Ray Junhao title = From SARS to COVID‐19: the Singapore journey date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Singapore summary = The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak challenged the nation''s public health system and now the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is presenting a greater challenge. This framework serves as the foundation for the national responses to any outbreak and is divided into four levels of incremental severity (green, yellow, orange and red), based on risk assessment of the public health impact of the disease and the current disease situation in Singapore (Box 1). Workers who tested positive were transferred to community isolation facilities if they had mild symptoms, or to the NCID and public hospitals for further treatment and isolation. Health care workers in direct contact with COVID-19 patients who developed fever or symptoms of acute respiratory infection were encouraged to declare their symptoms to their superiors and present themselves to the screening centre, to be managed based on their exposure risk (Box 4). doi = 10.5694/mja2.50623 id = cord-320945-swr3l0ur author = Liu, Zhenghong title = Dynamic emergency department response to the evolving COVID‐19 pandemic: the experience of a tertiary hospital in Singapore date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Singapore; covid-19 summary = Given that even a single patient in a crowded ED can potentially ignite a nosocomial outbreak of a novel respiratory pathogen, 3 with devastating consequences and the prospect of ED closure, 3, 4 it is crucial to ensure that hospital EDs can continue to operate safely throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, without becoming hotbeds for disease transmission. 6 Over the next few months, our ED rapidly developed and implemented a response plan that maximized the limited physical space and allowed our ED to appropriately manage patients with different risk profiles for COVID-19,while simultaneously maintaining adequate protection for other patients and staff. In general, patients requiring non-ambulatory care in the first phase of our response were at low risk of COVID-19, given that imported cases At the same time, our ED was also experiencing an increase in non-ambulatory suspect COVID-19 cases, given the older age profile of patients presenting during this phase. doi = 10.1002/emp2.12264 id = cord-319483-be8v9kuu author = Mukherjee, Pratik title = Epidemiology of Travel-associated Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in 116 Patients, Singapore date = 2010-01-17 keywords = H1N1; Singapore summary = To understand how travel patterns affected the initial outbreak, we examined epidemiologic and travel data for the first 116 case-patients admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, with travel-associated infection. To understand how travel patterns affected the initial outbreak, we examined epidemiologic and travel data for the fi rst 116 case-patients admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, with travel-associated infection. Human-to-human transmission of infl uenza during air travel has been reported to occur on fl ights of at least 8 hours and to affect passengers seated within 2 rows of the index case-patient (6) . During this initial period, travel from a pandemic (H1N1) 2009-affected During the containment phase, airport thermal scanners were used to detect fevers in arriving passengers at Singapore''s Changi International Airport, and health advisories were used to encourage travelers in whom infl uenza-like symptoms developed after disembarkation to seek medical care. doi = 10.3201/eid1601.091376 id = cord-326185-gjte739i author = Mukherjee, Pratik title = Adaptability and responsiveness: keys to operational measures in a regional hospital radiology department during the current COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Singapore; covid-19; patient summary = Since confirmation of the first COVID-19 imported case in Singapore on 23 January 2020, there has been a gradual increase in numbers of infected patients, mostly from imports and within small local clusters, in the first 2 months or so, that is February and March 2020. From the outbreak onset, measures were taken to keep all potential COVID-19 cases presenting to the emergency department (ED) separate from the "cold" patients and HCWs, in order to prevent cross-infection. Multiple factors contributed to the situation: (a) additional workload of screening chest radiographs in the ED (ESW and ARW), as well as the isolation wards; (b) increased time required to perform cross-sectional imaging on COVID-19 positive or suspected cases due to additional infection control measures; (c) less available workforce due to segregation strategies to protect staff providing essential services and redeployment of staff to other areas of need; both within our hospital and at other institutions, for example, NCID and (d) limited hospital beds. doi = 10.1259/bjro.20200017 id = cord-330464-j4o7m9ck author = Ng, Jun Jie title = Experience from a Singapore tertiary hospital with restructuring a vascular surgery practice in response to national and institutional policies during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-23 keywords = China; Singapore; covid-19 summary = authors: Ng, Jun Jie; Gan, Tiffany R.X.; Niam, Jen Yong; Menon, Raj K.; Ho, Pei; Dharmaraj, Rajesh B.; Wong, Julian C.L.; Choong, Andrew M.T.L. title: Experience from a Singapore tertiary hospital with restructuring a vascular surgery