cord-003396-yu6mw601	2018	By exploring rich dynamical and high‐dimensional information, our dynamic network marker/biomarker (DNM/DNB) method opens a new way to identify the tipping point prior to the catastrophic transition into an influenza pandemics. On the other hand, the dynamic network marker/biomarker (DNM/DNB) method was developed to quantitatively identify the tipping point or the critical state during the dynamic evolution of a complex system based on the observed data. To further reliably identify the critical state of flu outbreak, we developed a new method called the landscape DNM, which explores F I G U R E 1 Schematic illustration to detect early-warning signals of influenza outbreak based on the DNM method. C, Based on the historical and current clinic records, and regional geographic characteristics of a city, the DNM score is able to provide the early-warning signals of the upcoming influenza outbreak as a real-time indicator monitoring both the local and global records as well as the network structure, and the detailed algorithm is provided below.
cord-011464-tr5ata0h	2020	The status quo of restrictions imposed on the practice of medicine by State medical licensure does not make sense, and needlessly puts a tremendous pressure on the ability of physicians to do what they do best-take care of patients. Needlessly having to apply and go through verification processes for another medical license for a different State entails significant effort, time, and resources that are better invested in taking care of patients. Physicians will continue to be required to hold a medical license in good standing to practice medicine. However, this license can be issued from any State regardless of where the physician practices within the country. If that system was to be adopted, then maintenance of such a license can continue to be issued from the State where a physician lives or wishes to practice, and again entails no loss of revenue to State medical licensing boards.
cord-012408-wcgjyk5m	2020	At each stage, we dissected a diverse panel of tissues from multiple litters of embryos and performed two replicates of ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq for each of eight histone modifications chosen to distinguish between different types of functional elements (for example, promoters, enhancers and gene bodies), and activity levels (for example, active, poised and repressed) 13,14 (Fig. 1a , b, Extended Data Fig. 1a, b) . In summary, our results describe a multi-tiered compendium of functional annotations for the developmental mouse genome, including chromatin state maps for 72 distinct tissue-stages, an extensive catalogue of candidate regulatory sequences (many with dynamic temporal activity), enhancer target gene predictions, and a collection of transgenic reporter assays that demonstrates a strong relationship between H3K27ac signal and validation rate.
cord-016839-cqtpj3m0	2012	Article 27 (1) of the TRIPS Agreement stipulates that "patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application." According to para 2: Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law.
cord-017067-19eawrjt	2017	
cord-017257-4fnzww6y	2017	
cord-017686-127xfkse	2018	
cord-017721-5bp0qpte	2008	However, many existing public health and emergency response laws at the state and federal levels may not be sufficient to address biological terrorism. Federal public health and legal authorities may specifically respond to multiple components of a bioterrorism attack, as well as offer guidance and expertise to assist state and local governments in their responses. In the following sections, we focus predominantly on two specific areas of public health powers authorized under law: (1) restrictions on personal liberty (quarantine, isolation, travel restrictions, privacy) and (2) restrictions on property (decontamination, use of supplies and facilities, disposal of remains). The use of quarantine and isolation by state and local governments is therefore legally and constitutionally acceptable, provided that these powers are used appropriately to protect public health and safety. When should public health authorities use quarantine or isolation to restrict individuals during a bioterrorism emergency?
cord-021131-6zbe2qmd	2012	
cord-024634-ciuynofm	2020	Whilst each state shares values and goals of strong public health and also a resilient economy, with both closely intertwined in the long term, there is clearly no broad global consensus on the balance between values and approaches to them. Consequently, any decision-making is based on the precautionary principle (whether express or otherwise) and it becomes more challenging to identify clear pathways to address the pandemic effectively that also minimise countervailing riskssomething that may in itself justify national rather than international approaches, even whilst benefiting from the centralisation and sharing of scientific data. If one returns to the three core approaches and presumes that they are each effective in principleherd immunity will arise, case numbers and severity can be controlled and/or the disease can be eradicated within the populationsimply reflect on the global nature of our society and the continued shifting nature of our populations.
