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Omer, Saad B.; Khan, Kamran; Bogoch, Isaac I.; Martinello, Richard A.; Foxman, Ellen F.; Landry, Marie L.; Neher, Richard A.; Ko, Albert I.; Grubaugh, Nathan D. title: Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-05-07 journal: Cell DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 sha: doc_id: 326916 cord_uid: bakwk4tm file: cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.json key: cord-327748-8ob6okeh authors: Feng, Tianjun; Keller, L. Robin; Wang, Liangyan; Wang, Yitong title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 journal: Risk Anal DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x sha: doc_id: 327748 cord_uid: 8ob6okeh file: cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.json key: cord-273789-sbppgkza authors: Donohoe, Holly; Pennington-Gray, Lori; Omodior, Oghenekaro title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 journal: Tour Manag DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 sha: doc_id: 273789 cord_uid: sbppgkza file: cache/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.json key: cord-268331-m4hqxna2 authors: Beck, Teresa L.; Le, Thien-Kim; Henry-Okafor, Queen; Shah, Megha K. title: Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues date: 2018-11-16 journal: Physician Assist Clin DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.002 sha: doc_id: 268331 cord_uid: m4hqxna2 file: cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.json key: cord-315726-ltjurdrq authors: Acheson, D.W.K. title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses date: 2009-02-17 journal: Encyclopedia of Microbiology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8 sha: doc_id: 315726 cord_uid: ltjurdrq file: cache/cord-262892-n38r8n70.json key: cord-262892-n38r8n70 authors: Sheikh, Jamila; Wynn, Bridget A.; Chakraborty, Rana title: Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date: 2015-05-08 journal: Health of HIV Infected People DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 sha: doc_id: 262892 cord_uid: n38r8n70 file: cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.json key: cord-324185-zt88o3co authors: Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Furszyfer Del Rio, Dylan; Griffiths, Steve title: Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date: 2020-10-31 journal: Energy Research & Social Science DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 sha: doc_id: 324185 cord_uid: zt88o3co file: cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-017469-dnnkor2o authors: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date: 2009 journal: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22 sha: doc_id: 17469 cord_uid: dnnkor2o file: cache/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.json key: cord-343021-gqem6bxj authors: Allam, Zaheer title: Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-24 journal: Surveying the Covid-19 Pandemic and its Implications DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7 sha: doc_id: 343021 cord_uid: gqem6bxj file: cache/cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.json key: cord-318845-w7q5o8wc authors: Pendell, Dustin L.; Marsh, Thomas L.; Coble, Keith H.; Lusk, Jayson L.; Szmania, Sara C. title: Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility date: 2015-06-26 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129134 sha: doc_id: 318845 cord_uid: w7q5o8wc file: cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.json key: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow authors: Allam, Zaheer title: The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date: 2020-07-24 journal: Surveying the Covid-19 Pandemic and its Implications DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 sha: doc_id: 321194 cord_uid: xi4zy5ow file: cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.json key: cord-332703-ohzkpbwy authors: Hui, Jane Yuet Ching; Yuan, Jianling; Teoh, Deanna; Thomaier, Lauren; Jewett, Patricia; Beckwith, Heather; Parsons, Helen; Lou, Emil; Blaes, Anne H.; Vogel, Rachel I. title: Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date: 2020-08-25 journal: Am J Clin Oncol DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000757 sha: doc_id: 332703 cord_uid: ohzkpbwy file: cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.json key: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa authors: Maloney, Susan A.; Weinberg, Michelle title: Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date: 2004-11-24 journal: Semin Pediatr Infect Dis DOI: 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002 sha: doc_id: 300371 cord_uid: 6ja5o3sa file: cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.json key: cord-325300-wawui0fd authors: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.; Varavikova, Elena A. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 journal: The New Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 sha: doc_id: 325300 cord_uid: wawui0fd file: cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.json key: cord-297125-la20vi9j authors: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 journal: Microb Ecol DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 sha: doc_id: 297125 cord_uid: la20vi9j file: cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.json key: cord-319463-erdwejd2 authors: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 journal: Encyclopedia of Environmental Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 sha: doc_id: 319463 cord_uid: erdwejd2 file: cache/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.json key: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz authors: Lezotre, Pierre-Louis title: Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives date: 2014-12-31 journal: International Cooperation, Convergence and Harmonization of Pharmaceutical Regulations DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800053-3.00002-1 sha: doc_id: 304056 cord_uid: 2bo0s0hz file: cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.json key: cord-348495-pa6iqc83 authors: Perrotta, D.; Grow, A.; Rampazzo, F.; Cimentada, J.; Del Fava, E.; Gil-Clavel, S.; Zagheni, E. title: Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date: 2020-05-15 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 sha: doc_id: 348495 cord_uid: pa6iqc83 file: cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.json key: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 authors: Ippolito, G.; Puro, V.; Heptonstall, J. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 journal: Cell Mol Life Sci DOI: 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y sha: doc_id: 349821 cord_uid: 5ykwwq75 file: cache/cord-308066-lrbi5198.json key: cord-308066-lrbi5198 authors: Childs, James E. title: Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date: 2007 journal: Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16 sha: doc_id: 308066 cord_uid: lrbi5198 file: cache/cord-294590-1niaplc2.json key: cord-294590-1niaplc2 authors: Schrag, Stephanie J.; Brooks, John T.; Van Beneden, Chris; Parashar, Umesh D.; Griffin, Patricia M.; Anderson, Larry J.; Bellini, William J.; Benson, Robert F.; Erdman, Dean D.; Klimov, Alexander; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Peret, Teresa C.T.; Talkington, Deborah F.; Thacker, W. Lanier; Tondella, Maria L.; Sampson, Jacquelyn S.; Hightower, Allen W.; Nordenberg, Dale F.; Plikaytis, Brian D.; Khan, Ali S.; Rosenstein, Nancy E.; Treadwell, Tracee A.; Whitney, Cynthia G.; Fiore, Anthony E.; Durant, Tonji M.; Perz, Joseph F.; Wasley, Annemarie; Feikin, Daniel; Herndon, Joy L.; Bower, William A.; Kilbourn, Barbara W.; Levy, Deborah A.; Coronado, Victor G.; Buffington, Joanna; Dykewicz, Clare A.; Khabbaz, Rima F.; Chamberland, Mary E. title: SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003 date: 2004-02-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid1002.030752 sha: doc_id: 294590 cord_uid: 1niaplc2 file: cache/cord-335065-fv122304.json key: cord-335065-fv122304 authors: Cain, William E. title: American Dreaming: Really Reading The Great Gatsby date: 2020-09-02 journal: Society DOI: 10.1007/s12115-020-00510-6 sha: doc_id: 335065 cord_uid: fv122304 file: cache/cord-337632-2q6gm7n3.json key: cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 authors: Pearman, Ann; Hughes, MacKenzie L.; Smith, Emily L.; Neupert, Shevaun D. title: Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 date: 2020-08-13 journal: Front Psychol DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 sha: doc_id: 337632 cord_uid: 2q6gm7n3 file: cache/cord-349765-90g5v697.json key: cord-349765-90g5v697 authors: Huang, Qingming title: The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date: 2020-10-16 journal: J Chin Polit Sci DOI: 10.1007/s11366-020-09698-0 sha: doc_id: 349765 cord_uid: 90g5v697 file: cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-307899-427a7i3h authors: BITTLE, JAMES L.; MUIR, SUSIE title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 journal: Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 sha: doc_id: 307899 cord_uid: 427a7i3h file: cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.json key: cord-336464-eslgz1ka authors: Chomel, Bruno B.; Belotto, Albino; Meslin, François-Xavier title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060480 sha: doc_id: 336464 cord_uid: eslgz1ka file: cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.json key: cord-318826-l922zqci authors: Holschbach, Chelsea L.; Peek, Simon F. title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date: 2018-03-31 journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005 sha: doc_id: 318826 cord_uid: l922zqci file: cache/cord-347601-kt2rqx8m.json key: cord-347601-kt2rqx8m authors: Laird, Frank N. title: Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States date: 2020-06-11 journal: Minerva DOI: 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2 sha: doc_id: 347601 cord_uid: kt2rqx8m file: cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d authors: O’Ryan, Miguel L.; Nataro, James P.; Cleary, Thomas G. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 journal: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 sha: doc_id: 23767 cord_uid: rcv4pl0d file: cache/cord-353772-z1x52stl.json key: cord-353772-z1x52stl authors: Wilkening, Dean A. title: Combatting Bioterrorism date: 2008-09-05 journal: Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00223-3 sha: doc_id: 353772 cord_uid: z1x52stl file: cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.json key: cord-345402-brhvfsgy authors: Miller, Ryan S.; Farnsworth, Matthew L.; Malmberg, Jennifer L. title: Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date: 2013-06-01 journal: Preventive Veterinary Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 sha: doc_id: 345402 cord_uid: brhvfsgy file: cache/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-348807-9xxc5hyl authors: Cuomo, Raphael E.; Purushothaman, Vidya; Li, Jiawei; Cai, Mingxiang; Mackey, Timothy K. title: Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date: 2020-10-28 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 sha: doc_id: 348807 cord_uid: 9xxc5hyl file: cache/cord-337218-risqto89.json key: cord-337218-risqto89 authors: Chu, Ellen W.; Karr, James R. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 journal: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 sha: doc_id: 337218 cord_uid: risqto89 file: cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.json key: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 authors: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 sha: doc_id: 351231 cord_uid: aoz5jbf1 file: cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.json key: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb authors: Adler, Nicole; Gellman, Aaron title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 journal: Journal of Air Transport Management DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 sha: doc_id: 353726 cord_uid: e0mr8kqb file: cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-303447-3a7jxl34 authors: Cohn, Amanda C.; Broder, Karen R.; Pickering, Larry K. title: Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date: 2005-05-28 journal: Pediatr Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.001 sha: doc_id: 303447 cord_uid: 3a7jxl34 file: cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-292853-xihpfidg authors: Ford, Julian D.; Grasso, Damion J.; Elhai, Jon D.; Courtois, Christine A. title: Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date: 2015-08-07 journal: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x sha: doc_id: 292853 cord_uid: xihpfidg file: cache/cord-340195-425rd7ul.json key: cord-340195-425rd7ul authors: Smith, Kristine M.; Anthony, Simon J.; Switzer, William M.; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Seimon, Tracie; Jia, Hongwei; Sanchez, Maria D.; Huynh, Thanh Thao; Galland, G. Gale; Shapiro, Sheryl E.; Sleeman, Jonathan M.; McAloose, Denise; Stuchin, Margot; Amato, George; Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis; Lipkin, W. Ian; Karesh, William B.; Daszak, Peter; Marano, Nina title: Zoonotic Viruses Associated with Illegally Imported Wildlife Products date: 2012-01-10 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 sha: doc_id: 340195 cord_uid: 425rd7ul file: cache/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.json key: cord-354009-1ek4s8oe authors: Wang, Yun; Liu, Ying; Struthers, James; Lian, Min title: Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-07-08 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa934 sha: doc_id: 354009 cord_uid: 1ek4s8oe file: cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd authors: Muzumdar, Jagannath M.; Cline, Richard R. title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date: 2016-01-01 journal: J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) DOI: 10.1331/japha.2009.09007 sha: doc_id: 273099 cord_uid: zkk5d6gd file: cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji authors: Carter-Pokras, O.; Hutchins, S.; Gaudino, J.A.; Veeranki, S.P.; Lurie, P.; Weiser, T.; DeMarco, M.; Khan, N.F.; Cordero, J.F. title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date: 2020-10-14 journal: Ann Epidemiol DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 sha: doc_id: 275033 cord_uid: y9z9l0ji file: cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-023529-zrnczve3 authors: Craighead, Geoff title: Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date: 2013-02-15 journal: High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-85617-555-5.00003-1 sha: doc_id: 23529 cord_uid: zrnczve3 file: cache/cord-291803-hsnz2qry.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-291803-hsnz2qry authors: Bhattacharjee, Barnali; Acharya, Tathagata title: “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date: 2020-08-23 journal: Psychiatr Q DOI: 10.1007/s11126-020-09836-0 sha: doc_id: 291803 cord_uid: hsnz2qry file: cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx authors: Kahn, R. E.; Morozov, I.; Feldmann, H.; Richt, J. A. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 journal: Zoonoses Public Health DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x sha: doc_id: 323311 cord_uid: xl2fv0qx file: cache/cord-334925-csy5fekx.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-334925-csy5fekx authors: COHEN, ALAN B. title: Living in a Covid‐19 World date: 2020-06-16 journal: Milbank Q DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12466 sha: doc_id: 334925 cord_uid: csy5fekx file: cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-332610-t99l3zii authors: Mayer, J.D. title: Emerging Diseases: Overview date: 2008-08-26 journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 sha: doc_id: 332610 cord_uid: t99l3zii file: cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-263438-9ra94uda authors: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 journal: Immunol Rev DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x sha: doc_id: 263438 cord_uid: 9ra94uda file: cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-276758-k2imddzr authors: Siegel, Jane D.; Rhinehart, Emily; Jackson, Marguerite; Chiarello, Linda title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 sha: doc_id: 276758 cord_uid: k2imddzr file: cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-253161-oz1eziy1 authors: Munyikwa, Michelle title: MY COVID‐19 DIARY date: 2020-06-04 journal: Anthropol Today DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12575 sha: doc_id: 253161 cord_uid: oz1eziy1 file: cache/cord-315184-py8lbg97.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable key: cord-315184-py8lbg97 authors: Stephany, Fabian; Dunn, Michael; Sawyer, Steven; Lehdonvirta, Vili title: Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-28 journal: Tijdschr Econ Soc Geogr DOI: 10.1111/tesg.12455 sha: doc_id: 315184 cord_uid: py8lbg97 file: cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-339372-f3onp9mg authors: Owen, James A.; Skelton, Jann B.; Maine, Lucinda L. title: Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date: 2020-08-31 journal: Pharmacy (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030157 sha: doc_id: 339372 cord_uid: f3onp9mg file: cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.json /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/json2txt-carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes key: cord-329905-dwfwwdbn authors: Staat, Dana D.; Klepser, Michael E. title: International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date: 2012-01-06 journal: Pharmacotherapy DOI: 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207 sha: doc_id: 329905 cord_uid: dwfwwdbn file: cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.json key: cord-009997-oecpqf1j authors: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 journal: Pediatr Blood Cancer DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27057 sha: doc_id: 9997 cord_uid: oecpqf1j Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-states-cord parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55735 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56941 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58816 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56763 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58633 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60102 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55685 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55831 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58190 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58230 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58882 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55713 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60592 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61632 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001197-bhlxglyd author: Olival, Kevin J. title: Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date: 2013-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57906 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62076 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293865-0yp9wd0j author: May, Thomas title: Isolation is not the answer date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62411 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295339-nzc47itk author: Baker, Marissa G. title: Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61792 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62636 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62868 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001800-644lf8vn author: Biggerstaff, Matthew title: Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date: 2015-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60201 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255477-okbxllit author: Grabau, John C. title: Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date: 2004-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255477-okbxllit.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005861-3k8h3euj author: Gravenstein, J. S. title: Safety in anesthesia date: 2014-03-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61477 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009507-l74c9x0n author: Singh, Amandeep title: Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date: 2008-01-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022066-8aj480hz author: MacPherson, Douglas W. title: Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date: 2016-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60092 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 66988 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd author: RENDA, Andrea title: Towards Stronger EU Governance of Health Threats after the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-04-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68643 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68356 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 68126 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 author: Lichtenstein, Bronwen title: From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287839-cslrz4yp author: Ehnert, Karen title: Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate? date: 2009-01-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329283-s3ale8ko author: Grant, Aubrey title: Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date: 2020-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016855-hqs94hfa author: Simpson, William M. title: Pesticides date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268331-m4hqxna2 author: Beck, Teresa L. title: Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues date: 2018-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author: Hu, Yi title: A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date: 2013-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author: Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title: Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024936-ncia0h9m author: Luker, Gary D. title: Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date: 2020-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-033687-djkljey2 author: Druckman, James N. title: How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-033687-djkljey2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016379-lcog1654 author: Pimentel, David title: Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016379-lcog1654.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author: Christian, Michael D. title: Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date: 2008-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028713-ets0j847 author: Trippel, Elia title: How green is green enough? The changing landscape of financing a sustainable European economy date: 2020-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-028713-ets0j847.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003970-3e58229u author: Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title: Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date: 2019-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003970-3e58229u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021637-f5wwn45z author: Douglas, R. Gordon title: The Vaccine Industry date: 2017-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025767-scbteel5 author: Richards, Timothy J. title: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date: 2020-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-025767-scbteel5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343021-gqem6bxj author: Allam, Zaheer title: Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326916-bakwk4tm author: Fauver, Joseph R. title: Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007542-12dzeebn author: Jonas, Richard A. title: Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date: 2007-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021887-22lop0pk author: Artenstein, Andrew W. title: Biological Attack date: 2015-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author: Maloney, Susan A. title: Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date: 2004-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029172-fctcfoak author: Romano, John L. title: Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-209730-nzcch4ji author: Cai, Hengjin title: On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319463-erdwejd2 author: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 author: Epstein, Jay S. title: Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS date: 2013-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author: Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title: Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date: 2019-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author: Halperin, Daniel T. title: Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date: 2020-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016840-p3sq99yg author: Bales, Connie Watkins title: Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date: 2008-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276797-86hc3lbi author: Jamieson, Denise J. title: Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date: 2006-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326922-bajpr5a2 author: Watson, C. James title: Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018084-c48chbfa author: Reynolds, Chris title: Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date: 2019-06-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh author: Feng, Tianjun title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032716-i6hfj8ca author: Hufbauer, Gary Clyde title: What's new in economic sanctions? date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author: Perrotta, D. title: Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324185-zt88o3co author: Sovacool, Benjamin K. title: Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date: 2020-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265017-byyx2y47 author: Ryan, Jeffrey R. title: Seeds of Destruction date: 2016-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015646-tt2p9uue author: Xue, Lan title: Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date: 2018-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author: nan title: Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author: Zelicoff, Alan P. title: Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date: 2016-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034575-kio60itg author: Lafleur, Jean-Michel title: Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27 date: 2020-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-034575-kio60itg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323913-v32c2vda author: Istúriz, Raul E. title: Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Requiring Intensive Care date: 2006-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author: Ippolito, G. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author: Ubokudom, Sunday E. title: Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date: 2012-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334925-csy5fekx author: COHEN, ALAN B. title: Living in a Covid‐19 World date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-177001-ron8oqrn author: Afshordi, Niayesh title: Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States date: 2020-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022581-awivedxp author: Diaz, James H. title: Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date: 2014-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022581-awivedxp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017858-kugh9y8c author: De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title: Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date: 2013-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263667-5g51n27e author: Steele, James Harlan title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date: 2008-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author: Edgell, David L. title: Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date: 2009-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022035-annn4qn1 author: Menitove, Jay E. title: Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017997-obvk2d8e author: Slater, Margaret R. title: The Welfare Of Feral Cats date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269958-nj0ub9in author: Woods, Eric Taylor title: COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange date: 2020-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005227-74ycwmyg author: Richardson, Jacques G. title: The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author: Munyikwa, Michelle title: MY COVID‐19 DIARY date: 2020-06-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315184-py8lbg97 author: Stephany, Fabian title: Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg author: Owen, James A. title: Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author: Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date: 2016-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author: Staat, Dana D. title: International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date: 2012-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author: Carter-Pokras, O. title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author: Cohn, Amanda C. title: Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date: 2005-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332610-t99l3zii author: Mayer, J.D. title: Emerging Diseases: Overview date: 2008-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017469-dnnkor2o author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author: Allam, Zaheer title: The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337218-risqto89 author: Chu, Ellen W. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337218-risqto89.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292853-xihpfidg author: Ford, Julian D. title: Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date: 2015-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023713-daz2vokz author: Devereux, Graham title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw author: Severin, Paul N. title: Types of Disasters date: 2020-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author: Zeimet, Anthony title: Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023529-zrnczve3 author: Craighead, Geoff title: Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date: 2013-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-276758-k2imddzr author: Siegel, Jane D. title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz author: Lezotre, Pierre-Louis title: Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives date: 2014-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-states-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003970-3e58229u author = Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title = Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date = 2019-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8412 sentences = 363 flesch = 42 summary = Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the etiological agent of PRRS, is one of the most important endemic viruses affecting the swine industry in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013) and globally (Stadejek et al., 2013; VanderWaal and Deen, 2018) . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was first recognized almost simultaneously in Europe (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and North America (Collins et al., 1992) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but genetic differences suggested a much earlier evolutionary divergence between the North American and European viral types. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of PRRSV occurrence in a swine-dense region of the United States, characterizing these patterns according to ORF5 genetic lineages and sub-lineages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of Eastern Canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection cache = ./cache/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author = Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title = Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date = 2019-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9073 sentences = 340 flesch = 48 summary = We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region's recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region's governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union. cache = ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015646-tt2p9uue author = Xue, Lan title = Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date = 2018-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9336 sentences = 368 flesch = 37 summary = 20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response. cache = ./cache/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017858-kugh9y8c author = De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title = Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date = 2013-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10887 sentences = 631 flesch = 50 summary = This was revoked in part by the Framework Decision 19 of the European Union Council dated 06/26/2001, whereby Member States agreed not to make reservations on Articles 2 and 6 of the European Convention of 1990 (including the rule that provides for money laundering resulting generically from criminal conduct), since only serious infractions can be at issue, and provided measures for confiscation and criminal action on the proceeds of crime having a maximum penalty of greater than one year, or crimes considered serious (Article 1). To increase the likelihood of recovering assets of criminal origin, States are urged to draft laws instituting Civil Forfeiture Actions for Illegally Acquired Assets as a means of fighting money laundering by interrupting the usufruct of the proceeds of crime. cache = ./cache/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016379-lcog1654 author = Pimentel, David title = Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5743 sentences = 313 flesch = 57 summary = Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. Worldwide, an estimated 30,000 species of exotic plants have been intentionally introduced as crops, and have escaped to become established in various natural ecosystems. In the United States, introduced plant species are spreading and invading approximately 700,000 ha of US natural ecosystems per year (Babbitt 1998) . In the Great Lakes, for instance, nearly 50 invasive species are found, and these invaders are causing an estimated $ 5 billion in damages to the fisheries per year (Pimentel 2005) . This investigation reports on various economic damages associated with invasive species in various nations of the world that total more than $ 1.4 trillion per year (Pimentel 2002) . cache = ./cache/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005227-74ycwmyg author = Richardson, Jacques G. title = The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12240 sentences = 548 flesch = 53 summary = How did the scientifically based Haber's constant-the product of the concentration of a substance as parts per million in a fixed volume multiplied by time in minutesbecome, during the First World War, the measure of effectiveness of chemical agents as weapons? When the United Nations' Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was forced by that country's leader to abandon in December 1998 its monitoring of what Iraq might be developing as weapons of mass destruction, the international inspection group determined that Iraq had progressed in terms of developing • biological weapons: culturing enough anthrax bacteria to produce 26,000 liters of infectious agent to be held in reserve, • chemical arms including a supply of 550 artillery shells filled with mustard gas, together with at least one and a half tonnes of the nerve reagent VX, and • what may be a long-term missile project, spread among twelve different national facilities. cache = ./cache/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009507-l74c9x0n author = Singh, Amandeep title = Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date = 2008-01-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4395 sentences = 291 flesch = 42 summary = To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient's history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient's primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient's recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. cache = ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author = Hu, Yi title = A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date = 2013-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5104 sentences = 221 flesch = 56 summary = From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means. cache = ./cache/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001197-bhlxglyd author = Olival, Kevin J. title = Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date = 2013-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2068 sentences = 100 flesch = 49 summary = We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. On this 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act, it is appropriate to look at the historical roots of environmental protection and conservation in the United States, particularly as they relate to ecology and to health. While pollutants remain an insidious threat to health and the environment, there is now a growing acceptance that emerging infectious diseases (EID's) are on the rise and are having dramatic impacts on both global health and conservation (Daszak et al. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia is a good example of how environmental drivers, including the industrialization and expansion of pig farms into bat habitat, led to pathogen spillover and a subsequent human outbreak (Daszak et al. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlif: threats to biodiversity and human health cache = ./cache/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017997-obvk2d8e author = Slater, Margaret R. title = The Welfare Of Feral Cats date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12189 sentences = 589 flesch = 55 summary = The interest in feral cats may focus on animal control, especially in countries where the free-roaming dog problem no longer is a major concern, or on issues such as predation, public health or the well-being of the cats themselves. Several small studies using secondary poisoning of predators with agent 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) or brodifacoum (a second-generation anticoagulant) via poisoned prey species suggest that this may be a more effective method to kill all predators present, including feral cats, stoats and ferrets Gillies & Pierce 1999; Alterio 2002) . Thus, TNR together with adoption and monitoring programs are the most effective and humane options for the long-term control of feral cat colonies. Several large programs in the northeast and west have become increasingly high profile in animal welfare and animal protection conferences and web sites, indicating a growing awareness, if not always acceptance, of TNR as a humane method for the control of feral cats. cache = ./cache/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021637-f5wwn45z author = Douglas, R. Gordon title = The Vaccine Industry date = 2017-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6455 sentences = 302 flesch = 41 summary = The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. cache = ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005861-3k8h3euj author = Gravenstein, J. S. title = Safety in anesthesia date = 2014-03-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3660 sentences = 213 flesch = 50 summary = Efforts to enhance safety in anesthesia must include adherence to explicit and implicit safety standards, must make use of equipment that offers modern safety features, must seek to detect and correct developing safety threats as early as possible and must have a structured system to analyze problems and to institute remedies to prevent their recurrence. The health care system in which these fatal and non-fatal errors occur covers a spectrum that stretches from the manufacturers of equipment and drugs to the cleaning crew in the operating room and it involves many different clinical and supportive departments and their personnel.Anesthesia is an important component of this health care system comprising many interdependent parts that can affect the quality of anesthesia care. The Institute of Medicine [5] includes in its definitions the terms "accidental injury" and, interestingly, makes reference to a process:"Ensuring patient safety involves the establishment of operational systems and processes that minimize the likelihood of errors and maximize the likelihood of intercepting them when they occur." cache = ./cache/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001800-644lf8vn author = Biggerstaff, Matthew title = Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date = 2015-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4489 sentences = 175 flesch = 43 summary = For the second scenario, we clinical attack rate of the influenza pandemic is 20% and the overall case fatality ratio is 0.53% (high-severity scenario); 10 million doses (left) or 30 million doses (right) of vaccine are administered each week; the vaccination program begins 16 weeks after, 8 weeks after, the same week as, 8 weeks before, and 16 weeks before the first cases of a novel influenza virus occur in the United States; and the efficacy is "H1N1pmd09 monovalent vaccine-like." 2009 H1N1-like vaccine effectiveness: 2 doses of vaccine administered 3 weeks apart required to be fully effective (62% for persons aged <60 years and 43% for persons ≥60 years) in protecting against subclinical and clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For an influenza pandemic with a 30% overall cumulative attack rate and high-severity scenario, we estimated that a vaccination program beginning the same week as the pandemic started in the United States that administered 10 million doses of vaccine with the moderate VE per week could avert 260 000 hospitalizations and 32 000 deaths (6% reduction) (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figures 2 and 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023792-lrgj8gxd author = RENDA, Andrea title = Towards Stronger EU Governance of Health Threats after the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4193 sentences = 207 flesch = 50 summary = The threat of such a pandemic was to be expected, yet it was ignored, despite repeated warnings by experts, 12 the press 13 and expert groups such as the 2016 Report of the "High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises", which warned about the need to address existing gaps and "enhance global capacity to rapidly detect and respond to health crises"; 14 as well as the 2019 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (an independent monitoring and accountability body be/professioneel/nieuws-professioneel/ethical-principles-concerning-proportionality-of-critical-care-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-advice-by-the-belgian-society-of-ic-medicine>. A dedicated agencythe European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)was set up in an attempt to strengthen Europe's response capability and to provide technical support to Member States. With such a support network, the European Commission could create an executive structure that would coordinate emergency responses by identifying the most effective sequence of measures and enable possible redistribution of materials and resources across Member States to ensure the resilience of the whole Union. cache = ./cache/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author = Ubokudom, Sunday E. title = Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date = 2012-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10470 sentences = 480 flesch = 49 summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. cache = ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007542-12dzeebn author = Jonas, Richard A. title = Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date = 2007-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5592 sentences = 263 flesch = 51 summary = The relatively recent subspecialization of cardiothoracic surgery into adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital has undoubtedly complicated the projection of manpower needs ( Figure 14 ). At this meeting, we have instituted a global session that will be held again this year on Wednesday morning, organized by Dr Philip Corcoran, the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC, with whom I have the pleasure of working. There is no international organization that has the resources to estimate the total number of cardiothoracic surgical procedures that will be performed globally in 10, 20, and 30 years. Within congenital cardiac surgery, the problem of matching supply and demand on a global scale has resulted in an interesting distribution of surgeons around the planet, often working in locations that are quite remote from their institution of training. What are the implications of a global mismatch of cardiothoracic surgical supply and demand for surgical training programs in the United States? cache = ./cache/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021887-22lop0pk author = Artenstein, Andrew W. title = Biological Attack date = 2015-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7195 sentences = 367 flesch = 36 summary = This trend culminated with the October 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, which elevated bioterrorism to the forefront of international dialogue and heightened public concerns regarding systemic health care preparation against the threat of biological attacks. Physicians and other health care workers must therefore maintain a high index of suspicion of bioterrorism, and recognize suggestive epidemiologic clues and clinical features to enhance early recognition and guide initial management of casualties. Multiple features make smallpox an attractive biological weapon and ensure that any reintroduction into human populations would be a global public health catastrophe: it is stable in aerosol form, has a low infective dose, is associated with up to a 30% case-fatality rate, and has a large vulnerable target population because civilian vaccination was terminated in 1972. 42 Although not always clinically apparent, the psychological effect of a bioterrorism event is certainly a significant and important consideration for ongoing public health management strategies following any biological threat or terrorist attack. cache = ./cache/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016855-hqs94hfa author = Simpson, William M. title = Pesticides date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4759 sentences = 300 flesch = 47 summary = Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists). cache = ./cache/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034575-kio60itg author = Lafleur, Jean-Michel title = Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27 date = 2020-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11285 sentences = 403 flesch = 34 summary = Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states' engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection. With the concept of diaspora infrastructure, we aim to highlight the fact that sending states' engagement with nationals abroad in the area of welfare consists of both institutions (consulates, ministries or sub-ministries in charge of emigration issues) and policies (rights and support services) aiming to protect the diaspora against vulnerability or social risks. As previously mentioned, we operationalise sending states' descriptive infrastructure as the institutional framework that comprises home countries' public institutions at the national level which meet both conditions of having a mandate to engage primarily with the diaspora and being active in the adoption or implementation of social protection policies that benefit this population. cache = ./cache/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022035-annn4qn1 author = Menitove, Jay E. title = Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12424 sentences = 786 flesch = 49 summary = [20] [21] [22] [23] Despite documentation that the spirochete survives routine RBC and frozen plasma storage, testing blood donors is not under consideration because no reports exist of transfusion-associated Lyme disease. 29 An extensive epidemiologic study in Arkansas involving military trainee blood donors who had been exposed to tick bites and unknowingly infected with the agents of ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) found no clinical illness among the recipients of RBCs and platelets donated by these soldiers. 32 Ongoing malaria surveillance in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to identify cases in immigrants and in residents and travelers to areas of the world where malaria transmission still occurs. 110, 111 An active investigation to determine whether transfusion associated-vCJD transmission occurs in humans began in the United Kingdom in 1997 by identifying vCJD patients who donated blood before illness. cache = ./cache/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11260 sentences = 629 flesch = 58 summary = Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. cache = ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018084-c48chbfa author = Reynolds, Chris title = Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date = 2019-06-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7448 sentences = 372 flesch = 45 summary = Dennis Blair [2] states in an DNI Threat Assessment, "Most terrorist groups that have shown some interest, intent or capability to conduct CBRN attacks have pursued only limited, technically simple approaches that have not yet caused large numbers of casualties. The potential for non-state actors, which includes both domestic and international terrorists, successfully obtaining access to WMD's is a very real threat to the safety and security of all people [4] . In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540, with the intent of keeping WMD out of the hands of non-state actors, which included nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials. 3. All States must adopt and enforce domestic controls over nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials, in order to prevent their proliferation. WMD's include chemical agents, biological pathogens, radiological agents, and nuclear weapons, each of which require special protective measures for responders and decontamination for victims. cache = ./cache/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016840-p3sq99yg author = Bales, Connie Watkins title = Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date = 2008-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7275 sentences = 321 flesch = 49 summary = Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2). cache = ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author = nan title = Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7854 sentences = 410 flesch = 54 summary = Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young. cache = ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author = Linday, Linda A. title = Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date = 2010-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11336 sentences = 528 flesch = 47 summary = Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children's multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children's chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. cache = ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 author = Lichtenstein, Bronwen title = From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3566 sentences = 205 flesch = 64 summary = OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. The primary sources for this analysis include major broadsheets such as The Age and Sydney Morning Herald in Australia; The Guardian (and three tabloids, Daily Mail, The Telegraph, and The Sun) in the United Kingdom; and The New York Times and The Washington Post in the United States. (Australia has a smaller population compared to the United Kingdom and United States, and its media resources are fewer.) Nonprint sources include the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), the British Broadcasting Commission (BBC), health policy platforms (e.g., Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]), and advocacy websites for older adults in each country. cache = ./cache/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author = Edgell, David L. title = Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date = 2009-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12152 sentences = 535 flesch = 43 summary = • increasing two-way tourism, • supporting efforts by the National Tourism Organization travel promotion office(s), • improving tourism facilitation, • encouraging reciprocal investments in the two nations' tourism industries, • promoting the sharing of research, statistics and information, • recognizing the importance of the safety and security of tourists, • suggesting mutual cooperation on policy issues in international tourism, • providing for regular consultations on tourism matters, • acknowledging benefits from education and training in tourism, • enhancing mutual understanding and goodwill. In July 2003, WTTC revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism that proffered the statement 'which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of travel and tourism -one of the world's largest industries, responsible for over 200 million jobs and over 10 per cent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product)'. STS continues its dedication to promoting and developing tourism and travel by leading regional and national organizations in innovative programmes and research. cache = ./cache/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022581-awivedxp author = Diaz, James H. title = Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date = 2014-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10453 sentences = 494 flesch = 41 summary = SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. cache = ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024936-ncia0h9m author = Luker, Gary D. title = Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date = 2020-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2949 sentences = 140 flesch = 49 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated. cache = ./cache/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author = Zelicoff, Alan P. title = Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date = 2016-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9005 sentences = 373 flesch = 40 summary = Biosecurity laws passed by the Congress vest considerable authority in government departments such as Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) to formulate and then implement regulations (frequently referred to by officials as "rules") with which laboratory workers, researchers, staff and security personnel must comply. We will summarize the processes by which agencies with HHS and USDA -typically the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -interpret the will of Congress (via laws that have been proposed, debated and passed), formulate proposed regulations, solicit comments from individuals and entities likely to be affected, and then disseminate final rules. cache = ./cache/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022066-8aj480hz author = MacPherson, Douglas W. title = Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date = 2016-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3517 sentences = 171 flesch = 35 summary = The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations. cache = ./cache/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 author = Epstein, Jay S. title = Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS date = 2013-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6253 sentences = 268 flesch = 42 summary = In a set of 14 recommendations directed primarily at federal agencies, the IOM called for a more responsive and integrated decision-making process including establishment of a Blood Safety Council reporting to a designated Blood Safety Director within HHS and a standing "expert panel" to assure communication of blood product risks and alternatives to their use both to care providers and to the public. Several possible strategies were presented, including deferral of blood donations by persons known to be at increased risk for AIDS and the use of surrogate tests to identify persons at increased risk of transmission, such as those with detectable antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) or low CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. The Transfusion Transmitted Virus Study, supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, published a retrospective analysis of a prospective study that showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing of donors might effect a 30% reduction in TAH incidence. cache = ./cache/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255477-okbxllit author = Grabau, John C. title = Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date = 2004-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2836 sentences = 152 flesch = 56 summary = 9 An investigation conducted among inner city residents in a large United States city identified predictors of death to be underlying illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV infection. A TB-related sudden death, where TB disease was not suspected or detected until autopsy, led to a large contact investigation and prompted the New York State Department of Health to look into other TB deaths in an effort to identify patterns where TB disease may have gone undetected and to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent transmission of infection and subsequent development of disease. Firstround testing of close contacts looked at 171 individuals, 24 (14%) of whom were known by the local health department to be TB skin test (TST)-positive. In the investigation described here, the index patient was identified at death as having extensive TB disease and likely infected a substantial number of coworkers and social contacts. cache = ./cache/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293865-0yp9wd0j author = May, Thomas title = Isolation is not the answer date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 978 sentences = 48 flesch = 40 summary = New restrictions on the publication of sensitive information relevant to biological weapons, on access to 'select' biological agents for research, and on the training of scientists from specified countries are some examples. Consequently, attention to the global dimensions of bioterror threats is particularly important, including strengthening international means to identify and contain outbreaks of infectious disease. Recognition of the true international nature of the bioterror threat should make the United States take a leading role in training foreign scientists, medical professionals and public-health personnel to build a global capacity for identifying and containing disease outbreaks. Apart from the obvious barriers that restrictions on access to scientific information and tools place on research, restrictions on scientific training for foreign nationals will delay those countries from developing expertise crucial to identifying and containing disease outbreaks -key to any global strategy against bioterrorism. cache = ./cache/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023713-daz2vokz author = Devereux, Graham title = Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date = 2013-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 27880 sentences = 1480 flesch = 51 summary = A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). cache = ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025767-scbteel5 author = Richards, Timothy J. title = COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date = 2020-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4024 sentences = 166 flesch = 52 summary = In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing. cache = ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287839-cslrz4yp author = Ehnert, Karen title = Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate? date = 2009-01-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5342 sentences = 338 flesch = 56 summary = The global trade market, the ease of transporting animals across continents and around the world, lower production costs in foreign countries, and market demand have resulted in a thriving pet trade of exotic animals, birds, and puppies, both purebred and small mixed breeds. Importation of livestock or other hoofed stock, birds, dogs, or other animals may require a permit and possibly quarantine in a USDA facility before the shipment is allowed to enter the United States. For example, dogs entering the United States from countries reporting cases of rabies need proof of a current rabies vaccination, or the importer must sign an agreement to confine the animal until appropriate vaccinations can be obtained and then for an additional 30 days after vaccination. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author = Halperin, Daniel T. title = Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date = 2020-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6378 sentences = 386 flesch = 57 summary = As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-033687-djkljey2 author = Druckman, James N. title = How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4561 sentences = 253 flesch = 46 summary = Partisans who harbor high levels of animus towards the other party do not differentiate the "United States'" response to COVID-19 from that of the Trump administration. Because the virus and resulting pandemic was completely novel when it emerged in early 2020, partisans did not have prior beliefs about it and their pre-COVID levels of affective polarization cannot be affected by how elites acted during the crisis. First, in line with Hypothesis 1, we would observe that participants from different political parties offer differential evaluations of the targets (e.g., Republicans being more favorable about Trump than the United States). Republicans with low levels of affective polarization report higher evaluations of the American response in the Trump condition than in the United States condition such that we can reject the null hypothesis of no difference (1.94 versus 1.31, difference of −0.626, p < 0.01). How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans' Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic cache = ./cache/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author = Christian, Michael D. title = Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date = 2008-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4553 sentences = 253 flesch = 47 summary = Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. However, with the anticipation of large volumes of critically ill patients in future disasters, some believe that hospital capacity, and in particular critical care capability, will be a major limiting factor for survival. Within an effective command and control system to coordinate regional response, 10 surge capacity in critical care depends on three crucial elements: (1) "stuff," medical equipment and supplies; (2) "staff," appropriately trained health professionals to competently care for critically ill and injured patients; and (3) "space," the physical location suitable for safe provision of critical care. Although great strides have been made to prepare the health-care system to respond to disaster, these plans fall short for mass casualty events with a large number of critically ill. cache = ./cache/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032716-i6hfj8ca author = Hufbauer, Gary Clyde title = What's new in economic sanctions? date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7984 sentences = 423 flesch = 55 summary = Very early in the post Second World War era, the United States and its European allies used the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and regional development banksinstitutions they controlled --as on-off spigots to block or limit funding to target countries. Trump's tariffs are aimed at a wide range of products (all autos, all steel, everything Chinese) in pursuit of broad goals that mix commerce and foreign policy (e.g., slash bilateral trade deficits, restore US preeminence as a manufacturing power, or limit technology exports that could strengthen China's military). Trump's sanctions take the form of high tariffs, both imposed and threatened, that could eventually cover nearly all US imports from China; a star chamber screening process, under CFIUS auspices, that will deny Chinese investment in any US firm with a technology flavor; and criminal charges against the world's leading telecom company, Huawei, and its chief financial officer, Meng Wanzhou, for stealing trade secrets and evading economic sanctions on Iran; and the forced sale of TikTok assets in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295339-nzc47itk author = Baker, Marissa G. title = Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3320 sentences = 139 flesch = 41 summary = METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. cache = ./cache/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326922-bajpr5a2 author = Watson, C. James title = Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7095 sentences = 417 flesch = 38 summary = In the modern-day United States (US), medications are by-inlarge manufactured in commercial facilities, and this production is regulated and overseen by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, a new form of large-scale compounding has become commonplace, whereby pharmacies produce bulk volumes of medications which are not available commercially, and broadly distribute them to healthcare practices and individual patients. Patient harm caused by compounded medications has been the focus of media, medical, and legislative attention in recent years, especially following a multistate, multi-fatality outbreak of fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections compounded at a pharmacy in Framingham, MA [2, 3, 5, 6] . We categorized errors under the conceptual framework described by Sarah Sellers, PharmD, MPH, former board member for the FDA's Advisory Committee on Pharmacy Compounding, in testimony to the US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, namely, that "suprapotency," "subpotency," and "contamination" are the primary risks associated with pharmaceutical compounding [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028713-ets0j847 author = Trippel, Elia title = How green is green enough? The changing landscape of financing a sustainable European economy date = 2020-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6247 sentences = 256 flesch = 43 summary = Wallace-Wells comments on this shift in 2018, when remarking that "scientists began embracing fear", as "the IPCC released a dramatic, alarmist report illustrating just how much worse climate change would be at 2 degrees of warming compared with 1.5." 