Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 116 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13464 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116 States 109 United 18 disease 14 infection 11 Health 9 child 9 SARS 8 HIV 8 COVID-19 7 China 6 vaccine 6 patient 6 covid-19 5 health 5 cause 5 World 5 AIDS 4 virus 4 treatment 4 study 4 pandemic 4 human 4 country 4 case 4 care 4 animal 4 american 4 U.S. 4 Member 4 FDA 4 CDC 4 Africa 3 weapon 3 tick 3 risk 3 person 3 food 3 chemical 3 biological 3 antibiotic 3 agent 3 Salmonella 3 National 3 Lyme 2 year 2 system 2 social 2 sign 2 sheep 2 r&d Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5892 disease 4964 patient 4626 % 4193 infection 3530 health 3049 case 2582 virus 2548 risk 2546 country 2507 vaccine 2467 year 2450 child 2202 study 2021 animal 2006 treatment 1983 care 1706 time 1673 system 1533 cell 1508 day 1505 population 1470 control 1425 use 1413 level 1404 transmission 1393 outbreak 1308 area 1287 blood 1284 group 1255 result 1255 number 1230 response 1193 development 1186 diagnosis 1181 age 1179 state 1172 therapy 1166 death 1130 rate 1123 person 1119 agent 1088 factor 1081 people 1078 program 1046 datum 1037 effect 1035 pandemic 1023 fever 1021 month 979 adult Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 3381 United 3332 States 1488 al 1241 et 1038 . 993 Health 970 US 900 HIV 652 China 604 SARS 602 EU 571 COVID-19 497 New 495 World 475 Europe 463 CDC 444 National 431 • 431 Salmonella 423 Lyme 404 Africa 397 U.S. 394 America 393 AIDS 374 C. 370 Disease 367 ICH 355 Committee 324 Member 304 FDA 294 European 293 West 290 American 288 Department 286 Control 286 B 284 SCD 282 International 275 TB 274 A 269 Prevention 266 WHO 253 State 251 Canada 249 Center 249 B. 243 March 242 Coronavirus 237 E. 235 S. Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 4108 it 2130 we 2043 they 740 he 600 them 588 i 322 she 185 us 134 themselves 125 itself 119 one 113 him 111 you 73 her 62 me 35 himself 19 ourselves 11 herself 10 oneself 3 s 3 's 2 myself 1 theirs 1 mrnas 1 ly294002 1 ii.f.2.a 1 i.e.2 1 i.b.3.e 1 hers 1 fori/ 1 em 1 btb Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 47748 be 11461 have 3339 include 2617 use 1920 develop 1875 cause 1831 do 1761 increase 1730 associate 1683 occur 1552 report 1473 provide 1261 base 1227 make 1182 follow 1149 show 1112 identify 1102 find 1100 see 1099 require 954 reduce 951 lead 915 become 880 take 876 receive 875 relate 849 prevent 840 result 809 consider 787 give 781 affect 737 infect 719 need 712 involve 705 produce 705 know 690 remain 673 continue 667 treat 634 improve 616 suggest 613 establish 613 describe 612 recommend 611 emerge 586 compare 561 present 533 determine 528 transmit 522 bear Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4749 not 3236 other 3096 also 2806 more 2450 such 2239 high 1970 most 1828 clinical 1803 - 1642 new 1515 well 1494 first 1456 many 1386 however 1358 only 1307 human 1291 public 1192 infectious 1176 low 1129 as 1128 common 1108 important 1059 respiratory 1051 acute 1048 large 1007 medical 983 early 974 severe 958 specific 949 international 932 often 891 social 857 long 828 even 827 several 820 old 819 global 819 available 813 national 803 different 802 significant 792 pediatric 775 less 764 economic 747 effective 727 major 706 usually 687 small 681 positive 678 likely Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 617 most 267 Most 262 least 202 good 176 high 121 large 108 great 36 bad 35 low 27 early 25 poor 22 big 20 late 16 strong 10 deadly 9 wide 9 long 8 fast 8 close 7 wealthy 6 rich 6 near 5 simple 5 old 5 broad 4 young 4 warm 4 tall 4 small 4 common 3 easy 2 weak 2 stark 2 overharv 2 new 2 grave 2 full 2 fine 2 dark 2 costly 2 clear 1 â€"there 1 unhealthy 1 tough 1 strict 1 staunch 1 slight 1 sick 1 short 1 severe Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1353 most 206 least 60 well 5 worst 4 hard 3 lowest 2 youngest 2 fast 1 highest 1 farthest 1 early 1 cfdna Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 www.cdc.gov 9 www3.niaid.nih.gov 9 www.who.int 9 doi.org 8 www 5 en.wikipedia.org 4 www.gpo.gov 4 www.fns.usda.gov 4 www.columbia-lyme.org 4 nextstrain.org 4 github.com 3 www3.niaid.nih 3 www3 2 www3.niaid 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.kff.org 2 www.fda.gov 2 www.ecfr.gov 2 www.drlinday.com 2 labos.ulg.ac.be 2 apps.who.int 1 www2.ncid.cdc.gov 1 www.who 1 www.usaid.gov 1 www.unhchr.ch 1 www.uis.unesco.org 1 www.theguardian.com 1 www.southeasttourism.org 1 www.sgh.org.sa 1 www.sfda.gov.sa 1 www.projectsyndicate.org 1 www.presidency.ucsb.edu 1 www.payequity.org 1 www.oie.int 1 www.oas.org 1 www.naturalearthdata.com 1 www.milbank.org 1 www.milbank 1 www.michigan.gov 1 www.law.cornell.edu 1 www.kidsrisk.harvard.edu 1 www.jcaho.org 1 www.iata.org 1 www.hpa.org.uk 1 www.hpa 1 www.gov.cn 1 www.gisaid.org 1 www.genocidewatch.org 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.fiduciaryduty21.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 7 http://www 4 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/ 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 3 http://www3.niaid.nih 3 http://www3 3 http://www.cdc.gov/ 2 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme 2 http://www3.niaid 2 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/new/2006/nw02/en 2 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1996-06-10/pdf/96-14707.pdf 2 http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/anprmcomments/ 2 http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsp/faqs.htm#9 2 http://www.drlinday.com 2 http://www.columbia-lyme.org/flatp/lymeoverview.html 2 http://nextstrain.org/community/grubaughlab/CT-SARS-CoV-2/paper1 2 http://labos.ulg.ac.be/socialprotection/ 2 http://doi.org/10 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/ 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/centers/ 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ 1 http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yellowfever 1 http://www/who.int/ocp 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ 1 http://www.who.int/ith/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/lyme/en 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_07a/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.who 1 http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/EU% 1 http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm 1 http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/ 1 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/08/leaked-coronavirus-plan-to-quarantine-16m-sparks-chaosin-italy> 1 http://www.southeasttourism.org/ 1 http://www.sgh.org.sa 1 http://www.sfda.gov.sa/ 1 http://www.projectsyndicate.org/commentary/covid-19-deglobalization-pandemic-by-harold-james-2020-02> 1 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/orders.php 1 http://www.payequity.org/info.html 1 http://www.oie.int 1 http://www.oas.org/main/english/. 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ 1 http://www.naturalearthdata.com/ 1 http://www.milbank.org/quarterly/ 1 http://www.milbank 1 http://www.michigan.gov/documents/ 1 http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42 1 http://www.kidsrisk.harvard.edu/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 nathan.grubaugh@yale.edu 1 mdcassoc@ix.netcom.com 1 ann.pearman@psych.gatech.edu 1 agrant12@gmu.edu 1 martin.isim@georgetown.edu Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 disease is usually 16 vaccine is available 16 vaccines are available 10 treatment is supportive 9 % were male 9 disease is more 9 disease is not 8 infection is not 7 disease is also 7 disease is now 7 virus is not 6 animals is not 6 countries are not 6 disease is endemic 6 disease is less 6 patients are alive 6 studies are not 6 treatment is available 6 treatment is not 6 vaccine is not 6 virus was first 5 disease is most 5 disease is rare 5 infection does not 5 infection is often 5 infection is usually 5 system is not 5 vaccine is currently 5 vaccines are not 5 virus is very 4 % were female 4 animals do not 4 cases have not 4 cases occur annually 4 disease is common 4 disease occurs worldwide 4 diseases are more 4 diseases are not 4 infections are common 4 infections are often 4 patients do not 4 studies have also 4 studies have not 4 study did not 4 transmission is not 4 treatment is largely 4 use is not 4 vaccine has also 4 vaccines are effective 4 vaccines are now Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 virus is not yet 2 % were no longer 2 vaccine is not available 1 animals is not productive 1 animals is not representative 1 animals is not well 1 area found no evidence 1 care are not unique 1 care including not only 1 care is not unique 1 cases was not available 1 cases were not effectively 1 cells showed no change 1 cells was no longer 1 children are not major 1 children is not essential 1 countries are not conducive 1 countries are not immune 1 countries had not only 1 countries have no meaningful 1 countries is not necessarily 1 days showed no significant 1 disease are not subject 1 disease are not very 1 disease is not as 1 disease is not common 1 disease is not commonly 1 disease is not yet 1 disease was not very 1 disease was not yet 1 diseases are not completely 1 diseases are not endemic 1 diseases is not currently 1 health are not only 1 health is not as 1 health is not merely 1 health is not solely 1 infection are not readily 1 infection are not uncommon 1 infection are not usually 1 infection does not generally 1 infection does not necessarily 1 infection has not yet 1 infection is not always 1 infection is not dependent 1 infection is not fully 1 infection is not productive 1 infection is not well 1 infections is not evenly 1 level have not always A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-315726-ltjurdrq author = Acheson, D.W.K. title = Food and Waterborne Illnesses date = 2009-02-17 keywords = Campylobacter; Salmonella; States; United; food; infection summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8 id = cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author = Adler, Nicole title = Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date = 2012-07-31 keywords = States; United; airline; airport; american; cost; market summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 id = cord-177001-ron8oqrn author = Afshordi, Niayesh title = Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; density; figure; population summary = Compared to the linear model of the previous section (Table 1b) Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States individual''s probability of becoming infectious, and the distributions of incubation period and generation interval, all as a function of the median age of the population (see Supplementary Material). To obtain the simplest nontrivial incubation period, we assume that β(C) =β Θ(C − 1)where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step function -meaning Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States that an infected individual is only infectious once they reach stage C = 1, and the infection rate constant is otherwise unchanging. doi = nan id = cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author = Aggrawal, Anil title = Agrochemical Poisoning date = 2006 keywords = Fig; India; States; United; acute; case; chemical; death; herbicide; insecticide; paraquat; pesticide; poisoning; report summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10 id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = April; COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Italy; President; States; United; case; country summary = The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id = cord-343021-gqem6bxj author = Allam, Zaheer title = Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; States; United summary = The disruptions came just when the consumer demand for different products in other countries from different parts of the world was on a high and rising as depicted in a "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)" report showing that exports in 2019 grew by 9.7% in 2018, with China being the world''s leading merchandise trader of the year (UNCTAD, 2020). In other countries such as the United States, it was reported that the government was prompted to force, through an executive order, major companies such as General Motors (GM) to produce ventilators to help bridge the gap that the increasing confirmed cases for coronavirus created (Haynes, 2020) . In other places, such as in the oil-producing countries, including the United States, the impacts of COVID-19 on different economic sectors such as transport and manufacturing saw the demand for oil and oil products plummeting in rates not experienced in recent history. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7 id = cord-021887-22lop0pk author = Artenstein, Andrew W. title = Biological Attack date = 2015-10-23 keywords = States; United; agent; anthrax; biological; bioterrorism summary = This trend culminated with the October 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, which elevated bioterrorism to the forefront of international dialogue and heightened public concerns regarding systemic health care preparation against the threat of biological attacks. Physicians and other health care workers must therefore maintain a high index of suspicion of bioterrorism, and recognize suggestive epidemiologic clues and clinical features to enhance early recognition and guide initial management of casualties. Multiple features make smallpox an attractive biological weapon and ensure that any reintroduction into human populations would be a global public health catastrophe: it is stable in aerosol form, has a low infective dose, is associated with up to a 30% case-fatality rate, and has a large vulnerable target population because civilian vaccination was terminated in 1972. 42 Although not always clinically apparent, the psychological effect of a bioterrorism event is certainly a significant and important consideration for ongoing public health management strategies following any biological threat or terrorist attack. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00079-0 id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 keywords = States; United; cause; disease; infection; vaccine; virus summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id = cord-295339-nzc47itk author = Baker, Marissa G. title = Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date = 2020-04-28 keywords = States; United summary = METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0232452 id = cord-016840-p3sq99yg author = Bales, Connie Watkins title = Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date = 2008-09-09 keywords = States; United; emergency; food; health; old summary = Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2). doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_29 id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 keywords = States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id = cord-268331-m4hqxna2 author = Beck, Teresa L. title = Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues date = 2018-11-16 keywords = States; United; care; health summary = Leading medical professional societies such as the American Medical Association (AMA), American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and the American Nurses Association (ANA) reaffirm the position that all individuals living in the United States, regardless of their immigration status, should have access to quality health care, including the opportunity to purchase insurance. Several US cities and states with large immigrant populations have attempted to address their health care needs by providing access to primary care. My Health LA (MHLA) is a no-cost health care program that offers comprehensive health care for low-income, uninsured Los Angeles county residents, regardless of immigration status or medical condition. In the United States, cities with large numbers of immigrants have models that provide health care to their uninsured regardless of immigration status, and could potentially be expanded to other areas of the country experiencing increasing growth of their immigrant populations. doi = 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.002 id = cord-291803-hsnz2qry author = Bhattacharjee, Barnali title = “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; disorder summary = doi = 10.1007/s11126-020-09836-0 id = cord-001800-644lf8vn author = Biggerstaff, Matthew title = Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date = 2015-05-01 keywords = States; United summary = For the second scenario, we clinical attack rate of the influenza pandemic is 20% and the overall case fatality ratio is 0.53% (high-severity scenario); 10 million doses (left) or 30 million doses (right) of vaccine are administered each week; the vaccination program begins 16 weeks after, 8 weeks after, the same week as, 8 weeks before, and 16 weeks before the first cases of a novel influenza virus occur in the United States; and the efficacy is "H1N1pmd09 monovalent vaccine-like." 2009 H1N1-like vaccine effectiveness: 2 doses of vaccine administered 3 weeks apart required to be fully effective (62% for persons aged <60 years and 43% for persons ≥60 years) in protecting against subclinical and clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For an influenza pandemic with a 30% overall cumulative attack rate and high-severity scenario, we estimated that a vaccination program beginning the same week as the pandemic started in the United States that administered 10 million doses of vaccine with the moderate VE per week could avert 260 000 hospitalizations and 32 000 deaths (6% reduction) (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figures 2 and 3) . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu1175 id = cord-297125-la20vi9j author = Brower, Jennifer L. title = The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date = 2016-08-01 keywords = CDC; HIV; President; States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious; threat summary = doi = 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id = cord-334925-csy5fekx author = COHEN, ALAN B. title = Living in a Covid‐19 World date = 2020-06-16 keywords = States; United; health summary = In two complementary Milbank Quarterly Perspectives, Nason Maani and Sandro Galea explore the long-term negative effects of the United States'' failure to invest in the nation''s infrastructure to address both population health and public health. In "COVID-19 and Underinvestment in the Health of the US Population," they identify the underlying conditions of the US population that have made Americans particularly susceptible to the spread of the virus, including inequitable socioeconomic conditions, long-entrenched racial and ethnic divides, poor treatment of marginalized populations, and a mismatch between health care needs and access to care. In a new Milbank Quarterly Perspective, Tsung-Mei Cheng draws upon the work of her late husband and health policy collaborator, Uwe Reinhardt, with particular attention to possible lessons for the United States from Germany''s all-payer health care system. The authors identify multiple measures of context (factors to support effective academic-community collaboration), process (measures of group dynamics and trust), and outcomes (impacts such as benefits and challenges of CEnR participation). doi = 10.1111/1468-0009.12466 id = cord-209730-nzcch4ji author = Cai, Hengjin title = On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date = 2020-08-13 keywords = China; States; U.S.; United summary = As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. If everyone uses existing assets (such as gold and silver) to serve as collateral for the full specified amount, we will find that even if all social wealth were taken as collateral, it would