key: cord-292774-k1zr9yrg
authors: Haldule, Saloni; Davalbhakta, Samira; Agarwal, Vishwesh; Gupta, Latika; Agarwal, Vikas
title: Post-publication promotion in rheumatology: a survey focusing on social media
date: 2020-09-13
journal: Rheumatol Int
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04700-7
sha: 
doc_id: 292774
cord_uid: k1zr9yrg

The use of social media platforms (SMPs) in the field of scientific literature is a new and evolving realm. The past few years have seen many novel strategies to promote engagement of readers with articles. The aim of this study was to gauge the acceptance, opinion, and willingness to partake in the creation of online social media educative material among authors. We conducted a validated and anonymized cross-sectional e-survey with purposive sampling among authors of the Indian Journal of Rheumatology journal over a cloud-based platform (SurveyMonkey). Descriptive statistics are used and values expressed as the number of respondents (n) against each answer. Of 408 authors, 102 responded. We found that a large majority (74) supported promotions on SMPs. Visual abstracts (81) were the most preferred means for promotion. A reasonable proportion (54) of the authors held the view that they could make these materials for themselves, with little guidance. However, currently only a few (47) were doing so. Awareness on social media editors in rheumatology was dismal (4). Citations were the preferred metric of article visibility (95), followed by altmetrics (21). These findings suggest that authors support article promotions on SMPs, although most do not promote their articles. Graphical abstracts are the preferred means of promotions. Further, the opinion on logistics is divided, calling for larger studies to understand the factors that need to be addressed to bridge the gap.

Social media is a broad term that encompasses the use of technology to participate in social networking. The use has extended in the twenty-first century beyond personal networking, to academia and telehealth [1] . The widespread lockdowns and public mandate for social distancing during the ongoing pandemic have further strengthened the case for using social media platforms (SMPs) for academic communication in this period [2] . Several journals have picked up on this trend by sharing their work on SMPs [3] .

SMPs are increasingly being used to share information from primary as well as secondary, tertiary, and grey literature [4, 5] . Of these, original research (primary and secondary articles), comprises the most important updated information for doctors, researchers, and administrators alike [6] . In times when pre-prints are being archived to rapidly disseminate scientific research, articles published in scholarly journals after an extensive peer-review are of greater scientific credence [7, 8] . The rapidly rising number of research articles on an area of interest, such as COVID-19, can make it challenging to assimilate the required information [9, 10] .

The large volume of information available can be overwhelming and may sometimes hinder the process of learning. Furthermore, retention of information may be hampered by the use of only one type of traditional learning cue, i.e., text [11] . The use of newer methods to present information, such as visual (or graphical, Fig. 1) , voice, or video abstracts, can be helpful to attract and sustain the reader's attention. Experts suggest that we retain 10% of what we read, 20% of what we hear, and 30% of what we see [12] . Hence, using additional tools to promote literature on SMPs may bring a dynamicity to the process. Moreover, mixed sensory cues may enhance the learning experience and overcome barriers to poor memory and recall [11] . Infographics, video abstracts and voice abstracts (or podcasts) are potential strategies to enhance the scientific readership experience.

Since these strategies are novel, their implementation comes with challenges of its own, such as an evident lack of clarity as to who should prepare these promotional educative materials. While the authors may be willing to take responsibility themselves, developing such resources is a time-consuming skill, and they may need assistance from trained personnel. Moreover, cost constraints may limit the use of professional editing agencies, more so in the developing countries. Thus, we aimed at studying the acceptance, opinion, and willingness to participate in the creation of online social media educative material among authors of published self-articles in scholarly journals.

The e-survey was designed on an online cloud-based website (Survey Monkey ® .com) with the intent to cover different aspects of social media editing, such as willingness for social media promotions of (2), means of promotion (4), ethics (3), logistics (3), preference for article metrics, publication models and pre-print archiving (2), current knowledge/use of social media for these purposes (4).

The questionnaire featured 22 questions, most (12) of which were multiple choice questions needing a single answer option, while others (9) could have more than one answer option selected, and some (1) needed a single answer to be selected from a list. Four items identified the respondent characteristics, and the rest (18) covered various domains listed above. Choices were closed ended for most (11) , with an 'other (please specify)' option where deemed appropriate (11) .

Two rheumatologists and three undergraduate medical students reviewed the questions and confirmed them to be representative of the content and face validity. The survey underwent three rounds of dummy fill-ups to identify errors in wording, grammar, and syntax. The respondents could change the answers before submission but not after it. The survey was partly anonymised with Internet Protocol (IP) address and emails of respondents being the only linked identifiers. All questions were made mandatory, such that 

Emails of corresponding authors of articles published from 2010 to 2020 in the Indian Journal of Rheumatology (IJR, n = 408) were obtained from Scopus. The IJR is a Scopus and Web of Science indexed platinum open-access society journal of the Indian Rheumatology Association with a wide readership in India. The questionnaire was circulated to the list hence obtained. The eligible participants were given a month's time to voluntarily complete the survey from 26 March to 26 April 2020. The survey link was open from the time the authors were first intimated about the study. The cover letter included details on the background and purpose of the study. Informed consent was taken at the beginning of the survey and no incentives offered for survey completion.

