id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-000324-to4g9he9	Spentzas, Thomas	Ketamine inhibits tumor necrosis factor secretion by RAW264.7 murine macrophages stimulated with antibiotic-exposed strains of community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	2011-01-25		.txt	text/plain	5297	245	37	title: Ketamine inhibits tumor necrosis factor secretion by RAW264.7 murine macrophages stimulated with antibiotic-exposed strains of community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus In a sepsis simulation model, we tested whether the anesthetic ketamine inhibits the macrophage TNF response to antibiotic-exposed CA-MRSA bacteria via its antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The NMDA inhibitors, MK-801 and APV, also suppressed macrophage TNF secretion after stimulation with either of the antibiotic-exposed CA-MRSA isolates, and the effect was not additive or synergistic with ketamine. The mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine are not known [22] [23] [24] [25] .The present study examined the hypothesis that ketamine could suppress macrophage TNF production in response to whole bacteria, in this case clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The addition of ketamine (100 μΜ) to macrophage cell cultures inhibited TNF secretion in response to vancomycin-or daptomycin-exposed CA-MRSA isolates ( Figure 2) .	./cache/cord-000324-to4g9he9.txt	./txt/cord-000324-to4g9he9.txt