cord-001591-4ic2in3i	2015	The detailed analysis of the genetic variation of TGEVs in China provides essential information for further understanding the evolution of TGEVs. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is the etiological agent of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), and it can cause viral enteritis and severe diarrhea with high morbidity in pigs of all ages, as well as high mortality in suckling piglets [1] . Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that there were no deletions or insertions in the ORF1ab region of the Miller 6 and Purdue TGEV strains. A 6-nt deletion was found in the S gene at nt 1,123-1,128 of the TGEV-HX, SC-Y, and WH-1 strains, which caused the S protein to be two amino acids shorter than those of the Purdue, Miller 6, TS, H16 and H165 strains (Figure 2A) . Two amino acid changes at the N-Terminus of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus spike protein result in the loss of enteric tropism
cord-001843-ceatyj3o	2015	PCV2 DNA and TGEV RNA were simultaneously released from the serum sample by boiling with lysis buffer, then magnetic beads and gold nanoparticles coated with single and/or duplex specific probes for TGEV and PCV2 were added to form a sandwich-like complex with nucleic acids released from viruses. This duplex UNDP-PCR assay could detect TGEV (RNA virus) and PCV2 (DNA virus) from large-scale serum samples simultaneously without the need for DNA/RNA extraction, purification and reverse transcription of RNA, and showed a significantly increased positive detection rate for PCV2 (29%) and TGEV (11.7%) preclinical infection than conventional duplex PCR/RT-PCR. The duplex UNDP-PCR assay is suitable for simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA viruses in early viral infection, providing an effective approach for diagnosis of swine diseases. The duplex UNDP-PCR assay developed in this study provided a useful tool for simultaneous detection of RNA (TGEV) and DNA viruses (PCV2) without the need for viral nucleic acid extraction, purification and reverse transcription.
cord-002019-wtnf340p	2016	We demonstrated that elevated numbers of gut-homing CD8(+) T cells (which express α4β7 and CCR9 molecules) were presented in porcine inguinal lymph nodes and were recruited to the small intestine by RA. Taken together, the cell migration assay results revealed a strong chemotactic response in T cells when activated by RA-activated DCs. These data demonstrated that RA-pretreated BMDCs could activate T cells to express high functional levels of the gut-homing receptor CCR9, as well as to migrate towards the porcine chemokine CCL25. In agreement with the migration of gut-homing CD8 + cells, our observations showed that after RA plus TGEV s.c. treatment, many CD3 + T cells were recruited to the intestinal villi and lamina propria, and these data also showed that RA-assisted antigen s.c. can establish a stronger and faster cellular immune response to defend against foreign pathogens 40 .
cord-002177-yyfgl9x5	2016	Furthermore, treatment of TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells with the NF-κB-specific inhibitor BAY 11-7082 resulted in down-regulation of pFcRn expression. We identified four NF-κB transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of this gene using luciferase reporter system, chromatin immunoprecipitation, electromobility shift assay, and supershift analysis. In the present study, we investigated how TGEV infection activated the NF-κ B pathway in vitro and up-regulated pFcRn expression in IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, pFcRn expression induced by TGEV infection was strongly reduced by the NF-κ B-specific inhibitor BAY 11-7082 in IPEC-J2 cells (Fig. 3) . Transient transfection of the pFcRn promoter luciferase reporter plasmids revealed that pFcRn-luc-(1-3) plasmids resulted in increased promoter activity in the presence of TGEV infection (Fig. 4B) , further demonstrating that TGEV up-regulates pFcRn expression in IPEC-J2 cells. In summary, TGEV infection up-regulates pFcRn expression in IPEC-J2 cells, and activates the NF-κ B signaling pathway.
cord-003976-05tf6oqa	2019	Lp-1s could induce large amounts of interferon-β in IPEC-J2 cells in the early stage (6 h) of infection with TGEV, and increased the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription and its nuclear translocation in the late stage (24–48 h) of infection. We found that the mRNA expression levels of ZAP, MX2, MX1, PKR, OASL, and ISG15 were significantly higher in the Lp-1s treated group than in the TGEV infected group at various points after infection. In the present study, we found that IPEC-J2 cells still produced IFN-β after infection with TGEV, which increased with time, (F) Relative expression of p-STAT1/STAT1 in Lp-1s treatment group was significantly higher than TGEV infected alone at 24 h ( * P < 0.05). The induced level of IFN-β in Lp-1s-treated IPEC-J2 cells was significantly different from that in the TGEV infected group at the same time point.
cord-004729-nmkilkcx	1979	No clinical disease resulted but infectious virus was isolated from faeces for up to 22 days after infection and serum antibody was detected by neutralisation and immunofluorescence tests. No clinical disease resulted but infectious virus was isolated from faeces for up to 22 days after infection and serum antibody was detected by neutralisation and immunofluorescence tests. Control and infected animals were tested for TGEV excretion by attempted isolation of virus from faeces for up to 35 days after infection; occasionally rectal swabs were used to obtain fresh samples. The medium was changed after 24 hours and 4 days later any viral eytopathic effect was recorded, the medium was removed and passaged in fresh APT/2 cultures and the eoverslips were stained to demonstrate virM antigen by indirect immunofluorescence, using paired sera from a gnotobiotic piglet before and after TGEV infection, followed by FITCconjugated rabbit anti-swine globulin (Nordic Immunological Laboratories, London).
cord-004755-rmnjs1t6	1988	Twelve hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Miller virulent strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were generated and characterized. Two E 2-specific MAbs had higher neutralizing antibody titers (782 to 34,117) and showed 4-to 13-fold differences in titers against the attenuated and virulent TGEV strains. Two E 2-specific MAbs had higher neutralizing antibody titers (782 to 34,117) and showed 4-to 13-fold differences in titers against the attenuated and virulent TGEV strains. In two previous studies, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the structural proteins of the attenuated (Purdue) strain of TGEV were described [9, 12] . These MAbs were further characterized in various comparative assays including cell culture immunofluorescence, virus neutralization, and radioimmunoprecipitation for reactivity against the Miller virulent and Purdue attenuated strains of TGEV. Anti-E 1 MAbs prepared against a mixture of virulent Miller 3 and Purdue attenuated strains of TGEV had virus neutralizing antibody titers only in the presence of guinea pig, rabbit or swine complement [22] .
cord-007461-v3tff2gk	2002	Four transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains (Purdue-115, D-52, 188-SG and Gep-II) and two cell lines (swine testis-ST and pig kidney-RPD) were used to study virus attachment and cell susceptibility. A field TGEV strain (Gep-II), which was unable to multiply in cell cultures, appeared able to inhibit the attachment of radiolabelled cell-passaged virus. The effect of these chemicals on virus attachment was tested by using the plaque assay as described above, except that the inoculum containing 50-100 P.F.U. was prepared in the presence of the chemical at appropriate concentrations and incubated with confluent monolayer cells for 30 min at 37 ° C. Differences in susceptibility to TGEV infection, indicated by plaque formation, between the ST and RPD cells and effects of temperature on virus attachment were studied by incubating virus inoculum with the cells for 30 min at either 4 or 37°C.
cord-007491-yxz69nil	2002	Binding of the low cell culture passaged Miller-6 strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) to villous enterocytes from newborn piglets was at a high level, similar to that observed to culturedswine test is (ST) cells. In this paper we describe the binding of TGEV to susceptible porcine and resistant bovine cell cultures, and to enterocytes contained in a series of fractions collected from the tips of the villi to the crypts of the jejunum of neonatal and weaned piglets. Of the enterocyte fractions harvested from the tips of the villi or the crypts of a newborn or a weaned piglet, and tested in the competitive virus binding assay, only the enterocytes harvested from the villi of the newborn piglet showed saturable binding of TGEV (Fig. 4 ) , similar to that demonstrated for ST cells.