cord-024898-gvudxbc2	2020	For that reason, among others, I prefer to refer to the "Mexican Law of Religion" as the set of rules of the State concerning the religious factor that attends to the religious needs and interests at the individual level (individual juridical person), corporate level (religious communities and religious associations), and collective level (indigenous peoples, with respect to their religious practices and customs), under the principles of religious freedom, laicity (laicidad), and separation of state and churches (or religious communities). Although a prohibition is incorporated: "No one can use the public acts of expression of this freedom for political purposes, proselytism or propaganda." Before this reform, several civil and non-Catholic religious associations demonstrated in about 20 states in the Mexican Republic to warn that they would not allow the reform of Article 24 of the Constitution, because it threatens the secular nature of the Mexican State and it gives privileges for Catholics.
cord-027047-xlz576hm	2020	Following Aulino, and contra some of the rhetoric of aid organizations, we take seriously care-as-maintenance as a valid approach to care in the time of Covid-19, and note that competence on the part of state actors and policy-makers has little to do with sentiment or "concern" per se in terms of daily problem-solving and an overall moral orientation. Rather than adding to existing critiques of the state''s lack of care-as-concern, we focus instead on the structural issue of Singapore''s policies around migrant labor in Singapore that now renders present techniques of care-as-maintenance as insufficient. Of-the-moment responses in the time of Covid-19 may, therefore, fail to highlight areas of provision most needed for migrants in Singapore, beyond perceived insufficiencies in both care-as-concern and care-as-maintenance frameworks. Care-as-maintenance can also be a serious crisis response, but its apparent insufficiencies must be read within a larger context of structural inequalities that dispossess short-term migrant laborers in Singapore, rather than simply a lack of accompanying care-as-concern.
cord-029288-fn70apbe	2020	1. The analysis is notoriously difficult and computationally expensive due to several aspects: state-space explosion (exponential growth in the number of species, possibly infinite spaces due to unbounded populations as in Fig. 1 , different rates for different populations, again as in Fig. 1 ), stochasticity (races between reactions), stiffness (rates of different magnitudes), multimodality (qualitatively different behaviours such as extinction of predators only, or also of preys in the predator-prey models) [17, 34] . Visualization: The GUI provides a number of ways to display the results, facilitating understanding the models, including (i) identification of strongly connected parts of ''iterations'', corresponding to ''temporarily stable'' behaviours, (ii) quantitative information on transient times and steady-state distributions, or (iii) visual qualitative explanations, such as semantic grouping of states or tracking correlations between populations.
cord-029325-7zceop25	2020	
cord-030704-cgoq0m5u	2020	The resulting tool is evaluated on a set of standard benchmarks to demonstrate its practicality, using a new unverified model checker implementation in Standard ML to construct the certificates. Previous work [31] has addressed this problem by constructing a model checker for timed automata that is fully verified using Isabelle/HOL [25] . We use a new unverified model checker called Mlunta, which is implemented in Standard ML (SML), to generate certificates for a set of standard benchmarks, and to evaluate our verified certifier''s performance on these benchmarks 1 . Thus, model checking algorithms for timed automata are based on the idea of abstracting from concrete valuations to sets of clock valuations of type (nat ⇒ real ) set, often called zones. Using these techniques, we obtain a simple certificate checker that is executable, provided that we can implement the elementary model checking primitives such as the subsumption check or computing the list of successors of a state.
cord-031836-bzos4k52	2020	A series of important issues have been considered in review: can human rights serve as a basis for the injunctive relief sought?, the role of the precautionary principle, the need for a consistent policy, suum cuique tribuere, minimal causation (each State has to assume responsibility for ''its part''), is the marginal causal contribution of Dutch emissions an insurmountable hurdle?, minimum obligations, a disproportionate burden, the role of the Paris Agreement, and the political issue doctrine. The Court of Appeal''s judgment is consistent with the foregoing, as it held that the State''s policy regarding GHG reduction is obviously not meeting the requirements pursuant to Articles 2 and 8 ECHR to take suitable measures to protect the residents of the Netherlands from dangerous climate change. The Court of Appeal''s judgment is consistent with the foregoing, as the Court of Appeal held that the State''s policy regarding greenhouse gas reduction is obviously not meeting the requirements pursuant to Articles 2 and 8 ECHR to take suitable measures to protect the residents of the Netherlands from dangerous climate change.