Internet Protocol (IP) address checks were done to avoid duplicated responses from a single respondent. Data handling was completely anonymous, with the IP addresses and email lists remaining with the first and corresponding author. Other authors had access to the synthesized data in tables without linked identifiers.

An exemption from review was obtained from the institute ethics committee of Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute Of Medical Sciences, Lucknow as per local guidelines. We adhered to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-surveys to report the data [13] .

Descriptive statistics were used, and figures designed using the SurveyMonkey website. Data are expressed as median, percentage and inter-quartile range. Numbers in brackets signify the number of respondents for the answer choices being discussed.

Of the 102 respondents, most (83) lived in India and were practicing rheumatology (77, Table 1 ). Nearly half (50) were in practice for 11 years or more. The average survey time was 5 min and 4 s. The response rate was 25%.

Over two-thirds (74) said they would like their publication promoted on social media, ResearchGate (70) being the most preferred platform, followed by Twitter (40), Facebook (37), WhatsApp (35), Academia.edu (27) , and LinkedIn (26) . Only five said they would not prefer their publication being promoted.

However, only 47 promoted their articles [on Research-Gate followed by WhatsApp (32)] currently, and 26 did not do so. When asked who should promote articles, specially appointed social media editors were preferred by nearly half (46) while 24 felt all editors should do so, and 29 believed only the copyright holders can promote their publication on social media.

Most felt the use of appropriate hashtags (43) and appropriate timing (42) were crucial for successful promotion, and an equal proportion (46) advocated the use of artificial intelligence-based algorithms for the same. A dismal four people knew the correct number of rheumatology journals that have social media editors. Nearly three-fourths (77) were unaware that the IJR had SME (s).

Visual (or graphical) abstracts were the most preferred (81) means for enhancing visibility among authors, while voice (47) and video (39) abstracts were preferred by fewer. While 54 felt they could prepare a visual abstract by guidance from the editorial team, another 25 felt the editorial team should do it (without charges). On the other hand, 34 felt they could do video abstracts themselves and another 37 said it should be outsourced to a third party. Similar proportions (36) were willing to prepare voice abstracts after guidance, though outsourcing was less supported (11).

Preference for citations as metric (95) was almost unanimous though nearly one in five (21) also preferred Altmetrics for visibility. The Green open access was the most preferred model (45) followed closely by Platinum Open Access (31) . Pre-Print Archiving was preferred by a minority (15) .

We noted good acceptance for social media promotions of published scholarly literature by over two-thirds of the authors, although less than half had actually done so. Visual (or graphical) abstracts were the most preferred means for enhancing visibility among authors. However, the opinion on logistics of promotion and preparation was divided.

The use of visual abstracts was popular amongst the respondents. However, video and voice abstracts were far less so. This could possibly be, in part due to the perception that making visual abstracts is simpler than the other options. This is supported by our finding that over half felt they could themselves make the visual abstracts with due guidance, as opposed to one-third who felt the same regarding video and voice abstracts. However, further studies should be done to determine the reasons for preferences within the various promotional tools, as well to understand who would be best suitable to prepare them. Visual abstracts are a clear, concise format to expeditiously disseminate information, and are now increasingly being encouraged by various journals [14] . At times where healthcare workers are burdened with medical care of Covid-19 patients, visual abstracts allow them to find the most relevant material quickly. A recent study showed that infographics summarized medical research literature and were associated with higher reader preference and lower cognitive load during summary review, although no difference was found in late information retention [15] .

In the current fast-paced world, where technology governs most aspects of development, scientific literature must evolve to fit the needs of the hour. Now more than ever, as we fight a global pandemic, information needs to travel faster, and beyond any man-made borders to be effective. SMPs are a fitting solution for many of these needs. It has been increasingly found that there exists a relationship between the traditional impact factor and activity on social media, with some sources having a near perfect correlation [16] . However, many researchers feel overwhelmed by the internet and social media due to a lack of scientific guidance [17] . Moreover, over 90% professionals use social media for personal reasons, with merely 65% doing so for academics purposes [18] .

While citations are the traditionally preferred metric of visibility, altmetrics are now increasingly being identified as an important metric for publication success [19] . Altmetrics are non-traditional article-level bibliometrics that gather details of engagement of research work on a wide variety of online platforms, including but not limited to mentions in the news, blogs, and on Twitter and other SMPs, article pageviews and downloads, etc. A drawback of using citations is the inevitable time lag in acquiring them, reducing utility for young scholars. Moreover, citations reflect article use by researchers. But in this shrinking world with borderless communication, and there are many more stakeholders than there were before. It is just as important for hospital administrators, policy makers, clinicians, and educators to be informed of the latest developments, and to modify their practices accordingly. Altmetrics may provide a more wholesome picture of the article visibility and utility from diverse areas. Moreover, altmetric scores on researcher platforms, such as academia and Mendeley, may translate into higher cite scores, due to the characteristics of the readership population [20] . A recent study found a high correlation (0.83) between the Scimago Journal Rank scores and the number of followers on Twitter, despite adjusting for time since creation of the account, further substantiating enhanced visibility of articles using SMPs and the potential to enhance journal (and consequently article) metrics with social media practices [16] .