cord-010045-eqzs01au	2006	Yeast cells containing recombinant plasmids, with the nucleoprotein gene in the correct orientation, produced a polypeptide of M, 47000, identical to the viral product, that reacted with a specific monoclonal antibody. Three recombinant plasmids, shown to contain cDNA inserts of 1.5 kbp and designated pTS13-2, pTS15-1 and pTSi 5-2, were labelled with p^S]-dATP by nick translation and hybridized to glyoxylated TGEV mRNA species separated on 1 % agarose gels as described in Experimentat procedures. The plasmid also contained the smaller 3'' ORF which initiates, in a different reading frame, 6 bp 3'' from the end of the nucleoprotein gene and terminates 166 bp 5'' to the Drall Sma\ combined site between the TGEV cDNA insert and the pUC9 DNA. A recombinant plasmid, pYNGI, was found to contain the TGEV nucleoprotein gene in the correct orientation for expression under the control of the yeast GAL1 promoter.
cord-014697-aea67d8f	2000	Recently, it has been demonstrated that plants offer the possibility of producing low cost subunit vaccines that can be either parenterally or orally administered.Here we review data we obtained on the immunological response elicited by two recombinant versions of the glycoprotein S from the swine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) expressed in transgenic plants.Arabidopsis or potato plants were genetically transformed with cDNAs constructs encoding the N-terminal domain (aa residues 1-750) or the full-length glycoprotein S of TGEV, responsible for the neutralizing antibody induction against the virus, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter.Genomic DNA and mRNA analysis of leave extracts from transformed plants demonstrated the incorporation of the foreign cDNA into the plant genomes as well as their transcription.Expression of recombinant polypeptides was observed in most transgenic plants by ELISA using specific antibodies.Mice immunized either parenterally with leave extracts from transgenic arabidopsis plants or, more interestingly, fed with potato tubers, developed antibodies that specifically reacted with TGEV in ELISA, immunoprecipitated the glycoprotein S and in some cases neutralized the virus infectivity.From the above results, we conclude that transgenic plants expressing glycoprotein S polypeptides may be potentially used as a source of recombinant antigen for vaccine production.
cord-015742-nt44jcjm	2002	Incubation of 3H-uridine TGEV with sera from sows inoculated with viral antigen resulted in the formation of immune complexes that were retained by membrane filters (Fig. 2) . Sera from sows inoculated with whole virus, SP antigen or SVP antigen preparations produced virus complexes that were retained most efficient Samples of 3H-uridine labelled TGEV containing 4000 ct/min were incubated for 2 h at 37°C in dilutions of test sera followed by incubation with rabbit anti-porcine IgG serum. Analysis of the immunoglobulin classes responsible for neutralising activity after inoculation of sows by the intramammary route showed that IgG was the predominant antibody species in both serum and colostrum, consistent with previous findings with inactivated TGEV Lucas et al., 1974) but differing from the stimulation of IgA to ferritin reported by Bourne et al. 9, which received SP antigen, produced neutralising antibody of the IgA class in the colostrum and was the only animal capable of protecting her piglets against challenge with live virus.
cord-016178-2ix6c0he	2014	These efforts towards the expression of the S-antigen of TGEV in maize seed, its effectiveness at inducing neutralizing antibody production in the colostrum of gilts, and its efficacy in protecting piglets against challenge by virulent TGEV are summarized here. Potentially, the methods to protect naïve piglets at highest risk from TGEV infection are to provide immune colostrum by vaccinating sows and an oral/nasal vaccine to boost secretory neutralizing antibody levels. The induction of neutralizing antibodies in both serum and colostrum was examined in gilts following the administration of oral TGEV vaccine in maize comprising a subunit vaccine of the S-protein expressed in corn (Lamphear et al. Administration of antigen over a 4-day period gave the highest levels of protection against live challengeeven higher than oral vaccination with a modified live virus (Fig. 8.4 ; see Sect. Protection with a subunit antigen expressed in corn, exclusively by the oral route, is shown for the first time to be effective in piglets, the target species for immunization.
cord-018078-clxzp1ph	2005	Some important viruses that are discussed below belong to group I and include the canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV), the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine, the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), the porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) and the feline coronaviruses (FCoVs). The clinical symptoms of endemic/enzootic TGE are usually less severe in the older pigs, making a clinical differentiation between TGE and other infectious enteric diseases, like that caused by rotaviruses and/or clostridia, impossible. Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important cause of neonatal calf diarrhea [33] but may also infect the respiratory tract and has been recognized as the causing agent especially for winter dysentery in adult cattle. As for other coronaviruses, seasonal changes in temperature, environmental factors but also the immune status play an important role in the transmission of the virus and the clinical outcome of the infection. Two amino acid changes at the N-terminus of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus spike protein result in the loss of enteric tropism
cord-018865-melttpiq	2012	In order to illuminate the antigenicity of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike protein B and C antigen sites, the truncated spike gene including B and C antigen sites of Chinese isolate TH-98 was expressed respectively in E.coli, baculovirus and pichia pastoris expression systems. Dot-ELISA assays based on these three recombinant proteins were developed to detect TGEV antibodies and could avoid antibody cross-reaction from PRCV theoretically. The recombinant B and C antigen sites protein expressed into the yeast culture supernatant was identified on the bases of its molecular weight. When the amount of spotting is 50ng, the recombinant B and C antigen sites protein expressed into the yeast culture supernatant show the positive reaction in contrast with the GS115 cells transformed with pPIC9K plasmids (Fig. 2. Antigenic variation among transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus strains detected with monoclonal antibodies to the S protein of TGEV
cord-023855-3ta5lhnw	2011	Year of event Event References Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) associated with enteritis in swine Doyle and Hutchings (1946) 1965 Coronaviruses associated with common colds in humans Tyrrell and Bynoe (1965) 1975 Radiolabeling (TGEV) clarifies fundamental coronavirus protein composition (S, N, M proteins) Garwes and Pocock (1975) 1975 ICTV approves Coronaviridae family with one genus, Coronavirus Tyrrell et al (1975 Tyrrell et al ( ) 1980 Demonstration that antibodies to feline enteric coronavirus enhance feline infectious peritonitis Pedersen and Boyle (1980) 1989 Alternative model for transcription (TGEV): discontinuous transcription during negative strand synthesis Sethna et al (1989 Sethna et al ( ) 1982 Amino peptidase N receptor for TGEV and HCoV-229E Delmas et al (1992) 1996 ICTV recognises Coronaviridae as containing 2 genera: Coronavirus and Torovirus Cavanagh et al (1997) Year of event Event References 1996 ICTV recognises the order Nidovirales containing families Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae Cavanagh et al (1997 Cavanagh et al ( ) 1999 Recombinant TGEV shows that S protein determines enteropathogenicity and virulence Sanchez et al (1999) Coronaviridae: the viruses and their replication The coronaviridae.