cord-035330-8g3ygwdc	2020	
cord-125190-87wcp92x	2020	This study uses real-world location-based service data collected from anonymized mobile devices to uncover mobility changes during COVID-19 and under the ''Stay-at-home'' state orders in the U.S. The study measures human mobility with two important metrics: daily average number of trips per person and daily average person-miles traveled. While the data confirmed that, nationwide, mobility had dropped significantly one week or even two weeks before the orders were issued, an additional 6.1% decrease in daily average number of trips per person and 10.8% decrease in daily average person-miles traveled (PMT) were observed in the week after the order took effect across different states. To quantify how people in different states responded to "Stay-at-home" orders during the COVID-19 pandemic, we studied the longitudinal changes in state-level mobility using a generalized additive model (GAM) (Wood, 2017; Hastie, 1993; Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990 ) of daily average number of trips per person and daily average person-miles traveled.
cord-129175-zkwxc9xy	2020	
cord-129527-dzkrar2t	2020	Then, with repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc analysis, we discern different time-course patterns of between-state population flow by pandemic severity groups. Third, the high-, middle-, and low-severity states are compared to show the time course changes of interstate trips through Repeated Measures ANOVA and post-hoc analysis. We also conduct a more detailed analysis of interstate trips at the origin-destination level between states, as shown in Fig. 2 , with states in both axis ordered by the cumulative cases by April 6 (when all states announced stay-in-home orders) in ascending sequence. The daily Spearman correlation coefficient between percentage change of inflow interstate trips and cumulative cases per 1,000 people (defined as the indicator of pandemic severity) of all 50 states and the District of Columbia shows interesting time-course changes (Fig. 3) . With repeated measures one-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis, we investigate the course of interstate trip variations by pandemic severity groups.
cord-155475-is3su3ga	2020	
cord-163946-a4vtc7rp	2020	We approach this problem by proposing a novel pipeline VacSIM that dovetails Actor-Critic using Kronecker-Factored Trust Region (ACKTR) model into a Contextual Bandits approach for optimizing the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. We evaluate this framework against a naive allocation approach of distributing vaccine proportional to the incidence of COVID-19 cases in five different States across India and demonstrate up to 100,000 additional lives potentially saved and a five-fold increase in the efficacy of limiting the spread over a period of 30 days through the VacSIM approach. In this paper, we introduce VacSIM, a novel feed-forward reinforcement learning approach for learning effective policy combined with near real-time optimization of vaccine distribution and demonstrate its potential benefit if applied to five States across India. Contextual Bandits play an action based on its current context, given a corresponding reward, hence are more relevant to real-world environments such as the vaccine distribution problem attacked in this work.
cord-164718-f6rx4h3r	2020	In summary, using anonymized, aggregated, and differentially private data from Google users who opted in to Location History, we found that state-mandated social distancing orders were effective in decreasing time spent away from places of residence, as well as reducing visits to work, and visits to both grocery stores/pharmacies and retail/recreational locations. Our overall approach was to use regression discontinuity using each county''s recent past as its own control to assess the impact of state declarations of emergency and targeted social distancing policies on the relative changes in the average time spent away from places of residence, the number of visits to work, and the number of visits to: 1) grocery stores and pharmacies, 2) retail stores, recreational sites, and eateries, 3) transit stops, and 4) parks.
cord-169288-aeyz2t6c	2020	Approaches to the calculation of the full state vector of a larger epidemiological model for the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden at the initial time instant from available data and with a simplified dynamical model are proposed and evaluated. This paper is concerned with using publicly available epidemiological data for estimating suitable initial conditions for a large mechanistic general Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model of the Swedish COVID-19 outbreak. The problem of estimating the infected, exposed, and asymptomatic populations at a given point in time (model initialization point) is therefore investigated, based on the data for cumulative incidence measured over a fixed time horizon. The remaining compartments of the Markov chain model do not influence the infected, exposed or asymptomatic populations and are therefore not included at present in the considered estimation problem. First, linear model (1) was used to generate the data, with the same Poisson-distributed state dependent noise sources as derived for the estimators.
cord-175286-j9mvulr0	2020	
cord-232657-deu921ma	2020	
cord-236070-yao5v598	2020	
cord-257903-rnuslepe	2012	The supreme legislative organ of China, the NPC, holds regular (annual) meetings in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing to discuss state affairs, to approve those whom are recommended by the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee (CCPCC) as central government officials, and to issue laws and regulations.