Acceptance of social media promotions was good among our respondents, although understanding of its utility may be poor, translating to the admittedly low rates of active social media practice for academic promotions. The use of SMPs for promotions of own articles was inferred as practice. This may be improved by educating healthcare professionals about the various aspects of social media use [21] . Notably, the preferred platforms for promotions may vary, with ResearchGate and WhatsApp being popular in India and WeChat in China [22] . A recent survey conducted among rheumatologists in the European network recorded Facebook as the most commonly use platform, though only 46% used it to establish a professional online presence [23] . Further research may provide a better understanding of individual differences.

Interestingly, the opinion regarding the responsibility of social media promotions was divided among authors. Though nearly half felt social media editors (SMEs) should do so, a significant number felt only editors and copyright holders should take the responsibility. Social media promotions require specific skills, time and dedication. It is also essential to be aware of standards for quality and content for effective promotions. SMEs are more likely to be aware of these, and the various tools to meet these requirements. A lack of awareness regarding availability of SMEs for rheumatology journals was evident in our respondent population, possibly a reflection of poor interest and interaction of researchers on SMPs. A shift in the culture from researchers being passive bystanders to active participants in this process may enhance academic engagement [24] . Although SMEs may be proficient at promotions, every author and member of the scientific community can, and should, partake in the narrative themselves. The impressions of tweets are shown to improve with a wider retweeting network. The uses of hashtags and mentions are other effective ways to enhance engagement [25] . Audio abstracts may feature as podcasts, which are popular in the West, although the trend may not have caught on so well in India yet. Podcasts are increasingly being used for medical education, both within teaching institutions and on an international scale by major journals. [26] . Nearly half of our respondents were open to audio abstracts, suggesting this merits exploration in India as well.

Copyright and plagiarism remain an important concern with social media promotions. When sharing images and infographics, it is essential to check copyright permissions, and provide the source information. Some journals allow certain articles to be freely shared for promotions.

Articles shared on open-access media are known to have better visibility, and this was reflected in our respondents' opinion too.

Our findings show that pre-print archiving was preferred by less than one-third of the respondents. Preprint servers like MedRxiv are rapidly gaining popularity, especially since the Covid-19 pandemic [27] . Even though most of these submissions on archival platforms do not undergo the process of peer review, there has been a boom in literature available through MedRxiv/Bioarxiv. Most journals too, now encourage pre-print submissions. However, resorting to such information for key decisions can lead to disastrous consequences.

The authors agreed that the use of artificial intelligence algorithms to promote articles would be a beneficial tool. Algorithms, such as the MedFact, which was published in the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence in 2018, aim at enabling recommendations of trusted medical information within health-related social media discussions [28] . MedFact automatically extracts relevant keywords from online discussions and queries trusted medical literature with the aim of embedding related factual information into the discussion [28] . Extrapolated to medical literature, this may be one of the solutions to the ethical concerns regarding social media and its lack of credible information. However, social media is a double-edged sword, and it is vital to educate professionals regarding ethical use to deliver credible scientific information and perspectives without engaging in misinformation, data ownership violation, breach of personal privacy, incivility, cyber bullying, and professional misconduct [29] . This is essential as the work of promoting articles on SMPs is a trinomial; an amalgamation of technological challenges with ethics in science and dealing with widely varying cultural diversity [30] . Moreover, it is important to be mindful of the fact that use of SMPs has addictive potential, and although excessive preoccupation correlates with task-related and relationship-building behaviours, it contributes most strongly to negative social media-related deviant behaviour at the workplace. Fortunately, individuals using SMPs for academic growth are aware of positive as well as negative effects [31] , and thus, reinforcement of this knowledge may potentially curb negative behaviours related to social media use.

While our survey is limited by self-selection and recall biases, and unknown characteristics of the non-respondents, it highlights key issues regarding the role of social media in academia, while laying the groundwork for larger studies for understanding these further. The responses were limited in the current study by a short survey duration, coinciding with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. Our anonymized survey did not allow correlation of authors' responses with their publication activity. However, we hope that the primary insights offered by this exploratory study would pave the way for larger global study across non-Indian rheumatology journals on the subject.

To conclude, authors in rheumatology journal support the use of social media for promotions of published scholarly literature, although this does not translate into practice. The use of graphical abstracts is supported by a majority, with video and voice abstracts being less popular. The opinion on logistics is divided, calling for larger studies to understand the factors that need to be addressed to bridge the gap.

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The authors thank all respondents for filling the questionnaire and Dr Sakir Ahmed for reviewing the survey questions.

LG is the social media editor (SME) of the Journal of Clinical Rheumatology and the Indian Journal of Rheumatology. VA is the editor in chief of the Indian Journal of Rheumatology. The