cord-253041-ts2aiykg	2014	Moreover, the expression of TGEV N gene promoted translocation of Bax to mitochondria, which in turn caused the release of cytochrome c, followed by activation of caspase-3, resulting in cell apoptosis in the transfected PK-15 cells following cell cycle arrest. Further studies showed that p53 inhibitor attenuated TGEV N protein induced cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases and apoptosis through reversing the expression changes of cdc2, cdk2 and cyclin B1 and the translocation changes of Bax and cytochrome c induced by TGEV N protein. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TGEV N protein might play an important role in TGEV infection-induced p53 activation and cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases and apoptosis occurrence. In the present study, we demonstrate that TGEV N protein, when expressed within cells, can cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PK-15 cells, in which p53 and p21 activation, cyclin B1 and cdc2 decrease, Bax translocation to mitochondria, cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-3 are required.
cord-254735-8reu45yz	2012	Here we describe the crystal structures of the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of two closely related CoV strains, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory CoV (PRCV), in complex with their receptor, porcine APN (pAPN), or with a neutralizing antibody. The report uncovers a unique virus-receptor recognition mode that engages a glycan N-linked to the pAPN ectodomain, revealing structural determinants of the receptor-binding specificity in CoVs. Neutralizing antibodies target viral residues used for binding to the APN receptor and entry into host cells, showing that efficient CoV neutralization requires immune responses focused toward key receptor binding motifs in the virus envelope. The RBD tip, shown here as the pAPN-binding edge of the domain (Figure 3) , is the main S protein determinant of antigenic site A, recognized by the most effective neutralizing antibodies of TGEV and related CoV infections [25, 26] .
cord-255238-adpn5fb9	2017	Isolation and propagation of the pathogen in cell culture resulted in discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (tentatively named SeACoV) related to the bat coronavirus HKU2 identified in the same region a decade ago. Most recently, several chimeric SeCoV strains with a TGEV genomic backbone replaced by a PEDV spike (S) gene were identified from swine fecal samples in Europe (Akimkin et al., 2016; Belsham et al., 2016; Boniotti et al., 2016) , implying that novel SeCoV pathogens could emerge by inter-CoV recombination under co-infection. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic characterization of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (tentatively named SeACoV), related to a bat enteric coronavirus, from a pig farm that reported newborn-piglet diarrhea in southern China in 2017.
cord-255653-0bj5eh5d	1981	A possible antigenic relationship between the porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus-like agent (CVLA) and 6 known coronaviruses was examined by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and by immunofluorescence (IF). CVLA did not show cross reactivity with infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), canine coronavirus (CCV) hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (NCDCV) or feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). The CVLA was shown by serologic cross protection studies to differ from the two knowm porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and hemagglntinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) (4, 14) . The coronaviruses selected for the present study were TGEV, HEV, neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (NCDCV), canine coronavirus (CCV), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). This hyperimmune serum had a virus neutralizing titer of 1:2560 when tested against the cell culture adapted Purdue strain of TGEV. Antiserum to TGEV reacted with CCV, but did not show detectable antigenic cross-reactivity with FIPV.
cord-256316-1odgm6hm	1992	Several lines of evidence lend support to the view that a gene encoding an SM-like protein is a common feature of the coronavirus genomes: (i) an ORF predicting a polypeptide with striking similarities to TGEV ORF4 was identified in the genome sequence of each of the 5 coronaviruses examined (Fig. 9 ) and the fact that TGEV SM was recognized by anti-FIPV antibodies argues for the presence of a related gene also in feline infectious peritonitis virus genome; (ii) the product expressed from the relevant MHV, BCV, and IBV ORFs was reported to have properties of a transmembrane polypeptide (Leibowitz et a/., 1988; Smith et al., 1990; Abraham et a/., 1990) ; and (iii) although expressed through a mono-, di-, or tricistronic mRNA (Abraham et a/., 1990; Budzilowicz and Weiss, 1987; Liu et al., 1991 ) the assumed SM-encoding genes are all located upstream and adjacent to the M protein gene.
cord-256444-grw5s2pf	1997	
cord-257116-6td3efjw	2017	title: Cellular RNA Helicase DDX1 Is Involved in Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus nsp14-Induced Interferon-Beta Production In summary, our data revealed a potential coactivator role of host RNA helicase DDX1 to the induction of IFN-β response initiated by TGEV and demonstrated that nsp14 is an important IFN inducer among the TGEV-encoded proteins. In this study, we found that TGEV infection significantly facilitated IFN-β production as well as activation of the transcription factors IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. In summary, our data revealed a potential coactivator role of host RNA helicase DDX1 to the induction of IFN-β response initiated by TGEV and demonstrated that nsp14 is an important IFN inducer among the TGEVencoded proteins. Nsp14 interacts with cellular DExD/H helicase DDX1 to activate IFN-β in a NF-κB dependent manner, and DDX1 is associated with TGEV-induced IFN-β production, revealing a potential coactivator role of host RNA helicase DDX1 on virus and viral protein induced innate immune responses.
cord-257136-zpeh8pmc	2019	To develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and high-throughput detection method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis on swine enteric coronaviruses, specific primers and probes were designed based on the highly conserved regions of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) N, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) M, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) M, and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) N genes respectively. To develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and high-throughput detection method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis on swine enteric coronaviruses, a TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay was established to simultaneously detect TGEV, PEDV, PEAV, and PDCoV from the same reaction vial. To establish a high-specific multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for the detection and differential diagnosis of swine enteric coronaviruses, primer sets, and TaqMan probes were designed targeting the highly conserved regions of PEDV or PDCoV M genes and TGEV or PEAV N genes, based on bioinformatics analysis of each virus.
cord-257974-kllqjn68	1988	title: Cultivation techniques for animal coronaviruses: Emphasis on feline infectious peritonitis virus, canine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Generally these viruses infect epithelial cells of the respiratory tract [human coronavirus (HCV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), rat coronavirus (RCV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PCV)] and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract [bovine coronavirus (BCV), canine eoronavirus (CCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus {TGEV), turkey coronavirus (TCV), feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), human enteric coronavirus (HECV)]. In addition to CRFK cells, a fetal cat whole fibroblast (FCWF) cell line will support the growth of FIPV, as well as FECV, CCV, and TGEV (28,43t, and corn-Journal of Tissue Culture Methods Vol. 11, No. 2, 1988 parison of antigenic and serologic relatedness of the enteric coronaviruses was done in this cell line ~43). This cell line can be used for primary isolation of virus from clinical specimens and in vitro growth of TGEV It0}.
cord-260208-fvdq0yes	2018	title: Rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in swine small intestine samples using real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification A rapid and specific real-time reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay (RT-RPA) was developed to detect the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in this study. Six primers were needed in the RT-LAMP assays for TGEV, the reaction time was 30 or 60 min, and the results were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis (Chen et al., 2010; Li and Ren, 2011 T Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is an isothermal gene amplification technique that has been demonstrated to be a rapid, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective molecular diagnostic method (Daher et al., 2016; Piepenburg et al., 2006) . In this study, we developed and evaluated the userfriendly on-site detection platform integrating the real-time RPA technology and a field-deployable device (Genie III tube scanner) for the rapid detection of TGEV.
cord-260843-c97kctjz	2016	In vivo, TGEV primarily targets and infects intestinal epithelial cells, which play an important role in glucose absorption via the apical and basolateral transporters Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), respectively. Our data demonstrate that infection with TGEV resulted in increased glucose uptake and augmented expression of EGFR, SGLT1 and GLUT2. Therefore, in the study, we aimed to examine the in vitro effects of TGEV infection on glucose uptake and the expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in porcine intestinal columnar epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells, which have been shown to offer a practical model for studying TGEV infection [11, 12] . Together, these results indicate that EGFR and p-EGFR regulates glucose uptake in mock-infected IPEC-J2 cells by modulation of SGLT1 protein expression. Together, these results indicate that EGFR influences glucose uptake in TGEV-infected cells by promoting both SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression.
