cord-000083-3p81yr4n	2009	R. China Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the early virologic response for prediction of achievement of HBeAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negativity after two years of lamivudine treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods: A total of 620 patients who tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and were referred to Chiba University Hospital between February 1985 and March 2008 were included in the study, and their following characteristics were analyzed: age, gender, the status of HBeAg, ALT, HBV-DNA level, and PLT. Methods: A total of 60 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 32 (53.3%) were HBeAg positive (group A) while 28(46.7%) were HBeAg negative (group B) were included in this study after meeting the following criteria: age 18 to 60 years, HBsAg positive for more than 6 months, serum HBV-DNA was >5 log(10) copies/mL and ALT more than two times the upper normal limit.
cord-000843-e1bn79ui	2011	The role of radiology includes (a) characterisation of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses, (b) staging as guidance for surgery and treatment planning (including identification of sites of non optimal resectabilty) in suspected ovarian cancer, (c) assessment of recurrent disease, and (d) in selected cases image-guided biopsy. The association of multiple markers of structural and functional imaging (MRI and PET) and the use of advanced computational analysis techniques will allow better management of AD but it needs a broader validation and know the most efficient combination of biomarkers at each stage of the disease, including the preclinical period. Although the basic techniques for DCE-CT have been available for decades, more recently a range of technological advances have contributed to the greater applicability of perfusion CT in the clinical environment including wider CT detectors, shorter gantry rotation times, ''table-toggling'', radiation dose reduction and software corrections for image mis-registration due to respiratory or other patient motion.
cord-001221-due9tloa	2014	In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint.
cord-002514-pp06m5xk	2017	title: Impact of Outpatient Neuraminidase Inhibitor Treatment in Patients Infected With Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 at High Risk of Hospitalization: An Individual Participant Data Metaanalysis While evidence exists to support the effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) in reducing mortality when given to hospitalized patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection, the impact of outpatient treatment on hospitalization has not been clearly established. In patients with laboratory-confirmed or clinically diagnosed A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza, after adjustment for community-based antibiotic treatment and propensity score, the likelihood of hospital admission in patients with outpatient or community-based NAI treatment was 0.24 (95% CI, 0.20-0.30) when compared to no NAI treatment in the community (Table 2) . Our main findings ( Table 2) suggest that NAI treatment in the community for patients with severe pandemic influenza substantially reduced the likelihood of hospital admission due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data
cord-003372-cpl7zf7f	2018	METHODS: This retrospective, single center study (2013–2016, 45 months) addressed the criteria supporting treatment decision among adults with NTM lung disease without systemic immunodeficiency at our institution, with the assigned goal to harmonize the practice. Patients'' characteristics at diagnosis were collected in order to perform analysis on 146 selected variables: demographics; history of predisposing factors; underlying pulmonary diseases; comorbidities; pulmonary function testing; respiratory bacterial or mycological co-infection(s), which definition was similar to NTM criteria, namely positive culture isolation of the same species from at least two separate expectorated sputum samples or a positive culture result from at least one bronchial wash or lavage; immunologic status; nutritional status; clinical features; microbiologic assessment through identification of NTM species on positive NTM cultures and sample culture conversions; radiologic features on high-resolution CT-scans (fibrocavitary disease or nodular/bronchiectasis disease); prior treatment for NTM lung disease, treatment combination and duration; outcome.
cord-004073-k6ad4qgu	2019	However, Kabir & Tanimoto [54] claimed that an individual''s decision to take a vaccination after social learning (dynamical behaviour) also occurs on local time scales, so this strategy should be updated instantly. To model the social dual-dilemma as a two-stage game, the pre-emptive vaccination and ex post treatment are developed in the framework of SIR epidemic dynamics in a well-mixed population (figure 1). Based on a feedback loop between the resistance evolution and prescription norm, the game approach establishes a social learning dynamical process that somehow controls the optimum use of the antiviral treatment. Consequently, the treatment game is expressed by the following DC dynamics: Considering the defined payoff structure and the portion of individuals presented in table 2, the social average payoff π , expected value of vaccinators π C and expected value of nonvaccinators π D are, respectively, given by
cord-005105-twsy61oq	2015	Th e present study is based on a retrospective analysis of a database of over 600 patients (age range 17-57 years) who met the consensus criteria for bacterial prostatitis, 75% of whom had dysuria, 35% perineal discomfort, 60% had obstructive luts, 37% infertility of unknown etiology, 10% erectile dysfunction and 25% recurrent infection of the partner. Further research is needed to determine to assess whether localization of small volume disease on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT can improve diagnostic algorithms and outcomes in patients with recurrent PCa. Introduction and Objective: To assess long-term results of salvage pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in prostate cancer (PC) patients (pts) with biochemical recurrence aft er primary local treatment and confi rmed solitary lymph node (LN) metastases.
cord-005814-ak5pq312	1995	Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life.
cord-005816-i54q5gsu	2009	Several factors such as the initial lack of symptoms, a low diagnostic sensitivity of the CT (34% false negatives), and the nonoperative management of solid organ injuries, have contributed to a delayed diagnosis in one of every five patients in our series, but this has not led to a significant increase in septic complications in this group. Method: The demographic features, the treatments, the intensity of the illness and mortality rate of the 155 patients in Afyon Kocatepe University General Surgery clinic between the years 2006 Background: Enterocutaneous fistula continues to be a serious surgical problem. Introduction: In our previous study, we examined the treatment results of burn patients older than 45 years, and found a significant increase in mortality with increasing age groups. Methods: Data on emergency surgical cases and admissions to the surgical service over a 3-month period were collected and analyzed; this included patient demographics, referral sources, diagnosis, operation, and length of stay (LOS Conclusion: Emergency workload represents a significant part of the work for the general surgeons.
cord-005881-oswgjaxz	2010	Prospective case series with historical control group.(Level III) Results: Preliminary data indicate: *a shorter time on ventilator than anticipated (based on comparisson to historical data) * a shorter time on ICU * less pneumoniae * no intra-operative complications * good healing results of the rib fractures * no implant failures * acceptable pain scores * good overal satisfaction * acceptable cosmetic results Conclusion: Internal fixation of rib fractures (flair chest or multiple sequential fractures with pulmonary function compromise) results in a earlier recuperation of pulmonary function with shortened ICU stay. (Regional Association Sanitary Emergencies) Material and Methods: The ARES, whose members are about 600, all over the nation, is configured as an extraordinary health resource, activated by the National Civil Defence operations centre, in according with the Regional centre of Marche, in disater situations Results: The main objectives of ARES are training and organization of medical staff and structures and its growth crosses several missions including: AE Earthquake in Molise, 2002 Introduction: Cephalomedullary nails rely on a large lag screw that provides fixation into the femoral head.
cord-005902-5zuij5i3	2008	As a consequence, early clinical diagnoses with thorough surgical debridement of the infected liquid necrotic fascia as well as correct antibiotic treatment are needed. An amputation in the extremities is not the primary treatment, but in cases where the whole tissue is necrotic and most muscles involved, this might be the only option to stop further spreading and systemic sepsis with multiple organ failure. After primary intensive care and control of the infection and sepsis (mostly after 1 week) reconstructive procedures are initialized reaching from secondary wound closure and skin grafting to flap coverage saving viable tissue and restore function. Besides the basic treatment including intensive care medicine and surgical debridement numerous adjuvant therapies have been recommended with respect to the systemic management of these infections as well as possibilities for local wound treatment. Conclusion Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a life threatening soft tissue infection, characterized by foudroyant spreading necrosis of the involved fascias.
cord-006229-7yoilsho	2016	It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1).
cord-006435-4o8uu6d5	2009	Although convincing evidence is lacking for the use of IVIg in view of the severity and the refractory nature of several cases of Evans'' syndrome, IVIg may be considered among the treatment options generally together with CS with or without immunosuppressive therapy (strength of recommendation IIb). Level of evidence B Evidence comes only from one crossover randomized placebo-controlled trial which supports the use of IVIg in HIV-associated thrombocytopenia, especially when platelet count is very low or the risk of bleeding is high (strength of recommendation IIa). Level of evidence B IVIg is not used for the treatment of CMV infection but may be helpful in treatment of hemophagocytic syndrome related to CMV and other viruses (see hematology section); there is some evidence for its effectiveness in preventing seroconversion in transplant patients who are immunosuppressed (strength of recommendation IIa).
cord-006849-vgjz74ts	2019	Methods: We are performing this procedures within a prospective randomized trial that is design to compare the long term results of LRYGB-B versus the standard laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.The video shows our technique in a case of a 46 years old female with a BMI of 46 Kg/m2. Material and methods: We present a video of the surgical intervention of a 32-year-old patient, with functional dyspepsia, with a casual diagnosis of a pseudocystic mass of the right colon after performing a CT scan: giant diverticulum of the hepatic colon angle with fecaloid content inside it under tension The patient goes to the emergency room for acute abdominal pain, pending colonoscopy, antibiotic treatment is established, and a laparoscopic approach is decided upon after the patient''s evolution. Method: We present the case of a 65-year-old patient with surgical antecedent of laparoscopic low anterior resection due to rectal cancer, presenting in postoperative period an anastomosis leakage with severe peritonitis was identified and a laparotomy with end colostomy was performed.
cord-007788-09t52zix	2017	Some other relatively rare complications are also covered here: haemorrhagic cystitis (HC), endothelial damage (ED) syndromes including engraftment syndrome (ES), idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH), transplant-associated microangiopathy (TAM) and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD). Oral damage may be a hallmark of graft versus host disease (GvHD) in patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and the presence of lichenoid hyperkeratotic plaques (diagnostic sign), gingivitis, mucositis, erythema, pain, xerostomia and ulcers may indicate GvHD. The increased risk of infections in patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is well known, and infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Differential diagnoses will need to be excluded by assessing risk factors, symptoms and lab tests since liver dysfunction can also be seen in sepsis, viral infection, graft versus host disease (GvHD) and iron overload and as a side effect from many of the drugs used in the HSCT setting.
cord-007798-9ht7cqhu	2010	In the context of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticholinergic, anticonvulsant, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, cardiovascular, opioid, or sedative-hypnotic agents overdose, N-acetylcysteine, physostigmine, l-carnitine, dextrose, octreotide, pyridoxine, dexrazoxane, leucovorin, glucarpidase, atropine, calcium, digoxin-specific antibody fragments, glucagon, high-dose insulin euglycemia therapy, lipid emulsion, magnesium, sodium bicarbonate, naloxone, and flumazenil are specifically reviewed. As might be anticipated from the fact that supportive care suffices for the majority of poisoned patients, a typical study of routine administration of charcoal following oral overdose of primarily benzodiazepines, acetaminophen, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors could not demonstrate benefit [16, 17, 23] . Patient characteristics suggesting extracorporeal therapy include signs or symptoms of significant end organ toxicity; impaired elimination secondary to baseline comorbidities or critical illness-induced hypoperfusion; inability to tolerate or refractory to antidotal strategies (such as bicarbonate or saline); inadequate response to supportive care measures; concurrent electrolyte derangements (e.g., metformin-associated lactic acidosis); or serum drug concentrations historically associated with severe outcome [127] .
cord-009967-fyqc5bat	2012	Recent studies have confirmed the efficacy and reduced expense of oral antibiotics prescribed for selected children with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.1"22 In 1973, it was reported that favorable results ensued when oral antibiotic therapy was prescribed for hospitalized patients with serious infectionsz3 Fourteen patients with osteomyelitis were treated successfully with oral cephalexin after they had received a short course of parenteral cephaloridine. Adults with disseminated gonococcal infection can be effectively treated with a one week program consisting initially of 2 million units of penicillin G administered every 4 hours followed by oral ampicillin or amoxicillin prescribed as 500 mg four times daily.34,35 Hospitalization is usually recommended to establish the diagnosis of disseminated gonococcal disease since misdiagnosis occurs not infrequently with this disorder.33 Selected patients can complete the oral regimens in an outpatient setting or, alternatively, they can be treated entirely without ho~pitalization.~~ Acceptable oral regimens consist of giving amoxicillin (500 mg four times daily), tetracycline (500 mg four times daily), or erythromycin (500 mg four times daily) for at least 7 days.
cord-009997-oecpqf1j	2018	Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity.
cord-010078-8lkkez3n	2010	Both modes of imaging discriminate early malignant lesions from non-specifi c infl ammation, aid in selecting appropriate sites for biopsy and better delineate tumor margins for more precise staging, but are of little value at present in clinical practice since most patients with malignant pleural effusions have extensive pleural involvement that is easy to diagnose with white light pleuroscopy For pleuroscopic guided pleural biopsies, specimens obtained with the rigid forceps are larger than those with the fl ex-rigid pleuroscope since they are limited by size of the fl exible forceps, which in turn depends on the diameter of the working channel. In the United Kingdom, a thrombosis group has been formed to promote awareness among parliamentarians about the risk and management of VTE; to increase knowledge of its causes, effects, and treatments; and to monitor the implementation of government initiatives and other researches being and this program has corrected the wrong perception that PTE is a rare disease in China Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD).
cord-010570-ytv7dwr0	1995	In the preantibiotic era, passive antibody administration (serum therapy) was useful for the treatment of many infectious diseases. We briefly review the use of antibody-based therapy in the early 20th century and make the case for reintroducing passive antibody administration for the treatment ofinfectious diseases. Given the diminishing efficacy of existing antimicrobials because of widespread resistance and the difficulties of treating infections in immunosuppressed individuals, the reintroduction of antibody-based therapies is an option that should be given serious consideration. Thus, antibody therapy is still widely used in medicine, but its role in the treatment of infections is limited largely to viral and toxin neutralization and replacement therapy in patients with immunoglobulin deficiencies. In the past, serum therapy was effective against various pathogens despite the fact that immune sera contained only small amounts of specific antibody. Antibody-based therapies have traditionally been most effective in infections where viral and toxin neutralization modifies the course of the disease.
cord-010980-sizuef1v	2020	We hypothesized that presentation to a PTC would yield increased mortality when subspecialty intervention was required and that this would be most pronounced at night when in-house attending coverage is absent at all state PTCs. Materials and methods: A review of the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study (PTOS) database was performed to capture patients aged 12-18 who underwent any non-orthopedic trauma surgery. Traumatic subaxial cervical fractures: functional prognostic factors and survival analysis Introduction: The main goal of this study is to identify the risk factors for poor functional outcomes and to analyze the overall survival (OS) and complications rate in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and subaxial cervical fracture (SACF) treated with open surgical fixation. After applying a multiple imputation on all the study variables, a logistic regression generalized estimating equation after adjustment for age, sex, mechanism of trauma, and the injury severity score as covariates and hospitals as a cluster assessed an association between quartile of patient volume in intensive care unit and hospital mortality.