cord-260730-w9yv4jd7	2020	Data were collected regarding the official guidance provided by each state''s chiropractic licensing board as well as the issuance of stay-at-home orders and designations of essential personnel by state governors. The seven domains involve: 1.) shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders/directives, 2.) classification of chiropractors as essential healthcare providers, 3.) restriction of chiropractic practice to urgent/ emergent presentations, 4.) recommendations for infectious disease control or use of personal protective equipment (PPE), 5.) chiropractic telehealth recommendations, 6.) alterations to continuing education (CE) or license renewal requirements (e.g. deadline extensions or changes to distance learning limitations), and 7.) warnings against false, deceptive, or misleading claims related to spinal manipulation/adjustments conferring protection against infection or COVID-19. Fourteen state chiropractic licensing boards (28%) provided guidance to restrict face-to-face chiropractic appointments to only those patients deemed to have urgent, acute, or emergency conditions; the remaining 36 states (72%) provided no guidance on whether chiropractors should continue with business as usual or restrict their practices (see Table 2 ).
cord-261228-o80y5cic	2020	In this work we analyzed the effects of 547 published governmental interventions, and population adherence thereof, on the dynamics of COVID-19 cases across all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities. In this work, we comparatively analyze the evolution of the COVID-19 transmission rate and reproductive number in all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities, establishing links with measures of governmental restrictions (NPIs) implemented in each region together with the human behaviour response, particularly the adherence to recommendations of social distancing. In this work we evaluated the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions and social mobility reduction patterns on the spread dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the 27 Brazilian states, by employing an underlying SEIR model to estimate TRs. Our results show that the measures adopted, combined with the population adherence to restrict circulation, contributed to the decrease of the TR in almost all states, an effect that was perceived in both capitals and inland cities.
cord-261835-5p5bkcnt	2020	
cord-273778-68wxa782	2020	The emergence of COVID-19 across the globe prompted many countries to institute total lockdown or other models of mobility restrictions to mitigate the spread of the disease. Examination of the weekly aggregated mobility for the retail and recreation category showed that 7 states exhibited no statistically significant trend (Fig. 4a) . Yobe and Gombe States recorded a declining trend for mobility in the Grocery and Pharmacy place category (Fig. 4c) . The remaining States spread across different parts of the country-mostly in the southern part displayed a statistically significant upward trend of mobility for this place categories. The multiple correspondence analysis identified two dimensions within the mobility trend designation recorded for each State for the six place categories ( Table 1 ). As mobility started an uptrend even during the lockdown period, there is an indication that generally, peoples'' perception of the disease is to consider the pandemic as a voluntary risk.
cord-274694-kdsv7v8e	2020	On the other hand, there are some relatively poor, so-called under-developed countries and regions, such as Vietnam (The Economist, 2020), Cambodia and the small state of Kerala in India (a state within a state) which have emerged as success stories with a record of early and effective interventions, of controlling the spread of the virus, healing the infected and reducing the death rate. We will especially focus on the state and Kerala''s model of an effective and vibrant democracy and "public action" in the words of Dreze and Sen. We argue that while Kerala was blessed with good and efficient leaders during this crisis, the more important factors behind Kerala''s success have been robust institutions of state and governance built over many years with the capacity to take timely and effective measures in handling the crisis.
cord-276417-8gvv7tna	2020	
cord-282620-nv2tg68j	2020	
cord-289029-6vcjioon	2020	The incapacity of some advanced nation-states to control the masses through their frameworks of governmentality is leading to a revival of disciplinary power in the First World. In many parts of the world, states are instrumentalizing this type of power to discipline people in order to control the wide spread of the virus. In our part of the world (Pakistan) the people in power are constantly informing those who are not that, given that the virus is so contagious, they will be unable to provide healthcare to everyone who is infected or likely to be infected. This discourse at the subliminal level conveys the false assumption that under normal circumstances the public sector healthcare apparatus is actually capable of accommodating all the sick people affected by diseases other than COVID-19-which is, of course, untrue.