cord-263025-mmdeyph3	1990	title: Sows infected in pregnancy with porcine respiratory coronavirus show no evidence of protecting their sucking piglets against transmissible gastroenteritis On the basis of weight gain, clinical signs and survival, no differences in response to challenge was detected when piglets suckled by PRCV inoculated sows were compared with those suckled by uninoculated sows. On the basis of weight gain, clinical signs and survival, no differences in response to challenge was detected when piglets suckled by PRCV inoculated sows were compared with those suckled by uninoculated sows. Such a difference was evident when the litters of sows successfully pm-immunized with TGEV were compared with those of uninoculated or PRCV-inoculated sows. A lyophilized stock of the virus which had been passaged three times in primary pig kidney monolayers (PPKM) was passaged once more, either in PPKM or in a five-day-old colostrum-deprived piglet, to provide the virus for inoculation of the pregnant sows.
cord-263165-bv4dh9eu	1990	The recent detection of previously unknown coronaviruses or mutants, like the "Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea"-virus (PEDV) and the TGE-like "Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus" (PRCV) on one hand and new knowledge about pathogenetic mechanisms, for example in FIPV-infections, on the other hand are the basis for this review article. For diagnosis TGEV antigen can be detected by immunofluorescence in the small intestine of piglets at an early stage of disease, by virus isolation in tissue culture or by ELISA. As it causes a respiratory infection and does not replicate in the enteric tract, it was named "Respiratory Variant" of TGEV [16] and recently "Porcine respiratory coronavirus". Pedersen [51] assumed that not only the properties of the infecting virus strain were responsible for the outcome of the disease, but that also the immunologic situation of the host and the type and degree of developing immunity may be of great importance. Natural infection with the Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus induces protective lactogenic immunity against Transmissible Gastroenteritis
cord-263489-i4tkdgy4	2015	title: Phage display for identifying peptides that bind the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and possess diagnostic potential Herein, we use similar technology and advance previous work by using the rS-AD as an immobilizing target to select phages from a peptide display library, with diagnostic potential for TGEV. Our results indicate that phages bearing peptide ligands that bind rS-AD can be used to develop a phage-mediated ELISA with high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish TGEV from other common swine viruses. To compare the sensitivities of phage-mediated ELISA to antibody-mediated ELISA, TGEV serially diluted in 0.1 M NaHCO 3 (pH 8.6) was coated onto duplicate ELISA plates overnight at 4°C followed by blocking with 5 % skim milk for 3 h at rt. Predicted amino acid sequences were generated for ten selected phages In summary, we identified peptides that specifically bind to TGEV and can form the basis of new diagnostic tests where the sensitivity of phTGEV-SAD15 was 0.1 lg of TGEV.
cord-265224-mwgccr4a	1992	Further evidence that the anti-TGEV-receptor antibodies recognized aminopeptidase N was obtained by showing that (1) an antibody raised against rabbit aminopeptidase N 4 reacted with the same three polypeptides in brush-border membrane preparations (Fig. 2, lane 2) : 95K and 50K, corresponding to the B (amino) and C (carboxy) subunits of the pig aminopeptidase, and 150K, uncleaved aminopeptidase 5 ; (2) the immunoprecipitated material hydrolysed leucine p-nitroanilide, a chromogenic substrate specific for aminopeptidase (ref. A monoclonal antibody designated RBS protected WI38 and RD human cell lines from HCV-229E-induced cytopathic effects and protected WI38 cells from virus infection ( Fig. la-c) . Because aminopeptidase from humans, pigs and other mammals are structurally similar 9 , 12-14, we investigated whether HCV-229E and RBS would bind specifically to hAPN and whether expression of hAPN by murine cells would make them susceptible to infection with HCV-229E.
cord-265312-yfjme53q	2019	This study compared the performances of three commercial transmissible gastroenteritis virus/porcine respiratory coronavirus (TGEV/PRCV) blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using serum samples (n = 528) collected over a 49-day observation period from pigs inoculated with TGEV strain Purdue (n = 12), TGEV strain Miller (n = 12), PRCV (n = 12), or with virus-free culture medium (n = 12). All pigs in the negative-control group remained TGEV and PRCV seronegative throughout the monitoring period when tested with any of the three TGEV/PRCV differential blocking ELISA kits evaluated in this study ( The percentages of TGEV antibody-positive serum samples reported by the three commercial ELISA kits evaluated over the 50-day study period for pigs inoculated with TGEV strains Purdue and Miller are presented in Fig. 2A to F, respectively.
cord-269094-6aka052v	2007	In this article, we confirm that E protein is essential for TGEV replication in different cell lines, and report the first evidence that TGEV virions containing RNA are generated in absence of E protein, although virus maturation was arrested in the budding compartment, and immature virions were accumulated between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi. To determine the effect of E gene deletion on TGEV infection of BHK-pAPN-E − cells, the subcellular localization of virus particles and endoplasmic reticulum (protein disulfide-isomerase, PDI), intermediate compartment and cis-Golgi (KDEL receptor), and trans-Golgi (giantin) specific markers were compared by immunofluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy in rTGEV-wt and rTGEV-ΔE infected BHK-pAPN-E − and E + cells at different times post-infection (0, 8, 14, and 24 h post-infection).
cord-269720-o81j3d1j	1990	Primer extension, of a synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to the 5′ end of the nucleoprotein gene of TGEV was used to produce a single-stranded DNA copy of the leader RNA from the nucleoprotein mRNA species from TGEV and PRCV, the sequences of which were determined by Maxam and Gilbert cleavage. Comparison of the leader RNAs of TGEV and PRCV with published leader RNAs of other coronaviruses was used to identify areas of conserved sequence and potential secondary structure that may be involved in the transcription of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA species. The site, ACTAAAC, is seven nucleotides upstream of the nucleoprotein initiation codon and has also been found to precede all the TGEV structural protein genes and two of the three potential genes shown to be at the 5'' end of mRNA species (15) (16) (17) . The two porcine coronavirus leader sequences were identical, indicating that the two viruses probably use the same RNA polymerase-leader complex binding site, ACTAAAC, for the synthesis of subgenomic mRNA species.
cord-269867-k10siwur	1996	Intact bacteria or extracted CS31A hybrid fibrillae expressing TGEV epitopes at any of the permissive sites, were recognized by Ab directed against the foreign parent protein, providing a direct argument for exposure of the corresponding ClpG region at the cell surface and for antigenicity of the epitopes in the polymeric CS31A fibrillae context. coli CS31A fibrillae as the carrier protein (Bousquet et al., 1994; Der Vartanian et al., 1994) , and two B-cell epitopes from TGEV consisting of the site C (aa 363-371) and site A (aa 522-531) of TGEV-S as the foreign antigenic determinants (Delmas et al., 1990; Gebauer et al., 1991) . The binding of the TGEV-specific mAb with hybrid fibrillae indicates that the TGEV antigenic determinants expressed at any of the permissive sites are exposed on both ClpG and CS31A proteins at the E.
