id sid tid token lemma pos cord-002209-xs6qigg4 1 1 key key NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 1 2 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 1 cord-002209-xs6qigg4 cord-002209-xs6qigg4 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 2 authors author NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 3 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 4 Kıray Kıray NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 6 Hülya Hülya NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 7 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 8 Lindsay Lindsay NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 10 Susan Susan NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 11 L. L. NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 12 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 13 Hosseinzadeh Hosseinzadeh NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 15 Sara Sara NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 16 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 17 Barnett Barnett NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 19 Susan Susan NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 20 C. C. NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 21 title title NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 2 22 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 2 multifaceted multifaceted JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 3 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 7 regulating regulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 8 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 9 date date NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 10 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 11 2016 2016 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 12 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 13 09 09 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 14 - - SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 15 17 17 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 16 journal journal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 3 17 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 1 Exp Exp NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 2 Neurol Neurol NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 3 DOI DOI NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 4 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 5 10.1016 10.1016 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 6 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 7 j.expneurol.2016.03.009 j.expneurol.2016.03.009 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 8 sha sha NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 4 9 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 5 1 4aa6c6d082407bee2de3cfdc3a8a11a229904fda 4aa6c6d082407bee2de3cfdc3a8a11a229904fda CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 5 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 5 3 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 6 1 2209 2209 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 6 2 cord_uid cord_uid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 6 3 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 1 xs6qigg4 xs6qigg4 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 2 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 3 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 5 major major JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 6 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 7 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 9 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 10 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 11 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 12 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 14 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 16 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 17 providing provide VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 18 both both DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 19 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 21 physical physical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 22 support support NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 23 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 24 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 25 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 26 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 7 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 1 After after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 2 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 4 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 5 become become VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 6 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 8 express express VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 9 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 10 continuum continuum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 11 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 12 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 13 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 14 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 15 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 16 supportive supportive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 17 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 18 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 19 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 20 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 21 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 8 22 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 2 review review NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 3 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 4 focus focus VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 5 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 7 ability ability NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 9 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 10 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 11 influence influence VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 12 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 13 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 14 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 15 context context NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 17 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 18 secreted secrete VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 19 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 21 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 23 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 24 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 25 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 26 targets target NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 27 within within IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 28 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 29 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 9 30 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 2 particular particular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 5 focus focus VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 6 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 7 how how WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 8 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 9 provide provide VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 10 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 11 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 12 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 13 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 14 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 16 influence influence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 17 synaptogenesis synaptogenesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 19 affect affect VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 20 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 21 biology biology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 23 instigate instigate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 24 cross cross NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 25 - - NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 26 talk talk NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 27 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 28 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 29 many many JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 30 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 31 components component NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 32 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 33 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 34 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 10 35 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 2 were be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 3 long long RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 4 considered consider VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 5 secondary secondary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 6 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 7 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 9 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 10 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 11 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 13 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 15 function function NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 16 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 17 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 18 erroneously erroneously RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 19 dismissed dismiss VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 20 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 21 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 22 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 23 glue glue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 11 24 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 2 glia glia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 3 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 5 Greek greek JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 6 term term NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 7 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 8 glue glue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 12 10 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 1 Research research NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 2 over over IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 4 past past JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 5 two two CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 6 decades decade NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 7 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 8 however however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 10 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 11 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 12 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 13 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 14 extending extend VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 15 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 16 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 17 range range NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 18 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 19 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 20 functions function NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 21 far far RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 22 beyond beyond IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 23 basic basic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 24 physical physical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 26 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 27 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 28 support support NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 30 Sofroniew Sofroniew NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 31 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 32 Vinters Vinters NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 34 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 13 36 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 1 Astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 2 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 4 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 5 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 6 first first RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 7 hypothesised hypothesise VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 8 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 9 Műller Műller NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 11 1904 1904 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 13 who who WP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 14 claimed claim VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 15 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 17 demyelinating demyelinating JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 18 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 20 Multiple Multiple NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 21 Sclerosis Sclerosis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 23 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 26 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 27 rooted root VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 28 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 29 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 30 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 32 Müller Müller NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 34 1904 1904 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 35 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 36 Williams Williams NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 37 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 38 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 39 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 41 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 14 43 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 1 Evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 2 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 3 since since IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 4 continued continue VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 5 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 6 grow grow VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 7 supporting support VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 9 premise premise NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 10 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 11 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 12 could could MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 13 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 14 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 15 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 16 regulating regulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 17 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 19 Sofroniew Sofroniew NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 21 Vinters Vinters NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 23 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 24 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 25 Williams Williams NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 26 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 27 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 28 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 29 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 30 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 31 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 32 Barnett Barnett NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 33 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 34 Linington Linington NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 35 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 36 2013 2013 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 37 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 38 Moore Moore NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 39 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 40 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 41 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 42 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 43 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 15 45 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 1 Glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 2 fibrillary fibrillary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 3 acidic acidic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 4 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 6 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 8 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 9 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 10 used use VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 11 extensively extensively RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 14 study study NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 16 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 16 17 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 1 Increased increase VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 2 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 3 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 4 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 5 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 6 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 7 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 8 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 9 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 11 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 12 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 14 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 15 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 16 pathological pathological JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 17 hallmark hallmark NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 18 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 19 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 20 and/or and/or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 21 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 17 22 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 18 1 Fig Fig NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 18 2 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 1 1 1 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 2 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 3 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 4 immunolabelled immunolabelle VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 5 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 6 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 8 nestin nestin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 10 another another DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 11 marker marker NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 12 thought think VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 13 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 14 label label VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 15 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 16 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 19 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 1 Kamphuis Kamphuis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 6 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 20 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 2 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 3 allergic allergic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 4 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 6 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 9 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 10 widely widely RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 11 used use VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 12 animal animal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 13 model model NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 15 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 16 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 17 where where WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 18 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 19 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 20 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 21 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 22 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 23 antigens antigen NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 25 administered administer VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 26 together together RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 27 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 28 adjuvant adjuvant NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 29 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 30 contains contain VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 31 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 32 components component NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 34 Traugott Traugott NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 35 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 36 Lebon Lebon NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 37 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 38 1988 1988 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 39 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 40 Tsukada Tsukada NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 41 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 42 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 43 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 44 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 45 1991 1991 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 46 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 47 Villarroya Villarroya NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 48 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 49 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 50 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 51 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 52 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 54 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 55 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 56 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 57 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 58 seen see VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 59 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 60 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 61 numerous numerous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 62 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 63 much much RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 64 larger large JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 65 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 66 processes process NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 67 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 68 chronic chronic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 69 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 70 compared compare VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 71 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 72 normal normal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 73 appearing appear VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 74 white white JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 75 matter matter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 76 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 77 Webster Webster NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 78 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 79 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 80 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 81 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 82 1985 1985 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 83 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 84 Eng Eng NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 85 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 86 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 87 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 88 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 89 1971 1971 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 90 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 21 91 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 1 Thus thus RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 4 degree degree NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 6 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 7 immunoreactivity immunoreactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 8 appears appear VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 9 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 10 reflect reflect VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 11 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 12 level level NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 13 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 14 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 15 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 22 16 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 2 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 3 reviewed review VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 4 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 5 detail detail NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 6 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 7 Sofroniew Sofroniew NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 9 Vinters Vinters NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 11 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 14 who who WP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 15 described describe VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 16 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 17 continuum continuum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 18 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 19 phenotypic phenotypic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 20 changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 21 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 22 that that DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 23 range range VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 24 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 25 mild mild JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 26 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 27 severe severe JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 28 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 29 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 30 latter latter JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 31 resulting result VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 32 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 33 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 34 scar scar NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 35 formation formation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 37 Sofroniew Sofroniew NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 38 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 39 Vinters Vinters NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 41 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 23 42 ; ; . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 1 Nash Nash NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 6 2011a 2011a CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 24 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 1 Attempts attempt NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 2 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 4 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 5 made make VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 6 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 7 define define VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 9 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 10 phenotype phenotype NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 12 more more JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 13 detail detail NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 14 along along IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 15 this this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 25 16 continuum continuum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 2 Liberto Liberto NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 7 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 26 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 2 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 3 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 4 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 5 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 6 mild mild JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 7 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 8 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 9 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 10 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 11 astrocyte astrocyte NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 12 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 13 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 14 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 16 severe severe JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 17 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 18 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 19 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 20 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 21 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 22 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 23 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 25 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 26 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 27 former former JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 28 promoting promote VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 29 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 30 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 31 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 32 function function NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 33 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 34 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 35 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 36 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 37 latter latter JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 38 walling wall VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 39 off off IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 40 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 41 injured injured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 42 area area NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 43 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 44 preventing prevent VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 27 45 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 2 Liberto Liberto NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 7 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 28 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 1 Although although IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 2 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 3 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 4 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 5 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 6 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 7 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 8 less less RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 9 detrimental detrimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 10 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 11 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 13 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 15 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 16 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 17 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 18 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 19 damaging damaging JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 22 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 23 clear clear JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 24 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 25 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 26 properties property NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 27 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 28 not not RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 29 all all DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 30 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 31 nothing nothing NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 32 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 33 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 34 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 35 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 36 Fig Fig NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 29 37 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 30 1 1 1 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 30 2 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 31 1 Expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 31 2 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 31 3 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 31 4 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 31 5 markers marker NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 31 6 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 1 Rat Rat NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 2 neurosphere neurosphere RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 3 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 4 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 6 cultured culture VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 7 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 8 PLL PLL NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 9 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 10 coated coated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 11 glass glass NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 12 coverslips coverslip NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 13 express express VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 14 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 15 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 16 markers marker NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 17 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 19 green green JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 22 nestin nestin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 24 red red NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 32 26 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 1 Astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 2 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 3 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 4 re re NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 5 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 6 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 7 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 8 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 9 classified classify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 10 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 11 4 4 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 12 main main JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 13 groups group NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 33 14 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 34 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 34 2 contribute contribute VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 34 3 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 34 4 re re NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 34 5 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 34 6 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 34 7 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 1 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 2 1 1 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 4 Providing provide VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 5 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 6 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 7 source source NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 9 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 11 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 12 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 13 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 14 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 35 15 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 1 Glucose glucose NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 2 taken take VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 3 up up RP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 4 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 5 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 6 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 7 lining line VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 9 blood blood NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 10 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 11 barrier barrier NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 12 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 13 later later RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 14 transferred transfer VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 15 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 16 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 17 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 18 transform transform VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 20 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 21 glycogen glycogen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 23 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 24 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 25 then then RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 26 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 27 used use VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 28 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 29 produce produce VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 30 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 36 31 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 1 2 2 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 3 Playing play VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 4 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 5 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 7 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 8 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 9 transmission transmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 10 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 11 regulating regulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 13 fluid fluid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 15 pH ph NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 16 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 17 ion ion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 19 e.g. e.g. RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 20 potassium potassium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 21 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 22 K K NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 23 + + SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 26 glio glio NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 27 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 28 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 29 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 30 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 31 contributing contribute VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 32 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 33 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 34 modulation modulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 35 through through IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 36 secreted secrete VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 37 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 39 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 40 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 41 thrombospondins thrombospondin NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 43 THBSs THBSs NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 37 45 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 38 1 3 3 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 38 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 1 Affecting affect VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 3 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 4 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 5 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 6 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 7 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 9 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 10 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 11 secreting secrete VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 12 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 13 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 15 some some DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 17 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 18 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 19 regulated regulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 20 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 21 iron iron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 22 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 23 provided provide VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 24 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 25 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 39 26 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 1 Chemokines Chemokines NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 2 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 4 influence influence VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 5 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 6 membrane membrane NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 7 ensheathment ensheathment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 9 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 40 10 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 1 4 4 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 3 Altering alter VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 4 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 5 status status NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 6 through through IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 8 release release NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 10 chemokines chemokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 11 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 12 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 14 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 15 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 16 turn turn NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 17 affects affect VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 19 cross cross NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 20 - - NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 21 talk talk NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 22 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 23 all all DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 24 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 25 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 26 including include VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 27 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 41 28 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 42 1 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 42 2 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 42 3 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 42 4 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 42 5 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 42 6 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 42 7 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 3 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 4 studies study NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 5 using use VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 6 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 7 null null JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 8 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 11 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 12 seen see VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 13 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 14 animals animal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 15 had have VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 16 abnormal abnormal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 17 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 19 nonmyelinated nonmyelinated NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 20 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 22 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 23 optic optic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 24 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 25 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 26 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 27 age age NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 28 related relate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 29 reduction reduction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 30 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 31 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 43 32 thickness thickness NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 2 Liedtke Liedtke NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 7 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 44 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 1 Non non JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 2 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 3 conservative conservative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 4 mutations mutation NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 5 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 7 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 8 gene gene NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 9 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 10 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 11 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 12 linked link VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 13 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 14 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 15 white white JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 16 matter matter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 17 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 18 disorder disorder NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 20 Alexander Alexander NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 21 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 23 Brenner Brenner NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 24 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 25 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 26 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 27 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 28 2001 2001 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 29 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 30 Li Li NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 31 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 32 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 33 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 34 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 35 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 45 37 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 4 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 5 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 6 direct direct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 7 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 8 indirect indirect JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 9 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 10 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 11 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 12 re re NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 13 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 14 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 15 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 16 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 17 established establish VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 18 both both CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 19 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 20 in in FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 21 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 23 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 24 vivo vivo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 25 studies study NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 46 26 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 1 Considering consider VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 3 limitations limitation NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 4 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 5 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 6 current current JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 7 treatments treatment NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 8 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 9 demyelinating demyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 10 CNS cns JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 11 diseases disease NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 13 injuries injury NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 16 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 17 crucial crucial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 18 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 19 identify identify VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 20 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 21 approaches approach NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 22 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 23 regulate regulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 24 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 26 search search NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 27 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 28 novel novel JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 29 strategies strategy NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 30 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 31 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 47 32 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 2 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 3 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 4 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 5 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 6 promote promote VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 7 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 8 through through IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 10 supportive supportive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 11 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 12 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 13 neuron neuron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 14 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 16 maintenance maintenance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 17 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 18 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 19 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 23 direct direct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 24 action action NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 25 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 26 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 27 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 28 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 29 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 30 migration migration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 31 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 32 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 34 Fig Fig NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 35 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 36 2 2 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 48 38 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 2 review review NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 3 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 4 focus focus VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 5 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 7 interaction interaction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 9 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 10 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 11 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 12 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 13 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 14 synergistically synergistically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 15 promote promote VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 16 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 49 17 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 3 apparent apparent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 4 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 6 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 7 affect affect VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 8 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 9 under under IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 10 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 11 range range NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 13 normal normal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 15 pathological pathological JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 16 conditions condition NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 18 but but CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 20 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 21 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 22 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 23 understand understand VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 24 how how WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 25 this this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 26 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 27 regulated regulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 50 28 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 1 Many many JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 2 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 3 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 4 trigger trigger VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 5 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 6 even even RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 7 regulate regulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 8 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 10 including include VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 11 large large JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 12 polypeptide polypeptide NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 13 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 14 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 16 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 18 John John NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 19 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 20 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 21 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 51 23 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 2 Moore Moore NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 7 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 10 mediators mediator NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 11 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 12 innate innate JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 13 immunity immunity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 14 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 15 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 16 lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 18 LPS LPS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 21 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 22 Toll Toll NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 23 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 24 like like JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 25 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 26 ligands ligand NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 52 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 1 Farina Farina NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 6 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 9 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 11 Bekar Bekar NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 12 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 13 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 14 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 16 2008 2008 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 19 purines purine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 21 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 22 oxygen oxygen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 23 species specie NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 26 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 27 related relate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 28 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 29 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 30 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 31 glucose glucose NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 32 deprivation deprivation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 34 Swanson Swanson NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 35 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 36 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 37 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 39 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 53 41 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 1 For for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 3 purpose purpose NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 5 this this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 6 review review NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 8 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 9 focus focus VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 10 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 11 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 13 chemokines chemokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 54 14 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 1 Although although IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 2 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 3 compounds compound NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 4 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 5 primarily primarily RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 6 considered consider VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 9 context context NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 11 chemotaxis chemotaxis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 13 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 14 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 16 here here RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 17 we -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 18 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 19 highlight highlight VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 21 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 22 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 23 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 24 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 26 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 55 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 1 These these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 2 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 3 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 4 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 5 produced produce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 7 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 8 autocrine autocrine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 9 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 10 paracrine paracrine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 11 fashion fashion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 12 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 13 various various JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 14 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 15 types type NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 16 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 18 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 19 including include VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 20 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 21 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 22 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 23 lineage lineage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 24 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 26 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 27 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 28 pericytes pericyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 29 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 30 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 31 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 56 32 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 1 Not not RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 2 only only RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 3 do do VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 4 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 5 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 6 influence influence VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 7 astrocyte astrocyte DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 57 8 phenotype phenotype NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 1 but but CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 2 they -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 4 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 5 affect affect VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 6 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 7 range range NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 9 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 10 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 11 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 12 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 13 types type NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 58 14 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 59 1 2.2 2.2 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 59 2 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 1 Astrocyte Astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 2 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 4 mild mild JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 5 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 7 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 8 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 9 pro pro JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 10 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 11 reparative reparative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 12 phenotype phenotype NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 60 13 ? ? . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 2 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 3 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 4 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 5 directly directly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 6 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 7 indirectly indirectly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 61 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 1 For for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 2 example example NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 4 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 5 response response NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 6 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 7 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 9 microglia microglia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 10 become become VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 11 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 13 release release VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 14 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 15 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 16 interleukin interleukin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 62 17 1β 1β . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 63 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 63 2 IL-1β IL-1β NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 63 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 63 4 Herx Herx NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 63 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 63 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 63 7 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 2 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 4 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 5 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 6 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 7 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 8 early early JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 9 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 10 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 12 Auron Auron NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 14 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 64 16 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 2 delay delay NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 4 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 5 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 7 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 8 lacking lack VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 9 IL-1β il-1β NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 10 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 11 as as RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 12 well well RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 13 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 15 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 16 lacking lack VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 17 IL-1 IL-1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 18 type type NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 19 1 1 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 20 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 21 suggests suggest VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 22 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 23 microglial microglial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 24 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 25 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 26 necessary necessary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 27 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 28 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 29 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 31 Herx Herx NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 32 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 33 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 34 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 35 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 36 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 65 38 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 2 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 4 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 5 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 6 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 7 ciliary ciliary NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 8 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 9 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 11 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 12 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 13 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 14 member member NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 17 IL-6 IL-6 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 18 family family NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 20 cytokines)treated cytokines)treated NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 21 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 23 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 24 had have VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 25 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 26 phenotype phenotype NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 27 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 28 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 29 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 30 supportive supportive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 31 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 32 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 33 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 35 thus thus RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 36 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 37 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 38 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 39 definition definition NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 41 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 43 Albrecht Albrecht NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 44 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 45 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 46 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 47 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 48 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 49 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 66 50 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 1 Under under IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 2 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 3 treatment treatment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 4 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 6 upregulate upregulate VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 7 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 9 classical classical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 10 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 11 markers marker NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 12 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 13 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 14 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 16 vimentin vimentin NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 18 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 19 clusterin clusterin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 21 show show VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 22 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 23 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 24 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 25 hypertrophy hypertrophy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 26 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 27 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 28 increase increase VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 29 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 30 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 31 rate rate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 33 Winter Winter NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 34 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 35 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 67 36 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 2 1995 1995 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 4 Levison Levison NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 9 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 10 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 11 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 68 12 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 69 1 Hudgins Hudgins NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 69 2 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 69 3 Levison Levison NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 69 4 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 69 5 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 69 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 69 7 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 1 There there EX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 3 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 4 growing grow VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 5 body body NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 7 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 8 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 9 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 10 promotion promotion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 11 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 12 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 13 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 14 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 15 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 16 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 17 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 18 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 20 potentially potentially RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 21 through through IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 22 secretion secretion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 23 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 24 various various JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 25 neurotrophic neurotrophic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 26 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 27 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 28 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 29 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 30 vicinity vicinity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 31 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 32 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 33 including include VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 34 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 35 Fig Fig NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 36 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 37 3 3 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 70 38 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 1 Simplified simplify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 2 schematic schematic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 5 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 7 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 9 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 10 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 11 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 12 re re NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 13 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 14 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 71 15 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 2 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 3 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 4 influenced influence VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 5 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 6 various various JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 7 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 8 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 9 change change VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 11 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 12 status status NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 13 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 14 one one CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 15 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 16 falls fall VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 17 within within IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 19 continuum continuum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 21 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 23 namely namely RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 24 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 25 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 26 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 27 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 28 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 29 both both DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 30 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 31 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 32 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 33 secrete secrete VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 34 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 35 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 36 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 37 modulate modulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 38 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 39 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 40 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 41 positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 42 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 43 negative negative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 44 way way NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 72 45 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 2 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 3 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 4 severe severe JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 5 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 6 present present NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 7 increased increase VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 8 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 9 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 10 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 11 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 12 rate rate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 15 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 16 hypertrophy hypertrophy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 17 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 18 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 19 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 20 stellate stellate JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 21 morphology morphology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 73 22 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 2 milder milder RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 3 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 4 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 5 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 6 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 7 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 8 secrete secrete VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 9 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 10 range range NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 11 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 12 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 13 including include VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 14 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 15 neurotrophic neurotrophic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 16 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 18 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 19 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 22 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 23 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 24 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 25 stimulate stimulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 26 re re NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 27 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 28 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 29 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 30 promoting promote VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 31 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 32 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 34 neurite neurite NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 35 outgrowth outgrowth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 36 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 37 neurogenesis neurogenesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 39 and/ and/ CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 40 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 41 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 42 precursor precursor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 43 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 45 OPC OPC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 47 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 48 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 49 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 50 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 51 and/or and/or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 52 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 74 53 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 1 Conversely conversely RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 2 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 3 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 4 tend tend VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 5 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 6 have have VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 7 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 8 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 9 severe severe JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 10 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 11 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 12 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 13 phenotype phenotype NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 15 possibly possibly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 16 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 17 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 18 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 19 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 20 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 21 CNS cns NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 22 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 23 damage damage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 25 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 26 secrete secrete VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 27 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 28 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 29 chemokines chemokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 30 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 31 lead lead VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 32 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 33 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 35 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 36 damage damage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 37 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 38 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 39 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 40 suppress suppress VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 41 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 42 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 43 delay delay NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 44 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 45 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 46 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 47 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 48 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 49 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 51 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 53 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 54 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 55 suppress suppress VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 56 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 57 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 58 myelinating myelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 59 embryonic embryonic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 60 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 61 mixed mix VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 62 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 63 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 64 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 75 65 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 1 However however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 3 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 4 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 5 scar scar NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 6 forming form VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 7 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 8 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 9 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 10 protect protect VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 11 CNS cns JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 12 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 13 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 14 preventing prevent VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 15 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 16 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 17 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 18 invading invade VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 19 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 20 exerting exert VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 21 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 22 pro pro JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 23 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 24 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 25 response response NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 26 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 27 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 28 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 29 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 30 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 31 even even RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 32 ameliorate ameliorate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 33 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 76 34 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 1 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 2 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 4 NGF NGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 7 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 9 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 10 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 11 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 13 BDNF BDNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 16 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 17 dependent dependent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 18 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 19 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 21 ADNF ADNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 24 hepatocyte hepatocyte NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 25 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 26 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 28 HGF HGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 30 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 31 leukaemia leukaemia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 32 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 33 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 35 LIF LIF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 37 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 38 fibroblast fibroblast NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 39 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 40 factor-2 factor-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 42 FGF-2 FGF-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 44 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 45 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 47 Schwartz Schwartz NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 48 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 49 Nishiyama Nishiyama NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 50 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 51 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 77 52 ; ; . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 1 Rudge Rudge NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 6 1995 1995 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 7 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 8 Uchida Uchida NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 9 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 10 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 11 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 13 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 14 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 15 Dreyfus Dreyfus NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 16 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 17 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 18 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 20 1999 1999 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 21 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 22 Messersmith Messersmith NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 23 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 24 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 25 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 26 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 78 27 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 2 Albrecht Albrecht NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 7 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 79 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 80 1 Fig Fig NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 80 2 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 80 3 3 3 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 80 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 80 5 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 3 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 4 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 5 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 6 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 7 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 8 treated treat VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 9 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 10 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 12 support support VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 14 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 16 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 17 significantly significantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 18 greater great JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 19 number number NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 21 ventral ventral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 22 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 23 motor motor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 24 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 26 promote promote VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 27 neurite neurite NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 28 outgrowth outgrowth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 29 better well RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 30 than than IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 31 unstimulated unstimulated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 32 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 81 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 1 Albrecht Albrecht NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 6 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 82 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 1 Other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 2 researchers researcher NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 3 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 4 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 5 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 6 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 7 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 8 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 9 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 10 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 11 promote promote VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 12 neurogenesis neurogenesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 14 possibly possibly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 15 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 16 stimulating stimulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 18 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 20 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 21 stem stem NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 22 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 24 NSCs nscs NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 26 residing reside VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 27 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 28 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 29 subventricular subventricular NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 30 zone zone NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 31 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 32 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 33 dentate dentate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 34 gyrus gyrus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 35 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 36 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 37 animals animal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 39 Liberto Liberto NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 40 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 41 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 42 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 43 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 44 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 83 46 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 1 Because because IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 2 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 3 multipotent multipotent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 4 NSCs nscs NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 5 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 6 migrate migrate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 7 beyond beyond IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 9 sites site NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 11 origin origin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 13 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 14 later later RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 15 differentiate differentiate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 16 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 17 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 19 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 21 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 23 they -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 24 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 25 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 26 potential potential NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 27 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 28 enhance enhance VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 29 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 30 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 31 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 32 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 33 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 34 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 84 35 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 3 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 4 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 5 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 6 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 7 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 8 positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 9 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 10 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 11 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 85 12 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 2 own own JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 3 investigations investigation NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 4 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 5 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 6 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 7 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 8 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 9 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 10 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 11 promote promote VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 13 percentage percentage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 15 myelinated myelinated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 16 fibres fibre NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 18 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 19 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 86 20 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 2 Nash Nash NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 7 2011b 2011b CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 87 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 1 Further further JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 2 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 4 this this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 5 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 6 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 7 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 9 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 10 infected infect VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 11 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 13 A-59 A-59 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 14 strain strain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 17 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 18 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 19 virus virus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 21 MHV MHV NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 22 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 23 A59 A59 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 26 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 27 animal animal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 28 model model NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 29 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 30 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 32 Jordan Jordan NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 33 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 34 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 35 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 36 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 37 1989 1989 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 39 Messersmith Messersmith NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 40 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 41 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 42 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 43 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 44 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 88 45 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 1 These these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 2 animals animal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 3 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 4 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 5 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 6 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 7 secrete secrete VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 8 increased increase VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 9 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 11 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 12 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 14 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 15 phase phase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 17 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 18 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 19 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 20 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 22 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 23 remyelinating remyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 24 regions region NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 26 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 27 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 28 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 29 features feature NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 89 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 1 Albrecht Albrecht NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 6 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 90 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 3 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 4 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 5 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 6 increase increase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 8 IL-1β il-1β DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 9 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 10 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 11 early early JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 12 stages stage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 13 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 14 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 15 pathology pathology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 16 stimulates stimulate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 18 induction induction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 20 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 21 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 23 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 24 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 91 25 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 2 Stöckli Stöckli NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 3 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 7 1991 1991 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 9 Guthrie Guthrie NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 10 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 11 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 12 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 14 1997 1997 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 15 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 16 Dallner Dallner NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 17 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 18 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 19 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 92 21 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 2 Liberto Liberto NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 7 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 10 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 11 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 12 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 13 appears appear VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 14 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 15 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 16 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 17 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 18 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 20 Herx Herx NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 21 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 22 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 23 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 25 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 93 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 94 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 94 2 could could MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 94 3 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 94 4 due due JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 94 5 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 1 FGF-2 FGF-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 2 signalling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 3 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 4 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 5 treatment treatment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 6 elevates elevate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 7 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 8 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 10 Fgf-2 Fgf-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 11 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 12 significantly significantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 14 whereas whereas RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 16 IL-1 IL-1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 17 β β NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 18 shows show VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 19 no no DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 20 effect effect NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 95 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 1 Albrecht Albrecht NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 6 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 96 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 1 Since since IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 2 FGF-2 FGF-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 3 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 4 enhance enhance VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 5 OPC opc NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 6 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 8 Albrecht Albrecht NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 9 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 10 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 11 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 13 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 17 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 18 produce produce VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 19 more more JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 20 OPCs opc NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 21 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 22 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 23 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 25 Redwine Redwine NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 26 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 27 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 28 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 29 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 30 1997 1997 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 31 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 32 Messersmith Messersmith NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 33 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 34 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 35 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 36 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 37 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 97 39 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 3 if if IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 5 gp130 gp130 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 6 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 7 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 9 ubiquitous ubiquitous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 10 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 11 transducer transducer NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 12 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 13 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 15 all all DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 16 IL-6 IL-6 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 17 family family NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 18 members member NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 20 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 21 genetically genetically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 22 removed remove VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 23 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 24 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 26 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 27 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 28 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 29 poor poor JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 30 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 31 there there EX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 32 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 33 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 34 reduction reduction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 35 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 36 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 37 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 38 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 39 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 41 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 42 larger large JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 43 areas area NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 44 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 45 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 46 formed form VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 47 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 48 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 49 greater great JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 50 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 51 T t NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 52 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 53 response response NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 55 Haroon Haroon NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 56 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 57 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 58 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 59 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 60 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 98 62 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 3 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 4 seems seem VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 5 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 6 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 7 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 8 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 9 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 10 involved involve VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 12 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 13 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 15 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 99 16 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 3 IL-1β il-1β WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 4 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 5 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 6 stimulate stimulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 7 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 8 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 9 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 11 another another DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 12 IL-6 IL-6 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 13 family family NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 14 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 16 LIF LIF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 19 Aloisi Aloisi NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 20 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 21 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 22 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 24 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 26 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 27 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 28 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 29 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 30 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 31 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 32 promote promote VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 33 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 35 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 36 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 37 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 39 Khan Khan NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 40 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 41 De De NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 42 Vellis Vellis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 43 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 44 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 45 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 46 Mayer Mayer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 47 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 48 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 49 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 50 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 51 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 52 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 53 Bugga Bugga NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 54 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 55 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 56 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 