cord-011712-fyrbe8tw	2020	METHODS: We conducted a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis exploring the association between NAI treatment and LoS in patients hospitalized with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection. CONCLUSIONS: When patients hospitalized with influenza are treated with NAIs, treatment initiated on admission, regardless of time since symptom onset, is associated with a reduced LoS, compared with later or no initiation of treatment. We undertook a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) [16] meta-analysis to explore the association between NAI treatment of patients hospitalized with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection and the LoS during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic. In Hong Kong, a study of 356 adult patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza showed that early oseltamivir treatment was associated with a reduced LoS in both unadjusted and multivariable analyses [9] , compared with no or later treatment, with the median LoS decreasing from 6 to 4 days; this accords with our primary analysis.
cord-011773-vboa8xn9	2020	Sir, the last 18 months of DCT in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery have highlighted challenges and complications presented by facial aesthetic treatments. The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons warn that ''people who struggle with their psychological health can feel pressured to turn to "quick fix" procedures to improve their appearance'' and recommend pre-treatment psychological assessments. I am unaware of any dental schools teaching facial aesthetic treatments including dermal fillers as part of the undergraduate course. It is therefore somewhat unsettling that dentists can attend a one-day course before providing treatments such as ''nonsurgical rhinoplasty'' when they have likely had no training on this in their professional degree. It seems obvious that change is required in the regulations surrounding facial aesthetic procedures, particularly training of practitioners and steps to protect psychological health. It may be sensible to include such training within the BDS degree given the large proportion of dentists going on to provide these services.
cord-012038-psqmqpff	2020	title: Decreasing the Duration of Discharge Antibiotic Treatment Following Inpatient Skin and Soft Tissue Abscess Drainage Our primary aim was to decrease the duration of prescribed antibiotics for patients discharged from our inpatient infectious diseases unit following I&D of simple skin and soft tissue abscesses to 5 days or less. 12 A significant number of these inpatients have admission diagnoses of SSTIs. Patients evaluated at local urgent care clinics or emergency rooms with skin and soft tissue abscesses are frequently referred to NCH for admission to the inpatient infectious disease unit for antibiotic therapy and I&D of the abscess. Our project included patients between 3 months to 21 years of age who were admitted with skin and soft tissue abscesses and discharged from the infectious diseases inpatient unit following I&D performed during the hospitalization with no or minimal residual cellulitis at the time of discharge (uncomplicated abscess).
cord-012866-p3mb7r0v	2020	title: Predicting the treatment response of certolizumab for individual adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis: protocol for an individual participant data meta-analysis The aim of the study is to develop such a model in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who receive certolizumab (CTZ) plus methotrexate (MTX) therapy, using individual participant data meta-analysis (IPD-MA). DISCUSSION: This is a study protocol for developing a model to predict treatment response for RA patients receiving CTZ plus MTX in comparison with MTX alone, using a two-stage approach based on IPD-MA. Individual participant data meta-analysis (IPD-MA) has been previously employed to develop prediction models for treatment effects [3] [4] [5] [6] . In the second stage, this baseline risk score will be used as a prognostic factor and an effect modifier in an IPD meta-regression model to estimate the individualized treatment effects of CTZ.
cord-013830-qfvceu65	2020	(1) Study design (2) Country or region (3) Number of eyes (4) Mean age of patients (5) Percentage of female patients (6) Treatment-naïve status (7) Treatment regimen and dosage (8) Time to commencement of treatment (9) Reporting of ischaemic or non-ischaemic status at the macula and in the periphery at baseline (10) Reporting of presence of subretinal fluid (SRF) at baseline (11) Reporting of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking status of patients at baseline (12) Inclusion or reporting of high-risk group at baseline e.g., patients with history of cardiovascular disease or cerebrovascular disease (13) Reporting of percentage of eyes that were pseudophakic at baseline (14) Visual acuity at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months after commencing treatment (15) Central subfield thickness at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months after commencing treatment (16) Mean number of intravitreal injections administered over the follow-up period (17) Macular laser treatment administered over the followup period (18) Need for retinal laser therapy for neovascularisation (19) Need for rescue therapy (20) Total number of ocular adverse events (21) Mean number of visits over follow-up period (22) Ocular adverse events: number of cases of endophthalmitis, neovascularisation of disc (NVD), neovascularisation elsewhere (NVE), neovascularisation of iris/angle (NVI/A), IOP increase requiring IOP-lowering therapy, rubeotic glaucoma, traumatic cataract, cataract progression, retinal detachment, macular changes affecting vision (e.g. epiretinal membrane, whole pigment clumping, atrophy) and vitreous haemorrhage Study quality was assessed using the quality appraisal checklist for case series developed by Institute of Health Economics (IHE) [30] , as this was the preferred tool by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) [31] .
cord-015334-8p124rwp	2008	Based on the results of the pharmacoeconomic analysis, development of clinical pharmacy and CIVAS for some drugs will be discussed with the paediatric department Background and Objective: Studies show that up to 38% of patients starting treatment with antidepressants fill only a single prescription at the pharmacy, apparently not accepting treatment. Main Outcome Measures: Data collected were: nurses'' profile (age, length of service, competencies'' self-assessment), knowledge on drugs prescribed to their patients (usage, administration, side-effects, drug interactions…), use of existing tools (i.e. drugs database) and possible tools to be developed by the pharmacy ward to help them in their daily practice. The objectives were:(1)To identify the most relevant minor ailments, agreeing on the specific criteria for referral to the GP.(2)To select the non-prescription drugs, with evidence of safety and effectiveness, for the treatment of the identified minor ailments Design: Qualitative study with an expert panel which was made up of 2 primary care physician from SEMFYC and six community pharmacists (two members of SEFAC and four members of GIAF-UGR).
cord-015368-a0qz4tb9	2007	Surgical treatment and evaluation, complications, short and long term patency of our patients were compared to interventional techniques and international literature. The aim of the study was to investigate: i) relevant and combined determinants of the development, management and outcome of a representative patient cohort (n ¼ 9.991) with acute appendicitis enrolled in a prospective unicenter study through a time period of 27 years (middle Europe), and ii) the frequency and impact of specific categories (e.g., characteristics of the medical history, clinical and intraoperative findings, complications), correlation and relative risk factors of the disease and its prognosis. From 01=1997 until 12=2006 198 TEM procedures were performed in 194 patients, 104 males, 90 females, mean age was 68.9 years (38-91), the median hospital stay was 8 days . No conversion to open technique had to be performed, no postoperative surgical complications were observed, one patient died 4 weeks postoperative due to liver failure following esophageal varices bleeding.
cord-015369-72cjogxz	2009	Bei 2 Patienten wurde wegen eines Rezidivs eine neuerliche RFT mit liver packing notwendig, 5 Patienten wurden ohne Packing ein zweites mal abladiert und ein Patient unterzog sich einer linksseitigen Hemihepatektomie nach rechtsseitiger Ablation. Das laparoskopische Liver Packing ermöglicht eine ablative Therapie der Leber in Patienten, die mit den herkömmlichen Möglichkeiten nicht lokal therapierbar sind. Zusammenfassend lässt sich anhand der hier vorliegenden Studie zeigen, dass die Therapie von VSM mittels ELT mit 1470-nm-Diodenlaser und Radialfaser eine sowohl minimalinvasive als auch sichere und effiziente Therapieoption darstellt und eine hohe frühzeitige Erfolgsrate bei niedrigem Schmerzniveau aufweist.In weiteren Studien muss geprueft werden, ob aehnlich gute Resultate auch bei weiterer Absenkung des Energienivaus zu erreichen sind. Patients who underwent R0 resection for colon and rectal cancer during the period 1995-2000 showed a significantly improved 5-year survival rate compared to those operated on between 1991 and 1995.
cord-016280-d47e3art	2008	In addition to the discomfort, chest tube placement may be accompanied by a number of complications including empyema, lung injury and bleeding, and death." Therefore, coagulation profiles and immunocompetency should be taken into consideration for all patients considered for this procedure . If a large air leak is anticipated or if there is significant effusion associated with the pneumothorax, then a standard 28-French chest tube should be placed. Some of the indications for surgical treatment of a spontaneous pneumothorax include a second pneumothorax (ipsilateral recurrence or a new pneumothorax on the contralateral side); tension physiology; synchronous bilateral pneumothoraces; associated hemothorax (likely secondary to a tom adhesion and complicating approximately 5% of spontaneous pneumothoraces); failure of tube thoracostomy; and lifestyle factors. Chylothorax is an exudative effusion caused by disruption of the lymphatics in the chest, most commonly the thoracic duct, and subsequent drainage of chyle into the pleural space.
cord-016283-b6yywn9f	2019	Notwithstanding the advances in modern science, clinical diagnosis sometimes remains elusive, owing principally to the frequent paucibacillary occurrence of the disease and the slow doubling time of the organism; empiric treatment is often fraught with risks in the era of increasing drug resistance. The line probe assays (LPA) can permit rapid identification of specific gene markers associated with rifampicin resistance alone or in combination with isoniazid, and provide clinically relevant information about the level of INH resistance (low level associated with the INH-A gene; versus high level associated with the kat-G gene) (WHO treatment guidance for drug resistant tuberculosis 2016). Anti-tubercular drugs require to be supplemented with carefully monitored steroid therapy in two circumstances: tubercular meningitis (a short course of dexamethasone or prednisolone is typically given, tapered over 6 to 8 weeks) and tuberculous pericarditis (Guidelines for treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care 2017).
cord-016290-l592k753	2008	In patients previously exposed to heparin (< 100 days), reoccurrence within hours • Severe thrombocytopenia (platelets < 100,000/µl), median platelet count approximately 60,000/µl, rarely < 20,000/µl or decreased to < 50% of the initial count; worsening of thrombocytopenia if heparin treatment is continued • Thromboembolic complications up to 40 days after heparin administration • IgG antibodies mostly against the platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin complex → Immune complex formation → Platelet activation due to binding of the immune complex to the Fc receptor (Fcγ RIIA), PF4 release → Platelet aggregation, endothelial cell damage, thrombin activation → Thromboembolic complications ("white clot syndrome") Clinical relevance: HIT type II: • Main symptom: thrombophilia, not hemorrhage • Warning signs: exanthema or necrosis at injection site • High incidence (up to 53%) of venous and arterial thrombosis, renal dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, infarction (complications may occur weeks after discontinuation of heparin)
cord-016559-tqd7m2i1	2014	Danshen has the function of effectively dilating the coronary artery, increasing coronary blood flow, reducing heart rate, inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombopoiesis induced by platelet activation factors, promoting the recovery of injured cardiac muscle, increasing cardiac contractility, and protecting cardiac muscle cells; thus it can be widely applied in treating the diseases of the circulation system. [7] reported the application of 0.5/ 250 ml of puerarin and glucose injection combined with 16 ml of CDI in the treatment of 44 patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris, and the results showed that in the treatment group there were 31 patients with a marked effect, 10 patients with an effect, 3 patients without effect, and the total effective rate was 93.2 %. Patients with cerebral hemorrhage were treated with CDI, and the rates of recovery and significant improvement in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group, and no side effects were observed.
cord-016855-hqs94hfa	2006	Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists).
cord-016960-xhzvp35g	2012	The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. Neonatal lupus is a model of passively acquired autoimmunity in which a mother-, who may have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sj€ ogren''s syndrome (SS) or may be entirely asymptomatic-synthesizes antibodies to SSA/Ro and/or SSB/ La ribonucleoproteins that enter the fetal circulation via trophoblast FcRn receptors and presumably cause tissue injury (Lee 1990 ) as mentioned above. Teplizumab (CD3-specific, hOKT3g1-Ala-Ala), a humanized Fc mutated anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody induced tolerance, on the progression of type 1 diabetes in patients with recent-onset disease even 2 years after the first diagnosis (Herold et al. Clinical and immune responses in resected colon cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen Clinical use of anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab to enhance immune responses to tumor antigen vaccination by targeting regulatory T cells
cord-017142-vx3rgs4r	2019	Suspicion of cast nephropathy in newly diagnosed myeloma patients with serum FLC above 1000 mg/L should be high, especially if associated selective proteinuria composed of FLC/BJP exists, as the degree of renal injury is usually related to tumor load [55] . MM patients are at high risk for cardiac complications secondary multiple factors including an older age group of patients with underlying comorbidities, concurrent kidney involvement, MM-associated deposition disease, and/or anti-MM drug-related side effects. Cardiac amyloidosis can be clinically silent initially, and a MM patient presenting with progressive dyspnea, worsening edema with evidence of heart failure, or dysrhythmia presenting as syncope or hypotensive event requires a thorough work-up to rule out coexisting amyloid disease. Immunosuppression is mediated by disease-and treatment-related factors including decreased ratio of functional to dysfunctional immunoglobulins, defects in antibody opsonization, steroid-related T cell defects, secondary immunodeficiency related to chemotherapy, restricted pulmonary reserve from thoracic rib fractures and opiate use, mucosal damage, indwelling catheters, and presence of renal failure [53, 88, 100] .
cord-017393-kx8kmdej	2009	Despite numerous clinical studies, since the 1970s, no single empirical antibiotic regimen has been shown to be superior for initial treatment of patients who become febrile during a neutropenic episode after therapy with chemotherapy drugs for hematological malignancies (see Table 5 -2) [4, 9, [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] . Similarly, bacteremias due to Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium species as well as candidemias are more frequently encountered in patients with acute leukemia who suffer from neutropenic enterocolitis or typhlitis, the most serious disturbance of the delicate balance between mucosal damage and microbial flora in the setting of prolonged exposure to antibiotics after intermediate or high-dose cytarabine chemotherapy. In addition, if a persistently neutropenic patient has no complaints and displays no clinical, radiological, or laboratory evidence of infection, cessation of antibiotic therapy or a change to oral antimicrobials should be considered after 4 days without symptoms.
cord-017702-v46ye328	2013	Deciphering the pathogen virulence factors, host susceptibility genes, and the molecular programs involved in the pathogenesis of disease has paved the way for discovery of new molecular targets for drugs, diagnostic markers, and vaccines. The pathogen genome on one hand gives us the information about the important genes conferring disease pathogenesis as well as drug resistance, while the genome of the host on the other hand will reveal the susceptibility genes, and the further knowledge of polymorphisms in genes of the host metabolic and immune system will lead to the new vaccine strategies, drugs targets, and also their treatment outcomes. Several fi eld studies have further suggested that there is a need for calibration of isoniazid dosage as per the individual tuberculosis patient''s age, acetylator status, and disease process for an effective antimicrobial outcome of drug treatment (Jeena et al.