cord-270586-ohs8z91m	1997	PRCVs replicate to high titers only in al ., 1990) , and TGEV entry into swine testis (ST) cells the respiratory tract (Cox et al., 1990) and have a large is mediated through interactions between the virus S deletion at the 5 end of the spike gene, in positions glycoprotein and the porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) ranging from nucleotides (nt) 45 to 745 (Enjuanes and which serves as the cellular receptor (Delmas et al., Van der Zeijst, 1995; Sá nchez et al., 1992; Vaughn et al., 1992) . Studies changes located in the S protein gene, at positions 214, 655, and 2098, were involved in the control of the enteric on the inhibition of virus binding to cells indicated that the receptor binding site for TGEV had to be located tropism, recombinant viruses containing one or the three nucleotide differences from the respiratory isolate were between antigenic sites D and A of the spike protein (Suñé et al., 1990) , mapping between amino acids 385 selected.
cord-271815-yr1dq258	2011	Methods The efficacy of health care germicides against 2 surrogate coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), was tested using the quantitative carrier method on stainless steel surfaces. This study was undertaken using the carrier method to evaluate 6 chemical germicides commonly used in health care settings for their efficacy in reducing infectivity of coronaviruses on environmental surfaces. The efficacy of 6 hospital surface germicides was tested against 2 coronaviruses, MHV and TGEV, used as surrogates for SARS-CoV. 3, 15, 17, 24 The results of this study show that, of the commonly used hospital germicides tested, only the ethanol-based germicides were able to achieve this level of reduction of infectious virus after 1 minute of contact time. Studies of hospital germicide efficacy against adenovirus 8 using the same carrier-based method with 1-minute contact times found greater log 10 reduction factors by OPA (4.37) than were observed in this study for TGEV (2.27) and MHV (1.71).
cord-273712-r2akpce8	2016	In the same beta group, the receptors for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) and a sugar, respectively, despite their high sequence homology Peng et al., 2012) . In our study, we compared the efficiency of pseudotyped viruses with S proteins from different groups of CoVs. Furthermore, the cell tropisms of TGEV and PEDV were characterized by live and pseudotyped viruses. Therefore, we compared the S protein amino acid sequences of CoVs from different groups, including SARS-CoV, MHV, HCoV-229E, TGEV, PEDV, HCoV-OC43, BCoV, and IBV (Gen-Bank accession numbers ABD72982.1, AAR92025.1, NP_073551.1, ABG89335.1, NP_598310.1, AAT84362.1, ABM66810.1, and NP_040831.1, respectively) using ClustalW ( Figure 1B ). Lentiviruses pseudotyped with SARS-CoV S protein could efficiently infect 293T cells expressing ACE2, and the pseudovirus level after entry reached 10 6 relative light units (RLU) ( Figure 2B ). To further study the cellular entry of CoVs, we used live PEDV and TGEV to infect different cell lines.
cord-274424-juj71nc5	1991	Abstract The Spike (S) protein from a virulent British field isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) FS772/70 was constructed from cDNA and inserted into the vaccinia virus (VV) thymidine kinase gene locus under the control of the VV early/late gene P7.5K promoter. In this paper we report the construction of a FS772/ 70 cDNA S gene and its expression by a recombinant vaccina virus (rVV) to study the antigenicity and cellular localization of the S protein. Expression of the recombinant spike antigens TGEV gene products synthesized by vTS-1 and vTSA-1 were analyzed by pulse labeling rVV-infected HTK-cells with L-[35S]methionine in the presence or absence of 10 pg ml-'' tunicamycin for 6 hr. The lack of detectable ~160 or ~130 in the culture medium of vTS-l-and vTSA-l-infected cells, respectively (Fig. 4 lanes 4 and 7) , could result from the levels being too low to be detected by the antibodies due to reduction in synthesis or the lack of glycosylation of the S protein in the presence of tunicamycin.
cord-275635-d50bxe7c	2015	
cord-275780-76v61ktj	2020	
cord-280183-fxhkfjl6	1992	Abstract Antibodies to a transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)-related coronavirus have been demonstrated in mink sera by indirect immunofluorescence, peroxidase-linked antibody assays and immunoblotting. The present paper provides the first serological evidence for infection in mink with a coronavirus (here designated MCV) serologically related to TGEV and PEDV. Initially, mink sera were examined in IFAT using acetone fixed monolayers of secondary swine kidney cells infected with TGEV as substrate and FITCconjugated protein-A to detect specific binding of antibodies to TGEV. A high-titered mink antiserum and representative high-titered antisera against TGEV, PRCV, CCV, FIPV and PEDV were selected for further studies of the serological relationship of the putative mink coronavirus to other coronaviruses. The present study has shown that infection with a coronavirus serologically related to TGEV and PEDV is common in the Danish mink population.
cord-282344-o1rkx2z4	2007	The airborne viruses were collected on heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters in an experimental apparatus and also sampled upstream of these test filters using AGI-30 and BioSampler impinger samplers. To study the effects of relative humidity (RH) on TGEV collection by the filters and samplers, the virus was nebulized into air at 30, 50, 70, and 90% RH. To measure the degree to which the nebulizers generated airborne viruses that could be sampled and remain viable, aerosolization efficiency, g A , was calculated in the same way as Adams et al. The recovery of TGEV from the test filter can be calculated in two ways: (1) relative to the airborne virus concentration, R a , and (2) relative to the nebulizer suspension concentration, R n . TGEV was nebulized, then sampled using AGI-30 impingers and BioSamplers, and finally collected on an HVAC test filter to measure the effects of nebulization stress and the recovery of viable virus from the filter.
cord-283378-brdtsi65	2010	This study aimed to examine the potential antiviral activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using animal and human intestinal and macrophage cell line models of non tumor origin. Highest protection effects were recorded with the known probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei Shirota against both RV and TGEV, while notable antiviral activity was also attributed to Enterococcus faecium PCK38, Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC179, Lactobacillus pentosus PCA227 and Lactobacillus plantarum PCA236 and PCS22, depending on the cell line and virus combination used. Additional functional properties that relate to the possible underlying mode of action of the antiviral effect have been also studied, including release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the cell lines due to probiotic interaction, as well as the attachment ability of probiotic strains on the cell line monolayers. Recent studies (Botić et al., 2007; Ivec et al., 2007) reported the protective effect that various lactic acid bacteria, including the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei F19, conferred upon porcine intestinal epithelial and macrophage cell line infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).
cord-285812-l7dpv6nx	1989	Virus localisation and lesions were studied in 14 one-week-old piglets following combined intranasal-oral inoculation with a British isolate of ''pneumotropic'' porcine coronavirus (pcv) and were compared with the effects of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection in five piglets. Virus localisation and lesions were studied in 14 oneweek-old piglets following combined intranasal-oral inoculation with a British isolate of ''pneumotropic'' porcine coronavirus (pcv) and were compared with the effects of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection in five piglets. Following sterilisation of cages and isolators, a second batch of 12 piglets (Large White cross Landrace) aged seven days from two litters were inoculated with rev (five) or TGEV (five) or were uninoculated controls (two). Between two and six days after infection, acute changes were characterised by individual bronchiolar cells bulging into the lumen, ..; 00I''m Immunocytochemistry r-ev antigen was identified in the epithelial cytoplasm of small and medium bronchioles in eight of 14 piglets and its distribution was closely correlated with areas of pneumonia.
cord-287266-sd5izamc	2019	title: EIF4A2 interacts with the membrane protein of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus and plays a role in virus replication Using the GST pull-down approach and a CO-IP assay, the M protein was found to interact with porcine intestinal cells via eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-alpha (EIF4A2), an essential component of the cellular translational machinery. The present study provides mechanistic insight into the interaction between the TGEV M protein and intestinal cells which contributes to the understanding of coronavirus replication and may be useful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TGEV infection. In the present study, using yeast two-hybrid screening, seven cellular proteins, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-alpha (EIF4A2), were identified to be M-ligands. Moreover, previous reports have shown that EIF4A2 interacts with VP1 of infectious bursal disease virus (IBD) and inhibits the RNA polymerase activity of IBDV to reduce its replication in host cells (Tacken et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2017) .