57 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 58 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 100 60 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 1 LIF LIF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 2 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 3 decreases decrease VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 4 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 5 severity severity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 6 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 7 exogenously exogenously RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 8 administered administer VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 9 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 10 both both CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 11 chronic chronic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 13 relapsing relapse VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 14 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 15 remitting remit VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 16 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 101 17 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 102 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 102 2 Aloisi Aloisi NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 102 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 102 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 102 5 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 103 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 103 2 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 103 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 103 4 Butzkueven Butzkueven NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 103 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 103 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 103 7 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 2 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 4 Ishibashi Ishibashi NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 9 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 104 11 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 1 Positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 2 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 4 LIF LIF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 5 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 7 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 9 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 11 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 12 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 13 provides provide VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 14 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 15 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 17 positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 18 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 20 LIF LIF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 21 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 22 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 24 Khan Khan NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 26 De De NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 27 Vellis Vellis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 28 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 29 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 30 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 31 Mayer Mayer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 32 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 33 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 34 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 35 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 36 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 37 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 38 Bugga Bugga NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 39 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 40 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 41 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 42 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 43 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 105 45 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 1 However however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 3 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 4 pro pro JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 5 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 6 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 7 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 8 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 9 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 10 tumour tumour NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 11 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 12 factoralpha factoralpha NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 14 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 15 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 16 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 18 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 19 interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 20 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 21 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 23 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 24 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 25 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 27 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 28 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 29 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 30 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 31 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 32 potentiate potentiate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 33 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 34 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 36 Yong Yong NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 37 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 38 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 39 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 41 1991 1991 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 42 John John NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 43 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 44 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 45 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 46 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 47 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 48 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 49 discussed discuss VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 50 below below RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 106 51 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 2 contrast contrast NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 3 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 4 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 5 positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 6 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 7 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 8 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 10 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 11 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 12 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 13 have have VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 14 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 15 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 16 detrimental detrimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 17 effect effect NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 18 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 19 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 20 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 21 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 22 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 23 secretion secretion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 24 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 25 chemokines chemokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 26 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 27 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 28 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 29 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 30 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 31 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 32 severe severe JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 34 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 35 state state NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 37 Fig Fig NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 38 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 39 3 3 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 107 41 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 1 One one CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 2 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 3 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 4 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 5 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 6 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 7 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 9 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 10 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 11 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 12 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 13 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 14 induce induce VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 15 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 17 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 18 damage damage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 19 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 20 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 22 Selmaj Selmaj NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 23 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 24 Raine Raine NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 26 1988 1988 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 108 28 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 1 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 3 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 4 mRNA mrna NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 5 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 7 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 8 plaques plaque NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 9 positively positively RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 10 correlates correlate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 11 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 13 extent extent NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 15 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 17 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 18 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 19 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 20 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 21 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 22 present present JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 23 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 24 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 25 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 26 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 27 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 28 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 29 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 30 smaller small JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 31 percentage percentage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 32 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 109 33 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 2 Bitsch Bitsch NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 7 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 110 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 1 On on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 3 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 4 hand hand NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 6 studies study NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 7 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 8 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 9 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 10 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 11 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 12 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 13 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 14 mainly mainly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 15 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 16 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 17 GFAP GFAP VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 18 positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 19 fibrous fibrous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 20 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 22 chronic chronic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 23 active active JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 24 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 25 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 26 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 28 lesion lesion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 29 edge edge NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 111 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 1 Hofman Hofman NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 6 1989 1989 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 8 as as RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 9 well well RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 10 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 11 foamy foamy JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 12 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 14 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 112 15 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 2 Selmaj Selmaj NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 7 1991 1991 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 113 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 1 However however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 4 fact fact NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 5 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 6 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 7 appear appear VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 8 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 9 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 10 major major JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 11 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 12 minor minor JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 13 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 14 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 15 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 16 expressing express VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 17 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 18 types type NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 19 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 20 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 21 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 22 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 23 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 24 because because IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 25 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 26 internalize internalize VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 28 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 29 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 30 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 31 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 32 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 33 mediated mediate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 114 34 manner manner NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 2 Aránguez Aránguez NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 3 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 7 1995 1995 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 9 Kuhlmann Kuhlmann NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 10 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 11 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 12 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 14 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 16 rather rather RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 17 than than IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 18 producing produce VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 20 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 21 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 22 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 23 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 24 Hofman Hofman NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 25 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 26 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 115 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 2 1989 1989 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 4 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 5 Bitsch Bitsch NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 6 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 7 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 116 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 117 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 117 2 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 117 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 117 4 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 4 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 5 possible possible JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 6 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 7 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 8 require require VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 9 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 10 longer long JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 11 period period NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 13 time time NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 14 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 15 become become VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 16 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 17 upon upon IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 18 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 19 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 20 only only RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 21 produce produce VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 22 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 23 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 24 α α XX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 25 first first RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 26 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 28 lesion lesion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 29 edge edge NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 30 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 31 acute acute JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 32 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 33 plaques plaque NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 35 later later RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 36 both both CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 37 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 38 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 39 lesion lesion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 40 edge edge NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 41 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 42 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 43 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 44 lesion lesion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 45 centre centre NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 46 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 47 chronic chronic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 48 active active JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 49 plaques plaque NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 51 Selmaj Selmaj NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 52 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 53 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 54 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 55 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 56 1991 1991 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 118 58 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 2 situ situ JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 3 hybridisation hybridisation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 4 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 5 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 6 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 7 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 8 mRNA mrna NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 9 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 10 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 11 detected detect VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 13 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 14 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 15 positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 16 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 18 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 19 suffering suffer VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 20 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 21 pneumococcal pneumococcal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 119 22 meningitis meningitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 2 Izadpanah Izadpanah NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 7 2014 2014 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 9 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 10 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 11 suggests suggest VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 12 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 13 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 14 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 15 indeed indeed RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 16 produce produce VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 17 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 18 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 19 α α NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 20 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 21 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 22 pathologies pathology NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 120 23 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 1 Since since IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 2 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 3 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 4 α α NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 5 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 7 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 9 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 11 Cammer Cammer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 13 Zhang Zhang NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 15 1999 1999 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 18 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 19 failure failure NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 20 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 21 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 22 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 23 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 24 could could MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 25 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 26 because because IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 27 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 28 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 29 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 30 prevents prevent VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 31 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 32 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 33 situ situ JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 34 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 35 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 36 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 121 37 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 3 direct direct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 4 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 5 contact contact NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 6 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 7 pre pre JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 8 - - NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 9 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 11 preOLs preols NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 14 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 15 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 16 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 17 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 18 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 19 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 20 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 21 prerequisite prerequisite NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 22 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 23 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 24 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 25 induce induce VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 26 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 27 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 28 preOLs preols NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 29 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 30 rodent rodent NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 31 mixed mixed JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 32 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 122 33 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 2 Kim Kim NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 7 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 123 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 4 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 5 possible possible JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 6 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 7 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 9 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 10 increases increase VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 11 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 13 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 15 demyelinated demyelinated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 16 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 17 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 18 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 20 MHV MHV NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 21 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 22 A59-injected a59-injecte VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 23 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 25 Redwine Redwine NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 26 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 27 Armstrong Armstrong NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 28 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 29 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 30 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 31 Frost Frost NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 32 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 33 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 34 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 35 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 36 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 38 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 39 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 40 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 41 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 42 increase increase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 43 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 44 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 45 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 46 β β NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 47 transcription transcription NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 48 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 49 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 50 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 51 αβ αβ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 52 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 53 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 54 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 55 embryonic embryonic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 56 human human JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 57 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 58 upon upon IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 59 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 60 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 61 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 124 62 treatment treatment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 2 Silberstein Silberstein NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 7 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 125 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 3 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 4 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 5 have have VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 6 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 7 positive positive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 8 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 9 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 10 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 11 both both CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 12 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 13 producing produce VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 14 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 15 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 16 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 17 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 18 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 19 secreting secrete VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 20 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 21 upon upon IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 22 stimulation stimulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 23 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 24 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 25 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 26 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 126 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 1 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 2 could could MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 3 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 4 turn turn NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 5 support support VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 7 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 9 enhance enhance VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 10 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 11 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 13 OPCs opc NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 15 demyelinating demyelinating JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 16 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 18 Woodruff Woodruff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 19 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 20 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 21 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 23 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 127 24 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 1 Vana Vana NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 6 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 128 8 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 4 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 5 yet yet RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 6 difficult difficult JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 7 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 8 conclude conclude VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 9 whether whether IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 10 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 11 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 12 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 13 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 14 increased increase VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 15 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 16 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 17 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 18 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 19 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 20 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 21 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 22 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 23 predominantly predominantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 24 stimulatory stimulatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 25 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 26 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 27 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 28 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 129 29 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 1 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 3 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 4 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 5 another another DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 6 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 7 found find VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 9 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 10 plaques plaque NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 12 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 13 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 14 reported report VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 15 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 16 not not RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 17 only only RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 18 activate activate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 19 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 21 but but CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 22 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 23 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 24 expressed express VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 25 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 26 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 27 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 28 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 29 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 30 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 31 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 32 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 33 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 34 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 35 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 37 Pulver Pulver NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 38 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 39 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 40 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 41 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 42 1987 1987 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 130 43 ; ; . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 1 Traugott Traugott NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 2 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 3 Lebon Lebon NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 4 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 5 1988 1988 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 6 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 7 Miljkovic Miljkovic NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 8 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 9 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 10 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 12 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 13 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 14 Hashioka Hashioka NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 15 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 16 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 17 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 19 2009 2009 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 20 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 21 Ionescu Ionescu NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 22 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 23 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 24 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 26 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 131 28 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 1 Similar similar JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 2 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 3 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 4 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 5 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 7 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 9 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 10 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 11 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 12 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 13 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 14 suppress suppress VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 15 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 17 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 18 delay delay VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 19 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 20 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 22 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 23 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 24 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 26 where where WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 27 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 28 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 29 γ γ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 30 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 31 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 32 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 33 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 34 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 35 temporally temporally RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 36 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 37 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 38 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 39 stage stage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 41 Lin Lin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 42 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 43 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 44 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 45 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 46 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 132 48 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 1 Astrocyte Astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 3 directed direct VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 4 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 6 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 7 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 8 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 9 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 10 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 11 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 12 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 13 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 14 resulted result VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 15 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 16 regional regional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 17 hypomyelination hypomyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 18 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 19 selective selective JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 20 disruption disruption NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 21 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 22 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 23 histogenesis histogenesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 25 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 26 led lead VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 27 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 28 ataxia ataxia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 29 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 30 shorter short JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 31 life life NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 32 span span NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 34 LaFerla LaFerla NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 35 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 36 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 37 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 39 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 133 41 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 3 knocking knock VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 4 down down RP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 5 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 6 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 7 γ γ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 8 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 9 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 11 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 12 three three CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 13 days day NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 14 before before IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 15 immunization immunization NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 16 suppressed suppress VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 17 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 18 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 19 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 20 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 21 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 22 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 23 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 24 infiltration infiltration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 26 Ding Ding NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 27 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 28 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 29 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 30 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 31 2015 2015 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 134 33 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 1 These these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 2 animals animal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 3 presented present VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 4 lower low JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 5 mean mean VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 6 clinical clinical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 7 scores score NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 8 even even RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 9 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 10 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 11 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 12 silencing silencing NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 13 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 14 initiated initiate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 15 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 16 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 17 onset onset NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 18 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 19 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 20 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 135 21 peak peak NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 2 Ding Ding NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 3 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 7 2015 2015 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 136 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 1 Despite despite IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 3 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 4 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 5 suggesting suggest VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 6 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 7 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 8 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 9 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 10 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 11 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 12 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 14 Hindinger Hindinger NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 15 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 16 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 137 17 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 2 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 4 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 5 proposed propose VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 6 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 7 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 9 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 10 signalling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 12 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 13 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 14 indispensable indispensable JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 15 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 17 alleviation alleviation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 18 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 19 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 20 since since IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 21 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 22 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 23 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 24 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 25 axonal axonal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 26 loss loss NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 27 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 28 increased increase VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 29 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 30 acute acute JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 31 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 32 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 33 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 34 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 35 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 36 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 37 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 38 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 39 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 40 dominant dominant JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 41 negative negative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 42 allele allele NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 43 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 44 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 45 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 46 γ γ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 47 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 138 48 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 4 approach approach NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 5 blocked block VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 6 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 7 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 8 γ γ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 9 signalling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 11 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 12 without without IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 13 decreasing decrease VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 14 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 15 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 17 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 18 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 19 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 20 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 21 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 22 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 23 would would MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 24 lower lower VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 25 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 26 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 27 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 28 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 29 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 30 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 31 available available JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 32 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 33 immunoregulatory immunoregulatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 34 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 35 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 36 whereas whereas RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 37 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 38 Ding Ding NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 39 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 40 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 139 41 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 2 2015 2015 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 4 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 5 knocked knock VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 6 down down RP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 7 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 8 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 10 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 11 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 12 itself -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 140 13 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 3 blocking block VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 4 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 5 lowering lower VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 6 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 7 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 8 γ γ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 9 signalling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 11 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 12 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 13 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 14 carefully carefully RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 15 planned plan VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 16 strategy strategy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 17 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 18 provide provide VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 19 new new JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 20 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 21 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 22 modifying modify VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 23 treatments treatment NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 24 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 25 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 26 limit limit VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 27 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 141 28 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 1 Reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 2 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 4 secrete secrete VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 5 C c NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 6 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 7 X x NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 9 C c NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 10 motif motif NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 11 chemokine chemokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 12 10 10 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 14 CXCL10 CXCL10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 16 Ransohoff Ransohoff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 17 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 18 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 19 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 21 1993 1993 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 24 particularly particularly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 25 around around IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 26 active active JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 27 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 28 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 30 Omari Omari NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 31 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 32 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 33 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 34 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 35 2005 2005 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 36 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 37 Carter Carter NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 38 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 39 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 40 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 41 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 42 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 142 44 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 143 1 Cxcl10 Cxcl10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 1 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 2 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 3 increases increase VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 4 significantly significantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 5 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 6 peak peak NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 7 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 9 decreases decrease NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 10 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 11 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 12 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 13 phases phase NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 15 animal animal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 16 models model NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 17 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 18 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 20 Godiska Godiska NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 21 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 22 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 23 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 25 1995 1995 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 144 26 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 1 Glabinski Glabinski NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 2 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 6 1997 1997 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 7 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 8 Fife Fife NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 9 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 10 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 11 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 13 2001 2001 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 145 15 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 1 A a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 2 direct direct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 3 effect effect NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 5 CXCL10 CXCL10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 6 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 7 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 8 inhibition inhibition NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 10 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 11 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 12 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 13 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 14 dissociated dissociated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 15 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 16 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 