practice in response to national and institutional policies during the COVID-19 pandemic The initial surge in COVID-19 cases in late January 6 and February can be attributed to travellers from China visiting Singapore and causing limited 7 local transmission. Segregated team model 23 After the DORSCON alert level system was raised to orange on 7 February 2020, our 1 vascular surgery unit immediately adopted a segregated team model as part of its business 2 continuity plan. Thus far, we have not However, due to the various institutional policies implemented for COVID-19, the 21 amount of elective vascular surgery cases such as pre-emptive dialysis access creation, and 22 venous surgery have fallen. doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.05.026 id = cord-328501-mbwgi56x author = Pang, Junxiong title = Risk factors for febrile respiratory illness and mono-viral infections in a semi-closed military environment: a case-control study date = 2015-07-25 keywords = FRI; Singapore; respiratory summary = title: Risk factors for febrile respiratory illness and mono-viral infections in a semi-closed military environment: a case-control study CONCLUSION: Increasing age, smoker, recruit-camp, stay-out personnel with ill household members and stay-in personnel with ill bunkmates were independent risk factors of FRI in a semi-closed military environment. Previous documented risk factors of FRI in other countries included body mass index equal or greater than 25 kg/m 2 , previous respiratory tract infections [30] , overcrowding and closed units [29, [31] [32] [33] , presence of sand and dust storms, extreme temperature changes [34, 35] , smoking [36] , female, Navy service, poor latrine facilities, increasing age and higher rank [37] . Increasing age, smokers, recruit camp, stay-out personnel with ill household members and stay-in personnel with ill bunkmates were independent risk factors of FRI in a semi-closed military setting. Outbreak of febrile respiratory illness associated with adenovirus 11a infection in a Singapore military training cAMP doi = 10.1186/s12879-015-1024-7 id = cord-257719-5s6acr7m author = Poh Ng, Lisa Fong title = The Virus That Changed My World date = 2003-12-22 keywords = SARS; Singapore summary = In the three months that Singapore was labelled as a "SARS country" by the World Health Organization (WHO), over 200 cases of SARS were reported, and 33 people died. Referring to the high standards of medical care and the societal measures put in place, Dr David Mansoor of WHO said that if not even Singapore could contain the outbreak, it was going to be very hard for other countries to prevent SARS from spreading (Chua 2003 I was to be part of the diagnostic team, and work began almost immediately. Data obtained from this work were significant for further understanding of coronavirus replication and pathogenesis, but never had I imagined that I would be able to use this knowledge in designing the SARS-CoV diagnostic kit with Roche. The months working on SARS opened my mind, as it did my heart, about the importance of research and of keeping our faith and motivation even in the toughest times. doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000066 id = cord-329890-wg23sa1u author = Quah, Stella R. title = Public image and governance of epidemics: Comparing HIV/AIDS and SARS date = 2007-02-28 keywords = AIDS; HIV; SARS; Singapore; Table summary = Abstract A comparative analysis of the 2002–2003 infectious disease outbreak, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has affected the world over the past two decades reveals the significant role of socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes in the shaping of people''s lifestyles and approaches to the control and prevention of epidemics. The second assumption is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative public ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level. The second assumption to be explored here is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative social ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level. doi = 10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.03.002 id = cord-340138-u8hxyfml author = Seneviratne, Chaminda Jayampath title = The Role of Dentists in COVID-19 Is Beyond Dentistry: Voluntary Medical Engagements and Future Preparedness date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Singapore; dental summary = Keywords: COVID-19, dentistry, voluntary work, preparedness, infection control BACKGROUND The emergence of the highly infectious novel coronavirus has led to a global pandemic in a span of just 3 months. Thus, the robust training of clinical medicine in dentistry strengthens the candidature of dentists to volunteer services for COVID-19 control and spread. Many dentists have therefore discontinued the provision of elective dental treatment, in accordance with guidelines released by national-level government healthcare authorities such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US and National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. In this context, dental clinics that are well equipped with facilities to control aerosol spread of infections, such as negative pressure rooms and high-volume excavators, can offer help to augment the capacity for COVID-19 screening. Precautions when providing dental care during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00566 id = cord-296226-ugeupo3u author = Sim, Shuzhen title = A greener vision for vector control: The example of the Singapore dengue