cord-018239-n7axd9bq	2018	The following topics should be included in the travel advice consultation: 5 Vaccinations (general and country specific) 5 Country-specific diseases 5 Malaria prophylaxis 5 Mosquito prophylaxis (wearing bright long-sleeved clothes, avoiding perfume, staying in air-conditioned rooms, using a mosquito net, using insect repellents, staying inside at dawn and dusk) 5 Food consumption and drinking overseas (no consumption of ice cubes, uncooked meals, salads and food, which is exposed to flies, limited alcohol consumption) 5 UV protection (using sun cream, avoiding sun exposure between 11.00 and 15.00 o'' clock, remaining in shaded areas, wearing a hat and covering skin) 5 Fitness assessment for travelling, flying and diving 5 Challenges of different climates and their effects on the personal health (dehydration, hyperthermia) 5 Medications 5 Thrombosis counselling 5 Counselling on symptoms on return, which require review (fever, skin changes, abnormal bleeding, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea) 5 Sexual transmitted diseases 5 Contraception 5 Rabies
cord-018557-iuu38yes	2009	Treatment recommendations from the AAP/AAFP guidelines for the management of acute otitis media suggest that observation rather the initial use of antibiotics is appropriate depending on the child''s overall health, age, severity of illness, and likelihood that they can follow-up if necessary. When antibiotics are selected for the management of acute suppurative otitis media, selection of an agent should provide coverage for the two most common organisms, the AAP/AAFP recommends initial treatment with amoxicillin at a dose of 80-90 mg/kg per day. • Evidence does not support the use of antibiotics for the common cold, acute bronchitis, initial cases of otitis media with effusion, and non-group A streptococcal pharyngitis. • Although the data are mixed regarding the utility of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis, otitis media, and group A streptococcal pharyngitis, antibiotics may have some benefit.
cord-018620-3kqx8arn	2016	In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Other mechanisms that may explain this symptom include the endogenous opioids theory which proposes that the liver failure patient has elevated opioid levels secondary to decrease clearance and metabolism. Past medical history plays a key role in determining if the patient has chronic liver disease or if they are experiencing an acute failure. A decrease in glutathione levels, enhanced cytochrome P450 activity secondary to medication use, acetaminophen overdose, or decreased liver function from chronic disease make patients more susceptible to developing toxicity. Patients with hepatitis secondary to shock present with several symptoms related to their hemodynamic instability including altered mental status, respiratory distress, severe hypotension, and renal failure.
cord-019347-tj3ye1mx	2010	Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI''S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual.
cord-021453-vf8xbaug	2007	The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.
cord-021527-1etvgoxc	2009	• Diagnosis is based on the medical history, the physical examination findings, and a complete diagnostic work-up that includes a CBC, reticulocyte count, serum biochemical analysis, whole-body radiographs, and bone marrow cytology if indicated. M Key Point Base a presumptive diagnosis of insulinoma on the history, clinical signs, and repeated evidence of hypoglycemia in the presence of normal or elevated blood insulin levels. Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) is common in ferrets of all ages, and is similar in presentation to the disease in cats and dogs (see Chapter 27). • Differential diagnoses include the early stages of adrenal gland disease; however, hair loss on the body typically occurs as well when this condition is present. • Ferrets with congestive heart failure (CHF) may present with clinical signs that resemble symptoms associated with other disease entities, such as anorexia, ascites, coughing, dehydration, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, generalized weakness, hindlimb weakness, hypothermia, lethargy, tachypnea, and weight loss.
cord-021555-rrverrsj	2007	These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections.
cord-021713-e0hzcag6	2015	A 38-year-old man developed ischemic optic neuropathy after taking ribavirin 800 mg/day þ peginterferon alfa for 6 months; his visual acuity and field defect failed to improve despite withdrawal of interferon and therapy with high dose systemic steroids [46] . Type 1 diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease reportedly develop in 0.08-2.6% and 10-15% of patients treated with combined interferon-alfa þ ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C, but rarely coexist; however, both conditions have been reported in a 33-year-old woman [65] . A 49-year-old man who took long-term ribavirin þ peginterferon alfa for chronic hepatitis C developed an autoimmune hemolytic anemia after 56 weeks of therapy and required transfusion and withdrawal of both agents [67] . In a randomized controlled trial of high-dose interferon alfa-2b plus oral ribavirin for 6 or 12 months in 50 patients with chronic hepatitis C, the sequential effects of treatment on hemoglobin, leukocytes, and platelets were recorded [78] .
cord-021770-zn7na974	2017	[26] [27] [28] [29] Recent studies verify these earlier results, demonstrating a 90% to 91% vaccine efficacy against whooping cough among infants younger than 2 months of nonlymphoid tissues and to penetrate mucosal sites of infection is likely to explain why it is often considered the best immunoglobulin isotype for routine passive immunization and has shown clinical benefit ranging from reduced clinical symptoms to nearly complete protection from lethal infection in a number of infectious disease models (Table 8 .3). 118 With the recent development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that show protective efficacy against tularemia in animal models, [119] [120] [121] it may be possible to incorporate both passive immunotherapy and antibiotic treatment into clinical practice not only for tularemia, but for other bacterial diseases, especially in cases in which antibiotic resistance is becoming more widespread.
cord-022237-qxya4cs3	2013	The bird fits into the overall taxonomic scheme as follows: Specific pathogen-free (SPF) fertile eggs, day-old chicks, or Kingdom, Animal; Phylum, Chordata; Class, Aves; Order, 27 started pullets are available for use in research. A clear outline of the gen-free chickens or eggs come from breeding stock negative avian orders listing the common names of birds in each may be to diseases caused by mycoplasmas, Newcastle disease, infecfound in Steiner and Davis (1981) . Chickens, turkeys, and other birds require the six major nu trients: carbohydrates for energy, fats for energy and essential fatty acids, protein for meat and egg production, minerals for bones and shells, vitamins for chemical catalysts, and water. Fowl cholera, an acute septicémie disease of poultry, turkeys, waterfowl, and wild birds, is caused by Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative, bipolar rod (Panigraphy and Glass, 1982) . Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) Marek''s vaccine should be administered to all birds at 1 day of age to prevent the disease.
cord-022292-msz4au4b	2009	A normal chest radiograph indicates the unlikelihood of pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, Chlamydia species, or bacteria. Although children with cough resulting from CF, Mycoplasma species, tuberculosis, aspiration, a bronchial foreign body, or an anatomic abnormality usually have abnormal chest radiographs, a normal radiograph does not exclude these diagnoses. Sputum cultures and Gram stains may help guide initial empirical therapy in older patients with pneumonia or purulent bronchitis, but their ability to identify specific causative organisms with certainty (again with the exception of CF) has not been shown clearly. Bacterial pneumonia is relatively less common in infants than is viral pneumonia but can cause severe illness, with cough, respiratory distress, and fever. Treatment is similar to that for CF, with regular chest physical therapy and frequent and aggressive use of antibiotics at the first sign of airways infection, most commonly increased cough.
cord-022404-cz3ruqxx	2009	Finally, these small creatures, especially mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are frequently used for studying models of human diseases (e.g., hereditary hypotrichoses and ichthyoses in mice and rats), for examining the pathogenesis of various dermatoses also seen in humans (e.g., contact hypersensitivity and candidiasis in guinea pigs), for evaluating therapeutic agents used in various human dermatoses (e.g., treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in guinea pigs and the use of retinoids in rhino mice), for studying percutaneous absorption and various aspects of dermatopharmacology (e.g., the mouse tail assay for studying epidermal drug effects), and for screening the potential irritancy or sensitization of topical agents (e.g., the guinea pig Draize test for contact allergens and the rabbit skin test for topical irritants)."
cord-022448-ungitgh9	2009	Brachial plexus injury, fracture of the clavicle, pectus excavatum and carinatum, scoliosis, kyphosis and vertebral somatic dysfunctions are other commonly encountered conditions with structural and functional consequences that can be addressed with osteopathic manipulative treatment. Palpate the infant to identify membranous, myofascial and interosseous somatic dysfunction, particularly in the upper thoracic spine, pectoral girdle, cervico-occipital area and cranium (temporal bone, occiput, occipitomastoid suture and jugular foramen). Secondly, but concomitant with the above, the progressive fl exion of the cranial base, associated with the anteroposterior growth of the skull, contributes to positional changes of both the pterygoid processes, which become longer and more vertical, and the petrous portions of the temporal bones, which become externally rotated. Because of the relationships between the sympathetic nervous system and the upper thoracic spinal segments, the second and third cervical vertebrae, and between the parasympathetic nervous system and the sphenoid, maxilla or palatine bones, somatic dysfunction of any of these vertebral and cranial areas can result in dysfunction of the ANS with impact on nasal function.
cord-022467-j2trahab	2009	A recent clinical trial that included children over age 12 years and used a fixedcombination homeopathic remedy for a mean 4.1 days of treatment reported that 81.5% reported subjective feelings of being symptom free or significantly improved without complaint of any adverse side effects. 4 A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study from Great Britain of 170 children with a starting median age of 4.2 years in the experimental group and 3.6 years in the placebo group concluded that individually prescribed homeopathic remedies seem to be ineffective in reducing symptoms or decreasing the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with URI. 414 In a nonrandomized clinical trial involving 30 children ages 3 months to 8 years with chronic diarrhea of 2 to 4 months'' duration that was unresponsive to Western medicine and TCM, individualized acupuncture treatment eliminated symptoms and normalized stools.
cord-022520-ebj51v9o	2007	Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative, spirally curved microaerophilic bacterium that is recognized as a significant cause of human enteritis and is as-sociated with diarrheic illness in several animal species, including dogs, cats, cows, goats, pigs, mink, ferrets, and sheep (Carter et al., 1995) . Reports of spontaneous cases in ferrets require diagnostic confirmation and differentiation from cases of proliferative bowel disease and other infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Systemic infection with the bovine strain in ferrets results in disseminated disease with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, death, and miliary lesions involving the lungs and other viscera (Fox, 1998a) . Clinical disease may occur in kits as young as 1-4 days old or in older animals up to 6 weeks of age. Other potential etiologies that have been considered include two infectious agents that are known to cause chronic immune stimulation in affected ferrets, the Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and Helicobacter mustelae.
cord-022526-j9kg00qf	2009	Examination of the cardiovascular system (heart, peripheral pulse, and mucous membranes), lungs, and abdomen is essential to detect clinical signs of systemic inflammation from endotoxemia, coagulation disorders, dehydration, ileus, shock, and other abnormalities resulting from injury to the small or large intestine. Several reports suggest the efficacy of cisapride in managing intestinal disease in horses, including the resolution of persistent large colon impaction, treatment of equine grass sickness, and as a preventative for POI in horses after small intestinal surgery (0.1 mg/kg body mass intramuscularly during the postoperative period). 9 Primary role-players in DPJ-associated ileus include peritoneal inflammation, inflammatory cell migration/activation within the muscularis, small intestinal mechanical distention, and effects of endotoxin absorption. Diarrhea probably results from the severe ulceration and inflammation of the large intestine, causing increased secretion of water, electrolytes, and protein and decreased absorption of fluid.
cord-022555-a7ie82fs	2011	
cord-022582-2e9i3m4b	2012	When fluid persists in the middle ear for 3 to 4 months, causing a hearing loss or is associated with ASOM, myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement is helpful to resolve the hearing loss and reduce the frequency and severity of infection. In addition to antibiotics, treatment should include a wide field myringotomy from the anterior inferior quadrant to the posterior inferior quadrant, a tympanostomy tube placement for middle ear drainage, and a postauricular mastoidectomy to drain the subperiosteal abscess and the mastoid. These infections may be caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens; and in addition to sore throat, symptoms include fever, mucopurulent nasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and facial pain. Symptoms typically appear at birth or soon thereafter and include inspiratory stridor, feeding difficulties, and, rarely, apnea or signs of severe airway obstruction. Children afflicted with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis present initially with hoarseness but may also have symptoms and signs of airway obstruction, including stridor.
cord-022650-phsr10jp	2018	0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone.
cord-022653-qa1uph35	2017	0206 | G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates endothelial permeability induced by Bradykinin 0208 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of c1 esterase inhibitor of chronic urticaria challenges most commonly identified were the following: time of onset of disease; frequency/duration of and provoking factors for wheals; diurnal variation; occurrence in relation to weekends, holidays, and foreign travel; shape, size, and distribution of wheals; associated angioedema; associated subjective symptoms of lesions; family and personal history regarding urticaria, atopy; previous or current allergies, infections, internal diseases, or other possible causes; psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases; surgical implantations and events during surgery; gastric/ intestinal problems; induction by physical agents or exercise; use of drugs; food allergies; relationship to the menstrual cycle; smoking habits; type of work, hobbies; stress; quality of life and emotional impact; previous therapy and response to therapy, and previous diagnostic procedures/results.
cord-022940-atbjwpo5	2016	We have studied the effect of inhibition of IRE1 (inositol requiring enzyme 1), which is a central mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress and controls cell proliferation and tumor growth, on hypoxic regulation of the expression of different proliferation related genes in U87 glioma cells. Transient inhibition of Akt and mTOR protein kinase activation in tumor cells followed by reactivation of signaling pathway did not result in a time-dependent difference on EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression levels. In our study we aimed to determine cytotoxic effect of RES in K562 human CML cell line and to evaluate the expressions of miRNAs that are associated with genetics of leukemia after treatment with RES; to investigate target genes of miRNAs which show significant expression alterations and molecular mechanisms of RES treatment.
cord-023095-4dannjjm	2011	The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of ivabradine on heart rate (HR), blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, left atrial (LA) performance, and clinical tolerance in healthy cats after repeated oral doses. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate and ECG time intervals to body mass in apparently healthy horses and ponies and to calculate normal ranges for different weight groups. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypercoagulability in PLN dogs based on thromboelastography (TEG), and to determine whether hypercoagulability in these patients could be predicted by clinical assessments that identify systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressure 4 160 mmHg), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin o 2.7 mg/dl), antithrombin activity (o 70%), and degree of proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] !
cord-023165-f6o6owg3	2009	The most important reason for examining feces in sheep and goats is to determine the presence and relative number of nematode parasites infesting an animal or flock. Clinical signs of frothy bloat and free gas bloat from either food intake or physical obstruction of the esophagus are usually more severe and immediately life-threatening than bloat seen from rumen wall diseases and systemic influences. Rumen acidosis usually occurs in animals that have been fed predominantly forage-based rations and are suddenly given access to large amounts of highly fermentable concentrates or concentrated forms of energy. Table 4 -2 lists the agents most likely to cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, tissues or other samples required for diagnosis, and commonly employed test methods. Liver abscesses usually occur as a result of chronic rumenitis in cattle, but they are rare in sheep and goats. F. hepatica infestation usually causes acute disease in sheep and goats but can present as a chronic condition.