17 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 18 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 19 plated plate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 20 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 21 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 22 treated treat VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 23 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 24 CXCL10 CXCL10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 27 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 28 antibody antibody NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 146 29 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 2 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 3 experiments experiment NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 4 CXCL10 cxcl10 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 5 identified identify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 6 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 7 microarray microarray NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 8 analysis analysis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 10 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 11 upregulated upregulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 13 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 14 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 15 phenotype phenotype NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 16 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 17 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 18 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 19 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 20 CNS cns JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 21 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 23 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 147 24 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 3 CXCL10 CXCL10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 4 appeared appear VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 5 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 6 inhibit inhibit VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 7 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 8 process process NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 9 extension extension NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 11 Nash Nash NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 12 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 13 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 14 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 16 2011b 2011b CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 148 18 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 3 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 4 stand stand VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 5 out out RP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 6 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 7 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 8 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 9 family family NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 11 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 12 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 13 activate activate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 14 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 16 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 17 initiate initiate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 18 different different JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 19 forms form NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 21 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 22 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 23 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 24 could could MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 25 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 26 either either RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 27 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 28 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 29 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 30 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 31 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 32 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 33 milieu milieu NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 34 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 35 terms term NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 36 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 37 re re NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 38 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 39 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 149 40 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 2 should should MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 3 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 4 noted note VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 5 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 7 secretion secretion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 9 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 10 pro pro JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 11 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 12 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 13 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 14 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 15 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 16 contribute contribute VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 17 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 19 lack lack NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 21 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 22 within within IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 23 MS MS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 24 plaques plaque NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 25 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 26 not not RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 27 restricted restrict VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 28 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 29 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 30 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 31 since since IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 32 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 33 glial glial NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 35 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 36 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 37 types type NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 38 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 39 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 40 secrete secrete VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 41 them -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 150 42 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 4 up up JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 5 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 7 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 8 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 9 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 10 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 11 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 12 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 13 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 14 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 15 protective protective JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 16 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 17 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 18 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 151 19 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 1 For for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 2 example example NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 5 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 6 scar scar NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 7 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 8 restrict restrict VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 9 leukocyte leukocyte NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 10 migration migration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 11 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 12 within within IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 13 areas area NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 15 damaged damaged JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 16 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 17 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 19 otherwise otherwise RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 20 healthy healthy JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 21 non non JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 22 damaged damaged JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 23 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 24 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 26 close close JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 27 proximity proximity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 28 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 29 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 30 scar scar NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 31 protecting protect VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 33 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 34 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 35 mediated mediate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 152 36 damage damage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 153 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 153 2 Faulkner Faulkner NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 153 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 153 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 153 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 153 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 153 7 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 2 Okada Okada NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 7 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 9 Herrmann Herrmann NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 10 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 11 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 12 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 154 14 2008 2008 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 2 Voskuhl Voskuhl NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 7 2009 2009 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 155 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 1 A a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 2 vital vital JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 3 supportive supportive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 4 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 5 played play VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 6 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 7 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 8 following follow VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 9 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 10 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 11 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 12 provision provision NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 13 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 14 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 15 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 16 source source NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 18 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 19 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 20 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 21 if if IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 22 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 23 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 24 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 25 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 26 myelinated myelinated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 156 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 2 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 3 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 4 metabolized metabolize VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 5 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 6 glucose glucose NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 7 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 8 enters enter VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 9 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 10 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 11 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 13 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 14 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 15 lining line VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 17 blood blood NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 18 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 19 barrier barrier NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 21 BBB BBB NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 24 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 25 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 26 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 27 close close JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 28 contact contact NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 29 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 30 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 157 31 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 2 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 3 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 4 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 6 biochemically biochemically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 7 transform transform VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 8 glucose glucose NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 9 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 10 glycogen glycogen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 13 principal principal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 14 source source NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 16 stored store VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 17 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 18 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 19 all all DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 20 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 21 types type NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 23 Pellegri Pellegri NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 24 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 25 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 26 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 27 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 28 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 158 29 ; ; . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 1 Pfeiffer Pfeiffer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 3 Guglielmi Guglielmi NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 4 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 5 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 6 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 7 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 8 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 159 10 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 2 addition addition NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 5 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 6 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 7 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 8 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 9 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 10 under under IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 11 low low JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 12 glucose glucose NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 13 concentrations concentration NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 14 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 15 degrade degrade VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 16 stored store VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 17 glycogen glycogen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 18 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 19 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 20 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 22 turn turn NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 23 increases increase VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 24 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 25 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 26 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 27 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 28 provide provide VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 29 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 30 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 31 nearby nearby JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 32 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 33 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 34 deprivation deprivation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 35 occurs occur VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 36 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 160 37 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 2 Tekkök Tekkök NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 3 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 7 2005 2005 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 161 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 2 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 3 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 4 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 5 astroglial astroglial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 6 glycogen glycogen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 7 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 8 glycolysis glycolysis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 9 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 10 transferred transfer VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 11 directly directly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 12 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 14 axon axon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 15 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 17 node node NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 18 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 19 Ranvier Ranvier NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 21 Hirrlinger Hirrlinger NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 23 Nave Nave NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 25 2014 2014 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 162 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 2 importance importance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 4 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 5 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 6 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 7 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 8 only only RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 9 just just RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 10 emerging emerge VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 163 11 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 1 Whether whether IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 2 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 3 maintain maintain VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 5 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 6 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 8 only only JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 9 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 10 as as RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 11 previously previously RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 12 thought think VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 14 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 15 if if IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 16 this this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 17 extends extend VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 18 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 19 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 20 as as RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 21 well well RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 23 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 24 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 25 interesting interesting JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 26 concept concept NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 164 27 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 1 Oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 2 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 3 known know VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 4 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 5 consume consume VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 6 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 7 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 8 higher high JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 9 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 10 than than IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 11 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 12 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 13 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 15 therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 16 making make VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 17 them -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 18 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 19 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 20 user user NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 21 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 22 any any DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 23 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 24 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 165 25 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 3 promotion promotion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 5 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 6 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 7 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 8 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 9 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 10 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 11 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 12 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 13 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 14 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 15 applied apply VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 17 Rinholm Rinholm NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 18 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 19 Bergersen Bergersen NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 21 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 166 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 1 therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 2 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 3 least least JJS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 4 some some DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 5 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 6 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 7 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 8 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 9 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 10 targeted target VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 11 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 12 myelinating myelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 13 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 15 Sánchez Sánchez NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 16 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 17 Abarca Abarca NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 18 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 19 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 167 20 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 2 2001 2001 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 4 Rinholm Rinholm NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 9 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 168 11 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 1 However however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 3 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 4 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 5 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 7 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 8 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 9 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 10 complex complex JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 11 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 12 recent recent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 13 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 14 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 15 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 16 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 17 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 18 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 19 turn turn NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 20 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 21 transfer transfer VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 22 glycolysis glycolysis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 23 products product NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 24 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 25 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 26 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 27 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 28 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 29 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 30 monocarboxylic monocarboxylic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 31 acid acid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 32 transporters transporter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 34 MCT1 MCT1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 35 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 36 MCT2 MCT2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 39 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 40 reside reside VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 41 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 42 internodal internodal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 43 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 44 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 45 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 46 axonal axonal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 47 compartment compartment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 49 Fünfschilling Fünfschilling NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 50 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 51 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 52 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 53 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 54 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 169 56 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 1 Cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 3 essential essential JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 4 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 5 every every DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 6 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 9 body body NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 10 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 12 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 13 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 14 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 15 component component NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 17 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 18 membranes membrane NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 170 19 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 3 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 5 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 6 vital vital JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 7 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 8 normal normal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 9 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 10 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 12 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 13 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 14 precursor precursor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 15 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 16 many many JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 17 signalling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 18 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 19 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 20 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 21 steroid steroid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 22 hormones hormone NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 24 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 25 importantly importantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 26 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 27 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 28 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 29 major major JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 30 structural structural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 31 component component NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 32 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 33 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 34 sheaths sheath NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 36 Siegel Siegel NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 37 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 38 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 39 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 41 1999 1999 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 171 43 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 2 BBB BBB NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 3 prevents prevent VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 5 transport transport NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 7 either either CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 8 hepatic hepatic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 9 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 10 dietary dietary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 11 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 13 meaning mean VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 14 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 15 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 16 must must MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 17 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 18 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 19 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 20 de de FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 21 novo novo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 22 synthesis synthesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 23 within within IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 24 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 25 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 27 Orth Orth NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 28 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 29 Bellosta Bellosta NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 30 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 31 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 172 33 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 2 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 3 proposed propose VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 4 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 5 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 6 one one CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 9 primary primary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 10 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 11 sources source NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 13 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 15 Pfrieger Pfrieger NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 17 Ungerer Ungerer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 19 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 22 mediate mediate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 24 secretion secretion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 25 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 27 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 28 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 29 several several JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 30 apolipoproteins apolipoprotein NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 31 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 32 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 33 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 34 bind bind VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 35 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 37 Boyles Boyles NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 38 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 39 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 40 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 41 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 42 1985 1985 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 43 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 44 Lin Lin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 45 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 46 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 47 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 48 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 49 1986 1986 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 50 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 51 Xu Xu NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 52 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 53 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 54 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 55 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 56 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 57 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 58 Kurumada Kurumada NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 59 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 60 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 61 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 62 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 63 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 173 65 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 1 There there EX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 3 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 4 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 5 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 6 suggest suggest VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 7 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 8 there there EX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 9 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 10 horizontal horizontal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 11 transfer transfer NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 13 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 15 Boyles Boyles NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 16 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 17 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 18 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 20 1985 1985 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 174 21 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 1 Lin Lin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 6 1986 1986 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 7 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 8 Xu Xu NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 9 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 10 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 11 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 13 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 14 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 15 Kurumada Kurumada NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 16 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 17 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 18 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 20 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 22 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 23 both both DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 24 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 26 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 27 producing produce VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 28 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 29 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 30 maintain maintain VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 31 myelin myelin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 32 sheath sheath NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 33 formation formation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 35 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 175 36 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 2 transfer transfer NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 3 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 4 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 5 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 6 critically critically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 7 relevant relevant JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 8 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 9 neurodegenerative neurodegenerative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 10 diseases disease NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 12 since since IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 14 availability availability NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 16 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 17 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 18 thought think VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 19 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 20 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 21 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 22 essential essential JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 23 rate rate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 24 limiting limit VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 25 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 26 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 27 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 176 28 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 2 May May MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 7 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 9 Liu Liu NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 10 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 11 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 12 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 14 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 177 16 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 3 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 4 addition addition NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 5 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 7 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 9 providing provide VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 10 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 11 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 12 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 14 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 15 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 16 emerge emerge VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 17 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 18 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 19 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 20 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 21 suppliers supplier NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 23 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 24 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 26 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 27 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 28 vital vital JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 29 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 30 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 178 31 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 1 A a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 2 further further JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 3 function function NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 6 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 7 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 8 removal removal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 10 excitotoxic excitotoxic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 11 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 12 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 14 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 15 space space NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 16 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 17 thus thus RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 18 supporting support VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 19 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 20 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 179 21 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 2 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 3 actively actively RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 4 remove remove VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 5 excitotoxic excitotoxic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 6 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 8 convert convert VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 10 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 11 glutamine glutamine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 12 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 13 increasing increase VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 15 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 17 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 18 transporters transporter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 19 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 20 glutamine glutamine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 21 synthetase synthetase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 23 Faden Faden NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 24 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 25 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 26 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 27 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 28 1989 1989 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 180 29 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 181 1 Eng Eng NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 181 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 181 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 181 4 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 2 1997 1997 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 4 Krum Krum NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 9 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 12 thereby thereby RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 13 preventing prevent VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 14 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 15 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 16 death death NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 17 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 18 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 19 pathology pathology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 182 20 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 2 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 4 release release VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 5 gliotransmitters gliotransmitter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 6 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 7 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 8 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 10 purine purine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 12 GABA GABA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 14 D d NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 15 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 16 serine serine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 17 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 19 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 20 cleft cleft NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 21 upon upon IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 22 excitation excitation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 23 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 24 changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 26 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 27 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 28 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 29 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 30 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 31 thereby thereby RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 32 regulate regulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 33 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 34 excitability excitability NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 183 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 184 1 Parpura Parpura NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 184 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 184 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 184 4 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 2 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 4 Bezzi Bezzi NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 185 9 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 2 Mothet Mothet NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 7 2000 2000 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 9 Coco Coco NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 10 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 11 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 12 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 186 14 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 2 Halassa Halassa NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 7 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 187 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 1 Neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 2 released release VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 3 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 5 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 6 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 7 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 8 reach reach VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 9 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 10 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 12 stimulating stimulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 13 increases increase NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 15 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 16 Ca Ca NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 17 2 2 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 18 + + SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 19 concentrations concentration NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 21 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 22 then then RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 23 leads lead VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 24 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 25 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 26 secretion secretion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 27 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 28 gliotransmitters gliotransmitter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 30 Porter Porter NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 31 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 32 McCarthy McCarthy NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 34 1997 1997 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 188 36 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 1 These these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 2 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 3 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 4 then then RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 5 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 6 feedback feedback VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 7 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 8 presynaptic presynaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 9 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 10 terminals terminal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 11 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 12 modulate modulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 13 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 14 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 16 Araque Araque NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 17 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 18 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 19 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 21 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 189 23 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 1 These these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 2 observations observation NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 3 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 4 even even RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 5 given give VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 6 rise rise NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 7 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 9 currently currently RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 10 accepted accept VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 11 ' ' '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 12 tripartite tripartite JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 13 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 14 ' ' '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 15 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 16 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 17 where where WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 18 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 19 form form VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 20 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 21 active active JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 22 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 23 integral integral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 24 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 25 component component NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 26 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 190 28 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 191 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 191 2 Araque Araque NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 191 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 191 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 191 5 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 2 1999 1999 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 4 Halassa Halassa NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 9 2007 2007 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 192 11 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 1 Recently recently RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 3 electron electron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 4 microscopy microscopy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 5 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 6 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 7 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 8 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 9 interacting interact VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 10 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 11 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 12 synapses synapsis NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 14 Tremblay Tremblay NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 15 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 16 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 17 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 19 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 22 playing play VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 23 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 24 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 26 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 27 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 28 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 29 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 30 remodelling remodelling NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 31 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 32 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 33 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 34 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 193 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 194 1 Ji Ji NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 194 2 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 194 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 194 4 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 195 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 195 2 2013 2013 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 195 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 195 4 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 1 Evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 2 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 3 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 4 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 5 microglia microglia JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 6 secrete secrete JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 7 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 8 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 9 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 10 play play VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 11 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 12 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 13 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 15 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 16 connections connection NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 17 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 18 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 19 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 20 complexity complexity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 21 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 22 cross cross NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 23 - - NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 24 talk talk NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 25 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 26 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 27 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 28 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 29 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 30 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 31 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 196 32 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 1 These these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 2 researchers researcher NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 3 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 4 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 5 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 6 change change NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 8 name name NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 9 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 10 tripartite tripartite JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 11 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 12 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 14 quad quad JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 15 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 16 partite partite JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 197 17 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 198 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 198 2 Schafer Schafer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 198 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 198 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 198 5 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 2 2013 2013 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 4 Wu Wu NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 9 2015 2015 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 199 11 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 2 addition addition NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 3 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 4 playing play VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 5 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 6 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 8 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 9 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 10 transmission transmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 12 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 13 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 14 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 15 modulate modulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 16 synapses synapsis NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 200 17 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 2 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 3 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 4 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 5 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 6 astrocytes astrocytes RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 7 secrete secrete JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 8 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 9 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 10 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 11 thrombospondins thrombospondin NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 12 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 13 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 14 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 15 required require VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 16 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 18 formation formation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 20 function function NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 22 pruning pruning NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 23 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 24 developing develop VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 25 synapses synapsis NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 27 Ullian Ullian NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 28 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 29 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 30 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 31 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 32 2001 2001 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 33 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 34 Christopherson Christopherson NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 35 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 36 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 37 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 39 2005 2005 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 201 41 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 1 Both both DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 2 presynaptic presynaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 3 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 4 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 5 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 7 purified purify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 8 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 9 retinal retinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 10 ganglion ganglion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 11 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 12 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 13 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 14 enhanced enhance VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 15 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 17 presence presence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 18 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 19 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 20 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 22 immunohistochemistry immunohistochemistry NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 23 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 24 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 25 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 26 cryosections cryosection NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 27 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 28 various various JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 29 developmental developmental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 30 stages stage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 31 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 32 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 33 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 34 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 35 generation generation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 36 precedes precede VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 37 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 38 appearance appearance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 39 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 40 synapses synapsis NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 42 Ullian Ullian NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 43 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 44 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 45 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 46 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 47 2001 2001 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 202 49 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 2 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 4 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 5 functional functional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 7 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 8 remodelling remodelling NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 9 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 10 pruning pruning NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 11 in in RP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 12 healthy healthy JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 13 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 14 diseased diseased JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 15 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 16 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 18 Barres Barres NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 20 2008 2008 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 203 22 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 1 Because because IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 2 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 3 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 4 transmission transmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 5 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 6 trigger trigger VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 7 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 8 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 9 secrete secrete VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 10 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 11 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 12 LIF LIF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 14 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 15 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 16 turn turn NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 17 increases increase VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 19 number number NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 21 myelinated myelinated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 22 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 23 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 24 dorsal dorsal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 25 root root NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 26 ganglion ganglion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 27 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 28 co co VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 29 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 30 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 31 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 32 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 34 Ishibashi Ishibashi NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 35 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 36 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 37 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 39 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 204 41 , , . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 1 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 2 support support NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 3 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 4 maintenance maintenance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 6 healthy healthy JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 7 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 8 transmission transmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 9 appears appear VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 10 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 11 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 13 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 15 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 205 16 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 3 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 4 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 5 contribute contribute VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 6 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 7 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 8 transmission transmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 9 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 10 supporting support VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 11 maintenance maintenance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 13 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 14 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 15 interstitial interstitial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 16 fluid fluid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 17 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 18 regulating regulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 19 ion ion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 21 pH ph NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 23 transmitter transmitter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 24 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 206 25 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 1 Astrocyte Astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 2 processes process NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 3 contain contain VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 4 transporters transporter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 5 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 6 potassium potassium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 7 uptake uptake NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 9 aquaporin aquaporin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 10 4 4 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 11 water water NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 12 channels channel NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 14 Nielsen Nielsen NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 15 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 16 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 17 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 19 1997 1997 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 20 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 21 Rash Rash NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 22 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 23 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 207 24 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 2 1998 1998 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 4 Amiry Amiry NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 5 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 6 Moghaddam Moghaddam NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 7 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 8 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 9 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 10 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 208 11 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 2 Solenov Solenov NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 7 2004 2004 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 10 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 11 maintain maintain VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 13 transmitter transmitter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 14 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 17 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 18 interstitial interstitial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 19 fluid fluid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 21 Steinhäuser Steinhäuser NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 22 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 23 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 24 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 26 1994 1994 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 27 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 28 Gundersen Gundersen NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 29 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 30 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 209 31 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 210 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 210 2 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 210 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 210 4 Mennerick Mennerick NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 210 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 210 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 210 7 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 2 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 4 Bergles Bergles NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 5 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 6 Jahr Jahr NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 7 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 8 1997 1997 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 9 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 10 Fujita Fujita NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 11 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 12 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 13 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 15 1999 1999 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 211 17 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 1 Connexin Connexin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 2 channels channel NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 3 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 4 connexin connexin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 5 proteins protein NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 6 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 7 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 8 candidates candidate NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 9 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 10 play play VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 11 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 12 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 13 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 14 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 15 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 17 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 18 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 19 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 20 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 212 21 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 1 For for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 2 example example NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 4 astroglial astroglial NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 5 connexins connexins NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 6 decrease decrease VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 7 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 8 excitability excitability NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 9 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 10 removing remove VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 11 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 12 potassium potassium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 14 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 15 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 16 while while IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 17 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 18 providing provide VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 19 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 20 supply supply NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 21 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 22 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 24 Wallraff Wallraff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 25 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 26 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 27 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 28 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 29 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 213 30 ; ; . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 1 Rouach Rouach NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 2 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 6 2008 2008 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 7 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 8 Froger Froger NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 9 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 10 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 11 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 214 12 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 2 Pannasch Pannasch NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 7 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 215 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 1 On on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 3 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 4 hand hand NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 7 elevation elevation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 9 connexin connexin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 10 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 11 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 12 lesion lesion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 13 sites site NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 15 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 16 pathologies pathology NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 17 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 18 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 19 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 20 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 21 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 22 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 24 possibly possibly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 25 protective protective JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 26 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 27 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 29 Nagy Nagy NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 30 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 31 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 32 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 34 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 35 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 36 Koulakoff Koulakoff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 37 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 38 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 39 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 41 2008 2008 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 216 42 ; ; . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 217 1 Kuchibhotla Kuchibhotla NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 217 2 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 217 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 217 4 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 2 2009 2009 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 4 Mei Mei NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 9 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 10 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 11 Karpuk Karpuk NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 12 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 13 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 14 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 16 2011 2011 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 218 18 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 1 Studies study NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 2 using use VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 3 connexin connexin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 4 knockout knockout NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 5 animals animal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 6 allude allude VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 7 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 9 importance importance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 11 connexins connexin NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 13 promoting promote VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 14 communication communication NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 15 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 16 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 17 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 18 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 19 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 21 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 22 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 23 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 24 integrity integrity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 219 25 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 1 Myelin myelin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 2 damage damage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 3 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 4 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 5 observed observe VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 7 Cx47 Cx47 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 220 9 Cx43/ Cx43/ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 221 1 Cx30 cx30 RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 222 1 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 222 2 Cx30/ Cx30/ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 223 1 Cx47 Cx47 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 224 1 single single JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 224 2 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 224 3 double double JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 224 4 knockout knockout NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 224 5 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 225 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 225 2 Menichella Menichella NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 225 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 225 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 225 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 225 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 225 7 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 1 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 2 Odermatt Odermatt NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 7 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 9 Lutz Lutz NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 10 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 11 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 226 12 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 1 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 2 2009 2009 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 3 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 4 Tress Tress NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 5 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 7 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 9 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 227 11 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 4 level level NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 6 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 7 gap gap NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 8 junction junction NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 9 connexins connexins NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 10 Cx47 Cx47 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 11 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 12 Cx32 Cx32 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 13 were be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 14 reduced reduce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 15 both both CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 16 within within IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 17 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 18 around around IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 19 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 20 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 21 early early JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 22 stages stage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 23 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 24 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 25 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 26 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 27 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 28 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 29 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 31 Traugott Traugott NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 32 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 33 Lebon Lebon NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 34 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 35 1988 1988 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 36 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 37 Tsukada Tsukada NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 38 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 39 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 40 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 41 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 42 1991 1991 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 43 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 44 Villarroya Villarroya NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 45 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 46 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 47 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 48 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 49 1996 1996 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 50 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 51 Meeuwsen Meeuwsen NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 52 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 53 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 54 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 55 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 56 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 228 58 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 1 These these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 2 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 4 presented present VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 5 decreased decreased JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 6 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 8 Cx43 Cx43 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 10 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 11 major major JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 12 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 13 partner partner NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 15 Cx47 Cx47 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 16 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 17 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 18 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 19 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 20 sections section NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 21 were be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 22 analysed analyse VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 23 immunohistochemically immunohistochemically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 25 Markoullis Markoullis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 26 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 27 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 28 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 29 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 30 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 229 32 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 230 1 Cx43 cx43 VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 1 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 2 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 3 increased increase VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 4 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 5 late late JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 6 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 7 stages stage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 9 where where WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 10 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 11 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 12 observed observe VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 14 leading lead VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 15 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 17 suggestion suggestion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 18 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 19 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 20 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 21 Cx43 Cx43 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 22 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 23 play play VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 24 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 25 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 26 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 27 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 28 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 29 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 231 30 neuroinflammation neuroinflammation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 2 Markoullis Markoullis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 3 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 7 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 232 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 3 1980s 1980 NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 4 advancements advancement NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 5 were be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 6 made make VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 7 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 9 ability ability NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 10 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 11 grow grow VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 12 purified purify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 13 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 15 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 16 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 18 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 19 Raff Raff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 21 colleagues colleague NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 23 particular particular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 24 developing develop VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 25 techniques technique NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 26 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 27 purify purify VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 28 OPCs opc NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 29 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 30 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 31 optic optic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 32 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 34 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 35 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 36 devoid devoid JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 37 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 38 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 39 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 40 bodies body NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 42 Raff Raff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 43 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 44 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 45 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 46 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 47 1983 1983 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 233 49 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 1 With with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 3 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 5 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 6 culture culture NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 7 techniques technique NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 9 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 10 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 11 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 12 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 13 play play VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 14 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 15 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 16 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 17 OPC opc NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 18 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 20 Noble Noble NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 22 Murray Murray NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 24 1984 1984 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 25 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 26 Noble Noble NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 27 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 28 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 29 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 30 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 31 1988 1988 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 32 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 33 Raff Raff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 34 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 35 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 36 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 37 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 38 1988 1988 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 39 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 40 Noble Noble NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 41 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 42 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 43 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 44 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 45 1989 1989 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 234 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 1 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 2 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 4 rate rate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 6 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 7 axonal axonal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 8 ensheathment ensheathment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 10 Watkins Watkins NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 11 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 12 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 13 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 15 2008 2008 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 235 17 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 1 Further further RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 2 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 3 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 4 studies study NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 6 where where WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 7 conditioned condition VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 8 medium medium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 9 collected collect VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 10 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 11 primary primary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 12 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 13 monolayers monolayer NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 14 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 15 incubated incubate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 16 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 17 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 18 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 19 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 21 showed show VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 22 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 23 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 24 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 26 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 27 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 28 OPCs opc NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 29 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 30 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 31 protection protection NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 32 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 33 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 34 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 35 stress stress NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 37 Noble Noble NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 38 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 39 Murray Murray NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 41 1984 1984 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 42 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 43 Yoshida Yoshida NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 44 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 45 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 46 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 47 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 48 1995 1995 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 49 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 50 Yamamuro Yamamuro NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 51 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 52 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 53 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 54 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 55 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 236 56 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 1 Zhu Zhu NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 2 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 3 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 4 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 6 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 7 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 8 Arai Arai NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 9 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 10 Lo Lo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 12 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 237 14 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 3 likely likely JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 4 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 6 support support VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 7 OPC OPC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 8 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 9 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 10 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 11 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 12 providing provide VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 13 soluble soluble JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 14 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 15 such such JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 16 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 17 platelet platelet NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 18 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 19 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 20 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 22 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 24 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 25 FGF-2 FGF-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 27 Bögler Bögler NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 28 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 29 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 30 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 31 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 32 1990 1990 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 33 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 34 Ferrara Ferrara NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 35 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 36 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 37 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 38 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 39 1988 1988 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 40 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 41 Pringle Pringle NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 42 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 43 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 44 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 45 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 46 1989 1989 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 238 48 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 2 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 3 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 4 providers provider NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 6 secreted secrete VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 7 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 8 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 10 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 11 both both DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 12 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 14 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 15 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 17 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 239 18 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 1 For for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 2 example example NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 4 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 5 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 6 although although IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 7 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 8 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 9 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 10 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 13 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 15 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 16 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 17 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 18 constitutively constitutively RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 19 expressed express VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 20 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 21 white white JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 22 matter matter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 23 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 26 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 27 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 28 key key JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 29 player player NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 30 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 31 OPC OPC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 32 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 33 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 34 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 35 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 36 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 37 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 38 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 39 vivo vivo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 40 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 41 discussed discuss VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 42 earlier early RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 44 Stöckli Stöckli NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 45 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 46 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 47 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 48 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 49 1991 1991 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 50 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 51 Dallner Dallner NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 52 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 53 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 54 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 55 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 56 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 57 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 58 Stankoff Stankoff NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 59 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 60 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 61 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 62 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 63 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 64 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 65 Cao Cao NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 66 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 67 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 68 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 69 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 70 2010 2010 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 71 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 240 72 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 1 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 2 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 4 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 5 reported report VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 6 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 7 enhance enhance VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 9 migration migration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 11 subventricular subventricular NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 12 zone zone NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 13 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 14 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 15 progenitors progenitor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 17 Vernerey Vernerey NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 18 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 19 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 20 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 21 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 22 2013 2013 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 25 protect protect VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 26 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 27 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 28 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 29 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 30 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 31 decrease decrease VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 32 myelin myelin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 33 destruction destruction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 34 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 35 demyelinating demyelinating JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 36 pathological pathological JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 37 conditions condition NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 39 Linker Linker NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 40 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 41 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 42 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 43 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 44 2002 2002 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 241 46 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 2 studies study NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 3 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 4 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 5 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 6 injected inject VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 7 subcutaneously subcutaneously RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 8 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 9 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 10 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 11 phase phase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 13 cuprizoneinduced cuprizoneinduced JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 14 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 16 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 17 increase increase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 18 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 19 seen see VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 20 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 21 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 22 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 23 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 25 MOG MOG NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 27 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 28 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 29 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 30 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 242 31 cortex cortex NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 2 Salehi Salehi NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 3 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 7 2013 2013 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 243 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 3 intraperitoneal intraperitoneal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 4 injections injection NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 6 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 8 intravenously intravenously RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 9 transplanted transplant VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 10 mesenchymal mesenchymal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 11 stem stem NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 12 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 13 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 14 overexpress overexpress VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 15 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 16 resulted result VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 18 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 19 reduced reduce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 20 loss loss NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 21 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 22 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 23 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 24 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 25 severity severity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 26 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 27 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 28 increased increase VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 29 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 30 functional functional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 31 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 32 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 33 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 244 34 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 2 Kuhlmann Kuhlmann NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 7 2006 2006 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 8 ; ; : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 9 Lu Lu NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 10 et et FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 11 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 12 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 14 2009 2009 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 245 16 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 1 However however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 3 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 4 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 5 experiments experiment NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 7 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 8 difficult difficult JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 9 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 10 see see VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 11 if if IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 13 effect effect NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 14 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 15 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 17 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 18 status status NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 20 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 21 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 22 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 23 discussed discuss VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 24 above above RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 26 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 28 direct direct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 29 effect effect NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 30 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 31 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 32 OPC OPC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 246 33 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 2 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 3 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 4 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 5 shown show VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 6 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 7 exhibit exhibit VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 8 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 9 crucial crucial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 10 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 12 OPC OPC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 13 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 14 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 16 iron iron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 17 exporter exporter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 18 ferroportin ferroportin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 20 Fpn Fpn NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 23 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 25 where where WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 26 focal focal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 27 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 28 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 29 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 30 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 31 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 32 injection injection NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 33 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 34 lysophosphatidylcholine lysophosphatidylcholine NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 36 LPC LPC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 38 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 39 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 40 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 41 cords cord NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 43 Schulz Schulz NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 44 