control programme date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Aedes; Health; NEA; Singapore; control; dengue summary = Aedes-borne diseases, in particular, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, are increasing at an alarming rate due to urbanisation, population movement, weak vector control programmes, and climate change. The environmental management put in place to implement this high standard of public cleanliness has greatly benefited Singapore''s efforts to tackle VBDs. Underscoring the view that Aedes-borne diseases are environmental diseases, dengue control in Singapore is led by the National Environment Agency (NEA), a statutory board of the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR). In view of the importance of infrastructure maintenance and design, environmental sanitation, people''s behaviours, and use of technologies on dengue prevention, the NEA collaborates closely with other government ministries (e.g., Health, National Development, Education, Finance), town councils (responsible for management and maintenance of the common property of public housing estates, including vector control), community associations, research and academic institutions, and the private sector (Fig 2) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008428 id = cord-312045-orko04fi author = Sreevalsan-Nair, Jaya title = ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL RECOVERY-PERIOD AND RECOVERY RATE ESTIMATION OF THE FIRST 1000 COVID-19 PATIENTS IN SINGAPORE date = 2020-04-22 keywords = Singapore summary = The first part of the paper studies the descriptive statistics and the influence of demographic parameters, namely age and gender, in the clinical recovery-period of COVID-19 patients. Firstly, we study the age-gender distribution of the patients who have been confirmed positive of COVID-19 and those who have clinically recovered. The novel contribution of our work is an in-depth analysis of the clinical recovery of COVID-19 patients to estimate the recovery rate γ, which is a key parameter in the SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) model for the disease [9] . Secondly, we use the number of patients recovering for a specific ∆t r as a count variable and fit multivariate linear regression models considering age and gender as independent variables, and ∆t r as the dependent variable. Table 1 : Percentage values of the age-gender structure of population confirmed positive with COVID-19 during January 23-April 01, 2020 in Singapore ( §Figures 1(i), and 2(i)). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.17.20069724 id = cord-350328-wu1ygt6w author = Tambyah, P. A. title = SARS: responding to an unknown virus date = 2004-07-14 keywords = Hong; SARS; Singapore summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infection caused by a novel coronavirus which first appeared in southern China at the end of 2002. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognized coronavirus infection that emerged in southern China [1] with subsequent global spread to 29 countries [2] [3] [4] [5] . The newly infected individuals traveled onward to their homes or next destinations in the USA, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and Ireland sparking off epidemics of varying degrees of severity in each of those countries, mainly in hospitals but also in their respective communities. A directive had gone out from the Hong Kong Department of Health on 21 February 2003 to maintain strict infection control with droplet precautions for all cases of "atypical" community-acquired pneumonia because of concerns that highly pathogenic avian influenza might be easily transmissible from person to person. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts doi = 10.1007/s10096-004-1175-8 id = cord-264924-ds6jv5ek author = Tambyah, Paul A title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome from the trenches, at a Singapore university hospital date = 2004-11-30 keywords = SARS; Singapore; TTSH; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01175-2 id = cord-269939-8nvrt5y7 author = Tan, Boon Fei title = Personal View: Managing The Covid-19 Pandemic As A National Radiation Oncology Centre In Singapore date = 2020-04-23 keywords = SARS; Singapore summary = title: Personal View: Managing The Covid-19 Pandemic As A National Radiation Oncology Centre In Singapore Abstract COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a global pandemic in March 2020. On 23 January 2020, Singapore reported its first imported case of the novel coronavirus infection, officially named COVID-19, [AQ1]which was later declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1] . The division serves about 61% of the country''s population who require radiotherapy, treating about 280-300 patients per day, including inpatients from SGH and other hospitals within the healthcare cluster. Should any patient who is quarantined for 14 days due to close contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases or those with a Stay Home Notice (SHN) due to recent entry from abroad as of 20 March 2020 require radiotherapy, it will be conducted in a highly controlled manner with close collaboration with the Ministry of Health. doi = 10.1016/j.clon.2020.04.006 id = cord-292767-xazsbhbw author = Tan, Boon‐Huan title = The incidence of human bocavirus infection among children admitted to hospital in Singapore date = 2008-11-21 keywords = Singapore summary = The data suggest that HBoV is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections among children admitted to hospital in Singapore, and is the first study examining the incidence of HBoV infection in a developed country in South East Asia. In the current study, 50% of the patients in which HBoV was detected presented symptoms that were consistent with lower respiratory tract infections, which compared with 57.6% and 48.3% for RSV and HMPV, respectively. Although HBoV can be the single cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children, several studies have reported that HBoV coinfections with other respiratory viruses resulted in an increased severity of infection [Allander et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2006; Chung et al., 2006; Foulongne et al., 2006; Manning et al., 2006; Sloots et al., 2006; Fry et al., 2007] . doi = 10.1002/jmv.21361 id = cord-289006-7dv1zsp9 author = Tan, Kimberly-Anne title = Addressing Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Spine Surgery: A Rapid National Consensus Using the Delphi Method via Teleconference date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore; patient; spine summary = The following topics were discussed: repurposing of surgeons, continuity of spine services, introduction of telemedicine, triaging of spinal surgeries, preoperative testing, new challenges in performing spine surgery, and preparing for the post-pandemic era. The aforementioned challenges in clinical practice brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic raise the question of whether we can use present-day technology to improve patient care. The orthopedic spine service of the National University Hospital has had a long-standing tradition of auditing all upcoming spine surgery cases every week and has reported this to be especially beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic where resource availability is constantly changing. While the following set of guidelines provide a framework to help spine services triage their patients, the need to continually evaluate the operating lists on a case-by-case and resource-dependent basis remains crucial during this pandemic. doi = 10.31616/asj.2020.0224 id = cord-318115-xo4xop3k author = Tan, Li Feng title = COVID-19 Outbreak in Nursing Homes in Singapore date = 2020-05-13 keywords = Singapore summary = Despite initial success in containing COVID-19 transmission, Singapore''s rate of community transmission increased exponentially in mid-March 2020 as the pandemic spread across the world and overseas travellers returned to Singapore (Figure 1 ). As of 27 th April 2020, 6 LTCFs in Singapore have detected COVID-19 cases. Despite accounting for <0.001% of total cases in Singapore, deaths of LTCF residents due to COVID-19 account for 14% of the total fatalities. Despite these tough measures, COVID-19 still found its way into 6 nursing homes in Singapore (Figure 1 ). However, preventing COVID-19 transmission to LTCFs remains a challenge if community transmission is not well-controlled. This is because staff remain vulnerable to catching the virus and inadvertently spreading it to LTCF residents especially as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious even while asymptomatic 2 . Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 to Nursing Homes: Experience from a Singapore Geriatric Centre doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.018 id = cord-321704-jozrgcq3 author = Tan, Xin Quan title = Respiratory viral pathogens among Singapore military servicemen 2009 – 2012: epidemiology and clinical characteristics date = 2014-04-15 keywords = FRI; ILI; Singapore summary = METHODS: From May 2009 through October 2012, 7733 consenting cases of febrile respiratory illness (FRI) (temperature [greater than or equal to]37.5degreesC with cough or sorethroat) and controls in the Singapore military had clinical data and nasal washes collected prospectively. As influenza viruses have accounted for only between 10.1% to 53.0% of all ILI cases [15] [16] [17] , it is important to understand the contribution of other respiratory pathogens to overall morbidity and to determine their epidemiological distribution and clinical presentation. To address these issues, this study explores data obtained from a respiratory disease sentinel surveillance system in the Singapore military to examine the etiologic viral agents of respiratory illnesses in a tropical environment, to determine the viruses that circulate post-influenza vaccination, and to compare the differences in clinical presentation. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-14-204 id = cord-104426-qz8pffei author = Tay, K title = COVID-19 in Singapore and Malaysia: Rising to the Challenges of Orthopaedic Practice in an Evolving Pandemic date = 2020-04-07 keywords = Malaysia; Orthopaedic; Singapore; covid-19 summary = Based on the principle of complete segregation and in accordance to "Disease Outbreak Response System Condition" (DORSON) Orange 20 directive to prevent potential cross contamination between healthcare workers, the operating theatre (OT) team was segregated into two separate sub-groups; two teams to deal with acute trauma cases and one team for urgent spine surgeries. • Cutting down non-essential workload such as patients on long term follow-up or conservative management 26 • Limiting ourselves to urgent care such as trauma, infection, acute spine emergencies and tumour referrals • Allowing for off-site prescription top-ups, extension of medical leave and correspondences for whatever indications As the Outpatient services can be exposed to patients from various sources, a