cord-289846-i7xg1tpp	2020	Drawing on recent fieldwork among the Andoke, an ethnic group well acquainted with extractivism in its different historical modalities and presently affronting the fallout of gold dredge mining we narrate how a parallel, non-state governance system makes it difficult for them to care for their land and entertain mutual and respectful relations with human and nonhuman beings (which we translate as ''territorial health''). The vast, continuous forests gather a large spectrum of visions and practices that shape different forms of state-led environmental governance, the largest one being the administrative figure of Resguardos or Indigenous Reserves (55.43% of the area). 5 State-led environmental governance in the Colombian Amazon is of course not the haphazard outcome of State-Indigenous peoples relations but rather the result of the ontologically inflected ways in which the State has historically framed the problems and solutions of the region.
cord-307753-p1htdvrp	2020	Past human societies as a whole have been extraordinarily resilient in the face of severe challenges, but the configuration of social and political structures was always impacted in a number of ways, with substantial implications for development pathways (e.g., the different medium-term outcomes of the Black Death in England and France) (Borsch 2005, pp. How societies in the past responded to stress depends on three key sets of conditions: their complexity (the degree of interdependency across social relationships and structures), their institutional and ideological flexibility, and their systemic redundancy, all of which together determine the resilience of the system. Yet if we examine particular outbreaks, even the destructive demographic narrative demonstrates the ability of the Eastern Roman state to react both immediately to the increased numbers of deaths, maintain vital administrative efforts, and continue its long-term political goals.
cord-311089-3zvmfvru	2020	We offer several further, as yet unanswerable, questions about future aeropolitical issues, including how ICAO will continue to address the crisis, implications for air services capacity restrictions, the impact of deglobalisation and the question of state aid for national carriers and other parts of the aviation system. As a UN agency, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is tasked with, and has experience in, providing global oversight and leadership of regulatory provisions centering around international passenger air transport, particularly in times of crisis. Some airlines and related aviation sectors, such as airports and air traffic control providers, have signalled to their respective national governments the need for financial support in the form of loans, grants, other cash or fee waivers.
cord-315681-p3j8kt80	2020	To mitigate the spread of Covid-19, federal, state, and local officials have exercised broad powers available to them under public health statutes and emergency declarations to close businesses and restrict the movement of individuals outside their homes. A court asked to address whether a public health agency has acted reasonably and without abusing its discretion need not simply defer to the expertise of the agency without requiring that the agency to identify and explain the logic the agency deployed to reach its conclusion that quarantine was appropriate." 97 The same is true of officials charged with developing emergency communicable disease control guidelines that, while technically voluntary, are likely to be relied on to enforce involuntary-and highly intrusive-measures by state and local governments.
cord-322645-ipzntrm2	2020	
cord-332577-2z5pchyq	2020	
cord-334541-d0l0nqgh	2011	
cord-343414-2embihmf	2020	
cord-343759-me0n2k3f	2020	Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic is ongoing, and to know how far the virus has spread in Niger State, Nigeria, a pilot study was carried out to determine the COVID-19 seroprevalence, patterns, dynamics, and risk factors in the state. COVID-19 IgG and IgM Rapid Test Kits (Colloidal gold immunochromatography lateral flow system) were used to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood of sampled participants across Niger State as from 26th June 2020 to 30th June 2020. Antigen-Antibody based kits unlike other methods can detect previous exposure to the infectious agents (WHO, 2020a; 2020b; 2020c; Xiao et al., 2020 )-this information is very important especially in COVID-19 with assumed high rate of asymptomatic cases in order to see how far the virus has spread and infection patterns, effectiveness of social distancing measures enforced and determination of herd immunity to the disease to know the extent of vaccination to do when COVID-19 vaccines become available.
cord-347519-aowxr873	2020	HIV/AIDS was framed as a foreign policy problem by the Clinton Administration''s Interagency working group on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases'' report "Infectious Disease: A Global Health Threat," and the National Intelligence Council''s report "The Global Infectious Disease Threat and its Implications for the United States." Fidler''s analysis, however, mistook US'' foreign policy focus on emerging and reemerging communicable diseases and bioterrorism for a global trend and a normative shift, claiming that health had achieved "pre-eminent political value for 21st century humanity." [40] Kickbusch (2002) argued that the US had shaped the international agenda to fit in with its national interests and priorities and in doing so had preferenced a "unilateral hegemonic approach" to multilateral cooperation.