cord-287590-jjft3den	2005	title: Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Blocking ELISA Detection of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus in Faeces of Piglets Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) nucleoprotein (N) and membrane protein (M) were prepared and used for the comparative assessment of three blocking ELISA variants to detect TGEV. Three variants of ELISA method with specificity checked by blocking test were compared by box titration using faeces of experimentally infected piglets 24 hpi. By the use of mAb D7/G7 alone or mixture of mAb in CB-ELISA examination of various TGEV strains (Table 1) or positive field faecal samples (results not shown) the same results were obtained. Therefore, the detection of TGEV in faecal samples by blocking ELISA method was the objective of our study. Competition ELISA, using monoclonal antibodies to the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) S protein, for serologic differentiation of pigs infected with TGEV or porcine respiratory coronavirus
cord-287602-vda01gj6	2018	In this study, we constructed a suite of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum with surface displaying the spike (S) protein coming from TGEV and fused with DC cells targeting peptides (DCpep) to develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine against transmissible gastroenteritis. Our research results found that the recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-S-DCpep) group expressing S fused with DCpep could not only significantly increase the percentages of MHC-II(+)CD80(+) B cells and CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells but also the number of IgA(+) B cells and CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells of ileum lamina propria, which elevated the specific secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) titers in feces and IgG titers in serum. Therefore, in this study, we mainly researched the effects of recombinant lactic acid bacteria NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-S-DCpep expressing DCpep and target antigen S protein on MHC-II + CD80 + B cells, CD3 + CD4 + cells related to mucosal immune responses, and anti-TGEVspecific antibodies.
cord-288058-oilurica	2020	To determine the effect of APN on coronavirus replication, the enterocytes were precultured with 1µg/mL hydrocortisone, 50 µM spermidine, 1 µg/mL insulin, 0.1 µM Wnt agonist, or 1% intestinal contents for 24 h prior to inoculation with PEDV CV777 Vero adapted strain, CV777 fecal suspension, and TGEV Miller. To determine the effect of APN on coronavirus replication, the enterocytes were precultured with 1µg/mL hydrocortisone, 50 µM spermidine, 1 µg/mL insulin, 0.1 µM Wnt agonist, or 1% intestinal contents for 24 h prior to inoculation with PEDV CV777 Vero adapted strain, CV777 fecal suspension, and TGEV Miller. The results show that pretreatment of primary enterocytes with hydrocortisone, spermidine, porcine insulin, Wnt agonist, and intestinal contents could stimulate the expression of APN and enhance the infection of PEDV CV777 Vero adapted and non-adapted strains and the TGEV Miller in the enterocytes.
cord-290282-oxyzndsj	2003	
cord-290640-kh2t0kfz	2000	Abstract Gene 3b (ORF 3b) in porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) encodes a putative nonstructural polypeptide of 27.7 kDa with unknown function that during translation in vitro is capable of becoming a glycosylated integral membrane protein of 31 kDa. In the virulent Miller strain of TGEV, ORF 3b is 5′-terminal on mRNA 3–1 and is presumably translated following 5′ cap-dependent ribosomal entry. Here we report that, whereas mRNA 3 has a sequence predicting leaky scanning for the translation of ORF 3b by the model of Kozak (1989) , experimental results with mutant constructs suggested downstream entry of ribosomes might also be used. To test by in vitro translation whether the 27.7-and 20-kDa gene 3b products (O''Connor and Brian, 1999) are synthesized when ORF 3b is positioned downstream of ORF 3a (beginning at base 337) on synthetic transcripts, uncapped transcripts of pORF3a-3b-4 DNA linearized at the BamHI site 50 nt downstream from the stop codon of gene 4 (Fig. 1C) were translated in either wheat germ extract or rabbit reticulocyte lysate.
cord-290883-r2744fb3	1995	The antisera induced in swine by the Ad5 recombinants expressing the amino-terminal 26% of the spike protein (containing sites C and B) or the full-length spike protein, when mixed with a lethal dose of virus prior to administration to susceptible piglets, delayed or completely prevented the induction of symptoms of disease, respectively. Alternatively, S gene ces are determined rather than titers since in the first fragments were removed from the original plasmid or procedure virus-antibody mixtures are evaluated in the from pSV2X3-TS vectors without SV-40 Pr signal, or withplaque assay without further dilution of the antibody, proout both Pr and polyadenylation sequences, using the viding highly reproducible results and information about restriction endonucleases indicated in Fig. 1 . Infectious Ad-TS recombinants expressing S protein fragments were generated by cotransfecting 293 cells with pFG144K3-TS or pAB14-TS (which carry S gene sequences from TGEV and pFG173 plasmids).
cord-291192-wm2eyaam	2014	Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was engineered to express porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) small protein domains, as a strategy to improve heterologous gene stability. Recombinant TGEV (rTGEV) vectors have been engineered for dicistronic expression of heterologous genes, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) GP5 and M proteins (Cruz et al., 2010) , or rotavirus VP2 and VP6, in which formation of rotavirus virus like particles (VLPs) in the cytoplasm of rTGEV infected cells was observed (Enjuanes et al., 2007) . Therefore, heterologous gene size reduction is a promising strategy to achieve stable expression in TGEV-derived vectors and in general in CoVs. This effect could be due to a decrease of the probability of non-homologous recombination in shorter sequences, or to the elimination of protein domains toxically affecting the host cell or rTGEV life cycle.
cord-292019-rfu0bkag	1998	We report on the immunological response elicited by two recombinant versions of the glycoprotein S from the swine-transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) expressed in transgenic plants. Arabidoposis plants were genetically transformed with cDNAs constructs encoding either the N-terminal domain (amino acid residues 1–750) or the full-length glycoprotein S of TGEV, responsible for the neutralizing antibody induction against the virus, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter. Mice immunized with leaf extracts from transgenic plants developed antibodies that reacted specifically with TGEV in ELISA, immunoprecipitated the virus-induced protein, and neutralized the virus infectivity. In this report, we show that full-length or the globular part (N-terminal domain) of TGEV spike protein (glycoprotein S) expressed in transgenic plants retained the antigenic properties and elicited neutralizing antibodies when used to immunize animals.
cord-293458-jb7u9xn6	2016	
cord-293945-gyb9mjb5	2012	Virus yield reduction assay ST cell monolayers were infected with TGEV with or without probiotic bacteria treatment according to the experimental design. faecium (1.00E?07 CFU/ml) when the probiotic was added to the cells together with the virus during the infection period (competition assay). faecium inactivates TGEV particles by direct physical interaction with virus, a cell-free preincubation assay was performed. faecium together with the virus significantly increases mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 (an approximately 3-and 13-fold increase, respectively) when compared with TGEV-infected ST cells that had not been exposed to the probiotic (Fig. 6) . faecium (pretreatment), the viability of TGEV-infected cells was protected, and virus yields were reduced (Figs. In this study, the competition assay in which virus and probiotic bacteria are present in the culture medium side by side, exhibited the most pronounced antiviral activity in terms of cell survival (Figs.