cord-023168-cd7adns8	2013	The most useful laboratory measure of iron status Low value is diagnostic in the presence of anaemia Very high values (>100 µg/L) usually exclude iron deficiency'' Being an acute-phase protein, it increases in inflammatory conditions, and certain malignancies, making it unreliable Also increased in tissue damage especially of the liver Levels are falsely decreased in vitamin C deficiency and hypothyroidism Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin An intermediate in haem biosynthesis and elevated concentrations indicate interrupted haem synthesis due to iron deficiency when zinc is incorporated in place of iron Can be measured on a drop of blood with a portable haematofluorometer Small sample size makes it very useful as a screening test in field surveys, particularly in children, and pregnant women where inflammatory states may not co-exist Red cells should be washed before measurement (serum bilirubin and fluorescent compounds like some drugs can give falsely high values) although not often done Lead poisoning can give falsely high values Rarely acute myeloid leukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia give slightly high values Useful in that it is not increased in thalassaemias WHO recommends normal level >70 µmol/mol haem Iron studies Serum iron concentration represents the iron entering and leaving the circulation.
cord-023528-z9rc0ubj	2009	First, restriction of the thorax or the abdomen can result in impaired ventilation, which can occur easily when one restrains a foal and may result in spuriously abnormal arterial blood gas values (see the discussion on arterial blood gas evaluation, Respiratory Diseases Associated with Hypoxemia in the Neonate). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), currently referred to as neonatal encephalopathy in the human literature, is one systemic manifestation of a broader syndrome of perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS), and management of foals with signs consistent with a diagnosis of HIE requires the clinician to examine other body systems fully and to provide therapy directed at treating other involved systems. Therapy for the various manifestations of hypoxiaischemia involves control of seizures, general cerebral support, correction of metabolic abnormalities, maintenance of normal arterial blood gas values, maintenance of tissue perfusion, maintenance of renal function, treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction, prevention and recognition and early treatment of secondary infections, and general supportive care.
cord-024893-pd67o7l8	2020	title: Translation: Expert Consensus on the Application of Artificial Liver Blood Purification System in the Treatment of Severe and Critical COVID-19: National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Led by Academician Lanjuan Li, based on the experience of treating patients across the country, integrating the opinions of experts from all over the country, the center summarized and formulated the consensus including the basic principles, treatment indications, relative contraindications, mode selection, monitoring indicators, and efficacy evaluation of artificial liver, which provides reference for treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. Studies have shown that the artificial liver support system (ALSS) can remove inflammatory factors and block the "cytokine storm", thus reducing damage to the body caused by the inflammatory response, which is of great value for the treatment of severe and critical patients.
cord-026031-hnf5vayd	2009	Fresh whole blood Coagulopathy with active hemorrhage (disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia; massive acute hemorrhage; no stored blood available) Stored whole blood Massive acute or ongoing hemorrhage; hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage that is unresponsive to conventional crystalloid and colloid fluid therapy; unavailability of equipment required to prepare blood components Packed red blood cells Nonregenerative anemia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, correction of anemia before surgery, acute or chronic blood loss Fresh frozen plasma Factor depletion associated with active hemorrhage (congenital: von Willebrand''s factor, hemophilia A, hemophilia B; acquired: vitamin K antagonist, rodenticide intoxication, DIC); acute or chronic hypoproteinemia (burns, wound exudates, body cavity effusion; hepatic, renal, or gastrointestinal loss); colostrum replacement in neonates Frozen plasma Acute plasma or protein loss; chronic hypoproteinemia; (contains stable colostrum replacement in neonates; hemophilia B and clotting factors) selected clotting factor deficiencies Platelet-rich plasma* Thrombocytopenia with active hemorrhage (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, DIC); platelet function abnormality (congenital: thrombasthenia in Bassett hounds; acquired: NSAIDs, other drugs) Cryoprecipitate
cord-027860-s97hdhh6	2020	
cord-029150-e242o2ml	2020	In early 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak complicated the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with substance use disorders and increased the risks of substance abuse and addictive behaviours, such as online gaming disorders, in the general public. It also adversely impacts the mental state of the general public in several ways and leads to broader symptoms, including anxiety, tension and insomnia, that may increase the risk of alcohol abuse, sedative and hypnotic drug abuse, and other addictive behaviours. 2 3 It is also of utmost importance to ensure the continuous, regular and effective treatment of existing patients with addiction problems, reduce the risk of drug relapse and prevent new cases of addiction during the pandemic. The screening of addictive substance use, prevention and education for clinic patients, as well as the timely identification, diagnosis and treatment of related mental and behavioural problems may all occur under stressful conditions.
cord-031978-l6nlrv9h	2020	Carsten Hjorthøj and colleagues question the extent to which the effects of cannabidiol as a pharmacological treatment for cannabis use disorder might be clinically meaningful. The Lancet Psychiatry, Matthias Pierce and colleagues 1,2 identify the importance of sampling in studying mental health effects of COVID-19. It seems that self-selected commercial survey panels in general might be biased towards mentally unhealthy or unhappy individuals. Despite great interest in the discontinuation of antipsychotic medication, few individuals can equally accept either treatment group in a randomised discontinuation trial, because the decision to maintain or discontinue is too important to be left to randomisation. Second, clinical cohort studies including individuals who discontinue antipsychotic medication should be done to generate precise knowledge about the proportion and The Dutch MESIFOS study 1 found that more patients achieved long term functional remission in the group who were assigned to early discontinuation of antipsychotic medication after 6 months of remission, compared with those who were assigned to maintenance treatment.
cord-034340-3ksfpaf7	2020	Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients.
cord-102145-bi8jyz6r	2020	Using Drosophila melanogaster, we tested three different spatial environments designed to determine if spatial constraint of critical resources influences the efficiency of natural and sexual selection. Since Yun et al.''s (2017) experiment, there have been several studies conducted to determine how natural and sexual selection changes within simple (high density in single vials or bottles) versus "complex environments" (lower density cages with multiple resources for interactions to occur). In the first part of this experiment we looked at how differences in resource patch size and accessibility influenced the purging of six recessive deleterious mutations from populations being held within a series of complex environments. For analyzing purging rates across environmental treatments, models were generated with and without the third SCT replicate for the forked 1 mutation due to this replicate having mutant allele frequencies approaching fixation consistently throughout the experiment ( Figure S2 , Table S2 and Table S3 ).
cord-104431-3rblzyry	2020	RESULTS: Minimum estimated costs of production were US $0.93/day for remdesivir, $1.45/day for favipiravir, $0.08/day for hydroxychloroquine, $0.02/day for chloroquine, $0.10/day for azithromycin, $0.28/day for lopinavir/ritonavir, $0.39/day for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and $1.09/day for pirfenidone. large donor organisations such as the global Fund for aiDs, TB and Malaria (gFaTM) and the President''s emergency Plan for aiDs relief (PePFar) order drugs to treat >20 million people with hiV, at prices close to the cost of production [20, 21] . We used all available costing data for each drug aPi found on Panjiva, excluding shipments <1kg in size, alongside the lowest and highest 15% of results based on prices per kg. Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for cOViD-19 67 Different dosing protocols are being used for hydroxychloroquine, including 600 mg daily in the small, open-label, non-randomised French study by gautret et al.
cord-193947-vcm3v0ix	2020	Even when the differences in levels between inner and outer ring are differenced out with individual fixed effects in panel data, the parallel trends assumption is particularly strong in spatial treatment settings. With individuals and treatment locations distributed across space, a large number of covariates, such as population density or average income at different distances, are predictive of both outcomes and treatment assignment probabilities. In the ideal spatial experiment considered in this section, treatment is randomized similar to a completely randomized experiment across regions with outcomes aggregated within regions (and distance bins).�( ) ( ) is the variance of aggregated treated potential outcomes,�( 0) ( ) is the variance of aggregated control potential outcomes, and ( ) ( ) resembles a variance of treatment effects, such that�( ) ( ) +�( 0) ( ) � ( ) ( ) resembles the variance of the difference in means under repeated sampling of fixed individuals but varying treatment assignment, the framework of this paper.
cord-252984-79jzkdu2	2020	I describe five principal causes of this failure, which I attribute primarily, but not solely, to methodological limitations of RCTs. Lastly, I make the case for why I think AI and the parallel movement of precision medicine embody approaches that are needed to augment, but probably not replace, our current research and development efforts in the field of mental health services. (1) harmonize terminology and specify MBC''s core components; (2) develop criterion standard methods for monitoring fidelity and reporting quality of implementation; (3) develop algorithms for MBC to guide psychotherapy; (4) test putative mechanisms of change, particularly for psychotherapy; (5) develop brief and psychometrically strong measures for use in combination; (6) assess the critical timing of administration needed to optimize patient outcomes; (7) streamline measurement feedback systems to include only key ingredients and enhance electronic health record interoperability; (8) identify discrete strategies to support implementation; (9) make evidence-based policy decisions; and (10) align reimbursement structures.
cord-255460-r5p5helx	2019	A phase III clinical trial ''Breast Cancer Trial of Oral Everolimus-2 (BOLERO-2)'' that included everolimus in combination with exemestane was successfully completed in 2012 leading to the approval of everolimus by US FDA for the treatment of HR + , HER2 − advanced metastatic cancers that are resistant to letrozole or anastrazole [125, 126] . Docetaxel and paclitaxel are used as neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy as single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of early, advanced and metastatic breast cancer in pre-and postmenopausal women. We thus conclude that comprehensive approach of selecting the most appropriate gene-protein-pathway-target-drug modeling via integration of system biology and bioinformatics holds the high potential of providing more efficient, safer and cost-effective chemotherapeutics for treatment of even the most stringent forms of breast cancer (metastatic and triple negative).
cord-255781-55zrmgxq	2011	These agents consist of naturally occurring small proteins with molecular weights of 15,000 to 27,600 Da. 3 Each is considered a first-line option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in combination with ribavirin. Along with the list of additional indications approved by the Food and Drug Administration shown in Table 1 , IFN-a was shown to be an effective treatment for the symptoms of an aggressive case of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus, but did not eliminate infection entirely. IFNs have been tested repeatedly against infectious diseases, but injections are used mostly for the treatment of viral hepatitis C and prevention of infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease clinically. Phase 1b study of pegylated interferon lambda 1 with or without ribavirin in patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection
cord-261221-9qlndtuo	2019	Study selection The study was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist and selected randomized control trials which compared the efficacy of glucocorticoids add-on to macrolide in the treatment of MRMP in children. The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) randomized control trial (RCT) which compare the efficacy of glucocorticoids add-on to macrolide alone in children with MRMP, (2) MRMP which was diagnosed with serology or polymerase chain reaction, and that refractories were defined clinically, (3) only included children < 18 years of age, and (4) outcome measures with hospital days, fever duration, and level of C-reactive protein (CRP) change. The estimated mean effect of glucocorticoid add-on treatment on hospital days, fever duration, and change in C-reactive protein (CRP) and the associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted or calculated for the 24 studies included in the meta-analysis with Review Manager 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, London, United Kingdom).
cord-261671-1pvg3apl	2020	Among patients enrolled in a digital treatment course, we evaluated scales of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale [GAD-7]), as primary measures of treatment outcome, from the screening assessment to post-treatment and a 3 month follow-up. 11 MindSpot provides information about symptoms and local mental health services, brief psychological assess ments, and therapist-guided treatments delivered via the internet and telephone to adults with symp toms of anxiety, dep ression, or chronic pain. As MindSpot is funded by the Australian Department of Health, patients seeking assessment or treatment must complete an online registration questionnaire and meet the following eligibility criteria: Australian resident eligible for publicly funded health services (ie, Medicare-funded services); aged 18 years or older; and self-reported principal complaint of anxiety, depression, or chronic pain.
cord-262115-kdeynhzq	2020	Our objective was to determine the dose response to fish and flaxseed oil when supplemented in colostrum on concentrations of plasma fatty acid (FA), FA metabolites, and index of oxidative stress during the critical first week of life in calves to understand how supplementing n-3 FA may decrease oxidative stress. In conclusion, supplementing colostrum with 30, 60, and 120 mL of a 1:1 mixture of fish and flaxseed oil linearly increased plasma concentrations of n-3 FA and metabolites and decreased biomarkers of oxidative stress, but did not alter oxidant status or affect health or growth. Increasing doses of 30, 60, and 120 mL of 1:1 fish: flaxseed oil blend supplemented in colostrum did not affect health or growth in calves, decreased phospholipid n-6 FA: n -3 FA profile, increased free and phospholipid n-3 FA concentrations, and increased several oxylipids deriving from n-3 FA during the first week of life.
cord-262339-e2ayh108	2020	The use of protective equipment and dental office isolation were the major points to avoid the contact between infected and non-infected patients. Thus, preventive measures, such as the use of protection equipment, personal hygiene and ventilated rooms, are essential to avoid contamination [2] . The purpose of this report is to describe the protocol adopted by the Departments of Oral Surgery and Radiology, Hospital University Münster, to avoid the cross infection of professionals and patients during the phase of an uncontrolled transmission increase. Usual measures, such as use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and disinfection protocol after each patient consultation, should be respected. All patients should be considered to be infected, and some aspects must be taken into consideration during the dental treatment: -Patient''s screening, as the avoidance of contact between COVID and non-COVID patients, are important measures to prevent spread of the disease; -
cord-262551-hxhlhb5m	2020	CONCLUSIONS: We propose to open up a symptom-based, mood-centered view to a model in which adolescent depression is framed as a consecutive failure of stress coping mechanisms and chronic exhaustion. We offer an alternative integrated approach for the treatment of adolescent and young adult depression by focusing on stress factors and exhaustion reduction, seeing anhedonia and withdrawal as an evolutionary coping mechanism. Reframing depression and shifting clinical practice to a more comprehensive and integrated look at the individual experience of a patient, including all causes for stress, pressure, and exhaustion, might be more helpful in developing promising treatment strategies. Using a combination of treatment modalities could increase therapeutic effectiveness by improving the pace of learning new coping behaviors, exerting a synergistic impact on the developmental perspective, and breaking the downward spiral of stress and exhaustion, which eventually leads to a reduction of the depression symptoms.
cord-263189-5ukn2xbr	2016	14 Emergency treatment of hypocalcemic seizures is managed by CRI administration of calcium gluconate at 2 to 3 mg/kg/h, with continuous ECG monitoring controlling for bradycardia, ventricular premature complexes/contractions, or shortening of the QT interval (Fig. 8) . 27 However, in the author''s clinical experience, transfusion is safely performed even with blood samples obtained from the cranial vena cava with a 23-G needle and use of a 170-mm clot filter (Fig. 13) . Human chorionic gonadotropin (100 IU) Medroxyprogesterone (15 mg) Proligestone (40 mg) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 20 mg/kg) Long-term depot GnRH agonists (4.7 mg deslorelin acetate [Suprelorin, Virbac]) Hyperestrogenism from adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasia Current therapies for adrenal disease in ferrets include medical and/or surgical treatment. Systemic hypertension may be associated with CHF and renal disease, and blood pressure should be closely monitored in ferrets with cardiac disorders (Fig. 41, Video 6 ). Constant rate infusion of glucagon as an emergency treatment for hypoglycemia in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
cord-265848-afkeuwup	2007	With the use of drugs having a short duration of action, RSI also is advantageous because it is a measure that permits temporary airway control for the patient with mildly compromised airway reflexes who requires gastrointestinal decontamination (lavage followed by activated charcoal administration) but who does not require prolonged intubation. The management of gastrointestinal disturbance in the toxic patient includes following the general principles of blood, fluid, and electrolyte resuscitation, when indicated; judicious use of parenteral antiemetics to control persistent vomiting; specific measures such as antidotal therapy (e.g., in iron or organophosphate poisoning); or interventional therapy, such as charcoal hemoperfusion (in theophylline overdose) or hemodialysis (in lithium overdose), when indicated.
cord-266147-s8rxzm0t	2007	Modern plasma product production technology remains largely based on the ethanol fractionation process, but much has evolved in the last few years to improve product purity, to enhance the recovery of immunoglobulin G, and to isolate new plasma proteins, such as α1-protease inhibitor, von Willebrand factor, and protein C. A complete set of measures-and, most particularly, the use of dedicated viral inactivation and removal treatments-has been implemented throughout the production chain of fractionated plasma products over the last 20 years to ensure optimal safety, in particular, and not exclusively, against HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. In the last few years, the complexity of the fractionation process has increased by (a) the introduction of chromatography to isolate new proteins from existing fractions such as cryoprecipitate, cryo-poor plasma, and Cohn fractions; (b) the integration of chromatography to the ethanol fractionation process to increase IgG recovery; and (c) the implementation of dedicated viral inactivation or removal steps.
cord-268168-yzvag38x	2020	We report the case of a 29 year-old woman who struggled with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa for 15 years, and experienced a complete recovery following a novel treatment of adopting a ketogenic diet followed by ketamine infusions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a ketogenic diet used specifically for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, followed by a short series of titrated IV ketamine infusions leading to complete remission of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa, with weight restoration, and sustained cessation of cognitive and behavioral symptoms, for 6 months. Complete and sustained remission of chronic anorexia nervosa is quite rare, and the novel use of a ketogenic diet and IV ketamine treatment in this potentially lethal condition suggests avenues for further research, and hope for patients and their families. We report a case of severe and chronic AN treated successfully by adopting a ketogenic (KG) diet for 3 months followed by a series of intravenous ketamine infusions.
cord-269031-sz8ieltb	2020	Abstract In France, the epidemic phase of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in February 2020 and resulted in the implementation of emergency measures and a degradation in the organization of neuromuscular reference centers. In the context of NM diseases, particular attention must be paid to two experimental COVID-19 treatments, hydroxycholoroquine and azithromycin: risk of exacerbation of myasthenia gravis and QT prolongation in patients with pre-existing cardiac involvement. In France, the epidemic phase of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in February 2020 and resulted in the implementation of emergency measures and a degradation in the organization of neuromuscular reference centers. The main addressed topics pertain to the disease itself, its mode of transmission, the official national public health recommendations to prevent it, the behaviors to adopt in case symptoms appear, and its consequences specific to the neuromuscular patient (e.g., relating to the management of steroids and immunosuppressor treatments, medical appointments, rehabilitation, and 6 ventilation).
cord-269776-hj1s3ipp	2004	Concerning HAE-I and HAE-II, just as variations in serum concentrations of APP appear to determine which individuals in a normal population develop angioedema with a second perturbation of kinin metabolism, such as the use of ACE inhibitors, 96 it could be speculated that variations in either kinin activation or inactivation pathways might contribute to the differences in severity of angioedema in individuals with a pre-existing perturbation in kinin metabolism, such as a mutation in C1-INH (as occurs in HAE). 13, 14, 27 This increase in plasma bradykinin was demonstrated both for patients with HAE with C1-INH deficiency and for patients with drug-associated angioedema who had an angioedematous attack in conjunction with ACE inhibitor treatment. The patient''s daughter had recurrent skin angioedema and gastrointestinal pain attacks since age 12 years; therefore, with a normal C1-INH concentration and activity in both mother and daughter, a diagnosis of HAE type III was assumed.
cord-269975-1ebmq7t8	2020	None of the filoviruses or henipaviruses has any FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines available for prevention or treatment of human disease, and while ribavirin is sometimes used to treat Lassa fever, it is not a terribly effective drug against this viral infection [28] . Many of the therapeutics that are in different stages of either preclinical or clinical development for select biothreat pathogens include small molecule antivirals (Tables 7.3 and 7.4), antibody (or antibody cocktails) against viruses or bacteria/virulence factors (Table 7 .5), and combination drug therapy (Table 7 .6). Although no FDA-approved HDT therapies are yet available for treating infectious diseases, we have summarized in this section the antimicrobial Primary screening of small molecule chemical libraries in the phenotypic HCI assay will identify compounds that inhibit pathogen infection as well as those that may contribute to cellular toxicity.
cord-271436-h1xuhm1c	2020	However, repositioning evidencebased weekly therapy as one of many treatment options, and improving the availability of additional, diverse evidencebased service types, may strengthen the accessibility, flexibility, and potentially the effectiveness of mental health treatment overall. Other trials indicate that an 8-day, 20-h treatment involving cognitive-behavioral techniquesincluding interoceptive exposures and psycho-educationcan reduce symptoms of specific phobia, social phobia, 1 In the present article, we focus our discussion on outpatient mental health services, given the numerous structural and practical differences between inpatient and outpatient mental health treatment options for individuals. Indeed, large-scale trials and systematic reviews of treatments for anxiety disorders, depression, and behavior problems indicate that non-weekly interventions-from self-guided supports to brief, one-session treatments to concentrated, week-long interventions-can yield benefits approximately equivalent to once-weekly evidence-based psychotherapy, both for youths and adults (Beevers et al.
cord-274121-3w6kc0c9	2020	Objectives To prospectively investigate in patients with severe coVid-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome (css) whether an intensive course of glucocorticoids with or without tocilizumab accelerates clinical improvement, reduces mortality and prevents invasive mechanical ventilation, in comparison with a historic control group of patients who received supportive care only. Objectives To prospectively investigate in patients with severe coVid-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome (css) whether an intensive course of glucocorticoids with or without tocilizumab accelerates clinical improvement, reduces mortality and prevents invasive mechanical ventilation, in comparison with a historic control group of patients who received supportive care only. ► A strategy involving a course of high-dose glucocorticoids, followed by tocilizumab if needed, has shown to accelerate respiratory recovery, lower hospital mortality and reduce the likelihood of invasive mechanical ventilation compared with supportive care only in COVID-19-associated CSS.
cord-275427-00bwhaga	2019	Abstract In this study, it was aimed to investigate the efficacy of chitosan oligosaccharide administrations in different doses of experimental infected lambs with Cryptosporidium parvum. As a result, in lambs with experimental cryptosporidiosis, chitosan oligosaccharide improved in clinical signs and stool character shorter than the positive control group and the administration of chitosan oligosaccharide at doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 7 days significantly reduced oocyst excretion but not enough to remove cryptosporidiosis completely. parvum in in vitro studies, we hypothesized that oral chitosan administration may be used in the treatment of lambs with experimentally cryptosporidiosis. The aim of this study was to determine the treatment efficacy of oral chitosan oligosaccharide in lambs with experimental cryptosporidiosis. According to the findings of this study, the use of chitosan oligosaccharide to be used in the treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis at doses of 100 and/or 500 mg/kg was found to provide an earlier reduction in oocyst excretion compared to 1000 mg/kg dose.
cord-275828-c6d6nk7x	2016	-SBT/ABPC, intravenous drip, 3 g/3e4 times a day -CTRX, intravenous drip, 1 g/twice a day or 2 g/once a day -CTX, intravenous drip, 1e2 g/2e3 times a day -LVFX, intravenous drip, 500 mg/once a day (2) Cases of late-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia or ventilator-associated pneumonia in which the risk of resistant bacteria is high An antimicrobial drug with anti-pseudomonal activity that targets non-glucose-fermentative gram-negative rod should be administered [50, 51, 68] -To treat polymicrobial infection, the administration of an antimicrobial drug with an activity against obligate anaerobe is not always necessary [67, 70] . -SBT/ABPC, intravenous drip, 3 g/3e4 times a day -CTRX, intravenous drip, 2 g/once a day or 1 g/twice a day -CTX, intravenous drip, 1e2 g/2e3 times a day -LVFX, intravenous drip, 500 mg/once a day (2) Late-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia or cases in which there is a risk of multi-drug-resistant bacteria In addition to the above pathogens, the involvement of non-glucose-fermentative gram negative bacteria or ESBLproducing enteric bacteria must be considered. For the treatment of immunodeficiency-/blood disease-related pneumonia in children, antimicrobial drug therapy should also be basically selected, considering causative microorganisms.
cord-279294-ruqednj6	2020	[8] [9] [10] The COVID-19 cases started to increase exponentially in New York City in early March, and we witnessed the fear and its impact on both patients with cancer and providers, who started to make recommendations on chemotherapy regimen modifications. The senior author (Y.X.) interviewed each of the five medical oncologists to gather the following information on every patient: cancer type; nature of treatment and status of disease: metastatic, adjuvant or primary treatment; treatment regimen; modification(s) made; who-provider or patient-initiated the modifications; and the reason for not offering modifications, if applicable. In the face of the coronavirus pandemic at a community cancer center in New York City, we wanted to know how often chemotherapy schedules were modified and what the key factors were that influenced the decision-making process. Overall, our study revealed that as many as 56.4% of all patients and approximately 40% of patients taking curative treatments received treatment modifications in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in our community cancer center.
cord-280111-6hiuzkvz	2020	This literature review aims at reducing in-office appointments by providing an overview of the technologies available and their reliability in the long-distance monitoring of patients, i.e., teledentistry. As no reviews have yet been carried out on the efficacy of teleassistance in orthodontics as a way to manage patients at a distance, we would like to report on the evidence available as to the possibility of implementing new technologies in teleassistance, generally known by teleorthodontics to help during the COVID-19 pandemic to remotely monitor patients'' conditions. The attitudes toward teleassistance in orthodontics, and in general, dentistry by respective dental care professionals, was investigated in several studies which confirmed it was as an effective alternative to in-office visits for several routine procedures and to make consultations more accessible to dentists and patients [23, 38] .
cord-281561-r10y2sgb	2020	Another invitro study reported that Ribavirin, analogue of guanosine nucleotide having wide spectrum of antiviral activity, used along with LPV/RTV to treat SARS-COV-2 viral infection in china (ChiCTR2000029387) . reported remdesivir shows possible efficacy better as compared to placebo group in hospitalized patients for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The effectiveness and safety concern of darunavir/cobicistat combination is being evaluated under development of clinical trials phase 3 by enrolling 30 COVID-19 patients and estimated completion of study on December 31, 2020. Recently, retrospective cohort study showed high dose of anakinra (5 mg/kg, BD,iv) produces beneficial and efficacious effects in 72% Covid-19 infected patients associated with ARDS (Cavalli et al., 2020) . Based on case study of patients with SARS-CoV2 infection and also confirmed severe pneumonia and ARDS treated with i.v. infusion of eculizumab along with anticoagulant therapy (Enoxaparin 4000 IU/day s.c), antiviral therapy (LPV 800 mg/day + RTV 200 mg/day), hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day, ceftriaxone 2 g/day IV, vitamin C 6 g/day for 4 days.
cord-282147-oq30pax6	2020	There are a number of oft cited barriers to addressing smoking in treatment settings including concerns that 1 agency census levels and completion rates will drop, 2 tobacco users will be less likely to seek addiction treatment, 3 patients are neither interested in tobacco cessation nor able to successfully quit tobacco, 4 patients will relapse to alcohol or drug use if they attempted to quit tobacco, 5 tobacco-free policies will be difficult to enforce, 6 clinicians lack the skills to effectively treat tobacco dependence, and 7 clinicians have too many competing demands preventing attention to smoking cessation. Additionally, regardless of the screening and brief intervention model employed, establishing a SUD patient registry, which includes both opioids and nicotine use, within a practice-based research and/or health care network allows for better data aggregation, patient identification, and stratification to appropriate treatment levels.
cord-282446-01lu7sce	2015	[3] [4] [5] We discovered in our birth cohort, the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2000 (COPSAC 2000 ; a previous birth cohort of children born to mothers with asthma), that airway bacteria (Haemophilus infl uenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) and respiratory viruses (at least one of picornavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, parainfl uenzavirus, infl uenza virus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, or bocavirus) are equally closely associated with episodes of asthma-like symptoms in the fi rst 3 years of life. 4 We did a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of azithromycin for treatment of episodes of troublesome lung symptoms in young children who were followed up prospectively in our new unselected Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC 2010 ) birth cohort. This study is, to our knowledge, the fi rst randomised controlled trial of azithromycin treatment of acute episodes of asthma-like symptoms in children aged 1-3 years with a history of recurrent episodes and its fi ndings show a clinically signifi cant shortening of symptom duration by 63% after intervention.
cord-283287-073r80s7	2020	People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Therefore, a group of international experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster management teamed up to explore the comorbidity of COVID-19 infection with substance use disorder and identify the necessary recommendations for health service providers and policymakers in this situation. Health authorities should develop and apply specific strategies for PWUD for early COVID-19 identification and patient isolation, interrupting transmission, providing appropriate care, attending medical issues, and minimizing negative social impact.
cord-285898-rtqkvf63	2014	
cord-288935-uwpkb6lm	2020	But -and there is a ''but'' to all this -for fertility patients and those longing to have (their own, genetically related) children, questioning the social value of fertility treatments, and what is, to them their preferred parenthood project, may come across as disregarding something that they feel very strongly about. While I would argue that it is important to question the social value of genetic relatedness and mitigate the negative effects that social norms can have on women and couples, I have also strong normative and conceptual views on the need to protect and promote prospective parents'' reproductive freedom and enable them to satisfy their preferred parenthood project. Framing fertility treatments as ''essential'' and a priority for the state during a pandemic, and increasing funding in normal times may lend support to the view that having a genetically related child is indeed the only valuable way of becoming a parent.
cord-289457-06gwrpu0	2020	The term "myositis" is often used interchangeably with "idiopathic inflammatory myopathy" (IIM), referring to primary autoimmune diseases of muscle including dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis (IBM), antisynthetase syndrome, and necrotizing autoimmune myopathy [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Another case series of three patients with dermatomyositis-associated cGVHD showed improvement with immunosuppression via combination treatment of corticosteroids, tacrolimus, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, and/or IVIG [43] . Patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis that underwent intensive aerobic exercise combined with resistance training in a randomized controlled trial have improved muscle function, quality of life, and possible reduced disease activity [89] . A pilot study of 20 patients with refractory dermatomyositis or polymyositis using abatacept found that almost half of their patients showed reduced disease activity and improved muscle performance after treatment for 6 months [98] , and there is now a phase III, randomized, double-blind trial to further evaluate abatacept for myositis treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02971683).
cord-291417-p49ukyhx	2020	METHODS: This observational single-center study included patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were not intubated and received either standard of care (SOC, controls) or SOC plus early (within 3 days from hospital admission) anti-inflammatory treatment. This observational single-center study included patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were not intubated and received either standard of care (SOC, controls) or SOC plus early (within 3 days from hospital admission) anti-inflammatory treatment. We hypothesized that outcomes such as no need for intubation and survival of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in whom tocilizumab and/or methylprednisolone were administered in addition to standard of care (SOC) could be better than in those who received only SOC. In this observational study in non-intubated patients with mainly severe COVID-19 pneumonia, the early addition of tocilizumab and/or methylprednisolone to SOC resulted in adjusted failure-free survival of 86.5% and 80.8% at day 14 and 30, which was, respectively, 10.7% and 16.7% higher than in SOC patients.
cord-291697-wpnq9wc0	2020	RESULTS: Overall and tumour-specific recommendations were made by stage (including surgical, locoregional, radiotherapy, systemic treatments and follow-up strategies) for the most common gastrointestinal malignancies: esophagus, gastric, pancreas, bile duct, hepatocellular, colorectal, anal cancer and neuroendocrine tumours. All the recommendations proposed in this manuscript, besides being evidencebased, aimed at the following objectives: (1) to prioritise curative-intent cancer treatments during the pandemic; (2) to support the treatment of aggressive tumours when effective therapies are available; (3) to decrease the number of or delay oncological non-priority surgeries; (4) to decrease hospital visits (e.g., substitute intravenous for similarly effective oral drugs; propose when and to whom treatments delays/ interruption/watchful waiting can be offered); (5) to minimise anticancer therapy-related immunosuppression in specific high-risk groups (here defined as: elderly, comorbid illnesses [especially diabetes, cardiovascular and/or pulmonary concurrent diseases], fragility, ECOG 2 or higher).
cord-292454-xa80078x	2020	The assessment protocol included semi-structured clinical interviews and self-reports evaluating diagnostic criteria, depression, anxiety and worry symptoms, emotional dysregulation, and affectivity. RESULTS: The parametric test of analysis of covariance, followed the intent to treat analyses, revealed the unified protocol significantly changed depression symptoms (Cohen''s d = 1.9), anxiety symptoms (Cohen''s d = 2.16), worry symptoms (Cohen''s d = 1.27), emotion dysregulation (Cohen''s d = 0.44), positive affect (Cohen''s d = 1.51), and negative affect (Cohen''s d = 1.89) compared with the control group. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of a group format of the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders and symptoms in adult PwMS. The results revealed that PwMS, who participated in the unified protocol intervention group, demonstrated significant improvements in depressive and anxiety and worry emotion regulation, and affectivity outcomes at post-treatment compared with those who participated in the TAU group.
cord-293151-g3758oes	2015	
cord-294593-mh1uh1b3	2020	Some of these issues include the inefficacy of conventional payment mechanisms in providing incentives for providers, practice guidelines in pain management that are not easily implementable across different medical specialties, barriers in adopting multi-modal pain management strategies, low capacity of providers/treatments to address opioid/substance use disorders, the complexity of addressing the co-occurrence of chronic pain and opioid use disorders, and patients'' non-adherence to opioid substitution treatments. These include the implementation of prescription drug monitoring programs [54, 55] , statewide Medicaid program initiatives such as coordinated care organizations [56] [57] [58] , educational outreach and academic detailing for providers [59] [60] [61] , advances in medicine/surgery that lower post-surgical dependence on narcotics [62, 63] , the fentanyl patch-for-patch program [64] , pharmacy consult intervention [65] , quality measure development and/or quality improvement [66] , using data analytics to predict the risk of overdose [67] , and schedule change of opioid analgesics [68] .
cord-294624-d71za6hi	2020	authors: Kapepula, Paulin M.; Kabengele, Jimmy K.; Kingombe, Micheline; Van Bambeke, Françoise; Tulkens, Paul M.; Sadiki Kishabongo, Antoine; Decloedt, Eric; Zumla, Adam; Tiberi, Simon; Suleman, Fatima; Tshilolo, Léon; Muyembe-TamFum, Jean-Jacques; Zumla, Alimuddin; Nachega, Jean B. Derivatives from the herb Artemisia annua have been used as traditional medicine over centuries for the treatment of fevers, malaria, and respiratory tract infections. This highlights the urgent need for further research on herbal compounds to evaluate efficacy through controlled trials, and for efficacious compounds, to establish the active ingredients, develop formulations and dosing, and define pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and safety to enable drug development. 6, 7 Among many, derivatives from the herb Artemisia annua (Figure 1 ) have been used as traditional medicine over centuries for the treatment of fevers, malaria, and respiratory tract infections. Annua for COVID-19 following claims from politicians and others in low-income countries highlights the need for hard data to establish the active ingredients; develop formulations and dosing; define the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and safety; and evaluate efficacy through controlled trials.
cord-295445-f4p00yaw	2018	Previous studies conducted in wastewater treatment plants have shown that ozone disinfection might be highly efficient in inactivating bacteria and bacteriophages after conventional sewage treatments (Kim et al., 1999; Tyrrell et al., 1995) , but knowledge regarding its effect for reducing human enteric viruses is relatively scarce. The four concentrated water samples (incoming sewage, conventionally treated, ozone treated, and outlet water) from each of the three weeks were also analyzed by qPCR for 14 common enteric viruses (adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, norovirus GIV, parechovirus, sapovirus, aichivirus, mengovirus, torovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus). However, in this study some viruses that were undetectable in the ozone-treated samples reoccurred in the outlet water, including parvovirus, norovirus GII, human feces pecovirus, parvovirus-like virus, gokushovirus, and HAdV-F41, although the amounts were significantly lower compared with raw sewage.
cord-296881-2g81sjnl	2020	On May 7, 2020, Gilead Sciences, announced that the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has granted regulatory approval of Veklury® (Remdesivir) as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, the virus that causes COVID-19 acute respiratory syndrome, under an exceptional approval pathway. In COVID-19 infection, a massive number of T-lymphocytes and mononuclear macrophages are activated, emitting different cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which binds to the IL-6 receptor on its target cells, causing the cytokine storm and severe inflammatory responses in most organs including lungs, liver, kidney and other tissues and organs. Moreover, in July 2020 the WHO discontinued clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arms for COVID-19 (WHO, 2020b), where both therapies produced little and no reduction in the mortality of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 cases when compared to standard of care. COVID-19 infection and treatment with hydroxychloroquine cause severe haemolysis crisis in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
cord-297289-4kudq4h7	2020	title: Risk reduction through family therapy (RRFT): Protocol of a randomized controlled efficacy trial of an integrative treatment for co-occurring substance use problems and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents who have experienced interpersonal violence and other traumatic events Beyond serving as the first large RCT to date to address the long-standing question of efficacy of an integrative treatment targeting co-occurring SUP and PTSD for adolescents, the study aimed to improve clinical practice by offering: 1) a more efficient alternative to the current compartmentalized approach to treatment of this population (which often involves referrals to multiple agencies) [21] ; and 2) a risk-reduction option for youth at elevated risk for developing substance abuse and related mental health problems in the future, but who may or may not meet diagnostic thresholds.
cord-299926-jx1ws18b	2020	title: Effects of methylprednisolone use on viral genomic nucleic acid negative conversion and CT imaging lesion absorption in COVID‐19 patients under 50 years old In most cases, application of methylprednisolone in severe and critical viral pneumonia patients can quickly alleviate the symptoms of dyspnea and prevent disease progression. In our retrospective non‐randomised study, 34 patients under 50 years old and diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) were included, according to given methylprednisolone treatment (n = 18) or not (n = 16), they were separated into 2 groups. Two-tailed Student''s t-test was used to compare the two groups of means in this study, P values were ≤ 93% at a rest state; arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/oxygen concentration (FiO2) ≤ 300 mmHg. Patients with > 50% lesions progression within 24 to 48 hours in lung imaging should be treated as severe cases.
cord-301370-nie7n6b5	2020	authors: Day, M.A.; Ehde, D.M.; Burns, J.; Ward, L.C.; Friedly, J.L.; Thorn, B.E.; Ciol, M.A.; Mendoza, E.; Chan, J.F.; Battalio, S.; Borckardt, J.; Jensen, M.P. title: A randomized trial to examine the mechanisms of cognitive, behavioral and mindfulness-based psychosocial treatments for chronic pain: Study protocol This randomized trial will evaluate the mechanisms of three chronic pain treatments: cognitive therapy (CT), mindfulness meditation (MM), and activation skills (AS). We will determine the extent to which late-treatment improvement in pain interference is predicted by early-treatment changes in three primary mechanism variables: cognitive content (i.e., catastrophizing), cognitive process (i.e., mindful non-judgment), and/or activity level (i.e., ActiGraph "activity counts"). Specifically germane to this proposal, we have conducted numerous clinical trials examining psychological interventions based on the techniques investigated in this study for CLBP and other pain conditions [19] [20] [21] [22] , including telehealth assessment and treatment delivery [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] .
cord-302215-sqrbj5r4	2020	
cord-303661-etb19d6y	2020	
cord-303816-c4z9ys3q	2020	
cord-304479-uxp1kg86	2020	
cord-305582-3hmsknon	2020	In the present article, we have summarized the promising drugs, adjunctive agents, respiratory supportive strategies, as well as circulation management, multiple organ function monitoring and appropriate nutritional strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 in the ICU based on the previous experience of treating other viral infections and influenza. According to the latest version of diagnosis and treatment guidelines, confirmed cases infected with 2019-nCoV are classified to have severe illness once complying with one of the following symptoms: (1) anhelation, respiratory rate ≥ 30 times/min; (2) oxygen saturation at rest ≤ 93%; (3) PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg; and classified to be the critical/life-threatening illness once complying with one of the following symptoms: (1) respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation needed; (2) shock; (3) other organ dysfunction syndrome and requirement of intensive care unit admission.
cord-306266-8qdrshz3	2014	Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids.
cord-306600-cxz8hf9q	2019	
cord-308169-a0ft6wdy	2013	A recently published consensus statement on severe asthma broadened the concept of ''difficult asthma'' to reflect the situation in less developed countries, where access to medications and appropriate care is a major issue, by defining three different patient groups including un(der)treated symptomatic patients, patients with low treatment adherence or unconventional therapies, and those remaining symptomatic despite high doses of anti-asthmatic therapies (13, 14) . Other similar initiatives included the EU-sponsored Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED) consortium that has published a consensus-based systematic algorithm approach to differentiate between ''problematic'', ''difficult'' and ''severe refractory'' asthma in the evaluation of patients with chronic severe asthma symptoms for use in clinical research and specialized care (73) . These treatment options for patients with severe asthma who remain symptomatic despite adhering to standard medical care include novel anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown in preliminary studies to be effective in treating airway inflammation in asthma and so warrant further investigation (32, (83) (84) (85) (86) , and other novel approaches such as bronchial thermoplasty (87) .
cord-309424-sfyagtl6	2004	title: Cell proliferation and apoptosis in rat mammary cancer after electrochemical treatment (EChT) The aim of this study was to see if similar results regarding cell morphology, proliferation and induction of apoptosis could be achieved after EChT in vivo and if any differences between the electrode polarity, coulomb given and duration after treatment could be detected. Moreover, nine positive controls (tumour cells inoculated and electrodes inserted but no electric treatment; three rats for each time period) and three negative controls; one for each time period (as for pos controls but only RPMI 1640 injected) were included in the study, making the total number of rats 36. After EChT an induction of apoptosis was found in the anodic treated areas at the border of destruction compared to both the untreated control as well as the cathode groups.
cord-312125-j9l6l3dx	2020	In the United States, the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently being tested in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Treatment of individual patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma outside such trials is also now permitted through U.S. Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization. Here, members of the National Institutes of Health COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel provide their views regarding use of convalescent plasma for treating COVID-19. In March 2020, the FDA authorized expanded access to convalescent plasma for treating severe or life-threatening COVID-19 under individual-patient emergency Investigational New Drug applications. Given the lack of data from properly powered RCTs, and the need to inform regulatory decision making regarding continued access to convalescent plasma, both the FDA and the Mayo Clinic performed retrospective, indirect evaluations of efficacy by using EAP data, hypothesizing that patients who received plasma units with higher titers of neutralizing antibodies would have better clinical outcomes.
cord-313294-ffgo56gl	2020	
cord-313684-61hkogdh	2020	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the Wuhan City of China in December 2019 and evolved into a global pandemic. These include antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, and favipiravir), interferon, antimalarials (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine), antiparasitic drugs (ivermectin and nitazoxanide), biologics (monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonist), cellular therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells), convalescent plasma, and cytokine adsorber. Though several observational studies have claimed many of these agents to be effective based on their in vitro activities and extrapolated evidence from SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the currently available data remains inconclusive because of ill-defined patient selection criteria, small sample size, lack of concurrent controls, and use of intermediary outcomes instead of patient-relevant outcomes.
cord-313894-stgx36h5	2020	PURPOSE: To understand readiness measures taken by oncologists to protect patients and health care workers from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and how their clinical decision making was influenced by the pandemic. In addition, the survey tool included questions regarding attitudes of medical oncologists around patient risk factors (age, performance status, comorbidities), administration of types of antineoplastic therapy (cytotoxic therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy), and use of therapy in differing settings (neoadjuvant, adjuvant v metastatic). Regarding perceptions about the safety of antineoplastic therapy, hormonal treatments and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were considered to be relatively safe, but cytotoxic chemotherapy and immune therapies CONTEXT Key Objective Does COVID-19 influence the decision-making process of oncologists? Likewise, neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and first-line metastatic disease was less affected, but most of the participants stated that they would be more reluctant to recommend second-or third-line therapies in the metastatic setting Relevance During the pandemic, the decision-making process of oncologists is significantly affected.
cord-314932-edf9xjwr	2020	Studies have found that 2019-nCoV is a single-stranded RNA beta coronavirus similar to SARS and MERS (12) , so current treatment is mainly based on the treatment experience of these two diseases (13) and further development of new targeted drugs. Currently, the drugs studied for the treatment of 2019-nCoV mainly include antivirals, antimalarials, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, biological agents, and traditional Chinese medicine, among which lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, remdesivir, chloroquine phosphate, and interferon are the main drugs. Recent studies have shown that chloroquine can inhibit 2019-nCoV by increasing the endosome pH required for viral cell fusion (26) , and its antiviral and antiinflammatory activity considerations are also involved (36) . New research shows that interferon-α nebulization, injection of interferon-α2b (57) , and α-interferon combined with lopinavir/ritonavir drugs (58) may be applicable to the current treatment of 2019-nCoV infection. Current studies have shown that the drug treatment of 2019-nCoV-related pneumonia mainly includes antivirals, antimalarials, and interferon. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro
cord-315453-mbv8vb2r	2020	
cord-315730-fzgxuak7	2020	Owing to their efficacy against viruses (mostly demonstrated in vitro) including influenza, HIV, coronavirus OC43, and SARS-CoV, a large number of clinical trials (>230) have been registered worldwide using chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine alone, or in combination with other drugs (e.g. azithromycin) for the treatment of COVID-19. At the time of writing, the RECOVERY trial (clinical trial identifier NCT04381936) which is the largest randomised control trial so far conducted for the treatment of COVID, has stopped recruiting to the hydroxychloroquine arm (1542 patients compared with 3132 on standard care) because of no beneficial effect either in terms of mortality or hospital stay (P. Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial
cord-316117-o29773cz	2020	At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused an outbreak of pneumonia spreading from Wuhan, Hubei province, to the whole country of China and then the entire world, forcing the World Health Organization (WHO) to make the assessment that the coronavirus disease (COVID19) can be characterized as a pandemic, the first ever caused by a coronavirus. The search strategy was based on the following keywords: coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome, antivirals, corticosteroids, biologics, and anticoagulants. Current antiviral treatments are mainly based on previous experiences (favipiravir) or on experimental drugs (remdesivir) used for the treatment of viral infections due to different viruses, such as influenza virus (InfV), Ebolavirus (EBOV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), MERS, and SARS. 38 On the contrary, in a study with a small cohort of patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, no strong antiviral activity or clinical efficacy of the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was found.
cord-316370-t802kjpk	2020	
cord-317246-8c7d5ynz	2020	
cord-317344-wznzmssz	2010	Now we are going to report some of the several studies involving the use of probiotic formulations to evaluate their efficacy for the treatment of allergic diseases basing on their ability to change either the composition and/or the metabolic activities of the microbiota or modulate immune system reactivity in a way that benefits health. One hundred and sixteen patients with IBS fulfilling the Rome II criteria were randomized in a parallel group, double-blind study to receive a placebo or a probiotic combination (1 Â 10 10 cfu) once daily for four weeks. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study aimed at determining the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus for the prevention of any diarrhea associated with antibiotic use and caused by Clostridium difficile.
cord-317538-i6amqpmt	2020	
cord-318005-cxjnczwv	2001	title: Molluscum contagiosum effectively treated with a topical acidified nitrite, nitric oxide liberating cream A double‐blind, group‐sequential clinical trial of acidified nitrite was performed to demonstrate the efficacy of this nitric oxide donor in treating molluscum contagiosum. 9 We have previously described the use of acidified nitrite cream as an NO donor to treat dermatophyte infections 10 and now show the effectiveness of this topical treatment in molluscum contagiosum. As we could not estimate the size of the effect of this therapy, we chose a double-blind, group-sequential design 19 in which subjects were randomized to receive either 5% sodium nitrite co-applied with 5% salicylic acid under occlusion, or identical cream with 5% salicylic acid but omitting sodium nitrite, as a control. No significant difference was found between the active treatment and control groups in the number of lesions per patient or duration of these lesions (Table 1) .
cord-318797-iswxlbhb	2020	
cord-320548-oigyut2k	2014	19 In patients admitted to hospital with severe infl uenza A H7N9 infection, reduction of viral load after treatment with oseltamivir correlated with improved outcome, whereas the emergence of virus resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors that harbours an Arg292Lys substitution is associated with poor outcomes and poor response to oseltamivir and peramivir. Several observational studies show that systemic corticosteroids given for 2009 pandemic infl uenza A H1N1-associated viral pneumonia increased the risk of mortality and morbidity (eg, secondary infections), especially when there was a delay in initiation, or absence of, eff ective antiviral therapy. Several observational studies have shown that systemic corticosteroids given for 2009 pandemic infl uenza A H1N1-asssociated viral pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome increased the risk of mortality and morbidity (eg, secondary bacterial or fungal infections), especially if there is delay or lack of eff ective antiviral therapy.
cord-322279-6ffnejwj	2020	
cord-322859-rtzf9dvp	2020	
cord-322980-rembksdr	2020	The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2019) emerged in 2019 in the month of December in Wuhan city of China, which again made the life of humans miserable with numerous fatal health issues and slowly and gradually this virus entrapped the whole world [2, 3] . Before the doctors, scientists, and researchers could study and come up with a cure for treatment, this virus had already infected more than lakhs of people across the world with the human coronavirus pathogens, i.e., HCoV-22E and HCoV-OC43, which affects the upper respiratory tract. Because of broad reach, presently, remdesivir and its in vitro studies against coronavirus help in treating SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 and EC90 estimations of 0.77 μM and 1.76 μM, respectively, and are proved to be a fruitful expected treatment for COVID-19 [ 
cord-323683-9h9mld6x	2013	
cord-323940-ubazgvov	2020	
cord-324091-nljd2ok1	2020	
cord-325970-ivtunxrd	2020	
cord-326864-i1r3bv4p	2020	4 COVID-19 is a respiratory tract infection that causes mild symptoms in the majority of cases, but can also lead to ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 : latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com mortality and morbidity. SARS-CoV is closely related to civet and bat CoVs, but it is phylogenetically divergent from other coronaviruses associated with human infections, including ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1. In a clinical trial involving 199 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, lopinavir-ritonavir treatment was not associated with any clinical improvements compared with standard care. 25 Long and colleagues reported that corticosteroid therapy using methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone was beneficial in treating ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com SARS-CoV patients, 78 and significantly prolonged survival time in clinical cases.
cord-327865-xxov2x33	2011	As part of the text and to face the requirements for poor rural and urban areas and water-scarce regions, basic sanitation, wastewater treatment, and water reuse alternatives are described with emphasis on their constraints and limitations for developing countries. In addition, in the developed countries, the term sanitation applies not only to the installation of sewers but also to the full implementation of systems for the safe disposal and reuse of treated wastewater, sludge, and septage. In addition, they offer the following benefits (Lenghton et al., 2005; Correlje and Schuetze, 2008) : (1) they allow investments to be made stepwise, in line with available funds, local development, and population growth; (2) they are used in smaller areas of service that are easier to manage; (3) they allow the use of different technologies to provide services to different socioeconomic groups; and (4) they facilitate the reuse of water on-site.
cord-331487-jh34klbg	2020	OBJECTIVES: The aim of this randomised GCP-controlled trial is to clarify whether combination therapy with the antibiotic azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine via anti-inflammation/immune modulation, antiviral efficacy and pre-emptive treatment of supra-infections can shorten hospitalisation duration for patients with COVID-19 (measured as "days alive and out of hospital" as the primary outcome), reduce the risk of noninvasive ventilation, treatment in the intensive care unit and death. Fertile women* must not be pregnant, i.e. negative pregnancy test must be available at inclusion • Informed consent signed by the patient *Defined as after menarche and until postmenopausal (no menstruation for 12 months) Exclusion criteria: • At the time of recruitment, the patient uses >5 LO2/min (equivalent to 40% FiO2 if measured) • Known intolerance/allergy to azithromycin or hydroxychloroquine or hypersensitivity to quinine or 4-aminoquinoline derivatives • Neurogenic hearing loss • Psoriasis • Retinopathy • Maculopathy • Visual field changes • Breastfeeding • Severe liver diseases other than amoebiasis (INR> 1.5 spontaneously) • Severe gastrointestinal, neurological and hematological disorders (investigator-assessed) • eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m2 • Clinically significant cardiac conduction disorders/arrhythmias or prolonged QTc interval (QTc (f) of> 480/470 ms).
cord-333730-qsx0m68e	2020	However, some immunosuppressants or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) show antiviral activity and may be safely used or even beneficial in patients with selected concomitant viral infections. In vitro anti-CMV properties of leflunomide were not through blocking the replication of viral DNA, so it is effective even in patients with direct antiviral drug-resistance history. The combination of MMF and highly active antiretroviral therapy improved the control of viral replication and delayed viral-load rebound in a randomized pilot study (n = 17 The effectiveness of thalidomide for KS might be related to anti-angiogenesis, and experts hypothesized the modulation of the immune system to trigger an antiviral action. Although in most instances, the antiviral activity of DMARDs is based on in vitro or small-scale controlled studies, this property would be useful in the choice of DMARDs for patients with concomitant viral infections. Effects of hydroxychloroquine on immune activation and disease progression among HIV-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial
cord-334867-ohw0chbg	2020	Accordingly, the study put forward the following countermeasures and suggestions for hospitals to deal with future biosecurity events, such as a major epidemic: first, there is a need to build biosecurity management systems and emergency response mechanisms in hospitals; second, the investment and guarantee mechanisms for hospital biosecurity construction should be improved; third, the capacity building of biosecurity incident treatment needs attention in general hospitals; and fourth, comprehensive plans need to be developed for the integrated construction of medical treatment and prevention facilities through disease-control systems. With the large number of patients visiting hospitals, the poor information exchange among medical institutions, disease control institutions, and scientific research institutions caused doctors to have scant knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics, transmission patterns, and human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the consequence of disappointing treatment results [9] .
cord-334881-x9nxxled	2020	
cord-336462-7dltsav4	2020	Here we describe the clinical features, laboratory parameters, diagnostic workup, management and outcome data of a previously healthy 54-year-old man diagnosed with HLH secondary to tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: We present one of few published cases of a patient who survived HLH triggered by miliary tuberculosis. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an uncommon hematologic disorder characterized by an uncontrolled immune response with organ infiltration of lymphocytes and histiocytes, and organ damage caused by excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Results from bone marrow biopsy later revealed an expanded erythropoiesis, increased number of histiocytic cells with phagocytosed lymphocytes and nuclear debris (hemophagocytosis) and granulomas that supported the diagnosis of HLH and TB, respectively (Fig. 4) . Treatment outcomes and prognostic factors in adult patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis not associated with malignancy Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with initial presentation of fever of unknown origin in a general hospital: an analysis of 8 clinical cases
cord-336554-n8n5ii5k	2020	Number of drugs such as remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, darunavir, arbidol, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab and interferons have shown inhibitory effects against the SARS-CoV2 in-vitro as well as in clinical conditions. Outbreaks of novel emerging infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) have unique challenges in front of the health professionals to select appropriate therapeutics/pharmacological treatments in the clinical setup with very little time available for the new drug discovery [3] . Currently, with the lack of effective agents against SARS-CoV2 as well as public-health emergency, WHO has identified some therapies which doctors and researchers believe are the most promising, such as a combination of two HIV drugs (lopinavir and ritonavir), anti-malarial drugs (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine), and an experimental antiviral compound remdesivir. Ribavirin at a dose rate of 500 mg 2-3 times/day in combination with other drugs such as lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon (IFN)-α through intravenous route for not more than 10 days made the SARS-CoV2 infected patients more resistant to respiratory distress syndrome as well as death [41] .
cord-336563-hwemigk7	2020	Given the rapidity of emerging literature, IDSA identified the need to develop living, frequently updated evidence-based guidelines to support patients, clinicians and other health-care professionals in their decisions about treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Two RCTs of patients with confirmed COVID-19 with mild pneumonia (e.g., positive CT scan without oxygen requirement) or non-severe infection admitted to the hospital treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) reported on mortality at 14 days, clinical progression (radiological progression on CT scan), clinical improvement, failure of virologic clearance (PCR), and adverse events (both) [11, 12] (Table 1 ). In addition, we identified four publications describing three trials of combination treatment with HCQ plus azithromycin (AZ) among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 reporting on the outcomes of mortality, failure of virologic clearance (assessed with PCR test), and adverse events (i.e., significant QT prolongation leading to treatment discontinuation) [13] [14] [15] [16] (Table 2) .
cord-336614-u6alc6rs	2020	Antiviral treatment, empirical antibacterial agents, adjunctive therapies, anticoagulant treatment, supportive care (oxygen, intravenous fluids, monitoring, high-flow nasal oxygen/noninvasive ventilation, and mechanical ventilation, among others), dosage, method of administration and duration of treatment, drug side effects and interactions, nonrecommended treatment or recommendation for other drugs, hospital circuits, ward organization and care planning, and discharge recommendations were collected from all clinical protocols for COVID-19. This study showed that the COVID-19 protocols of the largest hospitals in Andalusia (Spain) varied widely in several aspects, including antiviral treatment: they used different dosages, durations, and combinations of treatment for the same clinical condition. Several randomized clinical trials on tocilizumab, either alone or in combination, in patients with COVID-19 with severe pneumonia are underway, and its use was included in the Chinese national treatment guidelines [30, 31] .
cord-339614-28s205p8	2020	Patient communication-establishing appropriate expectations for office visits and attendant risks; Clinic schedule management-considerations for schedule modification to convert non-treatment interactions to telehealth consultations, separate patients from one another in the office and avoid unnecessary staff contact; Facility management-physical modification of office common areas and treatment rooms, as well as check-in and check-out procedures, to promote safe practices and physical distancing; Cleaning procedures-discussion of disinfection methods and practices in each office area, ranging from medical instruments and treatment rooms to administrative items and reception areas; Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for providers, staff and patients-recommendations for PPE types and use depending upon procedure-based risk assessment, and recognizing current global equipment shortages; Employee health screening and training-procedures and methods for identifying staff members who may be unwell before, during, and after work, and training of staff to identify potential COVID-19 presentation in coworkers, patients, and other office visitors; risks associated with exposure to known or suspected COVID-19-positive individuals are also discussed; Patient health and screening-procedures and methods for symptom recognition in patients before, during, and after office visits, with follow-up monitoring where appropriate; Remedial measures following onsite symptom presentation-a framework for addressing isolation of symptomatic individuals, office containment and disinfection, and contact tracing; Treatment room setup-preparing and securing treatment rooms for patient entry to contain office contamination and reduce overall potential COVID-19 exposure; and Aesthetic treatment considerations-pretreatment preparation and precautions, and other suggestions for minimizing risk of transmission in performing the most common types of office-based aesthetic procedures, such as neurotoxin and dermal filler injections, noninvasive body contouring, lasers and other similar energy-emitting devices, and a range of medical skin care treatments.
cord-342096-pijvvo2i	2020	Study question: Does the fear of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reduce the desire of infertile couples to continue treatment? Due to the fact that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through sexual secretions, and through the pregnant mother to the child has not yet been confirmed, during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some of these important aspects need to be considered: 1) Accurate identification Infertile women who are sensitive at this time; 2) effective personalization of stimulation based on maternal age and ovarian reserve; and 3) prevention of ART-related risks such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), complications associated with egg retrieval, and multiple pregnancies (28) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.01.20186320 doi: medRxiv preprint In our study, couples'' knowledge, and awareness of general information about COVID-19 such as common symptoms, prevention methods, and also about whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted vertically or sexually (0.00%), was evaluated well.
cord-342128-x6z4nvt3	2020	
cord-342303-ddulfe06	2020	METHODOLOGY: The review included two phases: 1) search and systematic revision of the medical literature; 2) consensus and revision of the document drafted by national scientific societies involved in the management and care of cancer patients using the modified Delphi method. The recommendations are grouped as follows: 1) general care interventions—training of the personnel, cleaning and disinfection of the hospital premises and patient scheduling; 2) treatment decisions—patient care, surgeries, immunosuppressive therapy, radiotherapy and screening; 3) ethical considerations—optimisation of resources, end-of-life care for critically-ill patients; 4) management of hospitalised patients; and 5) wellbeing of the healthcare team. In cases where the overall benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy may be small, and where there are no immunosuppressive options available (for example, hormonal therapy in early-stage hormone-dependant breast cancer), the risk of infection from COVID-19 can be considered as an additional factor to evaluate before the different options available to the patient.
cord-342588-berrojmq	2020	The development of this orally active compound is described in detail in the papers of Neau et al., and Dickie et al., Fexinidazole received a positive scientific opinion from the European Medicines Agency for treatment of Gambiense HAT in late 2018, it was approved by the drug regulatory authority of the DRC and added to the WHO list of essential medicines in 2019, and the first official application in the DRC happened at the end of January 2020 on World NTD day in a public ceremony. In 2012, the World Health Organization, which has played an instrumental role in the control, set the goal for the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), as a public health problem for 2020 and for the total interruption of transmission to humans for 2030.
cord-346607-1mewok8l	2020	This article reviews current literature for the use of tele/virtual interventions in the treatment of SUDs and offers recommendations on safe an effective implementation strategies based on the current literature. The COVID-19 pandemic makes it imperative for clinical practice to adapt rapidly in order to meet patient needs for SUD treatment while reducing risk of COVID-19 infection; hence, many providers are now using telehealth for the first time. When compared to treatment as usual for Alcohol Use Disorder, the addition of telephone-based services has been shown to improve abstinence rates and reduce binge drinking in the short term but not after the cessation of the interventions examined with no increase in adverse outcomes. A number of studies have shown group based treatment by videoconference, both support groups and treatment groups, including those targeting tobacco, alcohol and opioid use disorders have been shown to provide safe intervention, high patient satisfaction and appear to have similar outcomes to in person treatments.
cord-346611-jyktuvyy	2020	Considering the design of COVID-19 trials, we show that the empirical success rule yields treatment results that are much closer to optimal than those generated by prevailing decision criteria based on hypothesis tests. Table 2 compares near-optimality of the empirical success rule and the hypothesis test-based decision criterion in two-arm trials for a wide range of sample sizes. Given any specified sample size, the empirical success rule has been shown to achieve the lowest possible value of near-optimality in trials with binary outcomes that assign an equal number of patients to each arm (Stoye, 2009 ). In Table 4 we compare near-optimality of prescribing treatments using standard multiple hypothesis testing approach and of prescribing them using the empirical success rule in five-arm trials with different sample sizes. Manski and Tetenov (2019) study the near-optimality of the empirical success rule when there are two feasible treatments and patient welfare is a weighted sum of binary primary and secondary outcomes.
cord-346715-r6a5vxl0	2020	Chromium (Cr) typically exists in either trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states in drinking water, i.e., Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) of particular concern in recent years due to its high toxicity and new regulatory standards. To moving forward in the right direction, three key questions need further exploration for the technology implementation, including effective management of residual waste, minimizing the risks of Cr(VI) re-occurrence downstream of drinking water treatment plant, and promote the socioeconomic drivers for Cr(VI) control in the future. The reactions of Cr(III) solids oxidation by free chlorine residuals can take place in drinking water distribution systems, as supported by statistical analysis of EPA UCMR3 database. Redox-driven Cr(VI) treatment technologies are more promising and cost-effective than physical separation technologies (for example, ion exchange), because Cr (VI) is chemically reduced to non-toxic Cr(III) solids in the presence of a reductant and subsequently removed as Cr (III) particles, eliminating the need for additional brine disposal (Eary and Rai, 1988) .
cord-349366-4gny9xkx	2020	We present a simple and generic outline that lays out the process for developing and implementing a new HDR brachytherapy program in any setting, but with particular emphasis on challenges associated with starting the program in a limited resource setting. The T&R has a fixed geometry, so with proper training, template plans can also be used when treatment planning is limited in LMICs. In Dakar, Senegal, where HDR was installed without a functioning treatment planning system, the cervical cancer brachytherapy program was developed around the T&R applicator with a library of plans and doses prescribed to Point A. Therefore, machine and equipment selection for brachytherapy should be a collaborative team effort to ensure that all needed items and their functionality have been evaluated carefully in terms of cost, physical space requirements, clinical applicability, compatibility with any existing technology (hardware and/or software), any history of reported medical events associated with hardware/software components, and any limitations including dependability, cleaning and reusability or end-of-life standards.
cord-349990-i3jslrae	2020	Current international guidelines provide algorithms for the management of chronic cough: in most cases, treatment of the underlying disease is sufficient to improve or resolve cough symptoms. Under pathological conditions of known and unknown etiologies, chronic refractory cough (CRC) may become a major medical problem because patients may need to undergo repeated examinations before reaching a diagnosis, and/or try several treatments with sometimes poor symptom control, worsening their quality of life and increasing economic burden. conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial in 75 patients with CRC, and observed an improvement in cough-specific quality of life (Leicester Cough Questionnaire) and cough frequency (Leicester Cough Monitor) as a consequence of implementing a combined physiotherapy and speech and language therapy intervention [19] . investigated the potential effects of azithromycin on chronic cough in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [61] . MK-7264, a P2×3 receptor antagonist, reduces cough frequency in patients with refractory chronic cough: results from a randomized, controlled, Phase 2b clinical trial
cord-350024-whne0l19	2006	With the use of a system-based approach, this article defines the most common infections seen in ambulatory care and their most common causative organisms and gives antibiotic options with respect to efficacy, common side effects, and cost. Nurse practitioners can diagnose and manage most of these skin infections; however, in the case of necrotizing fasciitis this is a surgical emergency and requires immediate referral and hospitalization.The following clinical entities most commonly seen in outpatient care are described: cellulitis, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles and carbuncles, necrotizing fasciitis, paronychia, onychomycoses, lice, scabies, and Lyme disease. GAS is the most common bacterial cause and requires treatment with antibiotics; therefore, the main objective in evaluating a patient in the primary care setting is to identify, rule out, and treat GAS. This section discusses infections of the genitourinary tract, including vaginitis, cervicitis, cystitis, and epididymitis with specific reference to the diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
cord-350571-6tapkjb6	2017	Possible solutions might be to use shared communication tools like Internet based communication programs and to introduce the patient as a participant at the IMRs. Please specify your abstract type: Research abstract Background and objective: International good pharmacy practice guidelines describe how pharmacists should counsel the patients about their medicines, offer additional services where needed, and intervene at drug related problems. Please specify your abstract type: Descriptive abstract (for projects) Background and objective: In order to improve the medication reconciliation and to implement training programs for the medical team in an associated to general hospital nursing (ASNH) home we measured the discrepancies between pharmacy registered treatments (PRT) and medical prescriptions (MP), and we analysed potentially inappropriate prescriptions according to ''''American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria'''' and ''''STOPP-START 2014 criteria.
cord-350578-wyz5jyjh	2020	14 We aimed to apply the COVID-19 Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Assistant Program (nCapp) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) medical technology to conduct clinical work during the COVID-19 epidemic, especially for outpatients, and quality control (QC) will assist the diagnosis and treatment, and achieve early identification, isolation, and treatment of patients with COVID-19. According to the ''''Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Interim Version 6)," a patient with the positive nucleic acid testing of 2019 nCoV is considered the confirmed case. Intelligent assisted treatment for patients with mild and moderate pneumonia 14 nCapp automatically generates treatment recommendations in accordance with the guidelines of the ''''Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Interim Version 6)". Intelligent assisted treatment for patients with severe pneumonia nCapp automatically generates a prompt treatment recommendations in accordance with the ''Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Interim Version 6)''.
cord-351510-8m4930bc	2020	In particular, we briefly examine the dangers of a heightened public profile in magnifying the inequality of diseases and undermining three key ethical concepts, namely (1) evidence-based practice, (2) sustainable allocation and (3) meaningful consent. 28 In the next three sections, we elaborate the ways in which one disease''s public profile, such as COVID-19''s, can become so extraordinary that it undermines evidence-based clinical practice, drives unsustainable resource allocation and authorises structural forms of coercive consent. 32 Although there are several morally justifiable reasons for off-label use in general clinical practice, our analysis focusses on the influence of disease public profile on the unapproved or emergency use of HCQ for COVID-19 without sufficient scientific evidence. In this article, we argued that the case of HCQ being touted as potential COVID-19 treatment demonstrates the dangers of a disease''s public profile becoming the overarching influence in healthcare decision-making.
cord-351555-hsgsuor2	2020	Zhang et al, 21 reported that patients who had their last anti-tumor treatment (including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation) within 14 days prior to infection with SARS-CoV-2 had a significantly increased risk of developing severe events (HR = 4.079, 95% CI 1.086-15.322, P = .037). 37, 38 In order to achieve this, in the most affected areas medical specialists, including oncologists, were asked to provide their assistance in managing patients suffering from COVID-19 requiring hospitalization in ICUs or in the departments of infectious or respiratory diseases or general internal medicine. 40 Currently, there are no official reports of how the treatment of cancer patients has been affected by the lack of resources and limited access to healthcare due to the COVID-19 pandemic in most afflicted countries. The decision should be based on the cancer type and stage, the clinical condition of the patient, the treatment indicated for the condition, the patient''s response to anticancer therapy, and the potential risks for an infection with SARS-CoV-2.
cord-351594-8gp9mjen	2020	title: Removal of chronic Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae carrier ewes eliminates pneumonia in a bighorn sheep population We hypothesized that persistent or recurrent pneumonia in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations may be caused by chronic carriers of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Mo). 3. We classified chronic carriers as adults that consistently tested positive for Mo carriage over a 20‐month sampling period (n = 2 in the treatment population; n = 2 in control population). We modeled daily survival rates, incorporating treatment (i.e., population identity), year (Gaillard et al., 2000) , strain type exposure (Cassirer TA B L E 1 Summary of bighorn sheep pathogen testing results and survival estimates in the treatment and control populations, We coded treatment and individual sex effects as with adults. After removal of chronic carriers, we did not detect Mo in 35 samples (26 negative and 9 indeterminate) collected from 26 individuals (9 males, 17 females) in the treatment population (Table 1 and Table S3 ).
cord-353013-7cx0gnum	2020	The six patients shared some common characteristics: advanced age, male, concurrent infection symptoms, diabetes mellitus (DM), advanced squamous cell and small cell lung cancers, centrally located tumors, tumor measuring ≥5 cm in longest diameter, and newly formed tumor cavitation after multi-line treatment especially after receiving radiotherapy. Case 2: A 63-year-old Chinese male smoker diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the right lung [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 19del, stage IVb] in 2016, with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) (poorly controlled), who successively received the following: four series of chemotherapy cycles with gemcitabine (GEM)+carboplatin (CBP); four months of targeted therapy (icotinib); 36 Gy (3 Gy×12 fractions) sequential radiation therapy on the lung tumor and mediastinal lymph node metastasis; and two chemotherapy cycles with paclitaxel (PTX); was started on anlotinib (orally, 12 mg once daily on day 1 to 14 of a 21-day cycle) in 2018 for four months.
cord-353671-xjpzhsup	2020	In a previous prospective single-centre phase II trial in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in whom standard therapies had failed, patients who showed high expression of the PSMA target by ( 68 Ga-labelled PSMA-11) PET yielded favourable responses; patients with high [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in low-PSMA-uptake lesions were excluded. By incorporating molecular imaging to assess the impact of other therapeutics on RPT delivery and calculation of the target and normal tissue absorbed doses, the trial-and-error effort needed to optimize combination therapy for RPT agents can be substantially reduced. Aside from establishing trained practitioners, the future growth of RPT will be fuelled by continued discovery of more-specific tumour-associated targets, improvements in radiochemistry, increased and low-cost availability of radionuclides (particularly α-particle emitters) and expanded preclinical and clinical investigation of combination therapy with agents and treatment modalities that are complementary to RPT.
cord-354824-7fdcu2f0	2020	Evolving research and clinical data regarding the virologic SARS-CoV-2 suggest a potential list of repurposed drugs with appropriate pharmacological effects and therapeutic efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients. This estimated 20% of patients developing more severe disease with SARS-CoV-2 infection are most likely due to genetics, epigenetics, and or other factors, with dampened innate immune response to fight the virus coupled with enhanced viral load leading to cytokine storm, severe inflammatory/oxidative stress response, and severe lung injury secondary to ARDS. Chloroquine can inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent virus-cell fusion by interfering with glycosylation of ACE2 receptor and its binding with spike protein, suggesting that chloroquine treatment might be more effective in the early stage of infection, before COVID-19 reduces ACE2 expression and activity [30, 38, 39] . Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, doubleblinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study)