Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 112 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19451 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111 test 22 SARS 18 patient 16 COVID-19 15 study 13 PCR 11 result 10 method 10 cell 10 HIV 9 group 9 dna 7 laboratory 6 covid-19 6 Hospital 6 HBV 5 treatment 5 platelet 5 donor 5 diagnostic 5 blood 5 RNA 5 RHD 5 RBC 5 NAT 5 HLA 5 HCV 5 FDA 5 DAT 5 ABO 4 testing 4 system 4 sample 4 disease 4 conclusion 4 antibody 4 anti 4 allergic 4 Transfusion 4 POC 4 FFP 4 ELISA 3 year 3 level 3 figure 3 day 3 case 3 asthma 3 allergy 3 TRALI Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 16328 % 11594 patient 11451 blood 9538 test 6821 result 6744 study 6153 cell 5388 donor 5001 method 4928 group 4788 transfusion 4666 sample 4210 case 3875 time 3789 testing 3626 day 3595 antibody 3390 level 3369 disease 3211 platelet 3177 p 2960 year 2928 number 2888 datum 2826 treatment 2810 infection 2692 system 2421 effect 2419 unit 2393 risk 2366 analysis 2287 control 2270 rate 2211 plasma 2205 conclusion 2140 use 2132 laboratory 2096 assay 2078 product 2064 reaction 1991 population 1959 age 1927 donation 1815 symptom 1789 concentration 1752 antigen 1748 type 1710 hospital 1702 value 1686 detection Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1398 RBC 1213 PCR 1132 mg 947 C 936 SARS 897 COVID-19 859 CoV-2 791 Blood 782 HCV 756 IgE 716 - 707 HIV 703 Background 686 A 668 T 657 D 638 al 634 Hb 616 L 616 B 615 AE 612 Study 602 ABO 583 RHD 567 M 560 HBV 554 • 550 Design 536 S. 535 et 528 Case 511 HLA 499 Transfusion 488 Studies 479 Summary 467 . 464 RNA 460 S 459 Conclusions 441 Health 433 Hospital 432 Rh 426 University 408 IgG 397 ELISA 372 IgM 369 II 352 RT 349 NAT 338 FDA Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 6975 we 4155 it 1628 they 780 them 731 i 529 he 491 she 232 us 176 one 116 you 89 itself 61 themselves 18 me 16 him 15 himself 9 her 8 ourselves 8 ashcs 7 s 6 p210bcr 6 mg 4 igg4 3 yourself 3 its 3 fusb 3 em 2 siil-33 2 ocid1001 2 il- 1 β 1 y€ 1 y-27632 1 wether 1 tssc 1 srbcs 1 s351 1 p<.001 1 p7sngf 1 p63rhogef 1 p206 1 ours 1 osi-027 1 myself 1 myriad 1 mine 1 magpixv 1 lmb415 1 kaz)objectives 1 k308 1 irbcs Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 78574 be 12725 have 8086 use 3496 show 3126 include 3101 test 2926 perform 2705 increase 2606 base 2574 compare 2466 do 2192 report 2104 find 1890 determine 1885 follow 1838 detect 1813 identify 1764 evaluate 1713 associate 1712 provide 1664 develop 1613 reduce 1503 require 1432 give 1409 observe 1375 treat 1330 receive 1308 make 1300 obtain 1266 collect 1197 assess 1177 suggest 1160 present 1149 consider 1122 aim 1112 relate 1100 decrease 1055 improve 1048 take 1040 confirm 1027 need 1013 cause 1006 measure 1000 result 989 indicate 968 demonstrate 963 induce 961 investigate 940 lead 934 remain Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6437 not 6295 - 4172 high 4147 positive 3200 clinical 3172 more 3099 also 2724 low 2679 other 2572 anti 2550 only 2444 well 2324 negative 2105 most 2022 different 2020 specific 2011 significant 1963 however 1849 such 1845 first 1812 non 1692 as 1451 significantly 1450 available 1399 new 1384 red 1287 respectively 1220 diagnostic 1215 further 1178 human 1149 severe 1108 normal 1103 total 1103 allergic 1059 important 1055 large 1031 same 990 many 974 common 968 old 962 single 961 less 952 whole 923 similar 906 mean 898 medical 896 respiratory 869 possible 862 molecular 849 then Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 587 most 371 least 286 high 251 good 207 Most 109 low 62 large 55 great 47 bad 27 late 22 safe 21 strong 20 big 17 common 17 close 14 young 13 old 10 simple 10 early 9 small 9 near 8 easy 5 short 5 new 5 long 5 fresh 5 fast 4 weak 4 postt 4 poor 4 clear 4 -E 3 sick 3 sharp 3 postsurgery 3 E(13.4 3 226/303 3 -H 3 -Diagast 2 wide 2 wealthy 2 coverit 2 Least 2 AuNPs 1 ≤33.3 1 ≤22.2 1 ≤180 1 −11.1 1 ® 1 tight Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1518 most 296 least 40 well 6 highest 2 strongest 2 lowest 2 hard 1 shortest 1 s2&3 1 freshest 1 cm² Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 225 doi.org 8 github.com 5 bit.ly 4 osf.io 4 creativecommons.org 3 www.nytimes.com 3 www.nrlqa.net 3 www.mederrors.com. 3 www.hsph.harvard.edu 2 www.niams.nih.gov 2 www.cdc.gov 2 louisabraham.github.io 2 gitlab.com 2 covid19-blood-ml.herokuapp.com 1 zha 1 www.who.int 1 www.wcvb.com 1 www.usatoday.com 1 www.ta 1 www.rcsb.org 1 www.nist.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm 1 www.miamiherald.com 1 www.miamiher 1 www.merriam-webster 1 www.isbtweb.org 1 www.intensivregister.de 1 www.i-sense.org.uk 1 www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk 1 www.finngen.fi 1 www.fe 1 www.expertmed.it 1 www.epicov.org 1 www.ecdc.europa.eu 1 www.debra.org 1 www.data.gouv.fr 1 www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk 1 www.cebm.brown.edu 1 www.cap.org 1 www.bt 1 www.biomedcentral.com 1 www.bi.team 1 www 1 vakser.compbio.ku.edu 1 va 1 sparks-lab.org 1 servicesn.mbi.ucla.edu 1 rrna.uia.ac.be 1 robetta.bakerlab.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 26 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.20139451 24 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.05.20226597 23 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.09.20191239 23 http://doi.org/10 15 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 13 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.26.20182675 13 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20050245 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20054239 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.22.20217984 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.14.20175216 10 http://doi.org/10.1101 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.04.20161067 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.20133157 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20212431 4 http://osf.io/tjwz8/ 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 3 http://www.nrlqa.net 3 http://www.mederrors.com. 3 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cearegistry 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.20195917 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06 2 http://github.com/tseyanglim/CovidGlobal 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.22.20110585 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.20075143 1 http://zha 1 http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing- 1 http://www.wcvb.com/article/massachusetts-coronavirus-reporting-delay-due-to-quest-lab-itglitch/32288903# 1 http://www.usatoday.com/story/ 1 http://www.ta 1 http://www.rcsb.org/structure/3nvq 1 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/05/ 1 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/13/us/zika-testdelays-florida-pregnant.html?_r¼0 1 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/13/us/zika-test-delays-flor 1 http://www.nist.gov/node/ 1 http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/epidermolysis_ 1 http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/epider 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm 1 http://www.miamiherald.com/news/health-care/arti 1 http://www.miamiher 1 http://www.merriam-webster 1 http://www.isbtweb.org/working-parties/red-cell-immunogenetics-and-bloodgroup-terminology/ 1 http://www.intensivregister.de 1 http://www.i-sense.org.uk/research 1 http://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk/research/ 1 http://www.finngen.fi/ 1 http://www.fe 1 http://www.expertmed.it 1 http://www.epicov.org/epi3/ 1 http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/situation-updates/weekly-maps-coordinated-restriction-freemovement Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 mhayen11@gmail.com 1 mbsabit@ust.edu.ph 1 access@cartagene.qc.ca Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 tests were positive 18 data are available 16 test is not 16 testing is not 15 patient did not 15 patients were positive 13 levels were significantly 13 results were not 13 samples were positive 12 % were positive 12 cells did not 12 results are available 12 test was positive 12 tests are not 12 tests were negative 11 cases were positive 11 patients did not 11 patients were randomly 11 tests are available 10 % did not 10 patients were also 10 platelets were not 10 samples were not 10 studies are necessary 10 test does not 10 tests is not 9 % tested patients 9 % were female 9 % were male 9 groups were similar 9 levels were not 9 patient is not 9 patient was not 9 results are not 9 studies are ongoing 9 studies have not 9 test was negative 9 testing was not 8 antibodies are present 8 donors was not 8 donors were more 8 patients are often 8 patients do not 8 study did not 8 test is better 8 treatment is not 7 % had low 7 levels were normal 7 patients are not 7 patients had significantly Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 patient is not contagious 4 cells are not available 4 patient had no history 4 test is not available 4 testing is not yet 3 antibodies are not clinically 3 antibodies had no apparent 3 antibodies had no effect 3 antibodies were not anymore 3 blood was not less 3 cell was not present 3 cells do not consistently 3 donors had no major 3 donors have no intention 3 groups did not significantly 3 groups has not statistical 3 levels are not relevant 3 levels were not significantly 3 methods are not sufficiently 3 patient had no transfusion 3 patient was not essentially 3 patients is not clear 3 platelets were not available 3 results show no evidence 3 results showed no discrepancies 3 results were not significantly 3 transfusion are not well 3 transfusions are not consistent 3 treatment did not significantly 3 treatment had no effect 3 treatment is not available 2 donor has not yet 2 donors were not able 2 groups do not really 2 patient had no other 2 patients had no s. 2 patients were not subsequently 2 results are not significantly 2 test has no discernible 2 test is not useful 2 testing is not feasible 2 testing is not widely 2 tests are no longer 2 tests have not yet 2 transfusion had no effect 2 treatment is not always 1 % did not worse 1 % had no asthma 1 % had no change 1 % had no clinical A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-117424-mp6h9dyl author = Abraham, Louis title = Bloom Origami Assays: Practical Group Testing date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Bloom; test summary = Given n people, test characteristics tpr & tnr and a set of prior probabilities of sample infection (p i ) 1≤i≤n , the best multiset D of m pool designs is the one maximizing the information gain. While Bloom filters have been considered for the low-prevalence COVID-19 testing problem [19, 12] , current methods are based on a simple randomized encoding and decoding process that was designed for internet-scale applications where even linear time was prohibitive and where the keys are not known beforehand. Assuming there are no false negative pool results, one can use the decoder to identify all positive samples and derive optimal dimensions b × g that minimize the number of tests, as shown in the below theorem: The analysis borrows tools from regular Bloom filters and the results shown in [20] . doi = nan id = cord-127025-9ubhd4vf author = Abraham, Louis title = Crackovid: Optimizing Group Testing date = 2020-05-13 keywords = adaptive; test summary = Our mathematical objective is designed such that the mixture tests it proposes to run in the lab will maximize the amount of information we gain on the ground truth once their lab results are revealed − in expectation, over the randomness of both imperfect tests and prior probabilities of infection per individual. This leads us to the following question: given an initial prior probability distribution p S over the secret, how should we select pool designs to test in the lab? Given numbers n & m, test characteristics tpr & tnr as well as prior probabilities of sample infection p i , the best multiset D of m pool designs is the one maximizing some score, like I(S, T (S, D)) or Confidence(S, T (S, D)). 9 Those prior probabilities can then be readily used by our approach to optimize the pool designs, and the ML system can gradually be improved as we gather more test results. doi = nan id = cord-024631-yvek5vjz author = Althaus, T. title = Causes of fever in primary care in Southeast Asia and the performance of C-reactive protein in discriminating bacterial from viral pathogens date = 2020-05-11 keywords = Asia; CRP; Southeast; test summary = OBJECTIVES: We investigated causes of fever in the primary levels of care in Southeast Asia, and evaluated whether C-reactive protein (CRP) could distinguish bacterial from viral pathogens. In this study, we aim to identify key organisms among acutely febrile children and adults attending primary health care in Southeast Asia, and to evaluate the performance of CRP for discriminating between bacteria and viruses. Specimens were collected from febrile patients recruited into a previously described multi-centre randomised-controlled trial evaluating the impact of C-reactive protein (CRP) testing on antibiotic prescription in primary care [38] . We investigated the spectrum of organisms among febrile children and adults in the community and evaluated the performance of CRP in distinguishing bacteria from viruses including its potential impact on antibiotic prescription compared with current practice. Investigating non-malarial acute febrile illness remains challenging in resource-poor areas [8] , and despite screening for multiple organisms on blood and respiratory specimens, we were only able to identify a probable cause of fever in 227 (29.4%) of patients. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.016 id = cord-324373-mgdtb98z author = Antonelli, Andrea title = Comparison between the Airgo™ Device and a Metabolic Cart during Rest and Exercise † date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Airgo; breath; figure; test summary = The goal of the presented work is to compare a metabolic cart, considered a gold standard, with Airgo™ (MYAIR Inc, Boston, MA, USA; MyAirgo Italy Srl, Milan, Italy), a resistance-based wearable device able to derive breathing parameters from body surface motion detection acquired at the level of the lower ribcage. The comparison of the Airgo™ device with the metabolic cart showed that the respiratory rate was the most accurate parameter, in all positions, for both rest and exercise tests in all conditions of physical effort: medians were always positioned on the zero error line with low dispersion around this value. The comparison of the Airgo™ device with the metabolic cart showed that the respiratory rate was the most accurate parameter, in all positions, for both rest and exercise tests in all conditions of physical effort: medians were always positioned on the zero error line with low dispersion around this value. doi = 10.3390/s20143943 id = cord-343340-zi0rfidc author = Aragón‐Caqueo, Diego title = Optimization of group size in pool testing strategy for SARS‐CoV‐2: A simple mathematical model date = 2020-05-03 keywords = SARS; test summary = The aim of this study is to propose a simple mathematical model to estimate the optimum number of pooled samples according to the relative prevalence of positive tests in a particular healthcare context, assuming that if a group tests negative, no further testing is done whereas if a group tests positive, all the subjects of the group are retested individually. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a mathematical model to estimate the optimum number of pooled samples according to the specific prevalences of positive tests in a particular country context, in order to save as many tests as possible and cover as many people as possible, knowing that if a group tests out positive, all the individuals of the sample would have to be individually tested. This article proposed a simple and landed model to estimate the most optimum group number to implement pool testing strategy for SARS-CoV-2, according to the specific historical positive tests prevalence for a determined healthcare context. doi = 10.1002/jmv.25929 id = cord-226956-n5qwsvtr author = Arbia, Giuseppe title = A Note on Early Epidemiological Analysis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak using Crowdsourced Data date = 2020-03-13 keywords = datum; test summary = However, the use of crowdsourcing data raises a number of problems from the statistical point of view which run the risk of invalidating the results and of biasing estimation and hypothesis testing. In the paper the crowdsourced data, coming from different sources, are used to estimate several epidemiological parameters of tremendous importance in the process of surveillance and control of the diffusion of the disease such as: The relative risk by age group, the mean age and skewness of infected people, the time of delays between symptoms and seeking care at hospital, the mean incubation period. However, even if data were collected obeying a formal sample design, a further potential source of bias is the fact that the observational units could display a certain degree of spatial/network correlation (Cliff and Ord, 1973; Arbia, 2006) . doi = nan id = cord-325455-e464idc0 author = Atchison, Christina title = Usability and acceptability of home-based self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for population surveillance date = 2020-08-12 keywords = LFIA2; test summary = BACKGROUND: This study assesses acceptability and usability of home-based self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA). On a population level, by conducting seroprevalence surveys through widespread random sampling of the general public, and by adjusting for the sensitivity and specificity characteristics of the LFIA used, it is possible to estimate the levels of past infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the community (3) . Usability research on HIV selftesting has generally found good acceptability, the devices easy to use and high validity in interpretation of self-reported test results (7) (8) (9) . To mitigate against this, and given the scientific Our study is original because focusing on the acceptability and usability of LFIAs for self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibody in a home-based setting has not been done at such scale in the general population. Overall, our study has demonstrated that home-based self-testing LFIAs for use in large communitybased seroprevalence surveys of SARS-CoV-2 antibody are both acceptable and feasible. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1178 id = cord-266036-qhlo99l7 author = Axell-House, Dierdre B. title = The Estimation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Tests for COVID-19: A Scoping Review date = 2020-08-31 keywords = PCR; SARS; Table; test summary = OBJECTIVES: To assess the methodologies used in the estimation of diagnostic accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and other nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and to evaluate the quality and reliability of the studies employing those methods. After its emergence in December 2019, the virus now known as SARS-CoV-2 was identified and sequenced in early January 2020, 1 allowing for the rapid development of diagnostic testing based on the detection of viral nucleic acid (i.e., real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [rRT-PCR]). Articles were included if they met the following criteria on screening: 1) Peer-reviewed publication, 2) Study evaluated diagnostic test accuracy of NAAT, 3) Diagnostic test performed on ≥10 patients, 4) Diagnostic/Clinical sensitivity, specificity, other correlative statistics, or test positive rate were either identified by name or were included in the publication as a numerical value and we could reproduce the calculations. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.043 id = cord-300520-vxn7uh41 author = Baunez, C. title = Tracking the Dynamics and Allocating Tests for COVID-19 in Real-Time: an Acceleration Index with an Application to French Age Groups and Departments date = 2020-11-07 keywords = November; acceleration; figure; test summary = Using French data on cases and tests for the period following the first lock-down from May 13, 2020, onwards our acceleration index shows that the ongoing pandemic resurgence can be dated to begin around July 7. We propose a parsimonious algorithm to allocate tests across age groups and space, based on both our acceleration index and the average positivity rate, and on the extent to which tests reduce the virus propagation. We argue that such reasoning is wrong and that the correct understanding, in terms of measuring the acceleration/deceleration of the pandemic, is gained if a scatter-plot of the number of positive cases against the number of the tests is used in real time, instead of the panels in Figure 1 . doi = 10.1101/2020.11.05.20226597 id = cord-300930-47a4pu27 author = Beigel, R. title = Rate Estimation and Identification of COVID-19 Infections: Towards Rational Policy Making During Early and Late Stages of Epidemics date = 2020-05-24 keywords = number; test summary = Mathematically, the problems of identifying infected individuals ( identification ) and estimating the total number of infected individuals in a given population ( infection rate ) are related but in fact can be addressed by subtly different algorithms to reduce the number of tests needed and thereby the total cost of doing testing. However, as we will demonstrate in this brief communication, estimating the number of infected individuals can be solved by novel adaptation of methods developed in theoretical computer science aimed at approximate counting. In addition to rate estimation we provide a review and analysis of several identification algorithms that can be deployed in communities with low infection rates that achieve reasonable improvement over the standard algorithms for group testing that have been previously explored. • Estimate the rate of the infection in the population or approximately count how many people test positive in a population of a given size with as few partially pooled tests as possible. We now describe approximate counting algorithms that use pools of samples to estimate accurate infection rates. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110585 id = cord-272995-yvj2pqh1 author = Bergman, Christian title = Recommendations for Welcoming Back Nursing Home Visitors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Delphi Panel date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; resident; test summary = Regarding visitor guidance, the panel made five strong recommendations: 1) maintain strong infection prevention and control precautions, 2) facilitate indoor and outdoor visits, 3) allow limited physical contact with appropriate precautions, 4) assess individual residents'' care preferences and level of risk tolerance, and 5) dedicate an essential caregiver and extend the definition of compassionate care visits to include care that promotes psychosocial wellbeing of residents. We edited the final guidance statements for clarity, aiming to capture the consensus of the Delphi aspects of the following topics (see Table 1 ): testing of asymptomatic staff and residents, 111 surveillance testing, visitor guidance, immunity from prior COVID-19 infection and associated 112 risk of infecting others. The panel 144 strongly agreed on some preconditions that would be essential prior to welcoming back visitors, 145 such as universal masking for staff, sufficient disinfecting supplies, PPE, and written plans 146 around isolation, cohorting, screening, testing, and outbreak investigations. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.036 id = cord-225183-6rusimb5 author = Boukai, Ben title = Bayesian Modeling of COVID-19 Positivity Rate -- the Indiana experience date = 2020-07-09 keywords = PPT; test summary = In this short technical report we model, within the Bayesian framework, the rate of positive tests reported by the the State of Indiana, accounting also for the substantial variability (and overdispeartion) in the daily count of the tests performed. In this report we model, within the Bayesian framework, the rate of positive tests reported by the the State of Indiana, accounting also for the substantial variability of the daily number test performed. Remark: The choice in (2) for using the Negative Binomial distribution to model the reported daily number of tests k i , could be seen as specific to the Indiana COVID-19 testing data, which might reflect testing capacity limitation and daily variability unique to that state. In a similar manner we obtain the posterior predictive distribution under this Bayesian model and given (X m , N m ), of a ''new'' (or ''future'') number of tests K * is the Beta-Negative Binomial distribution. doi = nan id = cord-315077-i1xjcuae author = Branda, John A. title = Utilization management in microbiology date = 2014-01-01 keywords = blood; culture; test summary = The results of testing in the microbiology laboratory have significant effects on the cost of clinical care, especially costs related to antimicrobial agents and infection control practices. Consequently many of the successful utilization management interventions described in clinical microbiology have targeted not just the volume of tests performed in the laboratory, but also the downstream costs of care. In a number of cases, the initiative''s success arose not only from a reduction in laboratory testing per se, but rather also from its impact in the clinical care arena (for example, a reduction in antibiotic use or hospital length of length-of-stay). Each day, a microbiology fellow and laboratory director review the clinical history, culture results and susceptibility test results for all patients newly started on a carbapenem, to determine appropriate versus inappropriate use of the drugs. doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.031 id = cord-310714-kqzlwka0 author = Braz, Lucia Maria Almeida title = Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosis: a rapid test is a must at the hospital bedside date = 2020-06-16 keywords = test summary = At the time of the widespread availability of rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2-the causative virus of the COVID-19 pandemic-from drugstores throughout Brazil, there is a distinct lack of use of rapid diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) at the bedsides of hospitalized patients. As stated by the MS, VL case confirmation is based on clinical suspicion and positive laboratory diagnosis via either parasitological tests (PTs), which are dependent on invasive procedures such as bone marrow aspiration or biopsy, or serological tests such as indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) or immunochromatographic tests (ITs) using rK39 recombinant antigens (5) . The main brands of IT-rK39 that were previously provided by the Brazilian public health system consisted of Kalazar Detectt (InBios International, Seattle, WA, USA), IT LEISH s (BIO-RAD Laboratories Inc., France), and OnSitet Leishmania IgG/IgM Combo test (CTK Biotech, USA), which have now been replaced with the LSH Ab ECO test (Eco Diagnóstica, Nova Lima, MG, Brasil). doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2036 id = cord-319436-mlitd45q author = Brinati, D. title = Detection of COVID-19 Infection from Routine Blood Exams with Machine Learning: a Feasibility Study date = 2020-04-25 keywords = Random; covid-19; model; test summary = Amplification of viral RNA by (real time) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the current gold standard test for confirmation of infection, although it presents known shortcomings: long turnaround times (3-4 hours to generate results), potential shortage of reagents, false-negative rates as large as 15-20%, the need for certified laboratories, expensive equipment and trained personnel. Material and methods We developed two machine learning classification models using hematochemical values from routine blood exams (namely: white blood cells counts, and the platelets, CRP, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, LDH plasma levels) drawn from 279 patients who, after being admitted to the San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy) emergency-room with COVID-19 symptoms, were screened with the rRT-PCR test performed on respiratory tract specimens. The best performing model, i.e. the Random Forest classifier, trained on dataset B, achieved the following results on the test/validation set: accuracy = 82% , sensitivity = 92%, PPV = 83%, specificity = 65%, AUC = 84%. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075143 id = cord-021550-evh3b7o2 author = Brokopp, Charles title = Laboratories date = 2007-09-02 keywords = CDC; LIMS; LRN; United; laboratory; test summary = Federal, state, and local government agencies, such as health departments, operate laboratories or contract with commercial laboratories for testing related to diagnosis, regulatory compliance, investigations, and environmental monitoring. CDC-based scientists have developed and used new technologies to identify outbreaks of disease in cooperation with state and local public health laboratories. The DOE national laboratories develop new technologies for countering biologic and chemical threats, including systems for the detection, modeling, and response to terrorist attacks (see www-ed.fnal.gov/doe/ doc_labs.html). Many state and locally operated laboratories in addition to clinical and public health laboratories produce test results that may be useful for surveillance. The mission of the LRN is "to maintain an integrated national and international network of laboratories that can respond quickly to acts of chemical or biological terrorism, emerging infectious diseases and other public health threats and emergencies." The LRN was first tasked to address state and local public health laboratory preparedness and response for bioterrorism. doi = 10.1016/b978-012369378-5/50010-7 id = cord-023584-yaxawqhj author = Bucknall, R.A. title = The Continuing Search for Antiviral Drugs date = 2008-04-10 keywords = antiviral; compound; disease; test; virus summary = Of course, if wide-spectrum leads appear, the choice of test virus may be irrelevant, but the antiviral compounds (as distinct from interferon inducers) known at present are characterized by their relatively limited spectrum of activity, e.g., methisazone is active only against poxviruses (Bauer and Sadler, 1960) and possibly adenoviruses (Bauer and Apostolov, 1966) ; l-aminoadamantane is active only against influenza A1 and As and not against other myxo-or paramyxoviruses (Davies et al., 1964) ; guanidine and a-hydroxybenzyl benzimidazole are active only against picornaviruses and not against other small ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses (Eggers and Tamm, 1961) . In summary, a tissue culture screen should be able to proccss large numbers of tcst compounds, using viruses as relevant as possible to the diseases for which a drug is required, and should employ normal rather than neoplastic cells. doi = 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60460-3 id = cord-278377-jgq3dz3u author = Busson, L. title = Prospective evaluation of diagnostic tools for respiratory viruses in children and adults date = 2019-01-15 keywords = Clart; Pneumovir; technique; test summary = METHODS: Two hundred ninety-nine respiratory samples were prospectively explored using multiplex molecular techniques (FilmArray Respiratory Panel, Clart Pneumovir), immunological techniques (direct fluorescent assay, lateral flow chromatography) and cell cultures. Meanwhile, important questions concerning these ''new'' expensive rapid molecular techniques remain unanswered, such as their cost-effectiveness in terms of patient''s management, or the clinical significance of detecting nucleic acids of micro-organisms that could be non-infectious at the time the sample is collected. The objective of this work was to compare the performances of antigen detection and cell cultures techniques routinely used since years for the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in the setting of a tertiary care hospital to those of newer molecular techniques (Clart Pneumovir, Genomica, Coslada, Spain and FilmArray Respiratory Panel, Biofire, Biomérieux, Marcy L''Etoile, France). False negative results with molecular techniques were significantly more frequent in samples with codetections compared to those with only one pathogen: 12% vs 3% for the FilmArray test (p = 0.034) and 76% vs 11% for the Clart Pneumovir test (p < 0.001). doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.006 id = cord-271920-1dzkgt6w author = Carpenter, Christopher R. title = Diagnosing COVID‐19 in the Emergency Department: A Scoping Review of Clinical Exam, Labs, Imaging Accuracy and Biases date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; patient; test summary = 3 As waves of COVID-19 patients present to ED''s in coming months with symptoms or potential exposures, understanding the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of history, physical exam, routine labs, advanced imaging, and an evolving array of COVID-19 diagnostics will be essential knowledge to inform the timing of testing, optimal specimen and test selection, shared decision-making, and ultimately derivation of clinical instruments to guide disposition, follow-up, and shared The search strategy used a combination of standardized terms and key words, including but not limited to (Covid-19 OR Novel Coronavirus OR SARS-COV-2) AND (diagnosis OR polymerase chain reaction OR serology OR CRISPR-CAS OR sensitivity/specificity) (Appendix). 40,42 It is known, however, that false negatives are frequent, so current recommendations advise incorporating patient''s exposure risk, clinical signs and symptoms, routine lab and imaging findings, serology, and (when available) CT results into real-time determination of COVID-19 status. doi = 10.1111/acem.14048 id = cord-330721-hmnrnem6 author = Chambliss, Allison B title = Contingency planning in the clinical laboratory: lessons learned amidst COVID-19 date = 2020-04-21 keywords = laboratory; test summary = The laboratory should begin contingency planning by assessing baseline operational status, which benches can be offered less frequently (batched as sample stability allows), which can be closed altogether, and the resultant minimum number of staff required to support emergent testing ( Tests that will need to be maintained include complete blood counts, metabolic panels, routine coagulation, troponin, liver function tests, blood gases, and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and procalcitonin (4, 5) . In times of particularly critical shortages of staff and/or reagents, with proper agreement of hospital leadership and use of mass notification mechanisms, non-emergent tests could be temporarily masked from providers in the test ordering system and eliminate the laboratory from receiving them in the first place. Using the Chemistry section as an example, a similar contingency planning tool can be used across core clinical lab specialties to assess benches/testing that can be performed depending upon available staffing. doi = 10.1093/jalm/jfaa068 id = cord-281495-beb164oy author = Charpentier, Charlotte title = Performance evaluation of two SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM rapid tests (Covid-Presto and NG-Test) and one IgG automated immunoassay (Abbott) date = 2020-09-03 keywords = Presto; Test summary = title: Performance evaluation of two SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM rapid tests (Covid-Presto and NG-Test) and one IgG automated immunoassay (Abbott) The aim of this study was to assess the analytical performances, sensitivity and specificity, of two rapid tests (CovidPresto® test rapid Covid-19 IgG/IgM and NG-Test® IgM-IgG COVID-19) and one automated immunoassay (Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG) for detecting antiSARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The aim of this study was to assess the analytical performances (sensitivity and specificity) and agreement of two rapid tests and one automated immunoassay for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we evaluated two different lateral flow tests (Covid-Presto ® and NG-Test ® ) and compared their performances to that of the automated Abbott immunoassay using the same samples panel. Sensitivity for IgG in samples collected later than 10 days after symptoms onset was excellent with the different tests being equal to 97.1%, 96.2% and 100% for Covid-Presto ® , NG-Test ® , and Abbott, respectively. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104618 id = cord-119183-pbliko1k author = Cohen, Tomer title = A combination of ''pooling'' with a prediction model can reduce by 73% the number of COVID-19 (Corona-virus) tests date = 2020-05-03 keywords = test summary = In appendices A -C, we survey three different ways to use this data -the first-of-which is a known method due to Dorfman [3] -which we''ll call here ''single pooling'' (Appendix A): according to this method, if the pool turns out to be positive, all samples in that pool need to be re-tested individually, as shown in the following diagram: The expected number of tests can be calculated, based on the probability of the samples in the pool to be positive, and the size of the pool (see Appendix A for details). Appendix D includes a table comparing the required number of tests per patient with the various methods, as a function of , and also a comparison to a recently introduced method called double-pooling [4] . As before, is the probability for a positive test, is the size of the population, and , in this case, is the number of columns/rows in the matrix. doi = nan id = cord-283517-7gd0f06m author = Deak, Eszter title = Right-Sizing Technology in the Era of Consumer-Driven Health Care date = 2017-08-01 keywords = CLIA; care; laboratory; patient; test summary = Today, we have molecular point-ofcare (mPOC) devices that can provide a rapid diagnostic answer within 20 minutes in a clinic, multiplex PCR sample-to-answer devices that can screen for >20 analytes in a single specimen in about an hour, high-volume automation that can enhance throughput and efficiency in the clinical microbiology laboratory with digital imaging, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) that can reveal a treasure trove of information in a single test. Factors may include syndrome-specific diagnostic needs, ease of use, the need for rapid results, improved sensitivity and specificity, operational needs (such as staffing and expertise), laboratory design (such as centralized versus decentralized models), cost, consumer demand, and the potential for improved patient outcomes. Considerations that go into the selection of a test or instrument platform for implementation include perceived turnaround time needs for improved patient care, sample volume requirements, number of tests expected, suitability for the intended laboratory based on available expertise and desired workflow, as well as cost. doi = 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2017.07.001 id = cord-339122-7vvqtk84 author = Deb, Chaarushena title = Covid-19, Single-Sourced Diagnostic Tests, and Innovation Policy date = 2020-07-07 keywords = FDA; diagnostic; test summary = 16 An appropriate model for diagnostic testing development, including innovation incentives, should go beyond simply discouraging test monopolies and promoting confirmatory testing, by also allowing for low R&D costs for test development and yielding fast delivery of high quality tests-preventing the errors highlighted in the Covid-19 testing response from occurring in both emergency and non-emergency situations. And thus any sort of incentive model that relies on granting market exclusivity -such as the traditional patent system, FDA approval exclusivity, or trade secret protection -raises the same sorts of issues, if on a smaller scale, as those grimly demonstrated by the failure of U.S. SARS-CoV-2 testing at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, which ultimately resulted in the loss of many lives. But for diagnostic tests which rely on confirmatory testing, innovative improvements, and robust access to supply, single-sourcing creates a host of serious problems. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa053 id = cord-311766-m9yv4qkm author = Demey, Baptiste title = Dynamic profile for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using four immunochromatographic assays date = 2020-05-07 keywords = SARS; test summary = Thus, the objective of our study was to evaluate four immunochromatographic assays for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and to evaluate the kinetics of their detection by these LFA. We evaluated 4 immunochromatographic tests for the detection of IgM and IgG directed against SARS-CoV-2 ( Figure 1 ). Longitudinal immunochromatographic testing in all patients shows heterogeneity in the time to detection of antibodies after symptom reporting (Figure 2 ). With either IgM or IgG detection for a patient on days 5, 10 and 15 since onset of symptom, we calculated a clinical sensitivity between 9 and 24%, 67 and 82% and 100% respectively ( Figure 3B and Table 1 ). In conclusion, we described the kinetics of detection of post-symptom antibodies in 22 patients using immunochromatographic rapid tests and demonstrated the good performance of these tests for the detection of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.033 id = cord-328294-gii1b7s7 author = Doty, Richard L. title = Olfaction and Its Alteration by Nasal Obstruction, Rhinitis, and Rhinosinusitis date = 2009-01-02 keywords = UPSIT; function; nasal; olfactory; patient; smell; test summary = The development and proliferation of easy-to-use, self-administered "scratch and sniff" tests of odor identification have significantly increased our understanding of smell function in humans, including the influences of such factors as age, gender, exposure to toxic agents, smoking behavior, and various disease states. 40 In this work, systemic prednisone 50 mg was administered each day for 7 days to 20 anosmic or severely hyposmic patients of several types whose olfactory function was monitored using butanol thresholds and odor identification tests. 43 reported that 28 patients with chronic rhinitis and no associated polyposis or rhinosinusitis had an average olfactory test score (based on a composite of odor identification and detection tests) indicative of moderate hyposmia. The comparatively few studies that have employed modern psychophysical tests to patients with rhinitis or rhinosinusitis have generally found an association between the degree of smell loss and the severity of nasal disease, although, except in cases of marked obstruction, no relationship is apparent between airway patency and olfactory dysfunction. doi = 10.1097/00005537-200103000-00008 id = cord-289461-bnusv816 author = Droste, M. C. title = Economic Benefits of COVID-19 Screening Tests date = 2020-10-27 keywords = October; international; test summary = The analysis is undertaken using a behavioral SIR model for the United States with 5 age groups, 66 economic sectors, screening and diagnostic testing, and partial adherence to instructions to quarantine or to isolate. Using our epidemiological-economic model, we project 66,000 deaths averted, an increase in GDP of $248 billion, and an increase in federal tax revenues of $68 billion over the counterfactual period of the program, June 1 -December 31, 2020, relative to a baseline with diagnostic but not screening testing. Testing costs are somewhat higher, but because the effective adherence rate is higher under this program than in Panel A, deaths averted rise to 153,000 and the increase in GDP is larger, $544 billion, for weekly testing. Relative to this literature, our main contribution is to provide carefully calibrated and estimated model for assessing the net economic, fiscal, and total (including mortality) benefits of multistep imperfect screening testing in conjunction with diagnostic testing. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.22.20217984 id = cord-270935-t9pym9k0 author = Dumyati, Ghinwa title = Does Universal Testing for COVID-19 Work for Everyone? date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = Strategies to address COVID-19 infections among nursing home residents vary based on the availability for SARS-CoV-2 tests, the incorporation of tests into broader surveillance efforts, and using results to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by identifying asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. Dr. Jump reports support for this work in part through the Cleveland Geriatric Research 50 While there is general agreement that increased access to testing is important for personal and 23 public health, the selection and use of diagnostic tests to mitigate COVID-19 infections in post-24 acute and long-term care settings is complex and should be tailored to individual sites. Because he met the nursing 36 home''s enhanced screening criteria for COVID-19 (Table 1) , 1 he was placed on transmission-37 based precautions and a laboratory test for SARS-CoV-2 was ordered. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.013 id = cord-281241-k1adcls8 author = Döhla, M. title = Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity date = 2020-04-18 keywords = SARS; test summary = Objective: With the current SARS-CoV2 outbreak, countless tests need to be performed on potential symptomatic individuals, contacts and travellers. Objective: With the current SARS-CoV2 outbreak, countless tests need to be performed on potential symptomatic individuals, contacts and travellers. We therefore evaluated a rapid antibody IgG/IgMebased testing system in the community setting for its ability, specificity and sensitivity to reliably identify infected individuals. Thirty-nine randomly selected individuals at the centre were tested simultaneously using the SARS-CoV-2 rapid test and the gold standard RT-qPCR method (Altona Diagnostics). The rapid test used for evaluation is a qualitative IgG/IgM detection system to test for a current or past infection of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.009 id = cord-027445-bpx4qr0i author = Eisty, Nasir U. title = Testing Research Software: A Case Study date = 2020-05-25 keywords = software; test summary = Method: Using the ParSplice research software project as a case, we implemented a testing framework based on a statistical testing approach called Multinomial Test. 2.1), the non-determinism stems from (1) the use of stochastic differential equations to model the physics and (2) the order in which communication between the procedures occurs (note however that even though the results from each execution depends upon message ordering, each valid order produces a statistically accurate result, which is the key requirement for the validity of ParSplice simulations). In this paper, we describe a case study of the ParSplice project in which we followed the PSIP methodology to develop a testing framework to address the difficulties of testing non-deterministic parallel research software. The approach we followed to develop the test framework can be a model for other research software projects. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-50436-6_33 id = cord-292274-upwn9o2m author = Ghaffari, Abdi title = COVID-19 Serological Tests: How Well Do They Actually Perform? date = 2020-07-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19; test summary = While IgM and IgG antibodies have been the leading candidates in COVID-19 serological test development, recent studies show that IgA, predominately present in the mucosal tissue, may also play a critical role in the immune response and disease progression [12] . While IgM and IgG antibodies have been the leading candidates in COVID-19 serological test development, recent studies show that IgA, predominately present in the mucosal tissue, may also play a critical role in the immune response and disease progression [12] . Typically, RDT test strips use a drop of blood to detect the presence of patient antibodies (IgG, IgM, or IgA) produced against a specific SARS-CoV-2 antigen ( Figure 2 ). Critics point to gaps in our understanding of immune response to COVID-19 infection, including the ability of serological tests to detect neutralizing antibodies and the capacity of the immune system to provide long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.3390/diagnostics10070453 id = cord-280571-ntgt5hy9 author = Ginocchio, Christine C. title = Strengths and Weaknesses of FDA-Approved/Cleared Diagnostic Devices for the Molecular Detection of Respiratory Pathogens date = 2011-05-01 keywords = FDA; Mycobacterium; RSV; test summary = In addition to RADTs, there are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved/cleared nonmolecular-based viral diagnostic methods with a more rapid time to result, compared with traditional viral tube culture, eg, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing and rapid cell culture. Although these 8 viruses are responsible for a large number of respiratory tract infections, bocavirus, selected coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU-1), parainfluenza 4, and rhinovirus are also important causes of respiratory disease and are generally only detected using NAATs. Because antiviral therapies are currently limited to the treatment of influenza A, influenza B, cytomegalovirus pneumonia, and varicella zoster virus pneumonia, it is often argued that the specific identification of other viruses is not relevant, because the information would not change patient management. With clinical integration of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and FDA-approved/cleared simple cartridge-based NAATs, laboratories of all sizes are now able to perform molecular diagnostic tests. doi = 10.1093/cid/cir046 id = cord-316047-d9cpe9yl author = Gonzalez, T. title = Influence of COVID-19 confinement on students’ performance in higher education date = 2020-10-09 keywords = Fig; covid-19; student; test summary = This study analyzes the effects of COVID-19 confinement on the autonomous learning performance of students in higher education. We present a study that involves more than 450 students enrolled in 3 subjects from different degrees from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain) during three academic years, including data obtained in the 2019/2020 academic year, when the restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been in force. In the case of "Design of Water Treatment Facilities", a longitudinal study has been performed in academic year 2017/2018 to analyse the effect of rewards in the students'' learning strategies, especially those related to time management. The second stage corresponds to the period of COVID-19 confinement (after March 11), where some measurable activities were performed in a different format and statistical differences can be found by comparing experimental and control groups. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239490 id = cord-303539-gimz41yb author = Goudouris, Ekaterini S. title = Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19() date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = DATA SOURCES: Searches in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles made available in 2020, using the terms "diagnosis" OR "diagnostic" OR "diagnostic tests" OR "tests" AND "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" in the title. 25 Some studies report patients with mild (or even asymptomatic) COVID-19 present lower levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies or may even do not develop detectable levels, while patients with more severe conditions have higher levels of these. 38 The data presented suggest that the diagnosis of COVID-19 should be based on clinical manifestations, contact history, imaging tests, laboratory tests, and not only on serological tests and the search for the genetic material of the virus. The gold standard for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the identification of viral genetic material by RT-PCR, in different samples, with greater sensitivity in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasopharyngeal swab. doi = 10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.001 id = cord-262846-1mhimfsf author = Gray, Nicholas title = Is “no test is better than a bad test”? Impact of diagnostic uncertainty in mass testing on the spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-21 keywords = population; test; testing summary = This strategy would involve detecting those who have successfully overcome the virus, and are likely to have some level of immunity (or at least reduced susceptibility to more serious illness if they are infected again), so are relatively safe to relax their personal lockdown measures. To explore the effect of imperfect testing on the disease dynamics when strategies testing regimes are employed to relax lockdown measures, three new classes were added to the model. implement quarantine in their model but do not incorporate the effects on the dynamics from imperfect testing, nor do they consider how the quality and scale of an available test affect the spread of a disease. Wide-scale screening for antibodies in the general population promises significant scientific value, and targeted antibody testing is likely to have value for reducing risks to NHS and care-sector staff, and other key workers who will need to have close contact with COVID-19 sufferers. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240775 id = cord-307500-2jwuzfan author = Gray, Nicholas title = "No test is better than a bad test": Impact of diagnostic uncertainty in mass testing on the spread of Covid-19 date = 2020-04-22 keywords = test summary = Three scenarios for cessation of lock-down measures are explored: (1) immediate end of lock-down measures, (2) continued lock-down with antibody testing based immunity passports, and (3) incremental relaxation of lock-down measures with active viral testing. Sensitivity, specifcity, prevalence and test capacity are modified for both active viral and antibody testing to determine their population level effect on the continuing epidemic. This strategy would involve detecting those who have successfully overcome the virus, and are likely to have some level of immunity (or at least reduced susceptibility to more serious illness if they are infected again), so are relatively safe to relax their personal social distancing measures. To explore the effect of imperfect testing on the disease dynamics when strategies are employed to relax the current social distancing measures the SIR model described in the supplimentary material was modified. In order to explore the possible impact of testing strategies on the relaxation of current social distancing measures several scenarios have been analysed. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067884 id = cord-026215-neqsup40 author = Grzegorzewski, Przemyslaw title = Two-Sample Dispersion Problem for Fuzzy Data date = 2020-05-16 keywords = fuzzy; test summary = A new permutation two-sample test for dispersion based on fuzzy random variables is proposed. At least some of the problems associated with the lack of a satisfying difference in constructing statistical tools for reasoning based on fuzzy observations could be overcome by using adequate metrics defined in F(R) -for the general overview see [2] . For instance, in most cases we are not able to find the null distribution of a test statistic based on fuzzy data and, consequently, to find either the critical value or to compute the p-value required for rejection or acceptance of the hypothesis under study. All these reasons indicate that the permutation test applied to fuzzy random variables might be also a competitive tool useful in statistical inference for imprecise data. On the other hand, in Fig. 2 we have a histogram made for the test statistic (11) null distribution obtained for two fuzzy samples of the same samle sizes as before but which differ in dispersion. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-50153-2_7 id = cord-150218-javbnjrg author = Gupta, Prateek title = COVI-AgentSim: an Agent-based Model for Evaluating Methods of Digital Contact Tracing date = 2020-10-30 keywords = BCT; COVID-19; FCT; Heuristic; dct; test summary = We use COVI-AgentSim to perform cost-benefit analyses comparing no DCT to: 1) standard binary contact tracing (BCT) that assigns binary recommendations based on binary test results; and 2) a rule-based method for feature-based contact tracing (FCT) that assigns a graded level of recommendation based on diverse individual features. We call these methods feature-based contact tracing (FCT), and hypothesize they could provide an important and effective means of reducing the spread of the disease, perhaps even more effectively than BCT at lower adoption rates. Recognizing this potential, we propose COVI-AgentSim -a software testbed 2 to design, evaluate and benchmark DCT methods using cost-benefit analysis in terms of lives saved, reduction in effective reproductive number (R t ) of the virus, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted, and productive hours lost. A key difference in our simulator is the rich set of individual-level features (including e.g. pre-existing medical conditions), which allow us to benchmark feature-based contact tracing methods, and also allow for stratification over a larger variety of subgroups. doi = nan id = cord-296588-q2716lda author = Hanson, Kimberly E title = Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; test summary = OBJECTIVE: The IDSA''s goal was to develop an evidence-based diagnostic guideline to assists clinicians, clinical laboratorians, patients and policymakers in decisions related to the optimal use of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification tests. It is important to note as well, that not all specimens were collected from the same patient at the same time, the time of collection from symptom onset was not provided in all studies and various approaches for establishing SARS-CoV-2 positivity were used to define positive results (i.e., clinical evaluation, detection different gene targets versus nucleic acid sequencing). While NP swab collection is widely used and the primary specimen type for commercial direct SARS-CoV-2 test platforms, based on current available evidence, clinical practice, and availability of testing resources, the panel believes there are comparable alternative methods for sampling the nasal passages. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa760 id = cord-012934-c6pbr64i author = Hao, Weiming title = Vestibular prognosis in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vestibular dysfunction treated with oral or intratympanic glucocorticoids: a protocol for randomized controlled trial date = 2020-07-22 keywords = ISSNHL; patient; test; vestibular summary = title: Vestibular prognosis in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vestibular dysfunction treated with oral or intratympanic glucocorticoids: a protocol for randomized controlled trial The primary outcomes will be vestibular function outcomes assessed by sensory organization test, caloric test, video head impulse test, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential, and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential; the secondary outcomes include self-reported vestibular dysfunction symptoms; dizziness-related handicap, visual analogue scale for vertigo and tinnitus; and pure tone audiometry. To evaluate the recovery of vestibular function, we set the recovery rates of the whole battery of vestibular function tests (SOT/caloric test/vHIT/VEMPs) as the primary outcome, which is the proportion of patients whose abnormal results of vestibular function tests at baseline recover to normal at 4-/8-week follow-up: in this study, we define a 10-dB PTA criterion as clinically significant difference based on a previous RCT [9] . doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04579-6 id = cord-290251-ihq8gdwj author = Hasell, Joe title = A cross-country database of COVID-19 testing date = 2020-10-08 keywords = datum; source; test summary = The database consists of two parts, provided for each included country: (1) a time series for the cumulative and daily number of tests performed, or people tested, plus derived variables (discussed below); (2) metadata including a detailed description of the source and any available information on data quality or comparability issues needed for the interpretation of the time series. Firstly, for a number of countries, figures reported in official sources -including press releases, government websites, dedicated dashboards, and social media accounts of national authorities -are recorded manually as they are released. The time series for cumulative and daily testing for each country-series is then provided in the covid-testing-all-observations.csv file. In covid-testing-all-observations.csv, for those sources only providing daily testing figures, this field is derived as the running total of the raw daily data, and is also provided per thousand people of the country''s 2020 population. doi = 10.1038/s41597-020-00688-8 id = cord-292209-d1ty9etr author = Horta, Bernardo L title = Prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 according to socioeconomic and ethnic status in a nationwide Brazilian survey date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Brazil; SARS; study; test summary = Subjects answered a questionnaire on household assets, schooling and self-reported skin color/ethnicity using the standard Brazilian classification in five categories: white, black, brown, Asian or indigenous. The present analyses were aimed at assessing socioeconomic and ethnic group inequalities in prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 133 sentinel cities throughout Brazil, as part of the EPICOVID-19 study (www.epicovid19brasil.org). In summary, the analyses of the three waves of national serological surveys in Brazil showed important inequalities in the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 according to family wealth, education and ethnic groups. Yet, even after adjustment for region, indigenous individuals were about twice as likely as whites to present antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and in the national analyses including adjustment for region of the country and socioeconomic status, the prevalence ratio remained at around two. doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.135 id = cord-331617-1ytcd0ax author = Horvath, Karl title = Antikörpertests bei COVID-19 - Was uns die Ergebnisse sagen date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Personen; SARS; test summary = Da weitgehend alle zur Diagnose eingesetzten Tests nicht vollständig fehlerfrei funktionieren, ist auch bei der Testung auf Vorliegen von SARS-CoV-2 spezifischen AK damit zu rechnen, dass es einen Anteil von Personen gibt, der vom Test falsch klassifiziert wird. Wie groß dieser jeweilig falsch klassifizierte Anteil an allen getesteten Personen ist, d.h. wie sicher ein positives oder negatives Testresultat ist, ist abhängig von der Sensitivität und Spezifität des jeweiligen Tests sowie von der gegebenen Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit. Mit anderen Worten beschreibt die Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit das Risiko, dass bei einer bisher ungetesteten Person eine SARS-CoV-2 Infektion vorliegt bzw. Zu bedenken ist auch, dass sich die Prävalenz einer SARS-CoV-2 Infektion und damit die Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit mit Fortschreiten der Pandemie ändern wird. Auch bei nahezu idealen Testeigenschaften sind bei geringer Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit (wie sie bei der Testung von Personen ohne Symptome und Risikofaktoren für eine SARS-CoV-2 Infektion besteht) positive Testresultate häufig falsch. doi = 10.1016/j.zefq.2020.05.005 id = cord-256568-mbkrg98v author = Jantzen, R. title = Epidemiological and socio-economic characteristics of the COVID-19 spring outbreak in Quebec, Canada: A population-based study date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19; international; test summary = 7.6% of the participants declared that they have experienced at least one of the four COVID-related symptoms chosen by the Public Health authorities (fever, cough, dyspnea, anosmia) but were not tested. Results from the tree-based model analyzes adjusted on exposure factors show that the combination of dyspnea, dry cough and fever was highly associated with being tested whereas anosmia, fever, and headache were the most discriminant factors for having a positive test among those tested. A multiple logistic regression analyzis showed that place of residence, dweling, risk exposure (medical worker, contact with a COVID-19 positive patient, international travel), having at least one pre-existing condition were independent factors associated with the outcome ( Table 1) . Taking into account socio-demographic, medical and exposure factors (place of residence, dweling, medical worker, contact with a COVID-19 positive patient, international travel, pre-existing condition) as confounding factors and COVID-related symptoms as explanatory variables, we performed a GPLTR analyzis for identifying the combinations of symptoms leading to the most homogeneous sub-groups with respect to being tested. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.26.20182675 id = cord-033420-pjtyv0pv author = Kalokairinou, Louiza title = The promise of direct-to-consumer COVID-19 testing: ethical and regulatory issues date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; DTC; FDA; test summary = Although the provision of DTC tests has potential benefits—such as expanding access to testing and reducing the risk of exposure for consumers and medical personnel—it also raises significant ethical and regulatory concerns. The second part discusses five primary issues for DTC COVID-19 tests: test accuracy; potential misinterpretation of results; misleading claims and other misinformation; privacy concerns; and fair allocation of scarce resources. The second part identifies five primary ethical and regulatory issues for DTC COVID-19 tests: uncertainty over the accuracy of test results; potential misinterpretation of test results by users; misleading product promotion and misinformation; privacy concerns; and fair allocation of scarce resources. We conclude with recommendations for regulators, companies, and other relevant stakeholders that can help ensure high-quality, accurate, and equitably distributed COVID-19 tests, and inform the ethical provision of DTC health tests during public health crises. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa069 id = cord-002626-jzwwses4 author = Kaul, Karen L. title = The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care date = 2017-07-16 keywords = BRAF; CLIA; FDA; NGS; clinical; laboratory; patient; test; testing summary = Clinical laboratories have thus had to develop new assays or modified the existing FDA-approved ones to detect high-risk HPV genotypes in head and neck cancer specimens. The vast majority of reporting laboratories utilized LDPs. 57 KRAS and RAS family gene mutation analysis is also critical in the management of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other tumors, 58 for which FDA approval of kits has not occurred; LDPs or off-label use of kits is required. 74, 75 The FDA approval of anti-EGFR therapies based on clinical trial outcomes data resulted in the need for clinical laboratories to test tumor tissue for the EGFR-sensitizing mutations in order for patients to be eligible for treatment. During those ground-breaking first 15 years of the targeted cancer therapy era, if the laboratory community had been prohibited from providing high-quality, standardized LDP-based testing under existing CLIA guidelines, the negative consequences to patient care in the past and the future would have been substantial. doi = 10.1177/2374289517708309 id = cord-018335-4l7scdqk author = Kiechle, Frederick L. title = Utilization Management in a Large Community Hospital date = 2016-12-01 keywords = Gram; MALDI; TOF; clinical; culture; hospital; laboratory; test summary = In preparation for the shift from fee-for-service to a valuebased payment system [ 15 ] large community hospitals have been actively engaged in three enterprises which will impact laboratory test utilization: buying physician practices, increasing the use of hospitalists and consolidation of hospitals. Certainly, utilization management of POCT programs will require investigations to determine the relationship between total laboratory turn-around time for results, patient outcome and hospital costs using cost effectiveness analyses [ 36 ] . As technology advances, the traditionally " agrarian society " of the laboratory is becoming more industrialized with the implementation of automation, molecular based testing, and use of mass spectrometry ( MALDI-TOF -Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight). However, all of these technological advances are shortening the time for a laboratory diagnosis and ultimately maximizing the impact to patient care and how physicians at a large community hospital will utilize the more rapid microbiology laboratory services. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-34199-6_14 id = cord-307123-h48uwj93 author = Kiechle, Frederick L. title = Establishing benchmarks and metrics for disruptive technologies, inappropriate and obsolete tests in the clinical laboratory date = 2014-01-01 keywords = American; laboratory; test; testing summary = Examples include guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association [30] , definition of myocardial infarction from the American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association [31] , definition of diabetes mellitus from the American Diabetes Association [32] , pharmacogenetics as well as follow-up testing for metabolic diseases identified by expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry from the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry [33, 34] , and use of bone metabolic markers from the Japan Osteoporosis Society [35] . This is an example of testing that was removed from the market based on recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) stating that the rapid antigen detection tests for GBS are not sensitive enough to replace the culture based prenatal screening or to use in place of the risk-based approach when culture results are unknown at the time of labor [51] . doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2013.05.024 id = cord-328320-1f3r80r5 author = Kim, Edward title = Drawing on Israel’s Experience Organizing Volunteers to Operationalize Drive-Through Coronavirus Testing Centers date = 2020-04-16 keywords = drive; test summary = title: Drawing on Israel''s Experience Organizing Volunteers to Operationalize Drive-Through Coronavirus Testing Centers To increase the country''s capacity to test and track suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, Israel launched drive-through testing centers in key cities, including Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Be''er Sheva, and Haifa. This article examines the challenges that the national emergency medical services and volunteers faced in the process of implementing drive-through testing centers to offer lessons learned and direction to health-care professionals in other countries. 5 Working alongside the Ministry of Health, Magen David Adom (MDA)-Israel''s emergency medical, disaster, ambulance, and blood bank service-operationalized drive-through coronavirus testing centers, mirroring the models used by China and South Korea. The testing centers are staffed with medical teams, police officers, security personnel, and volunteer students, and can process 6 lanes of cars in parallel, taking on average 3-5 min per car. To quickly operationalize "drive and test" facilities while allowing for process improvements, MDA used the Plan-Do-Check-Act methodology. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.104 id = cord-308021-cnf4xljc author = Kohns Vasconcelos, Malte title = SARS-CoV-2 testing and infection control strategies in European paediatric emergency departments during the first wave of the pandemic date = 2020-10-13 keywords = SARS; test summary = Between February and May 2020, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, paediatric emergency departments in 12 European countries were prospectively surveyed on their implementation of SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) testing and infection control strategies. All participating departments (23) implemented standardised case definitions, testing guidelines, early triage and infection control strategies early in the outbreak. Paediatric departments of 23 mostly tertiary care hospitals in 12 European countries (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Portugal, the UK, the Netherlands, Greece, Spain, Lithuania and Switzerland) participated in the surveys (response rate 29%). This changed by April at all three sites, so that afterwards detection of another pathogen that could explain the respiratory symptoms no longer excluded a patient from being a suspect case and from undergoing SARS-CoV-2 testing. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, paediatric emergency departments implemented standardised case definitions, testing guidelines and infection control measures rapidly. doi = 10.1007/s00431-020-03843-w id = cord-034948-w59wxu8i author = Kuriyama, Akira title = Performance of the cuff leak test in adults in predicting post-extubation airway complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-11-07 keywords = cuff; leak; test summary = We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the cuff leak test for predicting post-extubation airway complications in intubated adult patients in critical care settings. We included studies that examined the diagnostic accuracy of cuff leak test if post-extubation airway obstruction after extubation or reintubation was explicitly reported as the reference standard. Subgroup analyses suggested that the type of cuff leak test and length of intubation might be the cause of statistical heterogeneity of sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for post-extubation airway obstruction. Consequently, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the cuff leak test for predicting post-extubation airway obstruction and subsequent reintubation. We included observational studies (cross-sectional and cohort studies) that examined the diagnostic accuracy of cuff leak test in critical care settings if: (1) the data were extractable into a 2 × 2 table from the reported data, (2) post-extubation airway obstruction after extubation or reintubation was explicitly reported as the reference standard. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03358-8 id = cord-273324-xhpv783y author = Land, Kevin J. title = REASSURED diagnostics to inform disease control strategies, strengthen health systems and improve patient outcomes date = 2018-12-13 keywords = HIV; POC; diagnostic; test summary = For example, as POC technologies for HIV viral load and early infant diagnosis were being developed, there was tremendous emphasis on quality, given the complexity of the test and lessons learned from HIV RDTs. Malaria is estimated to be the cause of at least a million deaths a year worldwide, most of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. Although national TB programmes provide a robust architecture for the implementation of new technologies, challenges associated with the near-POC NAT assay remain as barriers -affordability (molecular assays are device-based and costly, even with subsidy), expertise (more technically demanding than lateral flow RDTs) and sustainability 46 , in addition to power and per-test time. Such tests can only be created by forming strong collaborative partnerships across many disciplinary boundaries, and we look toward a future when data connectivity linking cost-effective ASSURED diagnostics to laboratory systems will form the backbone of health care systems and provide real-time data for evidence-based disease control and prevention strategies, more efficient health systems and improved patient outcomes. doi = 10.1038/s41564-018-0295-3 id = cord-345454-r1ymzk6n author = Levesque, J. title = A note on COVID-19 seroprevalence studies: a meta-analysis using hierarchical modelling date = 2020-05-06 keywords = GLMM; study; test summary = Many of these studies find an antibody prevalence comparable to the false positive rate of their respective serology tests and the relatively low statistical power associated with each study has invited criticism. To determine the strength of the signal, we perform a meta-analysis on the publicly available seroprevalence data based on Bayesian hierarchical modelling with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Generalized Linear Mixed Modelling with prediction sampling. The Santa Clara study shows a density function consistent with a high probability of a non-zero antibody prevalence, with a mean and a mode slightly greater than 1%, although we note that the posterior distribution does include zero. Figure 2 : The two dimensional marginal posterior distribution functions for antibody prevalence with the false positive rate at each study location from Bayesian hierarchical model. Figure 7 shows the resulting density functions for the antibody prevalence in each location from the GLMM prediction sampling. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.03.20089201 id = cord-252959-ktet18wl author = Lim, Jong-Min title = Ingestion of Exopolymers from Aureobasidium pullulans Reduces the Duration of Cold and Flu Symptoms: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Study date = 2018-05-30 keywords = EAP; food; subject; test summary = Subjects for whom the following criteria were applicable were excluded from the experiment: individuals with a body mass index (BMI) under 18 or over 35; individuals who exceeded the normal maximum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels by 2-fold; females who were pregnant or were breast-feeding; females of childbearing age who did not agree to use contraceptives via medically proven methods (e.g., condoms, lubricant, and femidom) during the test period; individuals with a fasting plasma dextrose concentration over 126 mg/dL; individuals with high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg); individuals continuously using medicine that could affect the effectiveness assessment (hyperlipidemia medicine, steroid medicines, hormone medicines, immunosuppressants, and antibiotics); individuals who require continuous treatment for psychiatric disorders such as anorexia, depression, and manic depression; individuals with systemic diseases such as immunity-related diseases, serious hepatic and renal insufficiencies, malignant tumors, pulmonary disease, collagenosis, multiple sclerosis, allergic skin conditions, and other autoimmune diseases; individuals with a medical history of drugs and clinically significant allergic reactions; individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disorders that could affect the absorption of the test foods or a history of gastrointestinal surgery (excluding a simple appendectomy or hernia operation); individuals who consumed medicine or herbal medicines within a month of participation in the experiment which could affect immunity; individuals who participated in a different human study or clinical test and took experimental products within 3 months of participation in this experiment (excluding human studies with cosmetics); and individuals whom the researchers otherwise determined might have difficulty completing the experiment. doi = 10.1155/2018/9024295 id = cord-332481-y0rd70ry author = Ljubic, T. title = The effect of serological screening for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to participants'' attitudes and risk behaviour: a study on a tested population sample of industry workers in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; Split; test summary = title: The effect of serological screening for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to participants'' attitudes and risk behaviour: a study on a tested population sample of industry workers in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia Rapid serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have been questioned by scientists and the public because of unexplored effects of negative test results on behaviour and attitudes, that could lower the level of adherence to protective measures. Thus, this study aims at investigating the changes in personal attitudes and behaviour of DIV Group industry workers before and after receiving negative serological test results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The results of this study indicate that the levels of fear of being infected or infecting others with COVID-19, as well as behaviours regarding adherence to protective measure, changed significantly in the timeframe after receiving negative test results. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.15.20131482 id = cord-298441-77w86l8q author = Lombardi, Andrea title = Characteristics of 1,573 healthcare workers who underwent nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 in Milano, Lombardy, Italy date = 2020-06-20 keywords = SARS; test summary = To answer this question, we reviewed all the 59 nasopharyngeal swab performed in HCWs exposed to confirmed cases of COVID-19 at the 60 Foundation IRCCS Ca'' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico located in Milan, the capital 61 of Lombardy, by large the Italian region mostly affected by We assessed 62 frequency of positive tests among symptomatic and asymptomatic HCWs and evaluated the 63 association between occupation, symptoms (type and number), and presence of the infection. Therefore, in middle-and high-resource settings a mass screening for all 163 HCWs exposed to confirmed COVID-19 cases appears the best approach to limit the spread When stratified according to occupation, test-positive frequencies were clearly higher among 177 subsets with direct contact with patients (physicians including residents, nurses and 178 midwives, healthcare assistants and health technicians) than those without (clerical works and 179 technicians). doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.013 id = cord-102817-m1l1t0e1 author = Lucas, T. C. title = Responsible modelling: Unit testing for infectious disease epidemiology date = 2020-08-16 keywords = August; code; test summary = At the time of writing, infectious disease modellers are playing a central role in the interpretation of available data on the COVID-19 pandemic to inform policy design and evaluation [1] [2] [3] . We do not know of high profile cases of infectious disease models being found to have bugs once published, but as code is not always shared and little post-publication testing of code occurs, this likely represents a failure of detection. It is also notable that there are few texts available which demonstrate the use of unit testing to check infectious disease models. Unit testing is a formally-defined, principled framework that compares comprehensive output scenarios from code to what the programmer expected to happen ( [22] Chapter 7, [23] , [24] ). Instead we devise tests that cover standard usage as well as corner case scenarios: what do we want our function to do if given a negative number e.g. sqrt(-1), or a vector argument containing strings or missing values e.g. sqrt(c(4,"melon",NA))? doi = 10.1101/2020.08.14.20175216 id = cord-298086-pbfi5c8e author = Lyngse, F. P. title = COVID-19 Transmission Within Danish Households: A Nationwide Study from Lockdown to Reopening date = 2020-09-09 keywords = September; case; test summary = Methods We used comprehensive administrative register data from Denmark, comprising the full population and all COVID-19 tests, to estimate household transmission risk and attack rate. To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide study that uses estimates of household attack rates and transmission risks that exploit SARS-CoV-2 test data from an entire population. We defined the attack rate as the proportion of additional household members that tested positive, whereas the transmission risk was the proportion of secondary cases per primary case. To estimate the attack rate, we estimated the proportion of potential secondary household members who received a positive test within 14 days after the test date of the primary case. (In Appendix D, we illustrate changes over all three periods.) Figure 1 panel (a) shows that after receiving a positive test result in the household (t = 0), 36% of potential secondary cases were tested (blue) the day after the positive test result (t = 1) of the primary case was available and 13% of these 36% were positive (red). doi = 10.1101/2020.09.09.20191239 id = cord-121057-986xoy22 author = Mahdi, Esam title = Simultaneous Diagnostic Testing for Linear-Nonlinear Dependence in Time Series date = 2020-08-18 keywords = test summary = In this respect, Engle (1982) showed that the classical portmanteau tests proposed by Box and Pierce (1970) and Ljung and Box (1978) , based on the autocorrelation function of the residuals, fail to detect the presence of the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, arch , in many financial time series models. In Section 2 we discuss the generalized correlations of residuals and review some test statistics that have been commonly used to detect nonlinearity structure in stationary time series models. In Section 3, we propose new goodness-of-fit (auto-and-cross-correlated) tests that can be used to detect, simultaneously, linear, bilinear, and nonlinear dependency in time series models, and derive their asymptotic distribution as a chi-squared distribution. In this article, we propose four goodness-of-fit tests to detect various types of linear and nonlinear dependency in stationary time series models. doi = nan id = cord-337458-dc90ecfe author = Markwalter, Christine F. title = Inorganic Complexes and Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Infectious Disease Diagnostics date = 2018-12-04 keywords = Amplification; Assay; Based; Detection; Diagnosis; ECL; Flow; HIV; HRP2; IFN; IMAC; Immunoassay; Lateral; Magnetic; Malaria; POC; Rapid; figure; nanoparticle; sensitive; test summary = In this review, we define the components of a diagnostic to include: (1) the target biomarker, an endogenous indicator of a disease state, which is most often a pathogen or host protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid sequence, (2) sample preparation, which allows for biomarker isolation, purification, and/or concentration from complex biological matrices, (3) molecular recognition elements, which specifically capture and detect the target biomarker, (4) signal generation and amplification, and (5) instrumentation for signal read-out. 113, 114 In subsequent studies, the group developed and optimized a hand-held, easy-to-use device 85, 115 (Figure 8A ) in which HRP2-bound, IMAC-functionalized magnetic beads were directly transferred to the sample pad of commercial malaria lateral flow assays. If combined with one of the sample preparation strategies discussed previously (section 3) or integrated with paper or another field-ready substrate, this Ir(III)-based detection strategy could produce a robust and sensitive assay that is applicable in low-resource diagnostic settings. doi = 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00136 id = cord-286539-3sr4djft author = Mentus, Cassidy title = Analysis and Applications of Adaptive Group Testing Methods for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-07 keywords = group; test summary = If a population has a low prevalence of COVID-19 then it is likely for groups of individuals to not have any positive cases. We are therefore able to design a strategy to use less tests to determine whether each individual is positive or negative for the disease by testing mixtures of samples from groups. For each level of prevalence we specify a xed number of individuals to test their combined samples, performing binary search if it is positive. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20050245 doi: medRxiv preprint 9 Performance of group testing methods at dierent prevalences For our performance analysis, we sample populations of sizes N = 100, 1000 at prevelance levels p = .001, .01, .02, .03, .04, .05, .1, .15, .2, and .25. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20050245 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 11 .1: For GBS32 we sample a population of size 10,000 and record the number of times each case is tested. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.05.20050245 id = cord-102704-wfuzk2dp author = Meza, Diana K. title = Predicting the presence and titer of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies from low-volume serum samples in low-containment facilities date = 2020-04-30 keywords = Rabies; antibody; test; virus summary = Despite small conflicts, titer predictions were correlated across tests repeated on different dates both for dog samples (r = 0.93), and for a second dataset of sera from wild common vampire bats (r = 0.72, N = 41), indicating repeatability. The pmRFFIT enables high-throughput detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in low-biocontainment settings and is suited to studies in wild or captive animals where large serum volumes cannot be obtained. The binomial and log-normal models fit to 193 this data subset included only the fixed effect of the virus-infected N2A cell counts, but the random 194 effects were identical to those explained above (i.e. test date and field). A final distinction is that 316 instead of scoring microscope field or wells as virus positive or negative, the pmRFFIT predicts 317 serological status and RVNA titer from infected cell counts in a single serum dilution using statistical 318 doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.060095 id = cord-307187-5blsjicu author = Missel, Malene title = A stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals’ experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result date = 2020-11-11 keywords = covid-19; hcp; participant; test summary = title: A stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals'' experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result The purpose of this study was to explore healthcare professionals'' experiences of awaiting a test result for a potential COVID-19 infection. RESULTS: The participating healthcare professionals'' experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result were found to be associated with a stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work. Therefore, this study aim to shed light on HCPs'' experiences of awaiting a test result for a potential COVID-19 infection through individual interviews. The comprehensive understanding illuminated the meaning of the participants'' experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result as a stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work. doi = 10.1186/s12913-020-05904-0 id = cord-324944-ixh3ykrc author = Mitsakakis, Konstantinos title = Diagnostic tools for tackling febrile illness and enhancing patient management date = 2018-12-05 keywords = Fig; PCR; POC; RNA; amplification; detection; diagnostic; dna; patient; sample; system; test summary = This review gives an overview of diagnostic technologies featuring a platform based approach: (i) assay (nucleic acid amplification technologies are examined); (ii) cartridge (microfluidic technologies are presented); (iii) instrument (various detection technologies are discussed); and at the end proposes a way that such technologies can be interfaced with electronic clinical decision-making algorithms towards a broad and complete diagnostic ecosystem. In studies that have recorded the clinical presentation of patients (and not only their laboratory results), the causes of fever in outpatients could be classified into four main syndromes: 1) acute respiratory infections (ARI, of any type); 2) diarrhea (gastroenteritis); 3) fever with another clear focus (e.g. meningitis or skin infection); and 4) non-specific fevers [13] (each diagnostic platform described in Section 5 focuses on at least one of the aforementioned cases). doi = 10.1016/j.mee.2018.10.001 id = cord-312477-2y88gzji author = Mlcochova, P. title = Combined point of care nucleic acid and antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study in suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 disease. date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; test summary = title: Combined point of care nucleic acid and antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study in suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 disease. Methods We developed (i) an in vitro neutralization assay using a lentivirus expressing a genome encoding luciferase and pseudotyped with spike protein and (ii) an ELISA test to detect IgG antibodies to nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins from SARS-CoV-2. We then prospectively recruited participants with suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in a combined nasal/throat swab using the standard laboratory RT-PCR and a validated rapid nucleic acid test. We then prospectively recruited participants with suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in a combined nasal/throat swab using the standard laboratory RT-PCR and a validated rapid nucleic acid test. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133157 id = cord-001253-3jnkki5z author = Mohammad, Fahim title = Advantages and Limitations of Anticipating Laboratory Test Results from Regression- and Tree-Based Rules Derived from Electronic Health-Record Data date = 2014-04-14 keywords = PPV; result; test summary = We used four types of input-age, gender, diagnoses (three-digit ICD-9 codes), and results of laboratory tests on blood samples added to the record in the seven days before a given test was ordered-to build simple, robust models for whether the result of a test would be within the reference interval (''''normal'''') or outside of it in a given direction (''''abnormal''''), treating high and low results separately. To determine how well sendout and in-house test results can be anticipated based on basic information available in the medical record, we used two independent methods-generalized linear modeling (GLM) and classification and regression trees (CART)to build simple, robust test-result predictors and then evaluated the performance of these predictors according to the standard clinical metrics of positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), as well as sensitivity and specificity via the receiveroperator curve (ROC) area under the curve (AUC). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0092199 id = cord-354006-j1y42oxu author = Ozdemir, Vural title = Shifting emphasis from pharmacogenomics to theragnostics date = 2006 keywords = drug; patent; test; theragnostic summary = As biomarker applications move towards point-of-care to individualize drug therapy, a number of qualitatively different concerns arise relating to gene patents and ethical and therapeutic policy aspects of theragnostic testing 4, 8, 9 . In the present analyses, we ''unpack'' and contrast the motivations at play that are driving the pursuit for theragnostic patents and its bioethical corollaries in: (1) fundamental upstream basic research oriented to the discovery of genes for human diseases; and (2) downstream clinical applications at point-of-care as theragnostic tests to stratify patient populations for individualization of pharmacotherapy. While genetic tests hold the promise of a more rational clinical forecast and management of disease risk in the future, they are also raising concerns about the provision of public healthcare services (reduced access) and the impact of market forces on the products of research (commercialization of technologies) and academic freedom. doi = 10.1038/nbt0806-942 id = cord-320970-ru2iw0py author = Peeling, Rosanna W title = Serology testing in the COVID-19 pandemic response date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = On the basis of our knowledge and understanding of viral infectivity and host response, we urge countries without the capacity to do molecular testing at scale to research the use of serology tests to triage symptomatic patients in community settings, to test contacts of confirmed cases, and in situational analysis and surveillance. Point-of-care molecular assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection are now available to enable community-based testing for COVID-19 in LMICs. Unfortunately, the production of these test cartridges takes time and, again, global demand has outstripped supply, leaving LMICs struggling for access. On the basis of our current knowledge and understanding of viral infectivity and host response, we urge countries with restricted capacity for molecular testing to embark on research into the use of serology tests in triaging symptomatic patients in community settings, testing contacts of confirmed cases, and in situational analysis and surveillance. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30517-x id = cord-288982-63ddlh20 author = Peeling, Rosanna W. title = Diagnostics in a digital age: an opportunity to strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes date = 2015-11-09 keywords = HIV; diagnostic; disease; test summary = Rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for infectious diseases can improve access to diagnosis and patient management, but the quality of these tests vary, quality of testing is often not assured and there are few mechanisms to capture test results for surveillance when the testing is so decentralised. In a digital age, it is possible to link data from diagnostic laboratories and POC test readers and devices to provide data on testing coverage, disease trends and timely information for early warning of infectious disease outbreaks to inform design or optimisation of disease control and elimination programmes. In the last decade, rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests fulfilling the ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free and Deliverable) have become commercially available and are widely used for infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV and syphilis. doi = 10.1093/inthealth/ihv062 id = cord-017359-zr0bo9el author = Pfannschmidt, Karlson title = Evaluating Tests in Medical Diagnosis: Combining Machine Learning with Game-Theoretical Concepts date = 2016-05-10 keywords = test summary = Our approach is motivated and illustrated by a concrete case study in veterinary medicine, namely the diagnosis of a disease in cats called feline infectious peritonitis. An important special case is the use of semi-supervised learning to exploit "unlabeled" data coming from individuals for which tests have been made but the true health condition is unknown. Our approach is motivated by a concrete case study in veterinary medicine, namely the diagnosis of a disease in cats called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In addition to the use of (semi-supervised) machine learning methodology in medical diagnosis, we propose a game-theoretical approach for measuring the usefulness of individual tests as well as model-based combinations of such tests. More specifically, what can be estimated in this way is the generalization performance of a model that is trained on a combination A and data in the form of L labeled and U unlabeled examples. Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-40596-4_38 id = cord-323476-rb9n5wc0 author = Poole, Stephen title = How are rapid diagnostic tests for infectious diseases used in clinical practice: a global survey by the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) date = 2020-09-09 keywords = ISAC; test summary = title: How are rapid diagnostic tests for infectious diseases used in clinical practice: a global survey by the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) Novel rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) offer huge potential to optimise clinical care and improve patient outcomes. An electronic survey was devised by the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) Rapid Diagnostics and Biomarkers working group focussing on the availability, structure and impact of RDTs around the world. The International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC)''s Rapid Diagnostics and Biomarkers Working Group conducted this international survey aiming to identify and highlight some key issues related to RDTs and their impacts in clinical practice and provide a number of key points to consider while adopting a RDT. Our survey highlights the availability of these tests in different resource settings, as well as the current models for governance, quality control and reporting. doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-04031-2 id = cord-017072-qwe1ne3q author = Poritz, Mark A. title = Multiplex PCR for Detection and Identification of Microbial Pathogens date = 2018-11-10 keywords = Luminex; PCR; panel; test summary = Multiplex respiratory panels have the potential to improve patient management and lower overall healthcare costs by improving use of influenza antivirals, reducing inappropriate use of antibiotics and antivirals, reducing use of healthcare resource (e.g., additional laboratory or imaging procedures), informing appropriate infection control practices, and reducing length of hospital, emergency department, and intensive care unit (ICU) stay. In another study evaluating adult patients with a positive influenza result on a multiplex respiratory panel, Rappo [21] reported a significantly lower odds ratio for hospital admission (p = 0.046), a reduced length of stay (p = 0.040), reductions in antimicrobial duration (p = 0.032), and a reduction in the number of chest radiographs (p = 0.005). As with the individual molecular assays and the MALDI-TOF identification, numerous studies have shown that use of multiplex molecular blood culture panels dramatically reduces the time to organism identification [29] [30] [31] [32] which drives more appropriate pathogen-directed therapy. A retrospective study of the impact of rapid diagnostic testing on time to pathogen identification and antibiotic use for children with positive blood cultures doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-95111-9_19 id = cord-325956-1kxxg0s9 author = Potluri, Rahul title = Making sense of the Global Coronavirus Data: The role of testing rates in understanding the pandemic and our exit strategy date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; test summary = We analysed the number of diagnostic tests performed in proportion to the number of cases and subsequently deaths across different countries and projected pandemic outcomes. Country wise population level pandemic projections were extrapolated utilising three models 1) inherent case per test and death per test rates at the time of obtaining the data (4/4/2020 0900 BST) for each country; 2) rates adjusted according to the countries who conducted at least 100000 tests and 3) rates adjusted according to South Korea. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20054239 doi: medRxiv preprint Discussion COVID-19 statistics are complex and comparing different countries based on number of total cases, deaths and/or case fatality rate does not show the complete picture (Table 1) . In our analyses we showed the deaths and cases in relation to the number of tests performed and presented population level pandemic projections based on these. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20054239 id = cord-284945-837qlk8y author = Rahmandad, H. title = Estimating the global spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Acuity; Fraction; June; Poisson; death; rate; test; unit summary = Using data for all 84 countries with reliable testing data (spanning 4.75 billion people) we develop a dynamic epidemiological model integrating data on cases, deaths, excess mortality and other factors to estimate how asymptomatic transmission, disease acuity, hospitalization, and behavioral and policy responses to risk condition prevalence and IFR across nations and over time. Our model captures transmission dynamics for the disease, as well as how, at the country level, transmission rates vary in response to risk perception and weather, testing rates condition infection and death data, and fatality rates depend on demographics and hospitalization. Using testing rate time series and various country-level data points (e.g. population, hospital capacity, comorbidities, age distribution), the model endogenously simulates confirmed new daily cases and deaths over time and matches them against observed data by maximizing the likelihood of observing those data given the model parameters. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.24.20139451 id = cord-007047-7ty9mxa9 author = Reller, L. Barth title = Implications of New Technology for Infectious Diseases Practice date = 2006-11-15 keywords = PCR; dna; laboratory; test summary = doi = 10.1086/508536 id = cord-320864-k9zksbyt author = Remes-Troche, J. M. title = Recommendations for the reopening and activity resumption of the neurogastroenterology units in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Position of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neurogastroenterología date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; test summary = When health authorities allow a return to normalcy and in the absence of effective treatment or a preventive vaccine for COVID 19 infection, we recommend a strict protocol to classify patients according to their infectious-contagious status through the appropriate use of tests to detect the virus and its immune response, as well as the use of protective measures to be followed by health personnel to avoid contagion during the performance of a gastrointestinal motility test. Positions have already been established on how to work and/or resume activities at those units (e.g., those issued by the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society [ANMS] 4 and the Grupo Español de Motilidad Digestiva [GEMD]) 5 but due to the fact that the epidemiologic behavior, protective equipment avail-ability, serologic diagnostic test performance capacity for corroborating immunity, and socioeconomic context are different throughout Latin America, a group of experts that are members of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neurogastroenterología (SLNG) had a virtual meeting to formulate a consensus document with recommendations for the performance of gastrointestinal motility tests. doi = 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2020.07.004 id = cord-354005-q5nj0ku1 author = Richaud, M. title = Specific testing of textiles for transportation date = 2017-09-29 keywords = ASTM; composite; fiber; material; method; standard; test; textile; transportation summary = Then, different aspects of textile testing relevant to the transportation industry are discussed: safety, flammability, hygiene, performance of composite parts, and durability. For instance, the FAA standard on airworthiness of airplanes (FAR/CS 25.853) includes several flammability test methods that apply to textile components: EASA for its part is currently reviewing its legislation on civil aircrafts to take into account the increased air traffic and arrival of new technologies such as drones (Juul, 2016) . A series of test methods for textile-reinforced composites has also been developed by various standardization organizations (Table 14 .9). This includes performance related to safety for airbags, seat belts, tires, and slings; flammability, smoke generation, and toxicity, with test methods and specific requirements for each type of application; hygiene for filters and antimicrobial textiles; destructive and nondestructive tests conducted on textile-reinforced composites at the textile and composite level; and durability. Standard guide for testing fabric-reinforced "Textile" composite materials doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-100453-1.00015-5 id = cord-296306-xcomjvaa author = Rivett, Lucy title = Screening of healthcare workers for SARS-CoV-2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; HCW; PPE; SARS; test summary = Significant differences exist in the availability of healthcare worker (HCW) SARS-CoV-2 testing between countries, and existing programmes focus on screening symptomatic rather than asymptomatic staff. Table 3 outlines the total number of SARS-CoV-2 tests performed in each screening group (HCW asymptomatic, HCW symptomatic, and HCW symptomatic household contact) categorised according to the ward with the highest anticipated risk of exposure to high; ''amber'', medium; ''green'', low; . Three subgroups of SARS-CoV-2 positive asymptomatic HCW Each individual in the HCW asymptomatic screening group was contacted by telephone to establish a clinical history, and COVID-19 probability criteria ( Table 1) were retrospectively applied to categorise any symptoms in the month prior to testing ( Figure 2 ). 