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 45 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 46 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 47 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 48 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 247 50 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 2 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 3 astrocyte astrocyte NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 4 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 5 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 6 Fpn Fpn NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 7 KO KO NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 8 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 10 fewer few JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 11 remyelinating remyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 12 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 14 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 15 reduction reduction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 16 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 17 OPC opc NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 18 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 19 were be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 20 observed observe VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 21 following follow VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 22 LPC LPC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 23 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 24 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 25 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 26 compared compare VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 27 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 28 control control NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 29 animals animal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 248 30 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 2 could could MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 3 either either CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 4 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 5 due due JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 6 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 7 direct direct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 8 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 9 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 10 OPCs opc NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 11 through through IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 12 limited limited JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 13 iron iron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 14 supply supply NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 15 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 16 indirect indirect JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 17 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 18 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 19 iron iron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 20 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 21 deficient deficient JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 22 microglia microglia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 23 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 24 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 25 expressed express VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 26 significantly significantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 27 lower low JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 28 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 29 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 30 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 31 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 32 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 33 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 34 IL-1β il-1β NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 35 when when WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 36 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 37 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 38 LPS lp NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 39 compared compare VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 40 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 41 control control NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 42 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 44 Schulz Schulz NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 45 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 46 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 47 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 48 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 49 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 249 51 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 1 Because because IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 2 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 3 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 5 FGF-2 FGF-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 6 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 7 insulin insulin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 9 like like JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 10 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 11 factor-1 factor-1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 13 IGF-1 IGF-1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 15 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 16 significantly significantly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 17 upregulated upregulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 18 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 19 IL-1β IL-1β NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 21 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 22 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 23 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 25 respectively respectively RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 26 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 27 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 28 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 29 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 30 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 31 transforming transform VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 32 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 33 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 34 beta beta NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 36 TGF TGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 37 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 38 β β NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 40 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 41 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 42 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 43 IL-1β IL-1β NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 44 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 45 purified purify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 46 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 47 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 48 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 49 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 50 has have VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 51 been be VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 52 suggested suggest VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 53 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 54 iron iron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 55 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 56 deprivation deprivation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 57 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 58 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 59 milieu milieu NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 60 would would MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 61 lower lower VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 62 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 63 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 64 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 65 IL-1β IL-1β NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 66 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 67 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 68 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 69 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 70 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 71 microglia microglia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 72 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 73 thus thus RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 74 lead lead VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 75 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 76 reduced reduce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 77 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 78 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 79 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 80 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 81 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 82 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 83 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 84 would would MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 85 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 86 turn turn VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 87 render render VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 88 OPC opc NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 89 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 90 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 91 possibly possibly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 250 92 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 2 Schulz Schulz NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 7 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 251 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 1 As as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 2 discussed discuss VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 3 throughout throughout IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 4 this this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 5 review review NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 6 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 7 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 8 play play VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 9 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 10 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 11 not not RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 12 just just RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 13 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 14 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 15 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 16 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 17 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 18 but but CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 19 also also RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 20 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 21 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 23 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 24 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 25 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 26 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 27 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 252 28 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 2 reparative reparative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 3 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 4 might may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 5 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 6 related relate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 7 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 9 level level NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 11 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 13 so so CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 15 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 16 important important JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 17 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 18 identify identify VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 19 markers marker NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 20 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 21 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 22 define define VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 23 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 24 different different JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 25 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 26 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 27 although although IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 28 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 29 present present JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 30 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 31 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 32 not not RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 33 easy easy JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 34 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 35 define define VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 253 36 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 254 1 One one CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 254 2 approach approach NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 254 3 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 254 4 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 254 5 use use VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 254 6 microarrays microarray NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 254 7 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 255 1 As as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 255 2 described describe VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 255 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 255 4 Nash Nash NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 255 5 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 255 6 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 255 7 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 2 2011b 2011b CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 4 identified identify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 5 CXCL10 CXCL10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 6 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 7 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 8 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 9 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 10 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 11 but but CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 12 others other NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 13 using use VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 14 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 15 lower low JJR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 16 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 17 scale scale NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 18 cDNA cdna NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 19 array array NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 20 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 21 contained contain VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 22 probes probe NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 23 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 24 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 25 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 26 chemokines chemokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 27 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 28 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 29 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 30 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 32 receptors receptor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 33 have have VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 34 identified identify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 35 other other JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 36 pro pro JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 37 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 38 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 39 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 40 including include VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 41 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 42 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 43 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 44 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 45 IL-1β IL-1β NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 46 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 47 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 48 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 49 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 50 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 52 Meeuwsen Meeuwsen NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 53 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 54 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 55 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 56 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 57 2003 2003 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 256 59 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 1 Another another DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 2 large large JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 3 array array NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 4 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 5 carried carry VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 6 out out RP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 7 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 8 GFP GFP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 9 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 10 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 11 purified purify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 12 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 13 various various JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 14 time time NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 15 points point NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 16 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 18 onset onset NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 20 two two CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 21 models model NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 22 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 23 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 25 namely namely RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 26 ischemic ischemic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 27 stroke stroke NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 29 middle middle JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 30 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 31 artery artery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 32 occlusion occlusion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 35 neuroinflammation neuroinflammation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 36 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 37 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 38 LPS LPS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 257 39 injection injection NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 2 Zamanian Zamanian NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 3 et et NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 4 al al NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 5 . . NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 7 2012 2012 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 258 9 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 2 resulting result VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 3 data datum NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 4 suggested suggest VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 5 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 6 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 7 could could MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 8 present present VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 9 different different JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 10 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 11 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 12 profiles profile NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 13 depending depend VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 14 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 15 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 16 insult insult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 17 despite despite IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 19 presence presence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 21 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 22 gliosis gliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 23 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 24 both both DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 25 types type NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 26 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 27 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 28 damage damage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 259 29 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 1 However however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 3 although although IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 4 there there EX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 5 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 6 upregulation upregulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 8 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 9 core core NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 10 set set NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 11 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 12 genes gene NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 14 lipocalin lipocalin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 15 2 2 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 17 serpina3n serpina3n NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 19 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 21 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 22 clear clear JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 23 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 24 changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 26 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 27 astrocyte astrocyte NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 28 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 29 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 30 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 31 highly highly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 32 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 33 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 35 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 36 changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 37 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 38 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 39 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 40 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 41 depend depend VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 42 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 43 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 44 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 45 type type NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 260 46 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 1 Hopefully hopefully RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 3 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 4 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 5 markers marker NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 7 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 8 good good JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 9 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 10 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 11 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 12 bad bad JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 13 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 14 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 15 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 16 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 17 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 18 will will MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 19 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 20 identified identify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 22 allow allow VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 23 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 24 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 25 identification identification NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 26 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 27 how how WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 28 these these DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 29 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 30 influence influence VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 31 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 261 32 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 1 There there EX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 3 abundant abundant JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 4 evidence evidence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 5 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 6 suggest suggest VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 7 that that IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 8 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 9 contribute contribute VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 10 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 11 re re NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 12 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 13 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 14 mainly mainly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 15 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 16 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 17 1 1 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 19 Providing provide VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 20 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 21 right right JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 22 conditions condition NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 23 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 24 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 25 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 26 myelinate myelinate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 27 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 28 i i NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 30 supplying supply VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 31 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 32 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 33 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 35 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 36 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 37 ii ii LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 39 removing remove VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 40 excitotoxic excitotoxic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 41 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 42 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 43 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 44 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 45 environment environment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 46 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 47 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 48 iii iii LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 50 regulating regulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 51 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 52 fluid fluid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 53 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 54 ion ion NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 55 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 56 pH pH NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 57 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 58 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 59 neuro neuro NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 60 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 61 gliotransmitter gliotransmitter NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 62 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 262 63 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 1 2 2 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 3 Playing play VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 4 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 5 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 7 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 8 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 9 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 10 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 12 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 14 function function NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 16 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 17 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 19 migration migration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 21 OPCs opc NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 22 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 23 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 24 lesioned lesione VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 25 areas area NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 26 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 28 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 263 29 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 264 1 3 3 LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 264 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 265 1 Influencing influence VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 265 2 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 265 3 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 2 manner manner NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 3 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 4 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 5 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 6 affect affect VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 7 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 8 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 9 often often RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 10 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 11 seen see VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 12 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 13 correlate correlate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 14 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 16 level level NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 17 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 18 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 266 19 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 1 Astrocyte Astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 2 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 3 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 4 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 5 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 6 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 7 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 8 milieu milieu NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 10 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 11 present present JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 12 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 13 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 15 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 16 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 17 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 18 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 19 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 20 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 22 re re NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 23 / / NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 24 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 25 depending depend VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 26 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 28 context context NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 29 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 30 severity severity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 31 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 32 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 33 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 267 34 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 1 Due due IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 2 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 3 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 4 lack lack NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 6 gliosis gliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 7 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 8 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 9 markers marker NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 10 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 11 there there EX cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 12 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 13 currently currently RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 14 no no DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 15 clear clear JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 16 guidelines guideline NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 17 which which WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 18 allow allow VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 19 different different JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 20 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 21 reactivity reactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 22 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 23 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 24 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 25 classified classify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 268 26 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 1 However however RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 2 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 3 if if IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 4 markers marker NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 5 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 6 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 7 identified identify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 8 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 9 classify classify VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 10 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 11 continuum continuum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 13 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 14 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 17 may may MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 18 aid aid VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 19 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 20 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 21 design design NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 22 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 23 new new JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 24 treatments treatment NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 25 targeting target VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 26 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 27 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 28 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 29 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 30 suited suited JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 31 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 32 regeneration regeneration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 33 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 34 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 35 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 36 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 37 therefore therefore RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 38 benefit benefit VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 39 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 40 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 41 treatment treatment NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 42 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 43 demyelinating demyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 44 diseases disease NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 269 45 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 1 Ciliary ciliary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 2 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 3 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 4 activates activate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 5 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 6 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 7 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 8 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 9 stimulating stimulate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 11 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 13 release release NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 14 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 15 fibroblast fibroblast NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 16 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 17 factor-2 factor-2 RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 18 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 19 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 20 increase increase VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 21 motor motor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 22 neuron neuron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 23 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 24 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 25 produce produce VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 26 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 27 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 28 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 29 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 30 phase phase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 31 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 32 viral viral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 33 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 34 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 35 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 36 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 37 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 38 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 39 stimulate stimulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 40 FGF-2 FGF-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 41 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 42 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 43 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 44 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 45 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 46 release release VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 47 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 48 soluble soluble JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 49 trophic trophic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 50 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 51 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 52 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 53 progenitors progenitor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 54 Regulation Regulation NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 55 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 56 leukemia leukemia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 57 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 58 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 59 synthesis synthesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 60 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 61 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 62 human human NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 270 63 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 1 Delayed delay VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 2 K+ k+ JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 3 clearance clearance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 4 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 5 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 6 aquaporin-4 aquaporin-4 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 7 mislocalization mislocalization NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 8 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 9 phenotypic phenotypic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 10 defects defect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 12 brains brain NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 13 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 14 alphasyntrophin alphasyntrophin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 15 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 16 null null JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 271 17 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 2 protect protect VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 3 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 4 precursor precursor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 5 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 6 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 7 MEK MEK NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 8 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 9 ERK ERK NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 10 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 11 PI3K PI3K NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 12 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 13 Akt Akt NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 14 signaling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 15 Glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 16 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 17 dependent dependent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 18 astrocyte astrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 19 modulation modulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 21 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 22 transmission transmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 23 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 24 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 25 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 26 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 27 Tripartite tripartite JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 28 synapses synapsis NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 29 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 30 glia glia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 31 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 32 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 33 unacknowledged unacknowledged JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 272 34 partner partner NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 2 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 3 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 4 tumor tumor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 5 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 6 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 7 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 8 murine murine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 9 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 10 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 11 characterization characterization NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 12 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 13 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 14 degradation degradation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 15 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 17 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 18 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 19 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 21 Theiler Theiler NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 22 's 's POS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 23 murine murine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 24 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 273 25 virus virus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 2 interleukin interleukin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 3 1 1 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 4 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 5 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 6 ligand ligand NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 7 interactions interaction NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 9 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 10 transduction transduction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 11 Myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 12 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 13 do do VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 14 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 15 play play VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 16 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 17 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 274 18 ? ? . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 2 mystery mystery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 3 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 4 magic magic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 5 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 6 glia glia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 7 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 8 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 9 perspective perspective NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 10 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 12 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 13 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 14 health health NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 16 disease disease NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 17 Locus Locus NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 18 coeruleus coeruleu VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 19 alpha alpha JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 20 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 21 adrenergic adrenergic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 22 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 23 mediated mediate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 24 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 25 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 26 cortical cortical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 27 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 28 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 29 vivo vivo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 30 Synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 31 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 32 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 33 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 34 transporters transporter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 35 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 36 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 37 astrocytes astrocyte VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 38 Prostaglandins prostaglandin NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 39 stimulate stimulate VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 40 calcium calcium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 41 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 42 dependent dependent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 43 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 44 release release NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 45 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 46 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 47 Tumour tumour NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 48 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 49 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 50 alpha alpha NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 51 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 52 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 53 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 54 early early JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 55 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 56 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 57 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 58 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 59 correlation correlation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 60 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 61 demyelinating demyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 62 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 63 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 64 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 65 pathology pathology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 66 Cooperation Cooperation NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 67 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 68 two two CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 69 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 70 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 71 promotes promote VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 72 extended extended JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 73 self self NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 74 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 75 renewal renewal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 76 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 77 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 78 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 79 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 80 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 81 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 82 type-2 type-2 NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 83 astrocyte astrocyte NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 84 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 85 O-2 O-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 86 A A NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 275 87 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 276 1 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 276 2 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 1 Apolipoprotein Apolipoprotein NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 2 E E NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 3 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 4 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 5 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 6 glia glia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 9 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 10 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 11 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 13 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 14 nonmyelinating nonmyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 15 glia glia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 18 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 19 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 20 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 21 Mutations Mutations NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 23 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 24 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 25 encoding encode VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 26 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 27 fibrillary fibrillary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 28 acidic acidic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 29 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 30 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 31 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 32 associated associate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 33 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 34 Alexander Alexander NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 35 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 36 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 37 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 38 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 39 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 40 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 41 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 42 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 43 brains brain NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 44 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 45 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 46 deficient deficient JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 47 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 48 leukemia leukemia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 49 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 50 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 51 LIF LIF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 52 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 53 signaling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 54 limits limit NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 55 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 56 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 57 mediated mediate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 58 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 59 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 60 enhancing enhance VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 61 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 62 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 63 Maturation Maturation NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 64 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 65 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 66 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 67 more more RBR cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 68 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 69 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 70 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 71 alpha alpha NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 72 than than IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 73 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 74 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 75 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 76 precursors precursor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 77 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 78 immature immature JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 79 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 80 Transplantation transplantation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 81 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 82 ciliary ciliary NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 83 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 84 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 85 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 86 expressing express VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 87 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 88 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 89 precursor precursor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 90 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 91 promotes promote VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 92 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 93 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 94 functional functional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 95 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 96 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 97 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 98 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 99 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 100 Induction Induction NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 101 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 102 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 103 genes gene NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 104 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 105 Cxcl9 Cxcl9 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 106 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 107 Cxcl10 Cxcl10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 108 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 109 dependent dependent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 110 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 111 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 112 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 113 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 114 but but CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 115 shows show VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 116 differential differential JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 117 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 118 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 119 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 120 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 121 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 122 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 123 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 124 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 125 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 126 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 127 microglia microglia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 128 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 277 129 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 1 Thrombospondins thrombospondin NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 2 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 3 astrocytesecreted astrocytesecrete VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 4 proteins protein NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 5 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 6 promote promote VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 7 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 8 synaptogenesis synaptogenesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 9 Storage storage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 10 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 11 release release NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 13 ATP ATP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 14 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 15 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 16 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 17 culture culture NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 18 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 19 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 20 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 21 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 22 alpha alpha NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 23 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 24 constitutively constitutively RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 25 expressed express VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 26 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 27 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 28 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 29 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 30 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 31 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 32 Silencing silence VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 33 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 34 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 35 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 36 binding binding NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 37 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 38 signaling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 39 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 40 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 41 versus versus IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 42 microglia microglia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 43 leads lead VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 44 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 45 opposite opposite JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 46 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 47 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 48 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 49 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 50 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 51 autoimmunity autoimmunity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 52 Expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 53 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 54 neurotrophins neurotrophin NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 55 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 56 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 57 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 58 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 59 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 60 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 278 61 vivo vivo NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 1 An an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 2 acidic acidic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 3 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 4 isolated isolate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 5 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 6 fibrous fibrous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 7 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 8 Expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 10 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 11 uptake uptake NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 12 transporters transporter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 13 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 14 dibutyryl dibutyryl NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 15 cyclic cyclic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 16 AMP AMP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 17 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 18 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 19 traumatic traumatic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 20 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 22 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 279 23 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 2 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 4 excitatory excitatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 5 amino amino JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 6 acids acid NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 8 NMDA NMDA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 9 receptors receptor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 280 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 1 traumatic traumatic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 2 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 3 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 4 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 5 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 6 active active JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 7 players player NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 9 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 10 innate innate JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 11 immunity immunity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 12 Reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 13 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 14 protect protect VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 15 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 17 preserve preserve VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 18 function function NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 19 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 20 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 21 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 22 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 23 Bovine bovine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 24 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 25 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 26 express express VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 27 basic basic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 28 fibroblast fibroblast NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 29 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 30 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 31 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 32 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 33 neurotropic neurotropic NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 35 angiogenic angiogenic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 281 36 mitogen mitogen NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 282 1 CXCL10 CXCL10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 2 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 3 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 4 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 5 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 6 inducible inducible JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 7 protein-10 protein-10 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 9 control control NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 11 encephalitogenic encephalitogenic NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 12 CD4 CD4 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 13 + + CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 14 T T NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 15 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 16 accumulation accumulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 19 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 20 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 21 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 22 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 23 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 24 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 25 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 26 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 27 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 28 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 29 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 30 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 31 connexin43 connexin43 NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 32 hemichannel hemichannel NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 33 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 34 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 35 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 36 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 37 neuroprotective neuroprotective JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 38 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 39 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 283 40 FGF2 FGF2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 1 regulate regulate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 2 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 3 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 4 responses response NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 5 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 6 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 7 Differential differential JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 8 expressions expression NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 9 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 10 glycine glycine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 11 transporter transporter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 12 1 1 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 14 three three CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 15 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 16 transporter transporter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 17 mRNA mrna NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 18 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 19 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 20 hippocampus hippocampus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 21 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 22 gerbils gerbil NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 23 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 24 transient transient JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 25 forebrain forebrain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 284 26 ischemia ischemia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 1 Glycolytic glycolytic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 2 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 3 maintain maintain VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 4 myelin myelin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 5 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 6 long long JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 7 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 8 term term NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 9 axonal axonal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 10 integrity integrity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 11 Synchronous synchronous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 12 synthesis synthesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 13 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 14 alpha alpha NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 15 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 17 beta beta NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 18 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 19 chemokines chemokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 20 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 21 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 22 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 23 diverse diverse JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 24 lineage lineage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 26 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 27 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 28 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 29 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 30 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 31 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 32 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 33 relapses relapse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 34 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 35 chronic chronic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 36 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 37 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 38 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 39 Chemokine chemokine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 40 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 41 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 42 murine murine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 43 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 44 allergic allergic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 45 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 46 Selective selective JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 47 excitatory excitatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 48 amino amino NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 49 acid acid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 50 uptake uptake NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 51 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 52 glutamatergic glutamatergic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 53 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 54 terminals terminal NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 55 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 56 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 57 glia glia NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 58 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 59 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 60 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 61 striatum striatum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 62 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 63 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 64 electron electron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 65 microscopic microscopic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 66 immunocytochemistry immunocytochemistry NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 67 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 68 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 69 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 70 D)-aspartate D)-aspartate NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 71 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 72 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 73 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 74 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 75 GABA GABA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 76 Astroglial Astroglial NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 77 ciliary ciliary NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 78 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 285 79 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 1 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 2 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 3 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 4 increased increase VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 5 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 6 fields field NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 8 axonal axonal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 9 sprouting sprout VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 11 deafferented deafferente VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 286 12 hippocampus hippocampus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 2 tripartite tripartite JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 3 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 4 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 5 roles role NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 6 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 7 gliotransmission gliotransmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 9 health health NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 10 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 11 disease disease NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 12 Gp130-dependent Gp130-dependent NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 13 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 14 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 15 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 16 critical critical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 17 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 19 control control NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 21 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 22 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 23 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 24 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 287 25 inflammation inflammation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 3 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 4 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 5 dependent dependent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 6 cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 7 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 9 human human JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 10 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 11 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 12 astrocytoma astrocytoma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 288 13 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 1 STAT3 STAT3 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 3 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 4 critical critical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 5 regulator regulator NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 7 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 9 scar scar NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 10 formation formation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 11 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 12 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 13 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 14 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 15 Central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 16 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 17 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 18 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 19 initiated initiate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 20 inflammation inflammation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 22 neurotrophism neurotrophism NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 23 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 24 trauma trauma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 289 25 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 290 1 IL-1 IL-1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 1 beta beta NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 2 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 3 required require VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 4 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 5 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 6 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 8 ciliary ciliary NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 9 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 10 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 11 IFN IFN NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 12 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 13 γ γ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 14 signaling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 15 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 16 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 17 protects protect VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 18 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 19 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 20 mediated mediate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 21 neurological neurological JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 22 disability disability NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 23 Adapting adapt VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 24 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 25 metabolism metabolism NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 26 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 27 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 28 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 29 long long JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 30 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 31 range range NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 32 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 33 transduction transduction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 34 Tumor tumor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 35 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 36 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 37 identified identify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 38 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 39 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 40 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 41 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 42 Ciliary Ciliary NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 43 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 291 44 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 1 stimulates stimulate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 2 astroglial astroglial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 3 hypertrophy hypertrophy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 4 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 5 vivo vivo NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 6 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 8 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 9 Cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 10 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 11 porcine porcine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 12 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 292 14 microglia microglia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 1 express express VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 2 functional functional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 3 interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 4 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 5 γ γ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 6 receptors receptor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 8 exhibit exhibit VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 9 toxicity toxicity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 10 towards towards IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 11 SH sh NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 12 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 13 SY5Y sy5y NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 293 14 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 1 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 2 promote promote VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 3 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 4 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 5 response response NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 6 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 7 electrical electrical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 8 impulses impulse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 9 Brain Brain NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 10 parenchymal parenchymal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 11 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 12 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 13 α α NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 15 IL-1β il-1β NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 16 induction induction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 18 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 19 pneumococcal pneumococcal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 20 meningitis meningitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 21 Microglia Microglia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 22 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 23 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 24 active active JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 25 player player NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 26 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 28 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 29 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 30 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 31 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 32 Cytokines Cytokines NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 33 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 34 powerful powerful JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 35 regulators regulator NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 36 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 37 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 38 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 39 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 40 Expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 41 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 42 viral viral JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 43 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 44 myelin myelin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 45 gene gene NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 46 transcripts transcript NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 47 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 48 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 49 murine murine JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 50 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 51 demyelinating demyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 52 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 53 caused cause VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 54 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 55 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 56 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 57 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 58 isoforms isoform NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 59 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 60 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 61 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 62 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 63 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 64 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 65 focus focus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 66 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 67 neurogenic neurogenic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 68 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 69 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 70 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 71 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 72 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 73 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 74 models model NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 75 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 76 Alzheimer Alzheimer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 77 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 294 78 Neuroinflammation Neuroinflammation NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 1 leads lead VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 2 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 3 region region NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 4 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 5 dependent dependent JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 6 alterations alteration NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 8 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 9 gap gap NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 10 junction junction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 11 communication communication NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 13 hemichannel hemichannel NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 14 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 15 Regulation Regulation NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 17 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 18 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 19 progenitor progenitor JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 20 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 21 line line NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 22 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 23 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 24 interleukin-6 interleukin-6 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 25 family family NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 26 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 27 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 295 28 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 1 promote promote VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 2 TNF TNF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 3 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 4 mediated mediate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 5 toxicity toxicity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 6 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 7 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 8 precursors precursor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 9 Neurons Neurons NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 10 control control VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 11 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 12 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 13 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 14 connexin connexin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 15 30 30 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 17 connexin connexin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 18 43 43 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 19 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 20 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 21 cortical cortical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 22 astrocytes astrocyte VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 23 Changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 24 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 25 astroglial astroglial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 26 GLT-1 GLT-1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 27 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 28 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 29 neural neural JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 30 transplantation transplantation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 31 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 32 stab stab NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 296 33 wounds wound NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 1 Synchronous synchronous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 2 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 3 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 4 intercellular intercellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 5 calcium calcium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 6 waves wave NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 7 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 8 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 9 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 10 Alzheimer Alzheimer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 297 11 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 1 Continued continued JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 2 administration administration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 4 ciliary ciliary NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 5 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 6 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 7 protects protect VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 8 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 9 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 10 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 11 pathology pathology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 13 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 14 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 15 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 16 Stage stage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 17 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 18 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 19 association association NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 21 apolipoprotein apolipoprotein NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 22 A A NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 23 - - : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 24 I i NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 26 E e NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 27 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 28 developing develop VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 29 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 30 retina retina JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 31 Regional regional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 32 hypomyelination hypomyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 33 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 34 dysplasia dysplasia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 35 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 36 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 37 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 38 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 39 astrocyte astrocyte RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 40 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 41 directed direct VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 42 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 43 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 44 interferongamma interferongamma NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 45 Acute Acute NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 46 exposure exposure NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 47 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 48 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 49 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 50 vivo vivo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 51 induces induce VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 52 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 53 components component NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 54 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 55 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 56 gliosis gliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 57 Ciliary Ciliary NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 58 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 59 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 60 stimulates stimulate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 61 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 62 hypertrophy hypertrophy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 63 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 64 increases increase VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 65 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 66 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 67 content content NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 68 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 69 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 70 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 71 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 72 mutations mutation NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 73 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 74 Alexander Alexander NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 75 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 76 Pro pro JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 77 - - JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 78 regenerative regenerative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 79 properties property NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 80 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 81 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 82 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 83 activated activate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 84 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 85 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 86 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 87 necessary necessary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 88 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 89 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 90 integrity integrity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 91 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 92 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 93 white white JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 94 matter matter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 95 architecture architecture NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 96 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 97 long long JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 98 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 99 term term NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 100 maintenance maintenance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 101 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 298 102 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 1 Immunoreactive immunoreactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 2 apolipoprotein apolipoprotein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 3 E e NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 4 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 5 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 6 widely widely RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 7 distributed distribute VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 8 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 9 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 299 10 . . . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 1 Immunohistochemical immunohistochemical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 2 localization localization NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 4 apolipoprotein apolipoprotein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 5 E e NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 7 baboon baboon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 300 8 tissues tissue NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 3 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 4 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 5 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 6 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 7 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 8 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 9 through through IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 10 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 11 process process NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 12 modulated modulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 13 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 14 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 301 15 reticulum reticulum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 1 stress stress NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 2 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 3 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 4 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 5 major major JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 6 protective protective JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 7 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 9 demyelinating demyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 10 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 11 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 12 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 13 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 14 neurotrophic neurotrophic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 15 cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 16 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 17 modulator modulator NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 18 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 302 19 neuroinflammation neuroinflammation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 1 Cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 2 involvement involvement NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 3 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 5 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 7 neurodegenerative neurodegenerative JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 8 diseases disease NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 9 Overexpression Overexpression NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 11 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 13 mesenchymal mesenchymal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 14 stem stem NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 15 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 16 reduces reduce VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 17 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 18 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 19 induces induce VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 20 clinical clinical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 21 recovery recovery NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 22 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 23 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 24 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 303 25 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 1 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 2 Deletion Deletion NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 4 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 5 connexins connexins NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 6 43 43 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 8 30 30 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 9 leads lead VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 10 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 11 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 12 dysmyelinating dysmyelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 13 phenotype phenotype NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 15 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 16 CA1 CA1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 17 vacuolation vacuolation NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 18 Disruption Disruption NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 20 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 21 gap gap NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 22 junctions junction NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 23 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 24 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 25 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 26 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 27 Neuronal neuronal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 304 28 LRP1 LRP1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 1 functionally functionally RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 2 associates associate NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 3 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 4 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 5 proteins protein NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 6 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 7 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 8 required require VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 9 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 10 normal normal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 11 motor motor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 12 function function NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 13 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 305 14 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 1 Ciliary ciliary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 2 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 3 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 4 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 5 leukemia leukemia NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 6 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 7 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 8 promote promote VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 9 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 10 generation generation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 12 maturation maturation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 13 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 14 survival survival NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 16 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 18 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 19 Cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 21 chemokine chemokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 23 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 24 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 25 gene gene NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 26 profiling profiling NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 27 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 28 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 29 human human JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 30 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 31 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 32 exposure exposure NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 33 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 34 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 306 35 stimuli stimulus NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 1 Astroglial Astroglial NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 2 connexin connexin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 3 immunoreactivity immunoreactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 4 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 5 specifically specifically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 6 altered alter VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 7 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 8 β β NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 9 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 10 amyloid amyloid JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 11 plaques plaque NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 307 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 1 β β LS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 3 amyloid amyloid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 4 precursor precursor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 5 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 6 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 7 presenilin1 presenilin1 NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 8 mice mice NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 9 Connexins Connexins NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 10 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 11 critical critical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 12 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 13 normal normal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 14 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 15 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 16 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 17 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 18 Components component NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 20 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 21 responses response NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 22 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 23 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 24 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 25 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 26 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 27 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 28 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 29 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 30 microcultures microcultures FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 31 Fibroblast Fibroblast NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 32 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 33 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 308 34 2 2 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 2 FGF2 FGF2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 4 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 5 FGF FGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 6 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 7 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 8 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 9 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 10 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 11 demyelinating demyelinating NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 12 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 309 13 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 1 extensive extensive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 2 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 3 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 4 stimulate stimulate VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 5 interleukin-17 interleukin-17 NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 6 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 7 interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 9 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 310 10 production production NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 311 1 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 311 2 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 1 How how WRB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 2 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 3 secreted secrete VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 4 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 5 astrocytes astrocytes JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 6 impact impact NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 7 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 8 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 9 D d NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 10 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 11 serine serine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 12 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 13 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 14 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 15 ligand ligand NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 16 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 18 glycine glycine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 19 site site NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 21 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 22 N n CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 23 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 24 methyl methyl NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 25 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 26 D d NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 27 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 28 aspartate aspartate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 29 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 30 Pathologische Pathologische NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 312 31 anatomie anatomie NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 313 1 und und NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 1 pathogenese pathogenese NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 2 Elevated Elevated NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 3 connexin43 connexin43 JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 4 immunoreactivity immunoreactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 5 at at IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 6 sites site NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 8 amyloid amyloid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 9 plaques plaque NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 10 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 11 Alzheimer Alzheimer NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 12 's 's POS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 13 disease disease NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 14 Astrocyte Astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 15 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 18 relationship relationship NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 19 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 20 myelination myelination VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 21 Functional functional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 22 duality duality NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 23 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 24 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 26 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 27 Specialized Specialized NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 28 membrane membrane NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 29 domains domain NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 30 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 31 water water NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 32 transport transport NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 33 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 34 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 35 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 36 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 37 highresolution highresolution NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 38 immunogold immunogold NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 39 cytochemistry cytochemistry NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 40 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 41 aquaporin-4 aquaporin-4 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 42 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 43 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 314 44 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 1 Purified purify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 2 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 3 promote promote VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 4 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 5 in in FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 6 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 7 division division NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 9 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 10 bipotential bipotential JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 11 