strict screening protocol in accordance to existing Singapore Ministry of Health guidelines covering travel histories, contact histories, and coryzal symptoms were taken before admittance to the Outpatient clinic. doi = nan id = cord-341389-1o0ey67l author = Tay, Kiang Hiong title = Reconfiguring the radiology leadership team for crisis management during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large tertiary hospital in Singapore date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; DOTF; Singapore summary = This paper shares how we have reconfigured our radiology leadership team into a smaller disease outbreak task force (DOTF) to respond and coordinate all related efforts during this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The DOTF format is modelled after the military with domain groups looking at manpower, intelligence, operations, and logistics matters on a daily basis so that timely decisions can be made and action plans executed promptly. We share how we have reconfigured our radiology leadership team into a disease outbreak task force (DOTF) to respond and coordinate all related efforts during this ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The division management committee, responsible for the day to day operations, is made up of key appointment holders of the departments and imaging modalities (General Radiography, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, Mammography, Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine) as well as leaders for nursing, radiography, support staff, administration, logistics, quality management, imaging informatics, and service development. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07116-w id = cord-309080-1r8t8yxv author = Tay, Yi Xiang title = The needs and concerns of clinical educators in radiography education in the face of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-19 keywords = Singapore; clinical; covid-19 summary = Like nursing, midwifery and many allied health education programmes, clinical training is an important cornerstone of radiographer education -equipping students to safely and competently transit into complex healthcare environments 6, 7 . However, as all the overseas students were selffinanced, the potential of additional emotional and psychological challenges had to be considered 12 One of the ways of support for the clinical educators came in the form of encouragement from notes of appreciation and gifts from the public, and the hospital senior managements to all frontline heroes -showing how much their efforts were valued through these gestures of care and appreciation. Indeed, these characteristics of Generation Z students will certainly affect how clinical educators provide education in the COVID-19 pandemic. With the new ratio, clinical educators were able to provide the students with more guidance, frequent immediate feedback and encouragement to learn from their mistakes -meeting the Generation Z students'' learner perspectives [36] [37] . doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.10.004 id = cord-348725-vksombro author = Teo, Leng Woon title = "Coping with COVID-19: perspectives of student radiographers" date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Singapore; covid-19 summary = Publications about the impacts of COVID-19 on the modifications and precaution measures in clinical practice (as well as the concern/challenges about online teaching methods in radiography teaching) are widely available, yet writings on the radiography students'' perspective are lacking. With the rising number of unlinked cases of COVID-19 in Singapore, the Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) level was raised to Orange on February 7, 2020. Later, to further reduce the spread of COVID-19 transmission, the Singapore Government introduced the Circuit Breaker on April 7. Studies have shown the efficacy of combining e-learning with lecture-based curriculums, with increases in student satisfaction and learning rates (11, 12) . With home-based learning, everyone was studying at a different pace. Therefore, the removal of practical lessons and shortening of clinical placements delivered a huge blow to our learning. Comparison of the effect of lecture and blended teaching methods on students'' learning and satisfaction doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.05.004 id = cord-326852-gm98s8a3 author = Teo, Wan-Yee title = Implications for Border Containment Strategies when COVID-19 Presents Atypically date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Singapore; covid-19 summary = Conclusions An important global border control measure to implement quickly, will be to expand the symptom list to isolated sore throat, and/or a prior history of recent symptoms (resolved). Following the instructions on the information sheet from Singapore Global Network (a division in the Singapore Economic Development Board which broadens and deepens the overseas network of Singapore citizens) available online, 2 the patient and his family contacted the People''s Association (a government-supported statutory board to promote racial harmony and social cohesion in Singapore) to clarify the symptom of a resolved sore throat, and highlighted patient''s contact history with an Italy-returning medical student during a fencing sparring. Staff at People''s Association rapidly facilitated the patient to be picked up in a dedicated ambulance to National Center of Infection Disease, Singapore, where a chest x-ray done was normal, and the swab test was positive for COVID-19 (Day 8 of initial symptoms). doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.019 id = cord-293704-tnik6sd3 author = Tey, Jeremy title = Navigating the challenges of the COVID-19 outbreak: perspectives from the radiation oncology service in singapore date = 2020-03-31 keywords = Singapore; covid-19; patient summary = There is a higher risk of mortality of COVID-19 in cancer patients and hence unique considerations for a radiation oncology department operating in an infectious disease outbreak. There is a higher risk of mortality of COVID-19 in cancer patients and hence unique considerations for a radiation oncology department operating in an infectious disease outbreak. This includes interventions, business continuity plans and workflow in managing a COVID-19 positive patient on radiotherapy. With the evolving COVID-19 outbreak, there needs to be provisions and policies to ensure continuity of radiation oncology services. There should be provisions within the department such that continuity of radiation oncology services will not be impacted as there is possibility of staff managing confirmed cases and therefore needs to be self-quarantined at home. Nonetheless, radiation oncology departments can act to better position themselves to continue radiotherapy services in the face of resource limitations brought on by the outbreak, as well as to protect staff and patients. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.03.030 id = cord-349073-66ulqu11 author = Tindale, Lauren title = Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-03-06 keywords = Singapore; Tianjin summary = Conclusions: Estimated serial intervals are shorter than incubation periods in both Singapore and Tianjin, suggesting that pre-symptomatic transmission is occurring. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20029983 doi: medRxiv preprint Our serial intervals are notably shorter than our incubation period estimates, suggesting that there is pre-symptomatic transmission, with infection occurring on average 2.89 and 2.55 days before symptom onset of the infector (Tianjin, Singapore). In both sets of estimates, samples of the incubation period minus serial interval are negative with probability 0.8 or higher (Tianjin) and 0.7 or higher (Singapore), suggesting that a substantial portion of transmission may occur before symptom onset (see Supplementary Information and Figure S2 ), consistent with the clinical observations reported by Rothe et al. Here we use transmission clusters in two locations where cases have reported links, exposure and symptom onset times to estimate both the incubation period and serial interval of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.03.20029983 id = cord-022473-l4jniccw author = Wilder-Smith, Annelies title = As Travel Medicine Practitioner during the SARS Outbreak in Singapore date = 2009-11-16 keywords = SARS; Singapore; hospital summary = In the first week after our first cases, the WHO named the disease "SARS", and they sent out global alerts. In Singapore, the outbreak was initially only hospital based, but in April the news was out that SARS had affected a large vegetable market. The news of the death of Carlo Urbani, the Italian WHO doctor who was instrumental in the control of SARS in Vietnam, sent our hospital staff into depression. In total, we lost a total of five healthcare workers to SARS in Singapore: 2 doctors, 1 nursing officer, 1 nursing aide and 1 hospital attendant. Two to three weeks into the epidemic it became clear, that infection control measures were effective; no more new cases occurred amongst the staff of our hospital. The SARS outbreak in Singapore can be traced to the first imported case. New imported SARS cases therefore need not lead to major outbreaks if systems are in place to identify and isolate them early. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-045359-0.50041-5 id = cord-252292-qz9msrl7 author = Wilder-Smith, Annelies title = Experience of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Singapore: Importation of Cases, and Defense Strategies at the Airport date = 2006-03-08 keywords = SARS; Singapore summary = METHODS: Information on imported cases of SARS and measures taken at entry points to Singapore was retrieved from the Ministry of Health and the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore. The large outbreaks in Hong Kong, Toronto, Singapore and Vietnam were initiated by cases that were imported before this new disease had been identified and before appropriate measures had been put in place to prevent transmission. Information on measures taken at the national airport (Changi Airport), seaports and road entry points to reduce the importation of further cases was obtained from the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) and from the websites of the Ministry of Health, Singapore (http://www.moh.gov.sq/sars/news/chronology.html; accessed 15 June). She became very unwell and breathless on her return flight from Beijing to Singapore on 26 March, but no precautions were taken on the airplane,as her diagnosis was not known.Immediately after arrival, her mother took her in a taxi to Tan Tock Seng Hospital,where she was isolated in the Intensive Care Unit. doi = 10.2310/7060.2003.2676 id = cord-339070-jnmogy7s author = Yang, Lin title = Influenza associated mortality in the subtropics and tropics: Results from three Asian cities date = 2011-11-08 keywords = Hong; Kong; Singapore summary = In this study, we applied a standardized modeling strategy to the