18 This paper argues that this shift in narrative among scientists and subsequently EU policy-makers has also influenced the way in which sustainable finance was approached at EU level after 2018. Discussions around the need for clearer sustainability-related disclosures, for increasing the supply of sustainable financial products, for ensuring that environmental, social and governance (ESG factors) were duly taken into account in investment decision-making processes often came back to 21 G20 Green Finance Study Group [12] . In this publication, the first of her six headline ambitions, or proposed Commission priorities, was titled "A European Green Deal." 37 Moreover, the general narrative surrounding climate change and environmental degradation was bolder than what had been presented by Jean-Claude Juncker five years prior, on 15 July 2014. cache = ./cache/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265017-byyx2y47 author = Ryan, Jeffrey R. title = Seeds of Destruction date = 2016-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9264 sentences = 535 flesch = 55 summary = In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). cache = ./cache/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author = Zeimet, Anthony title = Infectious Diseases date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28925 sentences = 1728 flesch = 45 summary = Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. cache = ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269958-nj0ub9in author = Woods, Eric Taylor title = COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange date = 2020-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10579 sentences = 481 flesch = 49 summary = This is deepening as Taiwan gains substantial support from other democratic states, while China appears to be taking advantage of the health crisis to step up its naval and air force intrusions into the waters around the island and into the South China Sea. This growing linkage of the pandemic with the national security of the United States and China creates a context within which individuals in both countries are likely to be harassed as carriers of COVID-19, especially in the context of the rising populism that is highlighted by Miller-Idriss. cache = ./cache/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323913-v32c2vda author = Istúriz, Raul E. title = Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Requiring Intensive Care date = 2006-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7130 sentences = 390 flesch = 43 summary = Although children are among the groups most at risk for developing influenza and its complications and are more likely to spread the infection to others, complications of seasonal influenza occur most frequently among patients older than 60 years and those with chronic comorbidities including diseases of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system, diabetes mellitus, hemoglobinopathies, renal insufficiency, and immunosuppression. Generalized tetanus, a protein-toxin mediated neurologic disorder caused by Clostridium tetani, an obligate anaerobic, motile gram-positive rod with terminal spores has traditionally been, and continues to represent despite effective vaccine a common cause of intensive care admissions that are long and are associated with high mortality [33] and cost. The risk of developing clinical tetanus after an acute puncture or laceration is higher in patients older than 60 years, a reflection of waning immunity, with a significant proportion of cases occurring in women [35] , and a low mortality rate. cache = ./cache/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-177001-ron8oqrn author = Afshordi, Niayesh title = Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States date = 2020-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9979 sentences = 420 flesch = 47 summary = Compared to the linear model of the previous section (Table 1b) Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States individual's probability of becoming infectious, and the distributions of incubation period and generation interval, all as a function of the median age of the population (see Supplementary Material). To obtain the simplest nontrivial incubation period, we assume that β(C) =β Θ(C − 1)where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step function -meaning Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States that an infected individual is only infectious once they reach stage C = 1, and the infection rate constant is otherwise unchanging. cache = ./cache/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 71765 sentences = 5075 flesch = 49 summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. cache = ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276797-86hc3lbi author = Jamieson, Denise J. title = Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date = 2006-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7263 sentences = 417 flesch = 50 summary = Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. This systematic review summarizes 3 recent, highprofile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: (1) SARS, (2) West Nile virus, and (3) anthrax. The 3 emerging infectious disease threats that are described in this systematic review pose very different and novel health threats: SARS is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. cache = ./cache/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029172-fctcfoak author = Romano, John L. title = Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8401 sentences = 408 flesch = 38 summary = Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities. cache = ./cache/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329283-s3ale8ko author = Grant, Aubrey title = Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3206 sentences = 151 flesch = 50 summary = The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In Baltimore, Mera Kitchen Collective-founded in 2018 to empower refugee and immigrant women through food entrepreneurship (Meehan, 2018; Cassie, 2019) -has responded to the coronavirus pandemic by donating prepared meals to health-care workers and fellow Baltimoreans in need (Strickland, 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33175 sentences = 2065 flesch = 49 summary = The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. cache = ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-209730-nzcch4ji author = Cai, Hengjin title = On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5146 sentences = 245 flesch = 56 summary = As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. If everyone uses existing assets (such as gold and silver) to serve as collateral for the full specified amount, we will find that even if all social wealth were taken as collateral, it would still not be enough to fill the gap because self-assertiveness demands function unceasingly to make the requirements of the people to exceed actual social output, thereby causing challenges to sustainability, which is also the major problem with Libra lacking a credit mechanism. cache = ./cache/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326916-bakwk4tm author = Fauver, Joseph R. title = Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5556 sentences = 323 flesch = 53 summary = To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ). cache = ./cache/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024981-yfuuirnw author = Severin, Paul N. title = Types of Disasters date = 2020-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 29266 sentences = 1796 flesch = 48 summary = The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019). cache = ./cache/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327748-8ob6okeh author = Feng, Tianjun title = Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date = 2010-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9437 sentences = 510 flesch = 59 summary = Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children's toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. cache = ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268331-m4hqxna2 author = Beck, Teresa L. title = Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues date = 2018-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4034 sentences = 212 flesch = 47 summary = Leading medical professional societies such as the American Medical Association (AMA), American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and the American Nurses Association (ANA) reaffirm the position that all individuals living in the United States, regardless of their immigration status, should have access to quality health care, including the opportunity to purchase insurance. Several US cities and states with large immigrant populations have attempted to address their health care needs by providing access to primary care. My Health LA (MHLA) is a no-cost health care program that offers comprehensive health care for low-income, uninsured Los Angeles county residents, regardless of immigration status or medical condition. In the United States, cities with large numbers of immigrants have models that provide health care to their uninsured regardless of immigration status, and could potentially be expanded to other areas of the country experiencing increasing growth of their immigrant populations. cache = ./cache/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324185-zt88o3co author = Sovacool, Benjamin K. title = Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date = 2020-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7229 sentences = 326 flesch = 43 summary = Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017469-dnnkor2o author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16529 sentences = 746 flesch = 40 summary = Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). cache = ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343021-gqem6bxj author = Allam, Zaheer title = Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6023 sentences = 260 flesch = 55 summary = The disruptions came just when the consumer demand for different products in other countries from different parts of the world was on a high and rising as depicted in a "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)" report showing that exports in 2019 grew by 9.7% in 2018, with China being the world's leading merchandise trader of the year (UNCTAD, 2020). In other countries such as the United States, it was reported that the government was prompted to force, through an executive order, major companies such as General Motors (GM) to produce ventilators to help bridge the gap that the increasing confirmed cases for coronavirus created (Haynes, 2020) . In other places, such as in the oil-producing countries, including the United States, the impacts of COVID-19 on different economic sectors such as transport and manufacturing saw the demand for oil and oil products plummeting in rates not experienced in recent history. cache = ./cache/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17924 sentences = 938 flesch = 64 summary = The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). cache = ./cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author = Maloney, Susan A. title = Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date = 2004-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7146 sentences = 363 flesch = 41 summary = Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. cache = ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31276 sentences = 1672 flesch = 47 summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. cache = ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author = Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title = Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3509 sentences = 170 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans. cache = ./cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319463-erdwejd2 author = Diaz, J. H. title = Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4963 sentences = 197 flesch = 37 summary = The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304056-2bo0s0hz author = Lezotre, Pierre-Louis title = Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives date = 2014-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 64915 sentences = 2935 flesch = 38 summary = ▸ To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in the EU, US, and Japan in order to ensure a more timely introduction of new medicinal products, and their availability to patients; ▸ To contribute to the protection of public health from an international perspective (added upon revision in 2000); ▸ To monitor and update harmonized technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data; ▸ To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonization of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products; ▸ To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices, where these permit a more economical use of human, animal, and material resources, without compromising safety; ▸ To facilitate the dissemination and communication of information on harmonized guidelines and their use such as to encourage the implementation and integration of common standards. cache = ./cache/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author = Perrotta, D. title = Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7494 sentences = 312 flesch = 50 summary = Our goal in this paper is to provide insights into the relation between participants' demographic characteristics and (i) the threat they perceive COVID-19 to pose to various levels of society, (ii) the confidence they have in the preparedness of different national and international organizations to handle the current crisis, and (iii) the behavioral measures (preventive measures and social distancing measures) they have taken to protect themselves from the coronavirus. The questionnaire consists of four topical sections: (i) socio-demographic indicators (age, sex, country of birth, country of residence, level of education, household size and composition); (ii) health indicators (underlying medical conditions, flu vaccination status, pregnancy, symptoms experienced in the previous seven days); (iii) opinions and behaviors (perceived threat from COVID-19, level of trust in institutions, level of confidence in sources of information, preventive measures taken, disruptions to daily routine); (iv) social contact data, i.e. the number of interactions that respondents had the day before participating in the survey in different settings (at home, at school, at work, or in other locations). cache = ./cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author = Ippolito, G. title = Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date = 2006-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6497 sentences = 257 flesch = 35 summary = The term 'highly infectious diseases' describes infections caused by pathogens that are transmissible from person to person, cause severe or life-threatening illness; present a serious hazard in healthcare settings and in the community; and require specific control measures, which may include management of cases in a highly secure isolation unit. In Canada, where SARS 'paralysed the Greater Toronto Area healthcare system for weeks' [27] , and the Toronto public health department investigated 2132 potential cases of SARS, identified over 23,000 contacts as requiring quarantine and logged more than 316,000 calls on its SARS hotline [28] , a national review commission identified systemic deficiencies in response capacity, including 'inadequacies in institutional outbreak management protocols, infection control and infectious disease surveillance', and found that these deficiencies resulted at least in part from failure to implement lessons learned from earlier public health emergencies [22] . cache = ./cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17476 sentences = 1073 flesch = 49 summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . cache = ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 45685 sentences = 2892 flesch = 44 summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. cache = ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337218-risqto89 author = Chu, Ellen W. title = Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date = 2013-02-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16635 sentences = 718 flesch = 46 summary = 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth's environmental ''spheres'': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet's natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world's water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans' environmental impact in most people's minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. cache = ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5505 sentences = 276 flesch = 43 summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author = Cohn, Amanda C. title = Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date = 2005-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7963 sentences = 381 flesch = 40 summary = This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. Before introduction of PCV7, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was a leading cause of infectious morbidity in young children in the United States, annually causing approximately 17,000 cases of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old, including 700 cases of meningitis and 200 deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292853-xihpfidg author = Ford, Julian D. title = Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date = 2015-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18821 sentences = 665 flesch = 36 summary = A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual's or group's (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society). cache = ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author = Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title = Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date = 2016-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7496 sentences = 466 flesch = 47 summary = According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023529-zrnczve3 author = Craighead, Geoff title = Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date = 2013-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31484 sentences = 1764 flesch = 58 summary = (1) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat (CTBUh) formed a task force to explore options "to further increase the level of safety in tall buildings including the establishment of guidelines to better educate its report, called the World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, "fulfilling its goal 'to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings against such unforeseen events. The new codes address areas such as increasing structural resistance to building collapse from fire and other incidents; requiring a third exit stairway for tall buildings; increasing the width of all stairways by 50 percent in new high-rises; strengthening criteria for the bonding, proper installation, and inspection of sprayed fire-resistive materials (commonly known as 'fireproofing'); improving the reliability of active fire protection systems (such as automatic sprinklers); requiring a new class of robust elevators for access by emergency responders in lieu of an additional stairway; making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible; and ensuring effective coverage throughout a building for emergency responder radio communications. cache = ./cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19161 sentences = 802 flesch = 41 summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. cache = ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author = Carter-Pokras, O. title = The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8531 sentences = 504 flesch = 41 summary = For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. cache = ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334925-csy5fekx author = COHEN, ALAN B. title = Living in a Covid‐19 World date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2359 sentences = 103 flesch = 44 summary = In two complementary Milbank Quarterly Perspectives, Nason Maani and Sandro Galea explore the long-term negative effects of the United States' failure to invest in the nation's infrastructure to address both population health and public health. In "COVID-19 and Underinvestment in the Health of the US Population," they identify the underlying conditions of the US population that have made Americans particularly susceptible to the spread of the virus, including inequitable socioeconomic conditions, long-entrenched racial and ethnic divides, poor treatment of marginalized populations, and a mismatch between health care needs and access to care. In a new Milbank Quarterly Perspective, Tsung-Mei Cheng draws upon the work of her late husband and health policy collaborator, Uwe Reinhardt, with particular attention to possible lessons for the United States from Germany's all-payer health care system. The authors identify multiple measures of context (factors to support effective academic-community collaboration), process (measures of group dynamics and trust), and outcomes (impacts such as benefits and challenges of CEnR participation). cache = ./cache/cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332610-t99l3zii author = Mayer, J.D. title = Emerging Diseases: Overview date = 2008-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9596 sentences = 469 flesch = 52 summary = The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in 'epidemiologic history'a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response. cache = ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14393 sentences = 608 flesch = 47 summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled 'Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases' in which he declared them 'one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. cache = ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author = Munyikwa, Michelle title = MY COVID‐19 DIARY date = 2020-06-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5021 sentences = 279 flesch = 64 summary = Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa's Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. In this narrative, Michelle Munyikwa, an anthropologist and medical doctor-in-training, reflects on developments in the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of a diary from Philadelphia. Scrolling social media feeds, one is inundated by reports from other countries, graphs and tables attempting to predict the future, and calls to understand the past of previous epidemics such that we might not repeat our errors. This uniquely 21st-century crisis is an object lesson in what it feels like to live through an emerging epidemic during what has often been described as an age of anxiety. We will need to worry about the chronically ill and the fact that many American hospitals cannot handle a surge in patients at this time of year. cache = ./cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315184-py8lbg97 author = Stephany, Fabian title = Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5969 sentences = 287 flesch = 49 summary = We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We combine data from the Online Labour Index (OLI) and an interview-based panel study of freelance workers in the United States to provide insight into the changes in online labour markets relative to the ongoing pandemic arising from the global spread of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. In this initial rapid analysis, we therefore use quantitative data to examine changes in the demand for online labour in three important regional economies with different countermeasures towards the pandemic: United States, Germany, and South Korea. Our interview data come from an ongoing panel study of 60 freelance workers who are located in the United States and seeking work online via the online labour platform Upwork (See http://upwork.com). cache = ./cache/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339372-f3onp9mg author = Owen, James A. title = Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6756 sentences = 311 flesch = 40 summary = Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The concept of CPD within the profession of pharmacy was initially defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) as "the responsibility of individual pharmacists for systematic maintenance, development and broadening of knowledge, skills and attitudes, to ensure continuing competence as a professional, throughout their careers" [1] . Ensure that pharmacists maintain (at an appropriate level) their knowledge, skills, and competence to practice through their careers in their own specific (or current) areas of practice Improve the pharmacist's personal performance (i.e., develop knowledge and skills) Enhance the pharmacist's career progression While aligned with the FIP model, the CCP model was modified slightly to meet the identified needs of pharmacists in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 182060 sentences = 10342 flesch = 48 summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. cache = ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276758-k2imddzr author = Siegel, Jane D. title = 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date = 2007-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 46228 sentences = 2479 flesch = 35 summary = Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. cache = ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author = Staat, Dana D. title = International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date = 2012-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6323 sentences = 391 flesch = 47 summary = Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. 7 Adopted children may have received vaccines of differing potencies or at different ages, or they may have been given a number of doses other than what is recommended in the United States. Because other countries may focus on required vaccinations for diseases endemic to their region, clinicians should ensure that all vaccinations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend are given to newly adopted children. 24 Of note, the high rate of positive results among internationally adopted children may be due to not only exposure to active cases of tuberculosis in their countries of origin but also vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is more common in developing countries than in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-003970-3e58229u cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-017858-kugh9y8c cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-016379-lcog1654 cord-005227-74ycwmyg cord-016557-f2mzwhrt cord-001197-bhlxglyd cord-017997-obvk2d8e cord-018508-pk0ealu5 cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-005861-3k8h3euj cord-023792-lrgj8gxd cord-001800-644lf8vn cord-007542-12dzeebn cord-016536-8wfyaxcb cord-021887-22lop0pk cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-034575-kio60itg cord-018084-c48chbfa cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-022035-annn4qn1 cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-022581-awivedxp cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-024936-ncia0h9m cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-293865-0yp9wd0j cord-255477-okbxllit cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-254978-m8i3q9ww cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-032716-i6hfj8ca cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-295339-nzc47itk cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-269958-nj0ub9in cord-323913-v32c2vda cord-265017-byyx2y47 cord-326922-bajpr5a2 cord-028713-ets0j847 cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-029172-fctcfoak cord-276797-86hc3lbi cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-209730-nzcch4ji cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-324185-zt88o3co cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-343021-gqem6bxj cord-321194-xi4zy5ow cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-318845-w7q5o8wc cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-304056-2bo0s0hz cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-294590-1niaplc2 cord-335065-fv122304 cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 cord-349765-90g5v697 cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-318826-l922zqci cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-347601-kt2rqx8m cord-353772-z1x52stl cord-345402-brhvfsgy cord-337218-risqto89 cord-348807-9xxc5hyl cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-303447-3a7jxl34 cord-336464-eslgz1ka cord-340195-425rd7ul cord-354009-1ek4s8oe cord-273099-zkk5d6gd cord-275033-y9z9l0ji cord-291803-hsnz2qry cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-253161-oz1eziy1 cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-339372-f3onp9mg cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-332610-t99l3zii cord-276758-k2imddzr Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-003970-3e58229u cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-023792-lrgj8gxd cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-034575-kio60itg cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-028713-ets0j847 cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-304056-2bo0s0hz cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-329905-dwfwwdbn Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-003970-3e58229u cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-017858-kugh9y8c cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-005227-74ycwmyg cord-016379-lcog1654 cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-001197-bhlxglyd cord-018508-pk0ealu5 cord-016557-f2mzwhrt cord-017997-obvk2d8e cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-005861-3k8h3euj cord-001800-644lf8vn cord-016536-8wfyaxcb cord-023792-lrgj8gxd cord-007542-12dzeebn cord-021887-22lop0pk cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-034575-kio60itg cord-018084-c48chbfa cord-022035-annn4qn1 cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-022581-awivedxp cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-024936-ncia0h9m cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-255477-okbxllit cord-293865-0yp9wd0j cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-254978-m8i3q9ww cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-295339-nzc47itk cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-032716-i6hfj8ca cord-326922-bajpr5a2 cord-028713-ets0j847 cord-265017-byyx2y47 cord-269958-nj0ub9in cord-323913-v32c2vda cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-029172-fctcfoak cord-276797-86hc3lbi cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-209730-nzcch4ji cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-324185-zt88o3co cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-343021-gqem6bxj cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-321194-xi4zy5ow cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-318845-w7q5o8wc cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-294590-1niaplc2 cord-335065-fv122304 cord-304056-2bo0s0hz cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 cord-349765-90g5v697 cord-336464-eslgz1ka cord-318826-l922zqci cord-347601-kt2rqx8m cord-353772-z1x52stl cord-345402-brhvfsgy cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-348807-9xxc5hyl cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-337218-risqto89 cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-303447-3a7jxl34 cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-340195-425rd7ul cord-273099-zkk5d6gd cord-354009-1ek4s8oe cord-275033-y9z9l0ji cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-291803-hsnz2qry cord-332610-t99l3zii cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-253161-oz1eziy1 cord-339372-f3onp9mg cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-009997-oecpqf1j Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-001197-bhlxglyd cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-016379-lcog1654 cord-003970-3e58229u cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-018508-pk0ealu5 cord-023792-lrgj8gxd cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-017858-kugh9y8c cord-005861-3k8h3euj cord-001800-644lf8vn cord-007542-12dzeebn cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-021887-22lop0pk cord-005227-74ycwmyg cord-017997-obvk2d8e cord-016536-8wfyaxcb cord-018084-c48chbfa cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-034575-kio60itg cord-016557-f2mzwhrt cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 cord-022035-annn4qn1 cord-024936-ncia0h9m cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-022581-awivedxp cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-293865-0yp9wd0j cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-255477-okbxllit cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-254978-m8i3q9ww cord-326922-bajpr5a2 cord-032716-i6hfj8ca cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-295339-nzc47itk cord-028713-ets0j847 cord-265017-byyx2y47 cord-269958-nj0ub9in cord-323913-v32c2vda cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-276797-86hc3lbi cord-029172-fctcfoak cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-209730-nzcch4ji cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-343021-gqem6bxj cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-324185-zt88o3co cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-318845-w7q5o8wc cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 cord-294590-1niaplc2 cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-336464-eslgz1ka cord-348807-9xxc5hyl cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-321194-xi4zy5ow cord-318826-l922zqci cord-347601-kt2rqx8m cord-353772-z1x52stl cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-345402-brhvfsgy cord-303447-3a7jxl34 cord-335065-fv122304 cord-340195-425rd7ul cord-354009-1ek4s8oe cord-291803-hsnz2qry cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-253161-oz1eziy1 cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-339372-f3onp9mg cord-337218-risqto89 cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-332610-t99l3zii cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-273099-zkk5d6gd cord-275033-y9z9l0ji cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-349765-90g5v697 cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-304056-2bo0s0hz cord-009997-oecpqf1j Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-275033-y9z9l0ji number of items: 116 sum of words: 1,198,328 average size in words: 13,464 average readability score: 47 nouns: disease; patients; health; infection; risk; children; virus; cases; care; treatment; countries; years; vaccine; diseases; time; use; infections; transmission; control; animals; blood; study; development; data; people; diagnosis; population; age; therapy; patient; number; system; case; days; response; studies; fever; research; pandemic; prevention; cell; outbreak; world; vaccines; results; species; months; exposure; areas; influenza verbs: includes; using; developed; caused; increased; associated; occurred; reported; provides; based; made; follows; showed; identified; found; saw; requiring; reduces; led; became; taken; receive; relate; preventing; resulting; considered; give; affecting; infected; needs; involving; producing; know; remain; continues; treated; improve; suggest; established; described; recommended; emerged; compared; presented; determine; transmitted; born; demonstrated; allowing; exists adjectives: clinical; new; high; many; human; public; infectious; first; common; important; respiratory; acute; medical; severe; specific; international; social; several; global; available; national; different; significant; pediatric; economic; large; effective; major; low; positive; early; chronic; non; primary; higher; small; local; possible; viral; similar; current; biological; likely; potential; infected; environmental; long; negative; natural; lower adverbs: also; however; well; often; even; usually; especially; now; particularly; less; approximately; still; therefore; highly; first; significantly; later; generally; currently; previously; commonly; frequently; rather; already; typically; much; rapidly; primarily; almost; potentially; respectively; worldwide; relatively; prior; recently; far; finally; least; directly; just; specifically; always; nearly; widely; together; sometimes; rarely; indeed; yet; alone pronouns: it; their; we; they; its; our; he; them; i; his; her; she; us; my; themselves; itself; one; him; you; me; your; himself; ourselves; herself; oneself; s; 's; myself; theirs; mrnas; ly294002; imperative?64; ii.f.2.a; i.e.2; i.b.3.e; http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/fr-1996-06-10/pdf/96-14707.pdf; hers; fori/; em; btb proper nouns: United; States; Health; US; HIV; China; SARS; EU; COVID-19; New; World; Europe; CDC; National; •; Salmonella; Lyme; Africa; U.S.; America; AIDS; C.; Disease; ICH; Committee; Member; FDA; European; West; American; Department; Control; B; SCD; International; TB; A; Prevention; WHO; State; Canada; Center; B.; March; Coronavirus; E.; S.; South; Kingdom; Organization keywords: states; united; disease; health; infection; covid-19; sars; child; hiv; china; vaccine; patient; world; human; cause; american; aids; virus; u.s.; treatment; study; pandemic; member; food; fda; country; cdc; case; care; animal; africa; weapon; tick; social; salmonella; risk; person; national; lyme; infectious; high; european; chemical; biological; antibiotic; agent; year; university; trump; table one topic; one dimension: disease file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839445/ titles(s): Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus three topics; one dimension: health; disease; patients file(s): https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000036, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167873/ titles(s): The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 | Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle | 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS five topics; three dimensions: health states also; may disease infection; patients patient treatment; covid pandemic states; health disease vaccine file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122144/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167873/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000036, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/ titles(s): Forced Migration and Refugee Policy | Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle | 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS | The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 | Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases Type: cord title: keyword-states-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 16:49 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:states ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq author: Acheson, D.W.K. title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses date: 2009-02-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: There are many different biological, chemical, or radiological agents that when added to food can result in many different types of illness. Some may be rapidly fatal; others require long-term exposure to result in illness. Some lead to short-term illness and others result in long-term complications. The universe of such agents and situations is enormous. This article summarizes some of the principal foodborne microbiological agents that clinicians and those involved with public health have to deal with. While the range of agents is broad and the list is long there are several basic mechanisms such as ingestion of preformed toxins or toxin production once a microbe is present in the intestine that facilitate sorting these agents into some logical framework. However, at the end of the day it is always key to think about ingested agents as a cause for illness, whether that illness be confined to the intestinal system or more systemic. In principle all foodborne illness is preventable and of the key messages to consumers and health care professionals is to know if you or your patient is at greater risk from foodborne illness. If one is dealing with an ‘at risk’ patient, it is important they be educated on what foods to avoid and what precautions to take to minimize the likelihood of acquiring a foodborne illness. While treating most foodborne illness is straightforward, prevention is clearly the path of choice. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001838 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8 id: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author: Adler, Nicole title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. Many risks were identified in the literature previously, some even decades ago, however most have yet to be satisfactorily addressed. Urgency is growing. Removal of the remaining barriers to competition at all levels, congestion management, open skies policies across continents, computer-centric air traffic management systems and increased research and development into the processes and technology needed to reduce environmental externalities remain among the top challenges for the next decade. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699711001360 doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 id: cord-177001-ron8oqrn author: Afshordi, Niayesh title: Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States date: 2020-07-01 words: 9979.0 sentences: 420.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt summary: Compared to the linear model of the previous section (Table 1b) Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States individual''s probability of becoming infectious, and the distributions of incubation period and generation interval, all as a function of the median age of the population (see Supplementary Material). To obtain the simplest nontrivial incubation period, we assume that β(C) =β Θ(C − 1)where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step function -meaning Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States that an infected individual is only infectious once they reach stage C = 1, and the infection rate constant is otherwise unchanging. abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, sparing almost no community. As the disease will likely remain a threat for years to come, an understanding of the precise influences of human demographics and settlement, as well as the dynamic factors of climate, susceptible depletion, and intervention, on the spread of localized epidemics will be vital for mounting an effective response. We consider the entire set of local epidemics in the United States; a broad selection of demographic, population density, and climate factors; and local mobility data, tracking social distancing interventions, to determine the key factors driving the spread and containment of the virus. Assuming first a linear model for the rate of exponential growth (or decay) in cases/mortality, we find that population-weighted density, humidity, and median age dominate the dynamics of growth and decline, once interventions are accounted for. A focus on distinct metropolitan areas suggests that some locales benefited from the timing of a nearly simultaneous nationwide shutdown, and/or the regional climate conditions in mid-March; while others suffered significant outbreaks prior to intervention. Using a first-principles model of the infection spread, we then develop predictions for the impact of the relaxation of social distancing and local climate conditions. A few regions, where a significant fraction of the population was infected, show evidence that the epidemic has partially resolved via depletion of the susceptible population (i.e.,"herd immunity"), while most regions in the United States remain overwhelmingly susceptible. These results will be important for optimal management of intervention strategies, which can be facilitated using our online dashboard. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.00159v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author: Aggrawal, Anil title: Agrochemical Poisoning date: 2006 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A general increase in the use of chemicals in agriculture has brought about a concomitant increase in the incidence of agrochemical poisoning. Organophosphates are the most common agrochemical poisons followed closely by herbicides. Many agricultural poisons, such as parathion and paraquat are now mixed with a coloring agent such as indigocarmine to prevent their use criminally. In addition, paraquat is fortified with a “stenching” agent. Organo-chlorines have an entirely different mechanism of action. Whereas organophosphates have an anticholinesterase activity, organochlorines act on nerve cells interfering with the transmission of impulses through them. A kerosene-like smell also emanates from death due to organochlorines. The diagnosis lies in the chemical identification of organochlorines in the stomach contents or viscera. Organochlorines also resist putrefaction and can be detected long after death. Paraquat has been involved in suicidal, accidental, and homicidal poisonings. It is mildly corrosive and ulceration around lips and mouth is common in this poisoning. However, the hallmark of paraquat poisoning, especially when the victim has survived a few days, are the profound changes in lungs. Other agrochemicals such as algicides, aphicides, herbicide safeneres, fertilizers, and so on, are less commonly encountered. Governments in most countries have passed legislations to prevent accidental poisonings with these agents. The US government passed the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in 1962 and the Indian government passed The Insecticides Act in 1968. Among other things, these acts require manufacturers to use signal words on the labels of insecticides, so the public is warned of their toxicity and accompanying danger. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120889/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10 id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author: Allam, Zaheer title: The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date: 2020-07-24 words: 17924.0 sentences: 938.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt summary: The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). abstract: This chapter surveys the global unfolding of events during the third 50 days of the COVID-19 pandemic that originated from China. The third 50 days of the unfolding of the events showcased how city-wide lockdowns were started to be considered globally, the moving of the epicenter from China to Europe, and major industries being impacted worldwide. To document this, an extensive review of the literature provides a daily overview of the situation covering health, economic, political, and social perspectives and outlines key events during the unfolding of the pandemic. This chapter surveys, and establishes a chronological timeline of the outbreak from day 50 to day 100, covering issues appertaining to health policy and dwells into socioeconomic measures and impacts during the unfolding of the pandemic. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000036 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id: cord-343021-gqem6bxj author: Allam, Zaheer title: Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-24 words: 6023.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt summary: The disruptions came just when the consumer demand for different products in other countries from different parts of the world was on a high and rising as depicted in a "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)" report showing that exports in 2019 grew by 9.7% in 2018, with China being the world''s leading merchandise trader of the year (UNCTAD, 2020). In other countries such as the United States, it was reported that the government was prompted to force, through an executive order, major companies such as General Motors (GM) to produce ventilators to help bridge the gap that the increasing confirmed cases for coronavirus created (Haynes, 2020) . In other places, such as in the oil-producing countries, including the United States, the impacts of COVID-19 on different economic sectors such as transport and manufacturing saw the demand for oil and oil products plummeting in rates not experienced in recent history. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic saw disruptions at an unprecedented global scale with deep societal impacts in cities, countries, and regions. Moreover, in a time of global urgent need for personal protective equipment, ventilators, and other health appliances and gear, both air and sea transport were halted, disconnecting manufacturing nations with consumer nations. With steep rise in demand, and impacted supply chains, nations, which were previously hailing collaborative calls to fight the pandemic, were seen to enter into a trade war of health equipment. With borders closed, nationalist policies were on the rise coupled with fears of tech-powered surveillance states. On the commodities market, the price of oil crashed leading to uncertainties as to the future for oil producing nations as the end point of the pandemic was still unclear. Altogether, the pandemic put on test not only economic structures but also geopolitical ones, where it is seen as the biggest challenge since World War II. This chapter surveys the impacts of the pandemic on the global political landscape and outlines concerns and questions for sustaining a peaceful shared future. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000097 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7 id: cord-021887-22lop0pk author: Artenstein, Andrew W. title: Biological Attack date: 2015-10-23 words: 7195.0 sentences: 367.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt summary: This trend culminated with the October 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, which elevated bioterrorism to the forefront of international dialogue and heightened public concerns regarding systemic health care preparation against the threat of biological attacks. Physicians and other health care workers must therefore maintain a high index of suspicion of bioterrorism, and recognize suggestive epidemiologic clues and clinical features to enhance early recognition and guide initial management of casualties. Multiple features make smallpox an attractive biological weapon and ensure that any reintroduction into human populations would be a global public health catastrophe: it is stable in aerosol form, has a low infective dose, is associated with up to a 30% case-fatality rate, and has a large vulnerable target population because civilian vaccination was terminated in 1972. 42 Although not always clinically apparent, the psychological effect of a bioterrorism event is certainly a significant and important consideration for ongoing public health management strategies following any biological threat or terrorist attack. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152162/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00079-0 id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 words: 17476.0 sentences: 1073.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt summary: Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id: cord-295339-nzc47itk author: Baker, Marissa G. title: Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date: 2020-04-28 words: 3320.0 sentences: 139.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt summary: METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. abstract: INTRODUCTION: With the global spread of COVID-19, there is a compelling public health interest in quantifying who is at increased risk of contracting disease. Occupational characteristics, such as interfacing with the public and being in close quarters with other workers, not only put workers at high risk for disease, but also make them a nexus of disease transmission to the community. This can further be exacerbated through presenteeism, the term used to describe the act of coming to work despite being symptomatic for disease. Quantifying the number of workers who are frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, and understanding which occupational groups they represent, can help to prompt public health risk response and management for COVID-19 in the workplace, and subsequent infectious disease outbreaks. METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. This allowed us to estimate the number of United States workers, across all occupations, exposed to disease or infection at work more than once a month. RESULTS: Based on our analyses, approximately 10% (14.4 M) of United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per week. Approximately 18.4% (26.7 M) of all United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per month. While the majority of exposed workers are employed in healthcare sectors, other occupational sectors also have high proportions of exposed workers. These include protective service occupations (e.g. police officers, correctional officers, firefighters), office and administrative support occupations (e.g. couriers and messengers, patient service representatives), education occupations (e.g. preschool and daycare teachers), community and social services occupations (community health workers, social workers, counselors), and even construction and extraction occupations (e.g. plumbers, septic tank installers, elevator repair). CONCLUSIONS: The large number of persons employed in occupations with frequent exposure to infection and disease underscore the importance of all workplaces developing risk response plans for COVID-19. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232452 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232452 id: cord-016840-p3sq99yg author: Bales, Connie Watkins title: Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date: 2008-09-09 words: 7275.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt summary: Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2). abstract: Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. In urban areas with high population densities and heavy reliance on power-driven devices for day-to-day survival, CEs can precipitate a rapid deterioration of basic services that threatens nutritionally and medically vulnerable older adults. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. The most effective strategy for coping with CEs is to have detailed, individualized pre-event preparations. When a CE occurs, the immediate relief efforts focus on establishing access to food, safe water, and essential medical services. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121257/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_29 id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 words: 5505.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt summary: The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. abstract: Infectious diseases is a broad discipline that is almost unique in contemporary medicine with its ability to cure and prevent disease, to identify specific disease causes (microbes), and to deal with diverse, sometimes massive outbreaks. The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. Infectious disease careers have great personal rewards to the practitioner based on these observations. It is unfortunate that we have been so effective in our work, but relatively ineffective in convincing the healthcare system of this value. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu441 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id: cord-268331-m4hqxna2 author: Beck, Teresa L. title: Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues date: 2018-11-16 words: 4034.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt summary: Leading medical professional societies such as the American Medical Association (AMA), American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and the American Nurses Association (ANA) reaffirm the position that all individuals living in the United States, regardless of their immigration status, should have access to quality health care, including the opportunity to purchase insurance. Several US cities and states with large immigrant populations have attempted to address their health care needs by providing access to primary care. My Health LA (MHLA) is a no-cost health care program that offers comprehensive health care for low-income, uninsured Los Angeles county residents, regardless of immigration status or medical condition. In the United States, cities with large numbers of immigrants have models that provide health care to their uninsured regardless of immigration status, and could potentially be expanded to other areas of the country experiencing increasing growth of their immigrant populations. abstract: The number of undocumented immigrants (UIs) varies worldwide, and most reside in the United States. With more than 12 million UIs in the United States, addressing the health care needs of this population presents unique challenges and opportunities. Most UIs are uninsured and rely on the safety-net health system for their care. Because of young age, this population is often considered to be healthier than the overall US population, but they have specific health conditions and risks. Adequate coverage is lacking; however, there are examples of how to better address the health care needs of UIs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240579911830080X doi: 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.002 id: cord-291803-hsnz2qry author: Bhattacharjee, Barnali title: “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date: 2020-08-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in enormous losses in terms of human lives and economy in United States. The outbreak has been continuing to heavily impact the mental health of people. Developing key strategies to prevent mental illnesses is extremely important for the well-being of people. A survey conducted during the last week of March 2020 showed that 72% of Americans felt that their lives were impacted by the outbreak, which was a 32% increase from the survey conducted only 2 weeks earlier. The results show a positive correlation between COVID-19 infections/casualties and growing public concern. These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The authors review a recently published model on COVID-19 related fear among the people. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. Loss of employment or the fear of losing employment is another major concern leading to mental illnesses. Several unique strategies to prevent or mitigate mental illnesses are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32829449/ doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09836-0 id: cord-001800-644lf8vn author: Biggerstaff, Matthew title: Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date: 2015-05-01 words: 4489.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt summary: For the second scenario, we clinical attack rate of the influenza pandemic is 20% and the overall case fatality ratio is 0.53% (high-severity scenario); 10 million doses (left) or 30 million doses (right) of vaccine are administered each week; the vaccination program begins 16 weeks after, 8 weeks after, the same week as, 8 weeks before, and 16 weeks before the first cases of a novel influenza virus occur in the United States; and the efficacy is "H1N1pmd09 monovalent vaccine-like." 2009 H1N1-like vaccine effectiveness: 2 doses of vaccine administered 3 weeks apart required to be fully effective (62% for persons aged <60 years and 43% for persons ≥60 years) in protecting against subclinical and clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For an influenza pandemic with a 30% overall cumulative attack rate and high-severity scenario, we estimated that a vaccination program beginning the same week as the pandemic started in the United States that administered 10 million doses of vaccine with the moderate VE per week could avert 260 000 hospitalizations and 32 000 deaths (6% reduction) (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figures 2 and 3) . abstract: Background. Human illness from influenza A(H7N9) was identified in March 2013, and candidate vaccine viruses were soon developed. To understand factors that may impact influenza vaccination programs, we developed a model to evaluate hospitalizations and deaths averted considering various scenarios. Methods. We utilized a model incorporating epidemic curves with clinical attack rates of 20% or 30% in a single wave of illness, case hospitalization ratios of 0.5% or 4.2%, and case fatality ratios of 0.08% or 0.53%. We considered scenarios that achieved 80% vaccination coverage, various starts of vaccination programs (16 or 8 weeks before, the same week of, or 8 or 16 weeks after start of pandemic), an administration rate of 10 or 30 million doses per week (the latter rate is an untested assumption), and 2 levels of vaccine effectiveness (2 doses of vaccine required; either 62% or 80% effective for persons aged <60 years, and either 43% or 60% effective for persons aged ≥60 years). Results. The start date of vaccination campaigns most influenced impact; 141 000–2 200 000 hospitalizations and 11 000–281 000 deaths were averted when campaigns started before a pandemic, and <100–1 300 000 hospitalizations and 0–165 000 deaths were averted for programs beginning the same time as or after the introduction of the pandemic virus. The rate of vaccine administration and vaccine effectiveness did not influence campaign impact as much as timing of the start of campaign. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that efforts to improve the timeliness of vaccine production will provide the greatest impacts for future pandemic vaccination programs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610126/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu1175 id: cord-297125-la20vi9j author: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The threat from microorganisms is complex, and the approaches for reducing the challenges the world is facing are also multifaceted, but a combination approach including several simple steps can make a difference and reduce morbidity and mortality and the economic cost of fighting infectious diseases. This paper discusses the continually evolving infectious disease landscape, contributing factors in the rise of the threat, reasons for optimism, and the policies, technologies, actions, and institutions that might be harnessed to further reduce the dangers introduced by pathogens. It builds upon and updates the work of other authors that have recognized the dangers of emerging and re-emerging pathogens and have explored and documented potential solutions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480226/ doi: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id: cord-334925-csy5fekx author: COHEN, ALAN B. title: Living in a Covid‐19 World date: 2020-06-16 words: 2359.0 sentences: 103.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt summary: In two complementary Milbank Quarterly Perspectives, Nason Maani and Sandro Galea explore the long-term negative effects of the United States'' failure to invest in the nation''s infrastructure to address both population health and public health. In "COVID-19 and Underinvestment in the Health of the US Population," they identify the underlying conditions of the US population that have made Americans particularly susceptible to the spread of the virus, including inequitable socioeconomic conditions, long-entrenched racial and ethnic divides, poor treatment of marginalized populations, and a mismatch between health care needs and access to care. In a new Milbank Quarterly Perspective, Tsung-Mei Cheng draws upon the work of her late husband and health policy collaborator, Uwe Reinhardt, with particular attention to possible lessons for the United States from Germany''s all-payer health care system. The authors identify multiple measures of context (factors to support effective academic-community collaboration), process (measures of group dynamics and trust), and outcomes (impacts such as benefits and challenges of CEnR participation). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32542882/ doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12466 id: cord-209730-nzcch4ji author: Cai, Hengjin title: On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date: 2020-08-13 words: 5146.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt summary: As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. If everyone uses existing assets (such as gold and silver) to serve as collateral for the full specified amount, we will find that even if all social wealth were taken as collateral, it would still not be enough to fill the gap because self-assertiveness demands function unceasingly to make the requirements of the people to exceed actual social output, thereby causing challenges to sustainability, which is also the major problem with Libra lacking a credit mechanism. abstract: The emergence and transfer of wealth promote the evolution of civilizations. Through the pursuit of the form of wealth valued by the members of society, the self-assertiveness demands of a society can be met and thus stimulate creativity. As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. However, due to the unequal distribution of wealth, the sustainability of sovereign currency and bonds is not certain. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. China is on an upward trajectory, and the complex and volatile global environment can provide an opportunity for China to focus on developing aspects of its science and technology, optimize its system of governance and strengthen its internal driving force. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07383v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-335065-fv122304 author: Cain, William E. title: American Dreaming: Really Reading The Great Gatsby date: 2020-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) is one of the best known and most widely read and taught novels in American literature. It is so familiar that even those who have not read it believe that they have and take for granted that they know about its main character and theme of the American Dream. We need to approach The Great Gatsby as if it were new and really read it, paying close attention to Fitzgerald’s literary language. His novel gives us a vivid depiction of and insight into income inequality as it existed in the 1920s and, by extension, as it exists today, when the American Dream is even more limited to the fortunate few, not within reach of the many. When we really read The Great Gatsby, we perceive and understand the American dimension of the novel and appreciate, too, the global range and relevance that in it Fitzgerald has achieved. It is a great American book and a great book of world literature. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32895582/ doi: 10.1007/s12115-020-00510-6 id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author: Carter-Pokras, O. title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date: 2020-10-14 words: 8531.0 sentences: 504.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt summary: For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. abstract: One of the ten greatest public health achievements is childhood vaccination because of its impact controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Evidence-based immunization policies and practices are responsible for this success and are supported by epidemiology that has generated scientific evidence for informing policy and practice. The purpose of this report is to highlight the role of epidemiology in the development of immunization policy and successful intervention in public health practice that has resulted in a measurable public health impact: the control and elimination of VPDs in the United States. Examples in which epidemiology informed immunization policy were collected from a literature review and consultation with experts who have been working in this field for the past 30 years. Epidemiologic examples (e.g., thimerosal-containing vaccines and the alleged association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism) are presented to describe challenges that epidemiologists have addressed. Finally, we describe ongoing challenges to the nation’s ability to sustain high vaccination coverage, particularly with concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness, increasing use of religious and philosophical belief exemptions to vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy. Learning from past and current experiences may help epidemiologists anticipate and address current and future challenges to respond to emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, with new vaccines and enhance public health impact of immunization programs for years to come. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 id: cord-308066-lrbi5198 author: Childs, James E. title: Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date: 2007 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The uneven standards of surveillance, human- or animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. As of 2006, there appears to be little scientific, social, or political consensus that animalbased surveillance for zoonoses merits investment in international infrastructure, other than the fledgling efforts with avian influenza, or targeted nontraditional avenues of surveillance and research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848073/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16 id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka author: Chomel, Bruno B. title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic; wildlife constitutes a large and often unknown reservoir. Wildlife can also be a source for reemergence of previously controlled zoonoses. Although the discovery of such zoonoses is often related to better diagnostic tools, the leading causes of their emergence are human behavior and modifications to natural habitats (expansion of human populations and their encroachment on wildlife habitat), changes in agricultural practices, and globalization of trade. However, other factors include wildlife trade and translocation, live animal and bushmeat markets, consumption of exotic foods, development of ecotourism, access to petting zoos, and ownership of exotic pets. To reduce risk for emerging zoonoses, the public should be educated about the risks associated with wildlife, bushmeat, and exotic pet trades; and proper surveillance systems should be implemented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370509/ doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id: cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author: Christian, Michael D. title: Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date: 2008-05-31 words: 4553.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt summary: Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. However, with the anticipation of large volumes of critically ill patients in future disasters, some believe that hospital capacity, and in particular critical care capability, will be a major limiting factor for survival. Within an effective command and control system to coordinate regional response, 10 surge capacity in critical care depends on three crucial elements: (1) "stuff," medical equipment and supplies; (2) "staff," appropriately trained health professionals to competently care for critically ill and injured patients; and (3) "space," the physical location suitable for safe provision of critical care. Although great strides have been made to prepare the health-care system to respond to disaster, these plans fall short for mass casualty events with a large number of critically ill. abstract: In the twentieth century, rarely have mass casualty events yielded hundreds or thousands of critically ill patients requiring definitive critical care. However, future catastrophic natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, nuclear device detonations, or large chemical exposures may change usual disaster epidemiology and require a large critical care response. This article reviews the existing state of emergency preparedness for mass critical illness and presents an analysis of limitations to support the suggestions of the Task Force on Mass Casualty Critical Care, which are presented in subsequent articles. Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. The deficiency in critical care surge capacity is exacerbated by lack of a sufficient framework to integrate critical care within the overall institutional response and coordination of critical care across local institutions and broader geographic areas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460503/ doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2707 id: cord-337218-risqto89 author: Chu, Ellen W. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 words: 16635.0 sentences: 718.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt summary: 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. abstract: Environments on Earth are always changing, and living systems evolve within them. For most of their history, human beings did the same. But in the last two centuries, humans have become the planet's dominant species, changing and impoverishing the environment for all life on Earth and even decimating humans' own cultural diversity. Contemporary cultural worldviews that have severed humans' ancient connections with the natural world, along with consumption and population growth, have deepened this impoverishment. Understanding, measuring, and managing human environmental impacts – the most important of which is the impoverishment of living systems – is the 21st century's greatest challenge. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123847195002537 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author: Cohn, Amanda C. title: Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date: 2005-05-28 words: 7963.0 sentences: 381.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt summary: This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. Before introduction of PCV7, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was a leading cause of infectious morbidity in young children in the United States, annually causing approximately 17,000 cases of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old, including 700 cases of meningitis and 200 deaths. abstract: Today, vaccination is a cornerstone of pediatric preventive health care and a rite of passage for nearly all of the approximately 11,000 infants born daily in the United States. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395505000647 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.001 id: cord-023529-zrnczve3 author: Craighead, Geoff title: Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date: 2013-02-15 words: 31484.0 sentences: 1764.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt summary: (1) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat (CTBUh) formed a task force to explore options "to further increase the level of safety in tall buildings including the establishment of guidelines to better educate its report, called the World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, "fulfilling its goal ''to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings against such unforeseen events. The new codes address areas such as increasing structural resistance to building collapse from fire and other incidents; requiring a third exit stairway for tall buildings; increasing the width of all stairways by 50 percent in new high-rises; strengthening criteria for the bonding, proper installation, and inspection of sprayed fire-resistive materials (commonly known as ''fireproofing''); improving the reliability of active fire protection systems (such as automatic sprinklers); requiring a new class of robust elevators for access by emergency responders in lieu of an additional stairway; making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible; and ensuring effective coverage throughout a building for emergency responder radio communications. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171910/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-85617-555-5.00003-1 id: cord-348807-9xxc5hyl author: Cuomo, Raphael E. title: Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date: 2020-10-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVES: According to current reporting, the number of active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections is not evenly distributed, both spatially and temporally. Reported COVID-19 infections may not have properly conveyed the full extent of attention to the pandemic. Furthermore, infection metrics are unlikely to illustrate the full scope of negative consequences of the pandemic and its associated risk to communities. METHODS: In an effort to better understand the impacts of COVID-19, we concurrently assessed the geospatial and longitudinal distributions of Twitter messages about COVID-19 which were posted between March 3rd and April 13th and compared these results with the number of confirmed cases reported for sub-national levels of the United States. Geospatial hot spot analysis was also conducted to detect geographic areas that might be at elevated risk of spread based on both volume of tweets and number of reported cases. RESULTS: Statistically significant aberrations of high numbers of tweets were detected in approximately one-third of US states, most of which had relatively high proportions of rural inhabitants. Geospatial trends toward becoming hotspots for tweets related to COVID-19 were observed for specific rural states in the United States. DISCUSSION: Population-adjusted results indicate that rural areas in the U.S. may not have engaged with the COVID-19 topic until later stages of an outbreak. Future studies should explore how this dynamic can inform future outbreak communication and health promotion. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 id: cord-017858-kugh9y8c author: De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title: Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date: 2013-06-09 words: 10887.0 sentences: 631.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt summary: This was revoked in part by the Framework Decision 19 of the European Union Council dated 06/26/2001, whereby Member States agreed not to make reservations on Articles 2 and 6 of the European Convention of 1990 (including the rule that provides for money laundering resulting generically from criminal conduct), since only serious infractions can be at issue, and provided measures for confiscation and criminal action on the proceeds of crime having a maximum penalty of greater than one year, or crimes considered serious (Article 1). To increase the likelihood of recovering assets of criminal origin, States are urged to draft laws instituting Civil Forfeiture Actions for Illegally Acquired Assets as a means of fighting money laundering by interrupting the usufruct of the proceeds of crime. abstract: The aim of this chapter is to understand how States combat money laundering and its possible links to organized crime and other financial crimes. The illegal flow of capital poses a great threat to States. Through international joint actions, States can fight crime and curtail the enjoyment of property illegally acquired through criminal activity, particularly with respect to the acquisition of works of art on the black market. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122535/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-00173-9_2 id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 words: 71765.0 sentences: 5075.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt summary: These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id: cord-023713-daz2vokz author: Devereux, Graham title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 words: 27880.0 sentences: 1480.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt summary: A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 id: cord-319463-erdwejd2 author: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 words: 4963.0 sentences: 197.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt summary: The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . abstract: There is now near-unanimous scientific agreement that greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activities have increased global temperatures and changed the earth's climate. There is, however, no universal agreement on how rapidly, regionally, or asymmetrically the earth will warm; or on the true impact of global warming on infectious disease outbreaks and natural disasters and their inevitable public health outcomes. In addition, many other factors influence the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in a changing environment including international trade and travel, exotic eating habits, lifestyle and residential choices, host susceptibility, and microbial adaptation. The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Despite the uncertainties in outcomes and their magnitudes, the active responses to climate changes in a global economy must include combinations of environmental, political, regulatory, socioeconomic, and public health measures. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726005274 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 id: cord-022581-awivedxp author: Diaz, James H. title: Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date: 2014-10-31 words: 10453.0 sentences: 494.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt summary: SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158346/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00298-8 id: cord-273789-sbppgkza author: Donohoe, Holly title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick. In the last few decades, the number and spatial reach of new cases has increased globally and in the United States, Lyme disease is now the most commonly reported vector-borne disease. Despite this evolving public health crisis, there has been little-to-no discussion of the implications for tourism supply and demand. This paper reviews the scientific literature to identify Lyme disease risk factors and the implications for tourism management are discussed. The major contribution of this paper is a set of recommendations for tourism managers who may be tasked with mitigating the risks for visitors and employees as well as the potential impacts of Lyme disease on destination sustainability. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287743/ doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id: cord-021637-f5wwn45z author: Douglas, R. Gordon title: The Vaccine Industry date: 2017-07-17 words: 6455.0 sentences: 302.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt summary: The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151793/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3 id: cord-033687-djkljey2 author: Druckman, James N. title: How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-24 words: 4561.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt summary: Partisans who harbor high levels of animus towards the other party do not differentiate the "United States''" response to COVID-19 from that of the Trump administration. Because the virus and resulting pandemic was completely novel when it emerged in early 2020, partisans did not have prior beliefs about it and their pre-COVID levels of affective polarization cannot be affected by how elites acted during the crisis. First, in line with Hypothesis 1, we would observe that participants from different political parties offer differential evaluations of the targets (e.g., Republicans being more favorable about Trump than the United States). Republicans with low levels of affective polarization report higher evaluations of the American response in the Trump condition than in the United States condition such that we can reject the null hypothesis of no difference (1.94 versus 1.31, difference of −0.626, p < 0.01). How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans'' Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic abstract: Affective polarization – partisans’ dislike and distrust of those from the other party – has reached historically high levels in the United States. While numerous studies estimate its effect on apolitical outcomes (e.g., dating and economic transactions), we know much less about its effects on political beliefs. We argue that those who exhibit high levels of affective polarization politicize ostensibly apolitical issues and actors. An experiment focused on responses to COVID-19 that relies on pre-pandemic, exogenous measures of affective polarization supports our expectations. Partisans who harbor high levels of animus towards the other party do not differentiate the “United States’” response to COVID-19 from that of the Trump administration. Less affectively polarized partisans, in contrast, do not politicize evaluations of the country’s response. Our results provide evidence of how affective polarization, apart from partisanship itself, shapes substantive beliefs. Affective polarization has political consequences and political beliefs stem, in part, from partisan animus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7550884/ doi: 10.1017/xps.2020.28 id: cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author: Edgell, David L. title: Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date: 2009-11-16 words: 12152.0 sentences: 535.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt summary: • increasing two-way tourism, • supporting efforts by the National Tourism Organization travel promotion office(s), • improving tourism facilitation, • encouraging reciprocal investments in the two nations'' tourism industries, • promoting the sharing of research, statistics and information, • recognizing the importance of the safety and security of tourists, • suggesting mutual cooperation on policy issues in international tourism, • providing for regular consultations on tourism matters, • acknowledging benefits from education and training in tourism, • enhancing mutual understanding and goodwill. In July 2003, WTTC revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism that proffered the statement ''which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of travel and tourism -one of the world''s largest industries, responsible for over 200 million jobs and over 10 per cent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product)''. STS continues its dedication to promoting and developing tourism and travel by leading regional and national organizations in innovative programmes and research. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155601/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8557-3.50010-3 id: cord-287839-cslrz4yp author: Ehnert, Karen title: Border Health: Who''s Guarding the Gate? date: 2009-01-28 words: 5342.0 sentences: 338.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt summary: The global trade market, the ease of transporting animals across continents and around the world, lower production costs in foreign countries, and market demand have resulted in a thriving pet trade of exotic animals, birds, and puppies, both purebred and small mixed breeds. Importation of livestock or other hoofed stock, birds, dogs, or other animals may require a permit and possibly quarantine in a USDA facility before the shipment is allowed to enter the United States. For example, dogs entering the United States from countries reporting cases of rabies need proof of a current rabies vaccination, or the importer must sign an agreement to confine the animal until appropriate vaccinations can be obtained and then for an additional 30 days after vaccination. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases. abstract: Changes in the global trade market have led to a thriving international pet trade in exotic animals, birds, and puppies. The flood of animals crossing the United States' borders satisfies the public demand for these pets but is not without risk. Imported pets may be infected with diseases that put animals or the public at risk. Numerous agencies work together to reduce the risk of animal disease introduction, but regulations may need to be modified to ensure compliance. With more than 280,000 dogs and 183,000 wildlife shipments being imported into the United States each year, veterinarians must remain vigilant so they can recognize potential threats quickly. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561608001976 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012 id: cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 author: Epstein, Jay S. title: Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS date: 2013-10-17 words: 6253.0 sentences: 268.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt summary: In a set of 14 recommendations directed primarily at federal agencies, the IOM called for a more responsive and integrated decision-making process including establishment of a Blood Safety Council reporting to a designated Blood Safety Director within HHS and a standing "expert panel" to assure communication of blood product risks and alternatives to their use both to care providers and to the public. Several possible strategies were presented, including deferral of blood donations by persons known to be at increased risk for AIDS and the use of surrogate tests to identify persons at increased risk of transmission, such as those with detectable antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) or low CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. The Transfusion Transmitted Virus Study, supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, published a retrospective analysis of a prospective study that showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing of donors might effect a 30% reduction in TAH incidence. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032622/ doi: 10.1111/trf.12373 id: cord-326916-bakwk4tm author: Fauver, Joseph R. title: Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-05-07 words: 5556.0 sentences: 323.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt summary: To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ). abstract: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States in January 2020, with subsequent COVID-19 outbreaks detected in all 50 states by early March. To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. Our phylogenetic analysis places the majority of these genomes with viruses sequenced from Washington state. By coupling our genomic data with domestic and international travel patterns, we show that early SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Connecticut was likely driven by domestic introductions. Moreover, the risk of domestic importation to Connecticut exceeded that of international importation by mid-March regardless of our estimated effects of federal travel restrictions. This study provides evidence of widespread sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the United States and highlights the critical need for local surveillance. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh author: Feng, Tianjun title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 words: 9437.0 sentences: 510.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt summary: Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children''s toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants'' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. abstract: In the context of the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead‐painted toys in the United States, we examine patterns of risk perceptions and decisions when facing consumer product‐caused quality risks. Two approaches were used to explore risk perceptions of the product recalls. In the first approach, we elicited judged probabilities and found that people appear to have greatly overestimated the actual risks for both product scenarios. In the second approach, we applied the psychometric paradigm to examine risk perception dimensions concerning these two specific products through factor analysis. There was a similar risk perception pattern for both products: they are seen as unknown risks and are relatively not dread risks. This pattern was also similar to what prior research found for lead paint. Further, we studied people's potential actions to deal with the recalls of these two products. Several factors were found to be significant predictors of respondents’ cautious actions for both product scenarios. Policy considerations regarding product quality risks are discussed. For example, risk communicators could reframe information messages to prompt people to consider total risks packed together from different causes, even when the risk message has been initiated due to a specific recall event. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626691/ doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x id: cord-292853-xihpfidg author: Ford, Julian D. title: Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date: 2015-08-07 words: 18821.0 sentences: 665.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt summary: A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual''s or group''s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society). abstract: This chapter describes how the impact of psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differ, depending on individual differences and the social and cultural context and culture-specific teachings and resources available to individuals, families, and communities. A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual’s or group’s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. While personal, familial, social, and cultural factors can be a positive resource contributing to safety and well-being, they also can be a basis for placing the person, group, or entire community or population in harm’s way or at heightened risk of developing PTSD. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012801288800011X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author: Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title: Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date: 2019-12-10 words: 9073.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt summary: We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region''s recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN''s Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region''s governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union. abstract: Together the US and EU provide two-thirds of global humanitarian assistance for the alleviation of emergencies arising from natural and man-made disasters and 80% of global foreign aid for longer-term development assistance programs. It is therefore vital that they continue their close partnership to ensure their dollars and euros are spent as effectively as possible in an era of increasingly tight budgetary constraints. The outbreak of Ebola in West Africa in 2014 is a good example of how the US and the EU successfully addressed (albeit belatedly) a major health crisis that could have turned into a global pandemic. In many areas in Africa, they are collaborating closely on the foundation of shared priorities, including on food security, resilience, and electrification. They are also among the largest donors to the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria and to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120568/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29966-8_12 id: cord-017469-dnnkor2o author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date: 2009 words: 16529.0 sentences: 746.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt summary: Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer''s Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). abstract: Approximately 900 tick species exist worldwide, parasitizing a broad array of mammals, including humans, and thereby playing a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases (1). In the United States, tick-borne diseases are generally seasonal and geographically distributed. They occur mostly during the spring and summer but can occur throughout the year. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122040/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22 id: cord-255477-okbxllit author: Grabau, John C. title: Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date: 2004-09-25 words: 2836.0 sentences: 152.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt summary: 9 An investigation conducted among inner city residents in a large United States city identified predictors of death to be underlying illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV infection. A TB-related sudden death, where TB disease was not suspected or detected until autopsy, led to a large contact investigation and prompted the New York State Department of Health to look into other TB deaths in an effort to identify patterns where TB disease may have gone undetected and to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent transmission of infection and subsequent development of disease. Firstround testing of close contacts looked at 171 individuals, 24 (14%) of whom were known by the local health department to be TB skin test (TST)-positive. In the investigation described here, the index patient was identified at death as having extensive TB disease and likely infected a substantial number of coworkers and social contacts. abstract: A 60 year-old man born in Central America died suddenly in the hallway of his residence on the grounds of a resort hotel where he worked as a dishwasher. The dishwashing station was in a large, poorly ventilated area where a substantial number of food service workers (cooks, wait staff, bus persons, dishwashers, supervisors, etc.) shared air space with the index patient. Several social contacts of the patient reported that he had been coughing for many months before his death. The County Department Of Health conducted a contact investigation, which identified 171 individuals in need of follow-up. Thirty-six percent of those tested in the first round were tuberculin skin test-positive; a second round of testing yielded a 15% (8 of 52) conversion rate. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0147956304001086 doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.05.005 id: cord-329283-s3ale8ko author: Grant, Aubrey title: Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date: 2020-08-09 words: 3206.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt summary: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In Baltimore, Mera Kitchen Collective-founded in 2018 to empower refugee and immigrant women through food entrepreneurship (Meehan, 2018; Cassie, 2019) -has responded to the coronavirus pandemic by donating prepared meals to health-care workers and fellow Baltimoreans in need (Strickland, 2020) . abstract: The novel coronavirus pandemic poses unique challenges to forcibly displaced populations around the world. Months into the pandemic, countries are still scrambling to enact policies that mitigate the outbreak and minimize the strain on their health‐care infrastructures and economies. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. However, there is great concern regarding the ability to appropriately provide for displaced populations, as they tend to be hosted in areas that lack access to health care and proper hygiene materials. The situation has been exacerbated by the temporary suspension of refugee resettlement across the globe. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. At the local level, resettled refugees and asylees have responded to the unique challenges posed by coronavirus by using their skillsets to provide assistance and services to community members in need. The coronavirus, and the Trump Administration's response, are likely to have long‐term negative impacts on refugee resettlement and asylum programs. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.362 doi: 10.1002/wmh3.362 id: cord-005861-3k8h3euj author: Gravenstein, J. S. title: Safety in anesthesia date: 2014-03-17 words: 3660.0 sentences: 213.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt summary: Efforts to enhance safety in anesthesia must include adherence to explicit and implicit safety standards, must make use of equipment that offers modern safety features, must seek to detect and correct developing safety threats as early as possible and must have a structured system to analyze problems and to institute remedies to prevent their recurrence. The health care system in which these fatal and non-fatal errors occur covers a spectrum that stretches from the manufacturers of equipment and drugs to the cleaning crew in the operating room and it involves many different clinical and supportive departments and their personnel.Anesthesia is an important component of this health care system comprising many interdependent parts that can affect the quality of anesthesia care. The Institute of Medicine [5] includes in its definitions the terms "accidental injury" and, interestingly, makes reference to a process:"Ensuring patient safety involves the establishment of operational systems and processes that minimize the likelihood of errors and maximize the likelihood of intercepting them when they occur." abstract: The specialty of anesthesiology has made extraordinary advances in anesthesia safety. Yet, anesthetic mortality and morbidity continue to be far from tolerable. Efforts to enhance safety in anesthesia must include adherence to explicit and implicit safety standards, must make use of equipment that offers modern safety features, must seek to detect and correct developing safety threats as early as possible and must have a structured system to analyze problems and to institute remedies to prevent their recurrence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095858/ doi: 10.1007/s00101-002-0319-4 id: cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author: Halperin, Daniel T. title: Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date: 2020-06-30 words: 6378.0 sentences: 386.