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 12 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 13 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 14 Platelet platelet NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 15 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 16 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 17 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 18 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 19 promotes promote VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 20 division division NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 22 motility motility NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 23 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 24 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 25 premature premature JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 26 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 27 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 28 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 29 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 30 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 31 type-2 type-2 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 32 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 33 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 315 34 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 2 complex complex JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 3 relationship relationship NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 4 between between IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 5 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 6 division division NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 7 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 9 control control NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 11 differentiation differentiation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 12 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 13 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 14 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 15 type-2 type-2 NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 16 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 17 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 18 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 19 isolated isolate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 20 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 21 perinatal perinatal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 22 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 23 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 24 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 25 optic optic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 26 nerves nerve NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 27 Connexin Connexin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 316 28 47 47 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 2 Cx47)-deficient Cx47)-deficient NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 3 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 4 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 5 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 6 green green JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 7 fluorescent fluorescent NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 8 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 9 reporter reporter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 10 gene gene NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 11 reveal reveal VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 12 predominant predominant JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 13 oligodendrocytic oligodendrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 14 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 15 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 317 16 Cx47 Cx47 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 1 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 2 display display VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 3 vacuolized vacuolize VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 4 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 5 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 6 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 7 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 8 Conditional conditional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 9 ablation ablation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 11 Stat3 Stat3 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 12 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 13 Socs3 Socs3 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 14 discloses disclose VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 15 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 16 dual dual JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 17 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 18 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 19 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 20 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 21 after after IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 22 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 23 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 24 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 25 CXC CXC NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 26 chemokine chemokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 27 receptors receptor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 28 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 29 human human JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 30 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 31 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 32 implications implication NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 33 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 34 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 35 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 36 Cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 318 37 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 2 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 3 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 4 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 5 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 6 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 7 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 8 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 9 disorders disorder NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 10 Astroglial astroglial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 11 networks network NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 12 scale scale VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 13 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 14 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 319 16 plasticity plasticity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 320 1 Glutamatemediated Glutamatemediated NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 1 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 3 neuron neuron NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 4 signalling signal VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 5 Cloning cloning NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 6 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 7 localization localization NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 9 induction induction NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 11 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 12 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 13 glycogen glycogen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 14 synthase synthase NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 15 Immunocytochemical Immunocytochemical NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 16 localization localization NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 17 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 18 glycogen glycogen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 19 phosphorylase phosphorylase NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 20 isozymes isozyme NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 22 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 23 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 24 tissues tissue NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 25 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 26 using use VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 27 isozyme isozyme NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 28 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 29 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 30 antibodies antibody NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 31 Cholesterol cholesterol VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 32 metabolism metabolism NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 33 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 34 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 35 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 36 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 37 Astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 38 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 39 receptors receptor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 40 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 41 situ situ NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 42 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 321 43 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 1 vivo vivo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 2 PDGF PDGF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 3 A a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 4 chain chain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 5 homodimers homodimer NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 6 drive drive VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 7 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 8 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 9 bipotential bipotential NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 11 O-2A O-2A NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 13 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 14 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 15 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 16 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 17 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 18 developing develop VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 19 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 20 optic optic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 21 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 22 Cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 23 human human JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 24 fetal fetal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 25 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 26 can can MD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 27 be be VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 28 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 29 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 30 interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 31 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 32 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 33 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 34 express express VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 35 HLA HLA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 36 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 37 DR DR NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 38 A a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 39 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 40 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 41 cell cell NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 42 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 43 develops develop VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 44 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 45 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 46 into into IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 47 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 48 astrocyte astrocyte NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 49 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 50 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 51 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 52 depending depend VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 53 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 54 culture culture NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 55 medium medium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 56 Platelet platelet NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 57 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 58 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 59 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 60 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 61 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 62 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 63 drives drive VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 64 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 65 clock clock NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 66 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 67 times times NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 68 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 69 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 70 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 71 culture culture NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 72 Astrocyte Astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 73 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 74 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 75 mRNA mrna NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 76 encoding encode VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 77 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 78 IP-10 IP-10 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 79 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 80 JE JE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 81 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 82 MCP-1 MCP-1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 83 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 84 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 85 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 86 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 87 Direct direct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 88 immunogold immunogold JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 89 labeling labeling NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 90 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 91 aquaporin-4 aquaporin-4 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 92 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 93 square square JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 94 arrays array NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 95 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 96 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 97 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 98 ependymocyte ependymocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 99 plasma plasma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 100 membranes membrane NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 101 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 102 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 103 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 104 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 105 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 322 106 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 2 vivo vivo NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 3 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 5 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 6 progenitors progenitor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 7 expressing express VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 8 PDGFalphaR PDGFalphaR NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 9 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 10 early early JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 323 11 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 1 In in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 2 situ situ JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 3 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 4 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 5 fibroblast fibroblast NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 6 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 7 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 8 receptors receptor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 9 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 10 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 11 progenitors progenitor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 12 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 13 oligodendrocytes oligodendrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 14 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 15 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 16 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 17 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 18 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 19 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 20 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 21 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 22 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 23 wrap wrap NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 24 that that WDT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 25 feeds feed VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 26 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 27 Regulation Regulation NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 28 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 29 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 30 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 31 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 32 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 33 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 34 glucose glucose NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 35 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 36 lactate lactate VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 37 Astroglial astroglial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 38 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 39 networks network NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 40 sustain sustain VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 41 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 42 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 43 transmission transmission NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 44 Changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 45 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 46 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 47 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 48 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 49 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 50 receptor receptor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 51 activation activation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 52 following follow VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 53 exposure exposure NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 54 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 55 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 56 neuron/ neuron/ NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 57 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 58 cocultures cocultures NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 59 to to TO cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 60 kainic kainic NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 61 acid acid NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 62 Ciliary Ciliary NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 63 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 64 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 65 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 66 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 67 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 68 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 69 glycoprotein glycoprotein NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 70 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 324 71 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 1 cuprizone cuprizone NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 3 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 4 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 5 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 6 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 7 Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 8 use use VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 9 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 10 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 11 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 12 source source NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 13 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 14 energy energy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 16 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 17 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 18 precursor precursor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 19 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 325 20 lipids lipid NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 2 " " `` cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 3 quad quad JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 4 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 5 partite partite FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 6 " " '' cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 7 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 8 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 9 microgliasynapse microgliasynapse NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 10 interactions interaction NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 13 developing develop VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 15 mature mature VB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 16 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 17 Iron Iron NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 18 efflux efflux NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 19 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 20 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 21 plays play VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 22 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 23 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 24 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 25 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 26 Neurotrophic Neurotrophic NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 27 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 28 gene gene NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 29 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 30 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 31 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 32 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 33 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 35 following follow VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 36 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 37 Tumor tumor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 38 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 39 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 40 mediates mediate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 41 myelin myelin JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 42 damage damage NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 43 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 44 organotypic organotypic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 45 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 46 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 47 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 48 tissue tissue NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 49 Identification identification NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 50 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 51 lymphotoxin lymphotoxin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 52 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 53 tumor tumor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 54 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 55 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 56 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 57 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 58 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 59 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 60 Basic basic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 61 Neurochemistry Neurochemistry NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 62 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 63 Molecular Molecular NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 64 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 65 Cellular Cellular NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 66 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 67 Medical Medical NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 68 Aspects Aspects NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 69 Cytokine cytokine NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 70 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 71 regulated regulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 72 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 73 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 74 platelet platelet NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 75 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 76 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 77 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 78 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 79 gene gene NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 80 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 81 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 82 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 83 cultured cultured JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 84 human human JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 85 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 86 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 87 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 88 biology biology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 89 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 90 pathology pathology NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 91 Sevenfold Sevenfold NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 92 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 93 reduced reduce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 94 osmotic osmotic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 95 water water NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 96 permeability permeability NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 97 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 98 primary primary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 99 astrocyte astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 100 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 101 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 102 AQP-4-deficient AQP-4-deficient NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 103 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 104 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 105 measured measure VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 106 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 107 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 108 fluorescence fluorescence NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 109 quenching quenching NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 110 method method NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 111 Ciliary Ciliary NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 112 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 113 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 114 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 115 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 116 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 117 enhances enhance VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 118 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 119 formation formation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 326 120 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 1 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 2 novel novel JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 3 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 4 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 5 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 6 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 7 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 8 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 9 related relate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 10 molecules molecule NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 11 Properties property NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 12 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 13 GABA GABA NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 14 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 15 glutamate glutamate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 16 responses response NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 18 identified identify VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 19 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 20 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 21 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 22 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 23 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 24 hippocampal hippocampal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 25 slice slice NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 26 Regional regional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 27 distribution distribution NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 28 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 29 developmental developmental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 30 changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 31 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 32 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 33 cellular cellular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 34 localization localization NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 35 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 36 CNTF CNTF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 37 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 38 mRNA mrna NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 39 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 40 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 41 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 42 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 43 rat rat NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 44 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 45 Transfer transfer NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 46 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 47 glycogen glycogen NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 48 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 49 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 50 lactate lactate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 51 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 52 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 53 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 54 axons axon NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 55 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 56 specific specific JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 57 monocarboxylate monocarboxylate NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 58 transporters transporter NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 59 supports support VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 60 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 61 optic optic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 62 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 327 63 activity activity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 2 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 3 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 4 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 5 Ia Ia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 6 antigen antigen NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 7 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 8 present present JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 9 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 10 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 12 active active JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 13 chronic chronic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 14 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 15 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 16 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 17 Microglial Microglial NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 18 interactions interaction NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 19 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 20 synapses synapsis NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 21 are be VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 22 modulated modulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 23 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 24 visual visual JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 328 25 experience experience NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 329 1 Panglial panglial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 329 2 gap gap NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 1 junctional junctional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 2 communication communication NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 3 is be VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 4 essential essential JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 5 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 6 maintenance maintenance NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 7 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 8 myelin myelin NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 9 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 10 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 11 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 12 Tumor tumor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 13 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 14 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 16 interleukin-1 interleukin-1 NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 17 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 18 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 19 CSF CSF NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 20 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 21 sera sera NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 22 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 23 patients patient NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 24 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 25 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 26 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 27 Histological Histological NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 28 investigation investigation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 29 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 30 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 31 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 32 lesions lesion NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 33 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 34 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 35 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 36 hyperostotic hyperostotic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 37 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 39 twy twy NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 40 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 41 twy twy NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 43 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 44 morphological morphological JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 45 changes change NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 46 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 47 anterior anterior JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 48 horn horn NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 49 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 50 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 51 immunoreactivity immunoreactivity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 52 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 53 neurotropic neurotropic NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 54 factors factor NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 55 Control Control NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 56 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 57 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 58 number number NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 59 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 60 glia glia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 61 Plateletderived Plateletderived NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 62 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 63 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 64 promotes promote VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 65 repair repair NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 66 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 67 chronically chronically RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 68 demyelinated demyelinate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 69 white white JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 70 matter matter NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 71 Ciliary Ciliary NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 72 neurotrophic neurotrophic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 73 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 74 controls control VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 75 progenitor progenitor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 76 migration migration NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 77 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 78 remyelination remyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 79 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 80 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 81 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 82 rodent rodent NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 83 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 84 Baumann Baumann NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 85 N. N. NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 86 Myelin Myelin NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 87 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 88 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 89 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 90 allergic allergic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 91 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 92 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 93 Lewis Lewis NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 94 rats rat NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 330 95 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 1 tumor tumor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 2 necrosis necrosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 3 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 4 alpha alpha NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 5 levels level NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 6 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 7 serum serum NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 8 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 9 cerebrospinal cerebrospinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 10 fluid fluid JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 11 immunohistochemical immunohistochemical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 12 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 13 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 14 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 15 cells cell NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 16 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 17 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 18 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 19 optic optic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 20 nerve nerve NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 22 spinal spinal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 23 cord cord NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 24 Reactive Reactive NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 25 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 26 form form VBP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 27 scar scar NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 28 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 29 like like JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 30 perivascular perivascular JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 31 barriers barrier NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 32 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 33 leukocytes leukocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 34 during during IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 35 adoptive adoptive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 36 immune immune JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 37 inflammation inflammation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 38 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 39 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 331 40 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 1 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 2 impact impact NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 4 astrocytic astrocytic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 5 gap gap NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 6 junctional junctional JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 7 coupling coupling NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 8 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 9 potassium potassium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 10 buffering buffering NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 11 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 12 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 13 hippocampus hippocampus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 14 Distinct distinct JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 15 stages stage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 16 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 17 myelination myelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 18 regulated regulate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 19 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 20 gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 21 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 22 secretase secretase JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 23 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 24 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 25 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 26 a a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 27 rapidly rapidly RB cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 28 myelinating myelinate VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 29 CNS cns NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 30 coculture coculture NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 31 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 32 Immunocytochemical Immunocytochemical NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 33 study study NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 34 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 35 myelinassociated myelinassociated JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 36 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 38 MAG MAG NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 40 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 41 basic basic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 42 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 44 BP BP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 46 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 47 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 48 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 49 fibrillary fibrillary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 50 acidic acidic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 51 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 53 GFAP GFAP NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 55 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 56 chronic chronic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 57 relapsing relapse VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 58 experimental experimental JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 59 allergic allergic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 60 encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 62 EAE EAE NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 64 Astrocytes Astrocytes NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 65 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 66 friends friend NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 67 or or CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 68 foes foe NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 69 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 70 multiple multiple JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 71 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 332 72 ? ? . cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 1 A a DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 2 role role NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 3 for for IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 4 ciliary ciliary NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 5 neurotrophic neurotrophic NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 6 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 7 as as IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 8 an an DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 9 inducer inducer NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 10 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 11 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 12 gliosis gliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 333 13 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 1 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 2 glial glial JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 3 response response NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 4 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 5 central central JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 6 nervous nervous JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 7 system system NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 8 injury injury NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 9 Platelet platelet NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 10 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 11 derived derive VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 12 growth growth NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 13 factor factor NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 14 regulates regulate VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 15 oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 16 progenitor progenitor JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 17 numbers number NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 18 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 19 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 20 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 21 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 23 response response NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 24 following follow VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 25 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 26 demyelination demyelination NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 27 Microglia Microglia NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 28 : : : cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 29 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 30 mediators mediator NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 31 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 32 synapse synapse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 33 development development NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 34 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 35 plasticity plasticity NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 36 Profile profile NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 37 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 38 regulation regulation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 39 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 40 apolipoprotein apolipoprotein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 41 E e NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 43 ApoE ApoE NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 45 expression expression NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 46 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 47 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 48 CNS CNS NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 49 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 50 mice mouse NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 51 with with IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 52 targeting target VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 53 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 54 green green JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 55 fluorescent fluorescent NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 56 protein protein NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 57 gene gene NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 58 to to IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 59 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 60 ApoE ApoE NNPS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 334 61 locus locus NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 1 Possible possible JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 2 involvement involvement NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 4 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 5 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 6 neuroprotection neuroprotection NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 7 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 8 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 9 cognitive cognitive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 10 enhancer enhancer NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 11 T-588 t-588 NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 12 Gamma gamma NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 13 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 14 interferon interferon NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 15 promotes promote VBZ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 16 proliferation proliferation NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 17 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 18 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 19 human human JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 20 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 21 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 22 vitro vitro FW cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 23 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 24 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 25 gliosis gliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 26 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 27 the the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 28 adult adult NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 29 mouse mouse NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 30 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 31 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 335 32 vivo vivo NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 1 Neurotrophic neurotrophic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 2 effects effect NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 3 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 4 conditioned condition VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 5 media medium NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 6 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 7 astrocytes astrocyte NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 8 isolated isolate VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 9 from from IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 10 different different JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 11 brain brain NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 12 regions region NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 13 on on IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 14 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 15 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 16 cortical cortical JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 17 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 18 Genomic genomic JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 19 analysis analysis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 20 of of IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 21 reactive reactive JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 22 astrogliosis astrogliosis NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 23 Astrocyte Astrocyte NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 24 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 25 conditioned condition VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 26 medium medium NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 27 protecting protect VBG cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 28 hippocampal hippocampal JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 29 neurons neuron NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 30 in in IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 31 primary primary JJ cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 32 cultures culture NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 33 against against IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 34 corticosterone corticosterone NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 35 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 36 induced induce VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 37 damages damage NNS cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 38 via via IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 336 39 PI3-K/ pi3-k/ CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 337 1 Akt Akt NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 337 2 signal signal NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 337 3 pathway pathway NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 1 This this DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 2 work work NN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 3 was be VBD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 4 funded fund VBN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 5 by by IN cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 6 The the DT cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 7 Wellcome Wellcome NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 8 Trust Trust NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 10 HK HK NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 11 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 12 WT083434 WT083434 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 14 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 15 Medical Medical NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 16 Research Research NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 17 Council Council NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 19 SL SL NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 20 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 21 MR MR NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 22 / / SYM cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 23 J004731/1 J004731/1 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 25 and and CC cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 26 Medical Medical NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 27 Research Research NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 338 28 Scotland Scotland NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 2 SH SH NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 3 , , , cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 4 PhD-718 PhD-718 NNP cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 5 - - HYPH cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 6 2013 2013 CD cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-002209-xs6qigg4 339 8 . . .