still not be enough to fill the gap because self-assertiveness demands function unceasingly to make the requirements of the people to exceed actual social output, thereby causing challenges to sustainability, which is also the major problem with Libra lacking a credit mechanism. doi = nan id = cord-335065-fv122304 author = Cain, William E. title = American Dreaming: Really Reading The Great Gatsby date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Daisy; Dream; Fitzgerald; Gatsby; Great; New; Nick; States; Tom; United; american summary = doi = 10.1007/s12115-020-00510-6 id = cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author = Carter-Pokras, O. title = The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Immunization; National; States; United; vaccination; vaccine summary = For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 id = cord-308066-lrbi5198 author = Childs, James E. title = Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date = 2007 keywords = Disease; H5N1; SARS; States; United; surveillance; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16 id = cord-336464-eslgz1ka author = Chomel, Bruno B. title = Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date = 2007-01-17 keywords = States; United; disease; human summary = doi = 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id = cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author = Christian, Michael D. title = Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date = 2008-05-31 keywords = States; United; care; critical summary = Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. However, with the anticipation of large volumes of critically ill patients in future disasters, some believe that hospital capacity, and in particular critical care capability, will be a major limiting factor for survival. Within an effective command and control system to coordinate regional response, 10 surge capacity in critical care depends on three crucial elements: (1) "stuff," medical equipment and supplies; (2) "staff," appropriately trained health professionals to competently care for critically ill and injured patients; and (3) "space," the physical location suitable for safe provision of critical care. Although great strides have been made to prepare the health-care system to respond to disaster, these plans fall short for mass casualty events with a large number of critically ill. doi = 10.1378/chest.07-2707 id = cord-337218-risqto89 author = Chu, Ellen W. title = Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date = 2013-02-05 keywords = Earth; States; United; ecological; ecosystem; environmental; human; life; natural; system; water summary = 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 id = cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author = Cohn, Amanda C. title = Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date = 2005-05-28 keywords = ACIP; States; United; vaccine summary = This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. Before introduction of PCV7, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was a leading cause of infectious morbidity in young children in the United States, annually causing approximately 17,000 cases of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old, including 700 cases of meningitis and 200 deaths. doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.001 id = cord-023529-zrnczve3 author = Craighead, Geoff title = Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date = 2013-02-15 keywords = Center; Fire; Protection; Report; Safety; September; States; Trade; U.S.; United; WTC; World; building; elevator; floor; high; rise summary = (1) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat (CTBUh) formed a task force to explore options "to further increase the level of safety in tall buildings including the establishment of guidelines to better educate its report, called the World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, "fulfilling its goal ''to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings against such unforeseen events. The new codes address areas such as increasing structural resistance to building collapse from fire and other incidents; requiring a third exit stairway for tall buildings; increasing the width of all stairways by 50 percent in new high-rises; strengthening criteria for the bonding, proper installation, and inspection of sprayed fire-resistive materials (commonly known as ''fireproofing''); improving the reliability of active fire protection systems (such as automatic sprinklers); requiring a new class of robust elevators for access by emergency responders in lieu of an additional stairway; making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible; and ensuring effective coverage throughout a building for emergency responder radio communications. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-85617-555-5.00003-1 id = cord-348807-9xxc5hyl author = Cuomo, Raphael E. title = Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; States; United summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 id = cord-017858-kugh9y8c author = De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title = Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date = 2013-06-09 keywords = Convention; Federal; Recommendation; States; United; article; crime; money summary = This was revoked in part by the Framework Decision 19 of the European Union Council dated 06/26/2001, whereby Member States agreed not to make reservations on Articles 2 and 6 of the European Convention of 1990 (including the rule that provides for money laundering resulting generically from criminal conduct), since only serious infractions can be at issue, and provided measures for confiscation and criminal action on the proceeds of crime having a maximum penalty of greater than one year, or crimes considered serious (Article 1). To increase the likelihood of recovering assets of criminal origin, States are urged to draft laws instituting Civil Forfeiture Actions for Illegally Acquired Assets as a means of fighting money laundering by interrupting the usufruct of the proceeds of crime. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-00173-9_2 id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Smith; States; United; animal; bovine; cattle; cause; clinical; day; diagnosis; differential; disease; etiology; goat; infection; lesion; necropsy; organism; ruminant; sheep; sign; treatment; virus summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. doi = 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id = cord-023713-daz2vokz author = Devereux, Graham title = Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date = 2013-09-06 keywords = HRV; Health; States; United; asthma; child; prevalence; study; year summary = A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 id = cord-319463-erdwejd2 author = Diaz, J. H. title = Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date = 2011-12-31 keywords = States; United; disease; malaria summary = The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 id = cord-022581-awivedxp author = Diaz, James H. title = Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date = 2014-10-31 keywords = Lyme; RMSF; States; United; disease; tick summary = SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00298-8 id = cord-273789-sbppgkza author = Donohoe, Holly title = Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date = 2014-08-20 keywords = Lyme; States; United; disease; risk; tick summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id = cord-021637-f5wwn45z author = Douglas, R. Gordon title = The Vaccine Industry date = 2017-07-17 keywords = States; United; development; r&d; vaccine summary = The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3 id = cord-033687-djkljey2 author = Druckman, James N. title = How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-24 keywords = States; Trump; United summary = Partisans who harbor high levels of animus towards the other party do not differentiate the "United States''" response to COVID-19 from that of the Trump administration. Because the virus and resulting pandemic was completely novel when it emerged in early 2020, partisans did not have prior beliefs about it and their pre-COVID levels of affective polarization cannot be affected by how elites acted during the crisis. First, in line with Hypothesis 1, we would observe that participants from different political parties offer differential evaluations of the targets (e.g., Republicans being more favorable about Trump than the United States). Republicans with low levels of affective polarization report higher evaluations of the American response in the Trump condition than in the United States condition such that we can reject the null hypothesis of no difference (1.94 versus 1.31, difference of −0.626, p < 0.01). How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans'' Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1017/xps.2020.28 id = cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author = Edgell, David L. title = Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date = 2009-11-16 keywords = Committee; STPC; STS; States; Tourism; UNWTO; United; travel summary = • increasing two-way tourism, • supporting efforts by the National Tourism Organization travel promotion office(s), • improving tourism facilitation, • encouraging reciprocal investments in the two nations'' tourism industries, • promoting the sharing of research, statistics and information, • recognizing the importance of the safety and security of tourists, • suggesting mutual cooperation on policy issues in international tourism, • providing for regular consultations on tourism matters, • acknowledging benefits from education and training in tourism, • enhancing mutual understanding and goodwill. In July 2003, WTTC revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism that proffered the statement ''which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of travel and tourism -one of the world''s largest industries, responsible for over 200 million jobs and over 10 per cent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product)''. STS continues its dedication to promoting and developing tourism and travel by leading regional and national organizations in innovative programmes and research. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8557-3.50010-3 id = cord-287839-cslrz4yp author = Ehnert, Karen title = Border Health: Who''s Guarding the Gate? date = 2009-01-28 keywords = States; United; animal; import summary = The global trade market, the ease of transporting animals across continents and around the world, lower production costs in foreign countries, and market demand have resulted in a thriving pet trade of exotic animals, birds, and puppies, both purebred and small mixed breeds. Importation of livestock or other hoofed stock, birds, dogs, or other animals may require a permit and possibly quarantine in a USDA facility before the shipment is allowed to enter the United States. For example, dogs entering the United States from countries reporting cases of rabies need proof of a current rabies vaccination, or the importer must sign an agreement to confine the animal until appropriate vaccinations can be obtained and then for an additional 30 days after vaccination. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012 id = cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 author = Epstein, Jay S. title = Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS date = 2013-10-17 keywords = AIDS; FDA; States; United; blood summary = In a set of 14 recommendations directed primarily at federal agencies, the IOM called for a more responsive and integrated decision-making process including establishment of a Blood Safety Council reporting to a designated Blood Safety Director within HHS and a standing "expert panel" to assure communication of blood product risks and alternatives to their use both to care providers and to the public. Several possible strategies were presented, including deferral of blood donations by persons known to be at increased risk for AIDS and the use of surrogate tests to identify persons at increased risk of transmission, such as those with detectable antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) or low CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. The Transfusion Transmitted Virus Study, supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, published a retrospective analysis of a prospective study that showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing of donors might effect a 30% reduction in TAH incidence. doi = 10.1111/trf.12373 id = cord-326916-bakwk4tm author = Fauver, Joseph R. title = Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Connecticut; SARS; States; United; covid-19 summary = To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ). doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 id = cord-327748-8ob6okeh author = Feng, Tianjun title = Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date = 2010-07-09 keywords = States; United; food; product; risk summary = Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children''s toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants'' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. doi = 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x id = cord-292853-xihpfidg author = Ford, Julian D. title = Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date = 2015-08-07 keywords = American; Cross; PTSD; Red; States; United; person; sexual; stress; study; traumatic; woman summary = A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual''s or group''s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x id = cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author = Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title = Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date = 2019-12-10 keywords = Africa; Commission; Ebola; European; States; United summary = We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region''s recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN''s Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region''s governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-29966-8_12 id = cord-017469-dnnkor2o author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date = 2009 keywords = Borrelia; HGA; Lyme; RMSF; States; United; disease; tick summary = Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer''s Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22 id = cord-255477-okbxllit author = Grabau, John C. title = Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date = 2004-09-25 keywords = States; United summary = 9 An investigation conducted among inner city residents in a large United States city identified predictors of death to be underlying illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV infection. A TB-related sudden death, where TB disease was not suspected or detected until autopsy, led to a large contact investigation and prompted the New York State Department of Health to look into other TB deaths in an effort to identify patterns where TB disease may have gone undetected and to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent transmission of infection and subsequent development of disease. Firstround testing of close contacts looked at 171 individuals, 24 (14%) of whom were known by the local health department to be TB skin test (TST)-positive. In the investigation described here, the index patient was identified at death as having extensive TB disease and likely infected a substantial number of coworkers and social contacts. doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.05.005 id = cord-329283-s3ale8ko author = Grant, Aubrey title = Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-08-09 keywords = Refugees; States; United summary = The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In Baltimore, Mera Kitchen Collective-founded in 2018 to empower refugee and immigrant women through food entrepreneurship (Meehan, 2018; Cassie, 2019) -has responded to the coronavirus pandemic by donating prepared meals to health-care workers and fellow Baltimoreans in need (Strickland, 2020) . doi = 10.1002/wmh3.362 id = cord-005861-3k8h3euj author = Gravenstein, J. S. title = Safety in anesthesia date = 2014-03-17 keywords = States; anesthesia; patient; safety summary = Efforts to enhance safety in anesthesia must include adherence to explicit and implicit safety standards, must make use of equipment that offers modern safety features, must seek to detect and correct developing safety threats as early as possible and must have a structured system to analyze problems and to institute remedies to prevent their recurrence. The health care system in which these fatal and non-fatal errors occur covers a spectrum that stretches from the manufacturers of equipment and drugs to the cleaning crew in the operating room and it involves many different clinical and supportive departments and their personnel.Anesthesia is an important component of this health care system comprising many interdependent parts that can affect the quality of anesthesia care. The Institute of Medicine [5] includes in its definitions the terms "accidental injury" and, interestingly, makes reference to a process:"Ensuring patient safety involves the establishment of operational systems and processes that minimize the likelihood of errors and maximize the likelihood of intercepting them when they occur." doi = 10.1007/s00101-002-0319-4 id = cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author = Halperin, Daniel T. title = Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = SARS; States; United; child; covid-19 summary = As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease. doi = 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 id = cord-318826-l922zqci author = Holschbach, Chelsea L. title = Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date = 2018-03-31 keywords = Dublin; Salmonella; States; Typhimurium; United; dairy; infection summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005 id = cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author = Hu, Yi title = A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date = 2013-08-28 keywords = China; East; Korea; States; United summary = From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_12 id = cord-349765-90g5v697 author = Huang, Qingming title = The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date = 2020-10-16 keywords = China; States; United; international; liberal; order; western summary = doi = 10.1007/s11366-020-09698-0 id = cord-032716-i6hfj8ca author = Hufbauer, Gary Clyde title = What''s new in economic sanctions? date = 2020-09-25 keywords = China; Iran; Russia; States; Trump; United; sanction summary = Very early in the post Second World War era, the United States and its European allies used the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and regional development banksinstitutions they controlled --as on-off spigots to block or limit funding to target countries. Trump''s tariffs are aimed at a wide range of products (all autos, all steel, everything Chinese) in pursuit of broad goals that mix commerce and foreign policy (e.g., slash bilateral trade deficits, restore US preeminence as a manufacturing power, or limit technology exports that could strengthen China''s military). Trump''s sanctions take the form of high tariffs, both imposed and threatened, that could eventually cover nearly all US imports from China; a star chamber screening process, under CFIUS auspices, that will deny Chinese investment in any US firm with a technology flavor; and criminal charges against the world''s leading telecom company, Huawei, and its chief financial officer, Meng Wanzhou, for stealing trade secrets and evading economic sanctions on Iran; and the forced sale of TikTok