mortality and virology data from three Asian cities: subtropical Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and tropical Singapore, to estimate the disease burden of influenza in these cities. Mortality data for each city were obtained from Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department (coded according to the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision, ICD-10), Guangzhou Department of Health (coded in ICD-10) and Singapore Registry of Births and Deaths (coded in ICD-9), respectively. The present study adopted a standardized modeling approach to show that the overall influenza burden was comparable between the two subtropical cities Guangzhou and Hong Kong, but lower in the tropical Singapore. Annual excess all-cause mortality rates associated with influenza (per 100,000 population) between Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Singapore, all-ages group. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.071 id = cord-321754-sy3ncwgw author = Yap, Jonathan title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards pandemic influenza among cases, close contacts, and healthcare workers in tropical Singapore: a cross-sectional survey date = 2010-07-28 keywords = H1N1; Singapore; practice summary = title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards pandemic influenza among cases, close contacts, and healthcare workers in tropical Singapore: a cross-sectional survey METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional knowledge, attitudes and practices survey in the Singapore military from mid-August to early-October 2009, among 3054 personnel in four exposure groups laboratory-confirmed H1N1-2009 cases, close contacts of cases, healthcare workers, and general personnel. The questionnaire collected basic demographic data on age, sex, ethnicity, education level and housing type while is a commonly-used national proxy for socio-economic status [19] ; and included questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices on pandemic influenza. From the univariate analyses, significant predictors for higher practice scores included female sex, exposure group (patients, contacts and healthcare workers compared to general individuals), ethnicity (Malay and Indian compared to Chinese), older age group, private housing compared to 3 room flats, and higher knowledge and attitude scores. doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-10-442 id = cord-016006-7yas4yqt author = Yoshikawa, Minako Jen title = Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in Southeast Asia: active governmental intervention in Republic of Singapore date = 2010-06-18 keywords = Aedes; NEA; Singapore; control; dengue summary = This paper discusses countermeasures of Republic of Singapore towards mosquito-borne infectious diseases, particularly, dengue and chikungunya virus infection to identify an essential factor in controlling emergence of infectious diseases. Although a considerable number of studies on its outbreak response, surveillance, prevention, and disease management have been conducted by the medical and science community, others often attribute Singapore''s outstanding infectious disease control to the small territory and economic affluence alone. In addition, the regulatory requirement made dengue infection legally notifiable in 1977 under the Infectious Diseases Act of 1976 while DHF had been already made administratively notifiable in 1966 [11, 12, 13] .While the rest of the Southeast Asian region experienced epidemics in 1976 and 1977, the vector control system contributed to low frequency of DHF in Singapore [10] . It is necessary to keep in mind that curving mosquito-borne epidemics like dengue infection and chikungunya fever require capacities such as laboratory-based surveillance and territory-wide vector control program as well as regional collaboration. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-53875-2_4 id = cord-023049-fio7cjj5 author = nan title = 2017 Peripheral Nerve Society Meeting July 8–12, 2017 Sitges, Barcelona, Spain date = 2017-06-22 keywords = AMAN; Barré; CIDP; CMT; CSA; Center; Charcot; DRG; Department; EMG; FAP; France; GBS; GM1; Guillain; Hospital; IENFD; IVIG; Institute; Italy; Japan; MMN; MRC; MRI; Marie; Medical; Medicine; NCS; National; Neurology; Neuropathy; PMP22; PNS; School; Schwann; Singapore; TTR; Tooth; USA; University; cmt1a; mag; nerve; patient; study summary = Clinical efficacy (Medical Research Council sum score, 10-m walk, modified Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment score, Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale, Romberg test) and patient-reported outcomes (36-item Short Form Health Survey , Life Quality Index [LQI] ) were assessed at baseline and at regular intervals until the final visit (10-14 months after switching). To explore the issue of early biomarkers in FAP, we performed skin biopsy and compared IENF density with parameters of nerve conduction studies (NCS) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) on 36 subjects (23 men, aged 55.1 ± 11.1 years) with genetic confirmation of TTR-A97S: 17 patients and 19 carriers. Results: The Gly112Ser mutation causing CMT1C is a mild form of CMT, as patients walked on time, had less weakness than those with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 1A (CMT1A), had a Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS) indicative of mild disease, and had faster ulnar and median motor nerve conduction velocities compared to those with CMT1A. doi = 10.1111/jns.12225