cord-295967-mmgb7cxo	1992	Summary Three strains of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) possessing different degrees of pathogenicity for piglets were examined for their capacity to express M and S glycoproteins on the infected cell surface using a microwell immunoperoxidase test. These two viral glycoproteins were easily detected on the plasma membrane of 0.1 % paraformaldehyde-fixed swine testis (ST) or pig kidney (RP.D) cells which were infected with high-passaged Purdue-115 and low-passaged D-52 strains and a high-passaged attenuated (188-SG) mutant of TGEV. Since the virulence of TGEV has been shown to decrease by serial passages in tissue culture, many authors have tried to differentiate the highpassaged (HP) attenuated strains from the lowpassaged (LP) virulent strain by in vitro markers, such as the level of the thermosensitivity of replication (Furuuchi et al., 1975; Hess and Bachman, 1976) , the resistance to digestive enzymes, low pH and temperature (Laude et al., 1981) , and by comparing viral replication and synthesis of structural antigens (Nguyen et al., 1987) .
cord-296033-5zyoddl7	2017	
cord-297398-40bshqly	2019	
cord-298685-qxkxjxsz	2016	
cord-299189-59d4aojh	2013	title: Transmissible gastroenteritis virus: Identification of M protein-binding peptide ligands with antiviral and diagnostic potential In this study, the M protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was used to biopan a 12-mer phage display random peptide library. Plaque-reduction assays revealed that pepTGEV-M7 was able to prevent TGEV infection in vitro (p < 0.01) following pretreatment of the virus with the peptide. coli (Fig. 1) for use in biopanning the phage display library to identify peptides that bind the M protein of TGEV. Ten different TGEV-M protein-reactive phages were identified by ELISA, when rTGEV-M was used as the coating antigen (Fig. 2a) . 100TCID50 TGEV virus was pre-incubated with 2-fold, serially-diluted (500-31.25 lg/ml) peptide (pepTGEV-M7) then added to ST cells for 48 h. Bacterial expression of antigenic sites A and D in the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and evaluation of their inhibitory effects on viral infection
cord-300436-beb8k075	2018	
cord-302306-fudeixy2	2020	
cord-302503-7s9f8wje	2020	
cord-304014-k62mtr9j	2019	
cord-309433-wm0k13qh	1991	Abstract A competition ELISA utilizing a mAb directed towards a peplomer protein epitope common to TGEV, PRCV and related feline and canine coronaviruses is described. Serological differentiation between TGEV and PRCV is now possible using competition ELISAs and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to TGEV-specific epitopes (Callebaut el al., 1989 , van Nieuwstadt & Boonstra, 1990 . This communication describes a competition ELISA utilizing a mAb (6A .C3) directed towards a peplomer protein epitope common to TGEV, PRCV, and a number of related feline and canine coronaviruses, but not to other porcine coronaviruses (Sanchez et al., 1990) . VNT positive sera from field cases (n=167) and from pigs experimentally infected with TGEV or PRCV (n=35) all scored positive in ELISA (values : 1-49%) . A recent serological survey of British pigs by TGEV-specific ELISA indicated a seroprevalence of only 0 .6% (Brown & Paton, 1991) , suggesting that most TGEV/PRCV antibody positive samples reflect PRCV infection and that such infections remain common .
cord-309446-j0suk34b	1993	
cord-309693-f2htekhz	2017	To develop an effective bivalent oral vaccine against TGEV and PEDV infection, the D antigenic site of the TGEV spike (S) protein and the major antigen site (core neutralizing epitope—COE) of the PEDV S protein were used as immunogens, and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene was used as a reporter to construct genetically engineered Lactobacillus casei rLpPG(F)-T7g10-eGFP-6D-COE. The results showed that levels of anti-PEDV and anti-TGEV serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibodies obtained from the mice immunized with rLpPG(F)-T7g10-eGFP-6D-COE, as well as the proliferation levels of lymphocytes, were significantly higher than those in mice orally administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or rLpPG-T7g10. This was evidenced by significantly higher levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies, anti-PEDV/TGEV serum IgG, and mucosal sIgA in mice orally immunized with rLpPG F -T7g10-eGFP-6D-COE, compared to the levels for the rLpPG-T7g10 or PBS groups.
cord-310467-v2wlu5eq	1992	
cord-312210-3x9s3g8n	2019	
cord-313126-7hrjzapj	2019	
cord-315688-ba5dus2j	2012	
cord-315780-uhi66unn	1997	Abstract An RT-PCR method was developed that amplified genetic material from the 5′ end of the S protein gene of both transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), but discriminated between the two by the size of the product generated. Detection of TGEV in clinical specimens was possible using a spin column method to extract RNA and sensitivity was compared to virus isolation and antigen detection ELISA. There are also reports of the use of DNA probes and of RT-PCR as detectors of TGEV RNA (Bae et al., 1991; Vaughn et al., 1996; Wesley et al., 1991; Jackwood et al., 1995) but the methods were not shown to be suitable for the direct detection of virus in clinical samples. Differentiation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus from porcine respiratory coronavirus and other antigenically related coronaviruses by using cDNA probes specific for the 5'' region of the S glycoprotein gene
cord-316134-lkd2mj27	2020	Investigation of possible molecular interactions between components of PEDV, PDCoV and TGEV and their influence on replication of each virus would provide a crucial insight into comprehensive understanding of these CoVs. Of all viral proteins, we have chosen to start with the N protein, as it is among the most abundant and ubiquitous structural proteins in infected cells. For viral infection in the transient CoV N expression experiment, VeroE6 cells were transfected with 1 or 2 μg of pCAGGS-PEDV N-Myc, pCAGGS-PDCoV N-HA, pCAGGS-TGEV N-FLAG, or the empty pCAGGS vector and were incubated for 24 h to allow for protein expression. To investigate how this protein-protein interaction might affect PEDV replication, we transiently transfected VeroE6 cells with varying amounts of the pCAGGS plasmid expressing N proteins from either PDCoV or TGEV for 24 h before infection with PEDV-mCherry (MOI = 0.0001) and followed the course of viral replication for each condition.
cord-317462-nvrl0vyi	2016	
cord-317496-6o2upns3	2019	
cord-322238-8iwljdoi	2010	
cord-324098-9x18bidq	2018	
cord-326349-59566vqe	2013	
cord-326719-p1ma4akz	2003	
cord-328935-mn8r972x	2015	Studies of the potential of novel adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy against genetically unstable, immune-subverting RNA viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs, should assist in the control of pathogens with similar characteristics in other species. However, a recent study showed that an inactivated reassortant RV strain (CDC-9 strain) formulated with aluminum phosphate and administered systemically in gnotobiotic pigs resulted in induction of serum IgG antibody titers, coinciding with partial protection against shedding and diarrhea, suggesting that adjuvant may have stimulated local specific (gut IgA antibodies) or nonspecific immune responses, which were not assessed in this study (Wang et al., 2010) . Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs
cord-329819-dpgexphf	2018	IPEC-J2 cells were infected with TGEV (MOI = 2) and cultured for 30 min, then stained for fluorescence microscopy using mouse anti-APN pAb, followed by DyLight 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and rabbit anti-p-EGFR mAb, followed by DyLight 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Plaque formation in ST cells by the intracellular of infected IPEC-J2 cells showed that APN + EGFR-targeting shRNAs inhibited TGEV entry more significantly (Fig. 3G) . To explore the role of caveolin and clathrin in EGFR internalization early in TGEV infection, we reduced clathrin or caveolin down in normal IPEC-J2 cells through targeting shRNAs, and investigated cell membrane EGFR expression levels during TGEV invasion. We can get to the conclusion that in the early infection stage of TGEV, TGEV particles bound with APN and EGFR, the virus-receptors complex are subsequently internalized by clathrin.