assets in the United States. doi = 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103572 id = cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author = Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title = Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date = 2020-08-25 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans. doi = 10.1097/coc.0000000000000757 id = cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author = Ippolito, G. title = Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date = 2006-09-09 keywords = SARS; States; United; case; infection summary = The term ''highly infectious diseases'' describes infections caused by pathogens that are transmissible from person to person, cause severe or life-threatening illness; present a serious hazard in healthcare settings and in the community; and require specific control measures, which may include management of cases in a highly secure isolation unit. In Canada, where SARS ''paralysed the Greater Toronto Area healthcare system for weeks'' [27] , and the Toronto public health department investigated 2132 potential cases of SARS, identified over 23,000 contacts as requiring quarantine and logged more than 316,000 calls on its SARS hotline [28] , a national review commission identified systemic deficiencies in response capacity, including ''inadequacies in institutional outbreak management protocols, infection control and infectious disease surveillance'', and found that these deficiencies resulted at least in part from failure to implement lessons learned from earlier public health emergencies [22] . doi = 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y id = cord-323913-v32c2vda author = Istúriz, Raul E. title = Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Requiring Intensive Care date = 2006-07-31 keywords = Africa; America; FLF; States; United; patient summary = Although children are among the groups most at risk for developing influenza and its complications and are more likely to spread the infection to others, complications of seasonal influenza occur most frequently among patients older than 60 years and those with chronic comorbidities including diseases of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system, diabetes mellitus, hemoglobinopathies, renal insufficiency, and immunosuppression. Generalized tetanus, a protein-toxin mediated neurologic disorder caused by Clostridium tetani, an obligate anaerobic, motile gram-positive rod with terminal spores has traditionally been, and continues to represent despite effective vaccine a common cause of intensive care admissions that are long and are associated with high mortality [33] and cost. The risk of developing clinical tetanus after an acute puncture or laceration is higher in patients older than 60 years, a reflection of waning immunity, with a significant proportion of cases occurring in women [35] , and a low mortality rate. doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.004 id = cord-276797-86hc3lbi author = Jamieson, Denise J. title = Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date = 2006-06-30 keywords = Nile; SARS; States; United; West summary = Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. This systematic review summarizes 3 recent, highprofile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: (1) SARS, (2) West Nile virus, and (3) anthrax. The 3 emerging infectious disease threats that are described in this systematic review pose very different and novel health threats: SARS is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.062 id = cord-007542-12dzeebn author = Jonas, Richard A. title = Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date = 2007-06-26 keywords = States; United; World; figure; globalization summary = The relatively recent subspecialization of cardiothoracic surgery into adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital has undoubtedly complicated the projection of manpower needs ( Figure 14 ). At this meeting, we have instituted a global session that will be held again this year on Wednesday morning, organized by Dr Philip Corcoran, the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC, with whom I have the pleasure of working. There is no international organization that has the resources to estimate the total number of cardiothoracic surgical procedures that will be performed globally in 10, 20, and 30 years. Within congenital cardiac surgery, the problem of matching supply and demand on a global scale has resulted in an interesting distribution of surgeons around the planet, often working in locations that are quite remote from their institution of training. What are the implications of a global mismatch of cardiothoracic surgical supply and demand for surgical training programs in the United States? doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.067 id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 keywords = BSE; H1N1; H5N1; Health; Professor; States; United; University; disease; human; infection; virus summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. doi = 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id = cord-034575-kio60itg author = Lafleur, Jean-Michel title = Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27 date = 2020-10-31 keywords = Member; States; country; diaspora summary = Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states'' engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection. With the concept of diaspora infrastructure, we aim to highlight the fact that sending states'' engagement with nationals abroad in the area of welfare consists of both institutions (consulates, ministries or sub-ministries in charge of emigration issues) and policies (rights and support services) aiming to protect the diaspora against vulnerability or social risks. As previously mentioned, we operationalise sending states'' descriptive infrastructure as the institutional framework that comprises home countries'' public institutions at the national level which meet both conditions of having a mandate to engage primarily with the diaspora and being active in the adoption or implementation of social protection policies that benefit this population. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_1 id = cord-347601-kt2rqx8m author = Laird, Frank N. title = Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States date = 2020-06-11 keywords = Science; States; United; american; funding; r&d summary = doi = 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2 id = cord-304056-2bo0s0hz author = Lezotre, Pierre-Louis title = Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives date = 2014-12-31 keywords = APEC; ASEAN; Committee; Community; EMA; European; FDA; GCC; GMP; Health; ICH; Member; SADC; States; Steering summary = ▸ To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in the EU, US, and Japan in order to ensure a more timely introduction of new medicinal products, and their availability to patients; ▸ To contribute to the protection of public health from an international perspective (added upon revision in 2000); ▸ To monitor and update harmonized technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data; ▸ To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonization of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products; ▸ To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices, where these permit a more economical use of human, animal, and material resources, without compromising safety; ▸ To facilitate the dissemination and communication of information on harmonized guidelines and their use such as to encourage the implementation and integration of common standards. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800053-3.00002-1 id = cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 author = Lichtenstein, Bronwen title = From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control date = 2020-07-28 keywords = Australia; Kingdom; States; United summary = OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. The primary sources for this analysis include major broadsheets such as The Age and Sydney Morning Herald in Australia; The Guardian (and three tabloids, Daily Mail, The Telegraph, and The Sun) in the United Kingdom; and The New York Times and The Washington Post in the United States. (Australia has a smaller population compared to the United Kingdom and United States, and its media resources are fewer.) Nonprint sources include the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), the British Broadcasting Commission (BBC), health policy platforms (e.g., Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]), and advocacy websites for older adults in each country. doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa102 id = cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author = Linday, Linda A. title = Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date = 2010-12-17 keywords = States; United; child; cod; liver; oil; study; vitamin summary = Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 id = cord-024936-ncia0h9m author = Luker, Gary D. title = Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date = 2020-04-15 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated. doi = 10.1148/rycan.2020204011 id = cord-022066-8aj480hz author = MacPherson, Douglas W. title = Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date = 2016-09-23 keywords = States; United; health summary = The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-37506-1.00019-2 id = cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author = Maloney, Susan A. title = Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date = 2004-11-24 keywords = States; U.S.; United; child; traveler summary = Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. doi = 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002 id = cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 author = Martin, Susan F. title = Forced Migration and Refugee Policy date = 2017-09-15 keywords = Convention; States; UNHCR; United; country; crisis; migration summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14 id = cord-293865-0yp9wd0j author = May, Thomas title = Isolation is not the answer date = 2004 keywords = States summary = New restrictions on the publication of sensitive information relevant to biological weapons, on access to ''select'' biological agents for research, and on the training of scientists from specified countries are some examples. Consequently, attention to the global dimensions of bioterror threats is particularly important, including strengthening international means to identify and contain outbreaks of infectious disease. Recognition of the true international nature of the bioterror threat should make the United States take a leading role in training foreign scientists, medical professionals and public-health personnel to build a global capacity for identifying and containing disease outbreaks. Apart from the obvious barriers that restrictions on access to scientific information and tools place on research, restrictions on scientific training for foreign nationals will delay those countries from developing expertise crucial to identifying and containing disease outbreaks -key to any global strategy against bioterrorism. doi = 10.1038/429603a id = cord-332610-t99l3zii author = Mayer, J.D. title = Emerging Diseases: Overview date = 2008-08-26 keywords = AIDS; Africa; HIV; SARS; States; United; disease summary = The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response. doi = 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 id = cord-027679-89yt6fzo author = McLoud, Theresa C. title = Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Box; Fig; States; United; infection; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00003-2 id = cord-022035-annn4qn1 author = Menitove, Jay E. title = Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications date = 2009-05-15 keywords = B19; CJD; States; United; WNV; blood; donor; transfusion summary = [20] [21] [22] [23] Despite documentation that the spirochete survives routine RBC and frozen plasma storage, testing blood donors is not under consideration because no reports exist of transfusion-associated Lyme disease. 29 An extensive epidemiologic study in Arkansas involving military trainee blood donors who had been exposed to tick bites and unknowingly infected with the agents of ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) found no clinical illness among the recipients of RBCs and platelets donated by these soldiers. 32 Ongoing malaria surveillance in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to identify cases in immigrants and in residents and travelers to areas of the world where malaria transmission still occurs. 110, 111 An active investigation to determine whether transfusion associated-vCJD transmission occurs in humans began in the United Kingdom in 1997 by identifying vCJD patients who donated blood before illness. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-06981-9.50053-3 id = cord-345402-brhvfsgy author = Miller, Ryan S. title = Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date = 2013-06-01 keywords = States; United; disease; wildlife summary = doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 id = cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author = Munyikwa, Michelle title = MY COVID‐19 DIARY date = 2020-06-04 keywords = Philadelphia; States; United; hospital; pandemic summary = Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa''s Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. In this narrative, Michelle Munyikwa, an anthropologist and medical doctor-in-training, reflects on developments in the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of a diary from Philadelphia. Scrolling social media feeds, one is inundated by reports from other countries, graphs and tables attempting to predict the future, and calls to understand the past of previous epidemics such that we might not repeat our errors. This uniquely 21st-century crisis is an object lesson in what it feels like to live through an emerging epidemic during what has often been described as an age of anxiety. We will need to worry about the chronically ill and the fact that many American hospitals cannot handle a surge in patients at this time of year. doi = 10.1111/1467-8322.12575 id = cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author = Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title = Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date = 2016-01-01 keywords = Act; FDA; States; United; vaccine summary = According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. doi = 10.1331/japha.2009.09007 id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 keywords = States; United; animal; cause; chapter; clinical; clostridium; disease; goat; infection; sheep; sign summary = The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id = cord-001197-bhlxglyd author = Olival, Kevin J. title = Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date = 2013-09-28 keywords = Carson; States; United summary = We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. On this 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act, it is appropriate to look at the historical roots of environmental protection and conservation in the United States, particularly as they relate to ecology and to health. While pollutants remain an insidious threat to health and the environment, there is now a growing acceptance that emerging infectious diseases (EID''s) are on the rise and are having dramatic impacts on both global health and conservation (Daszak et al. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia is a good example of how environmental drivers, including the industrialization and expansion of pig farms into bat habitat, led to pathogen spillover and a subsequent human outbreak (Daszak et al. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlif: threats to biodiversity and human health doi = 10.1007/s10393-013-0862-2 id = cord-339372-f3onp9mg author = Owen, James A. title = Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date = 2020-08-31 keywords = CPD; States; United summary = Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The concept of CPD within the profession of pharmacy was initially defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) as "the responsibility of individual pharmacists for systematic maintenance, development and broadening of knowledge, skills and attitudes, to ensure continuing competence as a professional, throughout their careers" [1] . Ensure that pharmacists maintain (at an appropriate level) their knowledge, skills, and competence to practice through their careers in their own specific (or current) areas of practice Improve the pharmacist''s personal performance (i.e., develop knowledge and skills) Enhance the pharmacist''s career progression While aligned with the FIP model, the CCP model was modified slightly to meet the identified needs of pharmacists in the United States. doi = 10.3390/pharmacy8030157 id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 keywords = Campylobacter; EAEC; EPEC; Escherichia; Salmonella; Shigella; States; United; cause; child; coli; diarrhea; human; infant; infection; neonatal; outbreak; rotavirus summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id = cord-022380-49oti4zg author = Panlilio, Adelisa L title = Occupational Infectious Diseases date = 2009-05-15 keywords = HCV; HIV; States; Table; United; infection; person summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7216-8974-6.50026-9 id = cord-003970-3e58229u author = Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title = Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date = 2019-11-01 keywords = PRRSV; States; United summary = Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the etiological agent of PRRS, is one of the most important endemic viruses affecting the swine industry in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013) and globally (Stadejek et al., 2013; VanderWaal and Deen, 2018) . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was first recognized almost simultaneously in Europe (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and North America (Collins et al., 1992) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but genetic differences suggested a much earlier evolutionary divergence between the North American and European viral types. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of PRRSV occurrence in a swine-dense region of the United States, characterizing these patterns according to ORF5 genetic lineages and sub-lineages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of Eastern Canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02486 id = cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 author = Pearman, Ann title = Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 id = cord-318845-w7q5o8wc author = Pendell, Dustin L. title = Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility date = 2015-06-26 keywords = FMD; States; U.S.; United summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0129134 id = cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author = Perrotta, D. title = Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Germany; States; United summary = Our goal in this paper is to provide insights into the relation between participants'' demographic characteristics and (i) the threat they perceive COVID-19 to pose to various levels of society, (ii) the confidence they have in the preparedness of different national and international organizations to handle the current crisis, and (iii) the behavioral measures (preventive measures and social distancing measures) they have taken to protect themselves from the coronavirus. The questionnaire consists of four topical sections: (i) socio-demographic indicators (age, sex, country of birth, country of residence, level of education, household size and composition); (ii) health indicators (underlying medical conditions, flu vaccination status, pregnancy, symptoms experienced in the previous seven days); (iii) opinions and behaviors (perceived threat from COVID-19, level of trust in institutions, level of confidence in sources of information, preventive measures taken, disruptions to daily routine); (iv) social contact data, i.e. the number of interactions that respondents had the day before participating in the survey in different settings (at home, at school, at work, or in other locations). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 id = cord-016379-lcog1654 author = Pimentel, David title = Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date = 2007 keywords = Pimentel; States; United; specie summary = Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. Worldwide, an estimated 30,000 species of exotic plants have been intentionally introduced as crops, and have escaped to become established in various natural ecosystems. In the United States, introduced plant species are spreading and invading approximately 700,000 ha of US natural ecosystems per year (Babbitt 1998) . In the Great Lakes, for instance, nearly 50 invasive species are found, and these invaders are causing an estimated $ 5 billion in damages to the fisheries per year (Pimentel 2005) . This investigation reports on various economic damages associated with invasive species in various nations of the world that total more than $ 1.4 trillion per year (Pimentel 2002) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_18 id = cord-017351-73hlwwdh author = Quarantelli, E. L. title = Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date = 2017-09-12 keywords = Boin; Quarantelli; States; United; crisis; disaster; new; risk; social summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4 id = cord-023792-lrgj8gxd author = RENDA, Andrea title = Towards Stronger EU Governance of Health Threats after the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-09 keywords = Health; Member; States summary = The threat of such a pandemic was to be expected, yet it was ignored, despite repeated warnings by experts, 12 the press 13 and expert groups such as the 2016 Report of the "High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises", which warned about the need to address existing gaps and "enhance global capacity to rapidly detect and respond to health crises"; 14 as well as the 2019 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (an independent monitoring and accountability body be/professioneel/nieuws-professioneel/ethical-principles-concerning-proportionality-of-critical-care-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-advice-by-the-belgian-society-of-ic-medicine>. A dedicated agencythe European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)was set up in an attempt to strengthen Europe''s response capability and to provide technical support to Member States. With such a support network, the European Commission could create an executive structure that would coordinate emergency responses by identifying the most effective sequence of measures and enable possible redistribution of materials and resources across Member States to ensure the resilience of the whole Union. doi = 10.1017/err.2020.34 id = cord-018084-c48chbfa author = Reynolds, Chris title = Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date = 2019-06-07 keywords = OPCW; States; United; WMD; Weapons; chemical summary = Dennis Blair [2] states in an DNI Threat Assessment, "Most terrorist groups that have shown some interest, intent or capability to conduct CBRN attacks have pursued only limited, technically simple approaches that have not yet caused large numbers of casualties. The potential for non-state actors, which includes both domestic and international terrorists, successfully obtaining access to WMD''s is a very real threat to the safety and security of all people [4] . In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540, with the intent of keeping WMD out of the hands of non-state actors, which included nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials. 3. All States must adopt and enforce domestic controls over nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials, in order to prevent their proliferation. WMD''s include chemical agents, biological pathogens, radiological agents, and nuclear weapons, each of which require special protective measures for responders and decontamination for victims. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_9 id = cord-025767-scbteel5 author = Richards, Timothy J. title = COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date = 2020-05-18 keywords = Canada; States; United summary = In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers'' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing. doi = 10.1111/cjag.12231 id = cord-005227-74ycwmyg author = Richardson, Jacques G. title = The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date = 2004 keywords = Haber; Institute; States; United; War; World; american; chemical; french; gas; german; weapon summary = How did the scientifically based Haber''s constant-the product of the concentration of a substance as parts per million in a fixed volume multiplied by time in minutesbecome, during the First World War, the measure of effectiveness of chemical agents as weapons? When the United Nations'' Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was forced by that country''s leader to abandon in December 1998 its monitoring of what Iraq might be developing as weapons of mass destruction, the international inspection group determined that Iraq had progressed in terms of developing • biological weapons: culturing enough anthrax bacteria to produce 26,000 liters of infectious agent to be held in reserve, • chemical arms including a supply of 550 artillery shells filled with mustard gas, together with at least one and a half tonnes of the nerve reagent VX, and • what may be a long-term missile project, spread among twelve different national facilities. doi = 10.1007/s11948-004-0046-0 id = cord-029172-fctcfoak author = Romano, John L. title = Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; intervention; prevention summary = Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities. doi = 10.1177/2632077020938360 id = cord-265017-byyx2y47 author = Ryan, Jeffrey R. title = Seeds of Destruction date = 2016-03-25 keywords = EVD; Ebola; States; United; agent; biological; program; weapon summary = In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00001-3 id = cord-294590-1niaplc2 author = Schrag, Stephanie J. title = SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003 date = 2004-02-17 keywords = CDC; SARS; States; United summary = doi = 10.3201/eid1002.030752 id = cord-024981-yfuuirnw author = Severin, Paul N. title = Types of Disasters date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Department; Education; Emergency; Health; High; Homeland; National; Office; School; Security; States; United; agent; child; disaster; injury; occur; pediatric; table summary = The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019). doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_5 id = cord-262892-n38r8n70 author = Sheikh, Jamila title = Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date = 2015-05-08 keywords = HIV; States; United; child; infection summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 id = cord-276758-k2imddzr author = Siegel, Jane D. title = 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date = 2007-12-07 keywords = CDC; Control; MRSA; PPE; Precautions; SARS; Standard; Staphylococcus; States; United; base; care; health; infection; outbreak; patient; transmission summary = Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 id = cord-016855-hqs94hfa author = Simpson, William M. title = Pesticides date = 2006 keywords = States; United; ingestion; treatment summary = Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists). doi = 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_16 id = cord-009507-l74c9x0n author = Singh, Amandeep title = Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date = 2008-01-08 keywords = States; United; infection; patient summary = To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient''s history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient''s primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient''s recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. doi = 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01429.x id = cord-017997-obvk2d8e author = Slater, Margaret R. title = The Welfare Of Feral Cats date = 2007 keywords = FIV; Island; States; TNR; United; cat; feral summary = The interest in feral cats may focus on animal control, especially in countries where the free-roaming dog problem no longer is a major concern, or on issues such as predation, public health or the well-being of the cats themselves. Several small studies using secondary poisoning of predators with agent 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) or brodifacoum (a second-generation anticoagulant) via poisoned prey species suggest that this may be a more effective method to kill all predators present, including feral cats, stoats and ferrets Gillies & Pierce 1999; Alterio 2002) . Thus, TNR together with adoption and monitoring programs are the most effective and humane options for the long-term control of feral cat colonies. Several large programs in the northeast and west have become increasingly high profile in animal welfare and animal protection conferences and web sites, indicating a growing awareness, if not always acceptance, of TNR as a humane method for the control of feral cats. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-3227-1_6 id = cord-340195-425rd7ul author = Smith, Kristine M. title = Zoonotic Viruses Associated with Illegally Imported Wildlife Products date = 2012-01-10 keywords = NHP; SFV; States; United summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Health; IOM; Infectious; SARS; States; United; disease summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id = cord-324185-zt88o3co author = Sovacool, Benjamin K. title = Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date = 2020-10-31 keywords = States; United; covid-19; energy; pandemic; social summary = Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 id = cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author = Staat, Dana D. title = International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date = 2012-01-06 keywords = States; United; child summary = Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. 7 Adopted children may have received vaccines of differing potencies or at different ages, or they may have been given a number of doses other than what is recommended in the United States. Because other countries may focus on required vaccinations for diseases endemic to their region, clinicians should ensure that all vaccinations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend are given to newly adopted children. 24 Of note, the high rate of positive results among internationally adopted children may be due to not only exposure to active cases of tuberculosis in their countries of origin but also vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is more common in developing countries than in the United States. doi = 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207 id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 keywords = Dr.; Health; Meyer; Public; States; United; Veterinary; animal; disease summary = Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id = cord-315184-py8lbg97 author = Stephany, Fabian title = Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-28 keywords = States; United; labour; online summary = We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We combine data from the Online Labour Index (OLI) and an interview-based panel study of freelance workers in the United States to provide insight into the changes in online labour markets relative to the ongoing pandemic arising from the global spread of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. In this initial rapid analysis, we therefore use quantitative data to examine changes in the demand for online labour in three important regional economies with different countermeasures towards the pandemic: United States, Germany, and South Korea. Our interview data come from an ongoing panel study of 60 freelance workers who are located in the United States and seeking work online via the online labour platform Upwork (See http://upwork.com). doi = 10.1111/tesg.12455 id = cord-028713-ets0j847 author = Trippel, Elia title = How green is green enough? The changing landscape of financing a sustainable European economy date = 2020-07-07 keywords = Commission; Member; States summary = Wallace-Wells comments on this shift in 2018, when remarking that "scientists began embracing fear", as "the IPCC released a dramatic, alarmist report illustrating just how much worse climate change would be at 2 degrees of warming compared with 1.5." 18 This paper argues that this shift in narrative among scientists and subsequently EU policy-makers has also influenced the way in which sustainable finance was approached at EU level after 2018. Discussions around the need for clearer sustainability-related disclosures, for increasing the supply of sustainable financial products, for ensuring that environmental, social and governance (ESG factors) were duly taken into account in investment decision-making processes often came back to 21 G20 Green Finance Study Group [12] . In this publication, the first of her six headline ambitions, or proposed Commission priorities, was titled "A European Green Deal." 37 Moreover, the general narrative surrounding climate change and environmental degradation was bolder than what had been presented by Jean-Claude Juncker five years prior, on 15 July 2014. doi = 10.1007/s12027-020-00611-z id = cord-263261-xhem8l39 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Bismarck and the Long Road to Universal Health Coverage date = 2018-03-30 keywords = Canada; Health; National; States; United; World; care; country; system summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00031-7 id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 keywords = AIDS; Africa; America; HIV; Health; OPV; States; United; World; case; control; disease; person; vaccine summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id = cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author = Ubokudom, Sunday E. title = Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date = 2012-02-20 keywords = Health; Social; States; United; death; disease summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-3169-5_6 id = cord-354009-1ek4s8oe author = Wang, Yun title = Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; States; United summary = doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa934 id = cord-326922-bajpr5a2 author = Watson, C. James title = Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors date = 2020-11-02 keywords = Administration; Drug; FDA; Food; States; compound summary = In the modern-day United States (US), medications are by-inlarge manufactured in commercial facilities, and this production is regulated and overseen by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, a new form of large-scale compounding has become commonplace, whereby pharmacies produce bulk volumes of medications which are not available commercially, and broadly distribute them to healthcare practices and individual patients. Patient harm caused by compounded medications has been the focus of media, medical, and legislative attention in recent years, especially following a multistate, multi-fatality outbreak of fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections compounded at a pharmacy in Framingham, MA [2, 3, 5, 6] . We categorized errors under the conceptual framework described by Sarah Sellers, PharmD, MPH, former board member for the FDA''s Advisory Committee on Pharmacy Compounding, in testimony to the US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, namely, that "suprapotency," "subpotency," and "contamination" are the primary risks associated with pharmaceutical compounding [59] . doi = 10.1007/s13181-020-00814-3 id = cord-353772-z1x52stl author = Wilkening, Dean A. title = Combatting Bioterrorism date = 2008-09-05 keywords = States; United; attack; biological; medical; weapon summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00223-3 id = cord-269958-nj0ub9in author = Woods, Eric Taylor title = COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; China; Greenfeld; States; United; chinese; nationalism; pandemic summary = This is deepening as Taiwan gains substantial support from other democratic states, while China appears to be taking advantage of the health crisis to step up its naval and air force intrusions into the waters around the island and into the South China Sea. This growing linkage of the pandemic with the national security of the United States and China creates a context within which individuals in both countries are likely to be harassed as carriers of COVID-19, especially in the context of the rising populism that is highlighted by Miller-Idriss. doi = 10.1111/nana.12644 id = cord-015646-tt2p9uue author = Xue, Lan title = Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date = 2018-11-24 keywords = H1N1; Influenza; States; United; pandemic summary = 20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2 id = cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author = Zeimet, Anthony title = Infectious Diseases date = 2020-06-22 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV; HSV; PPD; SOR; States; UTI; United; antibiotic; cause; infection; patient; treatment summary = Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8 id = cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author = Zelicoff, Alan P. title = Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date = 2016-02-19 keywords = Act; CDC; Congress; SATL; States; United summary = Biosecurity laws passed by the Congress vest considerable authority in government departments such as Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) to formulate and then implement regulations (frequently referred to by officials as "rules") with which laboratory workers, researchers, staff and security personnel must comply. We will summarize the processes by which agencies with HHS and USDA -typically the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -interpret the will of Congress (via laws that have been proposed, debated and passed), formulate proposed regulations, solicit comments from individuals and entities likely to be affected, and then disseminate final rules. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801885-9.00001-9 id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 keywords = AKI; AML; AYA; BRAF; Background; CNS; Cancer; Center; Children; EBV; GVHD; Group; HLH; HSCT; Hospital; January; MRD; MRI; Medical; Method; S301; SCD; States; TCD; United; University; VOC; VTE; cell; child; disease; high; patient; pediatric; result; study; therapy; treatment; tumor; year summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. doi = 10.1002/pbc.27057 id = cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author = nan title = Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date = 2006 keywords = Europe; S&T; States; United; european summary = Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1 id = cord-017675-in9r33ww author = nan title = The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date = 2008 keywords = AIDS; Chap; HIV; Health; Human; Nations; Prevention; Rights; States; United summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9