12/30 (40%) individuals from the HCW asymptomatic screening group reported symptoms > 7 days prior to testing, and the majority experiencing symptoms consistent with a high probability of COVID-19 had appropriately self-isolated during that period. doi = 10.7554/elife.58728 id = cord-030341-uora9qcb author = Ruland, Sebastian title = HybridTiger: Hybrid Model Checking and Domination-based Partitioning for Efficient Multi-Goal Test-Suite Generation (Competition Contribution) date = 2020-03-13 keywords = test summary = title: HybridTiger: Hybrid Model Checking and Domination-based Partitioning for Efficient Multi-Goal Test-Suite Generation (Competition Contribution) In Test-Comp 2019, we applied a random partitioning strategy and used predicate analysis as model checking technique. HybridTiger uses the CoVeriTest [3] algorithm to sequentially combine test-case generation runs utilizing different verification techniques. Each test-case generation run applies the CPA/Tiger-MGP 4 (Tiger Multi-Goal-Partitioning) algorithm, which utilizes the CEGAR algorithm. HybridTiger first extracts test goals from input programs and repeatedly executes reachability analyses provided by CPAchecker until every reachable test goal is covered by at least one test case. HybridTiger receives as inputs a C program and a property specification (i.e., a set of test goals). Second, HybridTiger uses control-flow information to partition test goals which potentially enhances efficiency of test-case generation due to information reuse among similar test goals. Configurable Software Verification: Concretizing the Convergence of Model Checking and Program Analysis doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-45234-6_26 id = cord-031567-w2676lrz author = Sabit, Maureen title = Pollen allergen skin test and specific IgE reactivity among Filipinos: a community-based study date = 2020-08-12 keywords = SPT; allergic; pollen; test summary = Data characteristics of test subjects (cases and controls) and positive reactions to different pollen allergens using skin prick test and specific IgE ELISA were presented as frequency (percentage) and compared using the Chi square test of homogeneity or Fisher''s Exact test or z-test for two sample proportions. Of the 11 species of arboreal plants used for SPT, most of the study subjects tested positive to three pollen sources: Mangifera indica (MAN), Acacia auriculiformis (ACA), and Lantana camara (LAN) as shown in Table 2 . Skin prick tests (SPT), which is an essential procedure to confirm sensitization in IgE-mediated allergic disease in subjects with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis, can be performed from infancy to old age [24] . A high percentage of test subjects in this study reported a history of rhinitis and asthma, which, are allergic diseases often associated with sensitization to aeroallergens [46] . doi = 10.1186/s13223-020-00471-9 id = cord-179749-qdbmpi7j author = Sacks, Daniel W. title = What can we learn about SARS-CoV-2 prevalence from testing and hospital data? date = 2020-08-01 keywords = SARS; covid; test summary = doi = nan id = cord-276577-06boh550 author = Schanzer, Dena L. title = Estimating Sensitivity of Laboratory Testing for Influenza in Canada through Modelling date = 2009-08-18 keywords = RVDSS; influenza; test summary = METHODS AND FINDINGS: The weekly number of influenza-negative tests from 1999 to 2006 was modelled as a function of laboratory-confirmed positive tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses, seasonality, and trend using Poisson regression. The RVDSS collects, collates, and reports weekly data from participating laboratories on the number of tests performed and the number of specimens confirmed positive for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), para-influenza virus (PIV), and adenovirus. The overall model fit, and the general consistency of the sensitivity estimates, suggests that these many respiratory viruses were reasonably accounted for by the seasonal baseline and that the strong association between the number of influenza positive and influenza negative tests on a weekly basis is indicative of a significant number of false negative results, rather than the activity of another virus or viruses exactly synchronous with influenza. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006681 id = cord-350473-f47i7y5h author = Sen-Crowe, Brendon title = COVID-19 laboratory testing issues and capacities as we transition to surveillance testing and contact tracing date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; test summary = The sensitivity of PCR tests have been estimated at 71%, resulting in ~30% of infected patients having a negative finding. The second type of test is serologic, which detects immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) specific for SARS-CoV-2 and provides an estimation of population virus exposure 4 . Many FDA-approved serologic tests have high sensitivity and specificity. To address the development of a reliable test, the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) provided funding for the development of Simplexa COVID-19 Direct Assay and to QIAGEN to accelerate development of their RPS2 test 15 . Additionally, HHS is purchasing the ID NOW COVID-19 rapid point-of-care test (Abbott Diagnostics Scarborough Inc.) for public health labs (Table 1) 16 . Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.071 id = cord-290978-e7imc11r author = Shevachman, M. title = A Long-Lasting Sanitizing Skin Protectant based on CAGE, a Choline and Geranic Acid Eutectic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = SARS; cg-101; test summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.08.04.20161067 id = cord-170195-lrg11s5n author = Stoye, Jorg title = A Critical Assessment of Some Recent Work on COVID-19 date = 2020-05-20 keywords = Gangelt; study; test summary = I tentatively re-analyze data from two well-publicized studies on COVID-19, namely the Charit''{e}"viral load in children"and the Bonn"seroprevalence in Heinsberg/Gangelt"study, from information available in the preprints. The authors focus on a hypothesis test as deliverable of their analysis; I would have recommended a nonparametric mean regression with error bands, resulting in some estimated age effect. To the statistically educated reader, the above headlines may suggest that the study tests, and fails to reject, H 0 : "Children have the same viral load as adults." It does not. To take an educated guess, I will now try to recover from the paper a test of H 0 : "Children have the same viral load as adults." To this purpose, I combine the first two and the remaining age bins of Figure 1 to find means of 4.74 and 5.21 with 95% confidence intervals of [4.42, 5.05] and [5.15, 5.27], respectively. doi = nan id = cord-025556-oyfx3ij5 author = THUNSTRÖM, LINDA title = Testing for COVID-19: willful ignorance or selfless behavior? date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; participant; people; test summary = Furthermore, willful ignorance often arises when selfish wants conflict with social benefits, which might be particularly likely for potential ''super-spreaders'' – people with many social interactions – given people who test positive are urged to self-isolate for two weeks. Furthermore, we expect those at the lowest risk of losing out financially (e.g., risk to labor income or health care costs) or emotionally from self-isolating (i.e., if they are introverts who attach a low value to social interactions) to be the most willing to get tested for COVID-19. We therefore conclude that the positive effect of being an extrovert on willingness to test for COVID-19 is likely due to social health benefits weighing more heavily in their decision than their private costs from potential self-isolation for 14 days, should the test come back positive. doi = 10.1017/bpp.2020.15 id = cord-342181-x14iywtr author = Taipale, J. title = Population-scale testing can suppress the spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-01 keywords = population; test; testing summary = Our model also indicates that unlike sampling-based tests, population-scale testing does not need to be very accurate: false negative rates up to 15% could be tolerated if 80% comply with testing every ten days, and false positives can be almost arbitrarily high when a high fraction of the population is already effectively quarantined. Using the standard (continuous, deterministic) SIR model, the equations in Fig. 2A and Methods show that the optimal population-scale testing strategy will succeed if at least two thirds of all new COVID-19 cases are immediately identified and quarantined. Although a population-scale test does not need to be as accurate as a clinical-grade qRT-PCR test (see above), apart from a potential increase in errors due to sample collection, there is no theoretical reason why a self-test based on isothermal amplification would not achieve the false negative and positive rates that are equivalent to the current state-of-the-art methodology. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.27.20078329 id = cord-144448-mqs502xm author = Theagarajan, Lakshmi N. title = Group Testing for COVID-19: How to Stop Worrying and Test More date = 2020-04-14 keywords = test summary = We present multiple group testing algorithms that could reduce the number of tests performed for COVID-19 diagnosis. • Combinatorial group testing (CGT): The combinatorial algorithms require the exact number (or an upper bound) of the infected samples D. • Probabilistic group testing (PGT): The probabilistic algorithms require an upper bound on α and identify all infected samples with certain probability P D . In general, if T is the number of tests for COVID that are to be performed on a swab with viral load V l with r replicates to achieve a sensitivity of 1 − γ * , then the maximum pool size can be derived as The GBS algorithm simply attempts to perform the BSP D times to identify at most D infected samples in a given pool of size N . doi = nan id = cord-295126-lz2jbmcn author = Toresdahl, Brett G. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Considerations for the Competitive Athlete date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; athlete; test summary = First and foremost, preventing the transmission of COVID-19 is needed to reduce the risk of spread to individuals within a community who are most at risk of severe infection or death, which includes older individuals and the immunocompromised. Sports medicine providers can support athletes and teams during the COVID-19 pandemic by advocating the following preventative measures: With these limitations, testing algorithms offered preference to patients with symptoms (fever, cough, or shortness of breath), an immunocompromised state, or close contact with someone with COVID-19. In-home isolation is recommended for athletes with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 who do not show severe symptoms. If an athlete on a sports team develops symptoms consistent with COVID-19, teammates, coaches, and other staff who had close contact with the athlete (within 6 feet) in the preceding 14 days should begin in-home isolation. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1177/1941738120918876 id = cord-326148-9wpxm5of author = Van Walle, I. title = Meta-analysis of the clinical performance of commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, antigen and antibody tests up to 22 August 2020 date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = title: Meta-analysis of the clinical performance of commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, antigen and antibody tests up to 22 August 2020 We reviewed the clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, viral antigen and antibody tests based on 94739 test results from 157 published studies and 20205 new test results from 12 EU/EEA Member States. Pooling the results and considering only results with 95% confidence interval width [≤]5%, we found 4 nucleic acid tests, among which 1 point of care test, and 3 antibody tests with a clinical sensitivity [≤]95% for at least one target population (hospitalised, mild or asymptomatic, or unknown). Study heterogeneity was low for 8/14 (57.1%) sensitivity and 68/84 (81.0%) specificity results with confidence interval width [≤]5%, and lower for nucleic acid tests than antibody tests. Studies containing potentially usable data on clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, antigen and antibody tests were first extracted from systematic reviews on this topic. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.16.20195917 id = cord-334274-4jee19hx author = Waelde, K. title = How to remove the testing bias in CoV-2 statistics date = 2020-10-16 keywords = number; test summary = Private and public decision making should not be based on time series of CoV-2-infections as the latter do not provide information about the true epidemic dynamics in a country. 3 We show that time series on the number of tests and time series on reported infections do not allow one to obtain information about the true state of an epidemic. It also studies the (lack of) informational content of time series on reported infections and time series on the number of tests, and the properties of the positive rate. Testing increases the positive rate if the number of tests undertaken due to symptoms 17 This paper is about conceptional issues related to the …nding an unbiased estimator for an unobserved time series. If we knew the number of Covid-19 cases, i.e. CoV-2 infections with severe acute respiratory symptoms (SARS), then we would know at least one part of epidemic dynamics (Ĩ symp (t) in our model). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.14.20212431 id = cord-310195-am3u7z76 author = Waller, J. title = Immunity Passports for SARS-CoV-2: an online experimental study of the impact of antibody test terminology on perceived risk and behaviour date = 2020-05-10 keywords = SARS; risk; test summary = Objective: To assess the impact of describing an antibody-positive test result using the terms Immunity and Passport or Certificate, alone or in combination, on perceived risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and intention to continue protective behaviours. Conclusions: Using the term Immunity (vs Antibody) to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 increases the proportion of people believing that an antibody-positive result means they have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, a perception that may be associated with less frequent hand washing. This study was designed to test two hypotheses: describing a test indicating the presence of antibodies using the term Immunity (vs Antibody), and describing test results as Passports or Certificates (vs Test), increases the likelihood that those with this test result erroneously perceive they have no risk of becoming infected in the future with coronavirus. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 doi: medRxiv preprint Primary outcome Proportion of participants perceiving an antibody-positive test result to mean no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, assessed in response to a question with four response options. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 id = cord-021511-88xaynf7 author = Werner, Linda L. title = Immunologic and Plasma Protein Disorders date = 2009-05-15 keywords = ANA; SLE; serum; test summary = Hypoalbuminemia associated with hepatomegaly; microhepatia; neurologic signs; icterus; decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) with or without increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP), or both; or abnormal hepatic function test results (e.g., serum bile acids) requires a diagnostic workup for hepatic insufficiency (see Chapter 9). Occasionally Indicated • Protein electrophoresis is performed when hyperglobulinemia is not caused by hemoconcentration and either (1) the globulin concentration is high enough to make monoclonal gammopathy a reasonable possibility or (2) humoral immunodeficiencies are suspected. Immunoelectrophoresis is the method of choice to detect urinary and serum Bence Jones protein, a monoclonal protein equivalent to immunoglobulin light chains which occasionally occurs in multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia. Monoclonal immunoglobulin elevations are also called paraproteins or M proteins and are usually the result of lymphocyte and plasma cell neoplasias (e.g., multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, lymphosarcoma; see Table 12 -3). Diagnosis of multiple myeloma in dogs requires finding at least two of the following: lytic skeletal lesions, bone marrow plasmacytosis, Bence Jones proteinuria, or a monoclonal spike on serum protein electrophoresis. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-168903-5/50017-3 id = cord-349161-4899cq99 author = Whiting, Penny F title = Graphical presentation of diagnostic information date = 2008-04-11 keywords = ROC; diagnostic; review; study; test summary = For diagnostic accuracy studies, measures of test performance (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios or diagnostic odds ratio) are plotted on the horizontal axis. ROC plots can be used to present the results of diagnostic systematic reviews, but differ from those used in primary studies as each point typically represents a separate study or data set within a study (individual studies may contribute more than one point). A summary ROC (SROC) curve can be estimated using one of several methods [12] [13] [14] [15] and quantifies test accuracy and the association between sensitivity and specificity based on differences between studies. A number of graphical displays aim to put results of diagnostic test evaluations into clinical context, based either on primary studies or systematic reviews. The inclusion of graphical displays, such as SROC plots or forest plots, in systematic reviews of test accuracy studies allows a visual assessment of heterogeneity between studies by showing the results from each individual study included in the review. doi = 10.1186/1471-2288-8-20 id = cord-202376-440zapcw author = Wilder, Bryan title = Tracking disease outbreaks from sparse data with Bayesian inference date = 2020-09-12 keywords = test summary = The COVID-19 pandemic provides new motivation for a classic problem in epidemiology: estimating the empirical rate of transmission during an outbreak (formally, the time-varying reproduction number) from case counts. Our model places a Gaussian process prior over the unknown reproduction number at each time step and models observations sampled from the distribution of a specific testing program. We now depart from the standard disease model used in previous work and describe a wide-ranging set of examples for how our framework can accommodate models of the process which generates the observed data from the latent (unknown) true infections. However, is complicated by the fact that x is determined by a large number of discrete latent variables, primarily n (the time series of infections) and {t i convert , t i revert } N i=1 , the times when each individual tests positive. doi = nan id = cord-352111-frk319q1 author = Woodruff, Amelita title = COVID-19 Follow up Testing date = 2020-05-11 keywords = test summary = • 70% of patients met CDC guidelines for release from quarantine & still tested (+); • The average time from onset of symptoms to negative testing was 19 days.  70% of patients met CDC guidelines for release from quarantine & still tested (+)  The average time from onset of symptoms to negative testing was 19 days Dear Editor, There is some uncertainty regarding the incubation period of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The non-test-based strategy recommends that COVID-19 patients can discontinue self-isolation when they have been afebrile for 72 hours without anti-pyretic medications, have improvement in respiratory symptoms, and have at least 10 days elapse since symptoms started, recently increased from 7 days. The test-based strategy requires resolution of fever without the use of anti-pyretics, improvement of respiratory symptoms, and two consecutive negative COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swabs collected ≥24 hours apart. In our patient population, the average time from the onset of symptoms to negative testing is 19 days. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.012 id = cord-318570-wj7r6953 author = Xiao, Yinzong title = Point-of-Care Tests for Hepatitis B: An Overview date = 2020-10-02 keywords = HBV; HIV; Hepatitis; POC; test summary = If active infection is confirmed, subsequent blood tests are performed to determine the stage of disease and need for treatment, including a hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantitative DNA level or viral load, a hepatitis B eAg and eAb assay and liver function tests to determine whether an elevated aminotransferase (ALT) indicative of liver inflammation or other signs of impaired liver function are present. POCs usually require small amounts of body fluids (for example, a finger-prick blood sample or oral swab), short turn-around time, and are generally easy to use with minimal required training and therefore can be provided to people in a variety of community and outreach settings by a broad range of trained workers [22] and are scalable to rapidly reach large populations as has been seen with the highly successful Egyptian national hepatitis C screening program [23] . doi = 10.3390/cells9102233 id = cord-006229-7yoilsho author = nan title = Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date = 2016-02-06 keywords = 3-mcpd; GRK2; Germany; IL-6; LPS; OCT1; PKA; PLN; STW; THP-1; VPA; activation; assay; cell; concentration; different; dna; drug; effect; expression; fret; high; human; increase; level; method; model; mouse; potential; protein; receptor; result; s1p; study; test; treatment; trpc5; western summary = It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). doi = 10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y id = cord-010092-uftc8inx author = nan title = Abstract of 29th Regional Congress of the ISBT date = 2019-06-07 keywords = ABO; AIHA; Alinity; Background; Blood; CD34; Conclusions; DAT; December; HBV; HCV; HDFN; HEV; HIV; HLA; Health; Hospital; January; NAT; National; PBM; PCR; PLT; RBC; RHD; RNA; Red; SCD; Service; Summary; Transfusion; aim; anti; cell; dna; donation; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; sample; study; test summary = Prospective testing of blood donations in endemic areas of the U.S. revealed 0.38% of donors were positive for Babesia DNA or antibodies (Moritz, NEJM, 2016) Aims: -To report results of ongoing Babesia clinical trial -To explain significance of Babesia as a TT infection Methods: In cobas â Babesia for use on the cobas â 6800/8800 Systems, is a qualitative polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid amplification test, developed to detect in whole blood (WB) donor samples the 4 Babesia species that cause human disease: B. In sensitivity analyses, there were two discrepant results for HIV testing, three for HCV, and five for anti-HBc. Summary/Conclusions: Elecsys â infectious disease parameters on the cobas e 801 analyser demonstrate high specificity/sensitivity for screening first-time blood donor samples, with similar clinical performance to other commercially available assays. doi = 10.1111/vox.12792 id = cord-010119-t1x9gknd author = nan title = Abstract Presentations from the AABB Annual Meeting San Diego, CA ctober 7‐10, 2017 date = 2017-09-04 keywords = ABO; Anti; Background; Blood; CD36; Case; Center; DAT; DTT; Design; FDA; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; IPC; MTP; Medical; Medicine; NAT; PCR; PLT; RBC; RHD; Red; Studies; Study; System; TPE; University; WBC; ZIKV; Zika; cd341; cell; conclusion; day; dna; donor; finding; method; patient; platelet; result; sample; table; test; transfusion; type summary = Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip). doi = 10.1111/trf.14286 id = cord-019347-tj3ye1mx author = nan title = ABSTRACT BOOK date = 2010-02-19 keywords = CD4; CD8; CIC; ELISA; FEV1; HIV; ICS; IVIG; OVA; PCN; allergic; allergy; asthma; case; cell; conclusion; group; history; introduction; method; patient; report; result; skin; study; symptom; test; treatment; year summary = Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI''S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual. doi = 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61294-x id = cord-019490-m1cuuehi author = nan title = Abstracts cont. date = 2015-12-28 keywords = AUC; CIP; ESBL; Enterobacteriaceae; GISA; GRN; MIC; MIC90; MRSA; NCCLS; PCR; PFGE; Staphylococcus; gram; infection; isolate; method; objective; patient; resistance; result; strain; study; test summary = Tigecycline Evaluation Surveillance Trial (TEST) -Global in vitro antibacterial activity against selected species of glucose non-fermenting organisms Objective: Despite the introduction of new antimicrobials to treat resistant gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a therapeutic challenge for the clinician. Two prospective studies from our centre identified common causes of CAP in India to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae [MP] and Legionella pneumophila [LP] by serology in 11% each, and SPN in 10% by culture of respiratory secretions/blood/ Conclusion: Although SPN is the most common isolate, the rising numbers of gram negative organisms (38%) and atypical pathogens associated with increasing mortality stress the need for review of initial antibiotic choice for adults with higher PORT classes. Conclusion: The spectrum of isolates among our patients were shifting towards gram positive bacteria with high resistance to different groups of antimicrobial agents limiting few choices for alternative therapies for infection control. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.clm_1134_02.x id = cord-022650-phsr10jp author = nan title = Abstracts TPS date = 2018-08-14 keywords = AIT; Ara; Background; Der; ELISA; FEV1; HAE; HDM; Hospital; IgE; LTP; PR-10; SCIT; SDS; SLIT; SPT; allergen; allergic; allergy; asthma; case; conclusion; food; group; high; level; method; patient; result; specific; study; symptom; test; treatment; year summary = 0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone. doi = 10.1111/all.13539 id = cord-022653-qa1uph35 author = nan title = Poster Discussion Session PDS date = 2017-08-30 keywords = AIT; CD4; Der; ELISA; HDM; IgE; P<.001; allergen; allergic; allergy; asthma; cell; child; conclusion; group; introduction; level; objective; patient; result; study; test; treatment; year summary = 0206 | G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates endothelial permeability induced by Bradykinin 0208 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of c1 esterase inhibitor of chronic urticaria challenges most commonly identified were the following: time of onset of disease; frequency/duration of and provoking factors for wheals; diurnal variation; occurrence in relation to weekends, holidays, and foreign travel; shape, size, and distribution of wheals; associated angioedema; associated subjective symptoms of lesions; family and personal history regarding urticaria, atopy; previous or current allergies, infections, internal diseases, or other possible causes; psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases; surgical implantations and events during surgery; gastric/ intestinal problems; induction by physical agents or exercise; use of drugs; food allergies; relationship to the menstrual cycle; smoking habits; type of work, hobbies; stress; quality of life and emotional impact; previous therapy and response to therapy, and previous diagnostic procedures/results. doi = 10.1111/all.13251 id = cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author = nan title = Abstracts: Poster session date = 2004-10-08 keywords = ALS; Alzheimer; Association; CNS; CSF; GBS; HTLV; MBP; MRI; Neurological; Parkinson; age; cell; control; day; disease; patient; study; test summary = We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) by comparing caregivers'' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients'' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians'' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD). doi = 10.1002/ana.410320224 id = cord-023095-4dannjjm author = nan title = Research Abstract Program of the 2011 ACVIM Forum Denver, Colorado, June 15–18, 2011 date = 2011-05-03 keywords = ACTH; CHF; CKCS; CKD; DMVD; ECG; ELISA; IBD; PCR; TLR5; University; Veterinary; blood; cat; concentration; day; disease; dna; dog; group; horse; sample; study; test; time; treatment summary = The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of ivabradine on heart rate (HR), blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, left atrial (LA) performance, and clinical tolerance in healthy cats after repeated oral doses. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate and ECG time intervals to body mass in apparently healthy horses and ponies and to calculate normal ranges for different weight groups. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypercoagulability in PLN dogs based on thromboelastography (TEG), and to determine whether hypercoagulability in these patients could be predicted by clinical assessments that identify systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressure 4 160 mmHg), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin o 2.7 mg/dl), antithrombin activity (o 70%), and degree of proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] ! doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0726.x id = cord-023346-8sqbqjm1 author = nan title = MONDAY: POSTERS date = 2005-06-08 keywords = ABO; DAT; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; NAT; PCR; RBC; RHD; RNA; TRALI; Transfusion; anti; antibody; blood; cell; dna; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; study; system; test summary = • enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility. doi = 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00652.x id = cord-023354-f2ciho6o author = nan title = TUESDAY PLENARY SESSION 3 TUESDAY: POSTERS date = 2005-06-08 keywords = ABO; DAT; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; NAT; PCR; RBC; RHD; RNA; TRALI; Transfusion; anti; antibody; blood; cell; dna; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; study; system; test summary = • enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility. doi = 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00654.x id = cord-023364-ut56gczm author = nan title = EDUCATION DAY MONDAY: PLENARY SESSION 1 MONDAY: PARALLEL SESSIONS date = 2005-06-08 keywords = ABO; DAT; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; NAT; PCR; RBC; RHD; RNA; TRALI; Transfusion; anti; antibody; blood; cell; dna; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; study; system; test summary = • enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility. doi = 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00651.x id = cord-263893-zb6h3q4k author = nan title = What to expect from COVID-19 serology in a period of deconfinement? date = 2020-06-01 keywords = test summary = The level of immunity of the French population to Sars-CoV-2 thus seems very low, far from the theoretical threshold of 60% which would allow us to expect a collective level of protection. It should be noted, however, that even if a test with a specificity of 98% is used, the positive predictive value of seropositivity will only be 50% in all regions of the country spared by the epidemic, where seroprevalence is estimated an average of 2% [3] . • that only those tests that will be recommended by the CNRs and validated by the Ministry of Health and Solidarity be used, whether they are unit tests or Elisa tests; • that the sero-epidemiological population surveys be coordinated by the Regional Health Authority (ARS) and that each person recruited be informed personally and confidentially of his or her serological status; doi = 10.1016/j.banm.2020.05.100 id = cord-337462-9mvk86q6 author = nan title = Humanity tested date = 2020-04-08 keywords = SARS; test summary = The world needs mass at-home serological testing for antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2, and rapid and frequent point-of-care testing for the presence of the virus'' RNA in selected populations. Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan have shown the world that, to contain the propagation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), governments need to quickly implement aggressive testing (by detecting the viral RNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)), the isolation of those infected and the tracing and quarantining of their contacts, while educating their citizens about the need for physical distancing and basic public health measures (in particular, frequent hand-washing and staying at home if feeling unwell). Medical-device companies and government and research laboratories around the world have rushed to adapt and scale up nucleic acid tests (mostly employing PCR, but also CRISPR-based detection and loop-mediated isothermal amplification) to detect the virus'' RNA, and government agencies are scrambling to assess them via emergency routes (such as the Emergency Use Authorization program 3 by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)). doi = 10.1038/s41551-020-0553-6 id = cord-018271-ybfxtc7x author = van Doorne, Hans title = Microbiology date = 2015-02-09 keywords = Sect; cell; growth; microbiological; organism; pharmaceutical; preparation; product; test summary = Microbial contamination of pharmaceutical preparations may cause health hazard to the patient (e.g. infection, pyrogenic or allergic reaction), altered therapeutic activity of the product, or other decrease in quality (turbidity, loss of consistency, altered pH). Microbiological quality control of pharmaceutical preparations and monitoring of production areas depend on the detection and quantification of micro-organisms. Survival and growth of micro-organisms in pharmaceutical preparations is governed by extrinsic factors (particularly temperature) and intrinsic factors (product composition and physico-chemical characteristics). Suppliers of materials may minimise the risks of contamination of TSE by ensuring [12] : • The source animals and their geographical origin • Nature of animal material used in manufacture and any procedures in place to avoid cross-contamination with higher risk materials • Production process(es) including the quality control and quality assurance system in place to ensure product consistency and traceability Manufacturers of pharmaceutical preparations select their raw materials so they are TSE free (see also Sect. However, since vaccine preparation involves the use of materials of biological origin, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, vaccines are susceptible to contamination by micro-organisms, including viruses [16] [17] [18] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15814-3_19