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt summary: As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease. abstract: It is imperative to concur on the main transmission routes of COVID-19 to explain risk and determine the most effective means to reduce illness and mortality. We must avoid generating irrational fear and maintain a broader perspective in the pandemic response, including assessing the possibility for substantial unintended consequences. url: https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 doi: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 id: cord-318826-l922zqci author: Holschbach, Chelsea L. title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date: 2018-03-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: As an infectious, contagious pathogen, Salmonella is probably rivaled by only bovine viral diarrhea virus in its ability to cause clinical disease, such as enteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, and reproductive losses. The increasing prevalence of Salmonella, particularly Salmonella Dublin, on dairies presents new challenges to producers and veterinarians. No current discussion of bovine salmonellosis is complete without acknowledging the increasing public health concern. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens brings the use of antimicrobials by veterinarians and producers under ever stricter scrutiny. This article provides a comprehensive review of Salmonella etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment, and control. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0749072017300853 doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005 id: cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author: Hu, Yi title: A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date: 2013-08-28 words: 5104.0 sentences: 221.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt summary: From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means. abstract: Susan Sontag revealed how a disease could be turned into a metaphor in social evolution, from merely a disease of the body to moral judgment or even political oppression. In her article “AIDS and its Metaphors” written in 1989, she offers a plan to do away with the metaphor: “With this illness, one that elicits so much guilt and shame, the effort to detach it from these meanings, these metaphors, seems particularly liberating, even consoling. But the metaphors cannot be distanced just by abstaining from them. They have to be exposed, criticized, belabored, used up” (Songtag 2003). In Sontag’s terms, “metaphor” mainly refers to the symbolic social oppression of the diseases. For example, cancer is a metaphor for the defect of the sick person in personality. While diseases were a biological phenomenon, the “metaphor” was a social one. What I would like to demonstrate here was none other than the related “political metaphor” started by the “anti-germ warfare.” url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123395/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_12 id: cord-349765-90g5v697 author: Huang, Qingming title: The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date: 2020-10-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In 2018, 43 leading International Relations scholars in the United States signed a public statement in support of an urgent call to preserve the current international order, triggering heated scholarly debates. The idealized form of the liberal international order was criticized by many scholars for its chronic problems, including the contradictions between proclaimed liberal values and illiberal behaviors, the inability to reform its institutional pillars to accommodate the diverse group of emerging powers, and the tensions between the defenders of this order and its challengers. These problems became fully exposed under the external shock caused by the coronavirus pandemic. As the coronavirus spreads globally and disrupts the world’s political, economic, and social fabric, several forces that have gained momentum and strength during the last decade are now converging as a formidable force that may reconfigure the post-pandemic international order. This paper addresses three significant challenges to the foundations of the current liberal order: (1) the entrenchment of authoritarianism, characterized by authoritarian resilience, autocratization, and the consolidation of competing authoritarian political-economic models; (2) the exacerbation of nationalism enabled by nationalist and populist politicians; and (3) the intensified competition among major powers. China has played mixed roles in the process of reconfiguring the current order. It challenges the mythologized liberal international order and exposes the contradictions in the dominant Western model, while promoting an alternative hybrid political-economic model. The shock brought by the pandemic has provided ample opportunities for China to extend its networks and expand international space for its model. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082701/ doi: 10.1007/s11366-020-09698-0 id: cord-032716-i6hfj8ca author: Hufbauer, Gary Clyde title: What''s new in economic sanctions? date: 2020-09-25 words: 7984.0 sentences: 423.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt summary: Very early in the post Second World War era, the United States and its European allies used the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and regional development banksinstitutions they controlled --as on-off spigots to block or limit funding to target countries. Trump''s tariffs are aimed at a wide range of products (all autos, all steel, everything Chinese) in pursuit of broad goals that mix commerce and foreign policy (e.g., slash bilateral trade deficits, restore US preeminence as a manufacturing power, or limit technology exports that could strengthen China''s military). Trump''s sanctions take the form of high tariffs, both imposed and threatened, that could eventually cover nearly all US imports from China; a star chamber screening process, under CFIUS auspices, that will deny Chinese investment in any US firm with a technology flavor; and criminal charges against the world''s leading telecom company, Huawei, and its chief financial officer, Meng Wanzhou, for stealing trade secrets and evading economic sanctions on Iran; and the forced sale of TikTok assets in the United States. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518878/ doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103572 id: cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author: Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title: Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date: 2020-08-25 words: 3509.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt summary: METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans. abstract: OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted health care delivery across the United States, including treatment of cancer. We aim to describe the determinants of treatment plan changes from the perspective of oncology physicians across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Physician demographics, practice characteristics, and cancer treatment decisions were collected. RESULTS: The analytic cohort included 411 physicians: 241 (58.6%) surgeons, 106 (25.8%) medical oncologists, and 64 (15.6%) radiation oncologists. In all, 38.0% were practicing in states with 1001 to 5000 confirmed COVID-19 cases as of April 3, 2020, and 37.2% were in states with >5000 cases. Most physicians (N=285; 70.0% of surgeons, 64.4% of medical oncologists, and 73.4% of radiation oncologists) had altered cancer treatment plans. Most respondents were concerned about their patients’ COVID-19 exposure risks, but this was the primary driver for treatment alterations only for medical oncologists. For surgeons, the primary driver for treatment alterations was conservation of personal protective equipment, institutional mandates, and external society recommendations. Radiation oncologists were primarily driven by operational changes such as visitor restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a majority of oncologists to alter their treatment plans, but the primary motivators for changes differed by oncologic specialty. This has implications for reinstitution of standard cancer treatment, which may occur at differing time points by treatment modality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852291/ doi: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000757 id: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author: Ippolito, G. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 words: 6497.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt summary: The term ''highly infectious diseases'' describes infections caused by pathogens that are transmissible from person to person, cause severe or life-threatening illness; present a serious hazard in healthcare settings and in the community; and require specific control measures, which may include management of cases in a highly secure isolation unit. In Canada, where SARS ''paralysed the Greater Toronto Area healthcare system for weeks'' [27] , and the Toronto public health department investigated 2132 potential cases of SARS, identified over 23,000 contacts as requiring quarantine and logged more than 316,000 calls on its SARS hotline [28] , a national review commission identified systemic deficiencies in response capacity, including ''inadequacies in institutional outbreak management protocols, infection control and infectious disease surveillance'', and found that these deficiencies resulted at least in part from failure to implement lessons learned from earlier public health emergencies [22] . abstract: In the last 2 decades, successive outbreaks caused by new, newly recognised and resurgent pathogens, and the risk that high-consequence pathogens might be used as bioterrorism agents amply demonstrated the need to enhance capacity in clinical and public health management of highly infectious diseases. In this article we review these recent and current threats to public health, whether naturally occurring or caused by accidental or intentional release. Moreover, we discuss some components of hospital preparedness for, and response to, infectious disease of the emergencies in developed countries. The issues of clinical awareness and education, initial investigation and management, surge capacity, communication, and caring for staff and others affected by the emergency are discussed. We also emphasise the importance of improving the everyday practice of infection control by healthcare professionals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16964581/ doi: 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y id: cord-323913-v32c2vda author: Istúriz, Raul E. title: Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Requiring Intensive Care date: 2006-07-31 words: 7130.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt summary: Although children are among the groups most at risk for developing influenza and its complications and are more likely to spread the infection to others, complications of seasonal influenza occur most frequently among patients older than 60 years and those with chronic comorbidities including diseases of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system, diabetes mellitus, hemoglobinopathies, renal insufficiency, and immunosuppression. Generalized tetanus, a protein-toxin mediated neurologic disorder caused by Clostridium tetani, an obligate anaerobic, motile gram-positive rod with terminal spores has traditionally been, and continues to represent despite effective vaccine a common cause of intensive care admissions that are long and are associated with high mortality [33] and cost. The risk of developing clinical tetanus after an acute puncture or laceration is higher in patients older than 60 years, a reflection of waning immunity, with a significant proportion of cases occurring in women [35] , and a low mortality rate. abstract: This article describes infectious diseases that are of special importance to intensivists. The emphasis on epidemiology notwithstanding, it also addresses clinical, diagnostic, and treatment issues related to each infection described. The discussion avoids terrorism-related aspects of these infections, because they were very well covered in the October 2005 issue of the Critical Care Clinics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893734/ doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.004 id: cord-276797-86hc3lbi author: Jamieson, Denise J. title: Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date: 2006-06-30 words: 7263.0 sentences: 417.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt summary: Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. This systematic review summarizes 3 recent, highprofile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: (1) SARS, (2) West Nile virus, and (3) anthrax. The 3 emerging infectious disease threats that are described in this systematic review pose very different and novel health threats: SARS is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. abstract: Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Study design A systematic review was conducted with the use of Medline searches, searches of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, and review by experts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. Conclusion All 3 outbreaks highlight the importance of obstetrician-gynecologists keeping current with new information as it emerges. In this global environment, it is likely that novel disease threats will continue to emerge in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16731070/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.062 id: cord-007542-12dzeebn author: Jonas, Richard A. title: Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date: 2007-06-26 words: 5592.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt summary: The relatively recent subspecialization of cardiothoracic surgery into adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital has undoubtedly complicated the projection of manpower needs ( Figure 14 ). At this meeting, we have instituted a global session that will be held again this year on Wednesday morning, organized by Dr Philip Corcoran, the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC, with whom I have the pleasure of working. There is no international organization that has the resources to estimate the total number of cardiothoracic surgical procedures that will be performed globally in 10, 20, and 30 years. Within congenital cardiac surgery, the problem of matching supply and demand on a global scale has resulted in an interesting distribution of surgeons around the planet, often working in locations that are quite remote from their institution of training. What are the implications of a global mismatch of cardiothoracic surgical supply and demand for surgical training programs in the United States? abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118771/ doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.067 id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 words: 19161.0 sentences: 802.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt summary: The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. abstract: The 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, held at Cancun, Mexico, 24–27 February 2011, offered 84 participants from 18 countries, a snapshot of current research in numerous zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or prions. Co‐chaired by Professors Heinz Feldmann and Jürgen Richt, the conference explored 10 topics: (i) The ecology of emerging zoonotic diseases; (ii) The role of wildlife in emerging zoonoses; (iii) Cross‐species transmission of zoonotic pathogens; (iv) Emerging and neglected influenza viruses; (v) Haemorrhagic fever viruses; (vi) Emerging bacterial diseases; (vii) Outbreak responses to zoonotic diseases; (viii) Food‐borne zoonotic diseases; (ix) Prion diseases; and (x) Modelling and prediction of emergence of zoonoses. Human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental challenges are viewed as a unity, which must be considered under the umbrella of ‘One Health’. Several presentations attempted to integrate the insights gained from field data with mathematical models in the search for effective control measures of specific zoonoses. The overriding objective of the research presentations was to create, improve and use the tools essential to address the risk of contagions in a globalized society. In seeking to fulfil this objective, a three‐step approach has often been applied: (i) use cultured cells, model and natural animal hosts and human clinical models to study infection; (ii) combine traditional histopathological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology; and (iii) obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, immune evasion and pathogenesis. This meeting review summarizes 39 of the conference presentations and mentions briefly the 16 articles in this Special Supplement, most of which were presented at the conference in earlier versions. The full affiliations of all presenters and many colleagues have been included to facilitate further inquiries from readers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958247/ doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id: cord-034575-kio60itg author: Lafleur, Jean-Michel title: Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27 date: 2020-10-31 words: 11285.0 sentences: 403.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt summary: Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states'' engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection. With the concept of diaspora infrastructure, we aim to highlight the fact that sending states'' engagement with nationals abroad in the area of welfare consists of both institutions (consulates, ministries or sub-ministries in charge of emigration issues) and policies (rights and support services) aiming to protect the diaspora against vulnerability or social risks. As previously mentioned, we operationalise sending states'' descriptive infrastructure as the institutional framework that comprises home countries'' public institutions at the national level which meet both conditions of having a mandate to engage primarily with the diaspora and being active in the adoption or implementation of social protection policies that benefit this population. abstract: Despite the growing literature on sending states’ engagement with their populations abroad, little is known so far about their role in helping the diaspora deal with social risks. As argued in this chapter, this is mainly because past studies on sending states’ policies and institutions for the diaspora have failed to systematically focus on social protection, while also ignoring that regional integration dynamics often constrain domestic responses to the welfare needs of nationals residing abroad. This volume aims to fill this research gap by comparatively examining the type of diaspora infrastructure through which EU Member States address the vulnerabilities faced by populations abroad in five core areas of social protection: health care, pensions, family, unemployment, and economic hardship. Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states’ engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7605455/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_1 id: cord-347601-kt2rqx8m author: Laird, Frank N. title: Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States date: 2020-06-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher education. After World War II, science policy elites advocated for a system of funding that addressed what they perceived at the time as their most pressing problems of science-government relations: the need for greater federal funding for science, especially to universities, while maintaining scientific autonomy in the distribution and use of those funds. The agencies that fund university research developed institutional rules, norms, and procedures that created unintended consequences when they interacted with those of American higher education. The project system for funding, justified by peer-review and coupled with rapidly increasing R&D budgets, created incentives for universities to expand their research programs massively, which led to unsustainable growth in the demand for federal research money. That system produced spectacular successes but also created the unintended longer-term problem that demand for science funding has grown more quickly than government funding ever could. Most analysts neglect potentially painful reforms that might address these problems. This case demonstrates that successful political coalitions can create intractable long-term problems for themselves. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2 doi: 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2 id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz author: Lezotre, Pierre-Louis title: Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives date: 2014-12-31 words: 64915.0 sentences: 2935.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt summary: ▸ To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in the EU, US, and Japan in order to ensure a more timely introduction of new medicinal products, and their availability to patients; ▸ To contribute to the protection of public health from an international perspective (added upon revision in 2000); ▸ To monitor and update harmonized technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data; ▸ To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonization of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products; ▸ To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices, where these permit a more economical use of human, animal, and material resources, without compromising safety; ▸ To facilitate the dissemination and communication of information on harmonized guidelines and their use such as to encourage the implementation and integration of common standards. abstract: Abstract The basic principle of international cooperation is to establish bilateral and multilateral efforts to leverage the human, scientific and financial resources and the knowledge and experience of other key regulatory authorities to avoid duplication of efforts, to make activities more efficient and to allow the focussing of limited resources on higher-risk areas of concern. This increased cooperation between worldwide regulators has necessitated proactive deliberate efforts towards convergence/harmonisation of regulation, practices and requirements to eliminate or reduce differences. Cooperation and harmonisation of standards in the pharmaceutical domain are already a reality and have become increasingly important during recent decades, with a high level of commitment to these activities by all stakeholders. The worldwide Drug Regulatory Authorities (DRAs) have been working to end an isolationist attitude that cannot resolve current worldwide issues and challenges caused by an ever increasing globalisation. As a result, many cooperation and harmonisation initiatives have been established at the bilateral, regional and global levels as a response to the changing geo-economic-political situation. The spectrum of collaboration varies from simple informal technical cooperation to full integration of systems and regulations. Indeed, all these initiatives can be very different in scope (some are part of a broader harmonisation initiative), level of harmonisation (depending on the political support/commitment), organisation (well-structured versus simple discussion) or advancement (established process vs. pilot projects), but they all work towards convergence of requirements and/or practices. All these multiple worldwide cooperation and harmonisation programmes have evolved rapidly over the past decades. This book section provides the current status of this complex and broad phenomenon of cooperation, convergence and harmonisation in the pharmaceutical sector. It reviews all major global, regional and bilateral cooperation initiatives. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000533000021 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800053-3.00002-1 id: cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 author: Lichtenstein, Bronwen title: From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control date: 2020-07-28 words: 3566.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. The primary sources for this analysis include major broadsheets such as The Age and Sydney Morning Herald in Australia; The Guardian (and three tabloids, Daily Mail, The Telegraph, and The Sun) in the United Kingdom; and The New York Times and The Washington Post in the United States. (Australia has a smaller population compared to the United Kingdom and United States, and its media resources are fewer.) Nonprint sources include the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), the British Broadcasting Commission (BBC), health policy platforms (e.g., Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]), and advocacy websites for older adults in each country. abstract: OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. METHODS: Thirty-five (35) newspapers, media websites, and current affairs magazines were sourced for the study: 8 for Australia, 12 for the United Kingdom, and 15 for the United States. Searches were conducted daily from April to June 2020, using key words to identify age-related themes on pandemic control. RESULTS: Despite divergent policies in the 3 countries, ageism took similar forms. Public responses to lockdowns and other measures cast older adults as a problem to be ignored or solved through segregation. Name-calling, blame, and “so-be-it” reactions toward age vulnerability were commonplace. Policies banning visits to aged care homes angered many relatives and older adults. Indefinite isolation for older adults was widely accepted, especially as a vehicle to end public lockdowns and economic crises. DISCUSSION: Older adults have and will continue to bear the brunt of Covid-19 in terms of social burdens and body counts as the pandemic continues to affect people around the globe. The rhetoric of disposability underscores age discrimination on a broader scale, with blame toward an age cohort considered to have lived past its usefulness for society and to have enriched itself at the expense of future generations. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa102 doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa102 id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 words: 11336.0 sentences: 528.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt summary: Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. abstract: KEY POINTS: In the United States, children have lower blood levels than adults of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important ω-3 fatty acid that helps decrease inflammation; vitamin A, the “anti-infective” vitamin; and selenium (Se), a trace metal that is an intrinsic part of glutathione peroxidase, an important free-radical scavenging enzyme. EPA, vitamin A, and Se are important in controlling inflammation and can be supplied by oral nutritional supplements. Cod liver oil contains EPA (and other important ω-3 fatty acids), and vitamin A as well as vitamin D. Fish oil contains ω-3 fatty acids (including EPA) but no vitamins. Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children’s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. These supplements can be used by practitioners on an individual basis, when clinically indicated; the supplements can be purchased in the United States without a prescription. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. However, their families may not be able to afford to purchase these supplements, which are not available through Medicaid, The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, or the Food Stamp Program. If our results are confirmed in larger studies, a system change will be needed to provide these supplements to nutritionally vulnerable, socioeconomically disadvantaged children living in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120316/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 id: cord-024936-ncia0h9m author: Luker, Gary D. title: Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date: 2020-04-15 words: 2949.0 sentences: 140.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt summary: The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233388/ doi: 10.1148/rycan.2020204011 id: cord-022066-8aj480hz author: MacPherson, Douglas W. title: Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date: 2016-09-23 words: 3517.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt summary: The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152420/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-37506-1.00019-2 id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author: Maloney, Susan A. title: Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date: 2004-11-24 words: 7146.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt summary: Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. abstract: An estimated 1.9 million children travel overseas annually. Infectious disease risks associated with international travel are diverse and depend on the destination, planned activities, and baseline medical history. Children have special needs and vulnerabilities that should be addressed when preparing for travel abroad. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Special consideration should be given to children with chronic diseases. Families should be given anticipatory guidance for management of potential illnesses and information about the location of medical resources overseas. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045187004000408 doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002 id: cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 author: Martin, Susan F. title: Forced Migration and Refugee Policy date: 2017-09-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter focuses on international, regional and national legal norms, policies, organizational roles and relations and good practices that are applicable to a broad range of humanitarian crises that have migration consequences. These crises and the resulting displacement differ by their causes, intensity, geography, phases and affected populations. The chapter examines movements stemming directly and indirectly from: persecution, armed conflict, extreme natural hazards that cause extensive destruction of lives and infrastructure; slower onset environmental degradation, such as drought and desertification, which undermine livelihoods; manmade environmental disasters, such as nuclear accidents, which destroy habitat and livelihoods; communal violence, civil strife and political instability; and global pandemics that cause high levels of mortality and morbidity. Demographic trends are themselves drivers of displacement in conjunction with other factors. This can play out in two ways—demography as a macro-level factor and demographic composition as a micro-level driver of movement. The chapter compares the paucity of legal, policy and institutional frameworks for addressing crisis-related movements with the more abundant frameworks for addressing the consequences of refugee movements. The chapter discusses the policy implications of the findings, positing that State-led initiatives such as the Nansen and Migrants in Countries in Crisis initiatives are useful mechanisms to fill protection gaps in the absence of political will to adopt and implement more binding legal frameworks. It also argues that, in the context of slow onset climate change, in particular, there is a need for better understanding of how population density, distribution and growth as well as household composition affect vulnerability and resilience to the drivers of displacement. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122144/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14 id: cord-293865-0yp9wd0j author: May, Thomas title: Isolation is not the answer date: 2004 words: 978.0 sentences: 48.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt summary: New restrictions on the publication of sensitive information relevant to biological weapons, on access to ''select'' biological agents for research, and on the training of scientists from specified countries are some examples. Consequently, attention to the global dimensions of bioterror threats is particularly important, including strengthening international means to identify and contain outbreaks of infectious disease. Recognition of the true international nature of the bioterror threat should make the United States take a leading role in training foreign scientists, medical professionals and public-health personnel to build a global capacity for identifying and containing disease outbreaks. Apart from the obvious barriers that restrictions on access to scientific information and tools place on research, restrictions on scientific training for foreign nationals will delay those countries from developing expertise crucial to identifying and containing disease outbreaks -key to any global strategy against bioterrorism. abstract: International scientific collaboration is the best defence against bioterror. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15190328/ doi: 10.1038/429603a id: cord-332610-t99l3zii author: Mayer, J.D. title: Emerging Diseases: Overview date: 2008-08-26 words: 9596.0 sentences: 469.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt summary: The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response. abstract: Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are either new, are newly recognized, or are increasing in prevalence in new areas. Resurgent diseases are also usually grouped in this category, as is antimicrobial resistance. These diseases have been given formal recognition in the past two decades, although a historical outlook demonstrates that the phenomenon has probably been persistent, although largely undetected, through recorded history. Emergence has accelerated recently, driven by factors such as demographic change, land use change, increased rapidity and frequency of intercontinental transportation, and other mostly social trends. Continued infectious disease emergence poses, and will continue to pose, significant challenges for public health and for basic science. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739605004536 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 id: cord-027679-89yt6fzo author: McLoud, Theresa C. title: Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date: 2020-06-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7310947/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00003-2 id: cord-022035-annn4qn1 author: Menitove, Jay E. title: Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications date: 2009-05-15 words: 12424.0 sentences: 786.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt summary: [20] [21] [22] [23] Despite documentation that the spirochete survives routine RBC and frozen plasma storage, testing blood donors is not under consideration because no reports exist of transfusion-associated Lyme disease. 29 An extensive epidemiologic study in Arkansas involving military trainee blood donors who had been exposed to tick bites and unknowingly infected with the agents of ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) found no clinical illness among the recipients of RBCs and platelets donated by these soldiers. 32 Ongoing malaria surveillance in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to identify cases in immigrants and in residents and travelers to areas of the world where malaria transmission still occurs. 110, 111 An active investigation to determine whether transfusion associated-vCJD transmission occurs in humans began in the United Kingdom in 1997 by identifying vCJD patients who donated blood before illness. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152373/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06981-9.50053-3 id: cord-345402-brhvfsgy author: Miller, Ryan S. title: Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date: 2013-06-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract In the last half century, significant attention has been given to animal diseases; however, our understanding of disease processes and how to manage them at the livestock–wildlife interface remains limited. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the status of diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface in the United States. Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. At least six of these reportable diseases—bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick (vector control)—have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication in domestic populations. The complex nature of these systems highlights the need to understand the role of wildlife in the epidemiology, transmission, and maintenance of infectious diseases of livestock. Successful management or eradication of these diseases will require the development of cross-discipline and institutional collaborations. Despite social and policy challenges, there remain opportunities to develop new collaborations and new technologies to mitigate the risks posed at the livestock–wildlife interface. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 id: cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author: Munyikwa, Michelle title: MY COVID‐19 DIARY date: 2020-06-04 words: 5021.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt summary: Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa''s Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. In this narrative, Michelle Munyikwa, an anthropologist and medical doctor-in-training, reflects on developments in the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of a diary from Philadelphia. Scrolling social media feeds, one is inundated by reports from other countries, graphs and tables attempting to predict the future, and calls to understand the past of previous epidemics such that we might not repeat our errors. This uniquely 21st-century crisis is an object lesson in what it feels like to live through an emerging epidemic during what has often been described as an age of anxiety. We will need to worry about the chronically ill and the fact that many American hospitals cannot handle a surge in patients at this time of year. abstract: Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa's Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. Her observations centre on everyday encounters with scenes or objects that reflect the growing crisis, from the absence of masks outside patient rooms to emergent forms of care through telemedicine. The diary follows the author as she experiences grief, ambivalence and disorientation in the first weeks of the pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12575 doi: 10.1111/1467-8322.12575 id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author: Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date: 2016-01-01 words: 7496.0 sentences: 466.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt summary: According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of supply and demand issues in the vaccine industry and the policy options that have been implemented to resolve these issues. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Policy File, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched to locate academic journal articles. Other sources reviewed included texts on the topics of vaccine history and policy, government agency reports, and reports from independent think tanks. Keywords included vaccines, immunizations, supply, demand, and policy. STUDY SELECTION: Search criteria were limited to English language and human studies. Articles pertaining to vaccine demand, supply, and public policy were selected and reviewed for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: By the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: Vaccines are biologic medications, therefore making their development and production more difficult and costly compared with “small-molecule” drugs. Research and development costs for vaccines can exceed $800 million, and development may require 10 years or more. Strict manufacturing regulations and facility upgrades add to these costs. Policy options to increase and stabilize the supply of vaccines include those aimed at increasing supply, such as government subsidies for basic vaccine research, liability protection for manufacturers, and fast-track approval for new vaccines. Options to increase vaccine demand include advance purchase commitments, government stockpiles, and government financing for select populations. CONCLUSION: High development costs and multiple barriers to entry have led to a decline in the number of vaccine manufacturers. Although a number of vaccine policies have met with mixed success in increasing the supply of and demand for vaccines, a variety of concerns remain, including developing vaccines for complex pathogens and increasing immunization rates with available vaccines. New policy innovations such as advance market commitments and Medicare Part D vaccine coverage have been implemented and may aid in resolving some of the problems in the vaccine industry. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589753/ doi: 10.1331/japha.2009.09007 id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 words: 33175.0 sentences: 2065.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt summary: The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169350/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id: cord-001197-bhlxglyd author: Olival, Kevin J. title: Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date: 2013-09-28 words: 2068.0 sentences: 100.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt summary: We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. On this 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act, it is appropriate to look at the historical roots of environmental protection and conservation in the United States, particularly as they relate to ecology and to health. While pollutants remain an insidious threat to health and the environment, there is now a growing acceptance that emerging infectious diseases (EID''s) are on the rise and are having dramatic impacts on both global health and conservation (Daszak et al. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia is a good example of how environmental drivers, including the industrialization and expansion of pig farms into bat habitat, led to pathogen spillover and a subsequent human outbreak (Daszak et al. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlif: threats to biodiversity and human health abstract: We examine the historical and philosophical roots of environmental stewardship and how they relate to conservation and human health. Concern for the environment in the United States derives from two distinct historical ideologies that we term “green” and “brown” environmentalism. We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. This interconnection provides a compelling new reason to protect and preserve biodiversity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3914161/ doi: 10.1007/s10393-013-0862-2 id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg author: Owen, James A. title: Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date: 2020-08-31 words: 6756.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt summary: Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The concept of CPD within the profession of pharmacy was initially defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) as "the responsibility of individual pharmacists for systematic maintenance, development and broadening of knowledge, skills and attitudes, to ensure continuing competence as a professional, throughout their careers" [1] . Ensure that pharmacists maintain (at an appropriate level) their knowledge, skills, and competence to practice through their careers in their own specific (or current) areas of practice Improve the pharmacist''s personal performance (i.e., develop knowledge and skills) Enhance the pharmacist''s career progression While aligned with the FIP model, the CCP model was modified slightly to meet the identified needs of pharmacists in the United States. abstract: Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The transition from a model of continuing pharmacy education (CPE) to a model of continuing professional development (CPD) is still evolving. As pharmacists assume more complex roles in patient care delivery, particularly in community-based settings, the need to demonstrate and maintain professional competence becomes more critical. In addition, long-held processes for post-graduate education and licensure must also continue to adapt to meet these changing needs. Members of the pharmacy profession in the U.S. must adopt the concept of CPD and implement processes to support the thoughtful completion of professional development plans. Comprehensive, state-of-the-art technology solutions are available to assist pharmacists with understanding, implementing and applying CPD to their professional lives. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030157 doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8030157 id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 words: 45685.0 sentences: 2892.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt summary: coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173613/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id: cord-022380-49oti4zg author: Panlilio, Adelisa L title: Occupational Infectious Diseases date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155632/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-8974-6.50026-9 id: cord-003970-3e58229u author: Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title: Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date: 2019-11-01 words: 8412.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the etiological agent of PRRS, is one of the most important endemic viruses affecting the swine industry in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013) and globally (Stadejek et al., 2013; VanderWaal and Deen, 2018) . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was first recognized almost simultaneously in Europe (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and North America (Collins et al., 1992) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but genetic differences suggested a much earlier evolutionary divergence between the North American and European viral types. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of PRRSV occurrence in a swine-dense region of the United States, characterizing these patterns according to ORF5 genetic lineages and sub-lineages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of Eastern Canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection abstract: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is the most important endemic pathogen in the U.S. swine industry. Despite control efforts involving improved biosecurity and different vaccination protocols, the virus continues to circulate and evolve. One of the foremost challenges in its control is high levels of genetic and antigenic diversity. Here, we quantify the co-circulation, emergence and sequential turnover of multiple PRRSV lineages in a single swine-producing region in the United States over a span of 9 years (2009–2017). By classifying over 4,000 PRRSV sequences (open-reading frame 5) into phylogenetic lineages and sub-lineages, we document the ongoing diversification and temporal dynamics of the PRRSV population, including the rapid emergence of a novel sub-lineage that appeared to be absent globally pre-2008. In addition, lineage 9 was the most prevalent lineage from 2009 to 2010, but its occurrence fell to 0.5% of all sequences identified per year after 2014, coinciding with the emergence or re-emergence of lineage 1 as the dominant lineage. The sequential dominance of different lineages, as well as three different sub-lineages within lineage 1, is consistent with the immune-mediated selection hypothesis for the sequential turnover in the dominant lineage. As host populations build immunity through natural infection or vaccination toward the most common variant, this dominant (sub-) lineage may be replaced by an emerging variant to which the population is more susceptible. An analysis of patterns of non- synonymous and synonymous mutations revealed evidence of positive selection on immunologically important regions of the genome, further supporting the potential that immune-mediated selection shapes the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics for this virus. This has important implications for patterns of emergence and re-emergence of genetic variants of PRRSV that have negative impacts on the swine industry. Constant surveillance on PRRSV occurrence is crucial to a better understanding of the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of co-circulating viral lineages. Further studies utilizing whole genome sequencing and exploring the extent of cross-immunity between heterologous PRRS viruses could shed further light on PRRSV immunological response and aid in developing strategies that might be able to diminish disease impact. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839445/ doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02486 id: cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 author: Pearman, Ann title: Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 date: 2020-08-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: As COVID-19 continues to impact global society, healthcare professionals (HCPs) are at risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes due to their role as care providers. The objective of this study was to better understand the current psychological impact of COVID-19 on HCPs in the United States This study used an online survey tool to collect demographic data and measures of well-being of adults age 18 and older living in the United States between March 20, 2020 and May 14, 2020. Measures included anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, depressive symptoms, current general anxiety, health questions, tiredness, control beliefs, proactive coping, and past and future appraisals of COVID-related stress. The sample included 90 HCPs and 90 age-matched controls (M(age) = 34.72 years, SD = 9.84, range = 23 – 67) from 35 states of the United States. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed, using education as a covariate, to identify group differences in the mental and physical health measures. HCPs reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, concern about their health, tiredness, current general anxiety, and constraint, in addition to lower levels of proactive coping compared to those who were not HCPs (p < 0.001, η(2) = 0.28). Within the context of this pandemic, HCPs were at increased risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes. Potential targets, such as adaptive coping training, for intervention are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 id: cord-318845-w7q5o8wc author: Pendell, Dustin L. title: Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility date: 2015-06-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This study evaluates the economic consequences of hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease releases from the future National Bio and Agro Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas. Using an economic framework that estimates the impacts to agricultural firms and consumers, quantifies costs to non-agricultural activities in the epidemiologically impacted region, and assesses costs of response to the government, we find the distribution of economic impacts to be very significant. Furthermore, agricultural firms and consumers bear most of the impacts followed by the government and the regional non-agricultural firms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26114546/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129134 id: cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author: Perrotta, D. title: Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date: 2020-05-15 words: 7494.0 sentences: 312.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt summary: Our goal in this paper is to provide insights into the relation between participants'' demographic characteristics and (i) the threat they perceive COVID-19 to pose to various levels of society, (ii) the confidence they have in the preparedness of different national and international organizations to handle the current crisis, and (iii) the behavioral measures (preventive measures and social distancing measures) they have taken to protect themselves from the coronavirus. The questionnaire consists of four topical sections: (i) socio-demographic indicators (age, sex, country of birth, country of residence, level of education, household size and composition); (ii) health indicators (underlying medical conditions, flu vaccination status, pregnancy, symptoms experienced in the previous seven days); (iii) opinions and behaviors (perceived threat from COVID-19, level of trust in institutions, level of confidence in sources of information, preventive measures taken, disruptions to daily routine); (iv) social contact data, i.e. the number of interactions that respondents had the day before participating in the survey in different settings (at home, at school, at work, or in other locations). abstract: In the absence of medical treatment and vaccination, the mitigation and containment of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic relies on behavioral changes. Timely data on attitudes and behaviors are thus necessary to develop optimal intervention strategies and to assess the consequences of the pandemic for different demographic groups. We developed a rapid response monitoring system via a continuously run online survey (the "COVID-19 Health Behavior Survey") across eight countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States). The survey was specifically designed to collect key information on people's health status, behaviors, close social contacts, and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed an innovative approach to recruit participants via targeted Facebook advertisement campaigns in order to generate balanced samples for post-stratification. In this paper, we present results for the period from March 13-April 19, 2020. We estimate important differences by sex: women show a substantially higher perception of threat along with a lower level of confidence in the health system. This is paralleled by sex-specific behaviors, with women more likely to adopt a wide range of preventive behaviors. We thus expect behavior to serve as a protective factor for women. Our findings also show a higher level of awareness and concern among older respondents, in line with the evidence that the elderly are at highest risk of severe complications following infection from COVID-19. While across all the samples respondents were less concerned for themselves than for their country or for the world, we also observed substantial temporal and spatial heterogeneity in terms of confidence in institutions and responses to non-pharmaceutical interventions. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 id: cord-016379-lcog1654 author: Pimentel, David title: Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date: 2007 words: 5743.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt summary: Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. Worldwide, an estimated 30,000 species of exotic plants have been intentionally introduced as crops, and have escaped to become established in various natural ecosystems. In the United States, introduced plant species are spreading and invading approximately 700,000 ha of US natural ecosystems per year (Babbitt 1998) . In the Great Lakes, for instance, nearly 50 invasive species are found, and these invaders are causing an estimated $ 5 billion in damages to the fisheries per year (Pimentel 2005) . This investigation reports on various economic damages associated with invasive species in various nations of the world that total more than $ 1.4 trillion per year (Pimentel 2002) . abstract: Approximately 50,000 plant, animal, and microbe invasive species are present in the United States, and an estimated 500,000 plant, animal, and microbe invasive species have invaded other nations of the world. Immediately, it should be pointed out that the US and world agriculture depend on introduced food crops and livestock.Approximately 99 % of all crops and livestock in all nations are intentionally introduced plants, animals, and microbes (Pimentel 2002). Worldwide, the value of agriculture (including beneficial non-indigenous species) is estimated to total $ 30 trillion per year. Other exotic species have been introduced for landscape restoration, biological pest control, sport, and food processing, also contributing significant benefits. Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. In this article, we estimate the magnitude of the economic benefits, and environmental and economic costs associated with a variety of invasive species that exist in the United States and elsewhere in the world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120639/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_18 id: cord-017351-73hlwwdh author: Quarantelli, E. L. title: Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date: 2017-09-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Over time, new types of crises and disasters have emerged. We argue that new types of adversity will continue to emerge. In this chapter, we offer a framework to study and interpret new forms of crises and disasters. This framework is informed by historical insights on societal interpretations of crises and disasters. We are particularly focused here on the rise of transboundary crises – those crises that traverse boundaries between countries and policy systems. We identify the characteristics of these transboundary disruptions, sketch a few scenarios and explore the societal vulnerabilities to this type of threat. We end by discussing some possible implications for planning and preparation practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121892/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4 id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd author: RENDA, Andrea title: Towards Stronger EU Governance of Health Threats after the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-04-09 words: 4193.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt summary: The threat of such a pandemic was to be expected, yet it was ignored, despite repeated warnings by experts, 12 the press 13 and expert groups such as the 2016 Report of the "High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises", which warned about the need to address existing gaps and "enhance global capacity to rapidly detect and respond to health crises"; 14 as well as the 2019 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (an independent monitoring and accountability body be/professioneel/nieuws-professioneel/ethical-principles-concerning-proportionality-of-critical-care-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-advice-by-the-belgian-society-of-ic-medicine>. A dedicated agencythe European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)was set up in an attempt to strengthen Europe''s response capability and to provide technical support to Member States. With such a support network, the European Commission could create an executive structure that would coordinate emergency responses by identifying the most effective sequence of measures and enable possible redistribution of materials and resources across Member States to ensure the resilience of the whole Union. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7174850/ doi: 10.1017/err.2020.34 id: cord-018084-c48chbfa author: Reynolds, Chris title: Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date: 2019-06-07 words: 7448.0 sentences: 372.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt summary: Dennis Blair [2] states in an DNI Threat Assessment, "Most terrorist groups that have shown some interest, intent or capability to conduct CBRN attacks have pursued only limited, technically simple approaches that have not yet caused large numbers of casualties. The potential for non-state actors, which includes both domestic and international terrorists, successfully obtaining access to WMD''s is a very real threat to the safety and security of all people [4] . In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540, with the intent of keeping WMD out of the hands of non-state actors, which included nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials. 3. All States must adopt and enforce domestic controls over nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials, in order to prevent their proliferation. WMD''s include chemical agents, biological pathogens, radiological agents, and nuclear weapons, each of which require special protective measures for responders and decontamination for victims. abstract: The global proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) presents a clear and present danger to global health security. Unlike conventional weapons that confine themselves to a defined and targeted area, WMD’s cross international boundaries and borders. Moreover, the release of WMDs can be achieved using a low technology approach resulting in a transformation and redefinition of the mission of global health providers. This chapter will focus on the ease of access to WMDs, the impact biological weapons and bioterrorism plays on global health security, United States global policies on public health, and the role actors and non-state actors play in the global health landscape. In addition, this chapter will focus on global WMD proliferation prevention to include international efforts, treaties, and conventions. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of ongoing research initiatives, identification of emerging threats, and additional recommended readings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122872/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_9 id: cord-025767-scbteel5 author: Richards, Timothy J. title: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date: 2020-05-18 words: 4024.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt summary: In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers'' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing. abstract: Canadian fruit and vegetable markets were significantly impacted by the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (and COVID‐19 disease), beginning in March 2020. Due to the closure of restaurants, bars, and schools, produce growers and distributors were forced to shift supplies almost entirely from the foodservice to the retail channel. Shippers reported labor and logistical constraints in making the change, but the fresh produce supply chain remained robust. In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers’ online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264629/ doi: 10.1111/cjag.12231 id: cord-005227-74ycwmyg author: Richardson, Jacques G. title: The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date: 2004 words: 12240.0 sentences: 548.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt summary: How did the scientifically based Haber''s constant-the product of the concentration of a substance as parts per million in a fixed volume multiplied by time in minutesbecome, during the First World War, the measure of effectiveness of chemical agents as weapons? When the United Nations'' Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was forced by that country''s leader to abandon in December 1998 its monitoring of what Iraq might be developing as weapons of mass destruction, the international inspection group determined that Iraq had progressed in terms of developing • biological weapons: culturing enough anthrax bacteria to produce 26,000 liters of infectious agent to be held in reserve, • chemical arms including a supply of 550 artillery shells filled with mustard gas, together with at least one and a half tonnes of the nerve reagent VX, and • what may be a long-term missile project, spread among twelve different national facilities. abstract: Weapons of both defense and offense have grown steadily in their effectiveness—especially since the industrial revolution. The mass destruction of humanity, by parts or in whole, became reality with the advent of toxic agents founded on chemistry and biology or nuclear weapons derived from physics. The military’s new non-combat roles, combined with a quest for non-lethal weapons, may change the picture in regard to conventional defense establishments but are unlikely to deter bellicose tyrants or the new terrorists from using the unlimited potential of today’s and tomorrow’s arsenals. The author addresses the issues that are raised by this developing situation with the intent of seeking those ethics that will enable us to survive in a future and uncertain world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089138/ doi: 10.1007/s11948-004-0046-0 id: cord-029172-fctcfoak author: Romano, John L. title: Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-13 words: 8401.0 sentences: 408.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt summary: Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic from a prevention science perspective, including research topics, is discussed. Political considerations that influence prevention activities, with examples from the pandemic and from more typical prevention initiatives in schools and communities, are presented. The definitions of prevention science and prevention interventions are delineated, and a brief summary of prevention history is given. The relationship between health disparities and COVID-19 is discussed. Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. The article emphasizes the importance of adapting prevention applications to the intended recipients, especially ethnic and cultural groups. The need to strengthen prevention training in graduate education and strategies to reform the education to meet accreditation and licensing standards are suggested. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358972/ doi: 10.1177/2632077020938360 id: cord-265017-byyx2y47 author: Ryan, Jeffrey R. title: Seeds of Destruction date: 2016-03-25 words: 9264.0 sentences: 535.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt summary: In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). abstract: This chapter provides the reader with an understanding and appreciation for the scope and importance of biological threats and the opportunity to see where they may be and have become the desire of terrorist groups and the makings of weapons of mass destruction. The history of biological warfare is covered in depth. These major events are important in helping us understand the issues related to using biological substances against an adversary. The difference between biosecurity and biodefense are explained and then related to homeland security and homeland defense, respectively. This chapter also details how expensive these programs are, with nearly $80 billion having been spent on civilian biodefense since fiscal year 2001 in the United States alone. As discussed herein, there is a significant difference in the reality and the potential of bioterrorism. Bioterrorism on a large scale is a low-probability event. Bioterrorism on a small scale is a fairly routine occurrence with little potential. Biological threats remain very much in the news. Recent examples, such as laboratory incidents, the Ebola outbreak of 2014, and other emerging threats, are covered in this chapter. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020296000013 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00001-3 id: cord-294590-1niaplc2 author: Schrag, Stephanie J. title: SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003 date: 2004-02-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003, a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. Of these, 72 (18%) were probable cases with radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Eight (2%) were laboratory-confirmed SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections, 206 (52%) were SARS-CoV negative, and 184 (46%) had undetermined SARS-CoV status because of missing convalescent-phase serum specimens. Thirty-one percent (124/398) of case-patients were hospitalized; none died. Travel was the most common epidemiologic link (329/398, 83%), and mainland China was the affected area most commonly visited. One case of possible household transmission was reported, and no laboratory-confirmed infections occurred among healthcare workers. Successes and limitations of this emergency surveillance can guide preparations for future outbreaks of SARS or respiratory diseases of unknown etiology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15030681/ doi: 10.3201/eid1002.030752 id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw author: Severin, Paul N. title: Types of Disasters date: 2020-05-14 words: 29266.0 sentences: 1796.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt summary: The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019). abstract: Disasters are increasing around the world. Children are greatly impacted by both natural disasters (forces of nature) and man-made (intentional, accidental) disasters. Their unique anatomical, physiological, behavioral, developmental, and psychological vulnerabilities must be considered when planning and preparing for disasters. The nurse or health care provider (HCP) must be able to rapidly identify acutely ill children during a disaster. Whether it is during a natural or man-made event, the nurse or HCP must intervene effectively to improve survival and outcomes. It is extremely vital to understand the medical management of these children during disasters, especially the use of appropriate medical countermeasures such as medications, antidotes, supplies, and equipment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7235629/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_5 id: cord-262892-n38r8n70 author: Sheikh, Jamila title: Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date: 2015-05-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The dramatic increase in survival rates is associated with enhancements in overall quality of life, which reflect a multidisciplinary, holistic approach to care. Current optimism starkly contrasts with the outlook and prognosis two decades ago, when failure to thrive and wasting syndrome from uncontrolled pediatric HIV infection resulted from poor oral intake, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and a persistently catabolic state. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the pre- and post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128007693000093 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 id: cord-276758-k2imddzr author: Siegel, Jane D. title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 words: 46228.0 sentences: 2479.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt summary: Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068815/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 id: cord-016855-hqs94hfa author: Simpson, William M. title: Pesticides date: 2006 words: 4759.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt summary: Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121274/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_16 id: cord-009507-l74c9x0n author: Singh, Amandeep title: Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date: 2008-01-08 words: 4395.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt summary: To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient''s history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient''s primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient''s recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159384/ doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01429.x id: cord-017997-obvk2d8e author: Slater, Margaret R. title: The Welfare Of Feral Cats date: 2007 words: 12189.0 sentences: 589.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt summary: The interest in feral cats may focus on animal control, especially in countries where the free-roaming dog problem no longer is a major concern, or on issues such as predation, public health or the well-being of the cats themselves. Several small studies using secondary poisoning of predators with agent 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) or brodifacoum (a second-generation anticoagulant) via poisoned prey species suggest that this may be a more effective method to kill all predators present, including feral cats, stoats and ferrets Gillies & Pierce 1999; Alterio 2002) . Thus, TNR together with adoption and monitoring programs are the most effective and humane options for the long-term control of feral cat colonies. Several large programs in the northeast and west have become increasingly high profile in animal welfare and animal protection conferences and web sites, indicating a growing awareness, if not always acceptance, of TNR as a humane method for the control of feral cats. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122712/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-3227-1_6 id: cord-340195-425rd7ul author: Smith, Kristine M. title: Zoonotic Viruses Associated with Illegally Imported Wildlife Products date: 2012-01-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The global trade in wildlife has historically contributed to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The United States is the world's largest importer of wildlife and wildlife products, yet minimal pathogen surveillance has precluded assessment of the health risks posed by this practice. This report details the findings of a pilot project to establish surveillance methodology for zoonotic agents in confiscated wildlife products. Initial findings from samples collected at several international airports identified parts originating from nonhuman primate (NHP) and rodent species, including baboon, chimpanzee, mangabey, guenon, green monkey, cane rat and rat. Pathogen screening identified retroviruses (simian foamy virus) and/or herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and lymphocryptovirus) in the NHP samples. These results are the first demonstration that illegal bushmeat importation into the United States could act as a conduit for pathogen spread, and suggest that implementation of disease surveillance of the wildlife trade will help facilitate prevention of disease emergence. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 words: 14393.0 sentences: 608.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt summary: Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. abstract: Summary: Between mid‐century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term ‘emerging and reemerging diseases’ to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/ doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id: cord-324185-zt88o3co author: Sovacool, Benjamin K. title: Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date: 2020-10-31 words: 7229.0 sentences: 326.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt summary: Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ). abstract: Abstract The global Covid-19 pandemic has rapidly overwhelmed our societies, shocked the global economy and overburdened struggling health care systems and other social institutions around the world. While such impacts of Covid-19 are becoming clearer, the implications of the disease for energy and climate policy are more prosaic. This Special Section seeks to offer more clarity on the emerging connections between Covid-19 and energy supply and demand, energy governance, future low-carbon transitions, social justice, and even the practice of research methodology. It features articles that ask, and answer: What are the known and anticipated impacts of Covid-19 on energy demand and climate change? How has the disease shaped institutional responses and varying energy policy frameworks, especially in Africa? How will the disease impact ongoing social practices, innovations and sustainability transitions, including not only renewable energy but also mobility? How might the disease, and social responses to it, exacerbate underlying patterns of energy poverty, energy vulnerability, and energy injustice? Lastly, what challenges and insights does the pandemic offer for the practice of research, and for future research methodology? We find that without careful guidance and consideration, the brave new age wrought by Covid-19 could very well collapse in on itself with bloated stimulus packages that counter sustainability goals, misaligned incentives that exacerbate climate change, the entrenchment of unsustainable practices, and acute and troubling consequences for vulnerable groups. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 id: cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author: Staat, Dana D. title: International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date: 2012-01-06 words: 6323.0 sentences: 391.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt summary: Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. 7 Adopted children may have received vaccines of differing potencies or at different ages, or they may have been given a number of doses other than what is recommended in the United States. Because other countries may focus on required vaccinations for diseases endemic to their region, clinicians should ensure that all vaccinations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend are given to newly adopted children. 24 Of note, the high rate of positive results among internationally adopted children may be due to not only exposure to active cases of tuberculosis in their countries of origin but also vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is more common in developing countries than in the United States. abstract: International adoptions have become increasingly common in the United States. Children awaiting international adoption and families traveling to adopt these children can be exposed to a variety of infectious diseases. Compared with the United States, foreign countries often have different immunization practices and methods of diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disease. Reporting of medical conditions can also differ from that of the United States. The prevalence of infectious diseases varies from country to country and may or may not be common among adopted children. The transmission of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and measles from adopted children to family members has been documented. Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. Diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome or avian influenza have not been reported among international adoptees, but transmission is possible if infection is present. Family members may be infected by others during travel or by their adopted child after returning home. Families preparing to adopt a child from abroad should pay special attention to the infectious diseases they may encounter and to the precautions they should take on returning home. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945042/ doi: 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207 id: cord-263667-5g51n27e author: Steele, James Harlan title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date: 2008-09-15 words: 11260.0 sentences: 629.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt summary: Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. abstract: Abstract Animal diseases are known to be the origin of many human diseases, and there are many examples from ancient civilizations of plagues that arose from animals, domesticated and wild. Records of attempts to control zoonoses are almost as old. The early focus on food-borne illness evolved into veterinary medicine's support of public health efforts. Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Animal medicine and veterinary public health have been intertwined since humans first began ministrations to their families and animals. In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has effectively eliminated those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications. These lessons and experiences can serve as a model for other countries. Our past must also be a reminder that the battle for human and animal health is ongoing. New agents emerge to threaten human and animal populations. With knowledge of the past, coupled with new technologies and techniques, we must be vigilant and carry on. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417229/ doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id: cord-315184-py8lbg97 author: Stephany, Fabian title: Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-28 words: 5969.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt summary: We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We combine data from the Online Labour Index (OLI) and an interview-based panel study of freelance workers in the United States to provide insight into the changes in online labour markets relative to the ongoing pandemic arising from the global spread of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. In this initial rapid analysis, we therefore use quantitative data to examine changes in the demand for online labour in three important regional economies with different countermeasures towards the pandemic: United States, Germany, and South Korea. Our interview data come from an ongoing panel study of 60 freelance workers who are located in the United States and seeking work online via the online labour platform Upwork (See http://upwork.com). abstract: We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The pandemic's global economic upheaval is shuttering shops and offices. Those able to do so are now working remotely from their homes. They join workers who have always been working remotely: freelancers who earn some or all of their income from projects secured via online labour platforms. Data allow us to sketch a first picture of how the initial months of the COVID‐19 pandemic have affected the livelihoods of online freelancers. The data shows online labour demand falling rapidly in early March 2020, but with an equally rapid recovery. We also find significant differences between countries and occupations. Data from interviews make clear jobs are increasingly scarce even as more people are creating profiles and seeking freelance work online. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12455 doi: 10.1111/tesg.12455 id: cord-028713-ets0j847 author: Trippel, Elia title: How green is green enough? The changing landscape of financing a sustainable European economy date: 2020-07-07 words: 6247.0 sentences: 256.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt summary: Wallace-Wells comments on this shift in 2018, when remarking that "scientists began embracing fear", as "the IPCC released a dramatic, alarmist report illustrating just how much worse climate change would be at 2 degrees of warming compared with 1.5." 18 This paper argues that this shift in narrative among scientists and subsequently EU policy-makers has also influenced the way in which sustainable finance was approached at EU level after 2018. Discussions around the need for clearer sustainability-related disclosures, for increasing the supply of sustainable financial products, for ensuring that environmental, social and governance (ESG factors) were duly taken into account in investment decision-making processes often came back to 21 G20 Green Finance Study Group [12] . In this publication, the first of her six headline ambitions, or proposed Commission priorities, was titled "A European Green Deal." 37 Moreover, the general narrative surrounding climate change and environmental degradation was bolder than what had been presented by Jean-Claude Juncker five years prior, on 15 July 2014. abstract: Changing narratives surrounding the climate and environmental crisis have shaped the degree of ambition in the approach of EU policy-makers towards the sustainability transition and sustainable finance. This paper presents the evolution of EU sustainable finance policies between 2015 and 2019, focusing on the EU Taxonomy, arguing that as European narratives have shifted towards highlighting the severity of the climate and environmental crises, EU sustainable finance policies have also accelerated. The paper considers the IPCC SR1.5, published in October 2018, as one catalyst for this shift in narratives and the subsequently stronger policy responses, culminating in the European Green Deal. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7338671/ doi: 10.1007/s12027-020-00611-z id: cord-263261-xhem8l39 author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: Bismarck and the Long Road to Universal Health Coverage date: 2018-03-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) state that All United Nations Member States have agreed to try to achieve Universal Health Coverage by 2030. This includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. Universal health coverage (UHC) means inclusion and empowerment for all people to access medical care, including treatment and prevention services. UHC exists in all the industrial nations except the US, which has a mixed public-private system and struggles with closing the gap between the insured and the uninsured population. Middle- and low-income countries face many challenges for UHC achievement, including low levels of funding, lack of personnel, weak health management, and issues of availability of services favoring middle- and upper-class communities. Community health services for preventive and curative health services for needs in populations at risk for poor health in low-income countries must be addressed with proactive health promotion initiatives for the double burden of infectious and noncommunicable diseases. Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Universal access does not eliminate social inequalities in health by itself, including a wide context of reducing social inequities. Understanding national health systems requires examining representative models of different systems. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. The growing stress of increasing obesity, diabetes, and other chronic diseases, requires nations to modify their health care systems. Learning from the systems developed in different countries helps to learn from the processes of change in other countries. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045718000317 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00031-7 id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 words: 31276.0 sentences: 1672.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt summary: No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. abstract: Publisher Summary In a world of rapid international transport and contact between populations, systems are needed to monitor the potential explosive spread of pathogens that may be transferred from their normal habitat. The potential for the international spread of new or reinvigorated infectious diseases constitute threat to mankind akin to ecological and other man-made disasters. Public health has addressed the issues of communicable disease as one of its key issues in protecting individual and population health. Methods of intervention include classic public health through sanitation, immunization, and well beyond that into nutrition, education, case finding, and treatment, and changing human behavior. The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of policy makers, health care providers, and parents is as important in the success of communicable disease control as are the technology available and methods of financing health systems. Together, these encompass the broad programmatic approach of the New Public Health to control of communicable diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780127033501500061 doi: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author: Ubokudom, Sunday E. title: Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date: 2012-02-20 words: 10470.0 sentences: 480.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt summary: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. abstract: In Chap. 5, we examined the technological environment of the health care policy-making system. Specifically, we examined the classification, evolution, and diffusion of medical technology; the effects of medical technology on medical training and the practice of medicine; effects on medical costs, quality of care, and quality of life; effects on access to care; the ethical concerns raised by medical technology; and the practice of technology assessment. We concluded the chapter by observing that the growth of technology, as well as other human endeavors, affects other important aspects of our lives, most notably, the air we breathe, the food we eat, the generation of radioactive by-products and toxic chemicals, the manufacture of illicit drugs, and the generation of natural and man-made hazards. In other words, in addition to their effects on the health care system, technology and other human activities affect many other aspects of our lives that are associated with health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120848/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3169-5_6 id: cord-354009-1ek4s8oe author: Wang, Yun title: Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-07-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: A range of near-real-time online/mobile mapping dashboards and applications have been used to track the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. It remains unknown about small area-based spatiotemporal patterns of COVID-19 in the United States. METHODS: We obtained county-based counts of COVID-19 cases confirmed in the United States from January 22 to May 13, 2020 (N=1,386,050). We characterized the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through detecting weekly hotspots of newly confirmed cases using Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics and quantifying the trends of incidence of COVID-19 by county characteristics using the Joinpoint analysis. RESULTS: Along with the national plateau reached in early April, COVID-19 incidence significantly decreased in the Northeast (estimated weekly percentage changes [EWPC]: -16.6%), but remained increasing in the Midwest, South and West Regions (EWPCs: 13.2%, 5.6%, and 5.7%, respectively). Higher risks of clustering and incidence of COVID-19 were consistently observed in metropolitan vs rural counties, counties closest to core airports, most populous counties, and counties with highest proportion of racial/ethnic minority counties. However, geographic differences in the incidence have shrunk since early April, driven by a significant decrease in the incidence in these counties (EWPC range: -2.0% – -4.2%) and a consistent increase in other areas (EWPC range: 1.5% – 20.3%). CONCLUSIONS: To substantially decrease the nationwide incidence of COVID-19, strict social distancing measures should be continuously implemented, especially in geographic areas with increasing risks, including rural areas. Spatiotemporal characteristics and trends of COVID-19 should be considered in decision-making on the timeline of re-opening for states and localities. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa934 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa934 id: cord-326922-bajpr5a2 author: Watson, C. James title: Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors date: 2020-11-02 words: 7095.0 sentences: 417.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt summary: In the modern-day United States (US), medications are by-inlarge manufactured in commercial facilities, and this production is regulated and overseen by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, a new form of large-scale compounding has become commonplace, whereby pharmacies produce bulk volumes of medications which are not available commercially, and broadly distribute them to healthcare practices and individual patients. Patient harm caused by compounded medications has been the focus of media, medical, and legislative attention in recent years, especially following a multistate, multi-fatality outbreak of fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections compounded at a pharmacy in Framingham, MA [2, 3, 5, 6] . We categorized errors under the conceptual framework described by Sarah Sellers, PharmD, MPH, former board member for the FDA''s Advisory Committee on Pharmacy Compounding, in testimony to the US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, namely, that "suprapotency," "subpotency," and "contamination" are the primary risks associated with pharmaceutical compounding [59] . abstract: INTRODUCTION: Medications are compounded when a formulation of a medication is needed but not commercially available. Regulatory oversight of compounding is piecemeal and compounding errors have resulted in patient harm. We review compounding in the United States (US), including a history of compounding, a critique of current regulatory oversight, and a systematic review of compounding errors recorded in the literature. METHODS: We gathered reports of compounding errors occurring in the US from 1990 to 2020 from PubMed, Embase, several relevant conference abstracts, and the US Food and Drug Administration “Drug Alerts and Statements” repository. We categorized reports into errors of “contamination,” suprapotency,” and “subpotency.” Errors were also subdivided by whether they resulted in morbidity and mortality. We reported demographic, medication, and outcome data where available. RESULTS: We screened 2155 reports and identified 63 errors. Twenty-one of 63 were errors of concentration, harming 36 patients. Twenty-seven of 63 were contamination errors, harming 1119 patients. Fifteen errors did not result in any identified harm. DISCUSSION: Compounding errors are attributed to contamination or concentration. Concentration errors predominantly result from compounding a prescription for a single patient, and disproportionately affect children. Contamination errors largely occur during bulk distribution of compounded medications for parenteral use, and affect more patients. The burden falls on the government, pharmacy industry, and medical providers to reduce the risk of patient harm caused by compounding errors. CONCLUSION: In the US, drug compounding is important in ensuring access to vital medications, but has the potential to cause patient harm without adequate safeguards. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33140232/ doi: 10.1007/s13181-020-00814-3 id: cord-353772-z1x52stl author: Wilkening, Dean A. title: Combatting Bioterrorism date: 2008-09-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Concern that a terrorist group might attack civilian populations or agriculture by releasing deadly pathogens has grown in the past decade. Failed attempts by the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo to release botulinum toxin and anthrax in Tokyo on several occasions in the early 1990s, and the 2001 anthrax letter attacks in the United States seem to confirm these fears. However, there were only five fatalities in the US case and none in the Japanese case. The question naturally arises: How serious is this threat and, if it is serious, what strategy should states take to combat it? This article draws on US experience to outline a strategy for combating bioterrorism that is general enough to apply to most states, especially ones with well developed public health and medical infrastructures. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739858002233 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00223-3 id: cord-269958-nj0ub9in author: Woods, Eric Taylor title: COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange date: 2020-07-19 words: 10579.0 sentences: 481.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt summary: This is deepening as Taiwan gains substantial support from other democratic states, while China appears to be taking advantage of the health crisis to step up its naval and air force intrusions into the waters around the island and into the South China Sea. This growing linkage of the pandemic with the national security of the United States and China creates a context within which individuals in both countries are likely to be harassed as carriers of COVID-19, especially in the context of the rising populism that is highlighted by Miller-Idriss. abstract: In this article, several scholars of nationalism discuss the potential for the COVID‐19 pandemic to impact the development of nationalism and world politics. To structure the discussion, the contributors respond to three questions: (1) how should we understand the relationship between nationalism and COVID‐19; (2) will COVID‐19 fuel ethnic and nationalist conflict; and (3) will COVID‐19 reinforce or erode the nation‐state in the long run? The contributors formulated their responses to these questions near to the outset of the pandemic, amid intense uncertainty. This made it acutely difficult, if not impossible, to make predictions. Nevertheless, it was felt that a historically and theoretically informed discussion would shed light on the types of political processes that could be triggered by the COVID‐19 pandemic. In doing so, the aim is to help orient researchers and policy‐makers as they grapple with what has rapidly become the most urgent issue of our times. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12644 doi: 10.1111/nana.12644 id: cord-015646-tt2p9uue author: Xue, Lan title: Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date: 2018-11-24 words: 9336.0 sentences: 368.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt summary: 20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response. abstract: As an infectious respiratory disease, influenza is prone to cause pandemics for its fast mutation, easy dissemination, susceptibility to humans, and its elusive nature in terms of treatment. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century which caused huge losses worldwide. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114975/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2 id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author: Zeimet, Anthony title: Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-22 words: 28925.0 sentences: 1728.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt summary: Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315328/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8 id: cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author: Zelicoff, Alan P. title: Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date: 2016-02-19 words: 9005.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt summary: Biosecurity laws passed by the Congress vest considerable authority in government departments such as Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) to formulate and then implement regulations (frequently referred to by officials as "rules") with which laboratory workers, researchers, staff and security personnel must comply. We will summarize the processes by which agencies with HHS and USDA -typically the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -interpret the will of Congress (via laws that have been proposed, debated and passed), formulate proposed regulations, solicit comments from individuals and entities likely to be affected, and then disseminate final rules. abstract: In light of terrorist events in the United States and in recognition of the potential for diversion of highly pathogenic organisms for illicit purposes, the US Congress has in the past 15 years enacted a series of laws designed to enhance laboratory biosecurity. The Office of the President has also issued orders intended to implement and augment these new statutes imposing additional procedural and technical requirements on laboratories working with Select Agents and Toxins. Researchers and laboratory managers can substantially influence the implementation of new mandates with a thorough understanding of the regulatory process, reviewed in this chapter from a historical perspective with an emphasis on the practical aspects of rule-making procedures carried out by the Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161380/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801885-9.00001-9 id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 words: 182060.0 sentences: 10342.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt summary: Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167873/ doi: 10.1002/pbc.27057 id: cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author: nan title: Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date: 2006 words: 7854.0 sentences: 410.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt summary: Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120524/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1 id: cord-017675-in9r33ww author: nan title: The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date: 2008 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: There now is a considerable body of evidence to support the view that an effective HIV/AIDS strategy integrates prevention, treatment and human rights. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of each of these aspects and draw upon the conclusions reached in previous chapters to map out the future of HIV/AIDS. While medicine and science have a crucial role to play in addressing pandemics, whether slow-moving (like HIV/AIDS) or fast-moving (like influenza), the social, legal, political, financial and economic ramifications of pandemics can not be ignored. Well-considered social, legal, political and financial strategies are essential in order to address any pandemic effectively. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122313/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel