id sid tid token lemma pos cord-018764-02l423mk 1 1 key key NN cord-018764-02l423mk 1 2 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 1 3 cord-018764 cord-018764 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 4 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 1 5 02l423mk 02l423mk NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 6 authors author NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 1 7 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 1 8 Clark Clark NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 1 10 Ian Ian NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 11 A. A. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 12 ; ; : cord-018764-02l423mk 1 13 Griffiths Griffiths NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 1 15 Michael Michael NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 16 J. J. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 1 17 title title NN cord-018764-02l423mk 1 18 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 2 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 2 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 2 3 basis basis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 2 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 2 5 paediatric paediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 2 6 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 2 7 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 2 8 date date NN cord-018764-02l423mk 2 9 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 2 10 2007 2007 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 2 11 journal journal NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 2 12 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 3 1 Pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 3 2 Infectious infectious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 3 3 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-018764-02l423mk 4 1 Revisited revisit VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 5 1 DOI DOI NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 5 2 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 5 3 10.1007/978 10.1007/978 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 5 4 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 5 5 3 3 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 5 6 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 5 7 7643 7643 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 5 8 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 5 9 8099 8099 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 5 10 - - SYM cord-018764-02l423mk 5 11 1_9 1_9 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 5 12 sha sha NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 5 13 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 6 1 e4b3a3eca98196afdb6a407514afdaa36c951f23 e4b3a3eca98196afdb6a407514afdaa36c951f23 IN cord-018764-02l423mk 7 1 doc_id doc_id CD cord-018764-02l423mk 7 2 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 8 1 18764 18764 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 9 1 cord_uid cord_uid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 9 2 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 10 1 02l423mk 02l423mk NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 10 2 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 10 3 falciparum falciparum NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 11 1 malaria malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 11 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 11 3 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 11 4 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 11 5 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 11 6 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 11 7 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 11 8 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 11 9 affect affect VB cord-018764-02l423mk 11 10 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 11 11 organs organ NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 11 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 11 13 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 11 14 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 11 15 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 11 16 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 11 17 few few JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 11 18 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 11 19 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 11 20 found find VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 11 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 12 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 12 2 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 12 3 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 12 4 bears bear VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 12 5 many many JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 12 6 similarities similarity NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 12 7 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 12 8 clinically clinically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 12 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 12 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 12 11 potentially potentially RB cord-018764-02l423mk 12 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 12 13 mechanistically mechanistically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 12 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 12 15 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 12 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 12 17 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 12 18 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 12 19 caused cause VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 12 20 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 12 21 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 12 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 12 23 rickettsia rickettsia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 12 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 12 25 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 12 26 viruses virus NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 12 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 13 1 Traditionally traditionally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 13 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 13 3 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 4 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 13 5 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 6 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 7 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 8 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 13 9 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 13 10 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 11 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 13 12 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 13 explained explain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 15 terms term NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 13 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 17 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 13 18 obstruction obstruction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 19 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 20 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 13 21 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 22 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 23 adherence adherence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 24 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 25 endothelium endothelium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 13 27 termed term VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 28 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 13 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 31 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 13 32 containing contain VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 13 33 mature mature JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 13 34 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 13 35 stage stage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 13 36 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 13 37 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 14 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 14 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 14 3 over over IN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 14 5 past past JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 6 few few JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 7 decades decade NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 14 8 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 14 9 alternative alternative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 10 ‘ ' `` cord-018764-02l423mk 14 11 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 12 theory theory NN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 14 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 15 ’ ' '' cord-018764-02l423mk 14 16 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 17 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 14 18 evolved evolve VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 14 20 where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 14 21 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 22 pathology pathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 23 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 24 explained explain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 26 terms term NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 14 27 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 28 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 14 29 balance balance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 30 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 14 31 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 14 32 pro- pro- JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 33 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 14 34 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 35 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 36 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 14 37 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 14 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 15 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 15 2 final final JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 15 3 common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 15 4 pathway pathway NN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 5 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 6 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 15 7 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 15 8 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 15 9 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 15 10 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 11 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 15 12 believed believe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 15 14 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 15 15 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 15 16 limitation limitation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 15 19 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 15 21 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 15 22 utilisation utilisation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 23 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 24 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 25 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 15 26 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 15 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 16 1 Different different JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 16 2 patterns pattern NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 16 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 16 4 ensuing ensue VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 16 5 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 16 6 depletion depletion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 16 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 16 8 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 16 9 temporal temporal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 16 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 16 11 spatial spatial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 16 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 16 13 throughout throughout IN cord-018764-02l423mk 16 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 16 15 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 16 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 16 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 16 18 body body NN cord-018764-02l423mk 16 19 present present JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 16 20 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 16 21 different different JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 16 22 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 16 23 syndromes syndrome NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 16 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 17 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 17 2 chapter chapter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 3 draws draw VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 17 4 attention attention NN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 5 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 17 7 over over RB cord-018764-02l423mk 17 8 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 17 9 arching arch VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 17 10 position position NN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 11 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 12 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 17 13 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 17 14 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 17 15 beginning begin VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 17 16 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 17 17 occupy occupy VB cord-018764-02l423mk 17 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 19 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 17 20 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 22 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 17 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 17 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 17 25 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 17 26 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 17 27 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 17 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 18 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 18 2 influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 4 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 5 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 18 6 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 7 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 8 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 9 offers offer VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 10 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 18 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 12 framework framework NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 18 14 explain explain VB cord-018764-02l423mk 18 15 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 18 16 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 17 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 18 syndromes syndrome NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 18 19 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 18 20 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 18 21 observed observe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 22 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 23 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 24 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 25 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 18 27 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 18 28 provides provide VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 29 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 18 30 fresh fresh JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 31 avenue avenue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 33 investigation investigation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 34 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 35 adjunct adjunct JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 36 therapies therapy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 18 37 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 18 38 ameliorate ameliorate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 18 39 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 18 40 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 18 41 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 42 process process NN cord-018764-02l423mk 18 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 19 1 Although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 2 many many JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 19 3 species specie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 19 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 5 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 19 6 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 7 exist exist VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 19 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 19 9 only only RB cord-018764-02l423mk 19 10 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 19 11 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 19 13 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 19 15 ovale ovale NN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 19 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 19 18 malariae malariae NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 19 19 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 19 20 classically classically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 19 21 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 22 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 23 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 19 24 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 19 25 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 20 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 20 2 former former JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 20 3 two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 20 4 species specie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 20 5 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 20 6 most most RBS cord-018764-02l423mk 20 7 frequently frequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 20 8 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 9 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 10 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 20 11 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 13 humans human NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 20 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 20 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 16 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 20 17 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 20 18 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 19 almost almost RB cord-018764-02l423mk 20 20 exclusively exclusively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 20 21 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 22 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 23 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 24 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 25 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 20 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 21 1 Falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 2 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 3 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 4 responsible responsible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 5 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 6 considerable considerable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 7 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 21 9 300 300 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 21 10 - - SYM cord-018764-02l423mk 21 11 500 500 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 21 12 million million CD cord-018764-02l423mk 21 13 annual annual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 14 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 15 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 21 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 21 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 21 18 death death NN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 19 across across IN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 20 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 21 21 globe globe NN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 21 23 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 24 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 21 25 particular particular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 26 burden burden NN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 27 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 28 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 29 among among IN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 30 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 21 31 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 21 32 sub sub JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 33 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 34 Saharan saharan JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 21 35 Africa Africa NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 21 36 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 22 1 Infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 2 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 3 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 4 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 5 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 22 6 rarely rarely RB cord-018764-02l423mk 22 7 fatal fatal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 22 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 22 9 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 22 10 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 22 11 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 12 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 13 considerable considerable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 22 14 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 15 outside outside IN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 22 17 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 22 18 continent continent NN cord-018764-02l423mk 22 19 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 23 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 23 2 should should MD cord-018764-02l423mk 23 3 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 23 4 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 23 5 recalled recall VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 23 6 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 23 7 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 23 8 causes cause VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 23 9 social social JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 23 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 23 11 economic economic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 23 12 disruption disruption NN cord-018764-02l423mk 23 13 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 23 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 23 15 uniquely uniquely RB cord-018764-02l423mk 23 16 large large JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 23 17 scale scale NN cord-018764-02l423mk 23 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 23 19 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 23 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 23 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 24 1 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 2 adult adult NN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 3 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 5 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 24 6 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 7 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 8 originally originally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 24 9 classified classify VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 24 10 using use VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 24 11 10 10 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 24 12 defining define VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 24 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 24 14 5 5 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 24 15 supportive supportive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 24 17 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 24 18 overlapping overlap VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 24 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 24 20 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 21 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 24 22 unified unify VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 23 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 24 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 24 25 presence presence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 27 asexual asexual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 28 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 29 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 24 30 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 31 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 24 32 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 24 33 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 34 smear smear NN cord-018764-02l423mk 24 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 24 36 2 2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 24 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 24 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 25 1 Based base VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 2 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 3 observations observation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 25 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 5 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 25 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 7 coastal coastal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 25 8 Kenya Kenya NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 25 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 25 10 paediatric paediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 25 11 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 25 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 13 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 25 14 similarly similarly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 25 15 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 16 distilled distil VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 17 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 18 three three CD cord-018764-02l423mk 25 19 main main NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 25 21 again again RB cord-018764-02l423mk 25 22 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 25 23 overlapping overlap VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 25 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 25 25 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 25 26 syndromes syndrome NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 25 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 25 28 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 25 30 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 25 31 distress distress NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 25 33 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 25 34 indicator indicator NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 36 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 25 37 underlying underlie VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 25 38 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 25 39 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 25 41 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 25 42 impairment impairment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 43 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 44 consciousness consciousness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 25 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 25 46 3 3 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 25 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 25 48 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 26 1 These these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 26 2 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 26 3 syndromes syndrome NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 26 4 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 26 5 discussed discuss VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 26 6 below below RB cord-018764-02l423mk 26 7 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 27 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 27 3 review review NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 4 mentioned mention VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 5 above above IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 27 7 3 3 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 27 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 27 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 27 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 27 11 authors author NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 27 12 ' ' POS cord-018764-02l423mk 27 13 judicious judicious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 27 14 use use NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 27 17 term term NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 18 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 19 consciousness consciousness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 27 21 rather rather RB cord-018764-02l423mk 27 22 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 23 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 27 24 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 27 26 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 27 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 27 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 27 29 promoted promote VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 27 30 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 27 31 useful useful JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 27 32 concept concept NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 33 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 34 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 27 35 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 27 36 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 27 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 27 38 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 27 39 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 40 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 27 41 turn turn VB cord-018764-02l423mk 27 42 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 27 43 underlying underlie VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 27 44 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 27 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 27 46 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 47 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 48 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 27 49 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 50 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 27 51 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 27 52 necessarily necessarily RB cord-018764-02l423mk 27 53 unique unique JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 27 54 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 55 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 27 56 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 27 57 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 28 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-018764-02l423mk 28 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 28 3 over over IN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 4 60 60 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 28 5 years year NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 28 6 ago ago RB cord-018764-02l423mk 28 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 28 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 28 9 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 28 10 noted note VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 11 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 28 13 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 28 14 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 28 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 17 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 28 18 resemble resemble VB cord-018764-02l423mk 28 19 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 28 20 exhibited exhibit VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 22 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 28 23 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 28 24 fulminant fulminant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 28 25 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 28 26 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 28 27 viral viral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 28 28 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 28 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 28 30 4 4 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 28 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 28 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 29 1 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 29 2 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 3 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 29 4 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 5 intensively intensively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 29 6 studied study VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 29 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 29 9 there there EX cord-018764-02l423mk 29 10 appears appear VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 29 11 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 29 12 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 29 13 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 29 14 complex complex JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 29 15 interplay interplay NN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 16 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 17 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 18 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 19 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 29 20 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 29 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 30 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 30 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 30 3 highlighted highlight VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 30 4 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 30 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 30 6 different different JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 30 7 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 30 8 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 30 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 30 10 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 30 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 30 12 exhibited exhibit VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 30 13 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 30 14 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 30 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 30 16 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 30 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 31 1 These these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 31 2 differences difference NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 31 3 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 31 4 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 31 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 31 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 31 7 part part NN cord-018764-02l423mk 31 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 31 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 31 10 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 31 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 31 12 patient patient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 31 13 age age NN cord-018764-02l423mk 31 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 32 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 32 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 32 3 age age NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 32 5 just just RB cord-018764-02l423mk 32 6 one one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 32 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 8 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 32 9 series series NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 11 interacting interact VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 32 12 factors factor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 32 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 32 14 e.g. e.g. DT cord-018764-02l423mk 32 15 geographical geographical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 32 16 region region NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 32 18 level level NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 20 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 21 transmission transmission NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 32 23 degree degree NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 25 previous previous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 32 26 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 27 exposure exposure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 32 29 length length NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 31 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 32 prior prior RB cord-018764-02l423mk 32 33 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 34 treatment treatment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 35 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 32 36 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 37 immunity immunity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 38 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 32 39 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 32 40 influence influence VB cord-018764-02l423mk 32 41 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 32 42 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 32 43 presentation presentation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 44 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 45 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 32 46 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 32 47 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 33 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 33 2 variation variation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 4 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 33 5 presentation presentation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 6 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 33 7 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 8 mirrored mirror VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 9 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 10 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 33 11 similar similar JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 33 12 multitude multitude NN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 14 proposals proposal NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 33 15 regarding regard VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 33 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 33 17 functional functional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 33 18 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 33 19 underlying underlie VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 33 20 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 22 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 33 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 33 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 34 1 One one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 34 2 concept concept NN cord-018764-02l423mk 34 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 34 4 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 34 5 consistently consistently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 34 6 articulated articulate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 34 7 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 34 8 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 34 9 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 34 10 ' ' `` cord-018764-02l423mk 34 11 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 34 12 theory theory NN cord-018764-02l423mk 34 13 ' ' '' cord-018764-02l423mk 34 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 35 1 Historically historically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 35 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 35 3 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 35 4 theory theory NN cord-018764-02l423mk 35 5 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 35 6 developed develop VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 35 7 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 35 8 two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 35 9 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 35 10 differences difference NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 35 11 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 35 12 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 35 13 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 35 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 35 15 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 35 16 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 35 17 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 35 18 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 36 1 Firstly firstly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 36 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 36 3 erythrocytes erythrocyte VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 36 4 parasitised parasitise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 36 5 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 36 6 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 36 7 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 36 8 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 36 9 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 36 10 sequester sequester VB cord-018764-02l423mk 36 11 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 37 1 Secondly secondly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 37 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 37 3 death death NN cord-018764-02l423mk 37 4 following follow VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 37 5 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 37 6 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 37 7 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 37 8 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 37 9 rare rare JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 37 10 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 38 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 38 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 38 3 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 38 5 believed believe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 6 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 38 7 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 38 8 due due JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 38 9 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 10 obstruction obstruction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 12 micro micro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 38 13 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 38 14 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 38 15 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 16 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 17 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 38 18 containing contain VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 38 19 mature mature JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 38 20 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 38 21 stage stage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 22 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 38 24 adhering adhere VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 38 25 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 38 27 endothelium endothelium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 38 29 termed term VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 30 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 38 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 38 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 39 1 More more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 39 2 recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 39 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 39 4 ' ' `` cord-018764-02l423mk 39 5 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 39 6 theory theory NN cord-018764-02l423mk 39 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 39 8 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 39 9 ' ' '' cord-018764-02l423mk 39 10 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 39 11 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 39 12 gained gain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 39 13 credence credence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 39 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 40 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 40 2 theory theory NN cord-018764-02l423mk 40 3 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 40 4 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 40 5 applied apply VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 40 6 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 40 7 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 40 8 following follow VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 40 9 both both CC cord-018764-02l423mk 40 10 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 40 11 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 40 12 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 40 13 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 40 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 41 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 41 2 lower low JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 41 3 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 4 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 5 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 6 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 41 7 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 8 being being NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 9 explained explain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 10 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 41 12 relatively relatively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 41 13 milder mild JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 41 14 degree degree NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 16 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 41 17 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 41 18 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 41 19 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 20 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 21 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 41 22 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 23 's 's POS cord-018764-02l423mk 41 24 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 25 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 26 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 27 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 41 28 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 41 29 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 42 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 42 2 main main JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 42 3 theme theme NN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 5 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 42 6 chapter chapter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 7 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 42 8 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 42 9 examine examine VB cord-018764-02l423mk 42 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 42 11 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 12 understanding understanding NN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 42 15 functions function NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 42 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 17 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 42 18 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 42 19 gained gain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 20 over over IN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 21 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 42 22 past past JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 42 23 15 15 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 42 24 years year NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 42 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 42 26 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 42 27 explore explore VB cord-018764-02l423mk 42 28 how how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 42 29 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 42 30 insights insight NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 42 31 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 42 32 changing change VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 42 33 attitudes attitude NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 42 34 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 35 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 42 36 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 37 research research NN cord-018764-02l423mk 42 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 43 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 43 2 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 43 3 discuss discuss VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 43 4 how how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 43 5 two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 43 6 theories theory NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 43 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 43 8 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 43 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 43 10 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 43 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 43 12 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 43 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 43 14 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 43 15 proposed propose VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 43 16 first first RB cord-018764-02l423mk 43 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 43 18 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 43 19 recognisable recognisable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 43 20 form form NN cord-018764-02l423mk 43 21 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 43 22 least least RBS cord-018764-02l423mk 43 23 65 65 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 43 24 years year NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 43 25 ago ago RB cord-018764-02l423mk 43 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 43 27 5 5 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 43 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 43 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 43 30 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 43 31 complementary complementary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 43 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 44 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 44 2 majority majority NN cord-018764-02l423mk 44 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 44 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 44 5 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 44 6 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 44 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 44 8 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 44 9 occur occur VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 44 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 44 11 sub sub JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 44 12 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 44 13 Saharan saharan JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 44 14 Africa Africa NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 44 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 45 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-018764-02l423mk 45 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 45 3 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 45 4 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 45 5 accounts account VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 45 6 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 45 7 considerable considerable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 45 8 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 45 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 45 10 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 45 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 45 12 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 45 13 continents continent NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 45 14 particularly particularly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 45 15 South South NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 45 16 East East NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 45 17 Asia Asia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 45 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 45 19 6 6 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 45 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 45 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 46 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 2 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 3 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 46 4 endemic endemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 46 5 regions region NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 46 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 46 7 e.g. e.g. IN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 8 sub sub JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 46 9 - - NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 46 10 Saharan Saharan NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 46 11 Africa Africa NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 46 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 46 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 46 14 where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 46 15 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 46 16 resident resident JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 46 17 population population NN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 18 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 46 19 continuous continuous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 46 20 exposure exposure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 21 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 22 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 46 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 46 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 46 25 most most JJS cord-018764-02l423mk 46 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 27 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 46 28 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 46 29 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 46 30 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 46 31 seen see VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 32 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 46 33 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 46 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 46 35 7 7 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 46 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 46 37 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 47 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 47 2 hypoendemic hypoendemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 47 3 regions region NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 47 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 47 5 e.g. e.g. DT cord-018764-02l423mk 47 6 South South NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 47 7 East East NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 47 8 Asia Asia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 47 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 47 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 47 11 where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 47 12 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 47 13 exposure exposure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 47 14 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 47 15 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 47 16 intermittent intermittent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 47 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 47 18 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 47 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 47 20 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 47 21 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 47 22 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 47 23 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 47 24 common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 47 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 47 26 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 47 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 47 28 Tab Tab NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 47 29 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 47 30 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 47 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 47 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 48 1 Clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 48 2 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 48 3 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 4 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 5 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 6 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 7 vary vary VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 48 8 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 9 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 48 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 48 11 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 48 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 48 13 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 48 14 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 48 16 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 17 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 48 18 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 20 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 48 21 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 22 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 48 23 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 48 24 populations population NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 48 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 48 26 7 7 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 48 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 48 28 8 8 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 48 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 48 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 49 1 Acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 49 2 renal renal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 49 3 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 5 ARF ARF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 49 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 7 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 49 8 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 49 9 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 49 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 49 12 marker marker NN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 13 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 14 adult adult JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 49 15 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 49 16 distress distress NN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 17 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 19 ARDS ARDS NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 49 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 49 22 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 49 23 almost almost RB cord-018764-02l423mk 49 24 exclusively exclusively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 49 25 reported report VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 26 among among IN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 27 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 49 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 29 9 9 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 49 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 49 31 10 10 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 49 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 33 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 49 34 whereas whereas IN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 35 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 36 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 37 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 38 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 39 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 49 40 frequently frequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 49 41 reported report VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 42 among among IN cord-018764-02l423mk 49 43 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 49 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 45 11 11 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 49 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 49 47 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 50 1 Why why WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 50 2 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 50 3 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 50 4 displays display NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 50 5 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 50 6 age age NN cord-018764-02l423mk 50 7 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 50 8 related relate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 50 9 differences difference NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 50 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 50 11 pathophysiology pathophysiology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 50 12 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 50 13 unclear unclear JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 50 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 51 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 51 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 51 3 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 51 4 differences difference NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 51 5 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 51 6 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 51 7 exclusive exclusive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 51 8 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 51 9 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 51 10 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 52 1 ARDS ARDS NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 52 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 52 3 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 52 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 52 5 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 52 6 frequently frequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 52 7 observed observe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 8 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 52 10 complication complication NN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 12 trauma trauma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 14 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 52 15 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 16 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 17 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 52 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 52 19 12 12 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 52 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 52 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 52 22 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 52 23 believed believe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 24 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 52 25 reflect reflect VB cord-018764-02l423mk 52 26 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 52 27 exaggerated exaggerated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 52 28 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 52 29 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 52 30 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 52 31 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 32 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 33 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 52 34 lung lung NN cord-018764-02l423mk 52 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 52 36 9 9 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 52 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 52 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 53 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 53 2 possible possible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 53 3 lead lead NN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 4 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 5 future future JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 53 6 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 53 7 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 8 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 53 9 age age NN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 10 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 53 11 related relate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 12 differences difference NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 53 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 14 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 15 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 53 16 suggested suggest VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 17 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 18 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 53 19 report report NN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 21 peritoneal peritoneal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 53 22 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 53 23 collected collect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 24 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 25 healthy healthy JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 53 26 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 53 27 producing produce VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 53 28 much much RB cord-018764-02l423mk 53 29 less less JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 53 30 interleukin interleukin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 53 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 54 1 IL)-10 IL)-10 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 54 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 54 3 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 54 4 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 5 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 6 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 7 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 54 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 54 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 54 10 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 54 11 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 54 12 same same JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 13 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 54 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 54 15 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 16 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 17 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 18 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 54 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 54 20 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 54 21 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 54 22 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 54 23 healthy healthy JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 24 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 54 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 54 26 giving give VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 54 27 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 54 28 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 54 29 much much RB cord-018764-02l423mk 54 30 higher high JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 54 31 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 32 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 33 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 54 34 status status NN cord-018764-02l423mk 54 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 54 36 13 13 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 54 37 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 54 38 14 14 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 54 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 54 40 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 55 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 55 2 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 55 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 55 4 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 55 5 ARF arf NN cord-018764-02l423mk 55 6 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 55 7 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 55 8 postulated postulate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 55 9 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 55 10 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 55 11 multifactorial multifactorial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 55 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 55 13 involving involve VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 55 14 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 55 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 55 16 haemodynamic haemodynamic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 55 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 55 18 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 55 19 immunological immunological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 55 20 factors factor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 55 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 55 22 15 15 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 55 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 55 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 56 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 56 2 observation observation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 3 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 56 4 ARF ARF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 56 5 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 56 6 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 56 7 frequently frequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 56 8 observed observe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 9 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 10 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 56 11 complication complication NN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 13 trauma trauma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 15 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 56 16 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 17 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 56 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 56 19 12 12 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 56 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 56 21 suggests suggest VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 56 22 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 23 age age NN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 24 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 56 25 related relate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 26 variations variation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 56 27 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 28 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 29 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 30 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 56 31 again again RB cord-018764-02l423mk 56 32 influence influence VB cord-018764-02l423mk 56 33 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 56 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 57 1 Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 57 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 57 3 regarded regard VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 4 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 5 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 57 6 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 57 7 frequent frequent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 57 8 complication complication NN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 10 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 12 paediatric paediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 57 13 populations population NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 57 14 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 57 16 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 57 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 57 18 16 16 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 57 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 57 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 58 1 Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 58 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 3 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 58 4 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 58 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 58 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 7 part part NN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 58 9 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 58 10 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 12 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 58 13 higher high JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 58 14 basal basal NN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 15 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 58 16 rate rate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 58 18 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 58 19 lower lower RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 58 20 glycolytic glycolytic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 58 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 58 22 17 17 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 58 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 58 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 58 25 gluconeogenic gluconeogenic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 58 26 substrate substrate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 27 reserves reserve NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 58 28 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 29 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 58 30 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 58 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 58 32 18 18 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 58 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 58 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 59 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 59 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 59 3 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 59 4 substrates substrate NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 59 5 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 59 6 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 59 7 always always RB cord-018764-02l423mk 59 8 limiting limit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 59 9 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 59 10 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 59 11 paediatric paediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 59 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 59 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 59 14 suggesting suggest VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 59 15 functional functional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 59 16 impairments impairment NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 59 17 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 59 18 glucose glucose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 59 19 metabolism metabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 59 20 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 59 21 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 59 22 occur occur VB cord-018764-02l423mk 59 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 59 24 19 19 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 59 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 59 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 60 1 Such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 60 2 functional functional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 60 3 impairments impairment NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 60 4 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 60 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 60 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 60 7 part part NN cord-018764-02l423mk 60 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 60 9 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 60 10 influenced influence VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 60 11 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 60 12 increases increase NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 60 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 60 14 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 60 15 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 60 16 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 60 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 60 18 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 60 19 progresses progress VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 60 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 61 1 Once once IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 61 3 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 61 4 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 5 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 61 6 identified identify VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 7 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 61 9 cause cause NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 11 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 61 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 61 14 quickly quickly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 61 15 became become VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 61 16 apparent apparent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 61 17 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 18 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 19 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 61 20 death death NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 21 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 61 22 linked link VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 23 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 24 parasite parasite JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 61 25 invasion invasion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 26 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 27 bloodstream bloodstream NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 61 29 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 61 30 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 31 growth growth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 32 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 61 34 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 61 35 release release VB cord-018764-02l423mk 61 36 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 61 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 61 38 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 61 39 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 61 40 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 62 1 By by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 62 3 start start NN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 62 6 20th 20th JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 62 7 century century NN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 62 9 two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 62 10 major major JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 62 11 theories theory NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 62 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 62 13 capillary capillary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 62 14 blockage blockage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 62 16 toxicity toxicity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 17 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 62 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 62 20 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 62 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 62 22 had have VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 62 23 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 24 proposed propose VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 25 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 62 26 explain explain VB cord-018764-02l423mk 62 27 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 62 29 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 62 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 63 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 63 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 63 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 63 4 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 6 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 63 7 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 8 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 63 9 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 63 10 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 63 11 settled settle VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 12 story story NN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 13 requiring require VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 63 14 regular regular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 63 15 updates update NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 63 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 63 17 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 63 18 one one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 63 19 containing containing NN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 63 21 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 63 23 beginning beginning NN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 63 25 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 63 26 unresolved unresolved JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 63 27 tension tension NN cord-018764-02l423mk 63 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 64 1 Vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 64 2 occlusion occlusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 3 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 64 4 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 64 5 toxin toxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 64 7 nowadays nowadays RB cord-018764-02l423mk 64 8 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 64 9 occlusion occlusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 64 11 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 64 12 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 64 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 64 14 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 64 15 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 16 alternative alternative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 64 17 approaches approach NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 64 18 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 19 understanding understand VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 64 20 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 64 21 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 22 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 23 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 64 24 whole whole NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 64 26 as as RB cord-018764-02l423mk 64 27 well well RB cord-018764-02l423mk 64 28 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 29 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 64 30 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 31 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 64 32 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 33 over over IN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 34 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 64 35 century century NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 36 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 64 37 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 64 38 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 64 39 two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 64 40 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 64 41 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 64 42 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 43 discussed discuss VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 44 side side NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 45 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 46 side side NN cord-018764-02l423mk 64 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 64 48 5 5 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 64 49 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 64 50 20 20 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 64 51 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 64 52 21 21 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 64 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 64 54 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 65 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 65 2 presence presence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 4 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 65 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 65 6 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 65 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 65 9 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 65 10 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 65 12 all all DT cord-018764-02l423mk 65 13 three three CD cord-018764-02l423mk 65 14 consistent consistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 65 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 16 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 65 17 patient patient NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 18 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 65 19 forced force VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 20 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 65 21 rely rely VB cord-018764-02l423mk 65 22 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 23 anaerobic anaerobic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 65 24 glycolysis glycolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 25 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 26 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 27 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 65 29 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 65 30 provided provide VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 31 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 65 32 consensus consensus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 33 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 34 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 35 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 65 36 central central JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 65 37 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 38 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 39 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 40 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 41 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 42 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 65 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 66 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 2 sum sum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 3 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 66 4 marised marise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 5 below below RB cord-018764-02l423mk 66 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 66 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 66 8 modern modern JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 66 9 literature literature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 10 offers offer VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 66 11 two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 66 12 main main JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 66 13 theories theory NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 66 14 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 15 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 66 16 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 17 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 18 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 19 ; ; , cord-018764-02l423mk 66 20 insufficient insufficient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 66 21 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 22 delivery delivery NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 23 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 24 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 66 25 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 66 26 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 27 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 28 utilization utilization NN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 29 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 66 30 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 66 31 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 66 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 67 1 Both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 67 2 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 67 3 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 67 4 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 67 5 governed govern VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 67 6 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 67 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 67 8 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 67 9 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 67 10 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 67 11 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 67 12 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 67 13 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 67 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 68 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 68 2 chapter chapter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 3 focuses focus VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 68 4 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 5 how how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 68 6 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 68 7 increased increased JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 68 8 understanding understanding NN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 68 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 68 12 functions function NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 68 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 14 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 68 15 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 16 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 17 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 68 18 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 68 19 closer close JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 68 20 alignment alignment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 21 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 68 23 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 25 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 26 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 68 27 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 68 28 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 68 29 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 68 30 infectious infectious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 68 31 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 68 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 69 1 One one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 69 2 hundred hundred CD cord-018764-02l423mk 69 3 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 69 4 twenty twenty CD cord-018764-02l423mk 69 5 years year NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 69 6 ago ago RB cord-018764-02l423mk 69 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 69 8 Golgi Golgi NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 69 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 69 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 11 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 69 12 Golgi Golgi NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 69 13 apparatus apparatus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 69 15 22 22 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 69 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 69 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 69 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 69 19 noted note VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 69 20 onset onset NN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 22 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 69 23 fever fever NN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 69 25 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 26 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 27 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 69 28 predictable predictable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 69 29 short short JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 69 30 interval interval NN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 31 after after IN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 69 33 regular regular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 69 34 shower shower NN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 36 new new JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 69 37 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 69 38 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 69 39 released release VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 40 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 69 41 bursting burst VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 69 42 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 69 43 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 69 44 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 70 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 70 2 nature nature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 70 5 putative putative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 70 6 toxin toxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 7 so so RB cord-018764-02l423mk 70 8 released release VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 9 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 70 10 much much RB cord-018764-02l423mk 70 11 discussed discuss VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 70 14 first first JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 70 15 decade decade NN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 70 18 20th 20th JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 70 19 century century NN cord-018764-02l423mk 70 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 70 21 23 23 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 70 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 70 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 71 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 71 2 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 71 3 assumed assume VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 71 4 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 71 5 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 71 6 directly directly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 71 7 toxic toxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 71 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 71 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 71 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 71 11 manner manner NN cord-018764-02l423mk 71 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 71 13 tetanus tetanus JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 71 14 toxin toxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 71 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 72 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 72 2 proposal proposal NN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 3 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 4 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 5 products product NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 72 6 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 72 7 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 72 8 harmful harmful JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 10 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 72 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 72 12 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 72 13 only only RB cord-018764-02l423mk 72 14 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 15 causing cause VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 72 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 72 17 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 18 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 19 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 72 20 harm harm VB cord-018764-02l423mk 72 21 itself -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 72 22 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 23 generating generate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 72 24 toxic toxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 25 amounts amount NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 72 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 27 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 72 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 72 29 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 30 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 31 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 32 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 72 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 72 34 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 35 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 72 36 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 37 lower low JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 72 38 concentrations concentration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 72 39 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 72 40 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 72 41 growth growth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 42 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 43 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 72 44 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 72 45 did do VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 72 46 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 72 47 arise arise VB cord-018764-02l423mk 72 48 until until IN cord-018764-02l423mk 72 49 1981 1981 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 72 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 72 51 24 24 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 72 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 72 53 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 73 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-018764-02l423mk 73 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 73 3 acceptance acceptance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 73 6 broad broad JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 73 7 applicability applicability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 9 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 73 10 concept concept NN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 11 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 12 infectious infectious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 73 13 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 15 general general JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 73 16 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 73 17 now now RB cord-018764-02l423mk 73 18 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 73 19 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 73 21 evolution evolution NN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 22 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 73 23 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 73 24 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 73 25 subject subject NN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 26 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 27 research research NN cord-018764-02l423mk 73 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 73 29 25 25 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 73 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 73 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 74 1 Tumour tumour NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 2 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 3 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 74 5 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 74 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 74 7 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 74 8 regarded regard VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 9 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 10 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 74 11 major major JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 74 12 player player NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 74 14 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 15 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 74 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 74 17 first first JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 74 18 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 20 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 74 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 74 22 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 74 23 proposed propose VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 24 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 74 25 cause cause VB cord-018764-02l423mk 74 26 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 74 27 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 74 29 pathology pathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 74 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 74 31 24 24 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 74 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 74 33 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 75 1 Multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 75 2 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 75 3 promoter promoter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 75 4 polymorphisms polymorphism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 75 5 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 75 6 since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 75 7 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 75 8 independently independently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 75 9 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 75 10 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 75 11 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 75 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 75 13 across across IN cord-018764-02l423mk 75 14 several several JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 75 15 geographical geographical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 75 16 populations population NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 75 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 75 18 26 26 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 75 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 75 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 76 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 76 2 longitudinal longitudinal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 76 3 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 5 Burkino Burkino NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 76 6 Faso Faso NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 76 7 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 76 8 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 76 9 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 10 several several JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 76 11 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 76 12 promoter promoter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 13 polymorphisms polymorphism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 76 14 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 76 17 regulation regulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 19 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 20 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 76 21 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 22 density density NN cord-018764-02l423mk 76 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 76 24 27 27 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 76 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 76 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 77 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 77 2 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 77 3 concept concept NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 4 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 77 5 since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 6 begun begin VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 7 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 77 8 dominate dominate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 77 9 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 77 10 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 11 literature literature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 77 13 28 28 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 77 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 77 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 77 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 77 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 77 18 virulence virulence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 20 different different JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 77 21 strains strain NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 77 22 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 77 25 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 77 26 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 27 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 77 28 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 77 29 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 77 30 standard standard JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 77 31 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 77 32 misdiagnosis misdiagnosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 33 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 34 imported import VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 35 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 36 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 77 37 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 77 38 recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 77 39 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 40 expressed express VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 41 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 42 terms term NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 77 43 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 44 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 77 45 capacity capacity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 77 46 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 77 47 induce induce VB cord-018764-02l423mk 77 48 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 77 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 77 50 29 29 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 77 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 77 52 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 78 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 78 2 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 78 3 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 5 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 78 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 7 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 78 8 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 78 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 11 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 12 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 78 13 consistent consistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 78 14 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 15 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 78 16 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 78 17 similarities similarity NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 78 18 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 78 19 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 78 20 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 78 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 79 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-018764-02l423mk 79 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 79 3 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 79 4 infusions infusion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 79 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 79 6 tumour tumour NN cord-018764-02l423mk 79 7 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 79 8 produce produce VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 79 9 side side NN cord-018764-02l423mk 79 10 effects effect NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 79 11 mimicking mimic VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 79 12 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 79 13 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 79 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 79 15 30 30 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 79 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 79 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 79 18 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 79 19 discussed discuss VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 79 20 below below RB cord-018764-02l423mk 79 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 80 1 Although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 80 2 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 80 3 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 80 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 80 5 prototype prototype NN cord-018764-02l423mk 80 6 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 80 7 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 80 8 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 80 9 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 80 10 linked link VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 80 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 80 12 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 80 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 80 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 80 15 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 80 16 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 80 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 18 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 80 19 mediators mediator NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 80 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 21 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 80 22 interferon interferon NN cord-018764-02l423mk 80 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 24 IFN)- IFN)- NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 80 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 26 31 31 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 80 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 80 29 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 80 30 corresponding correspond VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 80 31 receptors receptor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 80 32 IFN IFN NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 80 33 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 80 34 receptor-1 receptor-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 80 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 36 32 32 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 80 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 38 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 80 39 IFN IFN NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 80 40 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 80 41 receptor-1 receptor-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 80 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 43 33 33 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 80 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 80 45 , , . cord-018764-02l423mk 81 1 IL-1 IL-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 81 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 81 3 34 34 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 81 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 81 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 81 6 IL-4 IL-4 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 81 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 81 8 35 35 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 81 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 81 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 81 11 IL-10 IL-10 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 81 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 81 13 36 36 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 81 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 81 15 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 81 16 all all DT cord-018764-02l423mk 81 17 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 81 18 identified identify VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 19 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 20 genetic genetic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 81 21 association association NN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 22 analysis analysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 23 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 81 24 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 81 25 linked link VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 26 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 27 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 81 28 potential potential JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 81 29 regulation regulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 31 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 81 32 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 33 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 81 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 82 1 All all PDT cord-018764-02l423mk 82 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 82 3 above above JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 82 4 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 82 5 typically typically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 82 6 act act VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 82 7 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 82 8 homeostatic homeostatic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 82 9 agents agent NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 82 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 82 11 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 82 12 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 82 13 cause cause VB cord-018764-02l423mk 82 14 pathology pathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 82 15 if if IN cord-018764-02l423mk 82 16 produced produce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 82 17 excessively excessively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 82 18 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 83 1 When when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 83 2 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 83 3 happens happen VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 83 4 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 83 5 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 83 6 induce induce VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 83 7 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 83 8 late late JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 83 9 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 83 10 onset onset NN cord-018764-02l423mk 83 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 83 12 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 83 13 long long RB cord-018764-02l423mk 83 14 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 83 15 acting act VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 83 16 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 83 17 termed term VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 83 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 83 19 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 83 20 mobility mobility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 83 21 group group NN cord-018764-02l423mk 83 22 box box NN cord-018764-02l423mk 83 23 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 83 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 83 25 HMGB1 HMGB1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 83 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 83 27 protein protein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 83 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 83 29 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 83 30 prolongs prolong VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 83 31 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 83 32 amplifies amplify VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 83 33 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 83 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 83 35 37 37 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 83 36 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 83 37 38 38 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 83 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 83 39 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 84 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 84 2 molecule molecule NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 84 4 normally normally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 84 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 84 7 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 8 nucleus nucleus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 84 10 previously previously RB cord-018764-02l423mk 84 11 known know VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 12 only only RB cord-018764-02l423mk 84 13 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 14 several several JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 15 physiological physiological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 16 functions function NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 84 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 84 18 now now RB cord-018764-02l423mk 84 19 shows show VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 20 great great JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 21 promise promise NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 22 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 23 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 84 24 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 25 target target NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 27 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 84 29 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 30 that that DT cord-018764-02l423mk 84 31 countering counter VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 84 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 84 33 after after IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 34 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 84 35 onset onset NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 36 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 37 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 38 protects protect VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 39 well well RB cord-018764-02l423mk 84 40 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 41 experimental experimental JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 84 42 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 84 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 84 44 39 39 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 84 45 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 84 46 40 40 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 84 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 84 48 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 85 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 85 2 accumulates accumulate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 85 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 85 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 5 proportion proportion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 6 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 7 degree degree NN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 9 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 85 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 12 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 13 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 14 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 85 15 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 85 16 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 17 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 18 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 19 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 85 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 85 21 41 41 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 85 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 85 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 86 1 Once once RB cord-018764-02l423mk 86 2 neutralising neutralise VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 86 3 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 86 4 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 86 5 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 86 6 antibodies antibody NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 86 7 became become VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 86 8 available available JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 86 9 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 86 10 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 86 11 use use NN cord-018764-02l423mk 86 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 86 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 86 14 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 86 15 tested test VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 86 16 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 86 17 efficacy efficacy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 86 18 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 86 19 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 86 20 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 86 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 87 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-018764-02l423mk 87 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 87 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 4 central central JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 87 5 tenet tenet NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 8 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 9 concept concept NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 11 infectious infectious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 87 12 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 87 14 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 15 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 16 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 87 17 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 87 18 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 19 cause cause VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 87 20 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 21 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 87 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 23 same same JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 87 24 mediators mediator NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 87 25 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 87 27 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 28 lower low JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 87 29 concentrations concentration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 87 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 87 31 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 87 32 responsible responsible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 87 33 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 34 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 35 innate innate JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 87 36 immunity immunity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 37 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 87 38 controls control VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 87 39 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 40 growth growth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 87 42 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 87 43 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 87 44 taken take VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 45 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 46 consideration consideration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 87 47 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 88 1 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 88 2 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 88 3 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 4 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 88 6 inhibit inhibit VB cord-018764-02l423mk 88 7 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 88 8 mouse mouse NN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 9 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 88 10 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 12 vivo vivo NN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 14 42 42 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 88 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 88 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 88 18 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 88 19 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 21 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 88 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 88 23 provided provide VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 88 24 white white JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 88 25 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 88 26 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 88 27 generate generate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 88 28 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 88 29 next next JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 88 30 down down JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 88 31 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 88 32 stream stream NN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 33 mediator mediator NN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 34 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 88 35 possibly possibly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 88 36 nitric nitric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 88 37 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 88 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 39 NO no RB cord-018764-02l423mk 88 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 42 43 43 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 88 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 44 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 88 45 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 88 46 present present JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 88 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 48 44 44 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 88 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 88 50 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 89 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 89 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 89 3 consistent consistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 89 4 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 89 5 findings finding NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 89 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 89 7 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 89 8 subjects subject NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 89 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 89 10 45 45 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 89 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 89 12 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 90 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 90 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 90 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 90 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 90 5 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 90 6 surprising surprising JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 90 7 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 8 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 90 9 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 90 10 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 90 11 antibody antibody NN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 90 13 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 14 removing remove VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 90 15 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 90 16 pressure pressure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 17 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 90 19 pathogen pathogen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 90 21 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 90 22 enhance enhance VB cord-018764-02l423mk 90 23 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 90 24 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 26 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 27 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 90 29 46 46 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 90 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 90 31 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 90 32 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 33 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 34 5 5 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 90 35 years year NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 90 36 earlier early RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 90 37 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 38 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 90 39 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 90 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 90 41 47 47 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 90 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 90 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 91 1 Cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 91 2 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 91 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 91 4 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 91 5 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 91 6 extends extend VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 91 7 beyond beyond IN cord-018764-02l423mk 91 8 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 2 noted note VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 3 above above RB cord-018764-02l423mk 92 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 92 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 92 6 idea idea NN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 7 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 8 excessive excessive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 92 9 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 11 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 92 12 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 92 13 underlies underlie VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 92 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 92 15 pathology pathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 17 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 18 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 92 19 used use VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 20 widely widely RB cord-018764-02l423mk 92 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 92 22 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 24 across across IN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 25 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 92 26 range range NN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 27 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 92 28 conditions condition NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 92 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 92 30 infectious infectious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 92 31 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 92 32 otherwise otherwise RB cord-018764-02l423mk 92 33 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 93 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 93 2 reviewed review VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 93 3 recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 93 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 93 5 48 48 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 93 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 93 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 93 8 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 93 9 now now RB cord-018764-02l423mk 93 10 includes include VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 93 11 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 93 12 illnesses illness NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 93 13 caused cause VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 93 14 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 93 15 rickettsias rickettsias NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 93 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 93 17 protozoa protozoan NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 93 18 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 93 19 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 93 20 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 93 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 93 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 93 23 viruses virus NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 93 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 94 1 Increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 2 circulating circulate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 94 3 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 94 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 5 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 94 6 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 94 7 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 94 8 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 9 detected detect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 11 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 94 12 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 13 very very RB cord-018764-02l423mk 94 14 soon soon RB cord-018764-02l423mk 94 15 after after IN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 16 onset onset NN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 17 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 18 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 20 virtually virtually RB cord-018764-02l423mk 94 21 all all PDT cord-018764-02l423mk 94 22 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 94 23 infectious infectious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 94 24 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 94 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 26 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 94 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 94 28 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 94 29 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 30 sought seek VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 94 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 95 1 Some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 95 2 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 95 3 increased increase VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 95 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 95 5 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 95 6 consequences consequence NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 95 7 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 95 8 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 95 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 95 10 Table Table NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 95 11 2 2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 95 12 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 96 1 When when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 96 2 rTNF rTNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 96 3 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 96 4 under under IN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 5 trial trial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 7 volunteers volunteer NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 96 8 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 9 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 96 10 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 96 11 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 96 12 tumour tumour JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 96 13 agent agent NN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 96 15 49 49 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 96 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 96 17 50 50 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 96 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 96 19 nearly nearly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 96 20 20 20 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 96 21 years year NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 96 22 ago ago RB cord-018764-02l423mk 96 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 96 24 virtually virtually RB cord-018764-02l423mk 96 25 all all DT cord-018764-02l423mk 96 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 27 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 96 28 symptoms symptom NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 96 29 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 96 30 signs sign NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 96 31 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 96 32 share share VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 96 33 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 96 34 reproduced reproduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 35 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 36 side side NN cord-018764-02l423mk 96 37 effects effect NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 96 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 97 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 97 2 includes include VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 97 3 headache headache NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 5 fever fever NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 6 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 97 7 rigours rigour NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 97 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 9 nausea nausea NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 97 11 vomiting vomiting NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 13 diarrhoea diarrhoea NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 15 anorexia anorexia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 17 myalgia myalgia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 19 thrombocytopaenia thrombocytopaenia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 97 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 21 immunosuppression immunosuppression NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 97 24 central central JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 97 25 nervous nervous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 97 26 system system NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 27 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 97 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 97 29 all all DT cord-018764-02l423mk 97 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 31 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 97 32 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 97 33 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 34 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 35 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 97 36 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 97 37 caused cause VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 38 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 39 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 97 40 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 97 41 involving involve VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 97 42 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 97 43 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 97 44 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 98 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 98 2 rate rate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 98 4 timing timing NN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 5 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 98 6 intensity intensity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 8 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 9 release release NN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 10 vary vary VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 98 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 12 different different JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 98 13 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 14 states state NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 98 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 98 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 98 17 provide provide VB cord-018764-02l423mk 98 18 them -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 98 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 98 20 somewhat somewhat RB cord-018764-02l423mk 98 21 individual individual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 98 22 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 98 23 pictures picture NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 98 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 98 25 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 98 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 98 27 fundamentals fundamental NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 98 28 remain remain VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 98 29 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 99 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-018764-02l423mk 99 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 99 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 99 4 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 99 5 patterns pattern NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 99 6 generated generate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 7 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 99 8 remarkably remarkably RB cord-018764-02l423mk 99 9 close close JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 99 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 99 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 12 that that DT cord-018764-02l423mk 99 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 99 14 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 15 least least JJS cord-018764-02l423mk 99 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 17 some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 99 18 populations population NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 99 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 99 20 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 99 21 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 99 22 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 99 23 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 99 24 predict predict VB cord-018764-02l423mk 99 25 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 99 26 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 27 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 28 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 29 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 30 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 99 31 causes cause NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 99 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 33 fever fever NN cord-018764-02l423mk 99 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 99 35 51 51 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 99 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 99 37 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 100 1 Mature mature JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 100 2 erythrocytic erythrocytic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 100 3 forms form NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 100 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 100 5 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 100 6 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 100 7 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 100 8 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 100 9 seen see VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 100 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 100 11 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 100 12 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 100 13 smears smear NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 100 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 100 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 100 16 cause cause VB cord-018764-02l423mk 100 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 100 18 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 100 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 100 20 inhabit inhabit VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 100 21 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 100 22 adhere adhere VB cord-018764-02l423mk 100 23 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 100 24 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 100 25 walls wall NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 100 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 100 27 venules venule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 100 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 100 29 capillaries capillary NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 100 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 101 1 From from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 2 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 101 3 observation observation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 4 arose arise VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 101 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 101 6 widely widely RB cord-018764-02l423mk 101 7 held held JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 101 8 view view NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 9 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 10 much much JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 101 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 101 13 pathology pathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 14 following follow VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 101 15 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 101 16 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 17 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 101 18 explained explain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 19 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 20 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 21 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 22 causing cause VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 101 23 impairment impairment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 25 microvascular microvascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 101 26 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 101 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 102 1 Sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 102 2 certainly certainly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 102 3 occurs occur VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 102 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 102 5 since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 102 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 102 7 life life NN cord-018764-02l423mk 102 8 cycle cycle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 102 9 dictates dictate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 102 10 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 102 11 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 103 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 103 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 103 3 whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 103 5 temporal temporal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 103 6 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 103 7 anatomical anatomical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 103 8 patterns pattern NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 103 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 10 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 11 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 103 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 103 13 same same JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 103 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 15 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 103 16 individuals individual NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 103 17 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 18 fatal fatal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 103 19 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 103 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 22 parasite parasite JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 103 23 tolerant tolerant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 103 24 individuals individual NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 103 25 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 103 26 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 103 27 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 28 ascertained ascertain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 103 29 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 104 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 104 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 104 3 whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 4 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 5 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 104 7 principal principal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 8 instigator instigator NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 10 local local JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 11 pathology pathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 104 13 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 104 14 whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 15 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 16 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 17 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 104 18 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 19 feature feature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 21 all all DT cord-018764-02l423mk 104 22 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 23 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 104 24 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 25 local local JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 26 pathology pathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 27 determined determine VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 28 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 29 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 30 factors factor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 104 31 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 104 33 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 34 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 35 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 36 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 104 37 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 38 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 104 39 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018764-02l423mk 104 40 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 104 41 local local JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 42 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 43 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 44 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 45 mediators mediator NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 104 46 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 104 47 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 104 48 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 104 49 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 50 fully fully RB cord-018764-02l423mk 104 51 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 104 52 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 105 1 Erythrocyte Erythrocyte NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 105 2 cyto cyto NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 3 - - NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 4 adherence adherence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 105 6 irrespective irrespective RB cord-018764-02l423mk 105 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 8 whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 9 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 105 10 adhesive adhesive NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 11 process process NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 12 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 105 13 directly directly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 105 14 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 105 15 indirectly indirectly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 105 16 due due JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 105 17 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 18 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 19 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 105 21 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 105 22 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 105 23 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 24 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 25 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 105 26 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 105 27 mediated mediate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 28 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 29 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 105 30 series series NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 31 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 32 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 33 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 105 34 derived derive VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 105 35 ligands ligand NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 105 36 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 106 1 CD36 CD36 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 106 2 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 106 3 thrombospondin thrombospondin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 106 4 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 106 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 106 6 first first JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 106 7 described describe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 8 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 106 9 receptors receptor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 106 10 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 106 11 bound bind VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 106 12 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 13 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 106 14 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 15 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 106 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 106 17 RBCs rbc NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 106 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 106 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 106 20 52 52 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 106 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 106 22 53 53 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 106 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 106 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 106 25 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 26 most most RBS cord-018764-02l423mk 106 27 studied study VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 28 wild wild JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 106 29 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 30 isolates isolate NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 106 31 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 106 32 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 33 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 106 34 CD36 CD36 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 106 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 106 36 54 54 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 106 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 106 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 107 1 More more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 107 2 recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 107 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 107 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 107 5 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 107 6 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 7 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 8 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 9 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 107 10 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 11 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 107 12 interacts interact VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 107 13 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 14 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 107 15 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 16 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 17 receptors receptor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 107 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 107 19 i.e. i.e. FW cord-018764-02l423mk 107 20 intercellular intercellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 107 21 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 107 22 molecule-1 molecule-1 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 108 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 108 2 ICAM-1 ICAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 108 3 CD54 CD54 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 108 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 108 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 108 6 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 108 7 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 108 8 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 108 9 molecule-1 molecule-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 109 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 109 2 VCAM-1 VCAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 109 3 CD106 CD106 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 109 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 109 5 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 109 6 E E NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 109 7 - - NN cord-018764-02l423mk 109 8 selectin selectin JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 109 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 109 10 55 55 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 109 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 109 12 56 56 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 109 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 109 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 110 1 Certain certain JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 2 adhesive adhesive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 3 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 110 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 110 5 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 6 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 7 rosetting rosette VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 110 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 110 9 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 110 10 spontaneous spontaneous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 11 tethering tethering NN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 13 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 110 15 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 16 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 17 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 18 RBCs rbc NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 110 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 110 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 110 21 clumping clumping NN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 110 23 tethering tethering NN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 25 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 26 RBCs rbc NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 110 27 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 28 platelets platelet NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 110 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 110 30 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 110 31 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 32 preferentially preferentially RB cord-018764-02l423mk 110 33 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 34 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 35 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 36 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 110 37 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 110 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 110 39 57 57 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 110 40 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 110 41 58 58 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 110 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 110 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 111 1 CD36 CD36 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 111 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 111 3 involved involve VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 5 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 111 6 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 111 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 8 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 111 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 111 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 111 12 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 111 13 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 111 14 sense sense JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 111 15 mutation mutation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 111 18 gene gene NN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 19 encoding encoding NN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 20 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 21 CD36 CD36 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 111 22 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 111 23 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 111 24 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 25 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 26 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 27 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 28 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 29 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 111 30 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 111 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 111 32 59 59 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 111 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 111 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 112 1 Polymorphisms polymorphism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 112 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 112 4 gene gene NN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 5 encoding encode VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 112 6 ICAM-1 ICAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 112 7 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 112 8 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 112 9 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 10 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 12 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 13 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 14 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 112 15 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 112 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 112 17 27 27 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 112 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 112 19 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 113 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-018764-02l423mk 113 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 113 3 ICAM-1 icam-1 UH cord-018764-02l423mk 113 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 113 5 together together RB cord-018764-02l423mk 113 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 7 VCAM VCAM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 113 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 113 9 E E NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 113 10 - - NN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 11 selectin selectin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 113 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 113 13 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 113 14 up up RB cord-018764-02l423mk 113 15 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 113 16 regulated regulate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 17 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 18 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 113 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 113 20 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 21 circulating circulate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 113 22 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 113 23 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 24 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 113 25 ligands ligand NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 113 26 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 27 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 113 28 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 113 29 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 30 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 31 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 113 32 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 33 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 34 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 35 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 113 36 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 113 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 113 38 60 60 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 113 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 113 40 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 114 1 Sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 2 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 3 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 4 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 5 appears appear VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 114 6 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 114 7 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 114 8 concentrated concentrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 114 11 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 12 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 114 13 placenta placenta NN cord-018764-02l423mk 114 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 115 1 There there EX cord-018764-02l423mk 115 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 115 3 some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 115 4 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 115 6 suggest suggest VB cord-018764-02l423mk 115 7 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 115 9 propensity propensity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 11 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 115 12 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 115 13 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 14 up up RB cord-018764-02l423mk 115 15 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 115 16 regulate regulate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 115 17 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 18 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 19 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 115 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 115 21 secondary secondary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 115 22 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 23 local local JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 115 24 variation variation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 115 27 density density NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 28 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 29 thrombomodulin thrombomodulin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 115 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 115 31 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 115 32 potentially potentially RB cord-018764-02l423mk 115 33 higher high JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 115 34 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 35 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 115 36 microvasculature microvasculature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 37 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 38 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 115 39 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 40 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 115 41 placenta placenta NN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 42 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 43 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 115 44 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 115 45 tissues tissue NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 115 46 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 116 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 116 2 reviewed review VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 116 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 116 4 61 61 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 116 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 116 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 116 7 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 116 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 116 9 IL-1 IL-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 116 10 increase increase VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 116 11 tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 116 12 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 116 13 expression expression NN cord-018764-02l423mk 116 14 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 116 15 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 116 16 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 116 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 116 18 thereby thereby RB cord-018764-02l423mk 116 19 initiating initiate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 116 20 pathways pathway NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 116 21 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 116 22 generate generate VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 116 23 thrombin thrombin JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 116 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 116 25 62 62 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 116 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 116 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 117 1 When when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 117 2 thrombin thrombin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 3 binds bind VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 117 4 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 5 thrombomodulin thrombomodulin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 117 6 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 117 8 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 117 9 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 10 surface surface NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 117 12 protein protein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 13 C C NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 117 14 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 117 15 activated activate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 117 17 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 117 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 19 turn turn NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 20 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 117 21 lead lead VB cord-018764-02l423mk 117 22 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 23 further further JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 117 24 downstream downstream JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 117 25 activation activation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 27 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 117 28 coagulation coagulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 29 cascade cascade NN cord-018764-02l423mk 117 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 118 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018764-02l423mk 118 2 vasculature vasculature VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 118 3 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 4 lowest low JJS cord-018764-02l423mk 118 5 thrombomodulin thrombomodulin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 6 densities density NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 118 7 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 118 9 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 118 10 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 11 surface surface NN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 118 13 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 14 least least JJS cord-018764-02l423mk 118 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 118 16 placenta placenta NN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 17 next next RB cord-018764-02l423mk 118 18 least least JJS cord-018764-02l423mk 118 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 118 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 118 21 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 118 22 organs organ NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 118 23 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 118 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 118 25 63 63 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 118 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 118 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 118 28 will will MD cord-018764-02l423mk 118 29 have have VB cord-018764-02l423mk 118 30 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 118 31 unbound unbound JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 118 32 thrombin thrombin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 33 available available JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 118 34 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 35 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 118 36 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 118 37 functions function NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 118 38 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 39 activated activate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 40 endothelium endothelium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 118 41 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 119 1 These these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 119 2 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 119 3 functions function NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 119 4 include include VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 119 5 up up IN cord-018764-02l423mk 119 6 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 119 7 regulation regulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 119 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 119 9 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 119 10 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 119 11 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 119 12 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 119 13 selectins selectin NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 119 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 119 15 ICAM-1 ICAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 119 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 119 17 VCAM-1 VCAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 119 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 119 19 64 64 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 119 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 119 21 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 119 22 monocyte monocyte NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 119 23 chemotactic chemotactic VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 119 24 protein-1 protein-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 119 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 119 26 MCP-1 MCP-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 119 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 119 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 119 29 65 65 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 119 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 119 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 120 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018764-02l423mk 120 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 120 3 up up IN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 4 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 120 5 regulation regulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 7 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 8 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 120 9 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 120 11 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 120 12 vessels vessel NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 120 13 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 120 14 occur occur VB cord-018764-02l423mk 120 15 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 16 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 120 17 local local JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 120 18 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 120 19 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 20 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 21 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 120 22 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 120 24 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 120 25 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 120 26 necessarily necessarily RB cord-018764-02l423mk 120 27 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 120 28 precipitated precipitate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 29 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 30 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 31 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 120 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 121 1 Anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 121 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 121 3 another another DT cord-018764-02l423mk 121 4 obvious obvious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 121 5 way way NN cord-018764-02l423mk 121 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 121 7 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 121 8 too too RB cord-018764-02l423mk 121 9 little little JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 121 10 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 121 11 reaches reach VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 121 12 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 121 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 121 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 121 15 thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 121 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 121 17 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 121 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 121 19 66 66 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 121 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 121 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 122 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 122 2 recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 122 3 reviewed review VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 122 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 122 5 67 67 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 122 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 122 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 122 8 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 122 9 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 122 10 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 122 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 122 12 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 122 13 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 122 14 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 122 15 invariably invariably RB cord-018764-02l423mk 122 16 causes cause VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 122 17 multifactorial multifactorial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 122 18 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 122 19 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 123 1 Obviously obviously RB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 2 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 123 3 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 4 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 5 load load NN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 7 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 8 indicates indicate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 9 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 123 11 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 12 RBCs rbc NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 123 13 will will MD cord-018764-02l423mk 123 14 soon soon RB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 15 burst burst VB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 16 when when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 123 18 next next JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 19 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 21 erythrocytic erythrocytic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 22 forms form NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 123 23 escapes escape VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 123 25 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 123 26 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 27 does do VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 28 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 29 correlate correlate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 30 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 31 parasitaemia parasitaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 123 32 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 123 33 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 123 34 sometimes sometimes RB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 35 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 36 extreme extreme JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 37 when when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 38 very very RB cord-018764-02l423mk 123 39 few few JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 40 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 123 41 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 123 42 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 123 43 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 123 44 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 123 45 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 123 46 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 123 47 present present JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 123 48 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 124 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 124 2 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 3 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 5 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 6 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 124 7 expressing express VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 124 8 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 9 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 124 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 124 11 68 68 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 124 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 124 13 incriminates incriminate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 124 15 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 16 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 17 itself -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 124 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 124 19 so so RB cord-018764-02l423mk 124 20 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 21 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 124 22 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 23 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 124 25 see see VB cord-018764-02l423mk 124 26 Mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 27 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 28 section section NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 29 below below IN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 124 31 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 124 32 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 124 33 consequences consequence NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 124 34 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 35 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 36 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 37 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 124 38 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 124 39 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 124 40 expected expect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 41 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 124 42 coexist coexist VB cord-018764-02l423mk 124 43 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 124 44 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 124 45 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 124 46 contribute contribute VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 124 47 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 48 total total JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 124 49 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 50 depletion depletion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 124 51 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 125 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 125 2 lifespan lifespan NN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 4 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 125 5 RBC RBC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 125 6 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 125 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 125 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 9 part part NN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 125 11 limited limit VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 12 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 13 how how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 125 14 long long RB cord-018764-02l423mk 125 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 125 16 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 125 17 remain remain VB cord-018764-02l423mk 125 18 flexible flexible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 125 19 enough enough RB cord-018764-02l423mk 125 20 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 125 21 squeeze squeeze VB cord-018764-02l423mk 125 22 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 23 fenestrations fenestration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 125 24 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 25 specialised specialised JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 125 26 vessels vessel NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 125 27 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 28 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 125 29 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 125 30 pulp pulp NN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 31 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 125 33 spleen spleen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 34 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 125 35 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 125 36 thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 125 37 avoid avoid VB cord-018764-02l423mk 125 38 phagocytosis phagocytosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 39 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 125 40 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 125 41 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 125 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 126 1 Normally normally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 126 2 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 126 3 loss loss NN cord-018764-02l423mk 126 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 126 5 balanced balance VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 126 6 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 126 7 erythropoiesis erythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 126 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 126 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 126 10 haematocrit haematocrit NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 126 11 remains remain VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 126 12 normal normal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 126 13 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 127 1 If if IN cord-018764-02l423mk 127 2 RBCs rbc NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 127 3 develop develop VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 127 4 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 127 5 premature premature JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 127 6 loss loss NN cord-018764-02l423mk 127 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 127 8 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 127 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 127 10 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 127 11 removed remove VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 127 12 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 127 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 127 14 circulation circulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 127 15 earlier early RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 127 16 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 128 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 128 2 loss loss NN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 4 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 5 happens happen VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 128 6 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 7 both both CC cord-018764-02l423mk 128 8 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 128 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 128 10 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 128 11 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 128 12 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 128 13 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 128 14 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 128 15 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 128 18 whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 19 caused cause VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 20 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 21 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 128 22 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 23 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 128 24 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 25 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 128 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 129 1 Under under IN cord-018764-02l423mk 129 2 physiological physiological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 129 3 conditions condition NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 129 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 129 5 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 129 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 129 7 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 129 8 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 129 9 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 129 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 129 11 control control VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 129 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 129 13 passive passive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 129 14 influx influx NN cord-018764-02l423mk 129 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 129 16 osmotic osmotic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 129 17 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 129 18 solutes solute NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 129 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 129 20 especially especially RB cord-018764-02l423mk 129 21 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 129 22 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 129 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 129 24 via via IN cord-018764-02l423mk 129 25 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 129 26 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 129 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 129 28 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 129 29 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 129 30 dependent dependent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 129 31 elimination elimination NN cord-018764-02l423mk 129 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 129 33 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 129 34 solutes solute NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 129 35 using use VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 129 36 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 129 37 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 129 38 /K /K . cord-018764-02l423mk 130 1 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 131 1 -ATPase -ATPase NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 131 2 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 132 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 132 2 prevents prevent VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 132 3 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 132 4 accumulation accumulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 6 osmotically osmotically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 132 7 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 132 8 solutes solute NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 132 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 132 10 preventing prevent VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 132 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 132 12 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 132 13 influx influx NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 15 water water NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 132 17 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 18 swelling swelling NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 19 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 132 20 loss loss NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 22 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 23 integrity integrity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 132 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 133 1 During during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 2 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 133 4 69 69 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 133 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 133 6 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 133 7 monkey monkey NN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 133 9 70 70 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 133 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 133 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 12 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 133 14 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 15 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 133 16 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 133 17 accumulates accumulate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 18 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 19 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 133 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 133 21 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 133 22 parasitised parasitised JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 133 24 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 25 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 26 parasitised parasitised JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 133 28 implying imply VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 133 29 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 30 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 133 31 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 133 32 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 133 33 /K /k NN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 34 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 133 35 pump pump NN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 36 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 133 37 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 38 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 39 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 133 40 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 41 process process NN cord-018764-02l423mk 133 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 134 1 Parallel parallel JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 134 2 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 134 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 134 5 ionic ionic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 134 6 content content NN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 8 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 134 9 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 134 10 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 11 documented document VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 13 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 134 14 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 15 model model NN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 17 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 134 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 134 19 71 71 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 134 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 134 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 135 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 135 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 135 3 reduction reduction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 5 erythrocyte erythrocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 6 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 7 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 135 8 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 9 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 135 10 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 135 11 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 12 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 13 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 14 NO no UH cord-018764-02l423mk 135 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 135 16 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 135 17 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 19 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 135 20 membrane membrane NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 21 pump pump NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 135 23 72 72 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 135 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 135 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 135 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 27 another another DT cord-018764-02l423mk 135 28 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 29 model model NN cord-018764-02l423mk 135 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 135 31 73 73 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 135 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 135 33 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 136 1 Since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 2 inhibition inhibition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 136 5 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 136 6 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 136 7 /K /k NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 8 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 136 9 pump pump VB cord-018764-02l423mk 136 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 11 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 136 12 correlates correlate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 136 13 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 14 both both CC cord-018764-02l423mk 136 15 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 16 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 136 17 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 18 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 19 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 136 20 decreased decrease VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 136 21 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 136 22 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 23 filterability filterability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 136 25 74 74 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 136 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 136 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 136 28 any any DT cord-018764-02l423mk 136 29 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 30 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 136 31 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 136 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 136 33 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 136 34 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 136 35 /K /k NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 36 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 136 37 pump pump NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 38 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 136 39 potentially potentially RB cord-018764-02l423mk 136 40 worsen worsen VB cord-018764-02l423mk 136 41 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 136 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 137 1 Identification identification NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 2 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 3 inducible inducible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 137 4 NO no DT cord-018764-02l423mk 137 5 synthase synthase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 137 7 iNOS inos NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 137 9 activity activity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 137 11 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 12 one one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 137 13 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 14 influencing influence VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 137 15 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 137 16 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 17 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 137 19 suggests suggest VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 137 20 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 21 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 137 22 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 137 23 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 137 24 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 137 25 milieu milieu NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 137 27 75 75 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 137 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 137 29 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 137 30 again again RB cord-018764-02l423mk 137 31 govern govern VB cord-018764-02l423mk 137 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 137 33 reduction reduction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 34 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 35 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 137 36 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 37 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 38 observed observe VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 137 39 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 40 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 41 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 137 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 138 1 Originally originally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 138 2 observed observe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 4 uraemic uraemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 138 5 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 138 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 138 7 poor poor JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 138 8 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 138 9 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 10 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 11 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 138 12 recognised recognise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 138 15 small small JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 138 16 pilot pilot NN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 17 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 19 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 20 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 138 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 138 22 1985 1985 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 138 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 138 24 76 76 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 138 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 138 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 139 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 139 2 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 139 3 reported report VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 4 soon soon RB cord-018764-02l423mk 139 5 afterwards afterwards RB cord-018764-02l423mk 139 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 7 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 139 9 77 77 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 139 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 139 11 78 78 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 139 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 139 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 139 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 139 15 subsequently subsequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 139 16 studied study VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 18 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 19 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 20 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 21 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 139 22 view view NN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 23 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 24 understanding understand VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 139 25 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 139 26 circulatory circulatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 139 27 obstruction obstruction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 139 29 79 79 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 139 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 139 31 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 139 32 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 139 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 139 34 80 80 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 139 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 139 36 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 140 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 140 2 seems seem VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 3 clear clear JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 4 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 5 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 140 6 short short JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 7 life life NN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 140 9 poor poor JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 10 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 140 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 140 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 140 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 140 15 slow slow JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 16 replacement replacement NN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 17 rate rate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 140 19 dyserythropoiesis dyserythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 140 21 below below RB cord-018764-02l423mk 140 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 140 23 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 140 24 combine combine VB cord-018764-02l423mk 140 25 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 140 26 cause cause VB cord-018764-02l423mk 140 27 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 28 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 29 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 30 various various JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 31 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 140 32 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 140 33 particularly particularly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 140 34 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 35 chronic chronic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 36 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 140 37 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 140 38 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 39 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 140 40 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 141 1 When when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 141 2 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 141 3 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 141 4 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 141 5 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 141 6 shortened shorten VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 7 lifespan lifespan NN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 141 9 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018764-02l423mk 141 10 secondary secondary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 141 11 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 12 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 13 erythrocyte erythrocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 14 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 141 16 replacement replacement NN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 17 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 18 new new JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 141 19 recruits recruit NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 141 20 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 141 21 vital vital JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 141 22 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 141 23 avoid avoid VB cord-018764-02l423mk 141 24 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 141 25 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 142 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-018764-02l423mk 142 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 142 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 142 4 same same JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 142 5 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 142 6 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 142 7 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 142 8 shorten shorten VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 142 9 lifespan lifespan NN cord-018764-02l423mk 142 10 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 142 11 retard retard VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 142 12 replacement replacement NN cord-018764-02l423mk 142 13 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 143 1 Some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 143 2 years year NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 143 3 ago ago IN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 4 researchers researcher NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 143 5 began begin VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 143 6 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 143 7 stress stress VB cord-018764-02l423mk 143 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 143 9 contribution contribution NN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 11 bone bone NN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 12 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 13 dyserythropoiesis dyserythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 14 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 15 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 143 16 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 17 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 18 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 19 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 143 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 143 21 81 81 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 143 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 143 23 82 82 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 143 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 143 25 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 144 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 144 2 group group NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 4 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 144 5 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 144 6 83 83 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 144 7 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 144 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 144 9 seeking seek VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 144 10 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 144 11 explanation explanation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 12 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 13 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 144 14 dyserythropoiesis dyserythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 15 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 16 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 144 17 electron electron NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 18 microscopy microscopy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 19 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 21 bone bone NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 22 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 144 24 observed observe VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 144 25 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 27 parasitised parasitised JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 144 28 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 144 29 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 144 30 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 144 31 argued argue VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 144 32 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 33 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 144 34 caused cause VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 144 35 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 144 36 bone bone NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 37 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 38 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 39 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 40 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 41 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 42 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 43 restricting restrict VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 144 44 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 45 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 144 46 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 144 47 thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 144 48 inducing induce VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 144 49 hypoxic hypoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 144 50 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 144 51 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 145 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 145 2 idea idea NN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 3 proved prove VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 145 4 inadequate inadequate JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 145 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 145 6 however however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 145 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 145 8 when when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 145 9 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 145 10 same same JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 145 11 group group NN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 12 subsequently subsequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 145 13 reported report VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 145 14 dyserythropoiesis dyserythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 145 16 erythrophagocytosis erythrophagocytosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 18 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 145 19 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 145 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 22 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 145 23 parasitised parasitise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 145 24 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 145 25 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 145 26 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 145 27 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 145 28 sequester sequester VB cord-018764-02l423mk 145 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 145 30 84 84 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 145 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 145 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 146 1 Some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 146 2 time time NN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 3 ago ago RB cord-018764-02l423mk 146 4 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 146 5 undefined undefined JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 146 6 product product NN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 8 macrophage macrophage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 9 supernatants supernatant NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 146 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 146 11 85 85 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 146 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 146 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 146 14 later later RB cord-018764-02l423mk 146 15 identified identify VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 16 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 17 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 146 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 146 19 86 86 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 146 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 146 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 146 22 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 146 23 found find VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 24 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 146 25 inhibit inhibit VB cord-018764-02l423mk 146 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 146 27 growth growth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 146 29 differentiation differentiation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 31 erythroid erythroid JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 146 32 progenitor progenitor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 146 33 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 146 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 147 1 When when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 147 2 rTNF rTNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 147 3 became become VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 147 4 available available JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 147 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 147 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 147 7 dyserythropoiesis dyserythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 147 9 erythrophagocytosis erythrophagocytosis NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 147 10 seen see VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 12 terminal terminal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 147 13 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 147 14 vinckei vinckei NN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 15 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 147 16 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 17 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 147 18 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 147 19 reproduced reproduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 20 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 21 giving give VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 147 22 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 147 23 single single JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 147 24 injection injection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 25 early early RB cord-018764-02l423mk 147 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 27 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 147 28 course course NN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 29 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 30 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 147 31 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 147 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 147 33 87 87 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 147 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 147 35 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 148 1 Phagocytosis Phagocytosis NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 148 2 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 3 erythroblasts erythroblast NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 148 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 5 bone bone NN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 6 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 148 8 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 148 9 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 10 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 148 11 reported report VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 12 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 13 Wickramasinghe Wickramasinghe NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 148 14 et et NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 148 15 al al NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 148 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 148 17 83 83 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 148 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 148 19 84 84 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 148 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 148 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 22 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 148 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 148 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 148 25 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 148 26 occurred occur VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 148 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 149 1 Decreased decrease VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 2 erythropoiesis erythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 3 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 149 4 subsequently subsequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 149 5 reported report VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 7 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 149 8 receiving receive VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 149 9 continuous continuous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 10 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 149 11 infusions infusion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 149 12 via via IN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 13 implanted implant VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 14 osmotic osmotic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 15 pumps pump NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 149 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 149 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 149 18 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 149 19 expressing express VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 149 20 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 21 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 149 22 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 23 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 24 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 149 25 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 149 26 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 27 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 28 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 149 29 become become VB cord-018764-02l423mk 149 30 markedly markedly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 149 31 anaemic anaemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 32 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 33 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 34 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 149 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 149 36 68 68 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 149 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 149 38 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 149 39 even even RB cord-018764-02l423mk 149 40 though though IN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 41 parasite parasite JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 42 numbers number NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 149 43 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 149 44 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 149 45 therefore therefore RB cord-018764-02l423mk 149 46 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 47 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 48 loss loss NN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 49 post post NN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 50 - - NN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 51 schizogony schizogony JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 149 52 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 149 53 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 149 54 considerably considerably RB cord-018764-02l423mk 149 55 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 149 56 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 150 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 150 2 past past JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 3 decade decade NN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 4 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 5 seen see VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 6 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 150 7 expansion expansion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 9 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 150 10 line line NN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 12 enquiry enquiry NN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 13 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 14 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 15 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 150 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 150 18 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 150 19 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 150 20 number number NN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 22 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 150 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 150 24 both both CC cord-018764-02l423mk 150 25 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 26 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 27 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 150 29 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 30 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 31 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 150 33 88 88 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 150 34 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 150 35 89 89 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 150 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 150 37 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 38 absolute absolute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 150 39 amounts amount NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 150 40 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 150 41 ratios ratio NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 150 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 150 43 90 90 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 150 44 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 150 45 91 91 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 150 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 150 47 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 150 48 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 150 49 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 150 50 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 51 investigated investigate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 52 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 53 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 150 54 context context NN cord-018764-02l423mk 150 55 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 151 1 Investigations investigation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 151 2 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 151 3 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 4 extended extend VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 151 6 include include VB cord-018764-02l423mk 151 7 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 151 8 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 151 9 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 151 10 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 151 11 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 151 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 151 13 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 151 14 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 15 IL-12 IL-12 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 151 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 151 17 92 92 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 151 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 151 19 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 151 20 FasL FasL NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 151 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 151 22 93 93 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 151 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 151 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 151 25 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 151 26 examined examine VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 151 27 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 151 28 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 29 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 30 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 31 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 151 33 persistence persistence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 34 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 35 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 36 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 37 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 38 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 39 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 151 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 151 41 94 94 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 151 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 151 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 152 1 Another another DT cord-018764-02l423mk 152 2 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 152 3 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 152 5 macrophage macrophage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 6 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 152 7 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 152 9 MIF MIF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 152 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 152 11 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 152 12 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 152 13 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 15 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 152 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 152 18 induced induce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 19 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 20 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 152 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 152 22 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 152 23 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 24 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 25 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 152 26 cause cause VB cord-018764-02l423mk 152 27 dyserythropoiesis dyserythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 28 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 29 in in FW cord-018764-02l423mk 152 30 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 152 31 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 152 32 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 33 bone bone NN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 34 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 152 35 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 152 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 152 37 95 95 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 152 38 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 152 39 96 96 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 152 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 152 41 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 153 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 153 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 153 3 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 153 4 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 153 5 generated generate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 6 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 7 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 8 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 153 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 153 10 major major JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 153 11 determinant determinant NN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 153 14 degree degree NN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 15 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 153 16 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 153 17 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 18 influences influence VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 153 19 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 153 20 amount amount NN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 22 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 23 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 153 24 reaches reach VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 153 25 tissues tissue NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 153 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 27 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 153 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 154 1 Mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 154 2 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 154 3 vital vital JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 154 4 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 154 5 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 154 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 154 7 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 154 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 154 9 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 154 10 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 154 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 154 12 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 154 13 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 155 1 Cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 155 2 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 155 3 requires require VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 155 4 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 155 5 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 155 6 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 155 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 155 8 as as RB cord-018764-02l423mk 155 9 well well RB cord-018764-02l423mk 155 10 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 155 11 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 155 12 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 155 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 155 14 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 155 15 transport transport NN cord-018764-02l423mk 155 16 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 155 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 156 1 Within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 156 3 matrix matrix NN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 156 6 mitochondrion mitochondrion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 7 organelle organelle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 156 9 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 10 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 156 11 catabolised catabolise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 12 via via IN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 156 14 Krebs Krebs NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 156 15 cycle cycle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 156 17 oxidative oxidative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 156 18 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 156 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 156 20 involving involve VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 156 21 NADH NADH NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 156 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 156 23 FADH2 FADH2 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 156 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 156 25 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 156 26 generate generate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 156 27 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 156 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 157 1 When when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 157 2 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 157 3 series series NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 5 reactions reaction NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 157 6 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 157 7 100 100 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 157 8 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 9 efficient efficient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 157 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 157 11 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 157 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 13 vivo vivo NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 157 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 157 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 157 16 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 157 17 molecule molecule NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 19 glucose glucose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 20 generates generate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 157 21 2 2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 157 22 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 157 23 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 24 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 157 26 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 157 27 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 157 28 further further RB cord-018764-02l423mk 157 29 catabolised catabolise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 30 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 31 water water NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 32 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 157 33 carbon carbon NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 34 dioxide dioxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 35 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 36 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 157 37 concomitant concomitant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 157 38 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 39 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 40 36 36 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 157 41 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 157 42 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 157 43 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 157 44 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 158 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 2 comparison comparison NN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 158 4 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 5 anaerobic anaerobic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 158 6 glucose glucose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 7 catabolism catabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 158 9 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 10 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 158 11 converted convert VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 12 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 13 lactate lactate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 158 14 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 15 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 158 16 concomitant concomitant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 158 17 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 19 2 2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 158 20 molecules molecule NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 158 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 22 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 158 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 158 24 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 158 25 process process NN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 26 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 158 27 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 158 28 facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 158 29 regeneration regeneration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 158 31 NADH NADH NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 158 32 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 158 33 FADH2 FADH2 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 158 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 159 1 Evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 159 3 accumulating accumulate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 159 4 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 5 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 159 6 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 159 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 159 8 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 9 released release VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 159 13 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 159 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 159 16 viral viral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 159 17 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 159 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 159 19 induce induce VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 159 20 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 159 21 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 159 23 dysregulate dysregulate VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 159 24 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 159 25 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 159 27 resulting result VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 159 28 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 29 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 159 30 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 159 31 catabolism catabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 33 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 159 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 160 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 160 2 process process NN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 160 4 termed term VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 160 5 ' ' `` cord-018764-02l423mk 160 6 cytopathic cytopathic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 160 7 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 8 ' ' '' cord-018764-02l423mk 160 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 160 10 97 97 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 160 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 160 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 160 13 mimics mimic VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 160 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 160 15 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 160 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 18 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 160 20 results result VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 160 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 160 23 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 160 24 catabolism catabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 25 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 26 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 27 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 160 28 accumulation accumulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 29 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 30 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 160 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 161 1 Awareness awareness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 2 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 3 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 161 4 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 5 began begin VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 161 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 7 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 8 tension tension NN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 9 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 161 10 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 11 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 161 12 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 161 13 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 161 15 septic septic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 161 16 rats rat NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 161 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 161 18 98 98 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 161 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 161 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 161 21 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 161 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 161 23 99 99 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 161 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 161 25 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 162 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 162 2 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 3 model model NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 5 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 6 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 7 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 8 since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 9 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 10 developed develop VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 12 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 162 13 impairment impairment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 15 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 16 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 17 occurs occur VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 18 following follow VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 162 19 induction induction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 21 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 162 23 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 162 24 exposure exposure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 25 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 26 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 27 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 28 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 29 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 162 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 162 31 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 162 32 despite despite IN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 33 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 162 34 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 35 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 162 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 162 37 97 97 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 162 38 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 162 39 100 100 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 162 40 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 162 41 101 101 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 162 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 162 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 163 1 More more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 163 2 recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 163 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 163 4 impairment impairment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 6 enzyme enzyme NN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 7 activity activity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 8 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 9 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 163 11 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 163 12 complexes complex NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 163 13 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 163 14 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 15 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 17 muscle muscle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 18 biopsies biopsy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 163 19 retrieved retrieve VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 20 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 21 rodent rodent NN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 22 models model NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 163 23 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 24 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 163 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 163 26 102 102 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 163 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 163 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 163 29 septic septic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 163 30 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 163 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 163 32 103 103 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 163 33 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 163 34 104 104 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 163 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 163 36 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 164 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 164 2 observation observation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 3 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 164 5 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 164 6 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 164 7 implicated implicate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 9 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 164 10 shutdown shutdown NN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 11 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 164 12 prominent prominent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 164 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 14 both both CC cord-018764-02l423mk 164 15 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 164 17 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 164 19 105 105 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 164 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 164 21 106 106 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 164 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 164 23 supports support VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 164 24 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 164 25 organelle organelle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 26 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 27 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 164 28 equally equally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 164 29 plausible plausible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 164 30 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 31 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 164 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 165 1 Researchers researcher NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 165 2 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 165 3 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 165 4 becoming become VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 165 5 aware aware JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 165 6 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 165 8 beyond beyond IN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 9 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 10 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 165 12 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 165 13 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 165 14 play play VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 165 15 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 165 16 vital vital JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 165 17 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 19 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 20 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 21 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 22 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 165 24 detoxification detoxification NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 25 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 26 reactive reactive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 165 27 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 165 28 species specie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 165 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 165 30 107 107 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 165 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 165 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 166 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 166 2 accelerated accelerated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 166 3 oxidative oxidative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 166 4 damage damage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 5 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 166 6 accompanies accompany VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 166 7 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 8 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 166 9 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 166 10 both both CC cord-018764-02l423mk 166 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 166 12 cause cause NN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 166 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 166 15 consequence consequence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 17 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 18 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 166 19 induced induce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 20 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 166 21 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 166 22 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 167 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 167 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 167 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 167 4 ultrastructural ultrastructural JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 167 5 damage damage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 6 reported report VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 7 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 167 8 accompany accompany VB cord-018764-02l423mk 167 9 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 167 10 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 12 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 14 102 102 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 167 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 16 reflects reflect VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 167 17 Maegraith Maegraith NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 167 18 's 's POS cord-018764-02l423mk 167 19 observations observation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 167 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 21 monkey monkey NN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 22 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 167 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 24 108 108 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 167 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 27 109 109 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 167 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 30 110 110 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 167 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 167 32 decades decade NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 167 33 ago ago RB cord-018764-02l423mk 167 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 168 1 Metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 168 2 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 168 4 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 168 5 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 7 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 168 9 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 168 10 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 11 described describe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 13 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 168 14 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 168 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 16 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 168 17 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 18 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 168 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 168 20 111 111 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 168 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 168 22 112 112 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 168 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 168 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 169 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 169 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 3 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 169 4 unique unique JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 5 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 6 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 169 7 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 169 9 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 169 10 seen see VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 12 viral viral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 169 14 rickettsial rickettsial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 169 16 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 17 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 169 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 169 19 113 113 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 169 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 169 21 as as RB cord-018764-02l423mk 169 22 well well RB cord-018764-02l423mk 169 23 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 24 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 25 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 169 27 where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 169 28 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 29 prevalence prevalence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 30 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 169 31 higher high JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 169 32 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 33 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 34 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 169 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 169 36 114 114 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 169 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 169 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 170 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 170 2 terms term NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 170 3 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 170 4 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 170 5 lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 170 6 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 170 7 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 170 8 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 170 9 mistakenly mistakenly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 170 10 used use VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 170 11 interchangeably interchangeably RB cord-018764-02l423mk 170 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 170 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 170 14 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 170 15 literature literature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 170 16 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 171 1 As as RB cord-018764-02l423mk 171 2 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 171 3 reviewed review VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 171 6 basic basic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 171 7 literature literature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 9 115 115 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 171 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 12 116 116 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 171 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 15 117 117 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 171 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 18 118 118 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 171 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 171 21 protons proton NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 171 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 23 H H NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 171 24 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 171 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 171 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 171 27 basis basis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 28 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 29 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 171 31 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 171 32 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 171 33 formed form VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 34 when when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 171 35 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 171 36 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 171 37 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 38 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 171 39 generated generate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 40 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 41 glycolysis glycolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 42 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 171 43 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 171 44 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 45 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 171 46 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 171 47 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 48 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 49 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 171 50 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 171 51 tissues tissue NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 171 52 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 172 1 Every every DT cord-018764-02l423mk 172 2 time time NN cord-018764-02l423mk 172 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 172 4 molecule molecule NN cord-018764-02l423mk 172 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 172 6 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 172 7 undergoes undergo VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 172 8 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 172 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 172 10 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 172 11 proton proton NN cord-018764-02l423mk 172 12 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 172 13 released release VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 172 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 173 1 If if IN cord-018764-02l423mk 173 2 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 173 3 occurs occur VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 173 4 under under IN cord-018764-02l423mk 173 5 aero aero NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 173 6 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 173 7 bic bic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 173 8 conditions condition NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 173 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 173 10 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 173 11 protons proton NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 173 12 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 173 13 consumed consume VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 173 14 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 173 15 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 173 16 regeneration regeneration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 173 17 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 173 18 ADP ADP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 173 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 173 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 173 21 pH pH NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 173 22 remains remain VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 173 23 normal normal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 173 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 173 25 i.e. i.e. FW cord-018764-02l423mk 173 26 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 173 27 does do VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 173 28 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 173 29 occur occur VB cord-018764-02l423mk 173 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 174 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 2 contrast contrast NN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 174 4 if if IN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 174 6 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 174 7 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 174 8 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 174 9 functioning function VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 174 10 adequately adequately RB cord-018764-02l423mk 174 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 174 12 whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 13 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 14 insufficient insufficient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 174 15 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 16 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 17 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 174 18 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 174 19 inability inability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 20 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 174 21 use use VB cord-018764-02l423mk 174 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 174 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 174 24 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 174 25 regenerates regenerate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 174 26 under under IN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 27 anaerobic anaerobic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 174 28 condition condition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 174 30 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 174 31 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 174 32 protons proton NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 174 33 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 174 34 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 174 35 consumed consume VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 174 36 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 175 1 Hence hence RB cord-018764-02l423mk 175 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 175 3 once once IN cord-018764-02l423mk 175 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 175 5 buffering buffering NN cord-018764-02l423mk 175 6 capacity capacity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 175 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 175 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 175 9 body body NN cord-018764-02l423mk 175 10 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 175 11 exceeded exceed VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 175 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 175 13 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 175 14 occurs occur VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 175 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 176 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 176 2 short short JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 176 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 176 4 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 176 5 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 176 6 requires require VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 176 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 176 8 ratio ratio NN cord-018764-02l423mk 176 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 176 10 glycolytic glycolytic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 176 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 176 12 i.e. i.e. FW cord-018764-02l423mk 176 13 anaerobic anaerobic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 176 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 177 1 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 177 2 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 177 3 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 177 4 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 177 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 177 6 i.e. i.e. FW cord-018764-02l423mk 177 7 aerobic aerobic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 177 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 177 9 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 177 10 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 178 1 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 178 2 reach reach VB cord-018764-02l423mk 178 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 178 4 point point NN cord-018764-02l423mk 178 5 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 178 6 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 178 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 178 8 buffering buffer VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 178 9 systems system NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 178 10 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 178 11 no no RB cord-018764-02l423mk 178 12 longer longer RB cord-018764-02l423mk 178 13 cope cope VB cord-018764-02l423mk 178 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 179 1 Pathological pathological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 179 2 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 179 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 179 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 179 5 buffering buffering NN cord-018764-02l423mk 179 6 system system NN cord-018764-02l423mk 179 7 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 179 8 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 179 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 179 10 major major JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 179 11 determinant determinant NN cord-018764-02l423mk 179 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 179 13 when when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 179 14 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 179 15 occurs occur VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 179 16 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 180 1 High high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 180 2 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 3 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 180 4 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 180 5 traditionally traditionally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 180 6 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 7 seen see VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 8 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 180 9 only only RB cord-018764-02l423mk 180 10 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 180 12 marker marker NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 13 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 14 poor poor JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 180 15 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 16 delivery delivery NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 18 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 19 states state NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 180 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 180 21 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 180 22 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 180 23 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 180 24 consequence consequence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 25 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 180 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 180 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 180 29 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 180 30 cause cause NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 31 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 180 33 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 180 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 181 1 For for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 2 some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 181 3 time time NN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 4 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 5 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 181 6 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 7 regarded regard VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 8 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 181 10 functionally functionally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 181 11 relevant relevant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 181 12 marker marker NN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 13 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 181 15 poor poor JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 181 16 prognosis prognosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 18 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 181 19 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 181 21 119 119 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 181 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 181 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 181 24 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 181 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 181 26 66 66 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 181 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 181 28 112 112 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 181 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 181 30 120 120 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 181 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 181 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 182 1 Although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 182 3 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 4 world world NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 5 now now RB cord-018764-02l423mk 182 6 discusses discuss VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 182 7 several several JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 182 8 origins origin NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 182 9 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 182 11 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 12 increase increase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 182 14 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 182 15 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 16 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 182 17 induced induce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 18 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 182 19 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 182 21 97 97 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 182 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 182 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 182 24 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 25 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 26 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 27 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 182 28 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 182 29 still still RB cord-018764-02l423mk 182 30 generally generally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 182 31 attributed attribute VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 32 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 33 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 182 34 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 35 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 36 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 37 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 182 38 mostly mostly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 182 39 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 40 microvascular microvascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 182 41 occlusion occlusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 42 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 43 sequestered sequester VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 182 44 parasitised parasitised JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 182 45 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 182 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 182 47 121 121 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 182 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 182 49 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 183 1 Other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 183 2 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 183 3 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 183 4 known know VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 183 6 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 183 7 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 8 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 10 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 183 12 independent independent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 183 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 14 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 15 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 183 17 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018764-02l423mk 183 18 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 183 19 renal renal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 183 20 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 183 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 183 22 8 8 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 183 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 183 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 184 1 Impaired impaired JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 184 2 hepatic hepatic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 184 3 clearance clearance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 184 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 184 5 8 8 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 184 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 184 7 112 112 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 184 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 184 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 184 10 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 184 11 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 184 12 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 184 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 184 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 184 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 185 1 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 2 some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 185 3 areas area NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 185 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 185 5 thiamine thiamine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 6 deficiency deficiency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 185 8 122 122 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 185 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 185 10 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 185 11 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 185 12 argued argue VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 185 14 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 185 15 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 16 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 17 accumulation accumulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 18 independent independent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 185 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 20 impaired impaired JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 185 21 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 185 22 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 185 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 186 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 186 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 186 3 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 186 4 described describe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 186 5 below below RB cord-018764-02l423mk 186 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 186 7 although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 186 8 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 186 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 186 10 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 186 11 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 186 12 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 186 13 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 186 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 186 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 186 16 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 186 17 independent independent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 186 18 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 186 19 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 186 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 187 1 Lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 187 2 anion anion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 187 3 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 187 4 complex complex JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 187 5 roles role NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 187 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 187 7 biology biology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 187 8 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 188 1 Hyperlactataemia Hyperlactataemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 188 2 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 188 3 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 188 4 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 188 5 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 188 6 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 188 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 188 8 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 188 9 normal normal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 188 10 pH ph NN cord-018764-02l423mk 188 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 188 12 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 188 13 alkalosis alkalosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 188 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 188 15 123 123 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 188 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 188 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 189 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 189 2 recent recent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 3 editorial editorial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 5 Critical Critical NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 189 6 Care Care NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 189 7 Medicine Medicine NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 189 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 189 9 124 124 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 189 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 189 11 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 12 lucidly lucidly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 189 13 summarised summarise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 189 15 key key JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 16 points point NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 189 17 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 189 19 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 21 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 22 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 24 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 189 26 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 189 27 condition condition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 28 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 189 29 shares share VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 30 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 31 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 32 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 189 33 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 189 34 range range NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 36 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 37 consequences consequence NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 189 38 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 39 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 189 40 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 189 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 189 42 Tab Tab NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 189 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 189 44 2 2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 189 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 189 46 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 190 1 These these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 190 2 authors author NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 190 3 argue argue VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 190 4 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 5 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 6 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 190 8 cause cause NN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 190 11 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 12 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 13 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 14 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 190 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 191 1 Instead instead RB cord-018764-02l423mk 191 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 191 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 191 4 note note VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 191 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 191 6 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 7 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 8 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 9 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 191 11 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 191 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 191 13 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 14 limited limited JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 191 15 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 16 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 17 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 191 18 utilisation utilisation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 191 20 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 191 21 unconsumed unconsumed JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 191 22 protons proton NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 191 23 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 191 24 cause cause VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 191 25 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 26 arise arise VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 191 27 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 28 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 191 29 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 191 31 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 191 32 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 191 33 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 191 34 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 191 35 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 192 1 Since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 2 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 192 3 reactions reaction NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 192 4 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 192 5 independent independent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 192 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 7 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 8 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 192 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 192 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 192 11 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 192 12 difficult difficult JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 192 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 192 14 see see VB cord-018764-02l423mk 192 15 how how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 192 16 therapeutically therapeutically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 192 17 reducing reduce VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 192 18 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 192 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 20 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 192 21 anion anion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 192 23 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 24 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 192 25 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 26 proposed propose VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 192 28 125 125 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 192 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 192 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 192 31 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 192 32 increase increase VB cord-018764-02l423mk 192 33 survival survival NN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 34 rate rate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 35 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 36 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 37 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 38 any any DT cord-018764-02l423mk 192 39 more more JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 192 40 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 41 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 42 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 192 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 192 44 126 126 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 192 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 192 46 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 193 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-018764-02l423mk 193 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 193 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 4 theory theory NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 193 6 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 193 7 harm harm VB cord-018764-02l423mk 193 8 comatose comatose JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 9 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 193 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 193 11 since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 12 there there EX cord-018764-02l423mk 193 13 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 14 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 15 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 16 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 17 helps help VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 18 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 19 tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 20 survive survive VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 193 21 hypoxic hypoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 193 23 hypoglycaemic hypoglycaemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 24 episodes episode NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 193 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 26 127 127 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 193 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 29 128 128 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 193 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 32 129 129 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 193 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 34 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 193 35 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 193 36 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 193 37 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 38 shuttle shuttle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 39 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 40 proving prove VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 193 41 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 193 42 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 193 43 how how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 193 44 astrocytes astrocytes JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 45 protect protect VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 193 46 neurons neuron NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 193 47 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 48 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 193 49 stress stress NN cord-018764-02l423mk 193 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 51 130 130 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 193 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 193 53 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 194 1 Even even RB cord-018764-02l423mk 194 2 when when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 194 3 considerable considerable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 4 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 5 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 6 generated generate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 8 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 9 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 10 states state NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 194 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 194 12 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 194 14 unidentified unidentified JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 194 16 anions anion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 194 17 contribute contribute VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 194 18 much much RB cord-018764-02l423mk 194 19 more more JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 194 20 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 194 22 does do VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 23 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 24 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 194 25 strong strong JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 194 26 ion ion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 27 difference difference NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 28 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 194 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 194 30 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 31 influencing influence VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 194 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 194 33 body body NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 34 's 's POS cord-018764-02l423mk 194 35 buffering buffering NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 36 capacity capacity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 37 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 194 38 influences influence NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 194 39 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 40 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 41 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 194 43 131 131 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 194 44 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 194 45 132 132 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 194 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 194 47 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 194 48 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 49 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 194 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 194 51 114 114 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 194 52 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 194 53 133 133 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 194 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 194 55 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 195 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 195 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 195 3 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 4 accumulation accumulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 5 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 195 6 only only RB cord-018764-02l423mk 195 7 partially partially RB cord-018764-02l423mk 195 8 account account VB cord-018764-02l423mk 195 9 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 195 11 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 195 12 anion anion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 13 gap gap NN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 14 observed observe VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 195 15 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 195 17 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 195 18 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 19 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 20 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 21 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 195 22 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 195 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 196 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 2 summary summary NN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 196 4 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 5 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 196 6 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 196 7 imprecise imprecise JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 196 8 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 196 9 useful useful JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 196 10 marker marker NN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 11 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 12 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 196 13 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 15 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 196 16 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 197 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 197 2 turn turn NN cord-018764-02l423mk 197 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 197 4 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 197 5 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 197 6 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 197 7 imprecise imprecise JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 197 8 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 197 9 useful useful JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 197 10 marker marker NN cord-018764-02l423mk 197 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 197 12 impaired impaired JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 197 13 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 197 14 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 197 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 198 1 Whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 2 impaired impaired JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 3 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 4 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 5 arises arise VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 6 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 198 8 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 198 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 198 10 poor poor JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 11 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 13 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 14 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 15 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 198 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 198 17 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 18 vaso vaso NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 198 19 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 198 20 occlusion occlusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 198 22 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 23 circulating circulate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 198 24 volume volume NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 198 26 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 27 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 198 28 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 29 insufficiency insufficiency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 198 31 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 198 32 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 33 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 34 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 198 36 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 37 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 38 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 39 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 40 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 41 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 198 43 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 198 44 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 198 45 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 46 essentially essentially RB cord-018764-02l423mk 198 47 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 198 48 same same JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 198 49 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 199 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 199 2 resulting result VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 199 3 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 199 4 anion anion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 199 5 gap gap NN cord-018764-02l423mk 199 6 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 199 7 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 199 8 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 199 9 strongly strongly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 199 10 predictive predictive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 199 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 199 12 death death NN cord-018764-02l423mk 199 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 199 14 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 199 15 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 199 16 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 200 1 Greater great JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 200 2 understanding understanding NN cord-018764-02l423mk 200 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 200 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 200 5 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 200 6 factors factor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 200 7 influencing influence VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 200 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 200 9 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 200 10 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 200 11 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 200 12 provide provide VB cord-018764-02l423mk 200 13 further further JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 200 14 insight insight NN cord-018764-02l423mk 200 15 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 200 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 200 17 underlying underlie VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 200 18 pathophysiological pathophysiological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 200 19 process process NN cord-018764-02l423mk 200 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 200 21 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 200 22 provide provide VB cord-018764-02l423mk 200 23 additional additional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 200 24 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 200 25 options option NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 200 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 201 1 When when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 201 2 glycolysis glycolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 201 3 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 201 4 enhanced enhance VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 201 5 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 201 6 any any DT cord-018764-02l423mk 201 7 period period NN cord-018764-02l423mk 201 8 glycogen glycogen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 201 9 stores store NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 201 10 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 201 11 soon soon RB cord-018764-02l423mk 201 12 depleted deplete VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 201 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 201 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 201 15 gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 201 16 supervenes supervene VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 201 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 202 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 202 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 202 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 202 4 substrate substrate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 202 5 supplies supply NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 202 6 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 202 7 limiting limit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 202 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 202 9 134 134 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 202 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 202 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 202 12 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 202 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 202 14 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 202 15 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 202 16 reported report VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 202 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 202 18 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 202 19 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 202 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 202 21 135 135 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 202 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 202 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 202 24 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 202 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 202 26 19 19 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 202 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 202 28 136 136 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 202 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 202 30 occurs occur VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 202 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 203 1 Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 203 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 203 3 therefore therefore RB cord-018764-02l423mk 203 4 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 203 5 secondary secondary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 203 6 cause cause NN cord-018764-02l423mk 203 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 203 8 harm harm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 203 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 203 10 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 203 11 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 203 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 203 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 203 14 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 203 15 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 203 16 inevitable inevitable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 203 17 consequence consequence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 203 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 203 19 exuberant exuberant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 203 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 203 21 mostly mostly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 203 22 anaerobic anaerobic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 203 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 203 24 glycolysis glycolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 203 25 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 204 1 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 204 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 204 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 204 4 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 204 5 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 6 characterised characterise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 7 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 8 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 204 10 inability inability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 11 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 204 12 localise localise VB cord-018764-02l423mk 204 13 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 204 14 painful painful JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 204 15 stimulus stimulus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 204 17 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 18 least least JJS cord-018764-02l423mk 204 19 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 204 20 h h NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 21 after after IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 22 termination termination NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 23 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 24 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 204 25 seizure seizure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 26 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 204 27 correction correction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 28 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 29 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 204 31 detection detection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 33 asexual asexual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 204 34 forms form NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 204 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 36 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 204 37 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 38 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 204 39 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 204 40 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 41 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 204 42 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 43 smears smear NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 204 44 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 204 45 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 204 46 exclusion exclusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 47 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 48 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 204 49 causes cause NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 204 50 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 51 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 204 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 204 53 137 137 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 204 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 204 55 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 205 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 205 2 relatively relatively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 205 3 consistent consistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 205 4 feature feature NN cord-018764-02l423mk 205 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 205 6 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 205 7 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 205 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 205 9 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 205 10 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 205 11 raised raise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 205 12 intracranial intracranial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 205 13 pressure pressure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 205 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 205 15 ICP ICP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 205 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 205 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 206 1 Studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 206 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 3 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 206 4 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 206 5 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 206 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 7 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 206 8 raised raise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 9 cerebrospinal cerebrospinal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 206 10 fluid fluid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 12 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 206 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 14 opening open VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 206 15 pressure pressure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 16 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 17 lumbar lumbar JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 206 18 puncture puncture NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 20 80 80 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 21 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 22 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 23 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 24 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 206 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 26 138 138 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 28 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 206 29 raised raise VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 30 ICP ICP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 206 31 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 32 intracranial intracranial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 206 33 pressure pressure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 34 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 36 23/23 23/23 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 37 ICP ICP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 206 38 > > XX cord-018764-02l423mk 206 39 10 10 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 40 mmHg mmHg NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 206 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 43 139 139 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 45 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 206 46 papilloedema papilloedema NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 206 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 48 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 206 49 late late JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 206 50 sign sign NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 51 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 52 raised raise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 53 ICP ICP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 206 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 55 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 56 44 44 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 57 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 58 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 59 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 206 60 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 206 61 who who WP cord-018764-02l423mk 206 62 died die VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 63 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 64 140 140 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 206 65 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 206 66 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 207 1 Where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 207 2 computer computer NN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 3 tomography tomography NN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 4 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 207 5 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 6 performed perform VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 207 8 there there EX cord-018764-02l423mk 207 9 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 207 10 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 12 diffuse diffuse JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 207 13 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 14 swelling swell VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 207 15 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 16 40 40 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 207 17 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 207 19 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 207 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 207 21 139 139 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 207 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 207 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 208 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 208 2 cause cause NN cord-018764-02l423mk 208 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 208 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 208 5 raised raise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 208 6 ICP ICP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 208 7 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 8 likely likely JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 9 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 208 10 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 208 11 multi multi JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 12 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 13 factorial factorial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 208 15 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 16 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 208 17 postulated postulate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 208 18 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 208 19 involve involve VB cord-018764-02l423mk 208 20 both both DT cord-018764-02l423mk 208 21 vasogenic vasogenic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 208 23 cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 24 patterns pattern NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 208 25 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 208 26 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 208 27 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 208 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 209 1 Vasogenic Vasogenic NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 209 2 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 3 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 209 4 characterised characterise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 5 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 6 accumulation accumulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 8 interstitial interstitial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 209 9 fluid fluid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 10 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 11 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 209 12 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 13 secondary secondary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 209 14 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 15 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 16 permeability permeability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 17 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 209 19 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 20 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 209 21 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 22 barrier barrier NN cord-018764-02l423mk 209 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 209 24 BBB BBB NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 209 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 209 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 210 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 210 2 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 210 3 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 4 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 6 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 210 7 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 210 8 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 210 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 210 10 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 210 11 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 13 significant significant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 210 14 disruption disruption NN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 210 17 BBB BBB NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 210 18 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 210 19 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 210 20 conclusive conclusive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 210 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 210 22 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 210 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 210 24 141 141 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 210 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 210 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 211 1 Others other NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 211 2 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 211 3 proposed propose VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 4 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 5 ICAM-1 icam-1 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 6 binding bind VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 211 7 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 8 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 211 9 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 211 10 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 211 11 generate generate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 211 12 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 211 13 cascade cascade NN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 15 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 211 16 signalling signal VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 211 17 events event NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 211 18 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 211 19 disrupt disrupt VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 211 20 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 211 21 cytoskeletal cytoskeletal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 211 22 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 211 23 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 24 junction junction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 25 structure structure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 26 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 211 27 cause cause VB cord-018764-02l423mk 211 28 focal focal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 211 29 disruption disruption NN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 30 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 211 31 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 211 32 BBB BBB NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 211 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 211 34 142 142 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 211 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 211 36 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 212 1 Adult adult JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 2 post post JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 3 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 4 mortem mortem JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 5 analysis analysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 6 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 7 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 8 cerebrovascular cerebrovascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 9 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 10 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 11 activation activation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 212 13 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 14 ICAM-1 icam-1 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 15 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 16 staining staining NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 212 18 reduction reduction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 20 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 21 junction junction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 22 staining staining NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 212 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 212 25 disruption disruption NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 27 junction junction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 28 proteins protein NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 212 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 212 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 212 31 particularly particularly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 212 32 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 212 33 vessels vessel NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 212 34 containing contain VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 212 35 infected infected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 212 36 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 212 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 212 38 143 143 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 212 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 212 40 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 213 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 213 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 213 3 disruption disruption NN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 5 intercellular intercellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 213 6 junctions junction NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 213 7 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 213 8 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 213 9 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 10 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 11 significant significant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 213 12 leakage leakage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 14 plasma plasma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 15 proteins protein NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 213 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 213 17 fibrinogen fibrinogen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 213 19 IgG IgG NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 213 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 213 21 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 213 22 C5b-9 c5b-9 XX cord-018764-02l423mk 213 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 213 24 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 213 25 perivascular perivascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 213 26 areas area NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 213 27 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 213 28 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 213 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 213 30 143 143 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 213 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 213 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 214 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 2 Thai Thai NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 214 3 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 214 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 214 5 transfer transfer NN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 7 radioactively radioactively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 214 8 labelled label VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 9 albumin albumin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 10 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 11 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 214 12 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 214 13 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 214 14 raised raise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 15 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 16 unconsciousness unconsciousness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 17 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 18 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 19 convalescence convalescence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 214 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 214 21 144 144 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 214 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 214 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 215 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 215 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 215 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 215 4 albumin albumin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 5 index index NN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 215 7 ratio ratio NN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 9 concentrations concentration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 215 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 11 albumin albumin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 13 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 215 14 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 15 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 215 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 17 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 215 19 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 215 20 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 215 21 altered alter VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 22 significantly significantly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 215 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 24 Vietnamese vietnamese JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 215 25 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 215 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 215 27 145 145 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 215 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 215 29 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 215 30 significantly significantly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 215 31 different different JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 215 32 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 33 Malawian malawian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 215 34 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 215 35 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 215 36 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 215 37 who who WP cord-018764-02l423mk 215 38 died die VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 215 39 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 215 40 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 215 41 who who WP cord-018764-02l423mk 215 42 survived survive VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 215 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 215 44 143 143 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 215 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 215 46 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 216 1 Cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 216 2 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 3 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 216 4 increasingly increasingly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 216 5 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 216 6 recognised recognise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 7 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 8 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 216 9 important important JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 216 10 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 12 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 216 13 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 15 traumatic traumatic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 216 16 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 17 injury injury NN cord-018764-02l423mk 216 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 216 19 146 146 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 216 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 216 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 217 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 2 previously previously RB cord-018764-02l423mk 217 3 discussed discuss VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 217 5 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 217 6 type type NN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 8 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 9 swelling swelling NN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 10 involves involve VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 217 11 disturbance disturbance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 217 14 " " `` cord-018764-02l423mk 217 15 pumpleak pumpleak NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 217 16 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 17 " " '' cord-018764-02l423mk 217 18 maintained maintain VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 217 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 217 20 under under IN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 21 physiological physiological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 217 22 conditions condition NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 217 23 via via IN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 24 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 217 25 elimination elimination NN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 27 osmotically osmotically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 217 28 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 217 29 solutes solute NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 217 30 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 31 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 217 32 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 217 33 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 217 34 dependent dependent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 217 35 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 217 36 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 217 37 /K /K . cord-018764-02l423mk 218 1 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 219 1 -ATPase -ATPase NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 219 2 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 220 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 220 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 220 3 cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 220 4 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 5 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 220 6 occur occur VB cord-018764-02l423mk 220 7 secondary secondary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 220 8 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 9 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 220 10 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 12 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 220 14 demand demand NN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 16 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 17 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 220 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 220 19 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 220 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 221 1 Several several JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 2 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 221 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 221 4 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 5 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 6 sustained sustained JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 7 increase increase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 9 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 10 activation activation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 221 12 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 13 substrate substrate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 14 delivery delivery NN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 221 16 structural structural JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 221 18 functional functional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 221 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 221 21 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 22 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 23 utilisation utilisation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 25 available available JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 221 26 substrates substrate NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 221 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 221 28 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 221 29 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 221 31 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 221 32 coexist coexist VB cord-018764-02l423mk 221 33 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 221 34 generate generate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 221 35 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 221 36 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 221 37 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 222 1 All all PDT cord-018764-02l423mk 222 2 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 222 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 222 4 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 222 5 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 222 6 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 222 7 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 222 8 depletion depletion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 222 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 222 10 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 222 11 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 222 12 /K /k NN cord-018764-02l423mk 222 13 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 223 1 ATPase ATPase NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 223 2 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 223 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 223 4 leading lead VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 223 5 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 223 6 cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 223 7 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 223 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 223 9 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 223 10 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 224 1 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 224 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 224 3 clearly clearly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 224 4 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 224 5 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 224 6 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 224 7 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 224 8 activity activity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 224 9 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 225 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 225 2 recent recent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 225 3 review review NN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 4 identified identify VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 225 5 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 6 80 80 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 225 7 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 9 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 225 10 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 225 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 12 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 225 13 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 225 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 225 15 history history NN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 17 seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 225 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 225 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 20 prolonged prolonged JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 225 21 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 225 22 recurrent recurrent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 225 23 seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 225 24 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 25 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 26 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 225 27 poor poor JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 225 28 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 225 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 225 30 147 147 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 225 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 225 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 226 1 Impaired impaired JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 226 2 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 226 3 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 4 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 5 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 226 6 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 7 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 226 8 limit limit VB cord-018764-02l423mk 226 9 substrate substrate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 10 delivery delivery NN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 11 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 226 13 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 226 15 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 226 16 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 17 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 18 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 226 19 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 227 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 227 3 past past NN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 227 5 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 227 6 common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 227 7 premise premise NN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 8 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 227 9 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 10 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 11 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 12 precipitated precipitate VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 227 13 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 227 14 vaso vaso JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 227 15 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 227 16 occlusive occlusive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 227 17 / / SYM cord-018764-02l423mk 227 18 ischaemic ischaemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 227 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 227 20 i.e. i.e. FW cord-018764-02l423mk 227 21 stroke stroke NN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 22 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 227 23 like like JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 227 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 227 25 events event NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 227 26 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 227 27 manifested manifest VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 227 28 clinically clinically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 227 29 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 227 30 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 227 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 228 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 228 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 228 3 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 228 4 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 228 5 several several JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 228 6 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 228 7 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 228 8 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 228 9 atypical atypical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 228 10 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 228 11 stroke stroke NN cord-018764-02l423mk 228 12 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 229 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 2 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 229 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 229 4 focal focal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 229 5 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 229 6 signs sign NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 229 7 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 229 8 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 229 9 tend tend VB cord-018764-02l423mk 229 10 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 229 11 accompany accompany VB cord-018764-02l423mk 229 12 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 229 14 although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 15 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 229 16 sub sub JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 229 17 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 229 18 set set NN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 20 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 229 21 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 229 22 exhibit exhibit VB cord-018764-02l423mk 229 23 hemiparesis hemiparesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 24 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 229 25 focal focal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 229 26 brainstem brainstem NN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 27 deficits deficit NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 229 28 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 29 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 229 30 agonal agonal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 229 31 period period NN cord-018764-02l423mk 229 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 229 33 148 148 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 229 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 229 35 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 230 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 230 2 incidence incidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 4 residual residual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 230 5 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 230 6 deficits deficit NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 230 7 following follow VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 230 8 recovery recovery NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 9 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 10 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 11 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 230 12 relatively relatively RB cord-018764-02l423mk 230 13 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 230 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 15 11 11 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 230 16 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 18 147 147 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 230 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 21 when when WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 230 22 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 23 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 24 childhood childhood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 25 stroke stroke NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 27 93 93 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 230 28 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 29 had have VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 230 30 residual residual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 230 31 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 230 32 deficit deficit NN cord-018764-02l423mk 230 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 34 149 149 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 230 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 230 37 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 231 1 Where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 231 2 computer computer NN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 3 tomography tomography NN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 4 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 231 5 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 6 performed perform VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 8 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 231 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 231 10 diffuse diffuse VB cord-018764-02l423mk 231 11 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 12 swelling swelling NN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 13 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 231 14 observed observe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 231 16 150 150 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 231 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 231 18 rather rather RB cord-018764-02l423mk 231 19 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 20 focal focal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 231 21 lesions lesion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 231 22 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 231 23 typical typical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 231 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 25 stroke stroke NN cord-018764-02l423mk 231 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 232 1 Although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 2 retinal retinal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 232 3 haemorrhages haemorrhage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 232 4 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 232 5 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 6 observed observe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 8 46 46 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 232 9 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 11 Malawian malawian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 232 12 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 232 13 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 14 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 232 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 232 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 232 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 18 63 63 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 232 19 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 21 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 232 22 who who WP cord-018764-02l423mk 232 23 died die VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 232 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 232 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 232 26 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 232 27 lesions lesion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 232 28 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 232 29 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 232 30 seen see VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 31 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 32 30 30 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 232 33 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 34 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 35 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 232 36 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 37 SMA SMA NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 232 38 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 39 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 232 40 same same JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 232 41 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 232 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 232 43 140 140 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 232 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 232 45 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 233 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 233 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 233 3 although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 233 4 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 233 5 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 233 6 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 233 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 233 8 retinal retinal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 233 9 haemorrhages haemorrhage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 233 10 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 233 11 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 233 12 confirm confirm VB cord-018764-02l423mk 233 13 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 233 14 focal focal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 233 15 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 233 16 vaso vaso JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 233 17 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 233 18 occlusive occlusive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 233 19 / / SYM cord-018764-02l423mk 233 20 ischaemic ischaemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 233 21 events event NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 233 22 underlie underlie VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 233 23 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 233 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 234 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 234 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 234 3 histological histological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 4 examination examination NN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 6 32 32 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 234 7 fatal fatal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 8 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 9 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 234 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 11 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 12 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 234 13 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 14 autopsy autopsy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 15 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 234 16 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 17 one one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 234 18 third third RB cord-018764-02l423mk 234 19 had have VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 234 20 little little JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 21 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 234 22 no no DT cord-018764-02l423mk 234 23 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 25 local local JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 26 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 27 change change NN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 28 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 29 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 234 30 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 31 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 234 32 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 33 indicated indicate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 34 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 35 sequestered sequester VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 234 36 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 234 37 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 234 38 monocyte monocyte NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 234 39 clusters cluster NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 234 40 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 234 41 micro micro NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 234 42 - - NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 234 43 haemorrhages haemorrhage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 234 44 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 234 45 local local JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 46 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 234 47 iNOS inos XX cord-018764-02l423mk 234 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 234 49 151 151 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 234 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 234 51 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 234 52 haemoxygenase haemoxygenase NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 234 53 -1 -1 . cord-018764-02l423mk 235 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 235 2 HO-1 HO-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 235 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 236 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 236 2 152 152 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 236 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 236 4 staining staining NN cord-018764-02l423mk 236 5 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 237 1 Accepting accept VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 237 2 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 3 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 237 4 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 237 5 occur occur VB cord-018764-02l423mk 237 6 without without IN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 7 ischaemia ischaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 8 does do VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 237 9 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 237 10 exclude exclude VB cord-018764-02l423mk 237 11 temporary temporary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 237 12 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 237 13 less less RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 237 14 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 237 15 reductions reduction NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 237 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 17 vessel vessel NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 18 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 19 occurring occur VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 237 20 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 21 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 237 22 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 237 24 associated associated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 237 25 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 237 26 independent independent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 237 27 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 28 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 29 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 237 31 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 237 32 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 237 33 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 237 34 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 35 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 36 substrate substrate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 37 delivery delivery NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 38 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 237 39 lead lead VB cord-018764-02l423mk 237 40 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 41 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 42 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 237 43 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 238 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 2 previously previously RB cord-018764-02l423mk 238 3 discussed discuss VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 238 5 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 6 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 7 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 238 8 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 238 9 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 238 10 impaired impair VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 11 due due IN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 12 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 238 14 uncoupling uncoupling JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 238 15 action action NN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 17 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 238 18 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 238 19 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 20 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 238 21 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 238 22 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 238 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 239 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 2 Gambian gambian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 239 3 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 239 4 Ghanaian ghanaian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 239 5 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 239 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 239 7 concentrations concentration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 239 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 9 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 239 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 239 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 239 12 receptor receptor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 13 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 239 14 higher high JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 239 15 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 16 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 239 17 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 18 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 239 19 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 21 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 239 22 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 23 mild mild JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 239 24 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 239 25 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 239 26 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 239 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 239 28 153 153 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 239 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 239 30 154 154 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 239 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 239 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 240 1 Polymorphisms polymorphism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 240 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 240 4 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 240 5 promoter promoter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 6 region region NN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 7 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 240 8 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 240 9 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 10 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 12 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 13 risk risk NN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 15 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 240 17 death death NN cord-018764-02l423mk 240 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 240 19 155 155 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 240 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 240 21 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 240 22 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 240 23 sequelae sequela NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 240 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 240 25 156 156 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 240 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 240 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 241 1 Cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 241 2 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 241 3 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 241 4 up up RB cord-018764-02l423mk 241 5 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 241 6 regulate regulate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 241 7 iNOS inos NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 9 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 10 endothelial endothelial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 11 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 241 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 241 13 increasing increase VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 241 14 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 16 NO no NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 241 18 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 241 19 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 241 20 then then RB cord-018764-02l423mk 241 21 diffuse diffuse VB cord-018764-02l423mk 241 22 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 23 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 24 tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 25 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 241 26 disrupt disrupt VB cord-018764-02l423mk 241 27 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 241 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 241 29 and/or and/or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 241 30 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 241 32 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 241 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 241 34 157 157 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 241 35 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 241 36 158 158 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 241 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 241 38 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 242 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 242 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 242 3 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 242 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 242 5 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 242 6 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 242 7 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 242 8 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 242 9 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 242 10 influenced influence VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 242 11 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 242 12 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 242 13 excitotoxins excitotoxin NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 242 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 243 1 Within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 243 3 simplified simplified JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 243 4 model model NN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 6 dissociated dissociated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 243 7 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 243 8 culture culture NN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 243 10 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 243 11 appear appear VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 243 12 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 243 13 play play VB cord-018764-02l423mk 243 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 243 15 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 243 16 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 18 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 243 19 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 20 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 21 excitotoxin excitotoxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 22 exposure exposure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 243 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 244 1 Mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 244 2 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 244 3 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 244 4 only only RB cord-018764-02l423mk 244 5 involved involve VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 7 maintaining maintain VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 244 8 ATP ATP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 244 9 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 10 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 244 11 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 244 12 calcium calcium VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 244 13 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 244 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 244 16 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 244 18 detoxification detoxification NN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 20 reactive reactive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 244 21 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 244 22 species specie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 244 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 244 24 107 107 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 244 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 244 26 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 245 1 Excitotoxin excitotoxin JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 245 2 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 245 3 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 245 4 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 245 5 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 245 6 influenced influence VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 245 7 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 245 8 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 245 9 release release NN cord-018764-02l423mk 245 10 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 246 1 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 246 2 administration administration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 246 3 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 246 4 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 246 5 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 246 6 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 246 7 alter alter VB cord-018764-02l423mk 246 8 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 246 9 metabolism metabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 246 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 246 11 tryptophan tryptophan NN cord-018764-02l423mk 246 12 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 246 13 produce produce VB cord-018764-02l423mk 246 14 more more JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 246 15 kynurinine kynurinine NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 246 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 246 17 159 159 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 246 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 246 19 160 160 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 246 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 246 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 247 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 247 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 247 3 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 4 part part NN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 6 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 247 7 general general JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 247 8 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 247 9 reaction reaction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 247 11 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 12 excitotoxin excitotoxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 13 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 14 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 15 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 247 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 17 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 247 18 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 247 19 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 20 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 247 21 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 22 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 247 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 248 1 Elevated elevated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 248 2 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 248 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 4 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 248 5 excitotoxins excitotoxin NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 248 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 248 7 quinolinic quinolinic NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 248 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 248 9 picolinic picolinic NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 248 10 acid acid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 248 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 248 14 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 248 15 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 248 16 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 17 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 18 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 19 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 248 20 fatal fatal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 248 21 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 22 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 23 Malawian malawian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 248 24 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 248 25 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 248 26 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 248 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 248 28 161 161 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 248 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 248 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 249 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 249 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 249 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 249 4 graded grade VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 5 increment increment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 7 quinolinic quinolinic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 249 8 acid acid JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 249 9 concentration concentration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 11 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 249 12 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 249 13 observed observe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 14 across across IN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 15 patient patient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 249 16 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 17 groups group NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 249 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 19 increasing increase VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 249 20 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 249 22 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 249 23 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 249 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 249 25 162 162 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 249 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 249 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 250 1 Although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 2 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 250 3 subset subset NN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 250 6 Malawaian malawaian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 250 7 autopsy autopsy JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 250 8 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 250 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 250 10 163 163 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 250 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 250 12 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 13 negligible negligible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 250 14 histological histological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 250 15 change change NN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 250 18 brains brain NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 250 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 250 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 250 21 did do VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 250 22 demonstrate demonstrate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 250 23 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 250 25 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 26 indicated indicate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 250 27 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 251 1 iNOS iNOS NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 251 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 251 3 MIF MIF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 251 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 251 5 151 151 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 251 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 251 7 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 251 8 HO-1 HO-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 251 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 251 10 152 152 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 251 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 251 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 251 13 staining stain VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 251 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 251 15 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 251 16 tissues tissue NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 251 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 252 1 These these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 252 2 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 252 3 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 252 4 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 252 5 shared share VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 252 8 comatose comatose JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 252 9 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 10 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 252 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 252 13 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 252 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 252 16 therefore therefore RB cord-018764-02l423mk 252 17 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 252 18 consistent consistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 252 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 20 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 252 21 premise premise NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 22 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 23 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 24 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 252 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 26 part part NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 27 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 252 28 secondary secondary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 252 29 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 30 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 252 31 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 32 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 252 33 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 34 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 35 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 252 36 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 252 37 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 253 1 Below below RB cord-018764-02l423mk 253 2 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 253 3 further further JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 253 4 examples example NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 253 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 253 6 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 253 7 responses response NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 253 8 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 253 9 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 253 10 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 253 11 present present JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 253 12 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 253 13 diffuse diffuse JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 253 14 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 253 15 syndromes syndrome NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 253 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 253 17 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 253 18 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 253 19 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 254 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 254 3 past past NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 254 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 254 6 term term NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 7 CM CM NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 254 8 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 254 9 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 10 restricted restrict VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 11 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 12 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 254 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 254 16 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 254 17 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 18 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 254 19 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 254 20 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 21 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 254 22 symptoms symptom NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 254 23 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 24 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 254 25 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 254 27 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 254 28 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 254 30 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 254 31 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 32 dismissed dismiss VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 33 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 34 undiagnosed undiagnosed JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 254 35 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 254 36 co co NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 254 37 - - NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 254 38 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 254 39 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 255 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 255 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 255 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 255 4 use use NN cord-018764-02l423mk 255 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 255 6 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 255 7 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 255 8 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 255 9 techniques technique NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 255 10 makes make VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 255 11 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 255 12 dismissal dismissal NN cord-018764-02l423mk 255 13 less less RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 255 14 tenable tenable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 255 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 256 1 Two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 256 2 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 256 3 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 256 4 report report VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 256 5 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 256 6 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 256 7 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 256 8 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 256 9 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 256 10 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 256 11 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 256 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 256 13 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 256 14 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 256 15 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 256 16 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 256 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 257 1 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 257 2 detectable detectable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 257 3 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 257 4 PCR PCR NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 257 5 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 257 6 serological serological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 257 7 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 257 8 testing test VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 257 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 257 10 142 142 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 257 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 257 12 143 143 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 257 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 257 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 258 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 258 2 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 258 3 exhibited exhibit VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 258 4 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 5 organ organ NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 6 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 7 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 258 8 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 9 symptoms symptom NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 258 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 258 11 renal renal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 12 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 258 14 circulatory circulatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 15 collapse collapse NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 258 17 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 18 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 258 20 haemoglobinuria haemoglobinuria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 258 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 258 22 abnormal abnormal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 23 bleeding bleed VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 258 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 258 25 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 26 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 258 27 distress distress NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 28 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 29 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 258 30 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 258 31 jaundice jaundice NN cord-018764-02l423mk 258 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 259 1 Vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 259 2 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 259 3 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 259 4 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 259 5 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 259 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 259 7 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 259 8 strong strong JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 259 9 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 259 10 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 259 11 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 259 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 259 13 164 164 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 259 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 259 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 259 16 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 259 17 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 259 18 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 259 19 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 259 20 investigated investigate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 259 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 259 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 259 23 above above JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 259 24 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 259 25 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 260 1 Sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 260 2 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 260 3 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 260 4 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 261 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 261 2 SAE SAE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 261 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 261 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 261 5 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 261 6 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 261 7 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 261 8 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 261 9 resemble resemble VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 261 10 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 261 11 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 262 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 262 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 262 3 characterised characterise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 4 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 5 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 262 6 diffuse diffuse JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 262 7 disturbance disturbance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 9 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 262 10 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 262 12 typically typically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 262 13 impairment impairment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 15 consciousness consciousness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 262 17 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 262 18 occurs occur VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 262 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 20 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 262 21 context context NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 22 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 23 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 262 24 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 25 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 26 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 27 without without IN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 28 direct direct JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 262 29 neuroinvasion neuroinvasion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 262 31 i.e. i.e. FW cord-018764-02l423mk 262 32 meningitis meningitis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 33 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 262 34 macroscopic macroscopic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 262 35 cerebritis cerebritis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 36 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 262 37 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 38 abscesses abscess NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 262 39 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 262 40 excluded exclude VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 262 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 262 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 263 1 SAE SAE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 263 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 263 3 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 4 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 5 generalised generalised JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 263 6 slow slow JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 263 7 waves wave NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 263 8 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 9 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 263 10 electroencephalogram electroencephalogram NN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 263 12 EEG EEG NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 263 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 263 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 263 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 263 17 depth depth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 19 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 20 linked link VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 21 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 22 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 263 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 264 1 Mild mild JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 264 2 SAE SAE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 264 3 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 264 4 often often RB cord-018764-02l423mk 264 5 recover recover VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 264 6 completely completely RB cord-018764-02l423mk 264 7 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 264 8 while while IN cord-018764-02l423mk 264 9 survivors survivor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 264 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 264 11 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 264 12 SAE SAE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 264 13 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 264 14 have have VB cord-018764-02l423mk 264 15 persistent persistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 264 16 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 264 17 deficit deficit NN cord-018764-02l423mk 264 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 264 19 165 165 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 264 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 264 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 264 22 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 265 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 2 line line NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 3 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 4 adult adult NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 5 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 265 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 265 8 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 10 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 11 parallels parallel VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 265 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 265 13 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 15 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 265 16 organ organ NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 17 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 265 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 265 19 141 141 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 265 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 265 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 266 1 Inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 266 2 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 266 3 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 266 4 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 6 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 266 7 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 266 8 higher high JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 266 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 266 11 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 12 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 266 15 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 266 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 266 17 suggesting suggest VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 266 18 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 19 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 20 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 21 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 266 22 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 266 23 consequence consequence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 25 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 266 26 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 266 27 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 266 28 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 29 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 30 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 266 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 266 32 141 141 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 266 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 266 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 267 1 An an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 267 2 animal animal NN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 3 model model NN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 5 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 267 6 prior prior JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 267 7 administration administration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 267 10 neutralising neutralise VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 267 11 antibody antibody NN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 12 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 13 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 267 14 prevented prevent VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 267 15 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 267 16 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 17 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 19 pancreatitis pancreatitis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 267 21 166 166 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 267 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 267 23 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 267 24 consistent consistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 267 25 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 267 26 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 267 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 268 1 Further further RB cord-018764-02l423mk 268 2 postulated postulate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 3 reversible reversible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 268 4 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 268 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 6 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 7 include include VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 268 8 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 268 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 10 regional regional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 268 11 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 268 12 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 13 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 268 15 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 16 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 268 18 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 268 19 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 268 21 BBB BBB NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 268 22 impairment impairment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 268 24 oxidative oxidative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 268 25 stress stress NN cord-018764-02l423mk 268 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 268 27 167 167 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 268 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 268 29 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 269 1 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 269 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 3 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 4 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 269 5 present present VB cord-018764-02l423mk 269 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 7 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 269 9 yet yet CC cord-018764-02l423mk 269 10 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 269 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 269 15 pathogen pathogen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 269 16 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 269 17 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 269 18 neuroinvasive neuroinvasive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 269 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 269 20 168 168 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 269 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 269 22 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 270 1 Seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 270 2 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 270 3 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 4 occur occur VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 270 5 after after IN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 6 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 270 7 fever fever NN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 270 9 169 169 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 270 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 270 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 270 12 commonly commonly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 270 13 accompanied accompany VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 14 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 15 thrombocytopaenia thrombocytopaenia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 270 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 270 17 169 169 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 270 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 270 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 270 20 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 21 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 270 22 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 23 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 270 24 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 270 26 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 270 27 cases case NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 271 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 271 2 T. T. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 271 3 Ichiyama Ichiyama NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 271 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 271 5 personal personal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 271 6 communication communication NN cord-018764-02l423mk 271 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 271 8 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 272 1 Similar similar JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 272 2 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 272 3 adult adult NN cord-018764-02l423mk 272 4 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 272 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 272 6 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 272 7 sequelae sequela NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 272 8 occur occur VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 272 9 concurrently concurrently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 272 10 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 272 11 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 272 12 organ organ NN cord-018764-02l423mk 272 13 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 272 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 272 15 170 170 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 272 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 272 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 273 1 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 273 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 273 3 IL-6 IL-6 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 273 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 273 5 sTNFRI stnfri JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 273 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 273 7 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 273 8 soluble soluble JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 273 9 E e NN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 10 - - NN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 11 selectin selectin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 273 12 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 273 13 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 15 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 273 17 CSF CSF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 273 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 273 19 171 171 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 273 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 273 21 172 172 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 273 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 273 23 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 273 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 273 25 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 26 nitrite nitrite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 27 / / SYM cord-018764-02l423mk 273 28 nitrate nitrate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 29 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 273 30 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 273 31 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 273 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 273 33 173 173 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 273 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 273 35 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 274 1 Detailed detailed JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 274 2 examination examination NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 4 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 5 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 274 6 revealed reveal VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 7 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 9 neurons neuron NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 274 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 274 11 glial glial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 274 12 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 274 14 histological histological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 274 15 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 17 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 274 18 caspase-3 caspase-3 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 274 19 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 274 20 caspase caspase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 21 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 274 22 cleaved cleave VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 23 PARP PARP NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 274 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 274 25 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 274 26 oedema oedema NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 274 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 274 29 BBB BBB NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 274 30 impairment impairment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 274 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 274 32 174 174 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 274 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 274 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 275 1 These these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 275 2 parallel parallel JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 275 3 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 275 4 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 275 5 set set VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 275 6 out out RP cord-018764-02l423mk 275 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 275 8 Table Table NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 275 9 3 3 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 275 10 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 276 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 276 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 276 3 clear clear JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 276 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 276 5 therefore therefore RB cord-018764-02l423mk 276 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 276 7 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 276 9 presence presence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 11 sequestering sequester VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 276 12 parasitised parasitise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 13 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 276 14 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 276 15 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 276 16 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 276 17 necessary necessary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 276 18 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 276 19 generate generate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 276 20 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 276 21 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 276 22 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 276 23 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 276 24 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 276 25 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 276 26 demonstrable demonstrable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 276 27 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 28 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 276 29 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 30 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 31 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 276 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 277 1 Notably notably RB cord-018764-02l423mk 277 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 277 3 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 277 4 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 277 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 277 6 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 277 7 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 277 8 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 277 9 present present JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 277 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 277 11 each each DT cord-018764-02l423mk 277 12 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 277 13 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 277 14 _SP cord-018764-02l423mk 278 1 Seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 278 2 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 278 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 278 4 very very RB cord-018764-02l423mk 278 5 common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 278 6 component component NN cord-018764-02l423mk 278 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 278 8 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 278 9 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 278 10 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 278 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 278 12 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 278 13 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 279 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 279 2 recent recent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 279 3 review review NN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 4 documented document VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 279 5 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 6 80 80 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 279 7 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 9 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 279 10 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 279 11 had have VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 279 12 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 279 13 history history NN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 15 seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 279 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 279 17 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 18 60 60 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 279 19 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 20 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 279 21 seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 279 22 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 23 hospital hospital NN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 24 admission admission NN cord-018764-02l423mk 279 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 279 26 175 175 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 279 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 279 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 280 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 280 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 280 3 basis basis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 280 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 280 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 280 6 seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 280 7 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 280 8 unclear unclear JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 280 9 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 281 1 Multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 281 2 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 281 3 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 281 4 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 5 postulated postulate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 281 7 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 281 8 fever fever NN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 9 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 281 10 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 11 and/or and/or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 281 12 cytokine cytokine JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 281 13 stimulation stimulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 14 leading lead VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 281 15 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 16 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 281 17 imbalance imbalance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 19 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 281 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 281 21 excitotoxins excitotoxin NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 281 22 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 281 23 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 281 24 damage damage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 281 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 281 26 11 11 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 281 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 281 28 148 148 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 281 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 281 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 282 1 Recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 282 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 282 3 Lang Lang NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 282 4 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 282 5 co co NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 282 6 - - NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 282 7 workers worker NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 282 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 282 9 176 176 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 282 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 282 11 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 282 12 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 13 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 14 parasitaemia parasitaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 282 15 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 282 16 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 17 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 18 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 282 19 generation generation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 21 specific specific JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 282 22 antibodies antibody NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 282 23 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 24 voltage voltage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 25 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 282 26 gated gate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 27 calcium calcium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 28 channels channel NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 282 29 directed direct VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 30 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 282 31 neurones neurone NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 282 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 283 1 Higher high JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 283 2 antibody antibody NN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 3 concentrations concentration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 283 4 were be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 283 5 detectable detectable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 283 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 7 sera sera NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 283 8 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 9 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 283 10 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 283 11 CM cm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 12 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 283 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 14 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 15 seizures seizure NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 283 16 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 17 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 283 18 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 283 20 suggesting suggest VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 283 21 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 22 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 283 23 antibodies antibody NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 283 24 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 283 25 influence influence VB cord-018764-02l423mk 283 26 seizure seizure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 27 propensity propensity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 283 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 284 1 Only only RB cord-018764-02l423mk 284 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 284 3 erythrocytic erythrocytic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 4 form form NN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 6 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 7 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 8 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 9 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 10 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 284 12 so so RB cord-018764-02l423mk 284 13 valuable valuable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 14 information information NN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 15 about about IN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 16 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 284 17 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 18 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 284 19 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 284 20 likely likely JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 21 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 284 22 have have VB cord-018764-02l423mk 284 23 more more JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 284 24 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 284 25 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 284 26 less less JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 284 27 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 284 28 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 29 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 30 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 31 inevitably inevitably RB cord-018764-02l423mk 284 32 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 33 obtained obtain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 34 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 35 examining examine VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 284 36 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 284 37 inborn inborn JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 38 RBC RBC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 284 39 abnormalities abnormality NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 284 40 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 41 endemic endemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 42 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 43 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 284 44 selected select VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 45 across across IN cord-018764-02l423mk 284 46 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 284 47 tropics tropic NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 284 48 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 285 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 285 2 coinciding coincide VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 285 3 geographic geographic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 285 4 distributions distribution NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 285 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 6 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 7 transmission transmission NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 285 9 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 285 10 thalassaemias thalassaemias NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 285 11 prompted prompt VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 285 12 Haldane Haldane NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 285 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 285 14 put put VB cord-018764-02l423mk 285 15 forward forward RP cord-018764-02l423mk 285 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 285 17 ' ' `` cord-018764-02l423mk 285 18 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 19 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 20 ' ' '' cord-018764-02l423mk 285 21 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 285 22 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 285 23 proposed propose VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 285 24 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 25 common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 285 26 erythrocyte erythrocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 27 abnormalities abnormality NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 285 28 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 285 29 selected select VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 30 because because IN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 31 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 32 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 285 33 fitness fitness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 34 advantage advantage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 35 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 285 36 confer confer VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 285 37 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 38 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 285 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 285 40 177 177 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 285 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 285 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 286 1 Sickle sickle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 2 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 3 haemoglobin haemoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 286 5 HbS HbS NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 286 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 286 7 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 286 8 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 286 9 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 10 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 286 11 shown show VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 12 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 286 13 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 286 14 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 17 resistance resistance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 286 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 20 heterozygotes heterozygote NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 286 21 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 286 23 HbS HbS NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 286 24 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 25 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 286 26 10 10 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 286 27 % % NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 28 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 29 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 286 30 population population NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 31 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 32 risk risk NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 33 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 34 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 286 35 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 36 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 286 37 certain certain JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 286 38 populations population NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 286 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 286 40 178 178 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 286 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 286 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 287 1 Other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 287 2 haemoglobinopathies haemoglobinopathy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 287 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 4 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018764-02l423mk 287 5 HbC HbC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 287 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 7 179 179 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 287 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 287 9 180 180 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 287 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 11 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 287 12 HbE hbe NN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 14 181 181 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 287 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 287 18 deficiencies deficiency NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 287 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 20 RBC RBC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 287 21 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 287 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 23 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018764-02l423mk 287 24 glucose-6-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 287 25 dehydrogenase dehydrogenase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 26 deficiency deficiency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 28 182 182 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 287 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 287 31 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 287 32 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 287 33 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 34 linked link VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 35 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 36 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 37 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 38 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 287 39 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 287 40 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 288 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 288 2 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 288 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 288 4 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 288 5 afforded afford VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 288 6 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 288 7 haemoglobinopathies haemoglobinopathy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 288 8 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 288 9 likely likely JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 288 10 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 288 11 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 288 12 multi multi JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 288 13 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 288 14 factorial factorial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 288 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 289 1 Studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 2 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 289 3 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 4 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 289 6 support support VB cord-018764-02l423mk 289 7 several several JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 289 8 independent independent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 289 9 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 10 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 289 11 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 289 12 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 13 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 14 invasion invasion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 16 RBCs rbc NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 289 18 diminished diminish VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 289 19 intraerythrocytic intraerythrocytic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 289 20 growth growth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 22 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 24 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 25 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 289 27 HbS hbs JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 289 28 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 30 183 183 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 289 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 32 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 289 33 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 289 34 phagocytosis phagocytosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 36 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 37 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 289 38 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 39 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 41 IEs ie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 44 184 184 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 289 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 46 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 289 47 enhanced enhance VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 289 48 immune immune JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 289 49 responses response NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 50 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 289 51 IEs ie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 289 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 53 185 185 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 289 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 289 55 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 290 1 Recent recent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 290 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 3 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 290 4 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 290 5 observed observe VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 290 6 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 7 HbC hbc NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 8 modifies modify VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 290 9 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 290 10 quantity quantity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 11 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 290 12 distribution distribution NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 290 15 variant variant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 290 16 antigen antigen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 17 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 18 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 19 erythrocyte erythrocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 20 membrane membrane NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 21 protein protein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 22 1(PfEMP1 1(pfemp1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 290 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 290 24 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 25 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 290 26 IE IE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 290 27 surface surface NN cord-018764-02l423mk 290 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 291 1 PfEMP1 PfEMP1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 291 2 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 291 3 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 291 4 implicated implicate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 291 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 291 6 numerous numerous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 291 7 IE ie NN cord-018764-02l423mk 291 8 adhesive adhesive NN cord-018764-02l423mk 291 9 interactions interaction NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 291 10 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 292 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 292 3 latter latter JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 292 4 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 292 6 authors author NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 292 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 292 8 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 9 HbC hbc NN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 10 reduces reduce VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 292 11 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 292 12 level level NN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 14 IE IE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 292 15 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 16 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 17 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 292 18 monolayers monolayer NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 292 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 292 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 21 addition addition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 22 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 23 IE IE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 292 24 rosetting rosette VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 292 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 292 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 292 27 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 28 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 29 IEs ie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 292 30 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 31 uninfected uninfected JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 292 32 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 292 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 292 34 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 292 35 IE IE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 292 36 agglutination agglutination NN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 37 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 292 38 sera sera NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 292 39 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 293 1 These these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 293 2 findings finding NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 293 3 provide provide VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 293 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 293 5 prospect prospect NN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 6 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 7 HbC HbC VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 293 8 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 293 9 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 293 10 tects tect NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 293 11 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 12 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 293 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 14 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 15 mitigating mitigate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 293 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 293 17 obstruction obstruction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 18 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 293 19 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 20 caused cause VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 21 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 293 23 PfEMP1-mediated pfemp1-mediated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 293 24 adherence adherence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 25 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 293 26 IEs ie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 293 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 293 28 186 186 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 293 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 293 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 294 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 294 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 294 3 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 294 5 believed believe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 6 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 294 7 enhance enhance VB cord-018764-02l423mk 294 8 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 9 survival survival NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 10 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 11 enabling enable VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 294 12 IEs ie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 294 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 294 14 avoid avoid VB cord-018764-02l423mk 294 15 splenic splenic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 294 16 clearance clearance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 294 18 so so CC cord-018764-02l423mk 294 19 any any DT cord-018764-02l423mk 294 20 reduction reduction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 22 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 23 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 24 HbC hbc NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 25 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 294 26 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 294 27 expected expect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 28 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 294 29 limit limit VB cord-018764-02l423mk 294 30 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 31 fitness fitness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 294 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 295 1 Multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 295 2 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 3 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 295 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 295 5 e.g. e.g. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 295 7 179 179 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 295 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 295 9 187 187 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 295 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 295 11 188 188 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 295 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 295 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 295 14 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 295 15 failed fail VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 16 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 295 17 identify identify VB cord-018764-02l423mk 295 18 any any DT cord-018764-02l423mk 295 19 significant significant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 295 20 impact impact NN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 22 HbC hbc NN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 23 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 24 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 295 25 frequency frequency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 26 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 295 27 density density NN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 28 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 29 parasitaemia parasitaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 30 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 31 naturally naturally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 295 32 exposed expose VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 295 33 populations population NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 295 34 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 296 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 296 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 296 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 296 4 influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 296 7 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 296 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 9 IE IE NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 296 10 surface surface NN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 11 conformation conformation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 12 needs need VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 296 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 296 14 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 296 15 confirmed confirm VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 296 17 further further RB cord-018764-02l423mk 296 18 examined examine VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 20 vivo vivo NN cord-018764-02l423mk 296 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 296 22 189 189 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 296 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 296 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 297 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 297 2 recent recent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 297 3 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 297 4 re re VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 297 5 - - VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 297 6 confirmed confirm VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 1 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 2 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 298 3 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 298 4 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 5 -thalassaemia -thalassaemia CD cord-018764-02l423mk 298 6 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 7 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 298 8 significantly significantly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 298 9 less less RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 298 10 likely likely JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 298 11 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 298 12 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 298 13 hospitalised hospitalise VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 14 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 15 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 298 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 298 18 particularly particularly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 298 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 20 coma coma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 21 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 298 22 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 298 23 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 298 25 Hb Hb NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 298 26 < < XX cord-018764-02l423mk 298 27 5 5 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 298 28 g/100 g/100 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 298 29 ml ml NN cord-018764-02l423mk 298 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 298 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 299 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 299 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 299 3 intriguing intriguing JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 299 4 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 299 6 -thalassaemia -thalassaemia CD cord-018764-02l423mk 299 7 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 299 8 did do VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 299 9 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 299 10 demonstrate demonstrate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 299 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 299 12 lower low JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 299 13 incidence incidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 15 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 299 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 17 nor nor CC cord-018764-02l423mk 299 18 any any DT cord-018764-02l423mk 299 19 reduction reduction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 21 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 299 22 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 23 density density NN cord-018764-02l423mk 299 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 299 25 190 190 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 299 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 299 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 300 1 Thalassaemia Thalassaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 300 2 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 300 3 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 300 4 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 5 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 7 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 8 incidence incidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 10 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 300 11 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 12 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 300 13 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 14 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 15 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 16 early early JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 300 17 life life NN cord-018764-02l423mk 300 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 300 19 191 191 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 300 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 300 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 301 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 301 2 findings finding NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 301 3 raise raise VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 301 4 speculation speculation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 5 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 301 7 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 8 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 301 9 indirectly indirectly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 301 10 afford afford VB cord-018764-02l423mk 301 11 enhanced enhance VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 12 immunity immunity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 13 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 14 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 15 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 301 16 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 301 17 lethal lethal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 301 18 exposure exposure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 19 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 301 20 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 301 21 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 301 22 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 302 1 Such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 302 2 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 302 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 302 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 302 5 appealing appeal VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 302 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 302 7 since since IN cord-018764-02l423mk 302 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 302 9 would would MD cord-018764-02l423mk 302 10 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 302 11 equally equally RB cord-018764-02l423mk 302 12 plausible plausible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 302 13 across across IN cord-018764-02l423mk 302 14 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 302 15 range range NN cord-018764-02l423mk 302 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 302 17 haemoglobinopathies haemoglobinopathy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 302 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 302 19 including include VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 302 20 HbC. HbC. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 303 1 Variations variation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 303 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 303 3 erythrocyte erythrocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 303 4 membrane membrane NN cord-018764-02l423mk 303 5 proteins protein NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 303 6 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 303 7 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 303 8 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 303 9 profound profound JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 303 10 influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 303 11 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 303 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 303 13 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 303 14 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 304 1 Most most RBS cord-018764-02l423mk 304 2 notably notably RB cord-018764-02l423mk 304 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 304 4 absence absence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 6 Duffy Duffy NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 304 7 antigen antigen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 8 protein protein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 9 confers confer VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 304 10 absolute absolute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 304 11 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 12 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 13 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 14 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 304 15 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 304 16 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 305 1 More more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 305 2 recently recently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 305 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 305 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 305 5 Duffy Duffy NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 305 6 antigen antigen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 7 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 305 8 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 305 9 been be VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 10 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 12 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 305 13 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 14 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 15 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 305 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 305 18 192 192 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 305 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 305 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 306 1 Enzymes enzyme NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 306 2 involved involve VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 3 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 4 iron iron NN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 5 handling handling NN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 6 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 306 7 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 306 8 have have VB cord-018764-02l423mk 306 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 306 10 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 306 11 influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 12 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 14 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 306 15 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 307 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 307 2 recent recent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 307 3 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 4 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 307 6 Gambia Gambia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 307 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 307 8 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 9 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 307 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 11 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 307 12 endemic endemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 307 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 14 area area NN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 15 possessing possess VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 307 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 307 17 haptoglobin haptoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 18 2,2 2,2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 307 19 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 307 20 isotype isotype NN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 21 had have VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 307 22 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 307 23 significantly significantly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 307 24 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 25 risk risk NN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 27 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 307 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 307 29 193 193 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 307 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 307 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 308 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 308 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 308 3 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 308 4 lack lack NN cord-018764-02l423mk 308 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 308 6 parallel parallel JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 308 7 alterations alteration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 308 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 308 9 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 308 10 haematinic haematinic NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 308 11 indices index NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 308 12 leaves leave VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 308 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 308 14 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 308 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 308 16 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 308 17 process process NN cord-018764-02l423mk 308 18 unclear unclear JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 308 19 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 309 1 Malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 309 2 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 309 3 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 309 4 individuals individual NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 309 5 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 309 6 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 309 7 RBC RBC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 309 8 abnormalities abnormality NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 309 9 appears appear VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 309 10 even even RB cord-018764-02l423mk 309 11 more more RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 309 12 complex complex JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 309 13 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 310 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 310 2 recent recent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 310 3 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 4 observed observe VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 310 5 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 310 7 concurrent concurrent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 310 8 presence presence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 10 sickle sickle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 11 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 12 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 310 13 -thalassaemia -thalassaemia CD cord-018764-02l423mk 310 14 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 15 among among IN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 16 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 310 17 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 310 18 had have VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 310 19 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 310 20 negative negative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 310 21 influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 22 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 23 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 310 24 risk risk NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 25 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 26 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 27 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 310 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 310 29 194 194 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 310 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 310 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 311 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 311 2 results result NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 311 3 warn warn VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 311 4 geneticists geneticist NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 311 5 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 311 6 gene gene NN cord-018764-02l423mk 311 7 epistasis epistasis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 311 8 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 311 9 have have VB cord-018764-02l423mk 311 10 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 311 11 profound profound JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 311 12 influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 311 13 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 311 14 overall overall JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 311 15 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 311 16 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 311 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 312 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 2 tropical tropical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 312 3 countries country NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 312 4 many many JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 312 5 hospital hospital NN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 6 deaths death NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 312 7 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 8 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 9 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 10 happen happen VB cord-018764-02l423mk 312 11 before before IN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 12 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 312 13 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 312 14 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 312 15 drugs drug NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 312 16 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 312 17 had have VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 18 time time NN cord-018764-02l423mk 312 19 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 312 20 kill kill VB cord-018764-02l423mk 312 21 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 312 22 parasites parasite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 312 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 313 1 Two two CD cord-018764-02l423mk 313 2 approaches approach NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 313 3 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 313 4 help help VB cord-018764-02l423mk 313 5 rectify rectify VB cord-018764-02l423mk 313 6 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 313 7 -addressing -addressing JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 313 8 public public JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 313 9 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 313 10 health health NN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 11 problems problem NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 313 12 resulting result VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 313 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 14 delayed delayed JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 313 15 presentation presentation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 313 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 313 18 identifying identify VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 313 19 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 313 20 physiological physiological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 313 21 processes process NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 313 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 313 23 molecular molecular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 313 24 pathways pathway NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 313 25 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 313 26 lead lead VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 313 27 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 28 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 313 29 early early JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 313 30 deaths death NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 313 31 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 313 32 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 33 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 313 34 view view NN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 35 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 36 developing develop VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 313 37 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 38 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 313 39 based base VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 313 40 adjunct adjunct JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 313 41 therapies therapy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 313 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 314 1 Therapies therapy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 314 2 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 314 3 explored explore VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 5 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 314 7 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 314 8 based base VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 9 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 10 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 11 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 12 data datum NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 314 13 common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 314 14 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 15 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 314 17 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 18 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 314 19 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 314 20 prove prove VB cord-018764-02l423mk 314 21 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 314 22 be be VB cord-018764-02l423mk 314 23 transferable transferable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 314 24 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 25 either either DT cord-018764-02l423mk 314 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 27 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 314 28 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 314 29 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 314 30 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 314 31 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 314 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 315 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 2 noted note VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 3 above above RB cord-018764-02l423mk 315 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 315 5 circulating circulate VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 315 6 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 315 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 8 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 315 9 late late RB cord-018764-02l423mk 315 10 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 315 11 appearing appear VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 315 12 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 315 13 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 315 15 HMGB1 HMGB1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 315 16 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 315 17 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 315 18 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 20 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 21 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 315 23 41 41 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 315 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 315 25 as as RB cord-018764-02l423mk 315 26 well well RB cord-018764-02l423mk 315 27 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 28 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 29 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 315 30 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 316 1 Results result NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 316 2 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 3 animal animal NN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 4 models model NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 316 5 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 6 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 316 7 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 9 HMGB1 HMGB1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 316 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 316 11 although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 12 untested untested JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 316 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 14 humans human NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 316 15 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 316 16 have have VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 316 17 inspired inspire VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 18 enthusiasm enthusiasm NN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 19 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 20 inhibition inhibition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 22 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 316 23 molecule molecule NN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 24 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 25 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 316 26 potential potential JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 316 27 intervention intervention NN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 28 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 29 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 316 30 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 316 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 317 1 For for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 2 instance instance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 317 4 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 317 5 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 317 6 HMGB1 hmgb1 JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 317 7 antibodies antibody NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 317 8 provided provide VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 317 9 dose dose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 10 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 317 11 dependent dependent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 317 12 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 317 14 37 37 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 317 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 317 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 317 17 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 18 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 317 20 195 195 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 317 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 317 22 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 23 experimental experimental JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 317 24 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 317 26 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 317 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 318 1 Late late JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 318 2 administration administration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 4 ethyl ethyl NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 318 5 pyruvate pyruvate NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 318 6 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 318 7 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 318 8 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 318 9 HMGB1 HMGB1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 318 10 release release NN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 11 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 12 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 318 13 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 318 14 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 318 15 conferred confer VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 318 16 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 17 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 18 endotoxaemia endotoxaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 318 20 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 318 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 318 22 196 196 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 318 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 318 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 319 1 Treatments treatment NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 319 2 directed direct VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 3 towards towards IN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 4 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 319 5 downstream downstream JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 319 6 consequences consequence NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 319 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 8 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 9 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 319 11 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 319 13 such such JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 319 14 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 15 those those DT cord-018764-02l423mk 319 16 intended intend VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 17 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 319 18 limit limit VB cord-018764-02l423mk 319 19 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 20 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 319 21 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 319 22 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 319 23 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 319 24 focus focus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 25 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 26 investigation investigation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 319 27 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 320 1 One one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 320 2 current current JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 320 3 approach approach NN cord-018764-02l423mk 320 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 320 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 320 6 identify identify VB cord-018764-02l423mk 320 7 which which WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 320 8 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 320 9 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 320 10 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 320 11 most most JJS cord-018764-02l423mk 320 12 benefit benefit VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 320 13 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 320 14 early early JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 320 15 volume volume NN cord-018764-02l423mk 320 16 expansion expansion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 320 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 320 18 197 197 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 320 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 320 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 321 1 Controlling control VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 321 2 lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 321 3 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 4 via via IN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 5 sodium sodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 6 dichloroacetate dichloroacetate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 321 8 DCA DCA NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 321 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 321 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 321 11 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 321 12 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 14 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 15 dehydrogenate dehydrogenate NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 321 16 kinase kinase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 321 18 maintaining maintain VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 321 19 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 20 dehydrogenase dehydrogenase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 321 23 active active JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 321 24 form form NN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 321 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 321 27 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 321 28 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 321 29 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 321 30 examined examine VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 321 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 322 1 DCA DCA NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 322 2 reduced reduce VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 322 3 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 4 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 322 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 6 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 322 7 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 8 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 322 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 322 10 198 198 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 322 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 322 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 322 13 although although IN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 322 15 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 16 was be VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 322 17 unable unable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 322 18 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 322 19 determine determine VB cord-018764-02l423mk 322 20 whether whether IN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 21 treatment treatment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 22 improved improve VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 23 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 322 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 323 1 An an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 323 2 earlier early JJR cord-018764-02l423mk 323 3 large large JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 323 4 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 5 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 6 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 323 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 323 8 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 9 DCA DCA NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 323 10 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 11 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 323 13 but but CC cord-018764-02l423mk 323 14 again again RB cord-018764-02l423mk 323 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 16 no no DT cord-018764-02l423mk 323 17 improvement improvement NN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 19 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 323 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 323 21 126 126 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 323 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 323 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 324 1 As as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 2 outlined outline VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 324 5 section section NN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 6 ' ' `` cord-018764-02l423mk 324 7 Is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 324 8 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 324 9 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 324 10 cause cause NN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 11 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 324 12 marker marker NN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 324 15 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 17 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 324 18 ? ? . cord-018764-02l423mk 324 19 ' ' '' cord-018764-02l423mk 325 1 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 325 2 some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 325 3 researchers researcher NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 325 4 argue argue VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 325 5 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 325 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 7 view view NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 9 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 325 10 strong strong JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 325 11 ion ion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 12 difference difference NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 13 contributing contribute VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 325 14 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 15 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 325 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 325 18 postulated postulate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 19 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 325 20 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 21 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 22 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 325 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 24 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 325 26 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 27 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 28 reduction reduction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 29 per per FW cord-018764-02l423mk 325 30 se se FW cord-018764-02l423mk 325 31 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 325 32 have have VB cord-018764-02l423mk 325 33 limited limited JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 325 34 impact impact NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 35 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 36 prognosis prognosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 325 37 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 326 1 Other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 326 2 adjunct adjunct JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 326 3 therapies therapy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 326 4 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 326 5 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 326 6 being be VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 326 7 examined examine VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 326 8 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 327 1 Improving improve VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 327 2 RBC RBC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 327 3 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 327 4 provides provide VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 327 5 one one CD cord-018764-02l423mk 327 6 potential potential JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 327 7 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 327 8 approach approach NN cord-018764-02l423mk 327 9 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 328 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 2 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 328 3 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 328 4 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 5 N n CD cord-018764-02l423mk 328 6 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 328 7 acetylcysteine acetylcysteine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 328 9 NAC NAC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 328 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 328 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 328 12 reported report VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 328 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 328 14 scavenge scavenge VB cord-018764-02l423mk 328 15 free free JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 328 16 radicals radical NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 328 17 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 328 18 showed show VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 328 19 improvement improvement NN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 21 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 328 22 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 23 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 24 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 328 25 in in FW cord-018764-02l423mk 328 26 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 328 27 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 328 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 328 29 199 199 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 328 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 328 31 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 329 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-018764-02l423mk 329 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 329 3 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 329 4 initial initial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 6 vivo vivo NN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 7 trial trial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 9 NAC NAC NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 329 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 12 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 329 13 had have VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 329 14 no no DT cord-018764-02l423mk 329 15 effect effect NN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 16 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 17 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 329 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 329 19 200 200 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 329 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 329 21 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 330 1 Blocking block VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 330 2 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 330 3 activation activation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 330 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 330 5 also also RB cord-018764-02l423mk 330 6 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 330 7 focus focus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 330 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 330 9 research research NN cord-018764-02l423mk 330 10 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 330 11 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 330 12 initial initial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 330 13 in in FW cord-018764-02l423mk 330 14 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 330 15 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 330 16 providing provide VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 330 17 some some DT cord-018764-02l423mk 330 18 encouraging encouraging JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 330 19 results result NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 330 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 330 21 201 201 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 330 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 330 23 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 331 1 In in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 2 conclusion conclusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 3 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 331 4 continuing continue VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 331 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 331 6 identify identify VB cord-018764-02l423mk 331 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 331 8 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 9 responses response NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 331 10 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 12 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 13 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 331 14 lead lead VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 331 15 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 16 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 17 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 331 18 providing provide VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 331 19 insights insight NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 331 20 into into IN cord-018764-02l423mk 331 21 novel novel JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 331 22 molecular molecular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 331 23 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 331 24 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 332 1 This this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 332 2 information information NN cord-018764-02l423mk 332 3 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 332 4 beginning begin VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 332 5 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 332 6 guide guide VB cord-018764-02l423mk 332 7 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 332 8 design design NN cord-018764-02l423mk 332 9 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 332 10 much much JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 332 11 needed need VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 332 12 additional additional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 332 13 therapies therapy NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 332 14 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 332 15 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 332 16 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 332 17 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 333 1 There there EX cord-018764-02l423mk 333 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 333 3 little little JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 333 4 doubt doubt NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 5 that that IN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 6 poor poor JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 333 7 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 8 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 9 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 10 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 333 11 occlusion occlusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 12 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 333 13 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 14 could could MD cord-018764-02l423mk 333 15 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 333 16 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 17 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 333 18 body body NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 19 relying rely VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 333 20 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 21 excessive excessive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 333 22 glycolysis glycolysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 23 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 333 24 generate generate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 333 25 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 333 27 resulting result VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 333 28 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 29 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 30 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 333 31 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 32 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 333 33 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 333 34 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 333 35 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 36 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 333 37 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 333 38 altered alter VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 39 consciousness consciousness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 333 40 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 334 1 However however RB cord-018764-02l423mk 334 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 334 3 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 334 4 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 334 5 control control VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 334 6 these these DT cord-018764-02l423mk 334 7 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 334 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 334 9 as as RB cord-018764-02l423mk 334 10 well well RB cord-018764-02l423mk 334 11 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 334 12 inhibit inhibit VB cord-018764-02l423mk 334 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 334 14 capacity capacity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 334 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 334 16 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 334 17 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 334 18 use use VB cord-018764-02l423mk 334 19 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 334 20 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 335 1 Thus thus RB cord-018764-02l423mk 335 2 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 335 3 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 4 described describe VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 5 throughout throughout IN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 6 this this DT cord-018764-02l423mk 335 7 review review NN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 335 9 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 335 10 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 335 11 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 335 12 likely likely JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 335 13 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 335 14 have have VB cord-018764-02l423mk 335 15 various various JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 335 16 pivotal pivotal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 335 17 roles role NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 335 18 across across IN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 19 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 335 20 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 335 21 pathological pathological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 335 22 processes process NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 335 23 involved involve VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 24 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 25 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 335 26 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 335 28 Fig fig NN cord-018764-02l423mk 335 29 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 335 30 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 335 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 335 32 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 335 33 _SP cord-018764-02l423mk 336 1 Indicators indicator NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 336 2 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 336 3 life life NN cord-018764-02l423mk 336 4 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 336 5 threatening threaten VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 336 6 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 336 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 336 8 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 336 9 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 337 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 337 2 pathophysiologic pathophysiologic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 337 3 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 337 4 prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 337 5 significance significance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 7 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 9 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 337 10 adult adult NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 12 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 337 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 337 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 337 15 lung lung NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 16 Indicators indicator NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 337 17 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 18 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 20 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 337 21 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 337 22 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 24 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 337 25 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 26 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 27 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 28 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 337 29 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 337 30 current current JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 337 31 understanding understanding NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 33 pathophysiology pathophysiology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 337 34 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 337 35 supportive supportive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 337 36 treatment treatment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 338 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 338 2 injured injured JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 338 3 child child NN cord-018764-02l423mk 338 4 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 338 5 resistant resistant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 338 6 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 338 7 multiple multiple JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 338 8 organ organ NN cord-018764-02l423mk 338 9 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 338 10 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 338 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 338 12 different different JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 338 13 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 338 14 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 338 15 ? ? . cord-018764-02l423mk 339 1 Endotoxin endotoxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 339 2 induces induce VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 339 3 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 339 4 exaggerated exaggerated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 339 5 interleukin-10 interleukin-10 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 339 6 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 339 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 339 8 peritoneal peritoneal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 339 9 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 339 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 339 11 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 339 12 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 339 13 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 339 14 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 1 IL-1 IL-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 2 beta beta NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 3 induces induce VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 4 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 340 5 exaggerated exaggerated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 6 pro pro JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 7 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 340 9 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 10 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 11 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 12 response response NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 14 peritoneal peritoneal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 15 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 17 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 18 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 20 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 21 Current current JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 22 knowledge knowledge NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 24 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 25 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 26 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 340 27 induced induce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 28 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 29 renal renal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 30 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 31 Pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 32 considerations consideration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 33 Hypoglycemia hypoglycemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 34 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 35 infancy infancy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 36 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 340 37 childhood childhood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 38 Glucose glucose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 39 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 40 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 340 41 gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 42 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 43 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 44 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 45 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 46 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 47 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 48 Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 49 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 50 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 51 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 52 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 53 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 54 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 55 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 56 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 340 57 complicated complicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 58 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 59 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 60 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 61 Melanesian melanesian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 62 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 340 63 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 64 Papua Papua NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 65 New New NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 66 Guinea Guinea NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 67 Cerebral Cerebral NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 68 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 69 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 340 70 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 340 71 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 72 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 73 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 340 74 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 75 theory theory NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 76 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 77 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 78 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 340 79 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 340 80 Golgi Golgi NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 81 C C NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 340 82 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 340 83 1886 1886 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 340 84 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 341 1 Sull Sull NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 341 2 infezione infezione NN cord-018764-02l423mk 341 3 malarica malarica NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 342 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 342 2 Prevention Prevention NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 342 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 342 4 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 343 1 Possible possible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 343 2 importance importance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 4 macrophage macrophage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 5 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 343 6 derived derive VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 7 mediators mediator NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 343 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 9 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 343 10 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 11 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 343 12 causes cause NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 343 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 343 14 consequences consequence NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 343 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 16 immunopathology immunopathology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 17 How how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 343 18 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 19 has have VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 343 20 affected affect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 21 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 343 22 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 343 23 genome genome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 343 25 what what WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 343 26 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 343 27 genetics genetic NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 343 28 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 343 29 teach teach VB cord-018764-02l423mk 343 30 us -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 343 31 about about IN cord-018764-02l423mk 343 32 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 344 2 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 344 3 frequency frequency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 4 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 344 5 coding code VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 344 6 polymorphism polymorphism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 344 9 n n JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 344 10 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 344 11 terminal terminal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 344 12 domain domain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 14 ICAM-1 icam-1 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 15 predisposing predispose VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 344 16 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 17 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 344 18 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 20 Kenya Kenya NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 344 21 Induction Induction NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 344 22 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 23 cachectin cachectin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 344 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 344 25 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 26 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 27 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 344 29 synthesis synthesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 30 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 31 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 32 virus virus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 33 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 344 34 deficient deficient JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 344 35 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 36 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 37 endotoxin endotoxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 344 38 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 344 39 resistant resistant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 345 2 C3H C3H NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 345 3 / / SYM cord-018764-02l423mk 345 4 HEJ HEJ NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 345 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 345 6 macrophages macrophage VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 7 Induction induction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 9 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 10 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 345 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 12 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 13 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 345 14 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 15 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 16 A a NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 345 18 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 345 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 345 20 viruses virus NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 345 21 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 345 22 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 345 23 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 24 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 25 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 345 26 unusual unusual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 27 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 28 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 29 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 30 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 31 Recombinant recombinant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 32 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 33 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 34 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 35 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 36 administered administer VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 37 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 38 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 345 39 24-hour 24-hour JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 40 intravenous intravenous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 345 41 infusion infusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 345 42 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 346 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 346 2 phase phase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 3 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 346 4 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 346 5 pharmacologic pharmacologic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 346 6 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 7 Innate innate JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 346 8 immunity immunity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 9 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 10 malaria malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 346 11 IFNGR1 IFNGR1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 346 12 gene gene NN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 13 promoter promoter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 14 polymorphisms polymorphism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 346 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 346 16 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 17 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 346 18 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 346 19 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 347 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-018764-02l423mk 347 2 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 347 3 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 1 receptor-1 receptor-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 348 3 IFNAR1 ifnar1 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 348 5 variants variant NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 348 6 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 7 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 8 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 9 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 10 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 11 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 348 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 348 15 Gambia Gambia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 16 Interleukin-1 Interleukin-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 17 gene gene NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 18 cluster cluster NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 19 polymorphisms polymorphism NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 348 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 348 21 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 22 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 23 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 348 24 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 26 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 348 27 Gambian gambian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 348 28 case case NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 29 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 348 30 control control NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 31 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 32 Antimalarial Antimalarial NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 33 antibody antibody NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 34 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 348 35 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 348 36 IL-4 IL-4 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 37 polymorphism polymorphism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 38 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 39 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 348 40 Fulani Fulani NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 41 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 42 West West NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 43 Africa Africa NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 44 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 45 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 46 IL10 IL10 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 47 haplotypic haplotypic NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 348 48 associations association NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 348 49 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 50 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 348 51 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 348 52 HMG-1 HMG-1 . cord-018764-02l423mk 349 1 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 2 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 349 3 late late JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 4 mediator mediator NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 6 endotoxin endotoxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 7 lethality lethality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 9 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 349 10 High high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 11 mobility mobility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 12 group group NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 13 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 349 14 protein protein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 349 16 HMG-1 HMG-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 349 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 349 18 stimulates stimulate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 19 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 20 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 21 synthesis synthesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 22 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 23 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 24 monocytes monocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 349 25 Ethyl ethyl NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 26 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 27 protects protect VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 28 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 29 lethal lethal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 30 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 31 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 32 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 33 preventing prevent VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 349 34 HMGB1 HMGB1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 349 35 release release NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 36 HMGB-1 HMGB-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 349 37 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 38 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 349 39 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 40 target target NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 41 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 42 infectious infectious JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 43 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 349 44 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 45 disorders disorder NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 349 46 High high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 349 47 mobility mobility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 48 group group NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 49 box box NN cord-018764-02l423mk 349 50 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 349 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 349 52 HMGB1 HMGB1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 349 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 349 54 protein protein NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 349 55 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 350 1 possible possible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 350 2 amplification amplification NN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 3 signal signal NN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 5 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 350 6 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 7 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 8 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 9 malaria malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 350 10 Inhibition Inhibition NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 350 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 12 murine murine JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 350 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 350 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 350 15 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 350 16 chabaudi chabaudi NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 350 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 351 1 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 2 vivo vivo NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 3 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 4 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 5 interferon interferon NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 6 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 351 7 gamma gamma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 8 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 351 9 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 10 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 11 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 12 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 351 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 351 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 15 enhancement enhancement NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 16 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 17 butylated butylate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 18 hydroxyanisole hydroxyanisole NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 351 19 Killing kill VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 351 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 21 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 351 22 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 351 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 24 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 351 25 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 26 nitric nitric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 27 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 28 derivatives derivative NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 351 29 Influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 31 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 32 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 33 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 34 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 351 35 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 36 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 37 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 351 38 ability ability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 39 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 40 monocytes monocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 351 41 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 351 42 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 351 43 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 351 44 destroy destroy VB cord-018764-02l423mk 351 45 intraerythrocytic intraerythrocytic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 46 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 351 47 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 48 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 49 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 351 50 Immunity immunity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 51 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 52 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 53 after after IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 54 administration administration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 55 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 56 ultra ultra JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 57 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 58 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 59 doses dose NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 351 60 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 61 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 351 62 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 351 63 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 64 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 351 65 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 351 66 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 352 2 effect effect NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 4 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 352 5 monoclonal monoclonal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 352 6 antibody antibody NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 7 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 352 8 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 9 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 10 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 11 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 12 survival survival NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 13 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 14 childhood childhood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 15 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 352 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 17 Treatment treatment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 19 septic septic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 352 20 shock shock NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 21 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 352 23 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 24 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 25 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 26 receptor receptor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 352 27 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 353 1 Fc Fc NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 353 2 fusion fusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 3 protein protein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 4 Disease Disease NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 353 5 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 7 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 353 9 clinically clinically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 353 10 similar similar JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 353 11 conditions condition NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 353 12 Tumour tumour NN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 13 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 14 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 353 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 353 16 related related JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 353 17 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 354 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 354 2 phase phase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 3 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 354 4 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 354 5 trial trial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 7 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 354 8 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 354 9 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 10 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 11 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 12 Clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 354 13 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 354 14 can can MD cord-018764-02l423mk 354 15 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 354 16 predict predict VB cord-018764-02l423mk 354 17 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 354 18 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 19 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 20 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 21 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 354 22 differentiate differentiate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 354 23 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 354 24 infecting infect VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 354 25 species specie NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 354 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 27 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 354 28 living live VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 354 29 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 30 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 354 31 area area NN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 354 33 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 354 34 transmission transmission NN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 355 2 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 355 3 88-kD 88-kd CD cord-018764-02l423mk 355 4 membrane membrane NN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 5 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 355 7 CD36 CD36 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 355 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 355 9 functions function NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 355 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 11 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 355 12 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 13 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 355 14 receptor receptor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 15 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 16 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 355 17 cytoadherence cytoadherence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 18 ligand ligand NN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 19 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 20 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 355 21 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 22 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 355 23 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 355 24 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 356 1 Thrombospondin Thrombospondin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 356 2 binds bind VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 356 3 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 4 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 5 parasitized parasitize VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 6 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 356 7 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 356 8 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 356 9 mediate mediate VB cord-018764-02l423mk 356 10 cytoadherence cytoadherence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 11 Receptor receptor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 12 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 356 13 specific specific JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 356 14 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 356 16 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 356 17 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 19 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 356 20 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 356 21 Intercellular Intercellular NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 356 22 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 1 molecule-1 molecule-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 357 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 357 3 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 357 4 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 357 5 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 6 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 7 receptor receptor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 8 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 9 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 357 10 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 11 Human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 357 12 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 357 13 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 357 14 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 15 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 16 receptors receptor NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 357 17 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 18 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 357 19 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 20 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 357 21 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 357 22 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 357 23 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 358 1 roles role NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 358 2 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 3 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 4 leukocyte leukocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 5 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 6 molecule molecule NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 7 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 358 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 358 9 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 10 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 11 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 12 molecule molecule NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 13 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 358 14 Human Human NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 358 15 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 16 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 17 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 358 18 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 19 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 20 erythrocyte erythrocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 21 rosetting rosetting NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 358 23 lack lack NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 25 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 26 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 27 rosetting rosetting JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 28 antibodies antibody NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 358 29 Platelet platelet NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 30 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 358 31 mediated mediate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 32 clumping clumping NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 33 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 34 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 358 35 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 36 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 358 37 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 38 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 358 39 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 40 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 358 41 common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 42 adhesive adhesive NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 43 phonotype phonotype NN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 44 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 358 45 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 46 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 47 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 358 48 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 358 49 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 359 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 359 2 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 359 3 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 359 4 sense sense JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 359 5 mutation mutation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 359 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 359 7 Cd36 Cd36 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 360 1 gene gene NN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 2 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 360 3 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 4 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 5 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 6 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 7 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 360 8 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 9 Increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 10 plasma plasma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 11 concentrations concentration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 360 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 13 sICAM-1 sICAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 360 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 360 15 sVCAM-1 sVCAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 360 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 360 17 sELAM-1 sELAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 360 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 19 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 360 20 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 21 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 360 22 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 360 23 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 360 24 P. p. NN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 25 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 360 26 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 27 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 360 28 association association NN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 29 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 360 30 disease disease NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 360 31 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 1 Possible possible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 361 2 involvement involvement NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 4 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 361 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 6 diffuse diffuse JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 361 7 intravascular intravascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 361 8 coagulation coagulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 361 10 thrombosis thrombosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 11 Tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 12 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 14 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 361 16 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 361 17 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 18 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 361 19 expression expression NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 21 tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 22 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 23 pathway pathway NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 24 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 25 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 361 26 thrombomodulin thrombomodulin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 361 27 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 361 28 von von NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 361 29 Willebrand Willebrand NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 361 30 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 31 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 361 32 normal normal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 361 33 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 361 34 tissues tissue NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 362 1 Thrombin Thrombin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 362 2 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 362 3 activated activate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 362 4 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 362 5 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 362 6 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 362 7 support support VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 362 8 monocyte monocyte NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 362 9 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 362 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 362 11 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 362 12 following follow VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 362 13 expression expression NN cord-018764-02l423mk 362 14 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 362 15 intercellular intercellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 362 16 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 362 17 molecule-1 molecule-1 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 363 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 363 2 ICAM-1 ICAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 363 3 CD54 CD54 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 363 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 363 5 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 363 6 vascular vascular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 363 7 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 363 8 adhesion adhesion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 363 9 molecule-1 molecule-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 364 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 364 2 VCAM-1 VCAM-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 364 3 CD106 CD106 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 364 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 364 5 Thrombin Thrombin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 364 6 stimulates stimulate VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 364 7 proliferation proliferation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 8 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 9 liver liver NN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 10 fat fat NN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 11 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 364 12 storing store VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 364 13 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 364 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 364 15 expression expression NN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 16 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 17 monocyte monocyte NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 364 18 chemotactic chemotactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 364 19 protein-1 protein-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 364 20 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 364 21 potential potential JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 364 22 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 24 liver liver NN cord-018764-02l423mk 364 25 injury injury NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 1 Lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 2 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 3 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 365 4 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 5 debt debt NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 7 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 8 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 365 9 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 10 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 11 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 12 Red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 13 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 14 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 15 physiology physiology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 17 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 18 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 19 Anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 20 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 365 21 resistance resistance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 22 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 24 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 25 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 26 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 365 27 expressing express VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 365 28 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 29 tumour tumour NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 30 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 31 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 32 Physiological physiological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 33 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 365 34 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 35 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 365 36 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 37 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 38 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 39 Alterations alteration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 365 40 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 41 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 42 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 43 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 44 sodium sodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 45 transport transport NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 46 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 47 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 48 Changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 365 49 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 50 sodium sodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 51 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 365 52 potassium potassium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 53 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 365 54 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 365 55 adenosine adenosine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 56 triphosphate triphosphate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 57 contents content NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 365 58 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 59 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 60 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 61 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 365 62 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 63 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 365 64 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 365 65 septic septic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 365 66 shock shock NN cord-018764-02l423mk 366 1 Autocrine Autocrine NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 366 2 inhibition inhibition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 366 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 366 4 Na Na NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 366 5 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 366 6 /K /K . cord-018764-02l423mk 367 1 + + CC cord-018764-02l423mk 368 1 -ATPase -atpase IN cord-018764-02l423mk 368 2 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 368 3 nitric nitric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 368 4 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 368 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 368 6 mouse mouse NN cord-018764-02l423mk 368 7 proximal proximal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 368 8 tubule tubule NN cord-018764-02l423mk 368 9 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 368 10 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 369 1 Erythrocyte Erythrocyte NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 369 2 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 3 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 369 4 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 369 5 nitric nitric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 369 6 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 7 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 369 8 mediated mediate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 9 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 11 decreased decrease VBD cord-018764-02l423mk 369 12 capillary capillary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 369 13 density density NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 14 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 15 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 16 Sodium sodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 17 transport transport NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 18 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 369 19 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 369 20 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 21 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 22 Red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 369 23 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 24 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 25 physiology physiology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 369 27 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 369 28 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 370 1 Diminished diminish VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 370 2 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 370 3 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 370 4 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 370 5 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 370 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 370 7 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 370 8 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 370 9 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 370 10 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 371 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 371 2 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 3 report report NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 4 Alterations alteration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 371 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 6 capillary capillary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 7 flow flow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 8 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 9 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 10 Red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 11 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 12 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 13 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 15 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 371 17 experimental experimental JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 18 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 19 Prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 20 significance significance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 22 reduced reduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 23 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 24 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 25 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 26 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 27 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 28 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 29 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 30 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 31 Red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 32 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 33 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 34 deformability deformability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 35 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 36 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 371 37 predictor predictor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 38 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 39 anemia anemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 40 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 41 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 42 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 43 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 44 Bone Bone NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 371 45 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 46 changes change NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 371 47 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 48 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 49 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 50 Ineffective ineffective JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 51 erythropoiesis erythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 52 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 53 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 54 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 371 55 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 371 56 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 371 57 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 372 2 bone bone NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 3 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 4 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 5 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 372 6 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 372 7 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 8 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 372 9 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 10 sequestration sequestration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 11 within within IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 12 sinusoids sinusoid NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 372 13 Dyserythropoiesis Dyserythropoiesis NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 372 14 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 372 15 ineffective ineffective JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 372 16 erythropoiesis erythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 17 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 18 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 372 19 vivax vivax NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 20 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 21 Inhibiton Inhibiton NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 372 22 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 23 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 372 24 growth growth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 25 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 372 26 differentiation differentiation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 27 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 28 erythroid erythroid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 29 precursor precursor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 30 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 372 31 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 32 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 372 33 endotoxin endotoxin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 34 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 372 35 induced induce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 36 mediator mediator NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 37 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 38 peritoneal peritoneal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 372 39 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 372 40 Identity identity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 41 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 42 tumour tumour NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 43 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 372 44 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 373 1 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 373 2 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 373 3 macrophagesecreted macrophagesecrete VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 373 4 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 1 cachectin cachectin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 374 2 Tumour tumour NN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 3 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 4 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 5 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 374 6 contribute contribute VB cord-018764-02l423mk 374 7 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 8 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 374 9 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 12 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 13 causing cause VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 374 14 dyserythropoiesis dyserythropoiesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 374 15 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 374 16 erythrophagocytosis erythrophagocytosis NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 375 2 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 3 interleukin-10 interleukin-10 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 4 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 5 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 6 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 7 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 375 8 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 9 ratio ratio NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 10 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 11 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 12 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 14 anemia anemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 15 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 16 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 17 residing reside VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 375 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 19 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 375 20 holoendemic holoendemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 21 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 22 region region NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 24 western western JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 25 Kenya Kenya NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 26 Reduced Reduced NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 27 interleukin-12 interleukin-12 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 28 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 375 29 transforming transform VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 375 30 growth growth NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 31 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 32 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 375 33 beta1 beta1 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 34 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 35 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 36 childhood childhood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 37 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 38 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 375 39 relationship relationship NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 40 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 41 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 42 balance balance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 43 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 44 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 45 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 46 Plasma plasma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 47 interleukin-10 interleukin-10 NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 48 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 375 49 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 50 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 51 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 375 53 TNF)-alpha tnf)-alpha CD cord-018764-02l423mk 375 54 ratio ratio NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 55 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 56 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 57 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 58 TNF tnf NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 59 promoter promoter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 60 variants variant NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 61 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 375 62 predicts predict VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 63 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 64 complications complication NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 65 Absolute absolute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 66 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 67 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 375 68 ratios ratio NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 69 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 70 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 71 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 375 72 anti anti JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 73 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 74 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 75 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 76 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 77 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 78 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 375 79 predict predict VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 80 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 81 immunity immunity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 82 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 83 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 84 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 85 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 86 Low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 87 interleukin-12 interleukin-12 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 375 88 activity activity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 89 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 90 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 91 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 92 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 93 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 94 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 95 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 96 anemia anemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 97 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 98 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 99 increased increase VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 100 soluble soluble JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 101 Fas Fas NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 102 ligand ligand NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 103 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 375 104 sFasL sFasL NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 105 ) ) -RRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 375 106 concentrations concentration NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 107 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 108 Gabonese gabonese JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 109 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 110 Bone Bone NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 111 marrow marrow NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 112 suppression suppression NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 113 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 375 114 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 115 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 116 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 117 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 118 persistent persistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 119 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 120 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 121 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 122 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 123 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 124 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 125 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 126 microscopically microscopically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 375 127 undetectable undetectable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 128 parasitaemia parasitaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 129 Macrophage Macrophage NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 130 migration migration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 131 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 375 132 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 133 release release NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 134 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 135 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 136 after after IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 137 ingestion ingestion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 138 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 139 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 140 chabaudi chabaudi NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 375 141 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 375 142 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 375 143 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 375 144 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 376 1 Possible possible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 376 2 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 3 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 4 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 376 5 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 6 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 7 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 376 8 anemia anemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 9 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 376 10 critical critical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 376 11 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 12 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 376 14 host host NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 15 mediator mediator NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 16 macrophage macrophage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 17 migration migration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 18 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 376 19 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 21 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 376 22 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 23 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 24 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 376 25 anemia anemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 26 Cytopathic cytopathic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 376 27 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 376 28 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 377 1 Mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 377 2 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 3 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 4 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 5 contributing contribute VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 377 6 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 7 organ organ NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 8 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 9 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 10 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 11 Evaluation Evaluation NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 377 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 13 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 377 14 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 16 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 377 17 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 19 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 377 20 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 1 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 378 2 hypoxic hypoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 378 3 marker marker NN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 378 5 18 18 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 378 6 F]fluoromisonidazole F]fluoromisonidazole NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 378 7 Skeletal skeletal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 378 8 muscle muscle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 9 partial partial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 378 10 pressure pressure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 12 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 13 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 14 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 378 15 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 16 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 17 Cytopathic cytopathic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 378 18 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 378 20 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 379 2 global global JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 3 approach approach NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 4 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 5 energy energy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 6 metabolism metabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 8 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 379 9 experimental experimental JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 10 model model NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 12 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 13 Mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 14 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 15 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 16 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 379 17 long long JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 18 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 379 19 term term NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 20 rodent rodent NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 21 model model NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 22 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 23 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 379 25 organ organ NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 26 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 27 Association Association NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 379 28 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 29 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 30 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 31 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 379 32 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 33 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 379 34 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 36 septic septic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 37 shock shock NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 38 Mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 39 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 40 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 41 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 379 42 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 43 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 44 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 45 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 379 46 An an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 379 47 EPR EPR NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 379 48 interrogation interrogation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 49 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 50 individual individual JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 51 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 52 chain chain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 53 components component NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 379 54 Elevated elevated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 55 tumour tumour NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 56 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 57 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 58 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 59 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 379 60 interleukin-6 interleukin-6 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 379 61 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 62 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 379 63 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 64 markers marker NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 379 65 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 66 complicated complicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 67 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 379 68 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 69 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 70 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 379 71 concentration concentration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 72 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 73 fatal fatal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 74 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 75 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 379 76 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 77 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 78 fatal fatal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 79 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 80 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 379 81 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 379 82 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 83 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 379 84 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 85 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 86 Mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 87 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 88 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 379 89 glutamate glutamate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 90 excitotoxicity excitotoxicity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 91 studied study VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 92 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 93 primary primary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 94 neuronal neuronal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 95 cultures culture NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 379 96 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 379 97 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 98 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 99 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 379 100 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 101 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 102 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 103 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 379 104 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 105 animals animal NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 379 106 capable capable JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 107 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 108 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 379 109 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 379 110 in in FW cord-018764-02l423mk 379 111 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 379 112 oxidative oxidative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 113 metabolism metabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 114 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 115 normal normal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 379 116 liver liver NN cord-018764-02l423mk 379 117 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 380 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 380 2 inhibition inhibition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 4 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 380 5 respiration respiration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 6 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 380 7 oxidative oxidative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 380 8 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 9 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 10 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 11 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 13 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 380 14 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 380 15 animals animal NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 380 16 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 381 1 II II NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 381 2 . . . cord-018764-02l423mk 382 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 382 2 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 382 3 activity activity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 382 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 382 5 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 382 6 ultrafitrates ultrafitrate NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 382 7 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 382 8 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 382 9 knowlesi knowlesi RB cord-018764-02l423mk 382 10 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 382 11 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 382 12 monkeys monkey NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 383 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 383 2 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 4 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 383 5 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 6 Acid acid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 7 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 383 8 base base NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 9 status status NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 11 paediatric paediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 383 12 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 383 13 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 14 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 15 Lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 383 16 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 383 18 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 19 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 20 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 383 21 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 22 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 383 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 383 24 -pathophysiological -pathophysiological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 383 25 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 383 26 prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 383 27 significance significance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 384 2 significance significance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 4 type type NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 5 B b NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 6 hyperlactataemia hyperlactataemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 8 infective infective JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 384 9 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 10 Characterisation Characterisation NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 384 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 12 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 384 13 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 14 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 15 Kenyan kenyan JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 384 16 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 384 17 admitted admit VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 18 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 19 hospital hospital NN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 20 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 384 21 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 384 22 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 384 23 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 384 24 surgical surgical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 384 25 conditions condition NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 385 1 Protons proton NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 385 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 385 3 ischemia ischemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 385 4 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 386 1 where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 386 2 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 386 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 386 4 come come VB cord-018764-02l423mk 386 5 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 386 6 ; ; : cord-018764-02l423mk 386 7 where where WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 386 8 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 386 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-018764-02l423mk 386 10 go go VB cord-018764-02l423mk 386 11 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 386 12 ? ? . cord-018764-02l423mk 387 1 Reevaluation reevaluation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 2 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 3 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 387 4 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 6 cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 387 7 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 387 9 bioenergetic bioenergetic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 387 10 failure failure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 12 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 13 Does do VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 387 14 tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 15 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 17 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 18 indicate indicate VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 387 19 tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 20 hypoperfusion hypoperfusion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 387 21 ? ? . cord-018764-02l423mk 388 1 Association association NN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 2 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 3 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 4 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 5 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 388 6 acidbase acidbase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 7 status status NN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 388 9 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 11 ventilated ventilate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 388 12 babies baby NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 389 1 Ultimate ultimate JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 389 2 survival survival NN cord-018764-02l423mk 389 3 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 389 4 septic septic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 389 5 shock shock NN cord-018764-02l423mk 389 6 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 389 7 hypoglycemia hypoglycemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 389 8 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 389 9 hyperinsulinemia hyperinsulinemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 389 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 389 11 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 1 malaria malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 390 2 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 390 3 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 390 4 fluids fluid NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 390 5 -balancing -balancing NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 6 acts act VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 390 7 Thiamine Thiamine NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 390 8 deficiency deficiency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 390 10 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 11 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 12 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 390 13 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 14 southeast southeast JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 390 15 Asia Asia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 390 16 Lactate Lactate NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 390 17 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 18 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 390 19 lactic lactic NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 20 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 21 Lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 390 22 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 23 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 24 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 390 25 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 391 1 another another DT cord-018764-02l423mk 391 2 commentary commentary NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 3 Dichloroacetate Dichloroacetate NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 391 4 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 5 lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 391 6 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 8 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 391 9 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 10 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 391 11 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 391 12 pharmacokinetic pharmacokinetic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 391 13 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 391 14 pharmacodynamic pharmacodynamic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 391 15 assessment assessment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 16 A A NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 391 17 controlled control VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 18 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 391 19 trial trial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 20 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 21 dichloroacetate dichloroacetate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 22 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 23 treatment treatment NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 25 lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 391 26 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 27 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 391 28 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 392 1 Protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 2 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 3 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 5 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 392 6 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 7 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 8 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 9 Brain Brain NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 392 10 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 11 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 392 12 not not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 392 13 glucose glucose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 14 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 392 15 fuels fuel VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 392 16 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 392 17 recovery recovery NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 19 synaptic synaptic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 392 20 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 21 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 22 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 23 upon upon IN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 24 reoxygenation reoxygenation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 392 25 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 393 1 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 393 2 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 393 3 vitro vitro FW cord-018764-02l423mk 393 4 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 2 effect effect NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 4 intravenous intravenous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 5 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 6 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 7 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 8 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 9 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 10 hypoglycaemia hypoglycaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 11 Lactate Lactate NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 394 12 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 13 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 14 pivotal pivotal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 15 element element NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 17 neuron neuron NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 18 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 394 19 glia glia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 20 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 21 cooperation cooperation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 22 Unaccounted unaccounte VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 23 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 24 anion anion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 26 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 27 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 28 during during IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 29 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 30 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 31 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 32 humans human NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 394 33 Unmeasured unmeasured JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 34 anions anion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 394 35 identified identify VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 36 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 37 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 38 Fencl Fencl NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 394 39 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 394 40 Stewart Stewart NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 394 41 method method NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 42 predict predict VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 394 43 mortality mortality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 44 better well RBR cord-018764-02l423mk 394 45 than than IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 46 base base NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 47 excess excess NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 48 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 394 49 anion anion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 50 gap gap NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 51 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 394 52 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 394 53 lactate lactate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 54 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 55 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 394 56 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 57 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 58 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 59 intensive intensive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 60 care care NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 61 unit unit NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 62 Unidentified unidentified JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 63 acids acid NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 394 64 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 65 strong strong JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 66 prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 67 significance significance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 68 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 69 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 70 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 71 Glucose glucose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 72 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 73 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 74 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 394 75 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 76 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 77 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 78 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 394 79 precursor precursor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 80 supply supply NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 81 limits limit VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 82 gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 83 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 394 84 glucose glucose NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 85 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 86 Hypoglycemia hypoglycemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 87 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 88 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 89 manifestation manifestation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 90 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 91 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 92 Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 394 93 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 94 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 95 important important JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 96 complication complication NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 97 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 98 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 99 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 100 Severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 101 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 102 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 103 Intracranial intracranial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 104 pressure pressure NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 105 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 106 childhood childhood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 107 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 108 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 109 Intracranial intracranial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 110 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 111 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 112 Africans Africans NNPS cord-018764-02l423mk 394 113 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 114 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 115 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 116 Prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 117 significance significance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 118 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 394 119 course course NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 120 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 121 retinopathy retinopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 122 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 123 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 394 124 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 125 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 126 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 127 Blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 128 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 394 129 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 130 barrier barrier NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 131 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 132 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 133 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 134 Breaking break VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 394 135 down down RP cord-018764-02l423mk 394 136 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 137 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 138 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 394 139 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 140 barrier barrier NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 141 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 394 142 signaling signal VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 394 143 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 394 144 path path NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 145 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 146 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 394 147 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 394 148 ? ? . cord-018764-02l423mk 395 1 Evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 2 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 3 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 4 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 395 5 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 6 barrier barrier NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 7 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 8 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 9 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 10 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 11 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 12 Function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 14 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 395 15 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 16 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 395 17 cerebrospinal cerebrospinal VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 395 18 fluid fluid JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 19 barrier barrier NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 20 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 21 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 22 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 24 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 395 25 rejection rejection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 26 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 27 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 395 28 permeability permeability NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 29 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 30 Blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 31 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 395 32 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 33 barrier barrier NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 34 function function NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 35 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 36 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 37 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 38 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 395 39 CNS CNS NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 395 40 infections infection NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 395 41 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 42 Vietnam Vietnam NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 395 43 Edema Edema NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 395 44 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 395 45 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 46 trauma trauma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 47 Clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 48 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 395 49 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 50 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 51 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 52 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 53 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 395 54 highlands highlands NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 395 55 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 56 southwestern southwestern JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 57 Uganda Uganda NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 395 58 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 395 59 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 395 60 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 61 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 395 62 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 63 Outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 64 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 65 stroke stroke NN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 66 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 395 67 Saudi saudi JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 395 68 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 396 1 Brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 2 swelling swelling NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 3 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 396 4 ischaemia ischaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 6 Kenyans Kenyans NNPS cord-018764-02l423mk 396 7 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 8 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 396 9 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 10 Tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 11 distribution distribution NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 13 migration migration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 14 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 396 15 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 16 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 396 17 inducible inducible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 396 18 nitric nitric NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 19 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 20 synthase synthase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 22 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 24 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 396 25 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 27 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 396 28 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 396 29 Induction Induction NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 396 30 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 31 HO-1 HO-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 396 32 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 33 tissue tissue NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 34 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 396 35 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 396 36 monocytes monocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 396 37 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 38 fatal fatal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 396 39 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 40 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 41 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 396 42 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 43 Tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 44 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 45 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 46 production production NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 47 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 48 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 49 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 50 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 396 51 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018764-02l423mk 396 52 association association NN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 53 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 396 54 schizont schizont NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 396 55 rupture rupture NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 1 Distinct distinct JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 397 2 patterns pattern NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 397 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 4 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 5 regulation regulation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 6 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 7 discrete discrete JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 397 8 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 397 9 forms form NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 397 10 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 11 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 397 12 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 14 Tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 15 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 16 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 17 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 18 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 19 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 397 20 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 22 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 397 23 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 24 Variation variation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 26 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 397 27 TNF TNF NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 397 28 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 397 29 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 30 promoter promoter NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 31 region region NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 32 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 33 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 34 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 35 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 397 36 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 397 37 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 1 Possible possible JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 2 central central JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 3 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 5 nitric nitric JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 6 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 8 conditions condition NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 398 9 clinically clinically RB cord-018764-02l423mk 398 10 similar similar JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 11 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 12 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 14 Nitric nitric NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 15 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 16 potently potently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 398 17 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 398 18 reversibly reversibly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 398 19 deenergizes deenergize VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 20 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 398 21 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 22 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 23 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 24 tension tension NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 25 Tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 26 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 27 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 28 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 398 29 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 30 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 398 31 lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 32 enhance enhance VB cord-018764-02l423mk 398 33 interferoninduced interferoninduce VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 34 antichlamydial antichlamydial NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 398 35 indoleamine indoleamine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 36 dioxygenase dioxygenase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 37 activity activity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 38 independently independently RB cord-018764-02l423mk 398 39 Lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharide NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 398 40 induction induction NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 41 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 42 indoleamine indoleamine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 43 2,3-dioxygenase 2,3-dioxygenase NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 398 44 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 45 mediated mediate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 46 dominantly dominantly RB cord-018764-02l423mk 398 47 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 48 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 398 49 IFN IFN NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 398 50 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 398 51 gamma gamma NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 52 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 398 53 independent independent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 54 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 55 Metabolites metabolite NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 398 56 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 57 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 398 58 kynurenine kynurenine JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 59 pathway pathway NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 60 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 61 tryptophan tryptophan NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 62 metabolism metabolism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 63 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 64 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 398 65 cerebrospinal cerebrospinal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 66 fluid fluid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 67 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 68 Malawian malawian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 69 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 398 70 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 71 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 72 Cerebrospinal cerebrospinal NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 73 fluid fluid JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 74 studies study NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 398 75 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 76 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 398 77 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 78 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 79 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 80 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 398 81 An an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 398 82 excitotoxic excitotoxic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 398 83 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 398 84 ? ? . cord-018764-02l423mk 399 1 Does do VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 399 2 malarial malarial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 399 3 tolerance tolerance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 4 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 399 5 through through IN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 6 nitric nitric NN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 7 oxide oxide NN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 8 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 399 9 explain explain VB cord-018764-02l423mk 399 10 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 399 11 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 399 12 incidence incidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 13 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 14 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 399 15 disease disease NN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 16 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 399 17 tropical tropical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 399 18 Africa Africa NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 400 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 400 2 role role NN cord-018764-02l423mk 400 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 400 4 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 400 5 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 400 6 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 400 7 vivax vivax JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 400 8 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 401 2 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 3 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 4 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 5 septic septic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 401 6 illness illness NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 7 Tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 8 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 9 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 10 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 11 antibody antibody NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 12 prevents prevent VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 401 13 brain brain NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 14 damage damage NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 16 rats rat NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 401 17 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 18 acute acute JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 401 19 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 401 20 pancreatitis pancreatitis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 21 Progress Progress NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 401 22 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 23 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 401 24 neurosciences neuroscience NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 401 25 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 401 26 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 27 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 401 28 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 29 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 30 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 401 31 evolving evolve VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 401 32 concepts concept NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 401 33 Influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 34 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 401 35 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 36 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 401 37 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 402 1 No no DT cord-018764-02l423mk 402 2 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 3 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 4 neuroinvasion neuroinvasion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 5 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 7 virus virus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 8 nor nor CC cord-018764-02l423mk 402 9 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 10 reactivation reactivation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 11 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 12 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 402 13 herpesvirus herpesvirus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 14 6 6 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 402 15 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 402 16 7 7 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 402 17 Encephalitis encephaliti NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 402 18 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 402 19 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 20 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 21 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 22 an an DT cord-018764-02l423mk 402 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 24 epidemic epidemic NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 25 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 26 Japan Japan NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 402 27 Cerebrospinal Cerebrospinal NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 402 28 fluid fluid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 29 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 402 30 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 31 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 402 32 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 33 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 402 34 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 402 35 soluble soluble JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 402 36 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 37 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 38 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 39 receptor receptor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 40 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 41 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 42 virus virus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 43 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 402 44 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 45 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 46 Analysis analysis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 47 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 48 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 49 levels level NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 402 50 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 402 51 NF-[kappa]B nf-[kappa]b CD cord-018764-02l423mk 402 52 activation activation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 53 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 54 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 402 55 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 56 mononuclear mononuclear NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 57 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 402 58 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 59 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 60 virus virus NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 61 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 402 62 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 63 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 64 Cytochrome cytochrome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 65 c c NN cord-018764-02l423mk 402 66 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 403 1 tumor tumor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 2 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 3 factor factor NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 4 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 403 5 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 6 values value NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 403 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 8 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 9 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 403 10 cerebrospinal cerebrospinal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 403 11 fluid fluid NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 12 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 13 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 403 14 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 15 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 16 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 403 17 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 18 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 19 High high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 403 20 concentration concentration NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 21 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 22 serum serum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 23 nitrite/ nitrite/ CD cord-018764-02l423mk 403 24 nitrate nitrate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 25 obtained obtain VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 26 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 27 patients patient NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 403 28 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 29 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 30 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 403 31 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 32 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 33 Apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 34 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 403 35 microglial microglial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 403 36 activation activation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 37 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 38 influenza influenza NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 39 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 40 Pathogenesis Pathogenesis NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 403 41 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 403 42 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 403 43 features feature NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 403 44 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 403 45 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 403 46 neurological neurological JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 403 47 outcome outcome NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 48 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 49 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 403 50 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 51 Antibodies antibody NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 403 52 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 403 53 voltage voltage VB cord-018764-02l423mk 403 54 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 403 55 gated gate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 56 calcium calcium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 57 channels channel NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 403 58 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 59 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 403 60 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 61 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 403 62 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 404 1 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 404 2 rate rate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 404 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 404 4 mutation mutation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 404 5 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 404 6 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 404 7 genes gene NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 405 1 Common common JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 2 west west JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 3 African African NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 4 HLA HLA NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 5 antigens antigen NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 405 6 are be VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 7 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 8 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 9 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 10 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 11 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 12 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 13 Hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 14 C C NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 15 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 16 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 17 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 18 from from IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 19 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 20 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 21 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 22 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 405 23 Dogon Dogon NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 25 Mali Mali NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 26 , , , cord-018764-02l423mk 405 27 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 405 28 West west JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 29 African african JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 30 population population NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 31 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 32 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 405 33 low low JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 34 prevalence prevalence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 36 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 37 S S NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 38 Haemoglobin Haemoglobin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 39 C C NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 40 protects protect VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 41 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 42 clinical clinical JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 43 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 44 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 45 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 46 Influence influence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 47 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 48 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 49 E e NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 50 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 51 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 52 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 405 53 severity severity NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 54 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 55 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 56 malaria malaria NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 57 Natural Natural NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 58 selection selection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 59 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 60 hemi hemi NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 61 - - : cord-018764-02l423mk 405 62 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 405 63 heterozygotes heterozygote NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 405 64 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 65 G6PD G6PD NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 66 deficiency deficiency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 67 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 68 Africa Africa NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 69 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 70 resistance resistance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 71 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 72 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 73 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 74 Cellular cellular JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 75 mechanism mechanism NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 76 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 77 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 405 78 protective protective JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 79 effect effect NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 80 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 81 haemoglobin haemoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 82 S S NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 83 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 84 P. P. NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 405 85 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 86 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 87 Early early JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 88 phagocytosis phagocytosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 89 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 405 90 glucose-6-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 405 91 dehydrogenase dehydrogenase NN cord-018764-02l423mk 406 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018764-02l423mk 406 2 G6PD)-deficient G6PD)-deficient NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 406 3 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 406 4 parasitized parasitize VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 406 5 by by IN cord-018764-02l423mk 406 6 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 406 7 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 406 8 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 406 9 explain explain VB cord-018764-02l423mk 406 10 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 406 11 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 406 12 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 406 13 G6PD G6PD NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 406 14 deficiency deficiency NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 1 Lymphoproliferative lymphoproliferative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 2 responses response NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 3 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 4 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 5 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 6 antigens antigen NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 7 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 8 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 9 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 10 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 407 11 without without IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 12 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 13 sickle sickle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 14 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 15 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 16 Abnormal abnormal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 17 display display NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 19 PfEMP-1 PfEMP-1 NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 20 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 21 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 22 carrying carry VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 407 23 haemoglobin haemoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 24 C C NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 25 may may MD cord-018764-02l423mk 407 26 protect protect VB cord-018764-02l423mk 407 27 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 28 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 29 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 30 new new JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 31 look look NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 32 at at IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 33 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 34 protection protection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 35 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 36 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 37 AS AS NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 38 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 407 39 AC ac NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 40 genotypes genotype NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 41 against against IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 42 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 43 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 44 infection infection NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 45 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 407 46 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 47 census census NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 48 tract tract NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 49 approach approach NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 50 Hemoglobin Hemoglobin NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 51 C C NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 52 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 407 53 resistance resistance NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 54 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 55 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 56 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 57 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 58 Ghanaian ghanaian JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 59 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 60 Red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 61 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 62 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 63 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 64 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 65 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 407 66 red red JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 67 blood blood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 68 cells cell NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 69 that that WDT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 70 do do VBP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 71 n't not RB cord-018764-02l423mk 407 72 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 407 73 how how WRB cord-018764-02l423mk 407 74 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 407 75 resist resist VB cord-018764-02l423mk 407 76 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 77 persistent persistent JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 78 parasite parasite NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 79 The the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 80 effect effect NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 81 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 82 alpha+-thalassaemia alpha+-thalassaemia NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 83 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 84 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 85 incidence incidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 86 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 87 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 88 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 407 89 other other JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 90 diseases disease NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 91 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 92 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 93 living live VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 407 94 on on IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 95 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 96 coast coast NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 97 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 98 Kenya Kenya NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 99 High High NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 100 incidence incidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 101 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 102 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 103 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 104 alpha alpha JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 105 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 407 106 thalassaemic thalassaemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 107 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 108 High high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 109 prevalence prevalence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 110 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 111 human human JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 112 antibodies antibody NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 113 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 114 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 115 Duffy Duffy NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 116 binding binding NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 117 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 407 118 like like JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 119 alpha alpha NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 120 domains domain NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 121 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 122 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 123 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 124 falciparum falciparum NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 125 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 407 126 infected infect VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 127 erythrocyte erythrocyte NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 128 membrane membrane NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 129 protein protein NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 130 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 407 131 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 132 semi semi JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 133 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 134 immune immune JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 135 adults adult NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 136 compared compare VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 137 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 138 that that DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 139 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 140 non non JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 141 - - JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 142 immune immune JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 143 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 144 Seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 145 childhood childhood NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 146 anaemia anaemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 147 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 148 West West NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 149 Africa Africa NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 407 150 is be VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 151 associated associate VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 152 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 153 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 154 haptoglobin haptoglobin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 155 2 2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 407 156 - - SYM cord-018764-02l423mk 407 157 2 2 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 407 158 genotype genotype NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 159 Negative negative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 160 epistasis epistasis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 161 between between IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 162 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 163 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 164 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 407 165 protective protective JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 166 effects effect NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 167 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 168 alpha(+)-thalassemia alpha(+)-thalassemia NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 169 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 407 170 the the DT cord-018764-02l423mk 407 171 sickle sickle NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 172 cell cell NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 173 trait trait NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 174 Reversing reverse VBG cord-018764-02l423mk 407 175 established establish VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 176 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 177 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 178 antagonists antagonist NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 179 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 180 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 181 high high JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 182 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 407 183 mobility mobility NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 184 group group NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 185 box box NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 186 1 1 CD cord-018764-02l423mk 407 187 Ethyl ethyl NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 188 pyruvate pyruvate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 189 prevents prevent VBZ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 190 lethality lethality NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 191 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 192 mice mouse NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 407 193 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 194 established establish VBN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 195 lethal lethal JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 196 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 407 197 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 407 198 systemic systemic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 407 199 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 1 Randomized randomized JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 408 2 trial trial NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 3 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 4 volume volume NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 5 expansion expansion NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 6 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 7 albumin albumin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 8 or or CC cord-018764-02l423mk 408 9 saline saline NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 10 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 11 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 408 12 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 13 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 408 14 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 15 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 408 16 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 408 17 evidence evidence NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 18 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 19 albumin albumin NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 20 benefit benefit NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 21 Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 408 22 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 408 23 pharmacodynamics pharmacodynamic NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 408 24 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 25 dichloroacetate dichloroacetate NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 26 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 27 children child NNS cord-018764-02l423mk 408 28 with with IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 29 lactic lactic JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 408 30 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 31 due due IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 32 to to IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 33 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 408 34 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 35 Oxidative oxidative JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 408 36 stress stress NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 37 and and CC cord-018764-02l423mk 408 38 rheology rheology NN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 39 in in IN cord-018764-02l423mk 408 40 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 408 41 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 1 A a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 409 2 pilot pilot NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 3 study study NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 4 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 5 N N NNP cord-018764-02l423mk 409 6 - - HYPH cord-018764-02l423mk 409 7 acetylcysteine acetylcysteine NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 8 as as IN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 9 adjunctive adjunctive JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 409 10 therapy therapy NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 11 for for IN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 12 severe severe JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 409 13 malaria malaria NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 14 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 15 of of IN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 16 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 409 17 activation activation NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 18 : : : cord-018764-02l423mk 409 19 a a DT cord-018764-02l423mk 409 20 new new JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 409 21 way way NN cord-018764-02l423mk 409 22 to to TO cord-018764-02l423mk 409 23 treat treat VB cord-018764-02l423mk 409 24 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018764-02l423mk 409 25 malaria malaria NN