cord-332317-wrztpeb8	2015	
cord-332358-0t4uxmj2	2004	
cord-337498-zp697h4k	2017	
cord-337645-t6py0oyw	2010	
cord-339178-d6f6a5ds	1978	
cord-339694-sp212tai	2016	
cord-341015-45kbggzk	2006	
cord-341690-h8fqijk5	2016	title: The epidermal growth factor receptor regulates cofilin activity and promotes transmissible gastroenteritis virus entry into intestinal epithelial cells The TGEV spike protein is capable of binding with EGFR, activating the downstream phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), then causing the phosphorylation of cofilin and F-actin polymerization via Rac1/Cdc42 GTPases. We found that TGEV acted via the EGFR-PI3K-Rac1/Cdc42-PAK-LIMK signaling pathway to regulate the activity of cofilin and F-actin arrangement early in infection, and also demonstrated that EGFR was a promoter for TGEV entry. During the early phase of TGEV infection, the destruction of lipid rafts inhibited the activation of EGFR, Akt, and LIMK, and also inhibited the phosphorylation of cofilin ( Figure 7E ). Our results also indicate that TGEV binding induces the phosphorylation of cofilin through the EGFR-PI3K-Rac1/ Cdc42-PAK-LIMK signaling pathways, resulting in actin polymerization around the cell membrane and foming multiple poutrusions.
cord-341860-a6yoz3w1	2016	
cord-342289-zpstb7h9	2018	
cord-344558-1jgqofbr	2001	
cord-345651-admlzeu4	2019	
cord-346643-os2kyvvf	2016	
cord-346872-k5d5793a	2018	Both viruses establish an infection in porcine enterocytes in the small intestine, and their spike (S) proteins play a key role in the virus-cell binding process under unfavorable conditions when the intestine with a low pH is filled with a thick layer of mucus and proteases. This review emphasizes the role of three factors (sialic acid, proteases, and low pH) in the invasion of TGEV and PEDV into porcine small intestine epithelial cells and provides information with respect to α-CoV infection that brings new insights into virus research. Like TGEV, the crystal structure of a single domain unit in the PRCoV RBD adopts a β-barrel fold with 2 highly twisted β-sheets located in the CTD of the S1 domain and engages in binding to the host cell surface receptor. Low pH in the initial stage of PEDV entry into intestinal epithelial cells allows structural changes and protease activation during binding to surface receptors.
cord-346928-g1dqiki6	2003	Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), a spike (S) gene deletion mutant of Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), causes mild or subclinical respiratory infections in pigs. In preliminary studies, inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with each plaque-purified pair of the nasal and fecal PRCV isolates, revealed no clinical disease but different tropisms. Fecal and nasal swabs from the field cases (sentinel pigs), cell culture isolates and fecal and nasal swabs from gnotobiotic pigs were tested by nested-RT-PCR to detect and to differentiate TGEV and PRCV viral RNA as previously described by Kim et al. Fecal and nasal swab supernatant fluids from the sentinel field cases or the cell culture passaged PRCV isolates and nasal and fecal swabs from gnotobiotic pigs were diluted in minimum essential medium (MEM-E) and tested by CCIF to detect infectious virus using previously described procedures [23] .
cord-348896-a2mjj5dt	2010	Although these deletions were positioned at the beginning of the antigenic site B of S protein, no clinical differences were observed in piglets infected experimentally either with the native virus or the mutated one. The objective of this study was to carry out a typical experiment to compare two TGEV TMK22 strains, one of which was cell culture, adapted and maintained in the laboratory for about 15 years, and the other virus was passed in animals during the same period of time. Overall, the clinical signs observed in piglets, infected with the cell culture adapted TMK22 and pTMK22 strains, were consistent with a typical TGEV infection and did not show any clinical difference in these typical experiments. As shown in Table 2 , the genome of TGEV was detected by RT-PCR in stool samples of the all 1-week-old infected piglets either by TMK22 or pTMK22 strains 24 hpi.
cord-349800-s9w2yr08	1991	Seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with neutralizing activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) strain 79-1149 (type II) were prepared. The reactivity of these MAbs with 6 viruses classified as FIPV type I (UCD-1, UCD-2, UCD-3, UCD-4, NW-1, and Black), feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) type II strain 79-1683, canine coronavirus (CCV) strain 1-71, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains TO-163 and SH was examined by neutralization tests. Feline coronaviruses are divided into FIPV types I and II, and FECV types I and II, on the basis of the disease types, that is, whether it causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or not, the ability of the viruses to proliferate in cell cultures, and the antigenic relationship to TGEV and CCV [17] . These MAbs did not neutralize the 6 FIPV type I viruses, but neutralized FECV strain 79-1683, TGEV strains TO-163 and SH, and CCV strain 1-71, which do not cause feline infectious peritonitis (Table 4) .
cord-349964-38rgcc5h	1978	
cord-354904-7gq2e6f0	2018	We used spherical gold nanoparticles (average diameter, 15 nm) as a platform for the antigen for swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The literature data demonstrate that immunization of animals with the TGEV antigen coupled to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) not only activates antigen-presenting cells but also increases the proliferative activity of splenic lymphoid (antibody-forming) cells. Immunization with the TGEV antigen conjugated to GNPs as a carrier activates the respiratory activity of lymphoid cells and peritoneal macrophages, which is directly related to their transforming activity and to the activation of antibody generation. After the virus''s nucleic acid was inactivated with ribonuclease, the resultant antigen (a mixture of viral capsid proteins) was used for conjugation with GNPs and for subsequent animal immunization. A study of the respiratory activity of splenic lymphoid cells (Fig. 5) showed that after immunization with the conjugate, the activity increased 2.2-fold, as compared to the control, whereas after immunization with TGEV antigen alone, it did not change much.
cord-355499-5vj3oasa	2015	title: Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) Infection Alters the Expression of Cellular MicroRNA Species That Affect Transcription of TGEV Gene 7 In this study, we performed microRNA microarray assay and predicted targets of altered miRNAs. The results showed TGEV infection caused the change of miRNAs profile. In conclusion, differentially expressed miR-4331 that is caused by TGEV infection can suppress transcription of TGEV gene 7 via targeting cellular CDCA7. Overall, we observed that TGEV infection caused the change of miRNA profile and miR-4331 suppressed transcription of TGEV gene 7 via directly targeting CDCA7. The major findings in this study are that TGEV infection leads to the change of cellular miRNAs expression profile, and altered miRNAs regulate transcription of TGEV gene 7 through targeting cellular CDCA7. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide evidence that TGEV infection resulted in altered profiles of miRNAs in PK-15 cells and the differentially expressed miR-4331 was involved in regulation of TGEV transcription by targeting cellular CDCA7.
cord-355991-4zu69e0y	2018	The epidemiological and clinical presentations of outbreaks of neonatal mortality associated with enteritis and the detection of TGEV started in the gestation units. When TGEV enters in a naïve herds, an epizootic form characterized by a 100% mortality of pre-weaning piglets due to diarrhea and dehydration is normally observed [1, 14] . In this study, although all cases were selected using clinical features and epidemiological information, the histological evaluation consistently showed lesions compatible with viral infection. The application of IHC and ISH-RNA on archived paraffin blocks from cases of neonatal diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality allowed retrospective identification of TGEV infection. During the period when the sows showed gastro-enteric clinical signs, 2-to 4-day-old piglets presented vomiting (75-80%) and diarrhea (90%), and the mortality rate of suckling pigs reached 90%. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences