Carrel name: keyword-vaccine-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-vaccine-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.json key: cord-005081-kxrzv16n authors: Kiselev, O. I. title: Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies date: 2010-11-12 journal: Appl DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810090024 sha: doc_id: 5081 cord_uid: kxrzv16n file: cache/cord-000452-1gd006zy.json key: cord-000452-1gd006zy authors: Kim, Y. C.; Jarrahian, C.; Zehrung, D.; Mitragotri, S.; Prausnitz, M. R. title: Delivery Systems for Intradermal Vaccination date: 2011-04-07 journal: Intradermal Immunization DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_123 sha: doc_id: 452 cord_uid: 1gd006zy file: cache/cord-004078-d1pd09zj.json key: cord-004078-d1pd09zj authors: Mettu, Ravinder; Chen, Chiang-Yun; Wu, Chung-Yi title: Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: challenges and opportunities date: 2020-01-03 journal: J Biomed Sci DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0591-0 sha: doc_id: 4078 cord_uid: d1pd09zj file: cache/cord-011325-r42hzazp.json key: cord-011325-r42hzazp authors: Stowe, Julia; Andrews, Nick; Miller, Elizabeth title: Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date: 2019-10-01 journal: CNS Drugs DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00670-y sha: doc_id: 11325 cord_uid: r42hzazp file: cache/cord-010266-elhgew3x.json key: cord-010266-elhgew3x authors: Spier, R.E. title: Ethical aspects of vaccines and vaccination date: 1998-12-02 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00169-8 sha: doc_id: 10266 cord_uid: elhgew3x file: cache/cord-016508-39glgeft.json key: cord-016508-39glgeft authors: Possas, Cristina; Antunes, Adelaide Maria de Souza; de Magalhães, Jorge Lima; Mendes, Flavia Maria Lins; Ramos, Mateus Pinheiro; De Simone Morais, Juliana; Homma, Akira title: Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date: 2019-06-13 journal: Bioeconomy for Sustainable Development DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_14 sha: doc_id: 16508 cord_uid: 39glgeft file: cache/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.json key: cord-007681-vhghhvnu authors: Schwartz, Benjamin; Orenstein, Walter A. title: Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date: 2009-06-15 journal: Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_24 sha: doc_id: 7681 cord_uid: vhghhvnu file: cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.json key: cord-021637-f5wwn45z authors: Douglas, R. Gordon; Samant, Vijay B. title: The Vaccine Industry date: 2017-07-17 journal: Plotkin's Vaccines DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3 sha: doc_id: 21637 cord_uid: f5wwn45z file: cache/cord-011486-5osu6hdu.json key: cord-011486-5osu6hdu authors: Lestari, Fajar Budi; Vongpunsawad, Sompong; Wanlapakorn, Nasamon; Poovorawan, Yong title: Rotavirus infection in children in Southeast Asia 2008–2018: disease burden, genotype distribution, seasonality, and vaccination date: 2020-05-21 journal: J Biomed Sci DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00649-8 sha: doc_id: 11486 cord_uid: 5osu6hdu file: cache/cord-001260-6krujv2m.json key: cord-001260-6krujv2m authors: Bremer, Paul T.; Schlosburg, Joel E.; Lively, Jenny M.; Janda, Kim D. title: Injection Route and TLR9 Agonist Addition Significantly Impact Heroin Vaccine Efficacy date: 2014-02-11 journal: Mol Pharm DOI: 10.1021/mp400631w sha: doc_id: 1260 cord_uid: 6krujv2m file: cache/cord-025366-haf542y0.json key: cord-025366-haf542y0 authors: Offit, Paul A.; DeStefano, Frank title: Vaccine safety date: 2012-11-07 journal: Vaccines DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00076-8 sha: doc_id: 25366 cord_uid: haf542y0 file: cache/cord-016903-z2vqfq98.json key: cord-016903-z2vqfq98 authors: Herndler-Brandstetter, Dietmar; Grubeck-Loebenstein, Beatrix title: The Efficacy of Vaccines to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Elderly date: 2007 journal: Immunosenescence DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76842-7_10 sha: doc_id: 16903 cord_uid: z2vqfq98 file: cache/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.json key: cord-032017-h0cj4izx authors: Roach, E. Steve title: Child Neglect by Any Other Name date: 2020-09-17 journal: Pediatr Neurol DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.09.006 sha: doc_id: 32017 cord_uid: h0cj4izx file: cache/cord-016178-2ix6c0he.json key: cord-016178-2ix6c0he authors: Rajan, V. title: An Oral Vaccine for TGEV Immunization of Pigs date: 2014-05-28 journal: Commercial Plant-Produced Recombinant Protein Products DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43836-7_8 sha: doc_id: 16178 cord_uid: 2ix6c0he file: cache/cord-018165-afzjx2ci.json key: cord-018165-afzjx2ci authors: Modrow, Susanne; Falke, Dietrich; Truyen, Uwe; Schätzl, Hermann title: Vaccines date: 2013-08-12 journal: Molecular Virology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_10 sha: doc_id: 18165 cord_uid: afzjx2ci file: cache/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.json key: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt authors: Beutels, Philippe P.A. title: Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date: 2005 journal: The Grand Challenge for the Future DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_1 sha: doc_id: 18497 cord_uid: oy7hsrpt file: cache/cord-003806-ctass7hz.json key: cord-003806-ctass7hz authors: Bull, James J.; Nuismer, Scott L.; Antia, Rustom title: Recombinant vector vaccine evolution date: 2019-07-19 journal: PLoS Comput Biol DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857 sha: doc_id: 3806 cord_uid: ctass7hz file: cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.json key: cord-008881-579ronfq authors: Nicholson, KarlG; Prestage, Howard; Cole, PeterJ; Turner, GeorgeS; Bauer, SallyP title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date: 1981-10-24 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91402-1 sha: doc_id: 8881 cord_uid: 579ronfq file: cache/cord-017838-fbotc479.json key: cord-017838-fbotc479 authors: Fagone, Paolo; Shedlock, Devon J.; Kemmerer, Stephen; Rabussay, Dietmar; Weiner, David B. title: Electroporation-Mediated DNA Vaccination date: 2010-12-15 journal: Clinical Aspects of Electroporation DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8363-3_18 sha: doc_id: 17838 cord_uid: fbotc479 file: cache/cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.json key: cord-000194-cwzpb8fu authors: Haque, Azizul; Hober, Didier; Kasper, Lloyd H. title: Confronting Potential Influenza A (H5N1) Pandemic with Better Vaccines date: 2007-10-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid1310.061262 sha: doc_id: 194 cord_uid: cwzpb8fu file: cache/cord-016713-pw4f8asc.json key: cord-016713-pw4f8asc authors: Goyal, Amit K.; Rath, Goutam; Garg, Tarun title: Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization date: 2013-05-24 journal: DNA and RNA Nanobiotechnologies in Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36853-0_4 sha: doc_id: 16713 cord_uid: pw4f8asc file: cache/cord-003656-7mzsaz7a.json key: cord-003656-7mzsaz7a authors: Wium, Martha; Jonker, Hester Isabella; Olivier, Adriaan Jacobus; Bellstedt, Dirk Uwe; Botes, Annelise title: DNA Vaccines Against Mycoplasma Elicit Humoral Immune Responses in Ostriches date: 2019-05-14 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01061 sha: doc_id: 3656 cord_uid: 7mzsaz7a file: cache/cord-009383-ozx5u0t3.json key: cord-009383-ozx5u0t3 authors: Sheppard, Michael title: Viral Vectors for Veterinary Vaccines date: 2007-09-28 journal: Adv Vet Med DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80014-7 sha: doc_id: 9383 cord_uid: ozx5u0t3 file: cache/cord-014901-d9szap94.json key: cord-014901-d9szap94 authors: Permyakova, N. V.; Uvarova, E. A.; Deineko, E. V. title: State of research in the field of the creation of plant vaccines for veterinary use date: 2015-01-04 journal: Russ J Plant Physiol DOI: 10.1134/s1021443715010100 sha: doc_id: 14901 cord_uid: d9szap94 file: cache/cord-003764-141u6ax7.json key: cord-003764-141u6ax7 authors: Shrestha, Ashish C.; Wijesundara, Danushka K.; Masavuli, Makutiro G.; Mekonnen, Zelalem A.; Gowans, Eric J.; Grubor-Bauk, Branka title: Cytolytic Perforin as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines date: 2019-04-30 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020038 sha: doc_id: 3764 cord_uid: 141u6ax7 file: cache/cord-003828-bhfghcby.json key: cord-003828-bhfghcby authors: Zrzavy, Tobias; Kollaritsch, Herwig; Rommer, Paulus S.; Boxberger, Nina; Loebermann, Micha; Wimmer, Isabella; Winkelmann, Alexander; Zettl, Uwe K. title: Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis: Friend or Foe? date: 2019-08-07 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01883 sha: doc_id: 3828 cord_uid: bhfghcby file: cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.json key: cord-000262-4owsb0bg authors: Leung, Gabriel M.; Nicoll, Angus title: Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date: 2010-10-05 journal: PLoS Med DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000346 sha: doc_id: 262 cord_uid: 4owsb0bg file: cache/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.json key: cord-016475-7ldxvbpz authors: Pleschka, Stephan; Ludwig, Stephan; Wolff, Thorsten; Planz, Oliver title: Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date: 2006 journal: New Concepts of Antiviral Therapy DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-31047-3_5 sha: doc_id: 16475 cord_uid: 7ldxvbpz file: cache/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.json key: cord-009381-q9s38fkh authors: Roth, James A. title: Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date: 2007-09-28 journal: Adv Vet Med DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80053-6 sha: doc_id: 9381 cord_uid: q9s38fkh file: cache/cord-005246-cskb0njm.json key: cord-005246-cskb0njm authors: Ludwig, George V.; Iacono-Connors, Lauren C. title: Insect-transmitted vertebrate viruses: Flaviviridae date: 1993 journal: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim DOI: 10.1007/bf02633958 sha: doc_id: 5246 cord_uid: cskb0njm file: cache/cord-003567-h8uq5z8b.json key: cord-003567-h8uq5z8b authors: Crank, Michelle C; Mascola, John R; Graham, Barney S title: Preparing for the Next Influenza Pandemic: The Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine date: 2019-04-15 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz043 sha: doc_id: 3567 cord_uid: h8uq5z8b file: cache/cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.json key: cord-002500-9p2n8tjx authors: Lambe, Teresa; Bowyer, Georgina; Ewer, Katie J title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel vaccines? date: 2017-05-26 journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0295 sha: doc_id: 2500 cord_uid: 9p2n8tjx file: cache/cord-013326-qsqaimsy.json key: cord-013326-qsqaimsy authors: Hankaniemi, Minna M.; Baikoghli, Mo A.; Stone, Virginia M.; Xing, Li; Väätäinen, Outi; Soppela, Saana; Sioofy-Khojine, Amirbabak; Saarinen, Niila V. 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Holland; Hytönen, Vesa P.; Laitinen, Olli H. title: Structural Insight into CVB3-VLP Non-Adjuvanted Vaccine date: 2020-08-24 journal: Microorganisms DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091287 sha: doc_id: 13326 cord_uid: qsqaimsy file: cache/cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.json key: cord-254890-4ynsgu6c authors: Heldens, J.G.M.; Patel, J.R.; Chanter, N.; ten Thij, G.J.; Gravendijck, M.; Schijns, V.E.J.C.; Langen, A.; Schetters, Th.P.M. title: Veterinary vaccine development from an industrial perspective date: 2008-03-03 journal: Vet J DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.009 sha: doc_id: 254890 cord_uid: 4ynsgu6c file: cache/cord-258353-uw8padla.json key: cord-258353-uw8padla authors: Williams, Joshua T.B.; O’Leary, Sean T.; Nussbaum, Abraham M. title: Caring for the Vaccine Hesitant Family: Evidence-Based Alternatives to Dismissal date: 2020-05-22 journal: J Pediatr DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.029 sha: doc_id: 258353 cord_uid: uw8padla file: cache/cord-007733-zh8e76w7.json key: cord-007733-zh8e76w7 authors: DiMenna, Lauren J.; Ertl, Hildegund C. J. title: Pandemic Influenza Vaccines date: 2009-06-15 journal: Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_15 sha: doc_id: 7733 cord_uid: zh8e76w7 file: cache/cord-032751-pmclolvh.json key: cord-032751-pmclolvh authors: Head, Katharine J.; Kasting, Monica L.; Sturm, Lynne A.; Hartsock, Jane A.; Zimet, Gregory D. title: A National Survey Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Intentions: Implications for Future Public Health Communication Efforts date: 2020-09-23 journal: Sci Commun DOI: 10.1177/1075547020960463 sha: doc_id: 32751 cord_uid: pmclolvh file: cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.json key: cord-017291-bhe34dky authors: Cohen, Cheryl; Reubenson, Gary title: Influenza date: 2017-05-05 journal: Viral Infections in Children, Volume I DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_2 sha: doc_id: 17291 cord_uid: bhe34dky file: cache/cord-017841-57rm046y.json key: cord-017841-57rm046y authors: Flower, Darren R.; Perrie, Yvonne title: Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date: 2012-09-28 journal: Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants and Candidate Subunit Vaccines DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5070-2_1 sha: doc_id: 17841 cord_uid: 57rm046y file: cache/cord-257533-i85dyg8n.json key: cord-257533-i85dyg8n authors: Henn, Wolfram title: Allocation criteria for an initial shortage of a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and necessary measures for global immunity date: 2020-06-23 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.058 sha: doc_id: 257533 cord_uid: i85dyg8n file: cache/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.json key: cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 authors: Chen, Juine-Ruey; Liu, Yo-Min; Tseng, Yung-Chieh; Ma, Che title: Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective date: 2020-02-14 journal: J Biomed Sci DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6 sha: doc_id: 4348 cord_uid: 4jdn4kw6 file: cache/cord-004435-l66ost6q.json key: cord-004435-l66ost6q authors: Oli, Angus Nnamdi; Obialor, Wilson Okechukwu; Ifeanyichukwu, Martins Ositadimma; Odimegwu, Damian Chukwu; Okoyeh, Jude Nnaemeka; Emechebe, George Ogonna; Adejumo, Samson Adedeji; Ibeanu, Gordon C title: Immunoinformatics and Vaccine Development: An Overview date: 2020-02-26 journal: Immunotargets Ther DOI: 10.2147/itt.s241064 sha: doc_id: 4435 cord_uid: l66ost6q file: cache/cord-023853-y5g4ceq9.json key: cord-023853-y5g4ceq9 authors: Affolder, Rebecca; Zaffran, Michel; Lob-Levyt, Julian title: Global Immunization Challenge: Progress and Opportunities date: 2009-05-18 journal: Maternal and Child Health DOI: 10.1007/b106524_23 sha: doc_id: 23853 cord_uid: y5g4ceq9 file: cache/cord-002842-4evbeijx.json key: cord-002842-4evbeijx authors: Pandey, Rajan Kumar; Bhatt, Tarun Kumar; Prajapati, Vijay Kumar title: Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein date: 2018-01-18 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19456-1 sha: doc_id: 2842 cord_uid: 4evbeijx file: cache/cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.json key: cord-254469-7q6xi2xx authors: Wang, Fuzhou; Kream, Richard M.; Stefano, George B. title: An Evidence Based Perspective on mRNA-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development date: 2020-05-05 journal: Med Sci Monit DOI: 10.12659/msm.924700 sha: doc_id: 254469 cord_uid: 7q6xi2xx file: cache/cord-000050-tfcerilc.json key: cord-000050-tfcerilc authors: Rao, Srinivas; Kong, Wing-Pui; Wei, Chih-Jen; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Nason, Martha; Styles, Darrel; DeTolla, Louis J.; Sorrell, Erin M.; Song, Haichen; Wan, Hongquan; Ramirez-Nieto, Gloria C.; Perez, Daniel; Nabel, Gary J. title: Multivalent HA DNA Vaccination Protects against Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Infection in Chickens and Mice date: 2008-06-18 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002432 sha: doc_id: 50 cord_uid: tfcerilc file: cache/cord-003403-ypefqm71.json key: cord-003403-ypefqm71 authors: Roberts, Christine C.; Maslow, Joel N. title: Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience date: 2018-10-02 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040070 sha: doc_id: 3403 cord_uid: ypefqm71 file: cache/cord-004518-jd1wxobz.json key: cord-004518-jd1wxobz authors: Běláková, Jana; Horynová, Milada; Křupka, Michal; Weigl, Evžen; Raška, Milan title: DNA vaccines: are they still just a powerful tool for the future? date: 2007-12-03 journal: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) DOI: 10.1007/s00005-007-0044-4 sha: doc_id: 4518 cord_uid: jd1wxobz file: cache/cord-006892-n2ncamqh.json key: cord-006892-n2ncamqh authors: Donaldson, Braeden; Lateef, Zabeen; Walker, Greg F.; Young, Sarah L.; Ward, Vernon K. title: Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation date: 2018-09-19 journal: Expert Rev Vaccines DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552 sha: doc_id: 6892 cord_uid: n2ncamqh file: cache/cord-009947-0zz4x8li.json key: cord-009947-0zz4x8li authors: Day, M. 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Maknojia, Insha; McCarthy, Robert D.P.; Oldfield, Tiara M.; Po, Jonathan; Ta, Kenny T.L.; Stepp, Hannah E.; Clements, Thomas P. title: A Guide to COVID‐19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 date: 2020-05-23 journal: FEBS J DOI: 10.1111/febs.15375 sha: doc_id: 344006 cord_uid: 0iq9s94n file: cache/cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.json key: cord-330496-p3o6zkhf authors: Tizard, Ian R. title: Feline vaccines date: 2020-07-10 journal: Vaccines for Veterinarians DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00023-x sha: doc_id: 330496 cord_uid: p3o6zkhf file: cache/cord-342800-62jklwiy.json key: cord-342800-62jklwiy authors: Xu, Shuqin; Yang, Kunpeng; Li, Rose; Zhang, Lu title: mRNA Vaccine Era—Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection date: 2020-09-09 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186582 sha: doc_id: 342800 cord_uid: 62jklwiy file: cache/cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.json key: cord-355618-7kfxc2w1 authors: McAteer, John; Yildirim, Inci; Chahroudi, Ann title: The VACCINES Act, Deciphering Vaccine Hesitancy in the Time of COVID19 date: 2020-04-13 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa433 sha: doc_id: 355618 cord_uid: 7kfxc2w1 file: cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.json key: cord-350565-mejd7blb authors: Lewnard, Joseph A; Reingold, Arthur L title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 journal: Am J Epidemiol DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy264 sha: doc_id: 350565 cord_uid: mejd7blb file: cache/cord-345191-nabxpyw3.json key: cord-345191-nabxpyw3 authors: Bell, Sadie; Clarke, Richard; Mounier-Jack, Sandra; Walker, Jemma L; Paterson, Pauline title: Parents’ and guardians’ views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: a multi-methods study in England date: 2020-10-19 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.027 sha: doc_id: 345191 cord_uid: nabxpyw3 file: cache/cord-349249-jwvz1ux2.json key: cord-349249-jwvz1ux2 authors: Singh, Gagandeep; Singh, Pankaj; Pillatzki, Angela; Nelson, Eric; Webb, Brett; Dillberger-Lawson, Steven; Ramamoorthy, Sheela title: A Minimally Replicative Vaccine Protects Vaccinated Piglets Against Challenge With the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date: 2019-10-22 journal: Front Vet Sci DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00347 sha: doc_id: 349249 cord_uid: jwvz1ux2 file: cache/cord-345689-5ns1onkw.json key: cord-345689-5ns1onkw authors: Kusters, Inca C.; Matthews, James; Saluzzo, Jean François title: Manufacturing Vaccines for an Emerging Viral Infection–Specific Issues Associated with the Development of a Prototype SARS Vaccine date: 2009-01-30 journal: Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00011-1 sha: doc_id: 345689 cord_uid: 5ns1onkw file: cache/cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.json key: cord-344563-bjuvxpkc authors: Neustroev, M. P.; Petrova, S. G. title: Developmental Results of a Vaccine against Salmonella-Induced Equine Abortion date: 2020-11-04 journal: Russ Agric Sci DOI: 10.3103/s1068367420050158 sha: doc_id: 344563 cord_uid: bjuvxpkc file: cache/cord-354030-8tfg881h.json key: cord-354030-8tfg881h authors: Dong, Rong; Chu, Zhugang; Yu, Fuxun; Zha, Yan title: Contriving Multi-Epitope Subunit of Vaccine for COVID-19: Immunoinformatics Approaches date: 2020-07-28 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01784 sha: doc_id: 354030 cord_uid: 8tfg881h file: cache/cord-348409-oxjd263z.json key: cord-348409-oxjd263z authors: Stern, Zachariah; Stylianou, Dora C.; Kostrikis, Leondios G. title: The development of inovirus-associated vector vaccines using phage-display technologies date: 2019-09-08 journal: Expert Rev Vaccines DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1651649 sha: doc_id: 348409 cord_uid: oxjd263z file: cache/cord-344750-b9tndbg1.json key: cord-344750-b9tndbg1 authors: Neumann-Böhme, Sebastian; Varghese, Nirosha Elsem; Sabat, Iryna; Barros, Pedro Pita; Brouwer, Werner; van Exel, Job; Schreyögg, Jonas; Stargardt, Tom title: Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 date: 2020-06-26 journal: Eur J Health Econ DOI: 10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6 sha: doc_id: 344750 cord_uid: b9tndbg1 file: cache/cord-351190-sq6zsqqi.json key: cord-351190-sq6zsqqi authors: Zaheer, Tean; Pal, Kaushik; Zaheer, Iqra title: Topical Review On Nano-vaccinology: Biochemical Promises and Key Challenges date: 2020-09-28 journal: Process Biochem DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.028 sha: doc_id: 351190 cord_uid: sq6zsqqi file: cache/cord-348144-t0chpsuh.json key: cord-348144-t0chpsuh authors: Lucas, Alexander H.; Apicella, Michael A.; Taylor, Christopher E. title: Carbohydrate Moieties as Vaccine Candidates date: 2005-09-01 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1086/432582 sha: doc_id: 348144 cord_uid: t0chpsuh file: cache/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.json key: cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 authors: Nedjadi, Taoufik; El-Kafrawy, Sherif; Sohrab, Sayed S.; Desprès, Philippe; Damanhouri, Ghazi; Azhar, Esam title: Tackling dengue fever: Current status and challenges date: 2015-12-09 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0444-8 sha: doc_id: 355906 cord_uid: yeaw9nr8 file: cache/cord-351649-87g7g5au.json key: cord-351649-87g7g5au authors: Haagmans, Bart L.; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E. title: SARS date: 2009-01-30 journal: Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00036-6 sha: doc_id: 351649 cord_uid: 87g7g5au file: cache/cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.json key: cord-353911-hp6s6ebh authors: Petráš, Marek; Lesný, Petr; Musil, Jan; Limberková, Radomíra; Pátíková, Alžběta; Jirsa, Milan; Krsek, Daniel; Březovský, Pavel; Koladiya, Abhishek; Vaníková, Šárka; Macková, Barbora; Jírová, Dagmar; Krijt, Matyáš; Králová Lesná, Ivana; Adámková, Věra title: Early immune response in mice immunized with a semi-split inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 containing S protein-free particles and subunit S protein date: 2020-11-03 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.03.366641 sha: doc_id: 353911 cord_uid: hp6s6ebh file: cache/cord-344162-8gbe6qo7.json key: cord-344162-8gbe6qo7 authors: Loomba, S.; de Figueiredo, A.; Piatek, S.; de Graaf, K.; Larson, H. J. title: Measuring the Impact of Exposure to COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccine Intent in the UK and US date: 2020-10-26 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.22.20217513 sha: doc_id: 344162 cord_uid: 8gbe6qo7 file: cache/cord-348283-7xorq5ce.json key: cord-348283-7xorq5ce authors: Naz, Anam; Shahid, Fatima; Butt, Tariq Tahir; Awan, Faryal Mehwish; Ali, Amjad; Malik, Arif title: Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccines to Combat Emerging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Employing Immuno-Informatics Approach date: 2020-07-10 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01663 sha: doc_id: 348283 cord_uid: 7xorq5ce file: cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.json key: cord-354068-4qlk6y7h authors: Friedrich, Brian M.; Trefry, John C.; Biggins, Julia E.; Hensley, Lisa E.; Honko, Anna N.; Smith, Darci R.; Olinger, Gene G. title: Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date: 2012-09-21 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v4091619 sha: doc_id: 354068 cord_uid: 4qlk6y7h file: cache/cord-349309-7xsbpid7.json key: cord-349309-7xsbpid7 authors: Condit, Richard C; Kim, Denny; Robertson, James S.; Excler, Jean-Louis; Gurwith, Marc; Monath, Thomas P.; Pavlakis, George; Fast, Patricia E.; Smith, Jonathan; Smith, Emily R.; Chen, Robert T.; Kochhar, Sonali title: The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines date: 2020-09-06 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.009 sha: doc_id: 349309 cord_uid: 7xsbpid7 file: cache/cord-353730-owcapg8h.json key: cord-353730-owcapg8h authors: Dietrich, Jes; Andreasen, Lars Vibe; Andersen, Peter; Agger, Else Marie title: Inducing Dose Sparing with Inactivated Polio Virus Formulated in Adjuvant CAF01 date: 2014-06-23 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100879 sha: doc_id: 353730 cord_uid: owcapg8h file: cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.json key: cord-354972-nc496v6s authors: Margolin, Emmanuel; Burgers, Wendy A.; Sturrock, Edward D.; Mendelson, Marc; Chapman, Rosamund; Douglass, Nicola; Williamson, Anna-Lise; Rybicki, Edward P. title: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date: 2020-09-10 journal: Nat Rev Microbiol DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00441-3 sha: doc_id: 354972 cord_uid: nc496v6s file: cache/cord-355541-5sctqkwr.json key: cord-355541-5sctqkwr authors: Alcamí, José; Joseph Munné, Joan; Muñoz-Fernández, María Ángeles; Esteban, Mariano title: Current situation in the development of a preventive HIV vaccine date: 2005-07-31 journal: Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(05)75157-0 sha: doc_id: 355541 cord_uid: 5sctqkwr file: cache/cord-355689-mo4mvwch.json key: cord-355689-mo4mvwch authors: Huang, Jiechen; Wang, Juan; Xia, Chengyi title: Role of vaccine efficacy in the vaccination behavior under myopic update rule on complex networks date: 2019-09-06 journal: Chaos Solitons Fractals DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2019.109425 sha: doc_id: 355689 cord_uid: mo4mvwch file: cache/cord-352088-9k01ej6l.json key: cord-352088-9k01ej6l authors: Saiz, Juan-Carlos title: Vaccines against RNA Viruses date: 2020-08-27 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030479 sha: doc_id: 352088 cord_uid: 9k01ej6l Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-vaccine-cord parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 21974 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 22192 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 25167 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 23841 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 24687 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 20140 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 22800 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 26216 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 23198 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 25574 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 24789 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 25187 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 26005 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 26370 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 27515 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 28186 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 27943 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 27964 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 28844 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 27458 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 27620 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 28582 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 28971 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 27866 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 28846 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 29739 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032017-h0cj4izx author: Roach, E. Steve title: Child Neglect by Any Other Name date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008881-579ronfq author: Nicholson, KarlG title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date: 1981-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-008881-579ronfq.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001260-6krujv2m author: Bremer, Paul T. title: Injection Route and TLR9 Agonist Addition Significantly Impact Heroin Vaccine Efficacy date: 2014-02-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001260-6krujv2m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001260-6krujv2m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001260-6krujv2m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011325-r42hzazp author: Stowe, Julia title: Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date: 2019-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 30528 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31067 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31177 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31443 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010266-elhgew3x author: Spier, R.E. title: Ethical aspects of vaccines and vaccination date: 1998-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007681-vhghhvnu author: Schwartz, Benjamin title: Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date: 2009-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000262-4owsb0bg author: Leung, Gabriel M. title: Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date: 2010-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005081-kxrzv16n author: Kiselev, O. I. title: Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies date: 2010-11-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005081-kxrzv16n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021637-f5wwn45z author: Douglas, R. Gordon title: The Vaccine Industry date: 2017-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032751-pmclolvh author: Head, Katharine J. title: A National Survey Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Intentions: Implications for Future Public Health Communication Efforts date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032751-pmclolvh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032751-pmclolvh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-032751-pmclolvh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257533-i85dyg8n author: Henn, Wolfram title: Allocation criteria for an initial shortage of a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and necessary measures for global immunity date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257533-i85dyg8n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257533-i85dyg8n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-257533-i85dyg8n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009381-q9s38fkh author: Roth, James A. title: Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date: 2007-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257899-l866puqk author: Yun, Cheol-Heui title: Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficacy of Vaccines date: 2020-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257899-l866puqk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257899-l866puqk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257899-l866puqk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016178-2ix6c0he author: Rajan, V. title: An Oral Vaccine for TGEV Immunization of Pigs date: 2014-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016178-2ix6c0he.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016178-2ix6c0he.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016178-2ix6c0he.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016508-39glgeft author: Possas, Cristina title: Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date: 2019-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016508-39glgeft.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000194-cwzpb8fu author: Haque, Azizul title: Confronting Potential Influenza A (H5N1) Pandemic with Better Vaccines date: 2007-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007440-7gcpk9x9 author: Koprowski, Hilary title: Vaccines and sera through plant biotechnology() date: 2005-03-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258353-uw8padla author: Williams, Joshua T.B. title: Caring for the Vaccine Hesitant Family: Evidence-Based Alternatives to Dismissal date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258353-uw8padla.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258353-uw8padla.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-258353-uw8padla.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002500-9p2n8tjx author: Lambe, Teresa title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel vaccines? date: 2017-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011486-5osu6hdu author: Lestari, Fajar Budi title: Rotavirus infection in children in Southeast Asia 2008–2018: disease burden, genotype distribution, seasonality, and vaccination date: 2020-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011486-5osu6hdu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011486-5osu6hdu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011486-5osu6hdu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017841-57rm046y author: Flower, Darren R. title: Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date: 2012-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017841-57rm046y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002333-90f9vr0a author: Madan, Anuradha title: Immunogenicity and Safety of an AS03-Adjuvanted H7N9 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in a Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults date: 2016-12-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002333-90f9vr0a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002333-90f9vr0a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002333-90f9vr0a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh author: Maslow, Joel N. title: Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date: 2019-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007710-0u5ot5h4 author: Graham, Barney S. title: Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines date: 2013-05-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007710-0u5ot5h4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007710-0u5ot5h4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007710-0u5ot5h4.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 28520 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 30313 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254469-7q6xi2xx author: Wang, Fuzhou title: An Evidence Based Perspective on mRNA-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development date: 2020-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004274-cot05vx7 author: Jackson, Nicholas A. C. title: The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective date: 2020-02-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004274-cot05vx7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004274-cot05vx7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004274-cot05vx7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016126-i7z0tdrk author: Dangi, Mehak title: Advanced In Silico Tools for Designing of Antigenic Epitope as Potential Vaccine Candidates Against Coronavirus date: 2018-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016126-i7z0tdrk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016126-i7z0tdrk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016126-i7z0tdrk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002842-4evbeijx author: Pandey, Rajan Kumar title: Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein date: 2018-01-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002842-4evbeijx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002842-4evbeijx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002842-4evbeijx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003403-ypefqm71 author: Roberts, Christine C. title: Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience date: 2018-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004181-exbs3tz7 author: Pumchan, Ansaya title: Novel Chimeric Multiepitope Vaccine for Streptococcosis Disease in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) date: 2020-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004181-exbs3tz7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004181-exbs3tz7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004181-exbs3tz7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263277-m4too6ob author: Guzmán, Carlos Alberto title: Next Generation Influenza Vaccines: Looking into the Crystal Ball date: 2020-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263277-m4too6ob.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263277-m4too6ob.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263277-m4too6ob.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266259-0f0guyea author: Chandler, Rebecca E. title: Optimizing safety surveillance for COVID-19 vaccines date: 2020-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266259-0f0guyea.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266259-0f0guyea.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-266259-0f0guyea.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267666-i7uuf3ck author: Sarkar, Bishajit title: Engineering a Novel Subunit Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by Exploring Immunoformatics Approach date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267666-i7uuf3ck.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267666-i7uuf3ck.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267666-i7uuf3ck.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264356-3zu4w0a9 author: Ino, Hiroyasu title: Vaccine mandate in long‐term care facilities date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264356-3zu4w0a9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264356-3zu4w0a9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264356-3zu4w0a9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252856-oc0zd11h author: Pagliusi, Sonia title: Quality vaccines for all people(): Report on the 16th annual general meeting of the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers' Network, 05–07th October 2015, Bangkok, Thailand date: 2016-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252856-oc0zd11h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252856-oc0zd11h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-252856-oc0zd11h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018677-gmitz3gg author: Clemens, John D. title: Sequential stages of clinical trials and overview of issues to be considered date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 author: Chen, Juine-Ruey title: Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective date: 2020-02-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004078-d1pd09zj author: Mettu, Ravinder title: Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: challenges and opportunities date: 2020-01-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004078-d1pd09zj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004078-d1pd09zj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004078-d1pd09zj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017291-bhe34dky author: Cohen, Cheryl title: Influenza date: 2017-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270998-1adloi3o author: Cunha, Rafes D. S. title: Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus after vaccination with two multivalent canine vaccines date: 2020-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279260-tdvb0fhv author: Lv, Huibin title: COVID‐19 vaccines: knowing the unknown date: 2020-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279260-tdvb0fhv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279260-tdvb0fhv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-279260-tdvb0fhv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004518-jd1wxobz author: Běláková, Jana title: DNA vaccines: are they still just a powerful tool for the future? date: 2007-12-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004518-jd1wxobz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004518-jd1wxobz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004518-jd1wxobz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022168-qautse9a author: Liu, Li title: Clinical Use of DNA Vaccines date: 2017-07-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022168-qautse9a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022168-qautse9a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022168-qautse9a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255549-i2o6rs29 author: Pagliusi, Sonia title: Vaccines: Shaping global health() date: 2017-03-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255549-i2o6rs29.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255549-i2o6rs29.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-255549-i2o6rs29.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255734-038xu4hq author: Taylor, Deborah R. title: Obstacles and advances in SARS vaccine development date: 2006-02-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255734-038xu4hq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255734-038xu4hq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-255734-038xu4hq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005400-50lmj4op author: Ada, Gordon title: Overview of vaccines and vaccination date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005400-50lmj4op.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005400-50lmj4op.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005400-50lmj4op.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261876-7rsc803x author: Kaslow, David C. title: Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development date: 2020-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261876-7rsc803x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261876-7rsc803x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261876-7rsc803x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261301-8mw2kpmr author: McVey, Scott title: Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Review of History and Technology date: 2010-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-163946-a4vtc7rp author: Awasthi, Raghav title: VacSIM: Learning Effective Strategies for COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution using Reinforcement Learning date: 2020-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273151-1h8c4yq9 author: LOCHT, Camille title: Vaccines against COVID-19 date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273151-1h8c4yq9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273151-1h8c4yq9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273151-1h8c4yq9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254890-4ynsgu6c author: Heldens, J.G.M. title: Veterinary vaccine development from an industrial perspective date: 2008-03-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-035016-ipv8npdy author: Torreele, Els title: Business-as-Usual will not Deliver the COVID-19 Vaccines We Need date: 2020-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-035016-ipv8npdy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-035016-ipv8npdy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-035016-ipv8npdy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257027-q2y7fewk author: Lemaire, D. title: Coping with genetic diversity: the contribution of pathogen and human genomics to modern vaccinology date: 2011-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257027-q2y7fewk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257027-q2y7fewk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257027-q2y7fewk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278417-ty4wbtkv author: Chugh, Tulsi title: Timelines of COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265642-7mu530yp author: Syomin, B. V. title: Virus-Like Particles as an Instrument of Vaccine Production date: 2019-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265642-7mu530yp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265642-7mu530yp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-265642-7mu530yp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016200-zfh20im0 author: Saxena, Jyoti title: Edible Vaccines date: 2013-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021937-p9vqpazu author: Tsai, Theodore F. title: Immunization in the Asia-Pacific Region date: 2017-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021937-p9vqpazu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021937-p9vqpazu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021937-p9vqpazu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027654-k0uby99n author: Nabel, Gary J. title: The development of gene-based vectors for immunization date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027654-k0uby99n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027654-k0uby99n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027654-k0uby99n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285883-rlliacex author: Kremer, Eric J. title: Pros and Cons of Adenovirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines date: 2020-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285883-rlliacex.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285883-rlliacex.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285883-rlliacex.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272241-2fwz8z8n author: Kumar, Amit title: Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins for multi-epitope vaccine development: an in-silico approach date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272241-2fwz8z8n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272241-2fwz8z8n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-272241-2fwz8z8n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254513-7d10vd86 author: Phillips, B. C. title: Echo chambers as early warning signals of widespread vaccine refusal in social-epidemiological networks date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254513-7d10vd86.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254513-7d10vd86.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-254513-7d10vd86.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032600-lldbjm77 author: Soni, Dheeraj title: The sixth revolution in pediatric vaccinology: immunoengineering and delivery systems date: 2020-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032600-lldbjm77.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032600-lldbjm77.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-032600-lldbjm77.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002282-ldfa616a author: Joung, Young Hee title: The Last Ten Years of Advancements in Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Hepatitis B date: 2016-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261566-fn08b0y2 author: Mudgal, Rajat title: Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261566-fn08b0y2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261566-fn08b0y2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-261566-fn08b0y2.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 48192 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259927-xh9cw9ao author: Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. title: Promising approaches for the treatment and prevention of viral respiratory illnesses date: 2017-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259927-xh9cw9ao.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259927-xh9cw9ao.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-259927-xh9cw9ao.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273526-ah0dvnxv author: Cao, Weiping title: Nasal delivery of Protollin-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine induces enhanced systemic as well as mucosal immunity in mice date: 2017-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273526-ah0dvnxv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273526-ah0dvnxv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-273526-ah0dvnxv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285613-hbd44euq author: Søborg, Christian title: Vaccines in a hurry date: 2009-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289360-h6wvx7gw author: Imperiale, Michael J. title: The Importance of Virology at a Time of Great Need and Great Jeopardy date: 2015-03-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289360-h6wvx7gw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289360-h6wvx7gw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289360-h6wvx7gw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274264-s477tw3x author: Shen, M. title: Projected COVID-19 epidemic in the United States in the context of the effectiveness of a potential vaccine and implications for social distancing and face mask use date: 2020-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274264-s477tw3x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274264-s477tw3x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274264-s477tw3x.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47979 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268501-z4oztgi0 author: Palatnik-de-Sousa, Clarisa B. title: What Would Jenner and Pasteur Have Done About COVID-19 Coronavirus? The Urges of a Vaccinologist date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268501-z4oztgi0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268501-z4oztgi0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268501-z4oztgi0.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 48683 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49867 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263619-p17oomzn author: Moss, William J. title: Measles date: 2009-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271153-c0aw6jkz author: Privor-Dumm, Lois title: Archetype analysis of older adult immunization decision-making and implementation in 34 countries date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271153-c0aw6jkz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271153-c0aw6jkz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-271153-c0aw6jkz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270709-jahnjvyk author: Hasford, Joerg title: Large Simple Double-Blind Randomized Trials for the Rapid Assessment of the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270709-jahnjvyk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270709-jahnjvyk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-270709-jahnjvyk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007733-zh8e76w7 author: DiMenna, Lauren J. title: Pandemic Influenza Vaccines date: 2009-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007733-zh8e76w7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007733-zh8e76w7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007733-zh8e76w7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285691-pceenwb6 author: Falo, Louis D. title: Advances in skin science enable the development of a COVID-19 Vaccine date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285691-pceenwb6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285691-pceenwb6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285691-pceenwb6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269352-0o3mryu1 author: Dhama, K. title: DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives date: 2008-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269352-0o3mryu1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269352-0o3mryu1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-269352-0o3mryu1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269992-ruf0vvz4 author: Sohrab, Sayed Sartaj title: An edible vaccine development for coronavirus disease 2019: the concept date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258626-p469ysi8 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2014-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258624-041cf99j author: Ahmad, Sajjad title: Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics date: 2020-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258624-041cf99j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258624-041cf99j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-258624-041cf99j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266204-ipa017wz author: Poland, G. A. title: Personalized vaccinology: A review date: 2018-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269448-1jikrn37 author: Borja-Cabrera, G.P. title: Immunogenicity assay of the Leishmune(®) vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil date: 2008-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269448-1jikrn37.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269448-1jikrn37.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-269448-1jikrn37.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275031-0y0d4brz author: Häfner, Sophia title: Contagion 2.0() date: 2015-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275031-0y0d4brz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275031-0y0d4brz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275031-0y0d4brz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018018-2yyv8vuy author: Rybicki, Ed title: History and Promise of Plant-Made Vaccines for Animals date: 2018-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-280172-6o1gqe8v author: Sanami, Samira title: Design of a Multi-epitope Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using Immunoinformatics approach date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280172-6o1gqe8v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280172-6o1gqe8v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-280172-6o1gqe8v.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51472 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50462 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51405 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53328 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025366-haf542y0 author: Offit, Paul A. title: Vaccine safety date: 2012-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-025366-haf542y0.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51962 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265757-8ces57rn author: Tondella, M. L. title: International Bordetella pertussis assay standardization and harmonization meeting report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 19–20 July 2007 date: 2009-02-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265757-8ces57rn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265757-8ces57rn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265757-8ces57rn.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51310 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52137 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52140 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51802 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53407 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54162 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52615 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267897-w4pbq2lb author: Lindblad, E. B. title: Chapter 18 Mineral Adjuvants ∗ ∗ The present chapter is an updated version of the chapter “Mineral Adjuvants,” published in Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines, p. 217–233. Ed. Virgil Schijns & Derek O'Hagan, Elsevier Science Publishers (2005). date: 2017-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267897-w4pbq2lb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267897-w4pbq2lb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267897-w4pbq2lb.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53267 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53857 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282158-08u3x1z4 author: Yang, William H. title: Long-term immunogenicity of an AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in young and elderly adults: An observer-blind, randomized trial() date: 2013-09-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282158-08u3x1z4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282158-08u3x1z4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-282158-08u3x1z4.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55528 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016594-lj0us1dq author: Flower, Darren R. title: Identification of Candidate Vaccine Antigens In Silico date: 2012-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016594-lj0us1dq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016594-lj0us1dq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016594-lj0us1dq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54678 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54328 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49500 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54996 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018811-zhwr3h07 author: Oxford, John title: Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic date: 2010-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266199-smlq11y9 author: Dhakal, Santosh title: Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs date: 2019-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289599-7vsynfgn author: Kostoff, Ronald N. title: COVID-19 vaccine safety date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289599-7vsynfgn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289599-7vsynfgn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289599-7vsynfgn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022039-y0l943xg author: Gruber, Marion F. title: Regulation and Testing of Vaccines date: 2017-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022039-y0l943xg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022039-y0l943xg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022039-y0l943xg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282360-byqhzyzi author: Zhang, Dingmei title: Enterovirus 71 vaccine: close but still far date: 2010-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282360-byqhzyzi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282360-byqhzyzi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-282360-byqhzyzi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018265-twp33bb6 author: Becker, Pablo D. title: Community-acquired pneumonia: paving the way towards new vaccination concepts date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018265-twp33bb6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018265-twp33bb6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018265-twp33bb6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016268-xcx1c0da author: Sahai, Aastha title: Plant Edible Vaccines: A Revolution in Vaccination date: 2013-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290705-7xkt6u73 author: Petrini, Stefano title: Evaluation of Passive Immunity Induced by Immunisation Using Two Inactivated gE-deleted Marker Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Calves date: 2020-01-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290705-7xkt6u73.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290705-7xkt6u73.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290705-7xkt6u73.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272512-gevrlcvy author: Shewen, P.E. title: Challenges in mucosal vaccination of cattle date: 2009-03-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276209-5999g9gp author: Poland, Gregory A. title: Tortoises, hares, and vaccines: A cautionary note for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276209-5999g9gp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276209-5999g9gp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-276209-5999g9gp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271528-ob4l0bcf author: Bar-Zeev, Naor title: COVID-19 vaccines: early success and remaining challenges date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52497 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55489 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55896 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56395 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57395 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016713-pw4f8asc author: Goyal, Amit K. title: Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization date: 2013-05-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016713-pw4f8asc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016713-pw4f8asc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016713-pw4f8asc.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49683 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57993 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275538-c44gmu22 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2006-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275210-baqaqsli author: DREESEN, DAVID W. title: Animal Vaccines date: 2007-09-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275210-baqaqsli.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275210-baqaqsli.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-275210-baqaqsli.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58422 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56842 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59024 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51846 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58883 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56941 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57982 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57553 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59609 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59380 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54068 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290031-vffa1bu0 author: Richmond, Heather title: Seasonal influenza vaccination during a pandemic date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290031-vffa1bu0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290031-vffa1bu0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290031-vffa1bu0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257722-7rmzaau4 author: Rhee, Joon Haeng title: Current and New Approaches for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery date: 2019-10-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257722-7rmzaau4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257722-7rmzaau4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-257722-7rmzaau4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279629-t1xjy12y author: Nazneen Akhand, Mst Rubaiat title: Genome based Evolutionary study of SARS-CoV-2 towards the Prediction of Epitope Based Chimeric Vaccine date: 2020-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279629-t1xjy12y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279629-t1xjy12y.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279629-t1xjy12y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287824-zg5akivn author: Chan, Yinghan title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis date: 2020-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267012-45tre8rn author: Premanand, Balraj title: Baculovirus Surface Display of Immunogenic Proteins for Vaccine Development date: 2018-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267012-45tre8rn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267012-45tre8rn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-267012-45tre8rn.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60626 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260956-w6wxsg4p author: Dimitrov, Kiril M. title: Newcastle disease vaccines—A solved problem or a continuous challenge? date: 2017-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260956-w6wxsg4p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260956-w6wxsg4p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-260956-w6wxsg4p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296469-h0ma163u author: Gellin, Bruce G. title: Preparing for the unpredictable: The continuing need for pandemic influenza preparedness date: 2016-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296469-h0ma163u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296469-h0ma163u.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-296469-h0ma163u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293234-ouykx6g5 author: Puig-Barberà, J. title: Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study date: 2012-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293234-ouykx6g5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293234-ouykx6g5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293234-ouykx6g5.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60463 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60746 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59903 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60500 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282246-wyanwvxa author: Sen, Adrish title: Chapter 40 The Role of Innate Immunity in Regulating Rotavirus Replication, Pathogenesis, and Host Range Restriction and the Implications for Live Rotaviral Vaccine Development date: 2020-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282246-wyanwvxa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282246-wyanwvxa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-282246-wyanwvxa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282507-swxs5pr1 author: Lacaille-Dubois, Marie-Aleth title: Updated insights into the mechanism of action and clinical profile of the immunoadjuvant QS-21: A review date: 2019-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282507-swxs5pr1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282507-swxs5pr1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-282507-swxs5pr1.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60347 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60389 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271250-ywb26cq6 author: Sarkar, Indranil title: Selection of adjuvants for vaccines targeting specific pathogens date: 2019-04-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271250-ywb26cq6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271250-ywb26cq6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-271250-ywb26cq6.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60821 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60872 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60157 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276907-b855tj7x author: Giersing, Birgitte K. title: Report from the World Health Organization’s third Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting, Geneva, 8–10th June 2016 date: 2019-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276907-b855tj7x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276907-b855tj7x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276907-b855tj7x.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54136 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296831-wdpatr2z author: Matoo, Javaid Jeelani title: Resiquimod enhances mucosal and systemic immunity against avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine in the chicken date: 2018-04-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296831-wdpatr2z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296831-wdpatr2z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-296831-wdpatr2z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274112-6t0wpiqy author: Webby, RJ title: Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines date: 2004-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274112-6t0wpiqy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274112-6t0wpiqy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274112-6t0wpiqy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz author: Guimarães, Luísa Eça title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date: 2015-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author: Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date: 2016-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302268-dmb0293x author: Lee, Sujin title: Recent Advances of Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases date: 2015-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302268-dmb0293x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302268-dmb0293x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-302268-dmb0293x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264814-v4wnmg03 author: Flanagan, Katie L. title: Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264814-v4wnmg03.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264814-v4wnmg03.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264814-v4wnmg03.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279026-s3yx62u6 author: Tizard, Ian R. title: Adverse consequences of vaccination date: 2020-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280459-y0tbvs3t author: Ramvikas, M. title: Nasal Vaccine Delivery date: 2016-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280459-y0tbvs3t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280459-y0tbvs3t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280459-y0tbvs3t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302247-moor7dfc author: Richards, James title: Feline Vaccination Guidelines date: 2001-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62489 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60597 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author: Carter-Pokras, O. title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330342-i55czo8a author: Johnson, Alton R. title: In Pursuit of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330342-i55czo8a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330342-i55czo8a.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330342-i55czo8a.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63382 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60326 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62439 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287853-cob7ur35 author: Sharma, Vaneet Kumar title: The expanding role of mass spectrometry in the field of vaccine development date: 2018-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287853-cob7ur35.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287853-cob7ur35.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-287853-cob7ur35.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64417 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63060 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301876-d2j9wpqk author: Kalita, Parismita title: Design of a peptide-based subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301876-d2j9wpqk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301876-d2j9wpqk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301876-d2j9wpqk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author: Lambert, Paul-Henri title: Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296967-qiil3gqk author: Tatlow, Dean title: A novel concept for treatment and vaccination against Covid‐19 with an inhaled chitosan‐coated DNA vaccine encoding a secreted spike protein portion date: 2020-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296967-qiil3gqk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296967-qiil3gqk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-296967-qiil3gqk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016475-7ldxvbpz author: Pleschka, Stephan title: Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287410-boxxlopy author: Devi, Arpita title: In silico designing of multi-epitope vaccine construct against human coronavirus infections date: 2020-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287410-boxxlopy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287410-boxxlopy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287410-boxxlopy.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63298 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63517 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64027 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309555-1ksahg3o author: Cresswell, E. title: A questionnaire-based survey on the uptake and use of cattle vaccines in the UK date: 2014-07-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309555-1ksahg3o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309555-1ksahg3o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-309555-1ksahg3o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304472-mi5v6512 author: Wilder-Smith, Annelies title: Dengue vaccine development by the year 2020: challenges and prospects date: 2020-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304472-mi5v6512.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304472-mi5v6512.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304472-mi5v6512.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63750 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64427 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64897 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63467 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63908 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64905 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64422 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324690-82qsirnk author: Dieffenbach, Carl W title: The search for an HIV vaccine, the journey continues date: 2020-05-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324690-82qsirnk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324690-82qsirnk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324690-82qsirnk.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-294366-swwz4kzd author: Bramwell, Vincent W. title: The rational design of vaccines date: 2005-11-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294366-swwz4kzd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294366-swwz4kzd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294366-swwz4kzd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309999-izdl0f2i author: Qin, Ede title: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated Vero-cell SARS vaccine date: 2006-02-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309999-izdl0f2i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309999-izdl0f2i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-309999-izdl0f2i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340900-f2iuy9e1 author: Wehling, Martin title: Calling for an exponential escalation scheme in vaccine development for COVID-19 date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340900-f2iuy9e1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340900-f2iuy9e1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340900-f2iuy9e1.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65097 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65099 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64861 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65142 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65014 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65150 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65597 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65775 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65474 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344062-8xxu0orq author: Bozkurt, Hayrunnisa Bekis title: Is the impact of childhood vaccines on coronavirus disease 2019, which is moderate in pediatric patients, possible? date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344062-8xxu0orq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344062-8xxu0orq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-344062-8xxu0orq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65243 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325141-x3txhjkr author: Grech, Victor title: Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325141-x3txhjkr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325141-x3txhjkr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325141-x3txhjkr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324219-z1nigtb5 author: Bradbury, Jane title: Custom-made vaccines at speed date: 2003-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324219-z1nigtb5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324219-z1nigtb5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-324219-z1nigtb5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318983-rmvqf6s9 author: SCHMIDT, HARALD title: Vaccine Rationing and the Urgency of Social Justice in the Covid‐19 Response date: 2020-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318983-rmvqf6s9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318983-rmvqf6s9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-318983-rmvqf6s9.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-323794-p3zjxo1h author: Malik, A. A. title: Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in the U.S. date: 2020-05-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323794-p3zjxo1h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323794-p3zjxo1h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323794-p3zjxo1h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344576-upsc9cf8 author: Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W title: A vaccine effective against Zika virus is theoretically possible but may not be delivered anytime soon date: 2016-07-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332358-0t4uxmj2 author: Lamphear, Barry J. title: A corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines: an oral transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity in swine date: 2004-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332358-0t4uxmj2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332358-0t4uxmj2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332358-0t4uxmj2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269623-9pxdeva3 author: Nicholson, Karl G title: Influenza date: 2003-11-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343448-xhm97wy2 author: Rinaldi, Andrea title: RNA to the rescue: RNA is one of the most promising targets for drug development given its wide variety of uses date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343448-xhm97wy2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343448-xhm97wy2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343448-xhm97wy2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318593-ni84gzg5 author: Wolf, Jayanthi title: Applying lessons from the Ebola vaccine experience for SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens date: 2020-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318593-ni84gzg5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318593-ni84gzg5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318593-ni84gzg5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331217-uup16bhm author: Murphy, Frederick A. title: Adventitious Agents and Smallpox Vaccine in Strategic National Stockpile date: 2005-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331217-uup16bhm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331217-uup16bhm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331217-uup16bhm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author: Williamson, E. D. title: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date: 2019-04-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336730-hqgwj8vs author: Fehr, Daniela title: Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions date: 1997-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340994-m7vazpq9 author: Barello, Serena title: ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among university students in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340994-m7vazpq9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340994-m7vazpq9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340994-m7vazpq9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299315-s43gw24k author: Capps, Benjamin title: One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date: 2015-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335960-biwnqa3f author: Luke, Anthony title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328698-eeg1k5a6 author: Detoc, Maëlle title: Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328698-eeg1k5a6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328698-eeg1k5a6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-328698-eeg1k5a6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355618-7kfxc2w1 author: McAteer, John title: The VACCINES Act, Deciphering Vaccine Hesitancy in the Time of COVID19 date: 2020-04-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327650-6afsk8ix author: Ward, Jeremy K. title: The French public's attitudes to a future COVID-19 vaccine: The politicization of a public health issue date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327650-6afsk8ix.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327650-6afsk8ix.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327650-6afsk8ix.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322913-sq9mq6f1 author: Ciabattini, Annalisa title: Shelter from the cytokine storm: pitfalls and prospects in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for an elderly population date: 2020-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322913-sq9mq6f1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322913-sq9mq6f1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-322913-sq9mq6f1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337577-dqikrmk7 author: Greenberg, Harry B. title: Vaccination against Viruses date: 2016-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337577-dqikrmk7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337577-dqikrmk7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-337577-dqikrmk7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344563-bjuvxpkc author: Neustroev, M. P. title: Developmental Results of a Vaccine against Salmonella-Induced Equine Abortion date: 2020-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353911-hp6s6ebh author: Petráš, Marek title: Early immune response in mice immunized with a semi-split inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 containing S protein-free particles and subunit S protein date: 2020-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314009-7t1bzc7f author: Barclay, T. title: Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies date: 2016-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314009-7t1bzc7f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314009-7t1bzc7f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314009-7t1bzc7f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326614-cik3ino6 author: Corder, Brigette N. title: A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321901-zpi7uis1 author: Roberts, Anjeanette title: Animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate SARS vaccines: Summary of a technical meeting 25–26 August 2005, London, UK date: 2006-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349309-7xsbpid7 author: Condit, Richard C title: The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines date: 2020-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349309-7xsbpid7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349309-7xsbpid7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-349309-7xsbpid7.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-339726-eg0hajzl author: Jamrozik, Euzebiusz title: Coronavirus Human Infection Challenge Studies: Assessing Potential Benefits and Risks date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339726-eg0hajzl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339726-eg0hajzl.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339726-eg0hajzl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313911-lfn9ggg3 author: Kenner, Julie title: LC16m8: An attenuated smallpox vaccine date: 2006-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313911-lfn9ggg3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313911-lfn9ggg3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313911-lfn9ggg3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018969-0zrnfaad author: Giese, Matthias title: Types of Recombinant Vaccines date: 2015-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018969-0zrnfaad.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018969-0zrnfaad.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018969-0zrnfaad.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305807-n3fs7533 author: Ferreira, T B title: Use of adenoviral vectors as veterinary vaccines date: 2005-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305807-n3fs7533.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305807-n3fs7533.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305807-n3fs7533.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340516-9dfaqsv7 author: Moore, Anne C. title: Pre-clinical studies of a recombinant adenoviral mucosal vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340516-9dfaqsv7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340516-9dfaqsv7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-340516-9dfaqsv7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330496-p3o6zkhf author: Tizard, Ian R. title: Feline vaccines date: 2020-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309083-ew9cwiw0 author: Su, Hang title: Cyprinid viral diseases and vaccine development date: 2018-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309083-ew9cwiw0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309083-ew9cwiw0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-309083-ew9cwiw0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348409-oxjd263z author: Stern, Zachariah title: The development of inovirus-associated vector vaccines using phage-display technologies date: 2019-09-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348409-oxjd263z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348409-oxjd263z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348409-oxjd263z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343365-4y9fedcr author: Chang, Christopher title: Unmet Needs in Respiratory Diseases: “You Can’t Know Where You Are Going Until You Know Where You Have Been”—Anonymous date: 2013-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-350565-mejd7blb author: Lewnard, Joseph A title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335948-qkfxfmxb author: Ampofo, William K. title: Improving influenza vaccine virus selectionReport of a WHO informal consultation held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 14–16 June 2010 date: 2011-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342831-4qfe8kok author: Xia, Yufei title: Chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants: Sunrise on the ocean date: 2015-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342831-4qfe8kok.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342831-4qfe8kok.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342831-4qfe8kok.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257582-e9306xae author: Day, M. J. title: Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group date: 2020-03-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257582-e9306xae.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318272-spt0oea0 author: Bhardwaj, Prateek title: Advancements in prophylactic and therapeutic nanovaccines date: 2020-04-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318272-spt0oea0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318272-spt0oea0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-318272-spt0oea0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354068-4qlk6y7h author: Friedrich, Brian M. title: Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date: 2012-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339152-wfakzb6w author: Trovato, Maria title: Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date: 2020-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354972-nc496v6s author: Margolin, Emmanuel title: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 18 resourceName b'cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342800-62jklwiy author: Xu, Shuqin title: mRNA Vaccine Era—Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342800-62jklwiy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342800-62jklwiy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342800-62jklwiy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1 author: nan title: Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh date: 2011-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328935-mn8r972x author: Hodgins, Douglas C. title: Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines: Comparative Vaccinology date: 2015-03-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328935-mn8r972x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328935-mn8r972x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-328935-mn8r972x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315339-dcui85lw author: Broadbent, Andrew J. title: Respiratory Virus Vaccines date: 2015-03-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315339-dcui85lw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315339-dcui85lw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-315339-dcui85lw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-vaccine-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005081-kxrzv16n author = Kiselev, O. I. title = Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies date = 2010-11-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7263 sentences = 340 flesch = 44 summary = We are using the following approaches to the development of industrial production: use of nanoparticles and nanoemulsions as functional adjuvants, construction of totally-safe strains for live attenuated influenza vaccines with deletions of molecular determinants of pathogenicity, application of protein and chemical chaperones to provide self-assembly of haemagglutinin molecules of the H1N1v-2009 virus, and impregnation of whole-virion preparations with nanoparticles to enhance antigenicity. Europe and the United States agreed to allot grants and worked out programs for developing novel technologies and vaccine preparations with improved qualities: a new generation of LAIV, that is, delNS1 vaccines with a limited replicative potential, LAIV with deletions of pathogenicity factors in genes, latest variations of subunit vaccines enhanced by adju vants, and capsid nanovaccines and nanovaccines based on inactivated viruses and virus like particles [14] . A marked breakthrough in the construction of recombinant vaccines is related to the use of insect cells and the obtaining of virus like particles (VLPs) based on baculovirus expression vectors. cache = ./cache/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004078-d1pd09zj author = Mettu, Ravinder title = Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: challenges and opportunities date = 2020-01-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11531 sentences = 567 flesch = 37 summary = The majority of the licensed carbohydrate-based vaccines such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Salmonella typhi Vi belongs to this category in which the carbohydrate antigens were isolated form microbial cultures and further conjugated to the carrier protein [32] . Many attempts to develop a monovalent MenB conjugate vaccine failed because the structural similarity between the capsular polysaccharides (comprised of α-2,8linked sialic acid) of MenB and components of the human neuraonal cells caused autoimmune issues in clinical tests. In short, the unimolecular pentavalent vaccines that combined several carbohydrate antigens and carrier protein conjugates could simulate immune response against the heterogeneous carbohydrate epitopes expressed on the surface of cancer cells. To overcome the shortage of MOE, many studies focus on modification of TACAs vaccines, which not only could generate stronger immunogenicity but also induce cross-reactive antibodies recognizing native carbohydrate antigens on the tumor cells. cache = ./cache/cord-004078-d1pd09zj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004078-d1pd09zj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016508-39glgeft author = Possas, Cristina title = Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date = 2019-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6596 sentences = 275 flesch = 38 summary = Innovative preventive vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, and HIV/AIDS, are examined here from bioeconomics and global sustainability perspectives, aiming to integrate public health and biotechnology market approaches. This scenario of increasing global demand for vaccines in the next decade is supported by epidemiological indicators: annual burden of new HPV-related cancers worldwide to the tune of 670,000; rise of Zika into a public health emergency with over 86 countries reporting 230,000 cumulative confirmed cases of infection between 2015 and 2018; very high prevalence of HSV which infects approximately 67% of the world population under 50 years of age; continued prevalence of tuberculosis which infects 10 million and takes 1.5 million lives each year despite the progress made toward eliminating the disease; and rise in HIV infections worldwide over 36.9 million (WHO 2018; Global Industry Analysts 2018). cache = ./cache/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011325-r42hzazp author = Stowe, Julia title = Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date = 2019-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4770 sentences = 191 flesch = 40 summary = Even if only based on a temporal sequence of events, it is important that such safety concerns are rapidly investigated with robust epidemiological studies to allow mitigation procedures to be put in place if an association is confirmed or, if unfounded, to have the necessary evidence to sustain public confidence in the vaccination programme without which coverage drops and disease control is lost. The self-controlled case-series method (SCCS) was designed for rapid unbiased assessment in vaccine safety studies using available disease surveillance data that may not be amenable to cohort analysis. As with all vaccine safety studies, but particularly in the case of narcolepsy and Pandemrix™ where the association was completely unexpected, the key to demonstrating causality was consistency of results from well-designed studies in different settings. Risk of narcolepsy after AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/ H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine in adults: a case-coverage study in England cache = ./cache/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010266-elhgew3x author = Spier, R.E. title = Ethical aspects of vaccines and vaccination date = 1998-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5153 sentences = 207 flesch = 48 summary = An example of the implications of these changes may be seen in the area of vaccines and vaccination which evinces the pressing need to review traditional ethical positions to take the maximum advantage of the potential for animal and human benefit inherent in this prophylactic approach to healthcare. Such an ethical problem is thrown up by the willingness of our communities to spend billions of dollars to provide therapeutic and prophylactic agents to control the spread and effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), while the disease would be eliminated were people to engage in safe, condom-protected, intercourse in their pre-or extramarital sexual relationships where the prospective partners had not been thoroughly tested for the presence of serum antibodies to the virus. Were we to have an effective orally deliverable contraceptive vaccine' (pregnancy results from the infection of the female by a male spermatozoan) then ethical considerations will be required to determine the way in which such a powerful tool for population control might be used. cache = ./cache/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007681-vhghhvnu author = Schwartz, Benjamin title = Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date = 2009-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5047 sentences = 182 flesch = 32 summary = Factors contributing to the decision to reassess the recommendations included a shift in national pandemic planning assumptions to a more severe pandemic scenario extrapolated from the 1918 pandemic (Table 1 ); recognition that the HHS guidance did not include groups that could be considered for prioritization such as border protection personnel or the military; a broader understanding of the risk to essential services stimulated by the NIAC report; and a series of public engagement meetings convened by the CDC, where participants identified protecting essential community services as the most important goal for pandemic vaccination rather than protecting those who are at highest risk (Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza 2005). Reflecting the similar value placed by the public on protecting persons who provide pandemic healthcare, who maintain essential community services or are at high occupational risk, and protecting children, each of the highest vaccination tiers for a severe pandemic includes groups from each category (Table 4) . cache = ./cache/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021637-f5wwn45z author = Douglas, R. Gordon title = The Vaccine Industry date = 2017-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6455 sentences = 302 flesch = 41 summary = The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. cache = ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011486-5osu6hdu author = Lestari, Fajar Budi title = Rotavirus infection in children in Southeast Asia 2008–2018: disease burden, genotype distribution, seasonality, and vaccination date = 2020-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7558 sentences = 399 flesch = 42 summary = title: Rotavirus infection in children in Southeast Asia 2008–2018: disease burden, genotype distribution, seasonality, and vaccination Here we summarize the virology, disease burden, prevalence, distribution of genotypes and seasonality of RVs, and the current status of RV vaccination in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 2008 to 2018. Rotavirus vaccine is highly cost effective in Southeast Asian countries because the ratio between cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) averted and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is less than one. The prevalence of diarrheal diseases in Southeast Asia countries varies, but the mortality trend associated with diarrhea and especially RV infection has been decreasing in recent years. We collected RV surveillance data from 9 countries in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) for the years 2008-2018 to estimate the proportion of RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) ( Table 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-011486-5osu6hdu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011486-5osu6hdu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001260-6krujv2m author = Bremer, Paul T. title = Injection Route and TLR9 Agonist Addition Significantly Impact Heroin Vaccine Efficacy date = 2014-02-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3612 sentences = 206 flesch = 50 summary = To thoroughly assess vaccine efficacy, full dose–response curves were generated for heroin-induced analgesia in both hot plate and tail immersion tests. In the research we disclose herein, both injection route and TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 1826 significantly affected antibody titer levels and opiate affinity, translating to marked differences in mitigation of heroin-induced analgesia. Mice were immunized with our first generation heroin vaccine (heroin− KLH conjugate formulated with alum adjuvant), and antibody titers were measured by ELISA against heroin−BSA conjugate. The current study highlights the impact of varying the injection route of our first generation heroin vaccine, along with enhancing immunogenicity by addition of the CpG ODN adjuvant. We have shown that the enhanced antidrug titers and opioid affinities from CpG ODN translate directly to reduced pharmacodynamics of the drug; in our case heroin-induced latency to nociception (analgesia) was greatly diminished in hot plate and tail immersion tests. cache = ./cache/cord-001260-6krujv2m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001260-6krujv2m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025366-haf542y0 author = Offit, Paul A. title = Vaccine safety date = 2012-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16621 sentences = 797 flesch = 44 summary = 147, 148 In the United States, the CDC established the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) network in 2001 with the following primary goals: (1) to develop research protocols for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management of adverse events following immunization (AEFI); (2) to improve the understanding of AEFI at the individual level, including determining possible genetic and other risk factors for predisposed persons and high-risk subpopulations; (3) to develop evidence-based algorithms for vaccination of persons at risk of serious adverse events following immunization; and (4) to provide a resource of subject matter experts for clinical vaccine safety inquiries. Third, large population-based systems that link computerized vaccination data with health care encounter codes were used to conduct rapid ongoing analyses to evaluate possible associations of H1N1 vaccination with selected adverse events, including potential associations suggested by VAERS or other sources. cache = ./cache/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016178-2ix6c0he author = Rajan, V. title = An Oral Vaccine for TGEV Immunization of Pigs date = 2014-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6053 sentences = 291 flesch = 47 summary = These efforts towards the expression of the S-antigen of TGEV in maize seed, its effectiveness at inducing neutralizing antibody production in the colostrum of gilts, and its efficacy in protecting piglets against challenge by virulent TGEV are summarized here. Potentially, the methods to protect naïve piglets at highest risk from TGEV infection are to provide immune colostrum by vaccinating sows and an oral/nasal vaccine to boost secretory neutralizing antibody levels. The induction of neutralizing antibodies in both serum and colostrum was examined in gilts following the administration of oral TGEV vaccine in maize comprising a subunit vaccine of the S-protein expressed in corn (Lamphear et al. Administration of antigen over a 4-day period gave the highest levels of protection against live challengeeven higher than oral vaccination with a modified live virus (Fig. 8.4 ; see Sect. Protection with a subunit antigen expressed in corn, exclusively by the oral route, is shown for the first time to be effective in piglets, the target species for immunization. cache = ./cache/cord-016178-2ix6c0he.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016178-2ix6c0he.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032017-h0cj4izx author = Roach, E. Steve title = Child Neglect by Any Other Name date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2285 sentences = 120 flesch = 54 summary = Trying to "engage" families in order to educate and convince them of the wisdom of immunization is fine for the parents who want information and are willing to accept guidance, but this approach is clearly wasted on the entrenched vaccine deniers. But most Western families who fail to immunize their children know about vaccines and have ready access to physicians and nurses who could clearly explain their risks and benefits. It is time to stop the political correctness and "science speak." Parents should have the right to raise their children in accordance with their own preference, culture and religious beliefs, provided that their approach does not substantially increase the child's odds of an avoidable illness or injury. Physicians must rise with one voice and say "enough!" By even considering the premise that vaccine denial can be a reasonable choice by a rational individual, we become enablers of child neglect. cache = ./cache/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008881-579ronfq author = Nicholson, KarlG title = MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date = 1981-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2885 sentences = 141 flesch = 47 summary = title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. This resounding success has been repeated in trials in Germany and the U.S.A. using 5 or 6 doses of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.', Thus, almost a century after the post exposure treatment of man began, effective antirabies prophylaxis appears to have been achieved. cache = ./cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016713-pw4f8asc author = Goyal, Amit K. title = Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization date = 2013-05-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16034 sentences = 814 flesch = 34 summary = The use of nonviral particulate carriers for DNA-based vaccination could provide better and safe delivery of encapsulated genetic material, circumvent the need for muscle involvement and facilitate instead the uptake of the Fig. 4 Schematic representation of immunological response greeted by novel DNA-loaded nanocarrier DNA by APCs. However, transfection of APCs with encapsulated DNA into particulate carrier systems will be dependent upon choice of carrier surface charge, size, and lipid/polymer composition, or presence of other biological [e.g., interleukin 2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)]. Modification of lipid/DNA complexes by the polymer poly(D,L-lactic acid) was found to be consistently and significantly more effective than either unmodified liposomal DNA or naked DNA in eliciting transgene-specific immune responses to plasmid-encoded antigen when administered by the s.c. route (Bramwell et al. cache = ./cache/cord-016713-pw4f8asc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016713-pw4f8asc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000194-cwzpb8fu author = Haque, Azizul title = Confronting Potential Influenza A (H5N1) Pandemic with Better Vaccines date = 2007-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5237 sentences = 257 flesch = 44 summary = To test the hypothesis that whole-virion would be more immunogenic than conventional split-virion or subunit vaccines and may be adaptable to the antigen-sparing strategy, an inactivated, monovalent infl uenza A (H5N1), whole-virion vaccine was prepared from a highly virulent strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 strain by removing the polybasic amino acids at the cleavage site, making the virus no longer pathogenic. Vaccination of mice with a live attenuated infl uenza vaccine or an alum-adjuvanted inactivated infl u-enza vaccine based on a related H5 HA from a nonpathogenic avian infl uenza virus, A/Duck/Pottsdam/1042-6/86 (H5N2), limited the disease severity and reduced deaths following challenge with a current highly pathogenic infl uenza (H5N1) (23) . Genes of highly conserved proteins such as the nucleoprotein or M2 proteins could be included in adenovirus vector-based vaccines because immune responses against these infl uenza viral antigens provide protection in animal models (24, 25) . Cross-protective immunity in mice induced by live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines against highly pathogenic infl uenza A (H5N1) viruses cache = ./cache/cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000262-4owsb0bg author = Leung, Gabriel M. title = Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date = 2010-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4616 sentences = 244 flesch = 43 summary = In settings like Hong Kong, with the infrastructure and resources to implement such measures and N Decisions regarding pandemic response during the exigencies of a public health emergency must be judged according to the best evidence available at the time. Reduce and delay community spread somewhat at the earliest stage to allow better preparation for mitigation response [15] Completely prevent entry of infected individuals due to suboptimal sensitivity and asymptomatic (including infected and within incubation period) or subclinical presentation [16] Many countries did not attempt these measures because of logistics, stage of pandemic [22] or other cost-benefit considerations [16] China Hong Kong SAR Japan Personal protective measures (e.g., face masks, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, early self-isolation when ill) Reduce risk of infection to self and close contacts (if self is ill and infected) [27, 28] Have not been evaluated whether they can provide significant populationlevel protection cache = ./cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016475-7ldxvbpz author = Pleschka, Stephan title = Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17084 sentences = 860 flesch = 44 summary = After influenza virus infection antibodies directed against all major viral proteins can be detected in humans and the level of serum antibodies correlate with resistance to disease (Couch, 2003; Couch and Kasel, 1983; Coulter et al., 2003; Nichol et al., 1998; Potter and Oxford, 1979) . Nevertheless, IKK and NFκB might not only have anti-viral functions as two recent studies demonstrate that influenza viruses replicate much better in cells where NFκB is pre-activated (Nimmerjahn et al., 2004; Wurzer et al., 2004) . Apoptosis is mainly regarded to be a host cell defense against virus viruses (reviewed in: Julkunen et al., 2000; Ludwig et al., 2003; infections since many viruses express anti-apoptotic proteins to prevent this cellular response. Influenza virus-induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression is mediated by overexpression of viral proteins and involves oxidative radicals and activation of IkappaB kinase cache = ./cache/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009381-q9s38fkh author = Roth, James A. title = Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date = 2007-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5956 sentences = 309 flesch = 39 summary = The federal government regulations for the United States of America regarding veterinary vaccines 9 Contamination with extraneous agents 9 Failure to inactivate agent in killed vaccine 9 Residual virulence of vaccine organisms 9 Vaccination of immunosuppressed animal 9 Immune suppression induced by the vaccine 9 Excessive induction of cytokine release 9 Multiple vaccines administered concurrently 9 Hypersensitivity to vaccine antigens Type I--immediate type Type IImcytotoxic type Type IIImimmune complex type Type IVmdelayed type 9 Triggering or exacerbation of hypersensitivity to nonvaccine antigens Allergies Autoimmune disease 9 Induction of neoplastic changes 9 MLV BVD vaccine triggering mucosal disease in persistently infected cattle are found in the Virus Serum Toxin Act (VSTA) in Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR). An example of vaccine-induced disease resulting from administration of vaccine to unhealthy animals is the induction of encephalitis by MLV canine distemper virus vaccine in dogs infected with canine parvovirus (Krakowka et al., 1982) . cache = ./cache/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002500-9p2n8tjx author = Lambe, Teresa title = A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel vaccines? date = 2017-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7327 sentences = 288 flesch = 38 summary = The other vaccine modality being assessed as an Ebola vaccine candidate is the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding EBOV glycoprotein (rVSV-ZEBOV), which is an attenuated replication-competent viral vector. In the absence of any gold standard for measuring humoral immunity against Ebola virus, a wide variety of assays were used to evaluate antibody responses to vaccines during the recent EVD outbreak. Many of the other binding assays used in these Phase I trials correlate strongly and, in particular, it is useful that the standardized glycoprotein ELISA and pseudotyped lentivirus assays each correlate strongly with neutralizing titres against live Ebola virus as these assays avoid the need to work at high containment levels, but may be used to indicate the presence of antibodies with neutralizing activity. In a pre-clinical NHP model, IgG responses after immunization with AdHu5-based Ebola virus vaccines were measured using an ELISA against GP, where 100% protection against a lethal challenge was predicted by titres of 3700 or greater, while a titre of around 2000 predicted 85% survival. cache = ./cache/cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254890-4ynsgu6c author = Heldens, J.G.M. title = Veterinary vaccine development from an industrial perspective date = 2008-03-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9217 sentences = 443 flesch = 39 summary = Live vaccine: Low passage lot for safety (GLP) on target species including pregnant animals in case indication is required High passage lot for efficacy: Onset of immunity and duration of immunity Inactivated vaccine: High passage lot for safety (GLP) and efficacy Licensing batches (10% commercial scale, GMP) -Consistency of production, process validation -Transfer of production process and control tests to manufacturing departments and quality control departments -Stability studies on antigen and final product in final container Field studies (GCP) -Safety -Efficacy derived from treated animals from which food is derived, and the consumer. The likely approach to develop vaccines would be, first, the cloning and site directed mutagenesis to turn the HA-gene into a non-pathogenic form, and, second, the production of so-called high growth re-assortants producing considerable amounts of the new HA protein, which is, among others, the protective antigen in influenza virus. cache = ./cache/cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258353-uw8padla author = Williams, Joshua T.B. title = Caring for the Vaccine Hesitant Family: Evidence-Based Alternatives to Dismissal date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2765 sentences = 182 flesch = 46 summary = [16] [17] [18] [19] In 2016, the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) Report "Countering Vaccine Hesitancy" characterized dismissal as acceptable only after careful consideration of the situation, transparency with parents about the risks to their child, and openness about practice policies. As an alternative to practice dismissal, there are several evidence-based tools in the provider-parent communication literature that can increase parental vaccine acceptance while keeping children of vaccine-hesitant parents in our practices. A multi-arm randomized trial in 30 pediatric and family medicine clinics across North Carolina found a 5.4% increase (95% CI; 1.1%-9.7%) in HPV vaccination coverage for patients in clinics whose providers received presumptive training, compared with conversation training or usual care. Evidence-based alternatives to dismissal exist, increase parental acceptance of vaccines, will keep under-vaccinated and unvaccinated children with pediatricians, and improve population health. As we work as pediatricians to improve the state of vaccine confidence, let us consider caring for vaccine-hesitant families, one visit at a time. cache = ./cache/cord-258353-uw8padla.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258353-uw8padla.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032751-pmclolvh author = Head, Katharine J. title = A National Survey Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Intentions: Implications for Future Public Health Communication Efforts date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5086 sentences = 305 flesch = 48 summary = Research Question 2: What are the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine behavioral intentions of adults in the U.S. when a health care provider recommends the vaccine? Importantly, because vaccine intent and/or need may be different for people who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and perceived threat variables (discussed below) are usually only measured for future threats, only participants who answered "no" to the question "do you believe that you've had COVID-19" are included in the current study (n = 3,159). Step 3 of the hierarchical regression model, with all variables included, less education was associated with lower intent to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The health belief variables that were significant in the full regression model were all positively associated with intent to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-032751-pmclolvh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032751-pmclolvh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007733-zh8e76w7 author = DiMenna, Lauren J. title = Pandemic Influenza Vaccines date = 2009-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12728 sentences = 594 flesch = 43 summary = The efficacy of seasonal vaccines is linked to their ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, which provide subtype-specific protection against influenza A viruses. Alternatively, the scientific community could step up efforts to generate a universal vaccine against influenza A viruses that provides broadly cross-reactive protection through the induction of antibodies or T cells to conserved regions of the virus. Alternatively, the scientific community could step up efforts to generate a universal vaccine against influenza A viruses that provides broadly cross-reactive protection through the induction of antibodies or T cells to conserved regions of the virus. WHO recommends three measures to lessen the impact of the next influenza virus pandemic: (1) increased surveillance to allow for the earliest possible warning that a human pandemic has started; (2) early intervention to stall global spread and prevent further adaptations; and (3) development of an effective pandemic vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-007733-zh8e76w7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007733-zh8e76w7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017291-bhe34dky author = Cohen, Cheryl title = Influenza date = 2017-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7128 sentences = 381 flesch = 40 summary = Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. cache = ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017841-57rm046y author = Flower, Darren R. title = Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date = 2012-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4995 sentences = 230 flesch = 43 summary = What the pharmaceutical industry needs is the capacity to apply the same systematic, automated, high-technology approaches used to identify new small-molecule drugs to the discovery and development of vaccines. Just over a decade ago, Rino Rappuoli used the expression "reverse vaccinology" to describe development of vaccines using a genomic-based approach, rather than the ponderous empirical methods favoured then, and still in use today. This book looks in turn at reverse vaccinology and the identification of putative candidate antigens, at the discovery of a wide range of different types of adjuvants, and finally at the development of sophisticated new delivery mechanisms, such as liposomes and other applications of nanotechnology. They also highlight how advances in genome-based techniques and in so-called next-generation sequencing approaches and technologies will help to enhance reverse vaccinology, enabling timely identification of novel candidate antigens for new, emerging, or recrudescent infectious diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257533-i85dyg8n author = Henn, Wolfram title = Allocation criteria for an initial shortage of a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and necessary measures for global immunity date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1070 sentences = 60 flesch = 45 summary = title: Allocation criteria for an initial shortage of a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and necessary measures for global immunity Although healthcare systems around the world currently are fully absorbed with the day-today challenge of slowing down the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, ongoing research makes it very likely that a protective vaccine will be developed within a rather short period of time [1, 2] . Given the unprecedented public attention to the issue, these criteria must be medically adequate, socially fair, transparent, verifiable, and easily understandable for non-experts, in order to bridge thehopefully short but anyway relevant-initial shortage of vaccine supply without creating social discomfort or even unrest. As current data clearly show that COVID-19 mortality is strongly associated with age [7] , it should be the leading and also easily verifiable medical parameter for the distribution of the expected vaccine during an initial scarcity. cache = ./cache/cord-257533-i85dyg8n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257533-i85dyg8n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 author = Chen, Juine-Ruey title = Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective date = 2020-02-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6898 sentences = 316 flesch = 37 summary = In a preclinical study, ferrets sequentially immunized with heterologous influenza strains including live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) bearing an H8 head domain and an H1 stem domain (cH8/1) and a split-inactivated vaccine bearing an H5 head domain and an H1 stem domain (cH5/1), conferred superior protection against challenge with pandemic H1N1 virus following different prime-boost combinations and immunization regimens [49] . Flu-v has been shown to induce a specific CD8 + response against these conserved epitopes and confer protection against heterotypic infection in mice [59] , and a Phase Ib challenge trial also showed that the blood cells from immunized subjects exhibited cross reactive immunity against different influenza viruses [62, 63] . Endoglycosidase H is added after harvest to trim high mannose residues down to a single GlcNAc. The resultant monoglycosylated split vaccine provides a more diverse immune response and more effective cross-strain protection than conventional egg-based vaccines. cache = ./cache/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002842-4evbeijx author = Pandey, Rajan Kumar title = Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein date = 2018-01-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5768 sentences = 311 flesch = 47 summary = title: Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein This study represents a series of immunoinformatics approaches to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine using Anopheles mosquito salivary proteins. Finally, molecular docking and simulation study was performed for the vaccine protein and TLR-4 receptor, to determine the binding free energy and complex stability. Therefore, in this study, we applied a novel immunoinformatics approach to design multi-epitope based subunit vaccine that may prevent the disease by maintaining the host hemostasis by the inhibition of anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory proteins present in mosquito saliva. Predicted CTL epitopes for each salivary protein was used as an input sequence and the result was obtained in the form of the score, where higher score determines that greater will be the probability of eliciting an immune response. cache = ./cache/cord-002842-4evbeijx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002842-4evbeijx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254469-7q6xi2xx author = Wang, Fuzhou title = An Evidence Based Perspective on mRNA-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development date = 2020-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4737 sentences = 245 flesch = 48 summary = In March 2020, the first phase I clinical trial of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, began in the United States (US). However, on March 16 2020, the first phase I clinical trial of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, began in the United States (US), conducted by Moderna and the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [12, 13] . Although mRNA vaccines are commencing human clinical trials, due to the rapid global spread of this new viral pandemic, it may not be possible to develop a safe and effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in time to prevent the increasing number of deaths due to this novel RNA virus. cache = ./cache/cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257899-l866puqk author = Yun, Cheol-Heui title = Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficacy of Vaccines date = 2020-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1843 sentences = 82 flesch = 34 summary = The authors concentrated on the use of flagellin, a potent inducer of innate immunity via toll-like receptor 5, as an adjuvant to formulate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based nanoparticle B cell-targeting vaccines that display either the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) or a model antigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL). [6] discussed biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver vaccines for the treatment of diseases including HIV, malaria, some tumors and bacterial diseases due to their beneficial advantages such as improved antigen stability, targeted delivery, long-time controlled release and evasion of immune responses. The authors showed the induction of specific cytotoxic T cell responses to HLA-A2-restricted and hepatitis B virus epitopes due to the ability of the filamentous rod, internalized into APCs. It seems likely that the targeted delivery of these NPs in new-generation vaccines against tumors such as melanoma and mastocytoma might be realized, although clinical trials are necessary to establish their safety in humans. cache = ./cache/cord-257899-l866puqk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257899-l866puqk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003403-ypefqm71 author = Roberts, Christine C. title = Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience date = 2018-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4957 sentences = 248 flesch = 42 summary = When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. In an outbreak situation, such as with Zika, it is important to have the ability to quickly develop both diagnostic kits for public health purposes and vaccine clinical assays to support pre-clinical studies and early stage clinical trials. Additionally, cross-reactivity in a number of immunological assays and the short time frame in which viremia can be detected in bodily fluids necessitated the institution of an algorithm to confirm ZIKV infection that was based on a combination of risk factors, clinical symptoms and diagnostic test results [71] . Rapid response to an emerging infectious disease-lessons learned from development of a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting Zika virus cache = ./cache/cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018265-twp33bb6 author = Becker, Pablo D. title = Community-acquired pneumonia: paving the way towards new vaccination concepts date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14121 sentences = 697 flesch = 36 summary = A live vaccine based on a master virus strain developed at the Institute of Applied Microbiology (Austria) by growing wild influenza virus in Vero cells at 25°C was also demonstrated to be safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic after intranasal immunization in young adults [18]. Candidate vaccines should be able to replicate and induce a protective immune response in young infants, even in the presence of maternally acquired antibodies. This demonstrates that antibodies play a major role in protection against this disease, whereas T-cell immunity targeted to internal viral proteins appears to contribute to clearance. The second generation of PS-based conjugate vaccines stimulates stronger antibody responses, even in infants, young children and immune deficient individuals, as well as immunological memory. The resulting proteins are then used to perform immunological and/or functional studies to select the most promising candidates (e.g., able to induce the production of microbicidal or neutralizing antibodies, capacity to confer protective immunity). cache = ./cache/cord-018265-twp33bb6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018265-twp33bb6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004518-jd1wxobz author = Běláková, Jana title = DNA vaccines: are they still just a powerful tool for the future? date = 2007-12-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8107 sentences = 409 flesch = 40 summary = Immunization with plasmid DNA (DNA-based vaccination) is a relatively novel technique for the efficacious stimulation of a specific cellular and humoral immune response to protein antigens. The application of DNA vaccine to the liver is associated with enormous protein expression followed by a strong antibody-and cell-mediated immune response. One highly efficacious delivery system for DNA vaccines, or, more precisely, genetic vaccines, is based on recombinant viral vectors derived either from attenuated viruses used for preventive vaccination (vaccinia, poliovirus, hepatitis B virus, measles virus) or from viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV), adeno-associated virus (AAV), alphavirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), or poxviruses other than vaccinia [41] . In animal experiments a recombinant measles vector expressing HIV-1 envelope antigen induced neutralizing antibodies and envelope-specific CD4 + and CD8 + cell responses after a single dose [67] . Although some mucosal response is detectable after a systemic DNA vaccination, i.m. injection and gene-gun delivery of plasmid DNA have a limited ability to induce mucosal immune responses [99] . cache = ./cache/cord-004518-jd1wxobz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004518-jd1wxobz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018677-gmitz3gg author = Clemens, John D. title = Sequential stages of clinical trials and overview of issues to be considered date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6423 sentences = 270 flesch = 36 summary = In these studies volunteers are typically allocated at random to receive the vaccine or a comparison agent, usually a placebo, and are then challenged at a defined interval after vaccination with an inoculum of the pathogen predicted to cause the target disease in nearly 100% of the control group. Phase III studies are designed as randomized, controlled trials with clear hypotheses, and are conducted in the target group for whom vaccine licensure is desired and in a population that normally experiences the target infection. Definition of immunological correlates of vaccine protection is very important because such correlates permit assessments of the protection of the tested vaccine and ones suitably similar to it in small, short-term studies with immunological endpoints, without resort to full-scale, Phase III efficacy trials with clinical infection endpoints. The successive phases of clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates allow for acquisition of critical information about vaccine safety, immunogenicity, excretion, transmission, and protection in an incremental fashion, while minimizing the risks to subjects who volunteer to participate in these studies. cache = ./cache/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007710-0u5ot5h4 author = Graham, Barney S. title = Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines date = 2013-05-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4113 sentences = 161 flesch = 36 summary = Several technological and conceptual advances have recently occurred that make RSV vaccine development more feasible, and this collected knowledge is intended to help inform and organize the future contributions of funding agencies, scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers that will be needed to achieve the goal of a safe, effective, and accessible vaccine to prevent RSV-associated disease. Barik, this volume), and suggest that vaccines that elicit responses that block or avoid the immunomodulation associated with wild-type RSV infection without enhancing disease could provide more potent and durable immunity than natural infection. These include the need for improved animal models, better understanding of mucosal immunity, more definitive clinical endpoints to use in efficacy trials, alternate vaccination strategies to protect the young infant (e.g., vaccinating pregnant women) and other high risk populations for whom vaccination may have limited effectiveness, and remedies for liability concerns. cache = ./cache/cord-007710-0u5ot5h4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007710-0u5ot5h4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002333-90f9vr0a author = Madan, Anuradha title = Immunogenicity and Safety of an AS03-Adjuvanted H7N9 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in a Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults date = 2016-12-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4250 sentences = 210 flesch = 46 summary = The coprimary immunogenicity objective determined whether adjuvanted vaccines elicited an immune response against the vaccine-homologous virus, 21 days after the second vaccine dose per US and European licensure criteria in the per-protocol cohort (n = 389). The coprimary immunogenicity objective was to evaluate whether the adjuvanted A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) vaccines elicited an immune response against the vaccine-homologous virus that met US CBER and European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) immunogenicity targets at day 42 (21 days after the second vaccine dose). In a sub-analysis of the homologous immune response by age, the adjuvanted vaccine was immunogenic in both age groups, with SPRs ≥80.0% in participants 41-64 years of age, despite lower GMTs (Table 3 ). The results of this phase I/II randomized, placebo-controlled trial showed that 2 doses of the H7N9 AS03-adjuvanted vaccine elicited a robust immune response in healthy adults up to 64 years of age, with an acceptable safety profile. cache = ./cache/cord-002333-90f9vr0a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002333-90f9vr0a.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002282-ldfa616a author = Joung, Young Hee title = The Last Ten Years of Advancements in Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Hepatitis B date = 2016-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8136 sentences = 449 flesch = 42 summary = Another important advantage as emerging vaccine is the more effective activation of key aspects of the immune response to achieve potent immune stimulation and to provide immunological memory for long-lasting protection [22, 23] Plant-based platforms including whole plant, organs or cell and expression technology to produce target antigens of interest are diverse [38] [39] [40] . In the case of plant-derived HBV vaccines, the first report was on the expression of the small hepatitis B surface antigen (S-HBsAg) in transgenic tobacco plants. In the transgenic tobacco plant transformed with the S-HBsAg gene controlled by the 35S promoter, expression levels were very low: less than 0.01% total soluble protein and less than 10 ng/g fresh weight in leaf tissues. Expression of the human hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in transgenic tomato plants Oral immunization of human with transgenic lettuce expressing hepatitis B surface antigen cache = ./cache/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022168-qautse9a author = Liu, Li title = Clinical Use of DNA Vaccines date = 2017-07-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7120 sentences = 321 flesch = 38 summary = Specifically, the strategies that allow DNA vaccines to overcome antigenic diversity for viral infection and break immune tolerance for cancer therapy are explored. To overcome these obstacles, several approaches focusing on augmenting DNA uptake, maximizing protein expression, and enhancing antigen immunogenicity have been developed and tested in clinical trials. Therefore, one key element to improve DNA vaccine efficacy is to formulate a vaccine with an immunogenic cancer antigen so that it can prime T cells for immune responses. To date, the most successful and encouraging outcomes of using DNA vaccine in the clinical setting were obtained from treatment of malignant diseases where the etiological agent is of foreign viral origin, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV), as these viral agents can readily induce a strong immune response against cancerous cells harboring viral antigens. cache = ./cache/cord-022168-qautse9a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022168-qautse9a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005400-50lmj4op author = Ada, Gordon title = Overview of vaccines and vaccination date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7479 sentences = 386 flesch = 50 summary = Of the 80-plus known infectious agents pathogenic for humans, there are now more than 30 vaccines against 26 mainly viral and bacterial infections and these greatly minimize subsequent disease and prevent death after exposure to those agents. Vaccines are designed as a prophylactic measure to induce a lasting immune response so that on subsequent exposure to the particular infectious agent, the extent of infection is reduced to such an extent that disease does not occur (1). More recently, the use of avipox viruses such as fowlpox and canarypox, which undergo an abortive infection in humans, is being used in humans as vectors of DNA coding for antigens of other infectious agents for which vaccines are not yet available (2). Live, attenuated agent vaccines have the potential to stimulate strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses that can be highly effective in preventing or clearing a later infection in most recipients. cache = ./cache/cord-005400-50lmj4op.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005400-50lmj4op.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007440-7gcpk9x9 author = Koprowski, Hilary title = Vaccines and sera through plant biotechnology() date = 2005-03-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2110 sentences = 129 flesch = 54 summary = After considering various alternatives of fulfilling the criteria established for a global approach to immunization, it has become clear that our only choice is the production of vaccines or other materials of biomedical importance in plants. Immunogenicity was tested in mice, which were either injected with or fed the plant-produced vaccine ( as compared to controls; high-titer antibodies against RSV were also induced. To express rabies vaccine in plants, we have used a recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus in spinach leaves. Research conducted by Dr. Kisung Ko, led to the production of a transgenic tobacco plant containing the heavy and light chains of human rabies antibody. The two chains recombined in the plants to produce a complete antirabies antibody, which was as effective as the original antibody in animals, before and after exposure to rabies (Table 4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258626-p469ysi8 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2014-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10938 sentences = 543 flesch = 43 summary = Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004181-exbs3tz7 author = Pumchan, Ansaya title = Novel Chimeric Multiepitope Vaccine for Streptococcosis Disease in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) date = 2020-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5769 sentences = 291 flesch = 42 summary = The efficacy of the chimeric multiepitope construct as a recombinant protein vaccine and DNA vaccine was evaluated in Nile tilapia, followed by S. The epitopes of immunogenic proteins were predicted by the BCPREDS server based on B cell epitopes to be used in chimeric multiepitope vaccine construction. In this study, not only immunogenic proteins from the immunoproteomics analysis were used but also other subunit vaccine candidates were subjected to epitope prediction and combined to produce a chimeric multiepitope vaccine. The recombinant chimeric multiepitope protein vaccination showed that 45F2 and 42E2 produced cumulative mortality rates of 30.00 ± 10.00% and 26.67 ± 5.77%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the negative control group, at 70% (P < 0.05) (Fig. 6A) . agalactiae serotype Ia and III demonstrated that fish vaccinated with recombinant protein vaccine 42E2 and 45F2 showed cross-reactivity to whole cell lysate of S. cache = ./cache/cord-004181-exbs3tz7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004181-exbs3tz7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003926-ycdaw2vh author = Maslow, Joel N. title = Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date = 2019-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3766 sentences = 189 flesch = 43 summary = Of note, the first demonstration of immunoprotection was as part of a 1953 study to define the ultrastructural characteristics of Zika virus, that found intramuscular vaccination of mice with infectious viral filtrates protected against cerebral infection [36] . In pre-clinical studies, vaccinated mice and non-human primates were shown to develop B and T-cell immune responses against the Zika virus envelope and protected against development of neurologic disease and death in immunosuppressed, interferon α, β receptor deficient (IFNAR) mice [43] . A subsequent study in non-human primates vaccinated twice at four-week intervals with alum generated binding and microneutralization antibody titers of 3.54 and 3.55 log10, respectively, and complete protection against viremia and viruria following challenge with either Brazilian or Puerto Rican strains of Zika virus [47] . Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study cache = ./cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016200-zfh20im0 author = Saxena, Jyoti title = Edible Vaccines date = 2013-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7627 sentences = 417 flesch = 51 summary = In 1998 a new era was opened in vaccine delivery when researchers supported by the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID) have shown for the first time that an edible vaccine can safely generate significant immune responses in people. Transgenic tobacco is successfully engineered for the production of edible vaccines against hepatitis B antigen using 's' gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Egyptian scientists have genetically engineered the maize plants to produce a protein known as HbsAg which elicits an immune response against the hepatitis B virus and could be used as a vaccine. It has been studied that genes are successfully expressed in experimental model plants and when given orally to animals, the extract of transgenic plant containing the antigen induced serum antibodies, thus can be used to produce the edible vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027654-k0uby99n author = Nabel, Gary J. title = The development of gene-based vectors for immunization date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6550 sentences = 321 flesch = 37 summary = The advantages of their ability to induce cellular immunity, immunogenicity, safety, mode of antigen presentation, and other attractive features are countered by limitations in knowledge about clinical effi cacy, production methodologies, DNA vaccination as the initial vaccine constituent and replication-defective viral vectors, including modifi ed vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA), 21,28 rAd 22,23,27,29 or proteins to boost the initial response. 31, 32 In addition, the development of improved enhancer/ promoter regions can allow for even higher expression 5 and these vaccines have advanced into multiple human Phase I studies, alone or in combination with other gene-based vectors. Depending on their ability to target antigen presenting cells, ability to develop packaging lines, inherent immunogenicity of both the vector and insert, and other factors (Table 62 -2), these viral vectors are helping to improve vaccine effi cacy in a variety of infectious disease models. Comparative immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys of DNA plasmid, recombinant vaccinia virus, and replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing a human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 gag gene cache = ./cache/cord-027654-k0uby99n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027654-k0uby99n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004274-cot05vx7 author = Jackson, Nicholas A. C. title = The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective date = 2020-02-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4253 sentences = 251 flesch = 38 summary = "STATE-OF-THE-ART" mRNA CONSTRUCTS AND DELIVERY TECHNOLOGIES The core principle behind mRNA as a technology for vaccination is to deliver the transcript of interest, encoding one or more immunogen(s), into the host cell cytoplasm where expression generates translated protein(s) to be within the membrane, secreted or intracellularly located. Perspective #2: Translational sciences will inform preclinical and clinical studies to promote rapid downselection of constructs and formulations A key aspect of vaccine development efforts is the goal of making early informed decisions, based on objective data that favor or disfavor a particular candidate. 64 The current focus from a clinical perspective is to optimize the benefit (immunogenicity and efficacy) while reducing the risk (safety) profile of a candidate mRNA vaccine by optimizing the quality attributes that dictate expression and/or augmenting delivery. Thus, early-phase clinical trials need to be designed in a way to appropriately capture the inflammatory component intrinsic to all mRNA vaccines, given that several intracellular innate immune response sensors are activated by RNA. cache = ./cache/cord-004274-cot05vx7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004274-cot05vx7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016126-i7z0tdrk author = Dangi, Mehak title = Advanced In Silico Tools for Designing of Antigenic Epitope as Potential Vaccine Candidates Against Coronavirus date = 2018-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3221 sentences = 197 flesch = 52 summary = The present book chapter is intended to explore the potential of RV approach to select the probable vaccine candidates against coronavirus and validate the results using docking studies. Reverse vaccinology is based on same approach of computationally analysing the genome of pathogen and proceeds step by step to ultimately identify the highly antigenic, secreted proteins with high epitope densities. The most appropriate targets as vaccine candidates are those which possess the adhesion-like properties because they not only mediate the adhesion of pathogen's proteins with cells of host but also facilitate transmission of virus. None of the 11 proteins of MERS-CoV possessed any clue of allergenicity as per prediction results from AlgPred and Allertop tools; it means that no vigorous immune responses will be mounted if the epitopes from these proteins will be adopted as vaccine candidates. Identification of potential antigens from non-classically secreted proteins and designing novel multitope peptide vaccine candidate against Brucella melitensis through reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approach cache = ./cache/cord-016126-i7z0tdrk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016126-i7z0tdrk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018811-zhwr3h07 author = Oxford, John title = Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic date = 2010-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13247 sentences = 618 flesch = 48 summary = The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza together with a focus of swine influenza H1N1 is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T-cell epitope vaccines, viral live-attenuated carriers of influenza proteins, and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells. This was particularly well demonstrated by studies during the swine influenza campaign in the USA in 1976, when many observers reported results, which ultimately led to the recommended use in children of two doses of split-type rather than whole-virus vaccines. It has been known for many years that the serological response to inactivated vaccine depends on the previous experience of the recipient to infection by viruses of the same subtype of influenza A virus as that present in the vaccine. Comparison of inactivated vaccine A/HongKong/68 (H3N2) given intranasally or subcutaneously showed that following challenge with live virus only those who had developed a serum antibody response after vaccine by either route resisted infection. cache = ./cache/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021937-p9vqpazu author = Tsai, Theodore F. title = Immunization in the Asia-Pacific Region date = 2017-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9479 sentences = 392 flesch = 35 summary = However, an increasing global integration is taking place, as multinational companies acquire Asian manufacturers (e.g., Sanofi-Aventis, France, acquired Shantha Biotechnics, India); Asian companies acquire or obtain technologies and distribution rights from European countries (e.g., inactivated polio vaccine by Serum Institute of India Ltd. acquiring Bilthoven Biologicals, Netherlands; Astellas, Japan, acquiring recombinant influenza hemagglutinin from Protein Sciences, U.S.; Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization acquiring chimeric JE vaccine from Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and Biological Evans, India, acquiring JE vaccine from Intercell AG, Austria); and vaccine codevelopment is agreed between entities in developed and Asian countries (e.g., genetically modified, inactivated HIV vaccine codeveloped by Sumagen, Korea, and the University of Western Ontario, Canada; mycobacterial proteinAg85A candidate tuberculosis vaccine codeveloped by Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, China, and McMaster University, Canada; universal influenza vaccine codeveloped by Xiamen Wantai and Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine codeveloped by SK Chemicals, Korea and Sanofi-Pasteur, France). The widely used first-generation inactivated suckling mouse brain (SMB)-derived vaccine is being replaced rapidly in economically disadvantaged countries by the Chinese developed and manufactured live attenuated or inactivated vaccine (SA14-14-2 strain) grown in primary baby hamster kidney (PHK) cells and in higher-income countries with Vero cell-derived inactivated vaccines (licensed in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Europe, as well as several Asian countries) or a replicating chimeric yellow fever-JE virus recombinant vaccine (manufactured in Thailand). cache = ./cache/cord-021937-p9vqpazu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021937-p9vqpazu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258624-041cf99j author = Ahmad, Sajjad title = Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics date = 2020-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8187 sentences = 434 flesch = 48 summary = title: Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics We identified non-structural protein 8 (Nsp8), 3C-like proteinase, and spike glycoprotein as potential targets for immune responses to COVID-19. In order to estimate the MMPBSA binding free energies for the receptors and multi-epitope peptide vaccine construct, the MMPBSA.py module [56] of AMBER16 was castoff. The B-cell epitopes predicted for the vaccine candidates were in the following order: nine for Nsp8 and 3C-like proteinase, five for Nsp9, eight for Nsp10, 34 for spike glycoprotein and surface glycoprotein, and four for ORF1ab polyprotein| partial. Molecular interactions and binding conformation of the designed MEPVC with TLR3 and TLR4 innate immune receptors were deciphered via a protein-peptide docking approach. The dynamic simulations of the human immune system in response to the designed vaccine construct were deciphered through C-immsim server [40] . cache = ./cache/cord-258624-041cf99j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258624-041cf99j.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022039-y0l943xg author = Gruber, Marion F. title = Regulation and Testing of Vaccines date = 2017-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14882 sentences = 585 flesch = 34 summary = Section 901 of Title IX of the FDAAA authorizes the FDA to require certain postmarketing studies and clinical trials for prescription drug and biological products approved under the FDA should take action in response to such reports and whether the current pharmacovigilance plan is adequate. Critical information to be contained in the BLA include data derived from nonclinical laboratory and clinical studies that demonstrate that the manufactured product meets prescribed requirements for safety, purity, and potency. Following completion of IND studies demonstrating the safety and efficacy of the vaccine for a specific use and population the sponsor can submit a BLA to obtain a license for a new vaccine under section 351 of the PHS Act for commercial manufacture and distribution of the product. cache = ./cache/cord-022039-y0l943xg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022039-y0l943xg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014462-11ggaqf1 author = nan title = Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh date = 2011-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 35453 sentences = 1711 flesch = 49 summary = Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein. cache = ./cache/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016268-xcx1c0da author = Sahai, Aastha title = Plant Edible Vaccines: A Revolution in Vaccination date = 2013-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11291 sentences = 593 flesch = 47 summary = Factors in favor of plant systems as sources of animal derived proteins include: the potential for large-scale, low-cost biomass production using agriculture; the low risk of product contamination by mammalian viruses, blood borne pathogens, oncogenes and bacterial toxins; the capacity of plant cells to correctly fold and assemble multimeric proteins; low downstream processing requirements for proteins administered orally in plant food or feed; the ability to introduce new or multiple transgenes by sexual crossing of plants; and the avoidance of ethical problems associated with transgenic animals and the use of animal materials (Doran 2000 ) . In parallel with evaluation of plant-derived Hepatitis B surface antigen, Mason and Arntzen explored plant expression of other vaccine candidates including the labile toxin B subunit (LT-B) of entertotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and the capsid protein of Norwalk virus (NVCP). cache = ./cache/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257027-q2y7fewk author = Lemaire, D. title = Coping with genetic diversity: the contribution of pathogen and human genomics to modern vaccinology date = 2011-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5844 sentences = 241 flesch = 33 summary = Additionally, recent advances in immunogenetics and genomics should help in the understanding of the influence of genetic factors on the interindividual and interpopulation variations in immune responses to vaccines, and could be useful for developing new vaccine strategies. The publication of the Haemophilus influenzae genome, the first pathogen to have its complete genome sequence published as a result of an approach to genome analysis using new technologies of high-throughput sequencing (5) , has opened the mind of scientists to a range of new possible approaches to the study of microorganisms and has marked the beginning of a new era in vaccine development: the identification of pathogen candidate antigens based on the knowledge of the genome of the pathogen and on the understanding of microbial biology and host-pathogen interactions, an approach called reverse vaccinology (6) . cache = ./cache/cord-257027-q2y7fewk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257027-q2y7fewk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252856-oc0zd11h author = Pagliusi, Sonia title = Quality vaccines for all people(): Report on the 16th annual general meeting of the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers' Network, 05–07th October 2015, Bangkok, Thailand date = 2016-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4469 sentences = 223 flesch = 39 summary = The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) assembled high-profile leaders from global health organisations and vaccine manufactures for its 16th Annual General Meeting to work towards a common goal: providing quality vaccines for all people. DCVMN members presented their progress in developing novel vaccines against Dengue, HPV, Chikungunya, Cholera, cell-based influenza and other vaccines, demonstrating the commitment towards eliminating and eradicating preventable diseases worldwide through global collaboration and technology transfer. Combatting preventable diseases remains challenging, and collective efforts for improving multi-centre clinical trials, creating regional vaccine security strategies, fostering developing vaccine markets and procurement, and building trust in vaccines were discussed. DCVMN is the largest alliance of corporate manufacturers, supplying over 300 vaccine types in various presentations to immunisation programmes, and contributing significantly to global public health efforts to eradicate polio, eliminate and control the spread of known and emerging infectious diseases around the world. cache = ./cache/cord-252856-oc0zd11h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252856-oc0zd11h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-163946-a4vtc7rp author = Awasthi, Raghav title = VacSIM: Learning Effective Strategies for COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution using Reinforcement Learning date = 2020-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4475 sentences = 251 flesch = 54 summary = We approach this problem by proposing a novel pipeline VacSIM that dovetails Actor-Critic using Kronecker-Factored Trust Region (ACKTR) model into a Contextual Bandits approach for optimizing the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. We evaluate this framework against a naive allocation approach of distributing vaccine proportional to the incidence of COVID-19 cases in five different States across India and demonstrate up to 100,000 additional lives potentially saved and a five-fold increase in the efficacy of limiting the spread over a period of 30 days through the VacSIM approach. In this paper, we introduce VacSIM, a novel feed-forward reinforcement learning approach for learning effective policy combined with near real-time optimization of vaccine distribution and demonstrate its potential benefit if applied to five States across India. Contextual Bandits play an action based on its current context, given a corresponding reward, hence are more relevant to real-world environments such as the vaccine distribution problem attacked in this work. cache = ./cache/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018018-2yyv8vuy author = Rybicki, Ed title = History and Promise of Plant-Made Vaccines for Animals date = 2018-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9127 sentences = 314 flesch = 37 summary = 1995) was also used to demonstrate the efficacy of two very different plant-made papillomavirus vaccines, a few years after the demonstration that Human papillomavirus L1 major capsid protein virus-like particles could be produced in transgenic tobacco or potato (Biemelt et al. The early historical account of molecular farming for veterinary vaccines given above gives an idea of the array of technologies available and used up to the mid-2000s: transgenic and transplastomic expression of subunit proteins; recombinant plant viruses either used to express whole vaccine candidate genes, or to display chosen peptides fused to their capsid proteins; fusion of vaccine protein genes to carrier proteins to improve immunogenicity, including by inherent adjuvant properties; candidate parenteral and oral vaccines to both viruses and bacteria; therapeutics for animals made in plants; use of plant cell cultures to make antigens. cache = ./cache/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254513-7d10vd86 author = Phillips, B. C. title = Echo chambers as early warning signals of widespread vaccine refusal in social-epidemiological networks date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6215 sentences = 357 flesch = 58 summary = We show that trends in all of the measurements described above (modularity, global clustering coefficient, census and sizes of communities and echo 70 chambers) provide early warning signals of epidemic and vaccine crisis events for a coupled disease-behaviour model of childhood disease. (B.10) , we can see that lead distance decreases with strengthening social norm σ, with all the EWS eventually failing (giving negative lead distances, so that warnings follow K s -these are useless); modularity scores for the sub-networks formed by pro-vaccine � Q V � (Fig. B.10a ) and anti-vaccine � Q N � (Fig. B.10a ) agents give useful warnings for all social norms 340 σ ≤ 2.40625, while both the number of opinion changes � Θ * � (Fig. B.10b ) and the probability of having an infected neighbour SNHT �� Γ * �� give useful signals for σ ≤ 2.90625. In this paper, we tested the use and effectiveness of different network measures as early warning signals (EWS) of sudden transitions in the social and infection dynamics of a multiplex model of disease. cache = ./cache/cord-254513-7d10vd86.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254513-7d10vd86.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255549-i2o6rs29 author = Pagliusi, Sonia title = Vaccines: Shaping global health() date = 2017-03-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4357 sentences = 255 flesch = 39 summary = After decades of intense competition for high-value markets, collaboration with developing countries has become critical, and involvement of multiple manufacturers as well as publicand private-sector investments are essential, for developing new vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. Face-to-face panel discussions facilitated the dialogue around challenges, such as risks of viability to vaccine development and regulatory convergence, to improve access to sustainable vaccine supply. In 2016, 50 corporate members are working to provide high-quality vaccines, and contribute to global health initiatives, ensuring uninterrupted vaccine supply to countries, to advance eradication of polio and facilitate response to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) or outbreaks like the Zika outbreak [1] . I. Danel, Deputy Director from PAHO, outlined achievements of public health goals in the Americas, including extension of the reach of national immunization programs, new vaccine introductions, strengthening of regulatory pathways and improving financing and forecasting mechanisms. cache = ./cache/cord-255549-i2o6rs29.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255549-i2o6rs29.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255734-038xu4hq author = Taylor, Deborah R. title = Obstacles and advances in SARS vaccine development date = 2006-02-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5334 sentences = 263 flesch = 44 summary = The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that resulted in a pandemic in 2003 spurred a flurry of interest in the development of vaccines to prevent and treat the potentially deadly viral infection. Spike-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that neutralize the virus have been developed [51, 52] and passive transfer of immune serum into naive mice protected them from infection with SARS-CoV [18] . Mice immunized with a plasmid containing the S protein produced anti-SARS-CoV IgG [64] and developed neutralizing antibodies and a T-cell mediated response resulting in a six-fold reduction in viral titer in the lungs [65] . Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets cache = ./cache/cord-255734-038xu4hq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255734-038xu4hq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257722-7rmzaau4 author = Rhee, Joon Haeng title = Current and New Approaches for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery date = 2019-10-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14120 sentences = 678 flesch = 31 summary = Polymeric NPs are submicron-sized colloidal systems of natural or synthetic polymers used as delivery carriers of chemical drugs, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, owing to their high bioavailability, controlled release, biodegradable and biocompatible properties, and low toxic profiles [17] . Among the different polymers developed to formulate polymeric NPs, PLGA has won strong attention, owing to its attractive properties: biodegradability and biocompatibility, FDA and EMA approval in drug delivery systems for parenteral administration, well-described formulations and methods of production adapted to various types of drugs such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic small molecules or macromolecules, protection of the drug from degradation, the possibility of sustained release, the possibility of modifying surface properties to provide stealthiness and/or better interaction with biological materials, and the possibility of targeting NPs to specific organs or cells [29] . cache = ./cache/cord-257722-7rmzaau4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257722-7rmzaau4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-035016-ipv8npdy author = Torreele, Els title = Business-as-Usual will not Deliver the COVID-19 Vaccines We Need date = 2020-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5574 sentences = 203 flesch = 39 summary = Touted by many as a major tour de force, the ongoing 'race' towards a vaccine is also exposing the intrinsic deficiencies of relying on for-profit pharmaceutical companies, that are governed by trade rules, financial speculation and market competition, to ensure the development of essential health technologies. This is antithetical to a collective intelligence effort that would allow scientists all over the world to creatively combine the best elements of our medical knowledge and technological advances into a diverse and innovative portfolio of vaccine candidates with the best chance to achieve our common public health goal (Torreele 2020b) . 5 A milestone resolution on transparency around medical R&D was passed at the 2019 World Health Assembly (Fletcher 2019 ), yet governments so far have failed to implement these commitments, despite huge financial investments in COVID-19 R&D that could have been used as leverage to demand transparency on scientific methods and data, as well as clinical trial costs, and set performance targets for the vaccines. cache = ./cache/cord-035016-ipv8npdy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-035016-ipv8npdy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259927-xh9cw9ao author = Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. title = Promising approaches for the treatment and prevention of viral respiratory illnesses date = 2017-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7342 sentences = 400 flesch = 34 summary = When considering prevention or treatment of viral respiratory tract infections, potential targets include the causative pathogens themselves but also the immune response, disease transmission, or even just the symptoms. Here we provide an overview of the options and highlight some of the most promising approaches in vRTI treatment, including symptomatic medication, immunomodulatory drugs, antiviral agents, and natural products, as well as in vRTI prevention, ranging from vaccines to immunostimulators and public health policies. Early in vivo evidence suggested that azithromycin has anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects through induction of interferon-stimulated gene mRNA expression and reduced viral replication and release in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. mAb therapies to viral infections, such as EBV (rituximab) or RSV (palivizumab), provide passive immunization and are licensed, whereas similar agents targeting influenza and other viruses are in preclinical development. cache = ./cache/cord-259927-xh9cw9ao.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259927-xh9cw9ao.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016594-lj0us1dq author = Flower, Darren R. title = Identification of Candidate Vaccine Antigens In Silico date = 2012-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12570 sentences = 653 flesch = 37 summary = In the wider context of the experimental discovery of vaccine antigens, with particular reference to reverse vaccinology, this chapter adumbrates the principal computational approaches currently deployed in the hunt for novel antigens: genome-level prediction of antigens, antigen identification through the use of protein sequence alignment-based approaches, antigen detection through the use of subcellular location prediction, and the use of alignment-independent approaches to antigen discovery. When looking at a reverse vaccinology process, the discovery of candidate subunit vaccines begins with a microbial genome, perhaps newly sequence, progresses through an extensive computational stage, ultimately to deliver a shortlist of antigens which can be validated through subsequent laboratory examination. Conventional empirical, experimental, laboratory-based microbiological ways to identify putative candidate antigens require cultivation of target pathogenic micro-organisms, followed by teasing out their component proteins, analysis in a series of in-vitro and in-vivo assays, animal models and with the ultimate objective of isolating one or two proteins displaying protective immunity. cache = ./cache/cord-016594-lj0us1dq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016594-lj0us1dq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263277-m4too6ob author = Guzmán, Carlos Alberto title = Next Generation Influenza Vaccines: Looking into the Crystal Ball date = 2020-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1921 sentences = 102 flesch = 32 summary = In their review article, the authors also presented a comprehensive summary of the current efforts to improve the influenza vaccines produced using standard existing technologies. In this particular context, animal studies support the potential of exploiting this strategy to generate universal or at least broader next generation vaccines providing heterosubtypic protection by stimulating long-lasting T cell resident memory cells. As described in the review, a universal vaccine based on peptides should mimic more closely the immune responses observed after natural infections by inducing both cross-reactive peripheral and tissue resident CD8 T cells in addition to cross-reactive antibodies and CD4 T follicular and helper cells. However, influenza vaccines based on both traditional and emerging technologies face the major constraint represented by the immune history of the individual vaccinees. cache = ./cache/cord-263277-m4too6ob.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263277-m4too6ob.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263619-p17oomzn author = Moss, William J. title = Measles date = 2009-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9541 sentences = 457 flesch = 41 summary = Although providing passive immunity to young infants, maternally acquired antibodies can interfere with the immune responses to the attenuated measles vaccine by inhibiting replication of vaccine virus. Women with vaccine-induced immunity tend to have lower antimeasles virus antibody titers than women with naturally acquired immunity, and their children may be susceptible to measles at an earlier age. The cumulative distribution can reach 50% by 1 year of age, with a significant proportion of children acquiring measles virus infection before 9 months, the age of routine vaccination. Infants and younger children, although susceptible if not protected by immunization, are not exposed to measles virus at a rate sufficient to cause a large disease burden in this age group. The only documented case of disease induced by vaccine virus in an HIV-infected person was in a 20-year-old man who died 15 months after receiving his second dose of measles vaccine ( Angel et al., 1998 ) . cache = ./cache/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261566-fn08b0y2 author = Mudgal, Rajat title = Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7060 sentences = 413 flesch = 38 summary = 15 The disease severity and lung damage in the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be directly correlated with the dysregulated immune response at 7-10 days after symptom onset and is characterized by exuberant production of cytokines including IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, MIP-1A, IP-10, and TNF-α. 53, [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] Ferrets are a suitable animal model for SARS-CoV vaccine evaluation as they support viral replication in the respiratory tract, develop similar disease symptoms, and display severe lung pathology. Potential ADE and waning of vaccine-induced immune response represent other obstacles in the development of a mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Intranasal vaccination of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein induces strong mucosal immune responses and provides long-term protection against SARS-CoV infection Effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice cache = ./cache/cord-261566-fn08b0y2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261566-fn08b0y2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032600-lldbjm77 author = Soni, Dheeraj title = The sixth revolution in pediatric vaccinology: immunoengineering and delivery systems date = 2020-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6655 sentences = 388 flesch = 32 summary = 2 Second-generation efforts employed more characterized materials, such as the biodegradable synthetic polymer poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which is a widely investigated nanoparticle adjuvant for controlled and effective delivery of vaccine antigens, including synthetic peptides. 32 Thus, pathogen-mimicking nanoparticles can be engineered to enhance the immune response by controlling when and where vaccine components are delivered intracellularly to APCs. 15 A plethora of particulate delivery systems for immunoengineering have been developed, which are summarized further in this review. Recently, we have combined such engineering and rational vaccine design approaches to develop a nanoparticle-based adjuvant and antigen-delivery system designed to be active in human newborns and infants. Furthermore, such formulations hold substantial potential for early life immunization by serving as a dual antigen/adjuvant delivery system that mimics the enhanced neonatal innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by the live Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-032600-lldbjm77.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032600-lldbjm77.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261876-7rsc803x author = Kaslow, David C. title = Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development date = 2020-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6462 sentences = 305 flesch = 36 summary = In considering the "certainty of success" in development of human coronavirus vaccines, particularly SARS-CoV-2, a third, related critical parameter is proposed—infectious inoculum intensity, at an individual-level, and force of infection, at a population-level. Reducing the infectious inoculum intensity (and force of infection, at a population-level) is predicted to lengthen the incubation period, which in turn is predicted to reduce the severity of illness, and increase the opportunity for an anamnestic response upon exposure to the circulating virus. The one factor that emerges for consideration in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development and implementation is reducing the infectious inoculum intensity (and force of infection, at a populationlevel) to lengthen the incubation period, reduce the severity of illness, and increase the opportunity for an anamnestic response upon exposure to the circulating virus. cache = ./cache/cord-261876-7rsc803x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261876-7rsc803x.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257582-e9306xae author = Day, M. J. title = Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group date = 2020-03-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25474 sentences = 1258 flesch = 49 summary = The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. cache = ./cache/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261301-8mw2kpmr author = McVey, Scott title = Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Review of History and Technology date = 2010-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4039 sentences = 233 flesch = 38 summary = Nevertheless, both the effectiveness and imperfections of vaccination lead to the eventual global eradication of smallpox, and was the inspiration for development of the products and programs for immunization against several diseases in humans and animals. Table 1 describes the types of vaccines currently available to companion animal practitioners in most regions of the world 11-14 (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/ vb_licensed_products.shtml) These vaccines include very traditional inactivated antigen formulations, multiple attenuated agents, and new technologies such as poxvectored vaccines, defined subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (see Table 1 ). Therefore, a well-differentiated antibody response with isotype switching, affinity maturation to high avidity, and memory requires some effective initial stimulation involving dendritic cells and expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes A claim that it is intended to prevent disease may be made only for products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals. cache = ./cache/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265472-b1s4stvz author = Guimarães, Luísa Eça title = Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date = 2015-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14633 sentences = 821 flesch = 40 summary = In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) cache = ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265642-7mu530yp author = Syomin, B. V. title = Virus-Like Particles as an Instrument of Vaccine Production date = 2019-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7107 sentences = 325 flesch = 41 summary = Using protein expression systems it is possible to produce virus-like particles (VLPs), which are made up of monomers, which are able to multimerize into VLPs, and display the antigenic determinants of target pathogens on their surface. For example, in different laboratories different eukaryotic systems for viral protein expression, including plant cells, are used to produce VLPs which are used for vaccination against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) [36] . Antigen of the duck hepatitis A virus produced in the baculovirus expression system assembles into VLPs immediately in the cultured Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells, while immunization of ducklings with the obtained VLPs induces a high level humoral immune response and protects them from developing the disease [46] . Expression vectors for foreign protein production in plants have been developed based on plant viruses, which allows obtaining plant-producing recombinant viruses or VLPs displaying the target antigen on their surface [101, 102] . cache = ./cache/cord-265642-7mu530yp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265642-7mu530yp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266259-0f0guyea author = Chandler, Rebecca E. title = Optimizing safety surveillance for COVID-19 vaccines date = 2020-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1412 sentences = 67 flesch = 40 summary = Infrastructure for safety surveillance Guidance for the clinical evaluation of vaccines is provided by large public health and regulatory authorities such as the WHO 6 . Routine surveillance for safety signals is based upon a statistical pair-wise analysis that detects disproportionality between the number of observed reports and the number of expected reports of a single adverse event for a single vaccine (such as febrile seizure for pneumococcal vaccine), followed by clinical validation and assessment of the case series for that vaccine and that AEFI. By contrast, within many low-income and middleincome countries, vaccines are largely administered by national immunization centres, which are also responsible for collecting data on AEFIs. Support to the national immunization programmes for safety surveillance has been provided by the Global Vaccine Safety Blueprint (GVSB) of the WHO 8 . Real-time global data exchange is essential as the pooling of reports of AEFIs into larger databases will allow for the earlier detection of safety signals. cache = ./cache/cord-266259-0f0guyea.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266259-0f0guyea.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265757-8ces57rn author = Tondella, M. L. title = International Bordetella pertussis assay standardization and harmonization meeting report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 19–20 July 2007 date = 2009-02-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11130 sentences = 494 flesch = 39 summary = The major items included: (1) to identify a group that will organize, prepare, maintain, and distribute proficiency panels and key reagents such as reference and control sera; (2) to encourage the development and identification of one or more reference laboratories that can serve as an anchor and resource for other laboratories; (3) to define a performance-based assay method that can serve as a reference point for evaluating laboratory differences; (4) to develop guidance on quality of other reagents, e.g., pertussis toxin and other antigens, and methods to demonstrate their suitability; (5) to establish an international working group to harmonize the criteria to evaluate the results obtained on reference and proficiency panel sera; (6) to create an inventory to determine the amount of appropriate and well-characterized sera that are available globally to be used as bridging reagents for vaccine licensure; and (7) to seek specific guidance from regulatory authorities regarding the expectations and requirements for the licensure of new multicomponent pertussis vaccines. cache = ./cache/cord-265757-8ces57rn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265757-8ces57rn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267666-i7uuf3ck author = Sarkar, Bishajit title = Engineering a Novel Subunit Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by Exploring Immunoformatics Approach date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1873 sentences = 129 flesch = 50 summary = Therefore, in this study, immunoinformatics methods were exploited to design a novel epitope-based subunit vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2, targeting four essential proteins of the virus i.e., spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, membrane glycoprotein, and envelope protein. Thereafter, several in silico validations i.e., the molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation (including the RMSF and RMSD studies), and immune simulation studies were also performed which predicted that the designed vaccine should be quite safe, effective, and stable within the biological environment. The MHC class-I and class-II epitopes were predicted from the target protein sequences for 503 constructing the vaccine. Exploring Leishmania secretory proteins 1232 to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach Immunoinformatics approaches 1236 to explore Helicobacter Pylori proteome (Virulence Factors) to design B and T cell multi-epitope 1237 subunit vaccine. Immunoinformatics-guided designing of 1405 epitope-based subunit vaccine against the SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) cache = ./cache/cord-267666-i7uuf3ck.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267666-i7uuf3ck.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264356-3zu4w0a9 author = Ino, Hiroyasu title = Vaccine mandate in long‐term care facilities date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1548 sentences = 107 flesch = 56 summary = Telehealth consultations have helped our institution provide continuity of care to older adults who would otherwise decline healthcare attendances due to fears of contracting COVID-19. Making vaccination a standard part of the LTCF admission process does increase vaccination rates in nursing homes, and it is recommended by the Department of Health and Human Services. These interactions make the facility vulnerable to infectious diseases, but one must not forget that living in LTCFs provides the residents with a comfortable environment, which makes them feel like being in one's own home. However, when any vaccines that can prevent infection in elderly people are developed, vaccinating LTCF residents against COVID-19 should be a requirement. We should consider vaccine requirements for the elderly in LTCFs. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in COVID-19 patients aged ≥80 years Time to mandate influenza vaccination in health-care workers cache = ./cache/cord-264356-3zu4w0a9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264356-3zu4w0a9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264814-v4wnmg03 author = Flanagan, Katie L. title = Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15130 sentences = 700 flesch = 44 summary = Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. Comprehensive safety studies are particularly critical because some candidate vaccines use platform technologies that have not been examined extensively in human subjects to date, including some of the viral vectors, mRNA and nanoparticle constructs, and because of the potential for enhanced disease and adverse events related to aberrant immune responses to be seen upon infection pre-and post-licensure. cache = ./cache/cord-264814-v4wnmg03.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264814-v4wnmg03.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267012-45tre8rn author = Premanand, Balraj title = Baculovirus Surface Display of Immunogenic Proteins for Vaccine Development date = 2018-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11102 sentences = 530 flesch = 34 summary = While recombinant baculoviral vector expressing both VSV-G and influenza HA was shown to evoke both humoral and cellular immune responses and provided effective protection against lethal virus challenge in mouse and chicken hosts [26] , the high cytotoxicity of VSV-G protein [98] and its immediate inactivation by serum complement systems impedes the use of the element in a vaccine delivery vehicle [99] . The vaccine showed successful HA expression on its envelope, and mice vaccination studies showed that both the live and adjuvanted with inactive form of recombinant baculovirus induced HA-specific antibody responses and offered complete protection against lethal viral infection [101] . Moreover, recombinant baculovirus with CMV-polyhedrin dual promoter for expressing chimeric HA of H9N2 was shown to efficiently express HA in both mammalian and insect cells, induce strong immune response, and provide 100% protection against lethal H9N2 viral challenge in mice, unlike other vaccine candidates observed [34] . cache = ./cache/cord-267012-45tre8rn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267012-45tre8rn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271153-c0aw6jkz author = Privor-Dumm, Lois title = Archetype analysis of older adult immunization decision-making and implementation in 34 countries date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7745 sentences = 404 flesch = 45 summary = Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. By characterizing groups of countries by features other than disease burden, geography or demographics, the analysis seeks to support global efforts to address country needs in strengthening processes for vaccine decision-making and implementation; facilitating sharing of best practices amongst countries with similar characteristics; and providing evidence, system or advocacy support to help countries succeed within their specific context. Domains (Table 1) were identified as part of a framework of potential barriers and facilitators for adult vaccine decisionmaking: country characteristics, adult vaccine/aging policies and decision-making, health immunization systems, uptake, and stakeholders and champions. cache = ./cache/cord-271153-c0aw6jkz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271153-c0aw6jkz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266199-smlq11y9 author = Dhakal, Santosh title = Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs date = 2019-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7647 sentences = 414 flesch = 38 summary = The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Likewise, DCs targeted chitosan NPs loading plasmid DNA encoding nucleocapsid protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induced better nucleocapsid protein-specific mucosal IgA antibody response compared to soluble unentrapped antigens after nasal immunization in mice [57] . In this review, only studies conducted in pigs related to the development and evaluation of NPs-based vaccine candidates by using virus-like particles (VLPs), biodegradable polymers, polysaccharides and liposomes against porcine viral infections are included (Table 3) . Chitosan-based NPs are used in pigs to deliver adjuvants such as bee venom and plasmid encoding porcine IL-2 and IL-4/IL-6 genes, which improved induction of better virus-specific immune responses of respective vaccines against PRRSV and PCV2 [103, 104] . cache = ./cache/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268501-z4oztgi0 author = Palatnik-de-Sousa, Clarisa B. title = What Would Jenner and Pasteur Have Done About COVID-19 Coronavirus? The Urges of a Vaccinologist date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6331 sentences = 280 flesch = 46 summary = In fact, by May 11th, 2020 seven vaccines had already entered Phase I clinical trials: (1) encapsulated mRNA encoding protein S (Moderna and NIAID, USA); (2) Adenovirus expressing protein S (Cansino Biologics, China); (3) DCs modified with lentivirus expressing several proteins and CTLs (Shenzen Geno-Immune Medical, China); (4) an APC modified with lentivirus expressing several viral proteins (35); (5) Inno 4800, SARS CoV2 DNA Injection (Innovio, USA); (6) ChAdOx1 vaccine from the Jenner Institute, Oxford University, (UK) which is a genetically modified Adenovirus expressing Coronavirus proteins (39) , and is also being tested in a Phase II trial; and finally (7) the whole inactivated coronavirus with Alum by Sinovac, China (40) . Furthermore, in vaccinated monkeys, seven days after infection, the Sinovac inactivated vaccine at 6 µg/dose induced high titers of IgG antibodies directed against the S, RBD and lower levels of anti-N protein antibodies, high titers of virus neutralizing antibodies with no detected antibodydependent enhancement of disease (ADE) (40) . cache = ./cache/cord-268501-z4oztgi0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268501-z4oztgi0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266204-ipa017wz author = Poland, G. A. title = Personalized vaccinology: A review date = 2018-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7232 sentences = 331 flesch = 36 summary = This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing "downstream" adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. A decade ago, we described the idea of vaccinomics and adversomics, based on the immune response network theory [5, 6] , which utilizes immunogenetics/imunogenomics and systems biology approaches to understand the basis for inter-individual variations in vaccineinduced immune responses in humans, as well as the basis for adverse side effects from vaccines [7] . Published data reveal that innate and adaptive immunity is decreased with age, but the systems-level mechanisms for these findings are unclear [66, 68] , particularly in regard to influenza and other viral vaccine responses where the morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare costs are greater in older individuals [11] . cache = ./cache/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269352-0o3mryu1 author = Dhama, K. title = DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives date = 2008-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6856 sentences = 339 flesch = 41 summary = Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. As an effective vaccine, plasmid DNA have a gene encoding a protective antigen of a pathogen, which when injected into host, is transcribed and translated, to induce a specific immune response. Regarding veterinary practice, the last few years have seen numerous trials of DNA vaccines against various animal diseases like foot and mouth disease (FMD) and herpes virus infection in cattle, Aujeszky's disease and classical swine fever in swine, rabies and canine distemper in canines, and avian influenza, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis in birds (Oshop et al. Besides, DNA vaccines have been developed against major viral infections of poultry like avian influenza, utilizing the HA gene of the virus (Kodihalli et al. cache = ./cache/cord-269352-0o3mryu1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269352-0o3mryu1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272241-2fwz8z8n author = Kumar, Amit title = Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins for multi-epitope vaccine development: an in-silico approach date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4608 sentences = 281 flesch = 49 summary = title: Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins for multi-epitope vaccine development: an in-silico approach Hence, in this study, we have used immunoinformatic approaches to predict highly antigenic epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins that would evoke a strong immune response in humans. For this purpose, we have used the structural proteins: Spike, Envelope, and nucleocapsid to predict B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes for construction of vaccine. We have also performed the docking and molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) between the vaccine and human Toll-like Receptor-3 (TLR-3) to study their binding stability. The VaxiJen 2.0 server predicts the antigenicity of the multi-epitope vaccine peptide based on the physicochemical properties of the input protein. Whereas, ANTIGENpro server predicts the antigenicity of the multi-epitopic vaccine based on the protein microarray data analysis of the target organism. Three structural proteins (spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid, and envelope) were selected to construct a multi-epitope vaccine, which is capable of eliciting the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. cache = ./cache/cord-272241-2fwz8z8n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272241-2fwz8z8n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267897-w4pbq2lb author = Lindblad, E. B. title = Chapter 18 Mineral Adjuvants ∗ ∗ The present chapter is an updated version of the chapter “Mineral Adjuvants,” published in Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines, p. 217–233. Ed. Virgil Schijns & Derek O'Hagan, Elsevier Science Publishers (2005). date = 2017-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9771 sentences = 501 flesch = 42 summary = 6 Vaccine preparations based on adsorption of the antigen onto a preformed aluminum hydroxide adjuvant are referred to as aluminum-adsorbed vaccines, in contrast to the alum-precipitated vaccines mentioned earlier. Here it was shown 42,43 that aluminum hydroxide had an inhibiting effect, whereas aluminum phosphate adjuvant augmented the immune response against the antigen encoded by the DNA nucleotide. In 2002, a group at University of Lausanne, headed by J€ urg Tschopp, defined the inflammasome as "a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of pro-IL-b." 85 This initiated a new line of research leading to a possible explanation for the mechanisms of action of aluminum adjuvants in the early phases of the immune response with the stimulation and excretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Effect of the strength of adsorption of hepatitis B surface antigen to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant on the immune response cache = ./cache/cord-267897-w4pbq2lb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267897-w4pbq2lb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270998-1adloi3o author = Cunha, Rafes D. S. title = Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus after vaccination with two multivalent canine vaccines date = 2020-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2424 sentences = 125 flesch = 50 summary = There is a belief among veterinary practitioners and even educational institutions that the vaccines made in Brazil against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) are ineffective or only partially effective. METHODS: The study was carried out at the Animal Protection Association and a total of 60 adult mongrel dogs were selected and divided into two groups. RESULTS: In group A, the Elevencell vaccine generated a protective antibody titre against CDV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%), CPV in 24 out of 28 subjects (85.71%) and CAV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%). Before immunization, both groups of animals presented results of ≤2 on the colorimetric scale, which means that all of them were eligible to take part in the vaccination protocol. Evaluation of the humoral immune response induced by vaccination for canine distemper and parvovirus: A pilot study cache = ./cache/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273526-ah0dvnxv author = Cao, Weiping title = Nasal delivery of Protollin-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine induces enhanced systemic as well as mucosal immunity in mice date = 2017-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4390 sentences = 222 flesch = 44 summary = Protollin-adjuvanted vaccines elicited enhanced serum protective hemagglutination inhibition titers, mucosal IgA responses, and H5N1-specific cell-mediated immunity that resulted in complete protection against a lethal challenge with a homologous virus as well as a heterologous clade 2 virus A/Indonesia/05/2005 (A/IN/05/05). Our findings suggest that nasal delivery of H5N1 vaccine with Protollin adjuvant can overcome the poor immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccines, induce both cellular and humoral immune responses, enhance protection against challenge with clade 1 and clade 2 H5N1 viruses and achieve significant antigen dose-sparing. Nasal delivery of split, inactivated influenza vaccine generally requires a mucosal adjuvant to induce strong protective immune responses [16] . The breadth of antibody response was also broadened by Protollin-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine, as they significantly increased serum HI titers against A/IN/05/05 virus compared to the vaccine alone group and fully protected mice against A/IN/05/05 virus challenge. cache = ./cache/cord-273526-ah0dvnxv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273526-ah0dvnxv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279260-tdvb0fhv author = Lv, Huibin title = COVID‐19 vaccines: knowing the unknown date = 2020-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1476 sentences = 98 flesch = 46 summary = It is also important to note that T-cell immunity was found to be elicited by SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV DNA vaccines (both express trimeric spike protein) [7, 9] . Determining which adjuvants can enhance protective vaccine response to SARS-CoV-2 will be important. For example, the MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine, Fluad, is only licensed and approved for adults aged 65 years and older, to elicit a higher protective immune response in the elderly This article is protected by copyright. To accelerate vaccine development, animal infection models for SARS-CoV-2 are needed. Although macaques show COVID-19-like disease upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, the non-human primate model is usually not readily accessible to most laboratories [27] . Expressing hACE2 through adenoviral transduction may provide another possible approach to generate a mouse model for SARs-CoV-2 infection. For example, a conserved CD4 T-cell epitope can mediate cross-reactive protection between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [38] . cache = ./cache/cord-279260-tdvb0fhv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279260-tdvb0fhv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273151-1h8c4yq9 author = LOCHT, Camille title = Vaccines against COVID-19 date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1516 sentences = 94 flesch = 51 summary = Several hundred COVID-19-specific vaccines are at various stages of development in academia and industry and make use of a variety of different generic platforms, such as inactivated virus, purified recombinant viral proteins with or without adjuvant, replicating and non-replicating viral vectored antigens, antigen-encoding DNA or mRNA. A phase 1, open-label trial in young adults showed acceptable safety and reactogenicity and the induction of neutralising antibodies after two injections 16 . Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, nonrandomized, first-in-human trial Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomized controlled trial Phase 1/2 study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults cache = ./cache/cord-273151-1h8c4yq9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273151-1h8c4yq9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274264-s477tw3x author = Shen, M. title = Projected COVID-19 epidemic in the United States in the context of the effectiveness of a potential vaccine and implications for social distancing and face mask use date = 2020-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4120 sentences = 221 flesch = 54 summary = We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness and coverage required to suppress the COVID-19 epidemic in scenarios when social contact was to return to pre-pandemic levels and face mask use was reduced. But relaxing social distancing restrictions to the pre-pandemic level without changing the current face mask use would lead to a new COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in 0.8-4 million infections and 15,000-240,000 deaths across these four states over the next 12 months. In the state of California, if the current face mask use rate was maintained and the vaccine was weak, 50% coverage could avert 1 CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. However, the state of California, in particular, will need a vaccine coverage of close to 80% to suppress the COVID-19 epidemic, such that both social distancing restrictions and the requirement for face mask use can be relaxed. cache = ./cache/cord-274264-s477tw3x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274264-s477tw3x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260956-w6wxsg4p author = Dimitrov, Kiril M. title = Newcastle disease vaccines—A solved problem or a continuous challenge? date = 2017-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10563 sentences = 423 flesch = 39 summary = When administered correctly to healthy birds, ND vaccines formulated with NDV of low virulence or viral-vectored vaccines that express the NDV fusion protein are able to prevent clinical disease and mortality in chickens upon infection with virulent NDV. Characterization of live LaSota vaccine strain-induced protection in chickens upon early challenge with a virulent Newcastle disease virus of heterologous genotype Protection from clinical disease against three highly virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus after in ovo application of an antibody-antigen complex vaccine in maternal antibodypositive chickens Antigenic differences among Newcastle disease virus strains of different genotypes used in vaccine formulation affect viral shedding after a virulent challenge Level of protection of chickens against highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus with Newcastle disease virus based live attenuated vector vaccine depends on homology of H5 sequence between vaccine and challenge virus cache = ./cache/cord-260956-w6wxsg4p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260956-w6wxsg4p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275538-c44gmu22 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2006-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10385 sentences = 472 flesch = 41 summary = The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended. cache = ./cache/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271250-ywb26cq6 author = Sarkar, Indranil title = Selection of adjuvants for vaccines targeting specific pathogens date = 2019-04-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11394 sentences = 542 flesch = 39 summary = In-depth understanding of the role of adjuvants in activating the innate immune system, combined with systems vaccinology approaches, have led to the development of next-generation, novel adjuvants that can be used in vaccines against challenging pathogens and in specific target populations. Intact MyD88 signaling in each of the three types of APCs (DCs, macrophages and B cells) is essential for robust activity of TLR ligand-based vaccine adjuvants (PorB, a TLR2 ligand and CpG, a TLR9 ligand) such as induction of in vivo cytokine responses, germinal center (GC) formation and antibody production [49] . A combination adjuvant consisting of poly(I:C), a host defense peptide and PCEP when delivered intranasally transiently induces production of chemokines and cytokines in murine respiratory tissues, which promotes infiltration and activation of DCs, macrophages, and neutrophils to generate improved mucosal and systemic immune responses [55] . cache = ./cache/cord-271250-ywb26cq6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271250-ywb26cq6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278417-ty4wbtkv author = Chugh, Tulsi title = Timelines of COVID-19 Vaccines date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1015 sentences = 95 flesch = 54 summary = Keywords: Coronavirus, Covid-19, Vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 World Health Organisation discussed the "Top Threats to Human Health in 2019," and developed a strategic plan to meet the challenges. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) has caused a pandemic of Coronavirus disease -19 (Covid-19) with global public health and economic crisis. Since the WHO notification of first case of this disease on 31st Dec, 2019 and a complete genome sequence of the virus on Jan 5, 2020, global attempts to produce a suitable vaccine are ongoing in scores of laboratories. Phase I: Vaccines are given to a limited number of human volunteers with emphasis on safety and also to monitor the immune response. RNA vaccine stimulates immune system to produce protective antibodies against viral S protein. Pandemic preparedness: Developing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19 The early landscape of COVID-19 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? cache = ./cache/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285613-hbd44euq author = Søborg, Christian title = Vaccines in a hurry date = 2009-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3804 sentences = 161 flesch = 43 summary = Early recognition of an emerging microbial threat Identification and characterization of the causative agent Rapid understanding of natural history, pathogenesis, molecular biology and epidemiology; building on work in related pathogens as well as ongoing clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies Identification of potential vaccine candidates Identification of potential delivery systems and suitable adjuvant to improve immunogenicity and sparing of antigen and dosages Production at pilot plant level Development and acceptance of correlates of immunity Development and acceptance of correlates of safety Limited trials in animals and humans based on these correlates as outcome measures Fast-track approval of the vaccines Enhancing production capacity by public-private partnerships Based on risk assessment and defined objectives: implementation of emergency vaccination Post-licensure follow-up of emergency vaccination with data accessible in real-time to medicine-and public health agencies as a surrogate for phase III trials and ensuring development with advance purchase agreements to establish a market. cache = ./cache/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269448-1jikrn37 author = Borja-Cabrera, G.P. title = Immunogenicity assay of the Leishmune(®) vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil date = 2008-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4941 sentences = 231 flesch = 45 summary = The strong immunogenicity induced by Leishmune(®) vaccine was demonstrated by the 98% of FML-seroconversion, increase in absorbencies, the 82.7% DTH positive reactions and increase in skin test size diameters, the average increase in CD8+ total lymphocytes population in blood (27.1%), expected for QS21 saponin-containing vaccine, the sustained proportions of CD4+ T cells, and the average increased proportions of CD21+ B lymphocytes (42.3%). Six hundred healthy dogs from the canine visceral leishmaniasis endemic towns of Araç atuba, Andradina, Valparaíso, Guararapes, Bauru (São Paulo state) and Belo Horizonte, Nova Lima, Sete Lagoas (Minas Gerais state), Brazil, showing previous negative results in Leishmania-serology by the immunofluorescent assay [33] were selected for vaccination with three doses of Leishmune ® (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Campinas, SP, Brazil), in a 21-day interval, through the subcutaneous (sc) route [32] and a booster in month 12. cache = ./cache/cord-269448-1jikrn37.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269448-1jikrn37.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280172-6o1gqe8v author = Sanami, Samira title = Design of a Multi-epitope Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using Immunoinformatics approach date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5835 sentences = 307 flesch = 55 summary = In this research, first, the CTL, HTL, and B-cell epitopes of the S protein were predicted using ProPred-1, ProPred, and ABCPred servers, respectively, and then were selected base on antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and cross-reactivity with human proteomes. Next, the physicochemical properties of the construct were investigated, the 3D structure of the protein was predicted, and finally, its affinity to the MHC I and II molecules was investigated through docking, following that, was performed the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of docking complexes. The antigenicity of the epitopes were calculated by VaxiJen v2.0 server (http://www.ddgpharmfac.net/vaxijen/VaxiJen/VaxiJen.html), which is based on the transformation of the protein sequences auto cross-covariance (ACC) into uniform vectors of main amino acid properties. selected N, M, and S proteins as the target antigen for the prediction of T and B-cell epitopes and designed a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 [48] . cache = ./cache/cord-280172-6o1gqe8v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280172-6o1gqe8v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285883-rlliacex author = Kremer, Eric J. title = Pros and Cons of Adenovirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines date = 2020-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1486 sentences = 83 flesch = 55 summary = These advances include production and purification methods, genetic incorporation of epitopes into the capsid so that mononuclear phagocytes present these antigens via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II pathways, cloaking the capsid with polymers/shields to prevent neutralization by antibodies (NAbs), retargeting the vector to professional antigen-presenting cells, using helper-dependent vectors (so that the vector-infected cell only expresses the target epitopes and not Ad antigens), using Ad types with a lower level of seroprevalence in some populations, and single-cycle replication of vaccines to produce massive amounts of antigens. When injected with a bolus of Ad antigens (the vaccine), the response includes re-activation of anti-Ad effector memory T cells (T EM s), which return via homing receptors to the mucosal environments-where most Ad infections occur-and increased production of antibodies. Few can argue with the preclinical data that demonstrate that Ad-based vaccines generate rapid, antigen-targeted immune response in mice, rabbits, hamsters, and monkeys. cache = ./cache/cord-285883-rlliacex.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285883-rlliacex.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276907-b855tj7x author = Giersing, Birgitte K. title = Report from the World Health Organization’s third Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting, Geneva, 8–10th June 2016 date = 2019-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12249 sentences = 457 flesch = 36 summary = Fortunately, at the current time, development of a norovirus vaccine that may offer efficacy in the context of low and middle income countries is proceeding with investment from the private sector, however an assessment of vaccine programmatic suitability and applicability to prequalification is needed, prior to Phase III trials to ensure the vaccine is appropriate for use in LMICs, assuming it is demonstrated to offer coverage over circulating genotypes within LMICs. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea among all children below 5 years of age worldwide, causing 20-40% of severe diarrheal hospitalisations, and is associated with significant mortality, with the latest mortality estimates at 215,000 deaths in 2013 [24] . cache = ./cache/cord-276907-b855tj7x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276907-b855tj7x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282158-08u3x1z4 author = Yang, William H. title = Long-term immunogenicity of an AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in young and elderly adults: An observer-blind, randomized trial() date = 2013-09-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5295 sentences = 252 flesch = 49 summary = This large-scale, randomized study in subjects ≥18 years of age assessed whether one dose of AS03-adjuvanted 3.75 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited immune response that met the US and European regulatory criteria. A single dose of the AS03-adjuvanted 3.75 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited HI immune responses in the 18-64 years and >64 years age groups that met the CBER regulatory criteria at Day 21 ( Table 1 ). At Day 21, a single dose of the non-adjuvanted 15 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited HI immune responses in subjects 18-64 years and >64 years of age that met the CBER regulatory criteria (Table 1) . Data from this large, controlled study in adults 18 years of age and older demonstrated that a single dose of AS03-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited strong HI immune responses 21 days later that met the CHMP and the more stringent CBER criteria for pandemic influenza vaccines. cache = ./cache/cord-282158-08u3x1z4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282158-08u3x1z4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289360-h6wvx7gw author = Imperiale, Michael J. title = The Importance of Virology at a Time of Great Need and Great Jeopardy date = 2015-03-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1290 sentences = 59 flesch = 51 summary = journal: mBio Viruses account for up to 20% of all human cancers, and although a large percentage of new human papillomavirus (HPV) and HBV infections can now be prevented by vaccination, many are already infected, and the vaccines are not being used to their full potential. The tremendous reduction in mortality from such diseases as variola, measles, and rubella came about only because the causative viruses were identified, cultivated, attenuated, and made into effective vaccines by biomedical research. While we scientists cannot directly control funding or regulations, we can take charge of some aspects of the research enterprise in a way to ensure that it continues to benefit society. This requires engaging our elected officials both directly and indirectly by continuing to educate them and the public at large about the importance of fundamental research in infectious diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-289360-h6wvx7gw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289360-h6wvx7gw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author = Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title = Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date = 2016-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7496 sentences = 466 flesch = 47 summary = According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270709-jahnjvyk author = Hasford, Joerg title = Large Simple Double-Blind Randomized Trials for the Rapid Assessment of the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 966 sentences = 51 flesch = 49 summary = title: Large Simple Double-Blind Randomized Trials for the Rapid Assessment of the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Large Simple Double-Blind Randomized Trials for the Rapid Assessment of the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines to the editor-The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought not only far too many losses of human lives but an economic crisis as well. As all participants have been exposed, the effectiveness of a vaccine can be assessed with smaller sample sizes and possibly more quickly compared to the conventional trial with community participants; however, challenge studies are accompanied by serious ethical issues [3] . Among the advantages of using the LSRT design are that it allows central randomization of large numbers of volunteers within a short time and rapid collection of the relevant outcomes at a low cost compared to the conventional phase 3 trials with many follow-up visits and extensive monitoring. cache = ./cache/cord-270709-jahnjvyk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270709-jahnjvyk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269992-ruf0vvz4 author = Sohrab, Sayed Sartaj title = An edible vaccine development for coronavirus disease 2019: the concept date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2003 sentences = 119 flesch = 52 summary = The development of an edible vaccine in a selected plant system has many significant advantages such as; easy and efficient oral delivery, low cost with higher scale production, avoidance of any trained medical personnel for delivery, lack of any pathogenic infection, multicomponent expression in a single plant, and so forth. Currently, the use of plant-based expression system platform have been extensively utilized for the expression and purification of vaccines, recombinant proteins, enzymes, and many bio-pharmaceuticals in a variety of plant species, including potato, corn, tomato, carrot, lettuce, and spinach and have reached at advanced stage of pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. The specific proteins can be expressed into desired plants with very less cost and can be grown to the required locations so that, an edible vaccine can be available to the needy population globally, especially in the developing countries. This novel technology provides the high and fast expression, purification, and better stability of desired proteins in to plant cells as well as their removal of refrigeration requirement and trained medical personnel for delivery. cache = ./cache/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275031-0y0d4brz author = Häfner, Sophia title = Contagion 2.0() date = 2015-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1984 sentences = 89 flesch = 42 summary = Live attenuated vaccines, in particular, miming best the "natural" infection, hold the advantage of eliciting the most complete and long-lasting immunization, are relatively inexpensive to produce, suitable to be distributed to large populations and do not require adjuvants. However, despite the repeated call from scientists and several valuable discoveries which could probably be transformed into treatments and vaccines [6] , the pharmaceutical companies showed limited interest in investing into MERS, as the disease kept a relatively low profile over the past three years and numerous other catastrophes fought simultaneously for economic and media attention. cruzi vaccines, these approaches do not provide a strong and long-lasting immunity against T. cruzi which can be used in combination with other techniques such as gene deletion or radiation to develop safe animal and human vaccines. cruzi infection and effective and safe drugs for treatment of Chagas disease. cache = ./cache/cord-275031-0y0d4brz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275031-0y0d4brz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282507-swxs5pr1 author = Lacaille-Dubois, Marie-Aleth title = Updated insights into the mechanism of action and clinical profile of the immunoadjuvant QS-21: A review date = 2019-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8445 sentences = 355 flesch = 43 summary = The second part of the review is related to phase I-III clinical trials of QS-21, mostly formulated in ASs, to evaluate efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of adjuvanted prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, e.g. malaria, herpes zoster, tuberculosis, AIDS and therapeutic vaccines against cancer and Alzheimer's disease. They can act on one or more of the following targets to increase response to Ags: (1) sustaining release at the injection site (depot effect), (2) transient secretion of cytokines and chemokines, (3) recruitement of various immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and Dendritic Cells (DCs) at the injection site leading to a local immune-competent environment, (4) expression by the recruited APCs of various Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs) both on their surface (Toll-like receptors, TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, CLRs), and intracellularly (Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and Retinoic Inducible Gene-1 (RIG)-like receptors (RLRs)), which are recognized and/or activated by adjuvants, (5) maturation and activation of recruited APCs which up-regulate the expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-I and/or MHC-II and activation of co-stimulatory signals CD40, CD80/86, (6) increased capacity of APCs for Ag processing and presentation by MHC, (7) migration of the mature APCs to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) to interact with Ag-specific B or T lymphocytes (through receptor-ligand interactions, MHC-T cell receptor (MHC-TCR), CD40-CD40L, CD80/86-CD28) which are activated to produce potent Ab-secreting B cells and/or effector CD8 + T cell responses (Awate et al., 2013) . cache = ./cache/cord-282507-swxs5pr1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282507-swxs5pr1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290705-7xkt6u73 author = Petrini, Stefano title = Evaluation of Passive Immunity Induced by Immunisation Using Two Inactivated gE-deleted Marker Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Calves date = 2020-01-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4291 sentences = 210 flesch = 51 summary = title: Evaluation of Passive Immunity Induced by Immunisation Using Two Inactivated gE-deleted Marker Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Calves The results indicated that inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are safe and produce a good humoral immune response in pregnant cattle until calving and PCD180. Regarding traditional vaccines, several reports have shown that cattle vaccinated with non-deleted modified-live vaccines transfer neutralising antibodies (NA) to the newborn calves that can protect them from experimental infection [12, 13] , and other studies have demonstrated that a poor titre of colostral antibodies increases the risk of contracting BoHV-1 infection in the calf [14] . In addition, the antibody titres observed in both the groups of newborn calves, born to the cattle immunised with vaccine A or B (0.85 log 10 and 0.75 log 10 , respectively), on PCD180 were lower than those required to protect them against infection by BoHV-1. cache = ./cache/cord-290705-7xkt6u73.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290705-7xkt6u73.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280459-y0tbvs3t author = Ramvikas, M. title = Nasal Vaccine Delivery date = 2016-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7333 sentences = 450 flesch = 36 summary = Yet developing vaccine delivery systems that induce humoral and cell-mediated response with mucosal immunity has been challenging to date. Nasal delivery of vaccines acts as a "first entry block," that is, blocks the pathogen entry, while invading to the mucosal surface by inducing local microbial-specific immune responses, thus increasing the general efficacy of the vaccine. The nasal route is considered an attractive route for vaccine administration with the following advantages: • Better patient compliance • Numerous microvilli present in the nasal epithelium provide a better absorption surface • Mucosal and systemic immune response can be induced • Easy immunization of large population groups • Nasal immunization does not require needles and syringes Many challenges stand in the way of developing nasal vaccines. Hence a polymer-based micro-/nanoparticulate system can be exploited as a viable nasal vaccine delivery system that is capable of delivering a multitude of antigens at the targeted sites and inducing desired immune response. cache = ./cache/cord-280459-y0tbvs3t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280459-y0tbvs3t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282360-byqhzyzi author = Zhang, Dingmei title = Enterovirus 71 vaccine: close but still far date = 2010-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4404 sentences = 248 flesch = 43 summary = To overcome the potential problem of reversion to virulence of attenuated strain vaccine, subunit vaccines consisting of only one or a few 'subunit' proteins of the pathogen that can stimulate immune responses directed at the intact virus have been developed using recombinant DNA technology. 21 have described a recombinant VP1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, showing that the VP1 protein with a complete adjuvant is able to elicit a neutralizing antibody response, enhance T helper cell proliferation, and induce high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-g in mice, providing direct evidence that the VP1 protein contains neutralizing epitopes independent of other viral capsid proteins; this paves the way for the use of VP1 as a backbone antigen for developing subunit vaccines against EV71. Protection against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice by passive immunization with subunit VP1 vaccines and inactivated virus cache = ./cache/cord-282360-byqhzyzi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282360-byqhzyzi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author = Carter-Pokras, O. title = The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8531 sentences = 504 flesch = 41 summary = For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. cache = ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289599-7vsynfgn author = Kostoff, Ronald N. title = COVID-19 vaccine safety date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2715 sentences = 153 flesch = 45 summary = The present article examines whether short-term, mid-term, and long-term vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the myriad vaccine-induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based on previous clinical trials and laboratory research. It is uncertain as to whether any of the drugs, vaccines, foods or radiation exposures of our predecessors, which were not tested for transgenerational effects, are adversely affecting human life at present. Of note, the question remains whether humanity is currently willing to pass on potential devastating diseases to future generations due to the present need for the speedy development of a vaccine, bypassing adequate long-term and transgenerational safety testing. The vaccine costs in this discussion are the potential adverse health effects from a cOVId-19 vaccine, particularly for the mid-and long-term. This least vulnerable demographic population would have to bear the brunt of any potential mid-and long-term adverse health impacts that may result from a vaccine inadequately tested for these effects. cache = ./cache/cord-289599-7vsynfgn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289599-7vsynfgn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279026-s3yx62u6 author = Tizard, Ian R. title = Adverse consequences of vaccination date = 2020-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6722 sentences = 432 flesch = 46 summary = Adverse events associated with vaccination that might compromise the health of an animal are usually rare, mild, and transient. Traditionally, adverse events resulting from vaccine administration have been reported by veterinarians to manufacturers or government agencies. It has, however, proved possible by examining the electronic medical records of a very large small animal general practice, to determine the prevalence of vaccine-associated adverse events in over a million dogs. The use of a standardized reporting system within a very large population has permitted objective analysis of the prevalence of adverse events occurring within three days of vaccine administration. Out of 1,226,159 dogs receiving 3,439,576 vaccine doses, 4678 adverse events were recorded (38.2/10,000 dogs); 72.8% of these events occurred on the same day the vaccine was administered, 31.7% were considered to be allergic reactions, 1.7% were classified as anaphylaxis, and 65.8% were considered "vaccine reactions" and were likely caused by innate immune responses. cache = ./cache/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275210-baqaqsli author = DREESEN, DAVID W. title = Animal Vaccines date = 2007-09-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5271 sentences = 263 flesch = 49 summary = Using the SAD Berne strain of virus adapted from the ERA strain, several types of MLV ORV vaccines have been produced for use in baits for free-ranging animals that serve as vectors for the maintenance and transmission of the disease in wildlife species . The new generation of vectored recombinant vaccines now appearing on the market, such as the avipoxvirus vaccine recently licensed for use for cats in the USA (a rabies glycoprotein, live canarypox vectored vaccine) appears to produce few, if any, allergic or neoplastic reactions (Greene and Dreesen, 1998; Greene and Rupprecht, 2006) . All currently licensed killed rabies vaccines intended for use in carnivores must protect 22 of 25 or 26 of 30 (or a statistically equivalent number) animals from an IM challenge with a rabies virus for 90 days post challenge and 80% of controls must die from the challenge (Code of Federal Regulations, 2004). cache = ./cache/cord-275210-baqaqsli.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275210-baqaqsli.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282246-wyanwvxa author = Sen, Adrish title = Chapter 40 The Role of Innate Immunity in Regulating Rotavirus Replication, Pathogenesis, and Host Range Restriction and the Implications for Live Rotaviral Vaccine Development date = 2020-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7562 sentences = 325 flesch = 35 summary = During RV infection in human enteroid cultures [19] and in different species of mammals [20À25], different types of IFNs are secreted, and as will be discuss below, antiviral actions of these IFNs are actively countered in a host-range-specific manner by pathogenic RVs. Of the IFNs, type I IFN is mostly expressed in the intestinal hematopoietic cell compartment rather than in the epithelium where RV primarily replicates [26] . In addition, IFN sensitivity of RVs encoding full-length "functional" NSP1 proteins also occurs in specific cell lines, possibly reflecting NSP1's inability to target host innate factors across different species [49] . Remarkably, in addition to these viral effects in infected cells, RV also potently inhibits STAT1 phosphorylation in uninfected bystander cells in response to different types of IFNs (5) . The active human IFN response to these heterologous RV vaccines suppresses their replication sufficiently to restrict pathogenicity and reactogenicity but not so much that the generation of effective RV immunity is suppressed. cache = ./cache/cord-282246-wyanwvxa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282246-wyanwvxa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272512-gevrlcvy author = Shewen, P.E. title = Challenges in mucosal vaccination of cattle date = 2009-03-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4849 sentences = 205 flesch = 35 summary = Mucosal immunity Vaccination Mannheimia haemolytica Cattle A B S T R A C T Recognition of the mucosal portal of entry for many infectious diseases and of the relevance of mucosal immune response to protection has encouraged the development of vaccines administered by mucosal routes, principally oral and intranasal, for stimulation of intestinal and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues respectively. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285691-pceenwb6 author = Falo, Louis D. title = Advances in skin science enable the development of a COVID-19 Vaccine date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 180 sentences = 17 flesch = 37 summary = key: cord-285691-pceenwb6 title: Advances in skin science enable the development of a COVID-19 Vaccine cord_uid: pceenwb6 expressing adenovectors and adjuvant in the same MNAs resulting in a vaccine that induced both antibody responses and enhanced cytotoxic cellular immunity that is likely important for "universal" vaccines and cancer immunotherapies. Taken together, these and studies by others demonstrate the potential for the development of cutaneous immune engineering strategies to control systemic immune responses including the potential for developing novel vaccine strategies and immunotherapies, and even negative immunization strategies to treat systemic allergy and autoimmune diseases. Advances in skin biology are making important contributions to the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrating once again that dermatology is more than skin deep. Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development Improved cutaneous genetic immunization by microneedle array delivery of an adjuvanted adenovirus vaccine cache = ./cache/cord-285691-pceenwb6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285691-pceenwb6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276209-5999g9gp author = Poland, Gregory A. title = Tortoises, hares, and vaccines: A cautionary note for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1607 sentences = 105 flesch = 55 summary = Very soon thereafter, the causative agent was identified as the now-named SARS-CoV-2 virus-a betacoronavirus that had crossed the species barrier to infect humans. There is no question that a vaccine against this virus, and other as-yet-to-come coronaviruses, is imperative to protect human health and to quickly respond to future viral introductions, epidemics, and pandemics. These pathways, informed by science and the past history of successes and failures, are designed to maximize the chances of efficacy and safety. Further mutations could conceivably lead to issues of original antigenic sin with resultant disease enhancement after exposure or to vaccines that simply are not effective into the future. In addition to safety issues, I raise concern over ''S-only" vaccine approaches for the mid-to long-term control of this RNA virus. We need a vaccine-and we need it as quickly as one can be developed-that demonstrates safety and efficacy in adequately powered studies. cache = ./cache/cord-276209-5999g9gp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276209-5999g9gp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287410-boxxlopy author = Devi, Arpita title = In silico designing of multi-epitope vaccine construct against human coronavirus infections date = 2020-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7189 sentences = 446 flesch = 60 summary = Band T-cell epitopes of the spike proteins have been predicted and designed into a multi-epitope vaccine construct. To predict the probable immune response of the designed multi-epitope vaccine construct in human immune system, in silico immune simulations were conducted using the C-ImmSim server (http://150.146.2.1/C-IMMSIM/index.php) (Rapin et al., 2010) . C-ImmSim is a novel in silico approach for the study of the mammalian immune system The tool is a combination of a mesoscopic scale simulator of the immune system with machine learning techniques for molecular-level predictions of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide-binding interactions, linear B-cell epitope discovery, and protein-protein potential estimation. The antigenicity of the vaccine construct including the adjuvant sequence and His-tag was predicted by the VaxiJen 2.0 server to be 0.6452 with a bacteria model at a threshold of 0.4. cache = ./cache/cord-287410-boxxlopy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287410-boxxlopy.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279629-t1xjy12y author = Nazneen Akhand, Mst Rubaiat title = Genome based Evolutionary study of SARS-CoV-2 towards the Prediction of Epitope Based Chimeric Vaccine date = 2020-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6717 sentences = 379 flesch = 47 summary = The present in silico study aimed to predict a novel chimeric vaccines by simultaneously targeting four major structural proteins via the establishment of ancestral relationship among different strains of coronaviruses. Hence, the study was designed to develop a chimeric recombinant vaccine against COVID-19 by targeting four major structural proteins of the pathogen, while revealing the evolutionary history of different species of coronavirus based on whole genome and protein domain-based phylogeny. Apart from the human coronaviruses, we introduced other coronaviruses which choose different species of bats, whale, turkey, rat, mink, ferret, swine, camel, rabbit, cow and others as host (Supplementary TableDomain analysis of spike protein of coronaviruses reveals that they contain mainly one signature domains namely, coronavirus S2 glycoprotein (IPR002552), which is present in all the candidates. Design of an epitope-based peptide vaccine against spike protein of human coronavirus: an in silico approach. cache = ./cache/cord-279629-t1xjy12y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279629-t1xjy12y.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271528-ob4l0bcf author = Bar-Zeev, Naor title = COVID-19 vaccines: early success and remaining challenges date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1498 sentences = 87 flesch = 51 summary = In The Lancet, Denis Y Logunov and colleagues from the N F Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia present findings from two phase 1/2, non-randomised, open-label studies of a heterologous, replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccine in both frozen and lyophilised formulations. In Logunov and colleagues' studies, however, the threshold for neutralisation was set high in two regards: the inoculating viral dose was large, and no arising cellular damage was allowable. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open-label, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial cache = ./cache/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269623-9pxdeva3 author = Nicholson, Karl G title = Influenza date = 2003-11-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9797 sentences = 506 flesch = 43 summary = The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. We gave priority to randomised controlled trials when available, to larger studies, articles published in high-impact journals that have a wide readership, and the systematic review and economic decision modelling, for the prevention and treatment of influenza, commissioned by the Health Technology Assessment Programme on behalf of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. A meta-analysis of reports published before 2001 showed that vaccination reduces numbers of cases of influenza-like illness by 35%, hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza by 47%, and all-cause mortality by 50%. cache = ./cache/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018969-0zrnfaad author = Giese, Matthias title = Types of Recombinant Vaccines date = 2015-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14221 sentences = 811 flesch = 48 summary = New vaccines and vaccination strategies are being developed including the use of attenuated live mycobacteria, recombinant microorganisms, and subunits, prime-boost strategies based on the successive administration of a certain mycobacterial antigen under two different vaccine vectors, and DNA vaccines [ 1 ] . However, several animal models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of Shigella , the resulting immune response against Shigella antigens, and the protection efficacy of candidate vaccines against shigellosis: [ 31 ] . The GAS M protein is the major protective antigen and an ideal target for vaccine development; however it contains heart tissue cross-reactive epitopes particularly in the conserved region [ 98 ] . Immunization of mice with a C-region peptide GAS vaccine candidate called J8 conjugated to the carrier protein diphtheria toxoid (dT) and co-delivery with an appropriate adjuvant led to protection against systemic and mucosal GAS infection [ 104 ] (Fig. 9.29 ). cache = ./cache/cord-018969-0zrnfaad.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018969-0zrnfaad.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293234-ouykx6g5 author = Puig-Barberà, J. title = Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study date = 2012-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4417 sentences = 226 flesch = 44 summary = title: Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study INTRODUCTION: We estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in patients 18 years old or older during the 2010–2011 influenza season. Using a prospective case-case comparison approach, we have estimated seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in adults. When restricting the comparison, between cases and controls, by the presence of high-risk conditions, the differences that remained significant were age, 23-valent pneumococcal vaccination, and having been vaccinated with the previous or current season influenza vaccines (Table 2) . When restricted to those 60 years old or older, age and influenza vaccination with the previous or current seasonal influenza vaccine remained as significant differences between cases and controls ( Table 2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-293234-ouykx6g5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293234-ouykx6g5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287824-zg5akivn author = Chan, Yinghan title = Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis date = 2020-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1158 sentences = 84 flesch = 33 summary = title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis This article provides an insight into a novel hypothesis that describes how the integration of nanomedicine, with the development of drugs and vaccines can potentially enhance body immune response and the efficacies of anti-viral therapeutics to combat influenza infections. In the recent years, an 66 increasing trend of influenza outbreaks have been observed, prompting medical researchers to 67 design and develop suitable vaccines and novel therapeutic modalities [10] . Targeting 411 neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases Increasing 440 complexity and interactions of oxidative stress in chronic respiratory diseases: An 441 emerging need for novel drug delivery systems Interactions 501 with the macrophages: An emerging targeted approach using novel drug delivery 502 systems in respiratory diseases Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: 537 Another emerging application of nanomedicine cache = ./cache/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296831-wdpatr2z author = Matoo, Javaid Jeelani title = Resiquimod enhances mucosal and systemic immunity against avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine in the chicken date = 2018-04-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5017 sentences = 291 flesch = 56 summary = Earlier, we reported that a toll-like-receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, resiquimod (R-848), stimulated the systemic immunity when adjuvanted with the inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the chicken. Here, we report the effect of R-848 when adjuvanted with live or inactivated avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines with special emphasis on mucosal immunity. R-848 enhanced the antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses when co-administered with the vaccines as evidenced by an increase in the antibody titre in ELISA and stimulation index in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) till 35 dpi and increased proportion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells on 21 dpi in the flow cytometry. Co-administration of R-848 with live or inactivated IBV vaccine significantly increased the IgA response in the tear and intestinal secretion from 21 dpi, which was maintained till 35 dpi as compared to the vaccine alone group (P < 0.01). cache = ./cache/cord-296831-wdpatr2z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296831-wdpatr2z.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274112-6t0wpiqy author = Webby, RJ title = Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines date = 2004-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4199 sentences = 206 flesch = 48 summary = INTERPRETATION: The ability to produce a candidate reference virus in such a short period of time sets a new standard for rapid response to emerging infectious disease threats and clearly shows the usefulness of reverse genetics for influenza vaccine development. The agent must be handled only under conditions of at least biosafety level 3 (BSL3), and it can kill fertilised chicken eggs, the standard medium for the reassortment and Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines propagation of influenza virus before its inactivation and formulation for use in vaccines. The vaccine-candidate reference virus stock described in this report has been produced entirely on a cell substrate licensed for the manufacture of human vaccine, and as such, is-to our knowledge-the first reverse genetically derived influenza vaccine suitable for testing in clinical trials. Recombinant influenza A virus vaccines for the pathogenic human A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses cache = ./cache/cord-274112-6t0wpiqy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274112-6t0wpiqy.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290031-vffa1bu0 author = Richmond, Heather title = Seasonal influenza vaccination during a pandemic date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1686 sentences = 86 flesch = 36 summary = These include changes to the timing and location of vaccine administration to accommodate social distancing, policies to ensure optimal management of public demand, access and uptake of available vaccines across the season, and the need for communications to be clear, frequent, and aligned among all stakeholder groups. Policy changes in Australia, together with strong communication from public health agencies and media reporting about the risk of coinfection and importance of influenza vaccination, generated significant demand for influenza vaccines early in the season. Policy changes and strong public education can potentially optimize influenza vaccine coverage as doses become available throughout the season but need to be sustained into future seasons to maintain vaccine uptake and achieve the required on-time supply of doses, including influenza vaccines that are specifically designed for certain populations. cache = ./cache/cord-290031-vffa1bu0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290031-vffa1bu0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296469-h0ma163u author = Gellin, Bruce G. title = Preparing for the unpredictable: The continuing need for pandemic influenza preparedness date = 2016-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1501 sentences = 78 flesch = 46 summary = Of the many things that need to be in place to prepare for and respond to the next influenza pandemic, vaccines -together with the capacity to mount a timely global vaccination effort -are paramount. But as we learned in the 2009 influenza pandemic, although our response time has improved, a significant shift in approach is needed if an effective vaccine is to be in place before the next pandemic emerges. Until such a universal influenza vaccine becomes available, global influenza vaccine production capacity needs to be ready to respond when the next pandemic emerges. Without a concomitant increase in global demand for seasonal influenza vaccine, the capacity that will produce the world's pandemic vaccines that GAP has stimulated cannot be sustained [18] . cache = ./cache/cord-296469-h0ma163u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296469-h0ma163u.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287853-cob7ur35 author = Sharma, Vaneet Kumar title = The expanding role of mass spectrometry in the field of vaccine development date = 2018-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3756 sentences = 207 flesch = 33 summary = As illustrated in the following section and in Table 1 , mass spectrometry-based techniques have been used to perform the structural characterization, glycosylation profiling and antigen quantitation during the development of the HIV, influenza, Dengue, Ebola, Meningococcal, and other vaccines. The review also highlights that mass spectrometry-based methods such as glycan analysis has been used to analyze a specific envelope glycoproteins (Env) and has broad applicability to any other glycoprotein-based vaccines. 91 To improve on the conventional approaches for absolute quantitation of GP1 in Ebola virus-like particles (eVLPs), an isotope dilution full-scan liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method was developed using an UltiMate 3000 HPLC and an Development of a liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of viral envelope glycoprotein in Ebola virus-like particle vaccine preparations Development and application of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitation and characterization of a Chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine cache = ./cache/cord-287853-cob7ur35.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287853-cob7ur35.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302268-dmb0293x author = Lee, Sujin title = Recent Advances of Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases date = 2015-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3731 sentences = 224 flesch = 43 summary = Immunologic adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine potency by improvement of the humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response to vaccine antigens. Immunologic adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine potency by improvement of the humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response to vaccine antigens. Vaccines made from live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens can elicit robust protective immune responses because those vaccines contain naturally occurring adjuvants. A benefit of using AS04 adjuvant in human vaccines is the effective induction of robust Th1-type immune responses by promoting IL-2 and IFN-γ production, which cannot be achieved by using alum alone. Thus, flagellin fusion proteins are suitable adjuvants for the development of vaccines to induce robust antigen-specific immune responses. Main benefits of these adjuvants are induction of high and long-lasting antibody titer, induction of balanced Th1 and Th2 type immunity, and induction of CMI including cytotoxic T cell response (42) . cache = ./cache/cord-302268-dmb0293x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302268-dmb0293x.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302247-moor7dfc author = Richards, James title = Feline Vaccination Guidelines date = 2001-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4808 sentences = 259 flesch = 38 summary = Kittens younger than 16 weeks of age are generally more susceptible to infection than are adult cats and typically develop more severe disease. 47 Immunity conferred by feline panleukopenia vaccines is considered to be excellent, and most vaccinated animals are completely protected from infection and clinical disease. If a susceptible cat is born into or is entering an environment in which viral upper respiratory tract disease is endemic (e.g., some catteries, boarding facilities, shelters), the use of a topical product may be advantageous. Manufacturers are required by the US Department of Agriculture to establish, by means of experimental challenge exposure studies, the minimum duration of immunity for the rabies virus vaccines that they sell, and products approved for use every year or every 3 years are available. Vaccination may be considered for cats in multiple-cat environments, where infections associated with clinical disease have been confirmed. cache = ./cache/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299315-s43gw24k author = Capps, Benjamin title = One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date = 2015-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10082 sentences = 485 flesch = 48 summary = In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. cache = ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author = Lambert, Paul-Henri title = Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date = 2020-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5236 sentences = 251 flesch = 40 summary = Therefore, CEPI and the Brighton Collaboration Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting https://brightoncollaboration.us/brighton-collaboration-cepi-covid-19-web-conference/) on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to discuss current knowledge that could form the basis for the assessment of the risk of enhanced disease during SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. Ferret models of SARS-CoV-1 also demonstrate virus replication in respiratory tracts with induction of a neutralizing antibody response but also demonstrated little evidence of clinical disease [13] . Efficacy of several SARS-CoV-1 vaccines was evaluated in these models with spike (S) protein based vaccines demonstrating neutralizing antibody and protection against pulmonary replication of the challenge virus in mice and hamsters [16] . There is evidence for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals after challenge with live virus in multiple studies with SARS-CoV-1 vaccine candidates as summarized in Table. Chinese macaques immunized with a modified vaccinia virus expressing S protein then challenged with SARS-CoV-1 did not develop clinical disease, but histopathology showed lung injury. cache = ./cache/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309083-ew9cwiw0 author = Su, Hang title = Cyprinid viral diseases and vaccine development date = 2018-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11167 sentences = 585 flesch = 43 summary = In this review, authors summarized six major cyprinid viral diseases, including koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD), koi sleepy disease (KSD), carp pox disease (CPD) and herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HPHN). Challenge experiment reveals that the oral recombinant subunit vaccine can protect 50%-60% grass carp from infection and generate immunity against GCRV [199] . Oral vaccination is an effective way to induce mucosal immunity [215] and this strategy has shown a successful induction of the antiviral responses against viral diseases in different fish species [165] . Gene expression analysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) lines during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection yields insights into differential immune responses Recombinant lactobacillus expressing G protein of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) combined with ORF81 protein of koi herpesvirus (KHV): a promising way to induce protective immunity against SVCV and KHV infection in cyprinid fish via oral vaccination cache = ./cache/cord-309083-ew9cwiw0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309083-ew9cwiw0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304472-mi5v6512 author = Wilder-Smith, Annelies title = Dengue vaccine development by the year 2020: challenges and prospects date = 2020-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4714 sentences = 226 flesch = 45 summary = A plausible hypothesis is that CYD-TDV may trigger an immune response to dengue in seronegative persons that predisposes them to a higher risk of severe disease, analogue to what is seen in natural secondary dengue infections [16] . Two chimeric live-attenuated dengue vaccines are now in Phase 3 trials: one developed by Takeda (TAK-003) and one by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (TV003/TV005) (Table 1) . To determine the ability of a single dose of the live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine TV003 to induce a suitable neutralizing antibody response, a placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed in 48 healthy adults who received 2 doses of vaccine or placebo administered 12 months apart. Robust and balanced immune responses to all 4 Dengue virus serotypes following administration of a single dose of a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine to healthy, Flavivirus-naive adults cache = ./cache/cord-304472-mi5v6512.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304472-mi5v6512.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301876-d2j9wpqk author = Kalita, Parismita title = Design of a peptide-based subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3449 sentences = 212 flesch = 49 summary = Few groups have designed subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2; however, their workflow involved either use of single protein for vaccine design [24, 25] or used only CTL epitopes without considering the importance of B-cell or HTL epitopes [26] . B-cell epitopes for the screened SARS-CoV-2 proteins were predicted using the ABCPred server (http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/abcpred/). A total of 6 HTLs, 18 CTLs, and 9 B-cell epitopes derived from the three proteins were used to design the subunit vaccine (566 amino acid residues) against SARS-CoV-2 (Supplementary Figure 1) . Based on extensive bioinformatics analysis, we used three proteins to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Computational studies suggest that our multi-epitope based subunit vaccine has a probability of showing good protective efficacy and safety against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Development of epitope-based peptide vaccine against novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-COV-2): Immunoinformatics approach cache = ./cache/cord-301876-d2j9wpqk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301876-d2j9wpqk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315339-dcui85lw author = Broadbent, Andrew J. title = Respiratory Virus Vaccines date = 2015-03-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28246 sentences = 1270 flesch = 39 summary = Although neutralizing antibodies directed against the HA globular head are highly efficient at preventing and clearing influenza virus infection, they can also FIGURE 3 In the memory phase, migratory lung DCs capture viral antigen retained on follicular DCs (FDCs) in tertiary lymphoid organs and present it to specific T cells in the respiratory draining lymph nodes. This explains why passively transferred IgG is effective at preventing severe disease from respiratory infections in experimental animals and why serum IgG antibodies are the main correlate of protection for parentally administered inactivated influenza vaccines in humans (Section Respiratory Virus Vaccines). Nasal administration of influenza vaccine with type I IFN was effective at inducing serum antigen-specific IgG2a and mucosal IgA antibody responses and at providing full protection against influenza virus challenge (Proietti et al., 2002) . cache = ./cache/cord-315339-dcui85lw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315339-dcui85lw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294366-swwz4kzd author = Bramwell, Vincent W. title = The rational design of vaccines date = 2005-11-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4880 sentences = 200 flesch = 31 summary = By definition of perceived need, we are most acutely aware of the requirement of effective vaccines against infectious agents, pathogens ancient, re-emergent and new, yet the opportunities for manipulation of immune responses offer potential in the prevention and treatment of a far larger diversity of diseases. For example, the level of protection required in a population (herd immunity) will be different and this could allow theoretical flexibility in vaccine efficacy.The application of molecular biology techniques can be crucial in the identification of new candidate antigens and subsequent determination of vaccine efficacy using adjuvants can feed knowledge back to correlates of protection in terms of immunological markers.This knowledge can then be used in choice of appropriate adjuvants and formulation.The key implication projected by this schematic is that for the greatest challenges in vaccine development the cyclical generation of knowledge provides a strong role for rational design. cache = ./cache/cord-294366-swwz4kzd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294366-swwz4kzd.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309555-1ksahg3o author = Cresswell, E. title = A questionnaire-based survey on the uptake and use of cattle vaccines in the UK date = 2014-07-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4279 sentences = 211 flesch = 46 summary = Although the respondents in this study represent a biased population of farmers, the findings indicate areas for future investigation in order to improve vaccination strategies in cattle in the UK. In order for disease control to be effectively achieved via vaccination, correct usage is required, which includes administering vaccines via the correct route, at the appropriate time and to a specified target group of animals (Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance (RUMA) 2012). Sixty-six per cent of respondents indicated that they or somebody else on the farm had discussed the use of the vaccine with the person who had supplied it in the past year, and cost was the most common topic for dairy as well as beef farmers (Table 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-309555-1ksahg3o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309555-1ksahg3o.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296967-qiil3gqk author = Tatlow, Dean title = A novel concept for treatment and vaccination against Covid‐19 with an inhaled chitosan‐coated DNA vaccine encoding a secreted spike protein portion date = 2020-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2262 sentences = 143 flesch = 52 summary = A novel concept in DNA vaccine design is the creation of an inhaled DNA plasmid construct containing a portion of the coronavirus spike protein for treatment and vaccination. An inhaled plasmid DNA vaccine replicates the route of lung infection taken by coronavirus with transfected cells secreting spike protein portions to induce immunity. 3 These findings of the identified spike proteins in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain and ACE2 region may provide useful information for treatment or vaccine development. 5 In this paper a series of inhaled plasmid DNA vaccine construct containing various forms of the coronavirus spike protein sequence may provide potential treatment and vaccine options as revealed by Yu et al. 3 Once in the lower respiratory tract or alveolar region of the lung deposited plasmid DNA will be taken up and expression of coronavirus spike proteins by host cells such as pneumocytes will occur. cache = ./cache/cord-296967-qiil3gqk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296967-qiil3gqk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309999-izdl0f2i author = Qin, Ede title = Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated Vero-cell SARS vaccine date = 2006-02-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3944 sentences = 205 flesch = 46 summary = Additionally, three groups of rhesus monkeys were immunized with different doses of the purified inactivated SARS vaccine (0.5, 1 and 2 μg/time/monkey) on days 0 and 7, and the monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV GZ-01 strain. INTERPRETATION: The purified inactivated SARS vaccine could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, and protect the monkeys from the challenge of SARS-CoV. The results showed that both the purified and the unpurified SARS vaccines can induce high levels of SARS-CoV specific neutralizing antibodies in monkeys, thus demonstrating high immunogenicity. Our observations of immunogenicity in monkeys showed that the unpurified inactivated SARS vaccine induced almost the same level of neutralizing antibody as the purified vaccine. The results indicated that the purified inactivated SARS vaccine we developed could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, protect monkeys after a SARS-CoV challenge, and be administered safely in monkeys. cache = ./cache/cord-309999-izdl0f2i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309999-izdl0f2i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17476 sentences = 1073 flesch = 49 summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . cache = ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322913-sq9mq6f1 author = Ciabattini, Annalisa title = Shelter from the cytokine storm: pitfalls and prospects in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for an elderly population date = 2020-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8068 sentences = 363 flesch = 33 summary = The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of immune responses, and the lack of clear correlates of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging. The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of innate and adaptive immune responses, and the lack of a clear correlate of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging (Fig. 3 ). cache = ./cache/cord-322913-sq9mq6f1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322913-sq9mq6f1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305807-n3fs7533 author = Ferreira, T B title = Use of adenoviral vectors as veterinary vaccines date = 2005-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8466 sentences = 437 flesch = 40 summary = 11 Then recognition that purified replication-defective Ads could be propagated on 293 cells without helper viruses paved the way toward intentional production of genetically modified Ads. 12 The popularity of Ad as a recombinant viral vector is largely due to the successful and safe immunization of millions of US military recruits in 1971 with enterically coated Ad4 and Ad7 as a prevention against acute respiratory disease (ARD) outbreaks. Gonin et al, 37 10 years ago, constructed a replicationdefective HAd5, containing the envelope protein ENV gene of FIV; however, despite the fact that an antibody response to pseudorabies virus in cats showed the potential of rHAd5 vectors to be used in this species, cats injected with 10 10.8 -10 11.8 of 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID 50 ) adjuvanted with montanide ISA 708 (water in nonmineral oil) or with montanide ISA 206 (double water/mineral oil/water) of this rAd did not develop detectable antibody response against ENV. cache = ./cache/cord-305807-n3fs7533.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305807-n3fs7533.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330342-i55czo8a author = Johnson, Alton R. title = In Pursuit of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1116 sentences = 48 flesch = 45 summary = OWS is a combined effort of both public and private sectors with oversight by the US Department of Defense, Department of Health and Human Services, FDA, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for the safe development and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The results of the combined phase trials were later published on September 4, and revealed good immunogenicity for both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; however, further investigation is needed in order to determine how effective the vaccines will be in preventing COVID-19 disease (10) . Trump Administration Collaborates With Moderna to Produce 100 Million Doses of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine to Produce Millions of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine Doses HHS, DOD Collaborate With Novavax to Produce Millions of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine Doses in Commercial-Scale Manufacturing Demonstration Projects HHS, DOD Partner With Sanofi and GSK on Commercial-Scale Manufacturing Demonstration Project to Produce Millions of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine Doses cache = ./cache/cord-330342-i55czo8a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330342-i55czo8a.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314009-7t1bzc7f author = Barclay, T. title = Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies date = 2016-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7652 sentences = 403 flesch = 37 summary = The modern definition of an adjuvant includes not only classical immune stimulators but also any aspects of particle size, shape, and surface chemistry that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. 71 A self-assembling nanofibrous hydrogel induced an antibody response when tested as a vaccine delivery platform, either alone or formulated with CpG adjuvant (TLR9 agonist) as a delivery system for recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 73, 74 For example, 165 nm-diameter liposomes assembled from cationic lipid, cationic polymer, and plasmid DNA were shown to target antigen to draining lymph nodes, resulting in enhanced DC activation and immunity. These particles were specifically designed to electrostatically interact with commercial hemagglutinin antigens to generate an influenza vaccine with enhanced immune responses compared with the hemagglutinin alone. Advax, a polysaccharide adjuvant derived from delta inulin, provides improved influenza vaccine protection through broad-based enhancement of adaptive immune responses cache = ./cache/cord-314009-7t1bzc7f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314009-7t1bzc7f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313911-lfn9ggg3 author = Kenner, Julie title = LC16m8: An attenuated smallpox vaccine date = 2006-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7952 sentences = 377 flesch = 42 summary = LC16m8, an attenuated, replicating smallpox vaccine derived from the Lister strain of vaccinia, is currently licensed in Japan where it was safely used in over 50,000 children in the 1970s. LC16m8 is immunogenic after a single dose, and recent studies in two different animal models have demonstrated protective efficacy equivalent to that of the only FDA-licensed smallpox vaccine. In addition, plaque-purified LC16m8 and a construct of LC16m8 lacking the B5R gene were shown to have safety profiles comparable to that of MVA in the same animal models and to confer protective immunity in a mouse/intranasal vaccinia (Western Reserve [WR] strain) challenge study [47] . Since animal challenge studies were not conducted during the development of LC16m8 in the 1970s, alternative measures of immunity that had been used to characterize other smallpox vaccines [65, 66] were used to evaluate the efficacy of LC16m8 in early clinical trials in Japan. cache = ./cache/cord-313911-lfn9ggg3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313911-lfn9ggg3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324690-82qsirnk author = Dieffenbach, Carl W title = The search for an HIV vaccine, the journey continues date = 2020-05-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1469 sentences = 73 flesch = 51 summary = Over the past decade, three different vaccine approaches have been implemented, possible correlates of protection identified, and two have moved through clinical evaluation to advanced clinical trials. Analysis of the correlates of protection seen in the non-human primate studies point to qualitatively different responses than those observed in RV144, and the trials are evaluating in silico designed immunogens to present the most globally conserved HIV sequences to trigger quantitatively superior CD8 + T cell responses [8, 9] . The Antibody Mediated Protection (AMP) trials are currently evaluating VRC01, the CD4 binding site targeted bNAb, to determine the ability of this single antibody to prevent HIV infection in women in Southern Africa and MSM and transgender persons in the Americas [13] . The authors thank the trial participants, community members, activists and researchers who have so willingly participated in the challenging work of HIV vaccine discovery and development. cache = ./cache/cord-324690-82qsirnk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324690-82qsirnk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318593-ni84gzg5 author = Wolf, Jayanthi title = Applying lessons from the Ebola vaccine experience for SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens date = 2020-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4094 sentences = 187 flesch = 36 summary = Experience gained in the development of vaccines for Ebola virus disease provide important lessons in the regulatory, clinical, and manufacturing process that can be applied to SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens. Extraordinary efforts were made to advance this vaccine candidate through Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials and the data generated in the context of the West African Ebola outbreak has supported its licensure by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), conditional authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and several African countries, along with prequalification by the WHO. Regulatory agency collaboration is critical for success From the start of the West African Ebola outbreak, the US FDA, EMA, and Health Canada worked closely with each other and with the National Regulatory Authorities of the impacted West African countries, sharing information about candidate vaccines that were being tested and reviewing the clinical protocols, available data, and benefit-risk profiles. cache = ./cache/cord-318593-ni84gzg5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318593-ni84gzg5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318272-spt0oea0 author = Bhardwaj, Prateek title = Advancements in prophylactic and therapeutic nanovaccines date = 2020-04-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14561 sentences = 732 flesch = 32 summary = 'Nanovaccines' have been explored to elicit a strong immune response with the advantages of nano-sized range, high antigen loading, enhanced immunogenicity, controlled antigen presentation, more retention in lymph nodes and promote patient compliance by a lower frequency of dosing. The role of different nanovaccines in activating various arms of immunity with an intent to abate the use of frequent booster doses as vaccines for tuberculosis, malaria, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), influenza, and cancer are discussed. Polyanhydride-based nanoparticles encapsulating F1-V antigen when administered intranasally induced an immune response that persisted for 23 weeks and elicited a high anti-F1-V IgG1 antibody response post-vaccination and conferred long-lived protective immunity against Yersinia pestis infections compared to recombinant F1-V antigen [47] . Another interesting strategy for developing personalized biomimetic cancer nanovaccines is the use of cancer cell membrane coated virus for increased adjuvanticity, infectivity and oncolytic activities to generate a strong anti-tumor immune response. cache = ./cache/cord-318272-spt0oea0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318272-spt0oea0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325141-x3txhjkr author = Grech, Victor title = Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3681 sentences = 234 flesch = 54 summary = This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers' hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers' hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. (9) This study was carried out in order to ascertain the degree of vaccine hesitancy in Maltese healthcare workers vis-à-vis a putative novel COVID-19 vaccine later this year, and correlate this with influenza vaccination uptake. The increased proportion of Maltese healthcare workers who plan to take the influenza vaccine this year when compared to last winter is probably due to increased awareness of respiratory viral illnesses in general in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportions of those who are likely/undecided/unlikely (half, quarter, quarter respectively) to take a COVID-19 are similar to rates reported in other countries.(10) The higher male inclination to take the vaccine may be due to a combination of factors which could include the innate male propensity for perceived risk taking in the face of a novel vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-325141-x3txhjkr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325141-x3txhjkr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author = Williamson, E. D. title = Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date = 2019-04-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6218 sentences = 267 flesch = 42 summary = However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. cache = ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326614-cik3ino6 author = Corder, Brigette N. title = A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7511 sentences = 488 flesch = 46 summary = These trials include a variety of viral targets, vaccine platforms, and adjuvants to boost the immune response to vaccination. Another vaccine utilized the full-length H5 HA protein in an oral recombinant adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) vectored vaccine, Ad4-H5-Vtn. Three clinical trials have enrolled 313 participants between 18 and 49 years of age to investigate this avian H5 influenza vaccine. Although results for the phase II trial have not been posted, a press release from Novavax stated that NanoFlu induced superior HAI antibody responses against homologous and drifted strains compared to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of different doses and formulations of a broad spectrum influenza vaccine (FLU-v) developed by SEEK: Study protocol for a single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical phase IIb trial Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced recombinant hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine (HAI-05) derived from A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1) influenza virus: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy adults cache = ./cache/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323794-p3zjxo1h author = Malik, A. A. title = Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in the U.S. date = 2020-05-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3678 sentences = 210 flesch = 51 summary = As COVID-19 vaccines are under development, public health officials and policymakers need to create strategic vaccine-acceptance messaging to effectively control the pandemic and prevent thousands of additional deaths. Methods: Using an online platform, we surveyed the U.S. adult population in May 2020 to understand risk perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic, acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, and trust in sources of information. The purpose of our study is to describe the current vaccine acceptance landscape with aims to 1) predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance using regularly available demographic information, 2) identify the most vulnerable populations, and 3) provide information for public health officials and politicians to develop messaging for all Americans, while targeting communities most in need. The best model to predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in our survey using demographic information that is readily available had age, gender, race, and education as explanatory variables with an area under the curve (AUC) of 72% (table 2; figure 4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-323794-p3zjxo1h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323794-p3zjxo1h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335960-biwnqa3f author = Luke, Anthony title = Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date = 2007-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6813 sentences = 373 flesch = 45 summary = The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). cache = ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31276 sentences = 1672 flesch = 47 summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. cache = ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340900-f2iuy9e1 author = Wehling, Martin title = Calling for an exponential escalation scheme in vaccine development for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1032 sentences = 55 flesch = 51 summary = CONCLUSION: A COVID-19 vaccine would be rapidly available at a slightly increased risk for undetected late side effects or insufficient efficacy if compared with standard vaccine development schemes. Absence of structural homologies of antibody targets with protein structures normally present in humans, analogous to the still disputed induction of narcolepsia by the influenza vaccine Pandemrix due to a structural homology with the hypocretin receptor [3] I suggest exponential exposure starting with 10 healthy volunteers, testing of antibody responses and safety after 14 days; if no stoppers [lack of adequate (see points 1-3 above) antibody response, intolerable side effects] occur, the number of vaccinated people will be increased by tenfold in each subsequent step, in this case to the next cohort of 100 people. At stage 3 + (1000 + people) when primary efficacy has been established at the antibody level and safety is no issue to this point, volunteers living in countries with high infection rates should be vaccinated. cache = ./cache/cord-340900-f2iuy9e1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340900-f2iuy9e1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324219-z1nigtb5 author = Bradbury, Jane title = Custom-made vaccines at speed date = 2003-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 977 sentences = 54 flesch = 54 summary = A concept called reverse genetics has recently enabled researchers at the St Jude Children's Research Hospital (http://www.stjude.org) to construct an experimental vaccine against H5N1, a potential pandemic influenza strain, in less than a month. This flu vaccine will be the first produced by reverse genetics to go into clinical trial, and the speed with which it was produced, comments Rino Rappuoli, Vice President of Vaccine Research at Chiron Corporation (http://www.chiron.com) 'could be critical if H5N1 turns out to be the next, long-overdue pandemic strain to emerge from the Far East'. For example, says Kawaoka, 'many companies are planning to use reverse genetics to produce attenuated flu strains to be used as live vaccines that should give more protection than current inactivated vaccines'. Several laboratories are engineering coronavirus genomes as vectors for vaccine development and gene therapy, says Enjuanes, so it should be possible to make vaccines for SARS by adapting the available infectious cDNA clones. cache = ./cache/cord-324219-z1nigtb5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324219-z1nigtb5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337577-dqikrmk7 author = Greenberg, Harry B. title = Vaccination against Viruses date = 2016-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4789 sentences = 225 flesch = 32 summary = In the elderly, measures of cell-mediated immunity, such as granzyme B levels in virus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, may correlate better than serum antibody titers with vaccine-elicited protection (McElhaney et al., 2009 ). Whether cell-mediated effector mechanisms, mucosal antibody, or some other factor is primarily responsible for protection by live attenuated influenza vaccines or natural infection remains controversial despite several decades of study. A key finding has been that, among the neutralizing antibodies elicited in response to influenza virus, HIV, or RSV infection or immunization, some have remarkably broad specificity (Burton and Mascola 2015; Corti et al., 2013 Corti et al., , 2011 . The elucidation of Toll-like receptors as key sentry molecules that detect potential pathogens and recruit antigen-presenting cells for a subsequent antigen-specific response has enabled the rational design of a new generation of potential vaccine adjuvants (Wu et al., 2014) . cache = ./cache/cord-337577-dqikrmk7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337577-dqikrmk7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327650-6afsk8ix author = Ward, Jeremy K. title = The French public's attitudes to a future COVID-19 vaccine: The politicization of a public health issue date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4345 sentences = 199 flesch = 52 summary = However, other differences were observed as people with an educational level under the High School degree, those with a low or intermediate level of household income per consumption unit (HICU), and those feeling close to a Far-Right party, were more numerous to be certain they would refuse the vaccine. Also, people who did not feel close to any party and did not vote at the last presidential campaign were more likely to refuse the coronavirus vaccine following one main reason: they thought that a vaccine produced in a rush is too dangerous. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the effect of politicization on attitudes to vaccines in France, one of the most vaccine-hesitant countries in the world ( politicization in vaccine hesitancy has mostly been studied in the United States of America where political polarization has increasingly become an object of concern in the past 10 years. cache = ./cache/cord-327650-6afsk8ix.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327650-6afsk8ix.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318983-rmvqf6s9 author = SCHMIDT, HARALD title = Vaccine Rationing and the Urgency of Social Justice in the Covid‐19 Response date = 2020-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2883 sentences = 143 flesch = 56 summary = In addition, when supplies are "insufficient for patients in the highest risk categories-those over 60 years of age or with coexisting conditions-then equality supports using random selection, such as a lottery, for vaccine allocation." 13 Younger people, whom the overall framework otherwise generally favors (as they stand to gain more life years, and societal investments such as education would otherwise be wasted) should be prioritized only if "epidemiologic modeling shows that this would be the best way to reduce viral spread and the risk to others." 14 Using a lottery for allocating scare vaccines in the general population, as proposed here, is one way of treating people equally, and it is certainly superior to a first-come-firstserved approach (or, perhaps more accurately, a let-me-usemy-connections-and-pointy-middle-class-elbows approach) that likely explains why better-off and whiter groups typically get tested more frequently for Covid-19 than lowerincome people and people of color, as noted above. cache = ./cache/cord-318983-rmvqf6s9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318983-rmvqf6s9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321901-zpi7uis1 author = Roberts, Anjeanette title = Animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate SARS vaccines: Summary of a technical meeting 25–26 August 2005, London, UK date = 2006-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6600 sentences = 311 flesch = 40 summary = Scientists at the WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25-26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, discussed many aspects of research pertaining to the use of animal models in vaccine development including available animal models, suitability of the various models, correlates of protection, critical components of potential vaccines, and the potential for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals following exposure to SARS-CoV. It may actually be worthwhile to enhance the virulence of a SARS-CoV isolate by serial passages in an animal model to produce a challenge virus stock for vaccine studies that would elicit more reproducible disease in the animals. Although none of the studies to date have shown enhanced respiratory disease following SARS-CoV challenge in previously immunized animals, further studies in this area are warranted in view of some of the available in vitro data. Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice cache = ./cache/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332358-0t4uxmj2 author = Lamphear, Barry J. title = A corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines: an oral transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity in swine date = 2004-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3131 sentences = 136 flesch = 45 summary = The modified live virus vaccine, which was administered twice orally and then once intramuscularly resulted in gilts in all groups having similar TGEV serum neutralizing titers 35 days prior to farrowing. Analysis of serum samples taken from gilts at 14 days prior to farrowing showed that animals that had received the oral corn-based TGEV vaccine (groups A-C) had notably higher serum neutralization titers than those that had received no material at this stage (groups D and F). Although more oral administrations of the corn-based vaccine appeared to increase the neutralization titer, differences between the treatment groups (A-C) were not significant and none of the treatments induced a significantly stronger response than the intramuscular boost of modified live vaccine delivered to group E. The orally administered corn-based TGEV vaccine is effective in boosting the serum neutralizing titer response in animals previously sensitized to TGEV using the modified live virus vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-332358-0t4uxmj2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332358-0t4uxmj2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336730-hqgwj8vs author = Fehr, Daniela title = Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions date = 1997-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4307 sentences = 230 flesch = 58 summary = title: Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions Abstract A modified live virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled field trial in two high-risk populations. The vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in one population of cats that had low antibody titre against feline coronavirus (FCoV) at the time of vaccination. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a normally fatal disease of cats caused by infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoV) which are antigenically related to a respiratory coronavirus strain of man (HCV 229E), transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV) of swine and canine coronaviruses13'. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified live virus vaccine in a double-blind study under field conditions in two cat populations with higher risk for FIP. cache = ./cache/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331217-uup16bhm author = Murphy, Frederick A. title = Adventitious Agents and Smallpox Vaccine in Strategic National Stockpile date = 2005-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2282 sentences = 105 flesch = 42 summary = In keeping with current standards, we urge that old smallpox vaccines that were made in animal skin and are still a key part of our strategic national stockpile be tested for adventitious infectious agents. However, if these old vaccines are to be considered valid parts of our national stockpile we should expect not only continuing testing of potency and sterility but also testing for adventitious agents with methods that reflect the standards of today. We were unable to find a comprehensive list of possible adventitious agents when ovine materials are used, as is the case for the Lister strain smallpox vaccine produced in Europe and old vaccine stocks held by some European countries for biologic defense. Concerns about the possible presence of adventitious agents in old smallpox vaccine stocks are amplified further by current concerns about prions and the zoonotic potential of prion diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-331217-uup16bhm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331217-uup16bhm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340516-9dfaqsv7 author = Moore, Anne C. title = Pre-clinical studies of a recombinant adenoviral mucosal vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6679 sentences = 335 flesch = 48 summary = We demonstrate that, compared to expression of the S1 domain or a stabilized spike antigen, the full length, wild-type spike antigen induces significantly higher neutralizing antibodies in the periphery and in the lungs, when the vaccine is administered mucosally. Here, we report the induction of neutralizing antibody (Nab), IgG and IgA antibody responses, and T cell responses in mice following immunization of rAd vectors expressing one or more SARS-CoV-2 antigens. We have previously demonstrated that an oral, tableted rAd-based vaccine can induce protection against respiratory infection and shedding following influenza virus challenge 15 as well as intestinal immunity to norovirus antigens in humans 12 . In summary, these studies in mice represent our first step in creating a vaccine candidate, demonstrating the immunogenicity of the construct at even low vaccine doses and the elucidation of the full-length spike protein as a leading candidate antigen to induce T cell responses and superior systemic and mucosal neutralizing antibody. cache = ./cache/cord-340516-9dfaqsv7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340516-9dfaqsv7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328698-eeg1k5a6 author = Detoc, Maëlle title = Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2522 sentences = 129 flesch = 47 summary = Older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Older age, male gender, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with potential acceptance to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. In multivariable analysis, older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, be healthcare workers and individual perceived risk remained associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. However, individuals who considered themselves at-risk for COVID-19 infection were more prone to accept to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. This observation suggests that in the pandemics context, individuals are more prone to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. However, a greater proportion of respondents to our survey declared they had been vaccinated against 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza, so this observation may suggest that the respondents are more pro-vaccine than the general population in France, and more often healthcare workers. cache = ./cache/cord-328698-eeg1k5a6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328698-eeg1k5a6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328935-mn8r972x author = Hodgins, Douglas C. title = Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines: Comparative Vaccinology date = 2015-03-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16336 sentences = 785 flesch = 36 summary = Studies of the potential of novel adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy against genetically unstable, immune-subverting RNA viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs, should assist in the control of pathogens with similar characteristics in other species. However, a recent study showed that an inactivated reassortant RV strain (CDC-9 strain) formulated with aluminum phosphate and administered systemically in gnotobiotic pigs resulted in induction of serum IgG antibody titers, coinciding with partial protection against shedding and diarrhea, suggesting that adjuvant may have stimulated local specific (gut IgA antibodies) or nonspecific immune responses, which were not assessed in this study (Wang et al., 2010) . Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs cache = ./cache/cord-328935-mn8r972x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328935-mn8r972x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343448-xhm97wy2 author = Rinaldi, Andrea title = RNA to the rescue: RNA is one of the most promising targets for drug development given its wide variety of uses date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2934 sentences = 167 flesch = 49 summary = In brief, RNAi works through gene silencing, degrading the mRNA for a specific protein through the coordinated action of double-stranded RNA and a complex biochemical machinery it activates (Fig 1) . The spearhead is mRNA-1273, which encodes a prefusion-stabilized form of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, developed at an unusually fast rate (first volunteer injected on Mach 16, only 65 days after the publication of the virus sequence) by Moderna, a biotech based in Cambridge, Massachusetts (https://www.modernatx.c om/). Multi-component proteins that would be impossible to target with other systems are accessible with RNA technology, as recently demonstrated by the generation of a multi-antigenic mRNA vaccine encoding human cytomegalovirus glycoproteins gB and pentameric complex (John et al, 2018) . CV9202, for example, is a mRNA encoding six antigens usually expressed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), developed by CureVac, a biotech based in Tübingen, Germany (https://www.curevac.com/), in collaboration with Boehringer Ingelheim. cache = ./cache/cord-343448-xhm97wy2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343448-xhm97wy2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344062-8xxu0orq author = Bozkurt, Hayrunnisa Bekis title = Is the impact of childhood vaccines on coronavirus disease 2019, which is moderate in pediatric patients, possible? date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 151 sentences = 20 flesch = 54 summary = key: cord-344062-8xxu0orq authors: Bozkurt, Hayrunnisa Bekis title: Is the impact of childhood vaccines on coronavirus disease 2019, which is moderate in pediatric patients, possible? date: 2020-07-31 journal: Clin Exp Vaccine Res DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.183 sha: doc_id: 344062 cord_uid: 8xxu0orq nan with COVID-19 are vaccinated and live in an area with high vaccine hesitation. Finally, we think that childhood vaccines can be effective in observing COVID-19 infection as a mild disease for pediatric population. However, we need more knowledge about the pandemic considering that pediatric cases may be helpful in shedding light on the treatment of the disease. Hayrunnisa Bekis Bozkurt https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8642-4872 Clinical features in pediatric COV-ID-19 Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? Measles, immune suppression and vaccination: direct and indirect nonspecific vaccine benefits Protection from SARS coronavirus conferred by live measles vaccine expressing the spike glycoprotein Nonspecific effects of vaccines and the reduction of mortality in children cache = ./cache/cord-344062-8xxu0orq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344062-8xxu0orq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344576-upsc9cf8 author = Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W title = A vaccine effective against Zika virus is theoretically possible but may not be delivered anytime soon date = 2016-07-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2604 sentences = 154 flesch = 52 summary = In February this year, the World Health Organization declared that further to the then unconfirmed association between the virus and the clinical manifestations of microcephaly and also Guillain-Barré syndrome, the Zika epidemic was a "public health emergency of international concern". No anti-Zika therapy, vaccine or drug, is currently available and while the production of the former has now been prioritized by multiple funding agencies, the history of infectious disease vaccine development indicates that this may take several years to reach the market place. A more rapid spread of the virus via the intercontinental travel of infected persons is an additional concern, although for Zika to become established in a location distant to an endemic area requires local transmission of the initially imported focus of infection; this is dependent on the availability of the vector. Local transmission of Zika virus infection is possible in Australia but should be contained by current vector control measures cache = ./cache/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342831-4qfe8kok author = Xia, Yufei title = Chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants: Sunrise on the ocean date = 2015-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7863 sentences = 380 flesch = 39 summary = Chitosan-based formulations have been found to orchestrate both cellular and humoral responses, and represent the most promising candidates for adjuvant and delivery systems for mucosal vaccines [37] . Recently, chitosan-based adjuvant systems have been proven to have mucoadhesive qualities and the unique ability to open the tight junctions between epithelial cells at natural portals, which stimulates a robust mucosal immune response by facilitating the transport of antigens via an alternative yet effective route for antigen delivery [5, 30, 39, 74, 75] . In pre-clinical and clinical research, chitosan and its derivatives have demonstrated low-toxicity, mucoadhesive capabilities, the ability to enhance the internalization of antigens by APCs, and immune-stimulatory properties, which makes them promising candidates for effective mucosal adjuvants [5] . Development and characterization of surface modified PLGA nanoparticles for nasal vaccine delivery: effect of mucoadhesive coating on antigen uptake and immune adjuvant activity cache = ./cache/cord-342831-4qfe8kok.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342831-4qfe8kok.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340994-m7vazpq9 author = Barello, Serena title = ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among university students in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1708 sentences = 78 flesch = 36 summary = Understanding the student's perspective about the future COVID-19 vaccine and supporting their health engagement and consciousness may be useful in planning adequate response and multidisciplinary educational strategies—including the psychological perspective on vaccine hesitancy underlying factors in the post-pandemic period. Although preliminary, this finding suggests that vaccination attitude is not only influenced by the students' level of health knowledge, but probably by other motivational and psychological factors, including the sense of individual responsibility for population health and the common sense about the value of civic life and social solidarity, as demonstrated by other studies on the COVID-19 pandemic and previous emergencies [1, 9] . We think that the strategy to achieve efficient synergy between healthcare professionals and the general public is to better improve medical education of students during university and beyond introducing dedicated multidisciplinary curriculum about vaccinations and preventive behaviours for all university students and in particular to those attending healthcare curricula, an issue that requires increased attention to mitigate and control the COVID-19 pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-340994-m7vazpq9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340994-m7vazpq9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335948-qkfxfmxb author = Ampofo, William K. title = Improving influenza vaccine virus selectionReport of a WHO informal consultation held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 14–16 June 2010 date = 2011-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10006 sentences = 401 flesch = 24 summary = • The selection process is highly coordinated and involves continual year‐round integration of virological data and epidemiological information by National Influenza Centres (NICs), thorough antigenic and genetic characterization of viruses by WHO Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) as part of selecting suitable candidate vaccine viruses, and the preparation of suitable reassortants and corresponding reagents for vaccine standardization by WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). • The selection process is highly coordinated and involves continual year-round integration of virological data and epidemiological information by National Influenza Centres (NICs), thorough antigenic and genetic characterization of viruses by WHO Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) as part of selecting suitable candidate vaccine viruses, and the preparation of suitable reassortants and corresponding reagents for vaccine standardization by WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). The continuing threat posed by avian H5N1, the aftermath of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the increased knowledge of influenza, and the development and availability of new technologies provide a timely opportunity to review the complex processes and issues involved in influenza vaccine virus selection and to identify potential areas for improvement. cache = ./cache/cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343365-4y9fedcr author = Chang, Christopher title = Unmet Needs in Respiratory Diseases: “You Can’t Know Where You Are Going Until You Know Where You Have Been”—Anonymous date = 2013-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7295 sentences = 407 flesch = 50 summary = The promise of gene therapy as a cure for the disease has fizzled out, and while new antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals promise improved longevity and better quality of life, the average life span of a patient with cystic fibrosis is still at about 35 years. Several significant challenge areas include the diagnosis and treatment of certain specific infectious lung diseases, including viral lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, coronovirus, and enterovirus. The search for a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been ongoing for many years, but like the previous case of gene therapy in cystic fibrosis, this also has been a challenge to achieve. The current global strategies for the development of an RSV vaccine now target four areas: infants <6 months of age; infants >6 months of age and young children; pregnant women for whom passive immunization can be implemented; and the elderly, in whom RSV can also have significant morbidity [52] [53] [54] . cache = ./cache/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339152-wfakzb6w author = Trovato, Maria title = Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date = 2020-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12000 sentences = 540 flesch = 38 summary = Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. The occurrence of significant disease outbreaks-such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) originating in China in 2002 (8) , the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic from Mexico (9) , MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) that occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (10) , the West African outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in late 2013 (11) , the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak originating in Brazil in 2015 (12) , the 2018 health emergence in Nigeria caused by Lassa virus (13) , and the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic (14) -has renewed interests in developing strategies to faster prevent, treat, and/or control emerging and re-emerging viruses with high epidemic potential. cache = ./cache/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339726-eg0hajzl author = Jamrozik, Euzebiusz title = Coronavirus Human Infection Challenge Studies: Assessing Potential Benefits and Risks date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3643 sentences = 154 flesch = 40 summary = Novel research designs, particularly where such studies might be controversial as in the case of SARS-CoV-2 HCS, require especially careful ethical evaluation including rigorous risk-benefit assessments as well as timely, thorough, public engagement ( WHO Working Group for Guidance on Human Challenge Studies in COVID-19 2020; Bambery et al. To be ethically acceptable, SARS-CoV-2 HCS would need to have multiple risk minimization strategies in place, including (i) selection of low risk participants (e.g., healthy young adults 1 ), (ii) careful strain selection and development, (iii) careful titration of viral dose, (iv) early diagnosis and availability of all necessary medical care, (v) long-term follow-up of participants, (vi) compensation for any lasting harms, and (vii) stringent infection control including measures to protect and screen research staff for infection (WHO Working Group for Guidance on Human Challenge Studies in COVID-19 2020). Tensions between public health and vaccine research priorities: A comparative modelling assessment of the risks and benefits of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine field trials versus human challenge studies cache = ./cache/cord-339726-eg0hajzl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339726-eg0hajzl.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330496-p3o6zkhf author = Tizard, Ian R. title = Feline vaccines date = 2020-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4980 sentences = 316 flesch = 47 summary = The age of the cat is critical considering the persistent effects that maternal antibodies have on early vaccination, whereas old age presents other significant issues. Vaccines that may be considered as noncore include those against bacterial diseases caused by Chlamydia felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica, in addition to the infections caused by feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus, and feline coronavirus (Box 14.1). Duration of immunity following feline leukemia vaccination appears to be about three years, therefore cats in high-risk situations should be boosted annually or every two years. In some cats however, tumors develop at the injection sites usually between three months and three years after vaccination. In addition to rabies and FeLV vaccines, injection site sarcomas have also been associated with administration of inactivated vaccines against feline panleukopenia, feline herpesvirus, and feline calicivirus. cache = ./cache/cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342800-62jklwiy author = Xu, Shuqin title = mRNA Vaccine Era—Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13579 sentences = 706 flesch = 43 summary = The RNActive ® vaccine platform designed by CureVac used co-delivered RNA and protamine complex as the adjuvant to induce Th1 T cell responses, and naked, unmodified, and sequence-optimized mRNA as the antigen to develop mRNA vaccines [54] . used LNP to deliver self-amplified RNA vaccines, which caused the mRNA expression level in mice to be significantly higher than that of naked mRNA, CD4 + , and CD8 + T cell immune responses were also effectively induced. Overall development steps of those vaccines are (1) constructing the core antigen-encoding mRNA sequence optimized or combined based on selected antigen(s) from the target pathogen; (2) trying and choosing a proper combination of mRNA construction type, adjuvants, carrier materials and the route of administration; (3) detecting in vivo expression of the encoded antigen and the level of elicited immune responses; (4) providing research and demonstrations of immune induction mechanisms. cache = ./cache/cord-342800-62jklwiy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342800-62jklwiy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355618-7kfxc2w1 author = McAteer, John title = The VACCINES Act, Deciphering Vaccine Hesitancy in the Time of COVID19 date = 2020-04-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1893 sentences = 106 flesch = 48 summary = In his statement of support 7 , the WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Ghebreyesus asserted that "These online efforts must be matched by tangible steps by governments and the health sector to promote trust in vaccination and respond to the needs and concerns of parents." In order to adequately respond to these needs and concerns, which differ depending on the cultural, societal, and personal beliefs of a particular region, the WHO recommends that each country take steps to develop an understanding of vaccine hesitancy at a local level on an ongoing basis 8 . In recognition of these missed opportunities and in response to declining immunization rates and increasing national skepticism on the safety of vaccines, Congress has introduced bipartisan legislation to expand research into vaccine hesitancy. The bipartisan VACCINES Act is an important step in supporting evidence-based research into vaccine hesitancy. Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States: a review of measles and pertussis cache = ./cache/cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344563-bjuvxpkc author = Neustroev, M. P. title = Developmental Results of a Vaccine against Salmonella-Induced Equine Abortion date = 2020-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2389 sentences = 169 flesch = 50 summary = An inactivated vaccine based on the Sal. abortus equi BN-12 strain with the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain filtrate used as immunomodulator has been developed in order to prevent salmonella-induced equine abortion. The Sal. abortus equi BN-12 strain stored at the All-Russia State Research Institute for Control, Standardization, and Certification of Veterinary Preparations was used in order to develop a vaccine against the salmonella-induced equine abortion. The preclinical tests with the white mice and the industrial tests with the horses have proven that the inactivated Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain vaccine against salmonella-induced equine abortion is an effective method to prevent infectious abortions. Therefore, the method developed by the authors for specific prevention of the salmonella-induced equine abortion with the inactivated vaccine used with the culture liquid based on the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain is a cost-effective measure that should be recommended for widespread adoption in the stud farming systems. cache = ./cache/cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348409-oxjd263z author = Stern, Zachariah title = The development of inovirus-associated vector vaccines using phage-display technologies date = 2019-09-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6043 sentences = 315 flesch = 41 summary = Areas covered: The architectural traits of filamentous viruses and their derivatives, IAVs, facilitate the display of specific antigenic peptides which induce antibody production to prevent or curtail infection. The creation of Random Peptide Libraries (RPL), where random oligopeptides are fused to major capsid proteins (gp3 or gp8) and displayed on individual inovirus clones creating a random variety of IAVs which can be used for vaccine design via epitope mapping using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Through this breakthrough technology which was the subject matter of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 (see 'Expert Commentary' below), inovriuses displaying oligopeptides mimicking antigens (or specific epitopes of an antigen) can be used to vaccinate hosts thus inducing the desired antibody production. Unlike previous studies, which used a single specific peptide fused to a inovirus, four different antigenic peptides were displayed by inoviruses in a cocktail of recombinant IAVs. The induction of a cellular response completely vaccinated 1/3 of the pigs in the study and reduced the number of cysticerci in all other pigs [61] . cache = ./cache/cord-348409-oxjd263z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348409-oxjd263z.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350565-mejd7blb author = Lewnard, Joseph A title = Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2019-03-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6614 sentences = 289 flesch = 29 summary = We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . cache = ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353911-hp6s6ebh author = Petráš, Marek title = Early immune response in mice immunized with a semi-split inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 containing S protein-free particles and subunit S protein date = 2020-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2119 sentences = 134 flesch = 54 summary = title: Early immune response in mice immunized with a semi-split inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 containing S protein-free particles and subunit S protein Our aim was to design a semi-split inactivated vaccine offering a wide range of multi-epitope determinants important for the immune system including not only the spike (S) protein but also the envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins. The above laboratory procedure generated a semi-split inactivated vaccine, i.e., a vaccine with 307 the S protein separated from the viral particle exhibiting an early, both humoral and cellular, 308 immune response. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-386 19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, 387 randomised controlled trial An in-depth investigation of the safety and immunogenicity of an 468 inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine A double-inactivated 499 whole virus candidate SARS coronavirus vaccine stimulates neutralising and 500 protective antibody responses. Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity 526 cache = ./cache/cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354068-4qlk6y7h author = Friedrich, Brian M. title = Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date = 2012-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10605 sentences = 540 flesch = 44 summary = Due to the difficulties in evaluating wild-type filovirus infection in small animals and the generally high level of immune protection correlates derived from non-human primate (NHP) models of infection, therapeutics and vaccines are ultimately evaluated in NHP species for efficacy against filovirus. In their study, a heterologous prime/boost strategy with recombinant adenovirus serotypes 26 and 35 carrying GP (Z) and GP (S/G) demonstrated complete protection among NHPs. Each of these vectors was capable of stimulating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the context of NHPs pre-vaccinated with rAd5 as evidenced by antibody titers reaching an order of magnitude above those achieved in rAd5 vaccinated subjects (1:32,000 compared to 1:6,800), and CD8 + intracellular cytokine staining was 4.7-fold greater among heterologous prime/boosted subjects (0.41% compared to 0.09%) [59] . This GP-Fc fusion protein induced both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and mice vaccinated with ZEBOVGP-Fc demonstrated 90% protection against a lethal EBOV challenge. cache = ./cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349309-7xsbpid7 author = Condit, Richard C title = The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines date = 2020-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2058 sentences = 98 flesch = 42 summary = title: The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines The Brighton Collaboration formed the Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG) in October 2008 to improve the ability to anticipate potential safety issues and meaningfully assess or interpret safety data, thereby facilitating greater public acceptance when a viral vector vaccine is licensed [3] . Pursuant to this goal, the V3SWG developed a standardized template that the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and other key stakeholders could use to evaluate and communicate key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of viral vectors and viral vector vaccines. When completing information on adverse effects in Sections 6 and 11, please provide as many details as possible based on the Brighton Collaboration Guidelines for collection, analysis and presentation of vaccine safety data in pre-and postlicensure clinical studies [9] . The Brighton Collaboration standardized templates for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of vaccines by technology (BRAVATO; formerly V3SWG). cache = ./cache/cord-349309-7xsbpid7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349309-7xsbpid7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354972-nc496v6s author = Margolin, Emmanuel title = Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10919 sentences = 464 flesch = 37 summary = As of 8 August 2020, there have been over 1.2 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Africa, with 29,833 deaths reported (Africa CDC) There is concern that the pandemic may pose an even greater risk to countries in Africa owing to their weak health-care infrastructure, large burden of co-infections, including HIV-1 and tuberculosis, and ongoing outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections such as Ebola virus (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Lassa haemorrhagic fever (Nigeria) that will divert much-needed resources away from the fight against COVID-19 (ref. Given the optimistic development timeline of 12-18 months before any vaccines could be available for widespread use, it is clear that these efforts will not Box 1 | Potential impact of climate on SArS-coV-2 dissemination the comparatively low incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COviD19) in africa has raised the possibility that climate could influence the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-Cov-2). cache = ./cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === ===== Reducing email addresses cord-016903-z2vqfq98 cord-257533-i85dyg8n cord-271528-ob4l0bcf cord-296839-b6bm8do1 cord-324911-6s7ubbxl cord-325010-7qrht7uq cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-349309-7xsbpid7 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-005081-kxrzv16n cord-000452-1gd006zy cord-004078-d1pd09zj cord-011325-r42hzazp cord-010266-elhgew3x cord-016508-39glgeft cord-007681-vhghhvnu cord-011486-5osu6hdu cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-001260-6krujv2m cord-016903-z2vqfq98 cord-032017-h0cj4izx cord-016178-2ix6c0he cord-018165-afzjx2ci cord-018497-oy7hsrpt cord-003806-ctass7hz cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-008881-579ronfq cord-017838-fbotc479 cord-000194-cwzpb8fu cord-016713-pw4f8asc cord-003828-bhfghcby cord-000262-4owsb0bg cord-009381-q9s38fkh cord-003656-7mzsaz7a cord-003764-141u6ax7 cord-009383-ozx5u0t3 cord-016475-7ldxvbpz cord-003567-h8uq5z8b cord-014901-d9szap94 cord-005246-cskb0njm cord-013326-qsqaimsy cord-002500-9p2n8tjx cord-254890-4ynsgu6c cord-032751-pmclolvh cord-258353-uw8padla cord-017291-bhe34dky cord-007733-zh8e76w7 cord-017841-57rm046y cord-257533-i85dyg8n cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 cord-004435-l66ost6q cord-023853-y5g4ceq9 cord-002842-4evbeijx cord-254469-7q6xi2xx cord-006892-n2ncamqh cord-003403-ypefqm71 cord-257899-l866puqk cord-009947-0zz4x8li cord-018265-twp33bb6 cord-000050-tfcerilc cord-004518-jd1wxobz cord-016371-zkawdcac cord-018677-gmitz3gg 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cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-340900-f2iuy9e1 cord-327650-6afsk8ix cord-324219-z1nigtb5 cord-318983-rmvqf6s9 cord-318683-1yxurnev cord-337577-dqikrmk7 cord-321901-zpi7uis1 cord-332358-0t4uxmj2 cord-331217-uup16bhm cord-336730-hqgwj8vs cord-340516-9dfaqsv7 cord-324829-0nz0qioh cord-328698-eeg1k5a6 cord-328935-mn8r972x cord-343448-xhm97wy2 cord-344062-8xxu0orq cord-342819-p8wp6yvo cord-344576-upsc9cf8 cord-340994-m7vazpq9 cord-342831-4qfe8kok cord-343421-k1dqe4lk cord-339726-eg0hajzl cord-344669-hw57silv cord-343347-guciupc8 cord-335948-qkfxfmxb cord-339091-3xk2w0d2 cord-343365-4y9fedcr cord-339152-wfakzb6w cord-326960-9phlylce cord-340042-intxyu46 cord-344006-0iq9s94n cord-342800-62jklwiy cord-330496-p3o6zkhf cord-355618-7kfxc2w1 cord-350565-mejd7blb cord-345191-nabxpyw3 cord-349249-jwvz1ux2 cord-345689-5ns1onkw cord-344563-bjuvxpkc cord-354030-8tfg881h cord-348409-oxjd263z cord-344750-b9tndbg1 cord-351190-sq6zsqqi cord-348144-t0chpsuh cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 cord-351649-87g7g5au cord-353911-hp6s6ebh cord-344162-8gbe6qo7 cord-348283-7xorq5ce cord-354068-4qlk6y7h cord-349309-7xsbpid7 cord-353730-owcapg8h cord-355541-5sctqkwr cord-354972-nc496v6s cord-355689-mo4mvwch cord-352088-9k01ej6l Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-001260-6krujv2m cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-003806-ctass7hz cord-003656-7mzsaz7a cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 cord-006892-n2ncamqh cord-002842-4evbeijx cord-257899-l866puqk cord-254469-7q6xi2xx cord-009947-0zz4x8li cord-002333-90f9vr0a cord-011370-as2v2c2h cord-004181-exbs3tz7 cord-003926-ycdaw2vh cord-018811-zhwr3h07 cord-016126-i7z0tdrk cord-004274-cot05vx7 cord-258624-041cf99j cord-018018-2yyv8vuy cord-254513-7d10vd86 cord-163946-a4vtc7rp cord-016594-lj0us1dq cord-032600-lldbjm77 cord-261876-7rsc803x cord-257582-e9306xae cord-261301-8mw2kpmr cord-265472-b1s4stvz cord-265642-7mu530yp cord-267666-i7uuf3ck cord-266204-ipa017wz cord-271153-c0aw6jkz cord-272241-2fwz8z8n cord-273526-ah0dvnxv cord-267897-w4pbq2lb cord-274264-s477tw3x cord-279260-tdvb0fhv cord-289360-h6wvx7gw cord-282158-08u3x1z4 cord-273151-1h8c4yq9 cord-280172-6o1gqe8v cord-289599-7vsynfgn cord-279026-s3yx62u6 cord-276209-5999g9gp cord-287410-boxxlopy cord-279629-t1xjy12y cord-274756-nnm1n09a cord-289535-srrfr1es cord-288868-qfdxri93 cord-283405-aozxvxxs cord-274112-6t0wpiqy cord-285128-48l1w65p cord-294108-uvnh0s9r cord-285760-y37ji92k cord-296839-b6bm8do1 cord-276193-cngz535o cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-305488-vk59ghjm cord-296998-ep46lzeo cord-301876-d2j9wpqk cord-315293-kng4z4kf cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 cord-315131-4yb2b70g cord-301577-3qc56c7d cord-316893-jwjr67po cord-322913-sq9mq6f1 cord-330342-i55czo8a cord-323794-p3zjxo1h cord-328557-f6o1aynz cord-322955-7dw32xby cord-318593-ni84gzg5 cord-316534-ep7ezoko cord-324911-6s7ubbxl cord-319226-yvgvyif0 cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-327650-6afsk8ix cord-324219-z1nigtb5 cord-331217-uup16bhm cord-344062-8xxu0orq cord-343448-xhm97wy2 cord-342831-4qfe8kok cord-343421-k1dqe4lk cord-344669-hw57silv cord-339091-3xk2w0d2 cord-330496-p3o6zkhf cord-354030-8tfg881h cord-344750-b9tndbg1 cord-348283-7xorq5ce cord-344162-8gbe6qo7 cord-349309-7xsbpid7 cord-354972-nc496v6s Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-005081-kxrzv16n cord-000452-1gd006zy cord-004078-d1pd09zj cord-011325-r42hzazp cord-010266-elhgew3x cord-016508-39glgeft cord-007681-vhghhvnu cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-001260-6krujv2m cord-011486-5osu6hdu cord-016903-z2vqfq98 cord-032017-h0cj4izx cord-016178-2ix6c0he cord-018165-afzjx2ci cord-018497-oy7hsrpt cord-003806-ctass7hz cord-008881-579ronfq cord-017838-fbotc479 cord-016713-pw4f8asc cord-003656-7mzsaz7a cord-000194-cwzpb8fu cord-009383-ozx5u0t3 cord-003828-bhfghcby cord-014901-d9szap94 cord-003764-141u6ax7 cord-000262-4owsb0bg cord-016475-7ldxvbpz cord-009381-q9s38fkh cord-005246-cskb0njm cord-003567-h8uq5z8b cord-254890-4ynsgu6c cord-002500-9p2n8tjx cord-258353-uw8padla cord-013326-qsqaimsy cord-032751-pmclolvh cord-007733-zh8e76w7 cord-017291-bhe34dky cord-017841-57rm046y cord-257533-i85dyg8n cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 cord-004435-l66ost6q cord-023853-y5g4ceq9 cord-254469-7q6xi2xx cord-002842-4evbeijx cord-006892-n2ncamqh cord-257899-l866puqk cord-003403-ypefqm71 cord-018265-twp33bb6 cord-009947-0zz4x8li cord-000050-tfcerilc cord-004518-jd1wxobz cord-018677-gmitz3gg cord-016371-zkawdcac cord-018040-k0h5ejjt cord-007710-0u5ot5h4 cord-002333-90f9vr0a cord-008716-38sqkh9m cord-016222-dltsdqcm cord-002282-ldfa616a cord-007440-7gcpk9x9 cord-022168-qautse9a cord-005400-50lmj4op cord-011370-as2v2c2h cord-013290-j3assowx cord-006890-81wv1s33 cord-258626-p469ysi8 cord-004181-exbs3tz7 cord-016200-zfh20im0 cord-003926-ycdaw2vh cord-004274-cot05vx7 cord-016126-i7z0tdrk cord-027654-k0uby99n cord-018811-zhwr3h07 cord-021937-p9vqpazu cord-258624-041cf99j cord-022039-y0l943xg cord-006252-cbelsymu cord-014462-11ggaqf1 cord-016268-xcx1c0da cord-257027-q2y7fewk cord-163946-a4vtc7rp cord-021966-5m21bsrw cord-018018-2yyv8vuy cord-022349-z8w1wkm8 cord-254513-7d10vd86 cord-255549-i2o6rs29 cord-255734-038xu4hq cord-257722-7rmzaau4 cord-252856-oc0zd11h cord-035016-ipv8npdy cord-016594-lj0us1dq cord-259927-xh9cw9ao cord-263277-m4too6ob cord-263619-p17oomzn cord-264571-rtac6hh2 cord-261566-fn08b0y2 cord-032600-lldbjm77 cord-261876-7rsc803x cord-262282-9xh51cd1 cord-257582-e9306xae cord-261301-8mw2kpmr cord-265472-b1s4stvz cord-265642-7mu530yp cord-266202-3qku90ml cord-266259-0f0guyea cord-265757-8ces57rn cord-267666-i7uuf3ck cord-264356-3zu4w0a9 cord-264814-v4wnmg03 cord-271153-c0aw6jkz cord-267012-45tre8rn cord-266199-smlq11y9 cord-268501-z4oztgi0 cord-266204-ipa017wz cord-269352-0o3mryu1 cord-267897-w4pbq2lb cord-272241-2fwz8z8n cord-273526-ah0dvnxv cord-270998-1adloi3o cord-273151-1h8c4yq9 cord-279260-tdvb0fhv cord-274264-s477tw3x cord-260956-w6wxsg4p cord-280172-6o1gqe8v cord-271250-ywb26cq6 cord-275538-c44gmu22 cord-278417-ty4wbtkv cord-285613-hbd44euq cord-285883-rlliacex cord-269448-1jikrn37 cord-276907-b855tj7x cord-289360-h6wvx7gw cord-273099-zkk5d6gd cord-282158-08u3x1z4 cord-270709-jahnjvyk cord-269992-ruf0vvz4 cord-275031-0y0d4brz cord-282507-swxs5pr1 cord-282360-byqhzyzi cord-280459-y0tbvs3t cord-275033-y9z9l0ji cord-289599-7vsynfgn cord-279026-s3yx62u6 cord-275210-baqaqsli cord-282246-wyanwvxa cord-272512-gevrlcvy cord-285691-pceenwb6 cord-276209-5999g9gp cord-287410-boxxlopy cord-289961-7q2wkwrf cord-279629-t1xjy12y cord-289763-jek2pd31 cord-271528-ob4l0bcf cord-291315-y40s45iv cord-269623-9pxdeva3 cord-274756-nnm1n09a cord-290705-7xkt6u73 cord-288868-qfdxri93 cord-018969-0zrnfaad cord-289535-srrfr1es cord-287824-zg5akivn cord-283405-aozxvxxs cord-294347-axkdf5vu cord-293234-ouykx6g5 cord-296831-wdpatr2z cord-274112-6t0wpiqy cord-285128-48l1w65p cord-287067-rrsgl377 cord-294108-uvnh0s9r cord-296886-0bma2749 cord-283475-28900qlr cord-290004-v3ruj5bq cord-290031-vffa1bu0 cord-285982-1a5u7uux cord-296469-h0ma163u cord-285760-y37ji92k cord-297131-3a9vjpvn cord-287853-cob7ur35 cord-302268-dmb0293x cord-292528-8kdhf123 cord-303447-3a7jxl34 cord-296839-b6bm8do1 cord-303674-0xo2fiop cord-276193-cngz535o cord-297203-f3f31h4r cord-302155-hksmt48i cord-304188-1nm1tbig cord-302247-moor7dfc cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-305488-vk59ghjm cord-302082-aaokc182 cord-296998-ep46lzeo cord-303368-tzgql225 cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 cord-309083-ew9cwiw0 cord-304472-mi5v6512 cord-294366-swwz4kzd cord-311331-l7dehit8 cord-301876-d2j9wpqk cord-315293-kng4z4kf cord-315339-dcui85lw cord-305175-1wg0wodr cord-309555-1ksahg3o cord-293559-c78wcr8m cord-306733-df36w6l7 cord-315131-4yb2b70g cord-301577-3qc56c7d cord-302222-9ad0fw6z cord-296967-qiil3gqk cord-309999-izdl0f2i cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-294789-07hto8qn cord-316893-jwjr67po cord-322913-sq9mq6f1 cord-305807-n3fs7533 cord-330342-i55czo8a cord-303880-zv4nbz9p cord-314009-7t1bzc7f cord-324349-26uuczmi cord-311112-cg7wqc0q cord-324001-m7ys95z7 cord-313911-lfn9ggg3 cord-323794-p3zjxo1h cord-324690-82qsirnk cord-328557-f6o1aynz cord-322955-7dw32xby cord-316534-ep7ezoko cord-323710-cmbg0ty8 cord-318593-ni84gzg5 cord-324911-6s7ubbxl cord-318272-spt0oea0 cord-319226-yvgvyif0 cord-315570-khm1veuv cord-323540-7b2mt1a8 cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 cord-325141-x3txhjkr cord-326614-cik3ino6 cord-325010-7qrht7uq cord-317739-2wojtboi cord-335960-biwnqa3f cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-340900-f2iuy9e1 cord-325966-0g7a9s5z cord-327650-6afsk8ix cord-324219-z1nigtb5 cord-337577-dqikrmk7 cord-318983-rmvqf6s9 cord-318683-1yxurnev cord-321901-zpi7uis1 cord-332358-0t4uxmj2 cord-331217-uup16bhm cord-336730-hqgwj8vs cord-324829-0nz0qioh cord-340516-9dfaqsv7 cord-328698-eeg1k5a6 cord-328935-mn8r972x cord-343448-xhm97wy2 cord-344062-8xxu0orq cord-344576-upsc9cf8 cord-342831-4qfe8kok cord-342819-p8wp6yvo cord-339726-eg0hajzl cord-340994-m7vazpq9 cord-343421-k1dqe4lk cord-344669-hw57silv cord-343347-guciupc8 cord-335948-qkfxfmxb cord-339091-3xk2w0d2 cord-343365-4y9fedcr cord-340042-intxyu46 cord-344006-0iq9s94n cord-339152-wfakzb6w cord-330496-p3o6zkhf cord-326960-9phlylce cord-342800-62jklwiy cord-355618-7kfxc2w1 cord-350565-mejd7blb cord-345191-nabxpyw3 cord-349249-jwvz1ux2 cord-345689-5ns1onkw cord-344563-bjuvxpkc cord-354030-8tfg881h cord-348409-oxjd263z cord-344750-b9tndbg1 cord-348144-t0chpsuh cord-353911-hp6s6ebh cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 cord-351190-sq6zsqqi cord-351649-87g7g5au cord-344162-8gbe6qo7 cord-348283-7xorq5ce cord-354068-4qlk6y7h cord-349309-7xsbpid7 cord-353730-owcapg8h cord-354972-nc496v6s cord-355541-5sctqkwr cord-355689-mo4mvwch cord-352088-9k01ej6l Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-005081-kxrzv16n cord-000452-1gd006zy cord-004078-d1pd09zj cord-011325-r42hzazp cord-010266-elhgew3x cord-016508-39glgeft cord-007681-vhghhvnu cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-011486-5osu6hdu cord-001260-6krujv2m cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-016903-z2vqfq98 cord-032017-h0cj4izx cord-016178-2ix6c0he cord-018165-afzjx2ci 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cord-355541-5sctqkwr cord-354972-nc496v6s Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-315339-dcui85lw cord-285760-y37ji92k cord-318272-spt0oea0 cord-315339-dcui85lw cord-021966-5m21bsrw cord-296886-0bma2749 number of items: 299 sum of words: 1,260,314 average size in words: 6,703 average readability score: 43 nouns: vaccine; vaccines; virus; influenza; vaccination; disease; cells; protein; cell; infection; responses; response; development; antigen; immunity; antibody; dna; viruses; use; antibodies; studies; protection; immunization; proteins; study; diseases; health; antigens; delivery; mice; efficacy; safety; production; system; risk; expression; years; gene; trials; countries; children; type; immunogenicity; adjuvants; time; data; challenge; host; animals; infections verbs: using; based; inducing; developed; including; shown; provide; increased; caused; associated; produce; expressing; following; make; requires; reduced; inactivated; contain; protecting; reported; leading; neutralizing; found; vaccinated; preventing; needed; enhance; giving; compared; infecting; occurring; results; mediated; identify; demonstrated; target; improving; elicits; controls; administered; considering; emerged; binding; suggested; tested; derived; generated; takes; allowed; known adjectives: immune; human; viral; clinical; high; specific; new; respiratory; recombinant; different; infectious; effective; protective; many; important; several; available; mucosal; first; severe; non; attenuated; potential; live; oral; public; cellular; major; low; global; like; large; current; significant; novel; recent; single; higher; anti; acute; multiple; antigenic; humoral; similar; early; possible; genetic; molecular; adverse; immunogenic adverbs: also; however; well; highly; therefore; currently; even; still; often; recently; now; especially; significantly; respectively; less; generally; previously; particularly; first; usually; moreover; yet; potentially; rapidly; long; already; approximately; later; furthermore; directly; rather; successfully; relatively; together; far; widely; commonly; worldwide; finally; typically; alone; much; similarly; fully; mainly; genetically; primarily; additionally; specifically; prior pronouns: it; their; we; they; its; i; our; them; us; itself; his; one; you; themselves; he; her; she; your; rad5; my; lc16m8; me; ourselves; yourself; mg; himself; mrnas; him; s; igg1; herself; oneself; n40np; mine; in/05/05; esat-6; e.g.•; ∈; ‫ﺍ‬; αβ; yours; stat1; silico/; poly(ionic; pdcs; ninetyfour; netmhcpan4.0; l~; k110; ive proper nouns: SARS; CoV-2; T; COVID-19; B; HIV; RNA; United; Vaccine; Health; CoV; RSV; A; HA; States; DNA; S; Ebola; H5N1; Fig; CD8; HIV-1; II; VLP; H1N1; US; MVA; CD4; China; IFN; MHC; mRNA; Influenza; C; Zika; MERS; IgA; M; World; Africa; Table; Immunization; FDA; •; PCR; Development; National; hepatitis; NDV; HPV keywords: vaccine; virus; sars; covid-19; dna; influenza; cell; response; disease; protein; antigen; vaccination; immune; rna; ebola; hiv; united; plant; cov-2; adjuvant; infection; h5n1; health; delivery; rsv; mers; epitope; development; vector; states; phase; nanoparticle; hiv-1; animal; zika; risk; respiratory; mhc; h1n1; cd8; antibody; study; patient; immunization; human; hla; gene; expression; country; cat one topic; one dimension: vaccine file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088289/ titles(s): Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies three topics; one dimension: vaccine; vaccine; virus file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252257/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121080/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056 titles(s): Vaccine safety | Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization | Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals five topics; three dimensions: vaccine vaccines influenza; vaccine vaccines immune; virus vaccine vaccines; vaccine covid vaccination; vaccine protein epitopes file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152379/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121080/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056, http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.20217513v1?rss=1, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01784 titles(s): Regulation and Testing of Vaccines | Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization | Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals | Measuring the Impact of Exposure to COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccine Intent in the UK and US | Contriving Multi-Epitope Subunit of Vaccine for COVID-19: Immunoinformatics Approaches Type: cord title: keyword-vaccine-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 17:24 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:vaccine ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-317739-2wojtboi author: Abo, Stéphanie M.C. title: Modelling the daily risk of ebola in the presence and absence of a potential vaccine date: 2020-10-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Ebola virus — one of the deadliest viral diseases, with a mortality rate around 90% — damages the immune system and organs, with symptoms including episodic fever, chills, malaise and myalgia. The Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-based candidate vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV) has demonstrated clinical efficacy against Ebola in ring-vaccination clinical trials. In order to evaluate the potential effect of this candidate vaccine, we developed risk equations for the daily risk of Ebola infection both currently and after vaccination. The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola and the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: vaccination, hazmat suits, reduced contact with the infected living and dead bodies. Parameter space was sampled using Latin Hypercube Sampling, a statistical method for generating a near-random sample of parameter values. We found that at a high transmission rate of Ebola (i.e., if the transmission rate is greater than 90%), a large fraction of the population must be vaccinated ( 80%) to achieve a 50% decrease in the daily risk of infection. If a vaccine is introduced, it must have at least 50% efficacy, and almost everyone in the affected areas must receive it to effectively control outbreaks of Ebola. These results indicate that a low-efficacy Ebola vaccine runs the risk of having vaccinated people be overconfident in a weak vaccine and hence the possibility that the vaccine could make the situation worse, unless the population can be sufficiently educated about the necessity for high vaccine uptake. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468042720300579?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.10.003 id: cord-005400-50lmj4op author: Ada, Gordon title: Overview of vaccines and vaccination date: 2005 words: 7479.0 sentences: 386.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005400-50lmj4op.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005400-50lmj4op.txt summary: Of the 80-plus known infectious agents pathogenic for humans, there are now more than 30 vaccines against 26 mainly viral and bacterial infections and these greatly minimize subsequent disease and prevent death after exposure to those agents. Vaccines are designed as a prophylactic measure to induce a lasting immune response so that on subsequent exposure to the particular infectious agent, the extent of infection is reduced to such an extent that disease does not occur (1). More recently, the use of avipox viruses such as fowlpox and canarypox, which undergo an abortive infection in humans, is being used in humans as vectors of DNA coding for antigens of other infectious agents for which vaccines are not yet available (2). Live, attenuated agent vaccines have the potential to stimulate strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses that can be highly effective in preventing or clearing a later infection in most recipients. abstract: Of the 80-plus known infectious agents pathogenic for humans, there are now more than 30 vaccines against 26 mainly viral and bacterial infections and these greatly minimize subsequent disease and prevent death after exposure to those agents. This article describes the nature of the vaccines, from live attenuated agents to subunits, their efficacy and safety, and the kind of the immune responses generated by those vaccines, which are so effective. To date, all licensed vaccines generate especially specific antibodies, which attach to the infectious agent and therefore can very largely prevent infection. These vaccines have been so effective in developed countries in preventing mortality after a subsequent infection that attempts are being made to develop vaccines against many of the remaining infectious agents. Many of the latter are difficult to manipulate; they can cause persisting infections or show great antigenic variation. A range of new approaches to improve selected immune responses, such as immunization with DNA or chimeric live vectors, viral or bacterial, are under intense scrutiny, as well as genomic analysis of the agent. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091467/ doi: 10.1385/mb:29:3:255 id: cord-023853-y5g4ceq9 author: Affolder, Rebecca title: Global Immunization Challenge: Progress and Opportunities date: 2009-05-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: After reading this chapter and answering the discussion questions that follow, you should be able to: Outline important milestones in the emergence of vaccines as a means of disease control and prevention. Discuss factors that underpin the disparity in access to vaccines between rich and poor countries. Identify and appraise innovative options for financing vaccine development, and for ensuring wider access to new and underused vaccines in developing countries. Evaluate strategies for ensuring sustainability in vaccine development, management, and access. Outline priorities for future research, policy, and practice with regard to vaccine development, procurement, and access. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176199/ doi: 10.1007/b106524_23 id: cord-297203-f3f31h4r author: Afrough, B. title: Emerging viruses and current strategies for vaccine intervention date: 2019-04-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: During the past decade several notable viruses have suddenly emerged from obscurity or anonymity to become serious global health threats, provoking concern regarding their sustained epidemic transmission in immunologically naive human populations. With each new threat comes the call for rapid vaccine development. Indeed, vaccines are considered a critical component of disease prevention for emerging viral infections because, in many cases, other medical options are limited or non‐existent, or that infections result in such a rapid clinical deterioration that the effectiveness of therapeutics is limited. While classic approaches to vaccine development are still amenable to emerging viruses, the application of molecular techniques in virology has profoundly influenced our understanding of virus biology, and vaccination methods based on replicating, attenuated and non‐replicating virus vector approaches have become useful vaccine platforms. Together with a growing understanding of viral disease emergence, a range of vaccine strategies and international commitment to underpin development, vaccine intervention for new and emerging viruses may become a possibility. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30993690/ doi: 10.1111/cei.13295 id: cord-258624-041cf99j author: Ahmad, Sajjad title: Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics date: 2020-05-23 words: 8187.0 sentences: 434.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258624-041cf99j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258624-041cf99j.txt summary: title: Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics We identified non-structural protein 8 (Nsp8), 3C-like proteinase, and spike glycoprotein as potential targets for immune responses to COVID-19. In order to estimate the MMPBSA binding free energies for the receptors and multi-epitope peptide vaccine construct, the MMPBSA.py module [56] of AMBER16 was castoff. The B-cell epitopes predicted for the vaccine candidates were in the following order: nine for Nsp8 and 3C-like proteinase, five for Nsp9, eight for Nsp10, 34 for spike glycoprotein and surface glycoprotein, and four for ORF1ab polyprotein| partial. Molecular interactions and binding conformation of the designed MEPVC with TLR3 and TLR4 innate immune receptors were deciphered via a protein-peptide docking approach. The dynamic simulations of the human immune system in response to the designed vaccine construct were deciphered through C-immsim server [40] . abstract: The emergence and rapid expansion of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) require the development of effective countermeasures especially a vaccine to provide active acquired immunity against the virus. This study presented a comprehensive vaccinomics approach applied to the complete protein data published so far in the National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI) coronavirus data hub. We identified non-structural protein 8 (Nsp8), 3C-like proteinase, and spike glycoprotein as potential targets for immune responses to COVID-19. Epitopes prediction illustrated both B-cell and T-cell epitopes associated with the mentioned proteins. The shared B and T-cell epitopes: DRDAAMQRK and QARSEDKRA of Nsp8, EDMLNPNYEDL and EFTPFDVVR of 3C-like proteinase, and VNNSYECDIPI of the spike glycoprotein are regions of high potential interest and have a high likelihood of being recognized by the human immune system. The vaccine construct of the epitopes shows stimulation of robust primary immune responses and high level of interferon gamma. Also, the construct has the best conformation with respect to the tested innate immune receptors involving vigorous molecular mechanics and solvation energy. Designing of vaccination strategies that target immune response focusing on these conserved epitopes could generate immunity that not only provide cross protection across Betacoronaviruses but additionally resistant to virus evolution. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105387 doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105387 id: cord-355541-5sctqkwr author: Alcamí, José title: Current situation in the development of a preventive HIV vaccine date: 2005-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The uncontrolled progression of the aids epidemic has made the development of an efficacious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine a major objective of scientific research. No effective preventive vaccine against HIV is currently available and sterilizing immunity has not yet been achieved in animal models. This review analyses the major challenges in developing an aids vaccine, in particular the mechanisms involved in viral escape from the immune response, and summarizes the results obtained with the different prototypes of therapeutic and preventive vaccines. Finally, social, economic and healthcare aspects of research into HIV vaccines and current controversies regarding the development of clinical trials are discussed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0213005X05751570 doi: 10.1016/s0213-005x(05)75157-0 id: cord-335948-qkfxfmxb author: Ampofo, William K. title: Improving influenza vaccine virus selectionReport of a WHO informal consultation held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 14–16 June 2010 date: 2011-08-08 words: 10006.0 sentences: 401.0 pages: flesch: 24.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.txt summary: • The selection process is highly coordinated and involves continual year‐round integration of virological data and epidemiological information by National Influenza Centres (NICs), thorough antigenic and genetic characterization of viruses by WHO Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) as part of selecting suitable candidate vaccine viruses, and the preparation of suitable reassortants and corresponding reagents for vaccine standardization by WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). • The selection process is highly coordinated and involves continual year-round integration of virological data and epidemiological information by National Influenza Centres (NICs), thorough antigenic and genetic characterization of viruses by WHO Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) as part of selecting suitable candidate vaccine viruses, and the preparation of suitable reassortants and corresponding reagents for vaccine standardization by WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). The continuing threat posed by avian H5N1, the aftermath of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the increased knowledge of influenza, and the development and availability of new technologies provide a timely opportunity to review the complex processes and issues involved in influenza vaccine virus selection and to identify potential areas for improvement. abstract: • For almost 60 years, the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) has been the key player in monitoring the evolution and spread of influenza viruses and recommending the strains to be used in human influenza vaccines. The GISRS has also worked to continually monitor and assess the risk posed by potential pandemic viruses and to guide appropriate public health responses. • The expanded and enhanced role of the GISRS following the adoption of the International Health Regulations (2005), recognition of the continuing threat posed by avian H5N1 and the aftermath of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic provide an opportune time to critically review the process by which influenza vaccine viruses are selected. In addition to identifying potential areas for improvement, such a review will also help to promote greater appreciation by the wider influenza and policy‐making community of the complexity of influenza vaccine virus selection. • The selection process is highly coordinated and involves continual year‐round integration of virological data and epidemiological information by National Influenza Centres (NICs), thorough antigenic and genetic characterization of viruses by WHO Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) as part of selecting suitable candidate vaccine viruses, and the preparation of suitable reassortants and corresponding reagents for vaccine standardization by WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). • Ensuring the optimal effectiveness of vaccines has been assisted in recent years by advances in molecular diagnosis and the availability of more extensive genetic sequence data. However, there remain a number of challenging constraints including variations in the assays used, the possibility of complications resulting from non‐antigenic changes, the limited availability of suitable vaccine viruses and the requirement for recommendations to be made up to a year in advance of the peak of influenza season because of production constraints. • Effective collaboration and coordination between human and animal influenza networks is increasingly recognized as an essential requirement for the improved integration of data on animal and human viruses, the identification of unusual influenza A viruses infecting human, the evaluation of pandemic risk and the selection of candidate viruses for pandemic vaccines. • Training workshops, assessments and donations have led to significant increases in trained laboratory personnel and equipment with resulting expansion in both geographical surveillance coverage and in the capacities of NICs and other laboratories. This has resulted in a significant increase in the volume of information reported to WHO on the spread, intensity and impact of influenza. In addition, initiatives such as the WHO Shipment Fund Project have facilitated the timely sharing of clinical specimens and virus isolates and contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the global distribution and temporal circulation of different viruses. It will be important to sustain and build upon the gains made in these and other areas. • Although the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is likely to remain the assay of choice for the antigenic characterization of viruses in the foreseeable future, alternative assays – for example based upon advanced recombinant DNA and protein technologies – may be more adaptable to automation. Other technologies such as microtitre neuraminidase inhibition assays may also have significant implications for both vaccine virus selection and vaccine development. • Microneutralization assays provide an important adjunct to the HAI assay in virus antigenic characterization. Improvements in the use and potential automation of such assays should facilitate large‐scale serological studies, while other advanced techniques such as epitope mapping should allow for a more accurate assessment of the quality of a protective immune response and aid the development of additional criteria for measuring immunity. • Standardized seroepidemiological surveys to assess the impact of influenza in a population could help to establish well‐characterized banks of age‐stratified representative sera as a national, regional and global resource, while providing direct evidence of the specific benefits of vaccination. • Advances in high‐throughput genetic sequencing coupled with advanced bioinformatics tools, together with more X‐ray crystallographic data, should accelerate understanding of the genetic and phenotypic changes that underlie virus evolution and more specifically help to predict the influence of amino acid changes on virus antigenicity. • Complex mathematical modelling techniques are increasingly being used to gain insights into the evolution and epidemiology of influenza viruses. However, their value in predicting the timing and nature of future antigenic and genetic changes is likely to be limited at present. The application of simpler non‐mechanistic statistical algorithms, such as those already used as the basis of antigenic cartography, and phylogenetic modelling are more likely to be useful in facilitating vaccine virus selection and in aiding assessment of the pandemic potential of avian and other animal influenza viruses. • The adoption of alternative vaccine technologies – such as live‐attenuated, quadrivalent or non‐HA‐based vaccines – has significant implications for vaccine virus selection, as well as for vaccine regulatory and manufacturing processes. Recent collaboration between the GISRS and vaccine manufacturers has resulted in the increased availability of egg isolates and high‐growth reassortants for vaccine production, the development of qualified cell cultures and the investigation of alternative methods of vaccine potency testing. WHO will continue to support these and other efforts to increase the reliability and timeliness of the global influenza vaccine supply. • The WHO GISRS and its partners are continually working to identify improvements, harness new technologies and strengthen and sustain collaboration. WHO will continue in its central role of coordinating worldwide expertise to meet the increasing public health need for influenza vaccines and will support efforts to improve the vaccine virus selection process, including through the convening of periodic international consultations. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00277.x doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00277.x id: cord-344006-0iq9s94n author: Atzrodt, Cassandra L. title: A Guide to COVID‐19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 date: 2020-05-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 strain of the human coronavirus has thrown the world into the midst of a new pandemic. In the human body, the virus causes COVID‐19, a disease characterized by shortness of breath, fever, and pneumonia, which can be fatal in vulnerable individuals. SARS‐CoV‐2 has characteristics of past human coronaviruses, with close genomic similarities to SARS‐CoV, the virus that causes the disease SARS. Like these related coronaviruses, SARS‐CoV‐2 is transmitted through the inhalation of droplets and interaction with contaminated surfaces. Across the world, laboratories are developing candidate vaccines for the virus – with vaccine trials underway in the US and the United Kingdom ‐ and considering various drugs for possible treatments and prophylaxis. Here, we provide an overview of SARS‐CoV‐2 by analyzing its virology, epidemiology, and modes of transmission while examining the current progress of testing procedures and possible treatments through drugs and vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32446285/ doi: 10.1111/febs.15375 id: cord-163946-a4vtc7rp author: Awasthi, Raghav title: VacSIM: Learning Effective Strategies for COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution using Reinforcement Learning date: 2020-09-14 words: 4475.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt summary: We approach this problem by proposing a novel pipeline VacSIM that dovetails Actor-Critic using Kronecker-Factored Trust Region (ACKTR) model into a Contextual Bandits approach for optimizing the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. We evaluate this framework against a naive allocation approach of distributing vaccine proportional to the incidence of COVID-19 cases in five different States across India and demonstrate up to 100,000 additional lives potentially saved and a five-fold increase in the efficacy of limiting the spread over a period of 30 days through the VacSIM approach. In this paper, we introduce VacSIM, a novel feed-forward reinforcement learning approach for learning effective policy combined with near real-time optimization of vaccine distribution and demonstrate its potential benefit if applied to five States across India. Contextual Bandits play an action based on its current context, given a corresponding reward, hence are more relevant to real-world environments such as the vaccine distribution problem attacked in this work. abstract: A COVID-19 vaccine is our best bet for mitigating the ongoing onslaught of the pandemic. However, vaccine is also expected to be a limited resource. An optimal allocation strategy, especially in countries with access inequities and a temporal separation of hot-spots might be an effective way of halting the disease spread. We approach this problem by proposing a novel pipeline VacSIM that dovetails Actor-Critic using Kronecker-Factored Trust Region (ACKTR) model into a Contextual Bandits approach for optimizing the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. Whereas the ACKTR model suggests better actions and rewards, Contextual Bandits allow online modifications that may need to be implemented on a day-to-day basis in the real world scenario. We evaluate this framework against a naive allocation approach of distributing vaccine proportional to the incidence of COVID-19 cases in five different States across India and demonstrate up to 100,000 additional lives potentially saved and a five-fold increase in the efficacy of limiting the spread over a period of 30 days through the VacSIM approach. We also propose novel evaluation strategies including a standard compartmental model based projections and a causality preserving evaluation of our model. Finally, we contribute a new Open-AI environment meant for the vaccine distribution scenario, and open-source VacSIM for wide testing and applications across the globe. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.06602v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 words: 17476.0 sentences: 1073.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt summary: Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id: cord-271528-ob4l0bcf author: Bar-Zeev, Naor title: COVID-19 vaccines: early success and remaining challenges date: 2020-09-04 words: 1498.0 sentences: 87.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt summary: In The Lancet, Denis Y Logunov and colleagues from the N F Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia present findings from two phase 1/2, non-randomised, open-label studies of a heterologous, replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccine in both frozen and lyophilised formulations. In Logunov and colleagues'' studies, however, the threshold for neutralisation was set high in two regards: the inoculating viral dose was large, and no arising cellular damage was allowable. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open-label, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620318675 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31867-5 id: cord-314009-7t1bzc7f author: Barclay, T. title: Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies date: 2016-10-07 words: 7652.0 sentences: 403.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314009-7t1bzc7f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314009-7t1bzc7f.txt summary: The modern definition of an adjuvant includes not only classical immune stimulators but also any aspects of particle size, shape, and surface chemistry that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. 71 A self-assembling nanofibrous hydrogel induced an antibody response when tested as a vaccine delivery platform, either alone or formulated with CpG adjuvant (TLR9 agonist) as a delivery system for recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 73, 74 For example, 165 nm-diameter liposomes assembled from cationic lipid, cationic polymer, and plasmid DNA were shown to target antigen to draining lymph nodes, resulting in enhanced DC activation and immunity. These particles were specifically designed to electrostatically interact with commercial hemagglutinin antigens to generate an influenza vaccine with enhanced immune responses compared with the hemagglutinin alone. Advax, a polysaccharide adjuvant derived from delta inulin, provides improved influenza vaccine protection through broad-based enhancement of adaptive immune responses abstract: The increasing sophistication of vaccine adjuvant design has been driven by improved understanding of the importance of nanoscale features of adjuvants to their immunological function. Newly available advanced nanomanufacturing techniques now allow very precise control of adjuvant particle size, shape, texture, and surface chemistry. Novel adjuvant concepts include self-assembling particles and targeted immune delivery. These individual concepts can be combined to create a single integrated vaccine nanoparticle-combining antigen, adjuvants, and DC-targeting elements. In the process, the concept of an adjuvant has broadened to include not only immune-stimulatory substances but also any design features that enhance the immune response against the relevant vaccine antigen. The modern definition of an adjuvant includes not only classical immune stimulators but also any aspects of particle size, shape, and surface chemistry that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. It even includes purely physical processes such as texturing of particle surfaces to maximize immunogenicity. Looking forward, adjuvants will increasingly be seen not as separate add-on items but as wholly integrated elements of a complete vaccine delivery package. Hence, vaccine systems will increasingly approach the complexity and sophistication of pathogens themselves, incorporating highly specific particle properties, contents, and behaviors, all designed to maximize immune system recognition and drive the immune response in the specific direction that affords maximal protection. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323399814000075 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00007-5 id: cord-340994-m7vazpq9 author: Barello, Serena title: ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among university students in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-06 words: 1708.0 sentences: 78.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340994-m7vazpq9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340994-m7vazpq9.txt summary: Understanding the student''s perspective about the future COVID-19 vaccine and supporting their health engagement and consciousness may be useful in planning adequate response and multidisciplinary educational strategies—including the psychological perspective on vaccine hesitancy underlying factors in the post-pandemic period. Although preliminary, this finding suggests that vaccination attitude is not only influenced by the students'' level of health knowledge, but probably by other motivational and psychological factors, including the sense of individual responsibility for population health and the common sense about the value of civic life and social solidarity, as demonstrated by other studies on the COVID-19 pandemic and previous emergencies [1, 9] . We think that the strategy to achieve efficient synergy between healthcare professionals and the general public is to better improve medical education of students during university and beyond introducing dedicated multidisciplinary curriculum about vaccinations and preventive behaviours for all university students and in particular to those attending healthcare curricula, an issue that requires increased attention to mitigate and control the COVID-19 pandemic. abstract: The debate around vaccines has been in the spotlight over the last few years in Europe, both within the scientific community and the general public debate. In this regard, the case of the Italian vaccination debate is particularly worrying given that Italy has been one of the European countries with the highest number of measles cases in the recent past. According to this scenario, we conducted a cross-sectional study on a convenience sample of Italian university students aimed at: (1) exploring their attitudes towards a future vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and; (2) evaluating the impact of the university curricula (healthcare vs. non-healthcare curricula) on the intention to vaccinate. Descriptive analysis on the 735 students that answered to the question on the intention to vaccinate showed that 633 (86.1%) students reported that they would choose to have a vaccination for the COVID-19 coronavirus; on the other side, 102 (13.9%) students reported that they would not or be not sure to vaccine (low intention to vaccinate). This means that in our sample more than one student out of 10 shows low intention to vaccinate (vaccine hesitancy). Furthermore, when running analysis comparing healthcare students versus non-healthcare students we found no significant differences in responses’ percentage distribution (p = .097). Understanding the student’s perspective about the future COVID-19 vaccine and supporting their health engagement and consciousness may be useful in planning adequate response and multidisciplinary educational strategies—including the psychological perspective on vaccine hesitancy underlying factors - in the post-pandemic period. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32761440/ doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00670-z id: cord-018265-twp33bb6 author: Becker, Pablo D. title: Community-acquired pneumonia: paving the way towards new vaccination concepts date: 2007 words: 14121.0 sentences: 697.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018265-twp33bb6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018265-twp33bb6.txt summary: A live vaccine based on a master virus strain developed at the Institute of Applied Microbiology (Austria) by growing wild influenza virus in Vero cells at 25°C was also demonstrated to be safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic after intranasal immunization in young adults [18]. Candidate vaccines should be able to replicate and induce a protective immune response in young infants, even in the presence of maternally acquired antibodies. This demonstrates that antibodies play a major role in protection against this disease, whereas T-cell immunity targeted to internal viral proteins appears to contribute to clearance. The second generation of PS-based conjugate vaccines stimulates stronger antibody responses, even in infants, young children and immune deficient individuals, as well as immunological memory. The resulting proteins are then used to perform immunological and/or functional studies to select the most promising candidates (e.g., able to induce the production of microbicidal or neutralizing antibodies, capacity to confer protective immunity). abstract: Despite the availability of antimicrobial agents and vaccines, community-acquired pneumonia remains a serious problem. Severe forms tend to occur in very young children and among the elderly, since their immune competence is eroded by immaturity and immune senescence, respectively. The main etiologic agents differ according to patient age and geographic area. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) are the most important pathogens in children, whereas influenza viruses are the leading cause of fatal pneumonia in the elderly. Effective vaccines are available against some of these organisms. However, there are still many agents against which vaccines are not available or the existent ones are suboptimal. To tackle this problem, empiric approaches are now being systematically replaced by rational vaccine design. This is facilitated by the growing knowledge in the fields of immunology, microbial pathogenesis and host response to infection, as well as by the availability of sophisticated strategies for antigen selection, potent immune modulators and efficient antigen delivery systems. Thus, a new generation of vaccines with improved safety and efficacy profiles compared to old and new agents is emerging. In this chapter, an overview is provided about currently available and new vaccination concepts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123104/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-7563-8_10 id: cord-022349-z8w1wkm8 author: Beeler, Judy A. title: Human and Animal Viruses date: 2007-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter provides an overview of the human and animal viruses. Viruses held to a low number of passages in animals or cell cultures represent a viral population that is similar to that found in nature, and freezing these pools guards against genetic mutations that occur during subsequent passage. Aliquots of viral stocks frozen at a designated passage level can then be used for multiple and repeatable experiments with the same viral population. Furthermore, it is important that consistency should be maintained during the production of viral vaccines; new lots of final product are prepared with frozen viral seed stocks that consistently reproduce the desired immunogenic and attenuation characteristics. To better appreciate the requirements for freezing and freeze drying of human and animal viruses, some consideration is given to understanding the structural and functional organization of this diverse group of microorganisms. The classification of viruses is based on morphological and physiochemical properties. Thus, viruses are divided into those with DNA or RNA genomes and subdivided into families based on size and structural properties. Several methods for preservation of viruses are included in the chapter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155599/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012361946-4/50010-7 id: cord-345191-nabxpyw3 author: Bell, Sadie title: Parents’ and guardians’ views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: a multi-methods study in England date: 2020-10-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background The availability of a COVID-19 vaccine has been heralded as key to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 vaccination programme success will rely on public willingness to be vaccinated. Methods We used a multi-methods approach - involving an online cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews - to investigate parents’ and guardians’ views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine. 1252 parents and guardians (aged 16+ years) who reported living in England with a child aged 18 months or under completed the survey. Nineteen survey participants were interviewed. Findings Most survey participants reported they would likely accept a COVID-19 vaccine for themselves (Definitely 55.8%; Unsure but leaning towards yes 34.3%) and their child/children (Definitely 48.2%; Unsure but leaning towards yes 40.9%). Less than 4% of survey participants reported that they would definitely not accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Survey participants were more likely to accept a COVID-19 vaccine for themselves than their child/children. Participants that self-reported as Black, Asian, Chinese, Mixed or Other ethnicity were almost 3 times more likely to reject a COVID-19 vaccine for themselves and their children than White British, White Irish and White Other participants. Survey participants from lower-income households were also more likely to reject a COVID-19 vaccine. In open-text survey responses and interviews, self-protection from COVID-19 was reported as the main reason for vaccine acceptance. Common concerns identified in open-text responses and interviews were around COVID-19 vaccine safety and effectiveness, mostly prompted by the newness and rapid development of the vaccine. Conclusion Information on how COVID-19 vaccines are developed and tested, including their safety and efficacy, must be communicated clearly to the public. To prevent inequalities in uptake, it is crucial to understand and address factors that may affect COVID-19 vaccine acceptability in ethnic minority and lower-income groups who are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33109389/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.027 id: cord-296839-b6bm8do1 author: Bernasconi, Valentina title: Developing vaccines against epidemic-prone emerging infectious diseases date: 2019-11-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Today’s world is characterized by increasing population density, human mobility, urbanization, and climate and ecological change. This global dynamic has various effects, including the increased appearance of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), which pose a growing threat to global health security. Outbreaks of EIDs, like the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa or the current Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), have not only put populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) at risk in terms of morbidity and mortality, but they also have had a significant impact on economic growth in affected regions and beyond. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI) is an innovative global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organizations that was launched as the result of a consensus that a coordinated, international, and intergovernmental plan was needed to develop and deploy new vaccines to prevent future epidemics. CEPI is focusing on supporting candidate vaccines against the World Health Organization (WHO) Blueprint priority pathogens MERS-CoV, Nipah virus, Lassa fever virus, and Rift Valley fever virus, as well as Chikungunya virus, which is on the WHO watch list. The current vaccine portfolio contains a wide variety of technologies, ranging across recombinant viral vectors, nucleic acids, and recombinant proteins. To support and accelerate vaccine development, CEPI will also support science projects related to the development of biological standards and assays, animal models, epidemiological studies, and diagnostics, as well as build capacities for future clinical trials in risk-prone contexts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31776599/ doi: 10.1007/s00103-019-03061-2 id: cord-287067-rrsgl377 author: Beutels, Philippe title: Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date: 2008-11-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Summary Vaccines have features that require special consideration when assessing their cost-effectiveness. These features are related to herd immunity, quality-of-life losses in young children, parental care and work loss, time preference, uncertainty, eradication, macroeconomics, and tiered pricing. Advisory committees on public funding for vaccines, or for pharmaceuticals in general, should be knowledgable about these special features. We discuss key issues and difficulties in decision making for vaccines against rotavirus, human papillomavirus, varicella-zoster virus, influenza virus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We argue that guidelines for economic evaluation should be reconsidered generally to recommend (1) modelling options for the assessment of interventions against infectious diseases; (2) a wider perspective to account for impacts on third parties, if relevant; (3) a wider scope of costs than health-care system costs alone, if appropriate; and (4) alternative discounting techniques to explore social time preference over long periods. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309908702585 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70258-5 id: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt author: Beutels, Philippe P.A. title: Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date: 2005 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123384/ doi: 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_1 id: cord-318272-spt0oea0 author: Bhardwaj, Prateek title: Advancements in prophylactic and therapeutic nanovaccines date: 2020-04-05 words: 14561.0 sentences: 732.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318272-spt0oea0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318272-spt0oea0.txt summary: ''Nanovaccines'' have been explored to elicit a strong immune response with the advantages of nano-sized range, high antigen loading, enhanced immunogenicity, controlled antigen presentation, more retention in lymph nodes and promote patient compliance by a lower frequency of dosing. The role of different nanovaccines in activating various arms of immunity with an intent to abate the use of frequent booster doses as vaccines for tuberculosis, malaria, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), influenza, and cancer are discussed. Polyanhydride-based nanoparticles encapsulating F1-V antigen when administered intranasally induced an immune response that persisted for 23 weeks and elicited a high anti-F1-V IgG1 antibody response post-vaccination and conferred long-lived protective immunity against Yersinia pestis infections compared to recombinant F1-V antigen [47] . Another interesting strategy for developing personalized biomimetic cancer nanovaccines is the use of cancer cell membrane coated virus for increased adjuvanticity, infectivity and oncolytic activities to generate a strong anti-tumor immune response. abstract: Vaccines activate suitable immune responses to fight against diseases but can possess limitations such as compromised efficacy and immunogenic responses, poor stability, and requirement of adherence to multiple doses. ‘Nanovaccines’ have been explored to elicit a strong immune response with the advantages of nano-sized range, high antigen loading, enhanced immunogenicity, controlled antigen presentation, more retention in lymph nodes and promote patient compliance by a lower frequency of dosing. Various types of nanoparticles with diverse pathogenic or foreign antigens can help to overcome immunotolerance and alleviate the need of booster doses as required with conventional vaccines. Nanovaccines have the potential to induce both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and can render long-lasting immunogenic memory. With such properties, nanovaccines have shown high potential for the prevention of infectious diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, and cancer. Their therapeutic potential has also been explored in the treatment of cancer. The various kinds of nanomaterials used for vaccine development and their effects on immune system activation have been discussed with special relevance to their implications in various pathological conditions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Interaction of nanoparticles with the immune system has opened multiple avenues to combat a variety of infectious and non-infectious pathological conditions. Limitations of conventional vaccines have paved the path for nanomedicine associated benefits with a hope of producing effective nanovaccines. This review highlights the role of different types of nanovaccines and the role of nanoparticles in modulating the immune response of vaccines. The applications of nanovaccines in infectious and non-infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS, influenza, and cancers have been discussed. It will help the readers develop an understanding of mechanisms of immune activation by nanovaccines and design appropriate strategies for novel nanovaccines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706120301616 doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.020 id: cord-264571-rtac6hh2 author: Bhatia, Saurabh title: Chapter 9 Edible Vaccines date: 2015-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Vaccines are considered primary tools for health intervention in both humans and animals. Vaccines can be used more widely, especially in developing countries, if their cost of production can be reduced and they can be preserved without refrigeration. In developing countries certain limitations, like vaccine affordability, the need for “cold chains” from the producer to the site of use of the vaccine, and the dependence on injection, are barriers to health care services. Plant-derived vaccines do not face such limitations. Research under way is dedicated to solving these limitations by finding ways to produce oral (edible) vaccines from transgenic plants. Plant-derived vaccines offer increased safety, envisage low-cost programs for mass vaccination, and propose a wider use of vaccination for veterinary use. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128022214000091 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802221-4.00009-1 id: cord-266202-3qku90ml author: Billington, John title: Developing Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and Future Epidemics and Pandemics: Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks date: 2020-06-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is a stark reminder of the heavy toll that emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) with epidemic and pandemic potential can inflict. Vaccine development, scale-up, and commercialization is a long, expensive, and risky enterprise that requires substantial upfront planning and offers no guarantee of success. EIDs are a particularly challenging target for global health preparedness, including for vaccine development. Insufficient attention has been given to challenges, lessons learned, and potential solutions to support and sustain vaccine industry engagement in vaccine development for EIDs. Drawing from lessons from the most recent Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the 2009 H1N1 influenza, 2014-2016 Ebola, and 2015-16 Zika outbreaks preceding it, we offer our perspective on challenges facing EID vaccine development and recommend additional solutions to prioritize in the near term. The 6 recommendations focus on reducing vaccine development timelines and increasing business certainty to reduce risks for companies. The global health security community has an opportunity to build on the current momentum to design a sustainable model for EID vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0043 doi: 10.1089/hs.2020.0043 id: cord-269448-1jikrn37 author: Borja-Cabrera, G.P. title: Immunogenicity assay of the Leishmune(®) vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil date: 2008-09-15 words: 4941.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269448-1jikrn37.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269448-1jikrn37.txt summary: The strong immunogenicity induced by Leishmune(®) vaccine was demonstrated by the 98% of FML-seroconversion, increase in absorbencies, the 82.7% DTH positive reactions and increase in skin test size diameters, the average increase in CD8+ total lymphocytes population in blood (27.1%), expected for QS21 saponin-containing vaccine, the sustained proportions of CD4+ T cells, and the average increased proportions of CD21+ B lymphocytes (42.3%). Six hundred healthy dogs from the canine visceral leishmaniasis endemic towns of Araç atuba, Andradina, Valparaíso, Guararapes, Bauru (São Paulo state) and Belo Horizonte, Nova Lima, Sete Lagoas (Minas Gerais state), Brazil, showing previous negative results in Leishmania-serology by the immunofluorescent assay [33] were selected for vaccination with three doses of Leishmune ® (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Campinas, SP, Brazil), in a 21-day interval, through the subcutaneous (sc) route [32] and a booster in month 12. abstract: Leishmune(®) is the industrialized version of the FML-saponin vaccine which has been shown to develop 92–95% protection in vaccinated dogs and 76–80% vaccine efficacy against field canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Brazil. Leishmune(®) has been proven to be safe and tolerable and a transmission-blocking vaccine which renders vaccinated dogs non-infectious to sand fly vectors. In the present investigation, 550 healthy seronegative dogs of endemic and epidemic areas of Brazil were monitored for Leishmune(®)-induced immunogenicity during a 2-year trial. Another group of 588 untreated exposed dogs was also studied in parallel. Both groups were seronegative on day 0. The strong immunogenicity induced by Leishmune(®) vaccine was demonstrated by the 98% of FML-seroconversion, increase in absorbencies, the 82.7% DTH positive reactions and increase in skin test size diameters, the average increase in CD8+ total lymphocytes population in blood (27.1%), expected for QS21 saponin-containing vaccine, the sustained proportions of CD4+ T cells, and the average increased proportions of CD21+ B lymphocytes (42.3%). The Leishmune(®)-induced protection against CVL is demonstrated by the results: 98.8% asymptomatic dogs (at the end of first year) and 99% healthy survivors (at the end of the second year) among vaccinated dogs, compared to the 79.4% asymptomatic and 61% survivor dogs (p < 0.001) monitored in the untreated exposed cohort. In spite of the low vaccine coverage, it was possible to detect a 66.1% (p < 0.005) reduction in Belo Horizonte and an 80.2% (p < 0.005) reduction in Araçatuba of the incidence of CVL among vaccinated dogs, when compared to the global incidence of CVL of each town, respectively. Our preliminary results support the potential use of Leishmune(®) to prevent CVL epidemics. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08009730 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.029 id: cord-344062-8xxu0orq author: Bozkurt, Hayrunnisa Bekis title: Is the impact of childhood vaccines on coronavirus disease 2019, which is moderate in pediatric patients, possible? date: 2020-07-31 words: 151.0 sentences: 20.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344062-8xxu0orq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344062-8xxu0orq.txt summary: key: cord-344062-8xxu0orq authors: Bozkurt, Hayrunnisa Bekis title: Is the impact of childhood vaccines on coronavirus disease 2019, which is moderate in pediatric patients, possible? date: 2020-07-31 journal: Clin Exp Vaccine Res DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.183 sha: doc_id: 344062 cord_uid: 8xxu0orq nan with COVID-19 are vaccinated and live in an area with high vaccine hesitation. Finally, we think that childhood vaccines can be effective in observing COVID-19 infection as a mild disease for pediatric population. However, we need more knowledge about the pandemic considering that pediatric cases may be helpful in shedding light on the treatment of the disease. Hayrunnisa Bekis Bozkurt https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8642-4872 Clinical features in pediatric COV-ID-19 Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? Measles, immune suppression and vaccination: direct and indirect nonspecific vaccine benefits Protection from SARS coronavirus conferred by live measles vaccine expressing the spike glycoprotein Nonspecific effects of vaccines and the reduction of mortality in children abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.183 doi: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.183 id: cord-324219-z1nigtb5 author: Bradbury, Jane title: Custom-made vaccines at speed date: 2003-06-15 words: 977.0 sentences: 54.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324219-z1nigtb5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324219-z1nigtb5.txt summary: A concept called reverse genetics has recently enabled researchers at the St Jude Children''s Research Hospital (http://www.stjude.org) to construct an experimental vaccine against H5N1, a potential pandemic influenza strain, in less than a month. This flu vaccine will be the first produced by reverse genetics to go into clinical trial, and the speed with which it was produced, comments Rino Rappuoli, Vice President of Vaccine Research at Chiron Corporation (http://www.chiron.com) ''could be critical if H5N1 turns out to be the next, long-overdue pandemic strain to emerge from the Far East''. For example, says Kawaoka, ''many companies are planning to use reverse genetics to produce attenuated flu strains to be used as live vaccines that should give more protection than current inactivated vaccines''. Several laboratories are engineering coronavirus genomes as vectors for vaccine development and gene therapy, says Enjuanes, so it should be possible to make vaccines for SARS by adapting the available infectious cDNA clones. abstract: The concept of reverse genetics has enabled researchers to construct an experimental vaccine against a potential pandemic influenza strain in less than a month. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1359644603027417 doi: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02741-7 id: cord-294366-swwz4kzd author: Bramwell, Vincent W. title: The rational design of vaccines date: 2005-11-15 words: 4880.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294366-swwz4kzd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294366-swwz4kzd.txt summary: By definition of perceived need, we are most acutely aware of the requirement of effective vaccines against infectious agents, pathogens ancient, re-emergent and new, yet the opportunities for manipulation of immune responses offer potential in the prevention and treatment of a far larger diversity of diseases. For example, the level of protection required in a population (herd immunity) will be different and this could allow theoretical flexibility in vaccine efficacy.The application of molecular biology techniques can be crucial in the identification of new candidate antigens and subsequent determination of vaccine efficacy using adjuvants can feed knowledge back to correlates of protection in terms of immunological markers.This knowledge can then be used in choice of appropriate adjuvants and formulation.The key implication projected by this schematic is that for the greatest challenges in vaccine development the cyclical generation of knowledge provides a strong role for rational design. abstract: This review provides an insight into the various opportunities for vaccine intervention, analysis of strategies for vaccine development, vaccine ability to modulate immune responses and resultant rational vaccine design. In addition, wider aspects are considered, such as biotechnological advances, advances in immunological understanding and host–pathogen interactions. The key question addressed here is, with all our research and understanding, have we reached a new echelon in vaccine development, that of rational design? url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257375/ doi: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03600-7 id: cord-001260-6krujv2m author: Bremer, Paul T. title: Injection Route and TLR9 Agonist Addition Significantly Impact Heroin Vaccine Efficacy date: 2014-02-11 words: 3612.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001260-6krujv2m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001260-6krujv2m.txt summary: To thoroughly assess vaccine efficacy, full dose–response curves were generated for heroin-induced analgesia in both hot plate and tail immersion tests. In the research we disclose herein, both injection route and TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 1826 significantly affected antibody titer levels and opiate affinity, translating to marked differences in mitigation of heroin-induced analgesia. Mice were immunized with our first generation heroin vaccine (heroin− KLH conjugate formulated with alum adjuvant), and antibody titers were measured by ELISA against heroin−BSA conjugate. The current study highlights the impact of varying the injection route of our first generation heroin vaccine, along with enhancing immunogenicity by addition of the CpG ODN adjuvant. We have shown that the enhanced antidrug titers and opioid affinities from CpG ODN translate directly to reduced pharmacodynamics of the drug; in our case heroin-induced latency to nociception (analgesia) was greatly diminished in hot plate and tail immersion tests. abstract: [Image: see text] Active immunization is an effective means of blocking the pharmacodynamic effects of drugs and holds promise as a treatment for heroin addiction. Previously, we demonstrated the efficacy of our first-generation vaccine in blocking heroin self-administration in rats, however, many vaccine components can be modified to further improve performance. Herein we examine the effects of varying heroin vaccine injection route and adjuvant formulation. Mice immunized via subcutaneous (sc) injection exhibited inferior anti-heroin titers compared to intraperitoneal (ip) and sc/ip coadministration injection routes. Addition of TLR9 agonist cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG ODN 1826) to the original alum adjuvant elicited superior antibody titers and opioid affinities compared to alum alone. To thoroughly assess vaccine efficacy, full dose–response curves were generated for heroin-induced analgesia in both hot plate and tail immersion tests. Mice treated with CpG ODN 1826 exhibited greatly shifted dose–response curves (10–13-fold vs unvaccinated controls) while non-CpG ODN vaccine groups did not exhibit the same robust effect (2–7-fold shift for ip and combo, 2–3-fold shift for sc). Our results suggest that CpG ODN 1826 is a highly potent adjuvant, and injection routes should be considered for development of small molecule–protein conjugate vaccines. Lastly, this study has established a new standard for assessing drugs of abuse vaccines, wherein a full dose–response curve should be performed in an appropriate behavioral task. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993894/ doi: 10.1021/mp400631w id: cord-315339-dcui85lw author: Broadbent, Andrew J. title: Respiratory Virus Vaccines date: 2015-03-13 words: 28246.0 sentences: 1270.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315339-dcui85lw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315339-dcui85lw.txt summary: Although neutralizing antibodies directed against the HA globular head are highly efficient at preventing and clearing influenza virus infection, they can also FIGURE 3 In the memory phase, migratory lung DCs capture viral antigen retained on follicular DCs (FDCs) in tertiary lymphoid organs and present it to specific T cells in the respiratory draining lymph nodes. This explains why passively transferred IgG is effective at preventing severe disease from respiratory infections in experimental animals and why serum IgG antibodies are the main correlate of protection for parentally administered inactivated influenza vaccines in humans (Section Respiratory Virus Vaccines). Nasal administration of influenza vaccine with type I IFN was effective at inducing serum antigen-specific IgG2a and mucosal IgA antibody responses and at providing full protection against influenza virus challenge (Proietti et al., 2002) . abstract: This chapter reviews the main viral pathogens of the respiratory tract, the immune responses they induce, currently available vaccines, and vaccines that are in development to control them. The main viruses responsible for acute respiratory infection in people include respiratory syncytial, influenza, human parainfluenza, human metapneumo-, human rhino-, corona-, and adenoviruses. Licensed vaccines are available only for influenza virus, with vaccines against the other pathogens either in clinical trials or in preclinical stages of development. The majority of studies evaluating respiratory virus vaccines measure serum antibody responses, because, although both cellular and humoral responses contribute to the clearance of a primary infection, neutralizing antibodies are known to protect against secondary infection. Humoral responses can be readily detected after vaccination with inactivated or subunit vaccines; however, fewer individuals seroconvert after vaccination with live vaccines. Alternative immune mechanisms such as mucosal antibody responses are probably responsible for protection by live attenuated vaccines, and immune correlates of protection are under investigation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158474000598 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00059-8 id: cord-003806-ctass7hz author: Bull, James J. title: Recombinant vector vaccine evolution date: 2019-07-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Replicating recombinant vector vaccines consist of a fully competent viral vector backbone engineered to express an antigen from a foreign transgene. From the perspective of viral replication, the transgene is not only dispensable but may even be detrimental. Thus vaccine revertants that delete or inactivate the transgene may evolve to dominate the vaccine virus population both during the process of manufacture of the vaccine as well as during the course of host infection. A particular concern is that this vaccine evolution could reduce its antigenicity—the immunity elicited to the transgene. We use mathematical and computational models to study vaccine evolution and immunity. These models include evolution arising during the process of manufacture, the dynamics of vaccine and revertant growth, plus innate and adaptive immunity elicited during the course of infection. Although the selective basis of vaccine evolution is easy to comprehend, the immunological consequences are not. One complication is that the opportunity for vaccine evolution is limited by the short period of within-host growth before the viral population is cleared. Even less obvious, revertant growth may only weakly interfere with vaccine growth in the host and thus have a limited effect on immunity to vaccine. Overall, we find that within-host vaccine evolution can sometimes compromise vaccine immunity, but only when the extent of evolution during vaccine manufacture is severe, and this evolution can be easily avoided or mitigated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6668849/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857 id: cord-004518-jd1wxobz author: Běláková, Jana title: DNA vaccines: are they still just a powerful tool for the future? date: 2007-12-03 words: 8107.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004518-jd1wxobz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004518-jd1wxobz.txt summary: Immunization with plasmid DNA (DNA-based vaccination) is a relatively novel technique for the efficacious stimulation of a specific cellular and humoral immune response to protein antigens. The application of DNA vaccine to the liver is associated with enormous protein expression followed by a strong antibody-and cell-mediated immune response. One highly efficacious delivery system for DNA vaccines, or, more precisely, genetic vaccines, is based on recombinant viral vectors derived either from attenuated viruses used for preventive vaccination (vaccinia, poliovirus, hepatitis B virus, measles virus) or from viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV), adeno-associated virus (AAV), alphavirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), or poxviruses other than vaccinia [41] . In animal experiments a recombinant measles vector expressing HIV-1 envelope antigen induced neutralizing antibodies and envelope-specific CD4 + and CD8 + cell responses after a single dose [67] . Although some mucosal response is detectable after a systemic DNA vaccination, i.m. injection and gene-gun delivery of plasmid DNA have a limited ability to induce mucosal immune responses [99] . abstract: Vaccination is historically one of the most successful strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases. For safety reasons, modern vaccinology tends toward the usage of inactivated or attenuated microorganisms and uses predominantly subunit vaccines. The antigens need to be clearly defined, pure, stable, appropriately composed, and properly presented to the immune system of the host. Differing ratios of various proportions between specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses are essential for conferring the required protection in the case of individual vaccines. To stimulate both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, the antigens must be processed and presented to both antigen-presentation pathways, MHC I and MHC II. Protein antigens delivered by vaccination are processed as extracellular antigens. However, extracellularly delivered antigen can be directed towards intracellular presentation pathways in conjugation with molecules involved in antigen cross-presentation, e.g. heat shock proteins, or by genomic-DNA vaccination. In this overview, current knowledge of the host immune response to DNA vaccines is summarized in the introduction. The subsequent sections discuss techniques for enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy, such as DNA delivery to specific tissues, delivery of DNA to the cell cytoplasm or nucleus, and enhancement of the immune response using molecular adjuvants. Finally, the prospects of DNA vaccination and ongoing clinical trials with various DNA vaccines are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079751/ doi: 10.1007/s00005-007-0044-4 id: cord-273526-ah0dvnxv author: Cao, Weiping title: Nasal delivery of Protollin-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine induces enhanced systemic as well as mucosal immunity in mice date: 2017-06-05 words: 4390.0 sentences: 222.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273526-ah0dvnxv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273526-ah0dvnxv.txt summary: Protollin-adjuvanted vaccines elicited enhanced serum protective hemagglutination inhibition titers, mucosal IgA responses, and H5N1-specific cell-mediated immunity that resulted in complete protection against a lethal challenge with a homologous virus as well as a heterologous clade 2 virus A/Indonesia/05/2005 (A/IN/05/05). Our findings suggest that nasal delivery of H5N1 vaccine with Protollin adjuvant can overcome the poor immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccines, induce both cellular and humoral immune responses, enhance protection against challenge with clade 1 and clade 2 H5N1 viruses and achieve significant antigen dose-sparing. Nasal delivery of split, inactivated influenza vaccine generally requires a mucosal adjuvant to induce strong protective immune responses [16] . The breadth of antibody response was also broadened by Protollin-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine, as they significantly increased serum HI titers against A/IN/05/05 virus compared to the vaccine alone group and fully protected mice against A/IN/05/05 virus challenge. abstract: Sporadic, yet frequent human infections with avian H5N1 influenza A viruses continue to pose a potential pandemic threat. Poor immunogenicity of unadjuvanted H5N1 vaccines warrants developing novel adjuvants and formulations as well as alternate delivery systems to improve their immunogenicity and efficacy. Here, we show that Protollin, a nasal adjuvant composed of Neisseria meningitides outer membrane proteins non-covalently linked to Shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide, is a potent nasal adjuvant for an inactivated split virion H5N1 clade 1 A/Viet Nam1203/2004 (A/VN/1203/04) vaccine in a mouse model. Protollin-adjuvanted vaccines elicited enhanced serum protective hemagglutination inhibition titers, mucosal IgA responses, and H5N1-specific cell-mediated immunity that resulted in complete protection against a lethal challenge with a homologous virus as well as a heterologous clade 2 virus A/Indonesia/05/2005 (A/IN/05/05). Detailed analysis of adaptive immunity revealed that Protollin increased the frequency of lymphoid- as well as local tissue-resident antibody-secreting cells, local germinal center reaction of B cells, broad-spectrum of CD4 T cell response. Our findings suggest that nasal delivery of H5N1 vaccine with Protollin adjuvant can overcome the poor immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccines, induce both cellular and humoral immune responses, enhance protection against challenge with clade 1 and clade 2 H5N1 viruses and achieve significant antigen dose-sparing. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X1730600X doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.004 id: cord-299315-s43gw24k author: Capps, Benjamin title: One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date: 2015-09-16 words: 10082.0 sentences: 485.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt summary: In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. abstract: The 2013 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, as of writing, is declining in reported human cases and mortalities. The resulting devastation caused highlights how health systems, in particular in West Africa, and in terms of global pandemic planning, are ill prepared to react to zoonotic pathogens. In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Only recently have two phase 2/3 Ebola human vaccine trials been started in West Africa. This paper argues for a conceptual change in pandemic preparedness. We first discuss the ethics of One Health. Next, we focus on the current Ebola outbreak and defines its victims. Third, we present the notion of a ‘shared benefit’ approach, grounded in One Health, and argue for the vaccination of wild apes in order to protect both apes and humans. We believe that a creation of such inter-species immunity is an exemplar of One Health, and that it is worth pursuing as a coextensive public health approach. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214867/ doi: 10.1007/s10806-015-9574-7 id: cord-324829-0nz0qioh author: Carabineiro, Sónia Alexandra Correia title: Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Recent Advances in Vaccines † date: 2017-05-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Nowadays, gold is used in (nano-)medicine, usually in the form of nanoparticles, due to the solid proofs given of its therapeutic effects on several diseases. Gold also plays an important role in the vaccine field as an adjuvant and a carrier, reducing toxicity, enhancing immunogenic activity, and providing stability in storage. An even brighter golden future is expected for gold applications in this area. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28531163/ doi: 10.3390/molecules22050857 id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author: Carter-Pokras, O. title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date: 2020-10-14 words: 8531.0 sentences: 504.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt summary: For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. abstract: One of the ten greatest public health achievements is childhood vaccination because of its impact controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Evidence-based immunization policies and practices are responsible for this success and are supported by epidemiology that has generated scientific evidence for informing policy and practice. The purpose of this report is to highlight the role of epidemiology in the development of immunization policy and successful intervention in public health practice that has resulted in a measurable public health impact: the control and elimination of VPDs in the United States. Examples in which epidemiology informed immunization policy were collected from a literature review and consultation with experts who have been working in this field for the past 30 years. Epidemiologic examples (e.g., thimerosal-containing vaccines and the alleged association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism) are presented to describe challenges that epidemiologists have addressed. Finally, we describe ongoing challenges to the nation’s ability to sustain high vaccination coverage, particularly with concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness, increasing use of religious and philosophical belief exemptions to vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy. Learning from past and current experiences may help epidemiologists anticipate and address current and future challenges to respond to emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, with new vaccines and enhance public health impact of immunization programs for years to come. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 id: cord-287824-zg5akivn author: Chan, Yinghan title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis date: 2020-09-24 words: 1158.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt summary: title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis This article provides an insight into a novel hypothesis that describes how the integration of nanomedicine, with the development of drugs and vaccines can potentially enhance body immune response and the efficacies of anti-viral therapeutics to combat influenza infections. In the recent years, an 66 increasing trend of influenza outbreaks have been observed, prompting medical researchers to 67 design and develop suitable vaccines and novel therapeutic modalities [10] . Targeting 411 neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases Increasing 440 complexity and interactions of oxidative stress in chronic respiratory diseases: An 441 emerging need for novel drug delivery systems Interactions 501 with the macrophages: An emerging targeted approach using novel drug delivery 502 systems in respiratory diseases Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: 537 Another emerging application of nanomedicine abstract: Outbreaks of influenza infections in the past have severely impacted global health and socioeconomic growth. Antivirals and vaccines are remarkable medical innovations that have been successful in reducing the rates of morbidity and mortality from this disease. However, the relentless emergence of drug resistance has led to a worrisome increase in the trend of influenza outbreaks, characterized by worsened clinical outcomes as well as increased economic burden. This has prompted the need for breakthrough innovations that can effectively manage influenza outbreaks. This article provides an insight into a novel hypothesis that describes how the integration of nanomedicine, with the development of drugs and vaccines can potentially enhance body immune response and the efficacies of anti-viral therapeutics to combat influenza infections. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720326529?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110298 id: cord-266259-0f0guyea author: Chandler, Rebecca E. title: Optimizing safety surveillance for COVID-19 vaccines date: 2020-06-17 words: 1412.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266259-0f0guyea.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266259-0f0guyea.txt summary: Infrastructure for safety surveillance Guidance for the clinical evaluation of vaccines is provided by large public health and regulatory authorities such as the WHO 6 . Routine surveillance for safety signals is based upon a statistical pair-wise analysis that detects disproportionality between the number of observed reports and the number of expected reports of a single adverse event for a single vaccine (such as febrile seizure for pneumococcal vaccine), followed by clinical validation and assessment of the case series for that vaccine and that AEFI. By contrast, within many low-income and middleincome countries, vaccines are largely administered by national immunization centres, which are also responsible for collecting data on AEFIs. Support to the national immunization programmes for safety surveillance has been provided by the Global Vaccine Safety Blueprint (GVSB) of the WHO 8 . Real-time global data exchange is essential as the pooling of reports of AEFIs into larger databases will allow for the earlier detection of safety signals. abstract: Evolution of the current infrastructure for surveillance of vaccine safety will be essential to meet our commitments to the public in the deployment of a vaccine (or vaccines) to COVID-19. The incorporation of concepts and tools within the fields of data science and systems immunology can be used to propel vaccine safety monitoring into the twenty-first century. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0372-8 doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0372-8 id: cord-343365-4y9fedcr author: Chang, Christopher title: Unmet Needs in Respiratory Diseases: “You Can’t Know Where You Are Going Until You Know Where You Have Been”—Anonymous date: 2013-11-30 words: 7295.0 sentences: 407.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt summary: The promise of gene therapy as a cure for the disease has fizzled out, and while new antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals promise improved longevity and better quality of life, the average life span of a patient with cystic fibrosis is still at about 35 years. Several significant challenge areas include the diagnosis and treatment of certain specific infectious lung diseases, including viral lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, coronovirus, and enterovirus. The search for a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been ongoing for many years, but like the previous case of gene therapy in cystic fibrosis, this also has been a challenge to achieve. The current global strategies for the development of an RSV vaccine now target four areas: infants <6 months of age; infants >6 months of age and young children; pregnant women for whom passive immunization can be implemented; and the elderly, in whom RSV can also have significant morbidity [52] [53] [54] . abstract: The care of patients with respiratory diseases has improved vastly in the past 50 years. In spite of that, there are still massive challenges that have not been resolved. Although the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased in the developed world, it is still a significant public health problem in the rest of the world. There are still over 2 million deaths annually from tuberculosis, with most of these occurring in the developing world. Even with the development of new pharmaceuticals to treat tuberculosis, there is no indication that the disease will be eradicated. Respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and pertussis are other respiratory infectious diseases with special problems of their own, from vaccine development to vaccine coverage. Asthma, one of the most common chronic diseases in children, still accounts for significant mortality and morbidity, as well as high health care costs worldwide. Even in developed countries such as the USA, there are over 4,000 deaths per year. Severe asthma presents a special problem, but the question is whether there can be one treatment pathway for all patients with severe asthma. Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with many phenotypes and endotypes. The gene for cystic fibrosis was discovered over 24 years ago. The promise of gene therapy as a cure for the disease has fizzled out, and while new antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals promise improved longevity and better quality of life, the average life span of a patient with cystic fibrosis is still at about 35 years. What are the prospects for gene therapy in the twenty-first century? Autoimmune diseases of the lung pose a different set of challenges, including the development of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor the disease and biological modulators to treat the disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24293395/ doi: 10.1007/s12016-013-8399-2 id: cord-297131-3a9vjpvn author: Charlton Hume, Hayley K. title: Synthetic biology for bioengineering virus‐like particle vaccines date: 2018-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccination is the most effective method of disease prevention and control. Many viruses and bacteria that once caused catastrophic pandemics (e.g., smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, and diphtheria) are either eradicated or effectively controlled through routine vaccination programs. Nonetheless, vaccine manufacturing remains incredibly challenging. Viruses exhibiting high antigenic diversity and high mutation rates cannot be fairly contested using traditional vaccine production methods and complexities surrounding the manufacturing processes, which impose significant limitations. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) are recombinantly produced viral structures that exhibit immunoprotective traits of native viruses but are noninfectious. Several VLPs that compositionally match a given natural virus have been developed and licensed as vaccines. Expansively, a plethora of studies now confirms that VLPs can be designed to safely present heterologous antigens from a variety of pathogens unrelated to the chosen carrier VLPs. Owing to this design versatility, VLPs offer technological opportunities to modernize vaccine supply and disease response through rational bioengineering. These opportunities are greatly enhanced with the application of synthetic biology, the redesign and construction of novel biological entities. This review outlines how synthetic biology is currently applied to engineer VLP functions and manufacturing process. Current and developing technologies for the identification of novel target‐specific antigens and their usefulness for rational engineering of VLP functions (e.g., presentation of structurally diverse antigens, enhanced antigen immunogenicity, and improved vaccine stability) are described. When applied to manufacturing processes, synthetic biology approaches can also overcome specific challenges in VLP vaccine production. Finally, we address several challenges and benefits associated with the translation of VLP vaccine development into the industry. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26890 doi: 10.1002/bit.26890 id: cord-289961-7q2wkwrf author: Chattopadhyay, Saborni title: Nanoparticle Vaccines Adopting Virus-like Features for Enhanced Immune Potentiation date: 2017-06-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Synthetic nanoparticles play an increasingly significant role in vaccine design and development as many nanoparticle vaccines show improved safety and efficacy over conventional formulations. These nanoformulations are structurally similar to viruses, which are nanoscale pathogenic organisms that have served as a key selective pressure driving the evolution of our immune system. As a result, mechanisms behind the benefits of nanoparticle vaccines can often find analogue to the interaction dynamics between the immune system and viruses. This review covers the advances in vaccine nanotechnology with a perspective on the advantages of virus mimicry towards immune potentiation. It provides an overview to the different types of nanomaterials utilized for nanoparticle vaccine development, including functionalization strategies that bestow nanoparticles with virus-like features. As understanding of human immunity and vaccine mechanisms continue to evolve, recognizing the fundamental semblance between synthetic nanoparticles and viruses may offer an explanation for the superiority of nanoparticle vaccines over conventional vaccines and may spur new design rationales for future vaccine research. These nanoformulations are poised to provide solutions towards pressing and emerging human diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071191/ doi: 10.7150/ntno.19796 id: cord-340042-intxyu46 author: Chaudhry, Sundas Nasir title: New insight on possible vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In December 2019, a novel virus, namely COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, developed from Wuhan, Hubei territory of China, which used its viral spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) for the entrance into a host cell by binding with ACE-2 receptor and cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Data revealed that the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 affected more than 24,854,140 people with 838,924 deaths worldwide. Until now, no licensed immunization or drugs are present for the medication of SARS-CoV-2. The present review aims to investigate the latest developments and discuss the candidate antibodies in different vaccine categories to develop a reliable and efficient vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in a short time duration. Besides, the review focus on the present challenges and future directions, structure, and mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 for better understanding. Based on data, we revealed that most of the vaccines are focus on targeting the spike protein (S) of COVID-19 to neutralized viral infection and develop long-lasting immunity. Up to phase-1 clinical trials, some vaccines showed the specific antigen-receptor T cell response, elicit the humoral and immune response, displayed tight binding with human-leukocytes-antigen (HLA), and recognized specific antibodies to provoke long-lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32926920/ doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118421 id: cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 author: Chen, Juine-Ruey title: Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective date: 2020-02-14 words: 6898.0 sentences: 316.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.txt summary: In a preclinical study, ferrets sequentially immunized with heterologous influenza strains including live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) bearing an H8 head domain and an H1 stem domain (cH8/1) and a split-inactivated vaccine bearing an H5 head domain and an H1 stem domain (cH5/1), conferred superior protection against challenge with pandemic H1N1 virus following different prime-boost combinations and immunization regimens [49] . Flu-v has been shown to induce a specific CD8 + response against these conserved epitopes and confer protection against heterotypic infection in mice [59] , and a Phase Ib challenge trial also showed that the blood cells from immunized subjects exhibited cross reactive immunity against different influenza viruses [62, 63] . Endoglycosidase H is added after harvest to trim high mannose residues down to a single GlcNAc. The resultant monoglycosylated split vaccine provides a more diverse immune response and more effective cross-strain protection than conventional egg-based vaccines. abstract: Vaccination is the most effective measure at preventing influenza virus infections. However, current seasonal influenza vaccines are only protective against closely matched circulating strains. Even with extensive monitoring and annual reformulation our efforts remain one step behind the rapidly evolving virus, often resulting in mismatches and low vaccine effectiveness. Fortunately, many next-generation influenza vaccines are currently in development, utilizing an array of innovative techniques to shorten production time and increase the breadth of protection. This review summarizes the production methods of current vaccines, recent advances that have been made in influenza vaccine research, and highlights potential challenges that are yet to be overcome. Special emphasis is put on the potential role of glycoengineering in influenza vaccine development, and the advantages of removing the glycan shield on influenza surface antigens to increase vaccine immunogenicity. The potential for future development of these novel influenza vaccine candidates is discussed from an industry perspective. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023813/ doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6 id: cord-305488-vk59ghjm author: Choi, Kang-Seuk title: Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccines as bivalent or antigen delivery vaccines date: 2017-07-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Recent advances in reverse genetics techniques make it possible to manipulate the genome of RNA viruses such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Several NDV vaccine strains have been used as vaccine vectors in poultry, mammals, and humans to express antigens of different pathogens. The safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of these NDV-vectored vaccines have been evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical studies. The vaccines are safe in mammals, humans, and poultry. Bivalent NDV-vectored vaccines against pathogens of economic importance to the poultry industry have been developed. These bivalent vaccines confer solid protective immunity against NDV and other foreign antigens. In most cases, NDV-vectored vaccines induce strong local and systemic immune responses against the target foreign antigen. This review summarizes the development of NDV-vectored vaccines and their potential use as a base for designing other effective vaccines for veterinary and human use. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775971/ doi: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.72 id: cord-278417-ty4wbtkv author: Chugh, Tulsi title: Timelines of COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-07-21 words: 1015.0 sentences: 95.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt summary: Keywords: Coronavirus, Covid-19, Vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 World Health Organisation discussed the "Top Threats to Human Health in 2019," and developed a strategic plan to meet the challenges. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) has caused a pandemic of Coronavirus disease -19 (Covid-19) with global public health and economic crisis. Since the WHO notification of first case of this disease on 31st Dec, 2019 and a complete genome sequence of the virus on Jan 5, 2020, global attempts to produce a suitable vaccine are ongoing in scores of laboratories. Phase I: Vaccines are given to a limited number of human volunteers with emphasis on safety and also to monitor the immune response. RNA vaccine stimulates immune system to produce protective antibodies against viral S protein. Pandemic preparedness: Developing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19 The early landscape of COVID-19 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32839724/ doi: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.07.009 id: cord-322913-sq9mq6f1 author: Ciabattini, Annalisa title: Shelter from the cytokine storm: pitfalls and prospects in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for an elderly population date: 2020-11-06 words: 8068.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322913-sq9mq6f1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322913-sq9mq6f1.txt summary: The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of immune responses, and the lack of clear correlates of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging. The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of innate and adaptive immune responses, and the lack of a clear correlate of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging (Fig. 3 ). abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic urgently calls for the development of effective preventive tools. COVID-19 hits greatly the elder and more fragile fraction of the population boosting the evergreen issue of the vaccination of older people. The development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 tailored for the elderly population faces the challenge of the poor immune responsiveness of the older population due to immunosenescence, comorbidities, and pharmacological treatments. Moreover, it is likely that the inflammaging phenotype associated with age could both influence vaccination efficacy and exacerbate the risk of COVID-19-related “cytokine storm syndrome” with an overlap between the factors which impact vaccination effectiveness and those that boost virulence and worsen the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of immune responses, and the lack of clear correlates of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging. In the ongoing effort in vaccine development, different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have been developed, tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies and are undergoing clinical testing, but only a small fraction of these are currently being tested in the older fraction of the population. Recent advances in systems biology integrating clinical, immunologic, and omics data can help to identify stable and robust markers of vaccine response and move towards a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses in the elderly. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-020-00821-0 doi: 10.1007/s00281-020-00821-0 id: cord-018677-gmitz3gg author: Clemens, John D. title: Sequential stages of clinical trials and overview of issues to be considered date: 2005 words: 6423.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt summary: In these studies volunteers are typically allocated at random to receive the vaccine or a comparison agent, usually a placebo, and are then challenged at a defined interval after vaccination with an inoculum of the pathogen predicted to cause the target disease in nearly 100% of the control group. Phase III studies are designed as randomized, controlled trials with clear hypotheses, and are conducted in the target group for whom vaccine licensure is desired and in a population that normally experiences the target infection. Definition of immunological correlates of vaccine protection is very important because such correlates permit assessments of the protection of the tested vaccine and ones suitably similar to it in small, short-term studies with immunological endpoints, without resort to full-scale, Phase III efficacy trials with clinical infection endpoints. The successive phases of clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates allow for acquisition of critical information about vaccine safety, immunogenicity, excretion, transmission, and protection in an incremental fashion, while minimizing the risks to subjects who volunteer to participate in these studies. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123620/ doi: 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_11 id: cord-017291-bhe34dky author: Cohen, Cheryl title: Influenza date: 2017-05-05 words: 7128.0 sentences: 381.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt summary: Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. abstract: Influenza is one of the commonest infections in human populations, and causing substantial morbidity and mortality globally. The influenza virus is divided into different types and subtypes, three of which are currently circulating widely in humans: influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B. The virus undergoes constant evolution, leading to annual seasonal winter epidemics in temperate countries and necessitating annual updates to the vaccine. Rarely, completely new influenza viruses can emerge in human populations, giving rise to influenza pandemics. Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Pregnant women have an increased risk of severe influenza. Complications may involve the respiratory tract (e.g. otitis media or pneumonia) or, less commonly, other organ systems (e.g. encephalitis or myocarditis). Specific antiviral treatment should be offered as soon as possible for hospitalized children with presumed or confirmed influenza and for influenza of any severity for children at high risk of severe complications of influenza without waiting for laboratory confirmation. Antiviral treatment is usually not warranted for uncomplicated influenza as this is usually self-limiting. Annual influenza vaccination should be offered to all individuals at increased risk for complications of influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121810/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_2 id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author: Cohn, Amanda C. title: Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date: 2005-05-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Today, vaccination is a cornerstone of pediatric preventive health care and a rite of passage for nearly all of the approximately 11,000 infants born daily in the United States. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395505000647 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.001 id: cord-349309-7xsbpid7 author: Condit, Richard C title: The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines date: 2020-09-06 words: 2058.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349309-7xsbpid7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349309-7xsbpid7.txt summary: title: The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines The Brighton Collaboration formed the Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG) in October 2008 to improve the ability to anticipate potential safety issues and meaningfully assess or interpret safety data, thereby facilitating greater public acceptance when a viral vector vaccine is licensed [3] . Pursuant to this goal, the V3SWG developed a standardized template that the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and other key stakeholders could use to evaluate and communicate key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of viral vectors and viral vector vaccines. When completing information on adverse effects in Sections 6 and 11, please provide as many details as possible based on the Brighton Collaboration Guidelines for collection, analysis and presentation of vaccine safety data in pre-and postlicensure clinical studies [9] . The Brighton Collaboration standardized templates for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of vaccines by technology (BRAVATO; formerly V3SWG). abstract: Many of the vaccines under development for COVID-19 involve the use of viral vectors. The Brighton Collaboration Benefit-Risk Assessment of Vaccines by Technology (BRAVATO, formerly the Viral Vector Vaccine Safety Working Group, V3SWG) working group has prepared a standardized template to describe the key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines. This will facilitate key stakeholders to anticipate potential safety issues and interpret or assess safety data. This would also help improve communication and public acceptance of licensed viral vector vaccines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20310306 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.009 id: cord-285760-y37ji92k author: Connell, Anna R. title: Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations—Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? date: 2020-09-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and co-morbidities worldwide. It has been perceived that if an individual adhered to the MMR vaccine schedule that immunity to mumps virus (MuV) would be lifelong. Recent mumps outbreaks in individuals who had received two doses of the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine has challenged the efficacy of the MMR vaccine. However, clinical symptoms, complications, viral shedding and transmission associated with mumps infection has been shown to be reduced in vaccinated individuals, demonstrating a benefit of this vaccine. Therefore, the question of what constitutes a good mumps vaccine and how its impact is assessed in this modern era remains to be addressed. Epidemiology of the individuals most affected by the outbreaks (predominantly young adults) and variance in the circulating MuV genotype have been well-described alluding to a collection of influences such as vaccine hesitancy, heterogeneous vaccine uptake, primary, and/or secondary vaccine failures. This review aims to discuss in detail the interplay of factors thought to be contributing to the current mumps outbreaks seen in highly vaccinated populations. In addition, how mumps diagnoses has progressed and impacted the understanding of mumps infection since a mumps vaccine was first developed, the limitations of current laboratory tests in confirming protection in vaccinated individuals and how vaccine effectiveness is quantified are also considered. By highlighting knowledge gaps within this area, this state-of-the-art review proposes a change of perspective regarding the impact of a vaccine in a highly vaccinated population from a clinical, diagnostic and public perspective, highlighting a need for a paradigm shift on what is considered vaccine immunity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072071/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089 id: cord-326614-cik3ino6 author: Corder, Brigette N. title: A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade date: 2020-10-20 words: 7511.0 sentences: 488.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt summary: These trials include a variety of viral targets, vaccine platforms, and adjuvants to boost the immune response to vaccination. Another vaccine utilized the full-length H5 HA protein in an oral recombinant adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) vectored vaccine, Ad4-H5-Vtn. Three clinical trials have enrolled 313 participants between 18 and 49 years of age to investigate this avian H5 influenza vaccine. Although results for the phase II trial have not been posted, a press release from Novavax stated that NanoFlu induced superior HAI antibody responses against homologous and drifted strains compared to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of different doses and formulations of a broad spectrum influenza vaccine (FLU-v) developed by SEEK: Study protocol for a single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical phase IIb trial Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced recombinant hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine (HAI-05) derived from A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1) influenza virus: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy adults abstract: On average, there are 3–5 million severe cases of influenza virus infections globally each year. Seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against divergent influenza strains. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is a top priority for the NIH. Here, we report a comprehensive summary of all universal influenza vaccines that were tested in clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade. Of the 1597 studies found, 69 eligible clinical trials, which investigated 27 vaccines, were included in this review. Information from each trial was compiled for vaccine target, vaccine platform, adjuvant inclusion, clinical trial phase, and results. As we look forward, there are currently three vaccines in phase III clinical trials which could provide significant improvement over seasonal influenza vaccines. This systematic review of universal influenza vaccine clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade provides an update on the progress towards an improved influenza vaccine. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101186 doi: 10.3390/v12101186 id: cord-003567-h8uq5z8b author: Crank, Michelle C title: Preparing for the Next Influenza Pandemic: The Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine date: 2019-04-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6452294/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz043 id: cord-309555-1ksahg3o author: Cresswell, E. title: A questionnaire-based survey on the uptake and use of cattle vaccines in the UK date: 2014-07-11 words: 4279.0 sentences: 211.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309555-1ksahg3o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309555-1ksahg3o.txt summary: Although the respondents in this study represent a biased population of farmers, the findings indicate areas for future investigation in order to improve vaccination strategies in cattle in the UK. In order for disease control to be effectively achieved via vaccination, correct usage is required, which includes administering vaccines via the correct route, at the appropriate time and to a specified target group of animals (Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance (RUMA) 2012). Sixty-six per cent of respondents indicated that they or somebody else on the farm had discussed the use of the vaccine with the person who had supplied it in the past year, and cost was the most common topic for dairy as well as beef farmers (Table 3) . abstract: BACKGROUND: Vaccination is a widely used strategy for disease control in cattle in the UK and abroad. However, there has been limited research describing the uptake and use of cattle vaccines on UK farms. AIM: To describe the current uptake and usage of cattle vaccines in the UK. DESIGN: A questionnaire, available in paper and online format, was distributed to cattle farmers by convenience sampling. PARTICIPANTS: All UK cattle farmers were eligible to participate in the study. RESULTS: Eighty-six per cent of respondents (n=229/266) had vaccinated their cattle in the past year. Diseases most commonly vaccinated against were Bovine Viral Diarrhoea, Leptospirosis and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. Vaccination compliance was limited in certain areas, for example only 48 per cent of respondents stated that they administered the second dose in the primary course within the recommended timeframe, and 14 per cent of respondents stated that they vaccinated earlier than the youngest recommended age. Although outside the scope of this study, further work is needed to establish the extent of inadequate compliance and the effect this has on vaccine efficacy. The role of the veterinarian was highlighted as the main supplier of vaccines and preferred source of vaccination information. Respondents preferred to receive recommendations regarding vaccination by face-to-face communication with the veterinarian. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide a description of the current uptake and usage of cattle vaccines in the UK. Uptake is generally high but there are areas of usage of vaccines which could be improved upon. The veterinarian plays a key role as supplier of vaccines and a source of information for the majority of farmers. Although outside the scope of this study, further work is needed to establish the extent of inadequate compliance and the effect this has on vaccine efficacy. Although the respondents in this study represent a biased population of farmers, the findings indicate areas for future investigation in order to improve vaccination strategies in cattle in the UK. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392877/ doi: 10.1136/vropen-2014-000042 id: cord-303674-0xo2fiop author: Criscuolo, E. title: Alternative Methods of Vaccine Delivery: An Overview of Edible and Intradermal Vaccines date: 2019-03-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccines are recognized worldwide as one of the most important tools for combating infectious diseases. Despite the tremendous value conferred by currently available vaccines toward public health, the implementation of additional vaccine platforms is also of key importance. In fact, currently available vaccines possess shortcomings, such as inefficient triggering of a cell-mediated immune response and the lack of protective mucosal immunity. In this regard, recent work has been focused on vaccine delivery systems, as an alternative to injectable vaccines, to increase antigen stability and improve overall immunogenicity. In particular, novel strategies based on edible or intradermal vaccine formulations have been demonstrated to trigger both a systemic and mucosal immune response. These novel vaccination delivery systems offer several advantages over the injectable preparations including self-administration, reduced cost, stability, and elimination of a cold chain. In this review, the latest findings and accomplishments regarding edible and intradermal vaccines are described in the context of the system used for immunogen expression, their molecular features and capacity to induce a protective systemic and mucosal response. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8303648 doi: 10.1155/2019/8303648 id: cord-270998-1adloi3o author: Cunha, Rafes D. S. title: Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus after vaccination with two multivalent canine vaccines date: 2020-04-27 words: 2424.0 sentences: 125.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt summary: There is a belief among veterinary practitioners and even educational institutions that the vaccines made in Brazil against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) are ineffective or only partially effective. METHODS: The study was carried out at the Animal Protection Association and a total of 60 adult mongrel dogs were selected and divided into two groups. RESULTS: In group A, the Elevencell vaccine generated a protective antibody titre against CDV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%), CPV in 24 out of 28 subjects (85.71%) and CAV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%). Before immunization, both groups of animals presented results of ≤2 on the colorimetric scale, which means that all of them were eligible to take part in the vaccination protocol. Evaluation of the humoral immune response induced by vaccination for canine distemper and parvovirus: A pilot study abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in puppies. There is a belief among veterinary practitioners and even educational institutions that the vaccines made in Brazil against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) are ineffective or only partially effective. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at comparing the immunity of two multivalent vaccines in adult dogs in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. METHODS: The study was carried out at the Animal Protection Association and a total of 60 adult mongrel dogs were selected and divided into two groups. Group A was immunized with two doses of Elevencell(®) vaccine and Group B received two doses of imported vaccine from the United States; each group was made up of 14 females and 14 males. RESULTS: In group A, the Elevencell vaccine generated a protective antibody titre against CDV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%), CPV in 24 out of 28 subjects (85.71%) and CAV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%). In group B, the imported US vaccine generated a protective antibody titre against CDV in 22 out of 28 subjects (78.57), CPV in 21 out of 28 subjects (75%) and CAV in 25 out of 28 subjects (89.28%). There was no statistical difference between titres generated between vaccine types for any of the three diseases tested. CONCLUSION: Elevencell vaccine titres were not inferior to the imported US vaccine in conferring protective titres against CDV, CPV and CAH, which confirms the efficacy of this product. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.274 doi: 10.1002/vms3.274 id: cord-285128-48l1w65p author: Custers, Jerome title: Vaccines based on replication incompetent Ad26 viral vectors: standardized template with key considerations for a risk/benefit assessment date: 2020-10-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Replication-incompetent adenoviral vectors have been under investigation as a platform to carry a variety of transgenes, and express various antigens as a basis for preventive or therapeutic vaccine development. A replication incompetent adenoviral vector based on human adenovirus type 26 (Ad26) has been evaluated in several clinical trials. The Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG) was formed to evaluate the safety and features of recombinant viral vector vaccines. This paper reviews the biological features of the Ad26 vectors, including tabulation of safety and risk assessment characteristics of Ad26 vector-based vaccines. Substantial information on immunogenicity, clinical safety, biological characteristics and manufacturing are reported. In the Ad26 vector, deletion of the E1 gene, rendering the vector replication incompetent and providing space for transgene insertion, is combined with additional genetic engineering for vaccine manufacturability and transgene expression optimization. These vaccines are manufactured using the E1-complementing PER.C6® cell line, a continuous, human cell-line that can be cultured in serum-free medium in a suspension to high cell densities, providing an effective and flexible system for high-yield manufacturing. Ad26 vector vaccines have favorable thermostability profiles, compatible with vaccine supply chains. Safety data are compiled in the Ad26 vaccine safety database version 4.0, with unblinded data from 23 ongoing and completed clinical studies for a total of 3912 participants in Ebola, HIV, Malaria, RSV and Filovirus Ad26-based vaccine programs. Overall, all Ad26-based vaccines have been well tolerated, with no significant safety issues identified from the available data in the current Ad26 vaccine safety database. Evaluation of Ad26-based vaccines to further characterize the safety profile is continuing, with more than 90,000 participants vaccinated as of 1st July 2020 (cut-off date). Extensive evaluation of immunogenicity in humans shows strong and durable humoral and cellular immune responses. Clinical trials have not shown meaningful impact of pre-existing immunity to Ad26 on vaccine immunogenicity, even in the presence of Ad26 neutralizing antibody titers or Ad26-targeting T cell responses at baseline. The first vaccine, against Ebola virus, that makes use of the Ad26 vector, received marketing authorization from EC on 1st July 2020, as part of the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA BN Filo vaccine regimen. New developments based on the Ad26 vector are underway, including a COVID-19 vaccine, which is currently in clinical evaluation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20311609?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.018 id: cord-275210-baqaqsli author: DREESEN, DAVID W. title: Animal Vaccines date: 2007-09-05 words: 5271.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275210-baqaqsli.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275210-baqaqsli.txt summary: Using the SAD Berne strain of virus adapted from the ERA strain, several types of MLV ORV vaccines have been produced for use in baits for free-ranging animals that serve as vectors for the maintenance and transmission of the disease in wildlife species . The new generation of vectored recombinant vaccines now appearing on the market, such as the avipoxvirus vaccine recently licensed for use for cats in the USA (a rabies glycoprotein, live canarypox vectored vaccine) appears to produce few, if any, allergic or neoplastic reactions (Greene and Dreesen, 1998; Greene and Rupprecht, 2006) . All currently licensed killed rabies vaccines intended for use in carnivores must protect 22 of 25 or 26 of 30 (or a statistically equivalent number) animals from an IM challenge with a rabies virus for 90 days post challenge and 80% of controls must die from the challenge (Code of Federal Regulations, 2004). abstract: Rabies in terrestrial animals, primarily carnivores, is caused by the classic genotype 1 rabies virus. Even though the widespread vaccination of domestic dogs has been the one most effective factor in the reduction of human rabies, the number of human deaths worldwide is greater than that of the combined deaths from polio, meningococcal meningitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenze (bird flu).Tools are available in highly efficacious and safe animal and human vaccines. Multiple factors can, however, prevent their use effectively in many areas of the world. For several decades, virtually all rabies nerve tissue origin (NTO) vaccines were inactivated with phenol using the method described by Semple. The NTO vaccines currently in use for mass vaccination campaigns in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean are primarily produced from rabies virus-infected suckling mouse brains or lamb brains. These vaccines are shown to be effective in campaigns. However, NTO-killed vaccines for dogs and other animals have often, in the past, resulted in post-vaccinal nervous system reactions that could result in the death of the vaccinated animals. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123693662500166 doi: 10.1016/b978-012369366-2/50016-6 id: cord-016126-i7z0tdrk author: Dangi, Mehak title: Advanced In Silico Tools for Designing of Antigenic Epitope as Potential Vaccine Candidates Against Coronavirus date: 2018-10-14 words: 3221.0 sentences: 197.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016126-i7z0tdrk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016126-i7z0tdrk.txt summary: The present book chapter is intended to explore the potential of RV approach to select the probable vaccine candidates against coronavirus and validate the results using docking studies. Reverse vaccinology is based on same approach of computationally analysing the genome of pathogen and proceeds step by step to ultimately identify the highly antigenic, secreted proteins with high epitope densities. The most appropriate targets as vaccine candidates are those which possess the adhesion-like properties because they not only mediate the adhesion of pathogen''s proteins with cells of host but also facilitate transmission of virus. None of the 11 proteins of MERS-CoV possessed any clue of allergenicity as per prediction results from AlgPred and Allertop tools; it means that no vigorous immune responses will be mounted if the epitopes from these proteins will be adopted as vaccine candidates. Identification of potential antigens from non-classically secreted proteins and designing novel multitope peptide vaccine candidate against Brucella melitensis through reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approach abstract: Vaccines are the most economical and potent substitute of available medicines to cure various bacterial and viral diseases. Earlier, killed or attenuated pathogens were employed for vaccine development. But in present era, the peptide vaccines are in much trend and are favoured over whole vaccines because of their superiority over conventional vaccines. These vaccines are either based on single proteins or on synthetic peptides including several B-cell and T-cell epitopes. However, the overall mechanism of action remains the same and works by prompting the immune system to activate the specific B-cell- and T-cell-mediated responses against the pathogen. Rino Rappuoli and others have contributed in this field by plotting the design of the most potent and fully computational approach for discovery of potential vaccine candidates which is popular as reverse vaccinology. This is quite an unambiguous advance for vaccine evolution where one begins with the genome information of the pathogen and ends up with the list of certain epitopes after application of multiple bioinformatics tools. This book chapter is an effort to bring this approach of reverse vaccinology into notice of readers using example of coronavirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120312/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-1562-6_15 id: cord-258626-p469ysi8 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2014-02-26 words: 10938.0 sentences: 543.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt summary: Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine. abstract: Vaccines remain one of the practitioner’s greatest tools in preventing disease and maintaining individual and population health. This article is an update to “Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens” published in Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practitioner, in May 2006. There are now comprehensive guidelines readily available for small animal practitioners regarding canine and feline pediatric (and adult) vaccination recommendations. Perhaps more importantly, there is an increased dialogue regarding all aspects of preventive medicine, of which vaccination is only a small, yet significant portion; and an increased drive to provide scientific evidence for developing vaccination recommendations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24580989/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.11.006 id: cord-275538-c44gmu22 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2006-03-24 words: 10385.0 sentences: 472.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt summary: The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended. abstract: Motivation in writing this article stems from many things: a lack of time spent in the veterinary curriculum discussing vaccines, a growing concern(by the general public and the veterinary community) regarding adverse reactions associated with vaccines, and a desire to prevent a recurrence of preventable infectious diseases resulting from a fear-driven cessation of vaccine administration. The objectives of this article are to present a basic review of immunology as related to vaccines, to discuss general guidelines for pediatric vaccines in canine and feline patients,and to offer suggestions as to how we can most positively influence our patients' health from the first visit. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564416/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.12.003 id: cord-009947-0zz4x8li author: Day, M. J. title: COMPILED BY THE VACCINATION GUIDELINES GROUP (VGG) OF THE WORLD SMALL ANIMAL VETERINARY ASSOCIATION (WSAVA) date: 2007-09-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167131/ doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00462.x id: cord-257582-e9306xae author: Day, M. J. title: Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group date: 2020-03-30 words: 25474.0 sentences: 1258.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt summary: The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. abstract: The World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccination Guidelines Group has produced global guidelines for small companion animal practitioners on best practice in canine and feline vaccination. Recognising that there are unique aspects of veterinary practice in certain geographical regions of the world, the Vaccination Guidelines Group undertook a regional project in Latin America between 2016 and 2019, culminating in the present document. The Vaccination Guidelines Group gathered scientific and demographic data during visits to Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, by discussion with national key opinion leaders, visiting veterinary practices and review of the scientific literature. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1390 veterinarians in five Latin American countries and the Vaccination Guidelines Group delivered continuing education at seven events attended by over 3500 veterinarians. The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. In this document, the Vaccination Guidelines Group summarises the findings of this project and assesses in evidence‐based fashion the scientific literature pertaining to companion animal vaccine‐preventable diseases in Latin America. The Vaccination Guidelines Group makes some recommendations on undergraduate and postgraduate education and academic research. Recognising that current product availability in Latin America does not permit veterinarians in these countries to vaccinate according to the global World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines, the Vaccination Guidelines Group makes a series of “pragmatic” recommendations as to what might be currently achievable, and a series of “aspirational” recommendations as to what might be desirable for the future. The concept of “vaccine husbandry” is addressed via some simple guidelines for the management of vaccine products in the practice. Finally, the Vaccination Guidelines Group emphasises the global trend towards delivery of vaccination as one part of an “annual health check” or “health care plan” that reviews holistically the preventive health care needs of the individual pet animal. Latin American practitioners should transition towards these important new practices that are now well embedded in more developed veterinary markets. The document also includes 70 frequently asked questions and their answers; these were posed to the Vaccination Guidelines Group during our continuing education events and small group discussions and should address many of the issues surrounding delivery of vaccination in the Latin American countries. Spanish and Portuguese translations of this document will be made freely available from the on‐line resource pages of the Vaccination Guidelines Group. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32227347/ doi: 10.1111/jsap.13125 id: cord-342819-p8wp6yvo author: De Groot, Anne S title: Making vaccines “on demand”: A potential solution for emerging pathogens and biodefense? date: 2013-09-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The integrated US Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) has made great strides in strategic preparedness and response capabilities. There have been numerous advances in planning, biothreat countermeasure development, licensure, manufacturing, stockpiling and deployment. Increased biodefense surveillance capability has dramatically improved, while new tools and increased awareness have fostered rapid identification of new potential public health pathogens. Unfortunately, structural delays in vaccine design, development, manufacture, clinical testing and licensure processes remain significant obstacles to an effective national biodefense rapid response capability. This is particularly true for the very real threat of “novel pathogens” such as the avian-origin influenzas H7N9 and H5N1, and new coronaviruses such as hCoV-EMC. Conventional approaches to vaccine development, production, clinical testing and licensure are incompatible with the prompt deployment needed for an effective public health response. An alternative approach, proposed here, is to apply computational vaccine design tools and rapid production technologies that now make it possible to engineer vaccines for novel emerging pathogen and WMD biowarfare agent countermeasures in record time. These new tools have the potential to significantly reduce the time needed to design string-of-epitope vaccines for previously unknown pathogens. The design process—from genome to gene sequence, ready to insert in a DNA plasmid—can now be accomplished in less than 24 h. While these vaccines are by no means “standard,” the need for innovation in the vaccine design and production process is great. Should such vaccines be developed, their 60-d start-to-finish timeline would represent a 2-fold faster response than the current standard. url: https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.25611 doi: 10.4161/hv.25611 id: cord-328698-eeg1k5a6 author: Detoc, Maëlle title: Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic date: 2020-09-17 words: 2522.0 sentences: 129.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328698-eeg1k5a6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328698-eeg1k5a6.txt summary: Older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Older age, male gender, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with potential acceptance to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. In multivariable analysis, older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, be healthcare workers and individual perceived risk remained associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. However, individuals who considered themselves at-risk for COVID-19 infection were more prone to accept to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. This observation suggests that in the pandemics context, individuals are more prone to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. However, a greater proportion of respondents to our survey declared they had been vaccinated against 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza, so this observation may suggest that the respondents are more pro-vaccine than the general population in France, and more often healthcare workers. abstract: Introduction The world is facing the COVID-19 pandemic. The development of a vaccine is challenging. We aimed to determine the proportion of people who intend to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France or to participate in a vaccine clinical trial. Methods We conducted an anonymous on-line survey from the 26th of March to the 20th of April 2020. Primary endpoints were the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 if a vaccine was available or participate in a vaccine clinical trial. Results Three thousand two hundred and fifty nine individuals answered the survey; women accounted for 67.4 % of the respondents. According to their statements, 2.512 participants (77.6%, 95 % CI 76.2-79 %) will certainly or probably agree to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Vaccine hesitancy was associated with a decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. One thousand and five hundred and fifty respondents (47.6 % 95 % CI 45.9-49.3 %) will certainly or probably agree to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. Older age, male gender, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with potential acceptance to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. Vaccine hesitancy was associated with refusal for participation in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. Conclusions Nearly 75 % and 48 % of the survey respondents were respectively likely to accept vaccination or participation in a clinical trial against COVID-19. Vaccine hesitancy will be the major barrier to COVID-19 vaccine uptake. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.041 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.041 id: cord-287410-boxxlopy author: Devi, Arpita title: In silico designing of multi-epitope vaccine construct against human coronavirus infections date: 2020-08-10 words: 7189.0 sentences: 446.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287410-boxxlopy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287410-boxxlopy.txt summary: Band T-cell epitopes of the spike proteins have been predicted and designed into a multi-epitope vaccine construct. To predict the probable immune response of the designed multi-epitope vaccine construct in human immune system, in silico immune simulations were conducted using the C-ImmSim server (http://150.146.2.1/C-IMMSIM/index.php) (Rapin et al., 2010) . C-ImmSim is a novel in silico approach for the study of the mammalian immune system The tool is a combination of a mesoscopic scale simulator of the immune system with machine learning techniques for molecular-level predictions of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide-binding interactions, linear B-cell epitope discovery, and protein-protein potential estimation. The antigenicity of the vaccine construct including the adjuvant sequence and His-tag was predicted by the VaxiJen 2.0 server to be 0.6452 with a bacteria model at a threshold of 0.4. abstract: Single stranded RNA viruses were known to cause variety of diseases since many years and are gaining much importance due to pandemic after the identification of a novel corona virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)). Seven coronaviruses (CoVs) are known to infect humans and they are OC43 CoV, NL63 CoV, HKU1 CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome, SARS CoV, and SARS CoV-2. Virus replication weakens the immune system of host thereby altering T-cell count and much of interferon response. Although no vaccine or therapeutic treatment has been approved till now for CoV infection, trials of vaccine against SARS CoV-2 are in progress. One of the epitopes used for vaccine production is of the spike protein on the surface of virus. The work focuses on designing of multi-epitope vaccine construct for treatment of seven human CoV infections using the epitopes present on the spike protein of human CoVs. To address this, immuno-informatics techniques have been employed to design multi-epitope vaccine construct. B- and T-cell epitopes of the spike proteins have been predicted and designed into a multi-epitope vaccine construct. The tertiary structure of the vaccine construct along with the adjuvant has been modelled and the physiochemical properties have been predicted. The multi-epitope vaccine construct has antigenic and non-allergenic property. After validation, refinement and disulphide engineering of the vaccine construct, molecular docking with toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been performed. Molecular dynamics simulation in aqueous environment predicted that the vaccine-TLRs complexes were stable. The vaccine construct is predicted to be able to trigger primary immune response in silico. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma url: https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1804460 doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1804460 id: cord-266199-smlq11y9 author: Dhakal, Santosh title: Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs date: 2019-11-06 words: 7647.0 sentences: 414.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt summary: The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Likewise, DCs targeted chitosan NPs loading plasmid DNA encoding nucleocapsid protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induced better nucleocapsid protein-specific mucosal IgA antibody response compared to soluble unentrapped antigens after nasal immunization in mice [57] . In this review, only studies conducted in pigs related to the development and evaluation of NPs-based vaccine candidates by using virus-like particles (VLPs), biodegradable polymers, polysaccharides and liposomes against porcine viral infections are included (Table 3) . Chitosan-based NPs are used in pigs to deliver adjuvants such as bee venom and plasmid encoding porcine IL-2 and IL-4/IL-6 genes, which improved induction of better virus-specific immune responses of respective vaccines against PRRSV and PCV2 [103, 104] . abstract: Virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Pigs can also have a role in zoonotic transmission of some viral infections to humans. Inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines are available against porcine viral infections with variable efficacy under field conditions. Thus, improvements over existing vaccines are necessary to: (1) Increase the breadth of protection against evolving viral strains and subtypes; (2) Control of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) Eradicate viruses localized in different geographic areas; and (4) Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals to improve disease control programs. Nanoparticles (NPs) generated from virus-like particles, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and liposomes offer many advantages as vaccine delivery platform due to their unique physicochemical properties. NPs help in efficient antigen internalization and processing by antigen presenting cells and activate them to elicit innate and adaptive immunity. Some of the NPs-based vaccines could be delivered through both parenteral and mucosal routes to trigger efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses and could be used to target specific immune cells such as mucosal microfold (M) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In conclusion, NPs-based vaccines can serve as novel candidate vaccines against several porcine viral infections with the potential to enhance the broader protective efficacy under field conditions. This review highlights the recent developments in NPs-based vaccines against porcine viral pathogens and how the NPs-based vaccine delivery system induces innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in varied level of protective efficacy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31694705/ doi: 10.1186/s13567-019-0712-5 id: cord-269352-0o3mryu1 author: Dhama, K. title: DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives date: 2008-04-19 words: 6856.0 sentences: 339.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269352-0o3mryu1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269352-0o3mryu1.txt summary: Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. As an effective vaccine, plasmid DNA have a gene encoding a protective antigen of a pathogen, which when injected into host, is transcribed and translated, to induce a specific immune response. Regarding veterinary practice, the last few years have seen numerous trials of DNA vaccines against various animal diseases like foot and mouth disease (FMD) and herpes virus infection in cattle, Aujeszky''s disease and classical swine fever in swine, rabies and canine distemper in canines, and avian influenza, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis in birds (Oshop et al. Besides, DNA vaccines have been developed against major viral infections of poultry like avian influenza, utilizing the HA gene of the virus (Kodihalli et al. abstract: Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3 doi: 10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3 id: cord-007733-zh8e76w7 author: DiMenna, Lauren J. title: Pandemic Influenza Vaccines date: 2009-06-15 words: 12728.0 sentences: 594.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007733-zh8e76w7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007733-zh8e76w7.txt summary: The efficacy of seasonal vaccines is linked to their ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, which provide subtype-specific protection against influenza A viruses. Alternatively, the scientific community could step up efforts to generate a universal vaccine against influenza A viruses that provides broadly cross-reactive protection through the induction of antibodies or T cells to conserved regions of the virus. Alternatively, the scientific community could step up efforts to generate a universal vaccine against influenza A viruses that provides broadly cross-reactive protection through the induction of antibodies or T cells to conserved regions of the virus. WHO recommends three measures to lessen the impact of the next influenza virus pandemic: (1) increased surveillance to allow for the earliest possible warning that a human pandemic has started; (2) early intervention to stall global spread and prevent further adaptations; and (3) development of an effective pandemic vaccine. abstract: Since their compositions remain uncertain, universal pandemic vaccines are yet to be created. They would aim to protect globally against pandemic influenza viruses that have not yet evolved. Thus they differ from seasonal vaccines to influenza virus, which are updated annually in spring to incorporate the latest circulating viruses, and are then produced and delivered before the peak influenza season starts in late fall and winter. The efficacy of seasonal vaccines is linked to their ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, which provide subtype-specific protection against influenza A viruses. If pandemic vaccines were designed to resemble current vaccines in terms of composition and mode of action, they would have to be developed, tested, and mass-produced after the onset of a pandemic, once the causative virus had been identified. The logistic problems of generating a pandemic vaccine from scratch, conducting preclinical testing, and producing billions of doses within a few months for global distribution are enormous and may well be insurmountable. Alternatively, the scientific community could step up efforts to generate a universal vaccine against influenza A viruses that provides broadly cross-reactive protection through the induction of antibodies or T cells to conserved regions of the virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121491/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_15 id: cord-311331-l7dehit8 author: Diaz-Arévalo, Diana title: Nanoparticle-based vaccines: opportunities and limitations date: 2020-01-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infectious diseases are the tip of the iceberg in the economic burden of the developing countries, due to the resistance of the pathogens to antibiotics and the lack of vaccines. The vaccines have become a big challenge in the last decades, where the attention has been focused on scientific challenges such as new vaccine development and adjuvants or delivery systems. The classical vaccines were developed from live-attenuated or killed organisms, such as influenza, smallpox, and BCG, as well as subunits such as Hepatitis B. The attenuated vaccines carry the risk of regaining their pathogenicity under immunosuppression conditions. The development of subunit vaccines without risk are considered as an essential need in combination with adequate delivery systems to obtain desired cell and humoral immune responses against infectious diseases. In the last decades, the use of nanoparticles as a delivery system in vaccines has received special attention to improve vaccine efficacy. These nanoparticles could be composed of lipids, metal and nonmetal inorganics, several polymers, and virus-like particles, which have been tested in research; some of them have already been approved for human and animal use. The characteristics of the nanoparticles have allowed targeting desired antigen-presenting cells to improve immunization strategies to induce protection. The main characteristics of the nanoparticles are to protect the antigens from early proteolytic degradation, control antigen release, and help antigen uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells, and they should be safe for human and veterinary use. In addition, the nanoparticles could be modified in their physicochemical properties to target specific cells and improve vaccine efficacy. This chapter focuses on the nanoparticle-based vaccine formulations and the approaches used to realize efficient delivery of vaccines in order to induce host protective immunity against infectious diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128177785000075 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-817778-5.00007-5 id: cord-324690-82qsirnk author: Dieffenbach, Carl W title: The search for an HIV vaccine, the journey continues date: 2020-05-16 words: 1469.0 sentences: 73.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324690-82qsirnk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324690-82qsirnk.txt summary: Over the past decade, three different vaccine approaches have been implemented, possible correlates of protection identified, and two have moved through clinical evaluation to advanced clinical trials. Analysis of the correlates of protection seen in the non-human primate studies point to qualitatively different responses than those observed in RV144, and the trials are evaluating in silico designed immunogens to present the most globally conserved HIV sequences to trigger quantitatively superior CD8 + T cell responses [8, 9] . The Antibody Mediated Protection (AMP) trials are currently evaluating VRC01, the CD4 binding site targeted bNAb, to determine the ability of this single antibody to prevent HIV infection in women in Southern Africa and MSM and transgender persons in the Americas [13] . The authors thank the trial participants, community members, activists and researchers who have so willingly participated in the challenging work of HIV vaccine discovery and development. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25506 doi: 10.1002/jia2.25506 id: cord-353730-owcapg8h author: Dietrich, Jes title: Inducing Dose Sparing with Inactivated Polio Virus Formulated in Adjuvant CAF01 date: 2014-06-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The development of new low cost inactivated polio virus based vaccines (IPV) is a high priority, and will be required to eradicate polio. In addition, such a vaccine constitutes the only realistic polio vaccine in the post-eradication era. One way to reduce the cost of a vaccine is to increase immunogenicity by use of adjuvants. The CAF01 adjuvant has previously been shown to be a safe and potent adjuvant with several antigens, and here we show that in mice IPV formulated with CAF01 induced increased systemic protective immunity measured by binding and neutralization antibody titers in serum. CAF01 also influenced the kinetics of both the cellular and humoral response against IPV to produce a faster, as well as a stronger, response, dominated by IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c isotypes as well as IPV specific T cells secreting IFN-γ/IL-2. Finally, as intestinal immunity is also a priority of polio vaccines, we present a vaccine strategy based on simultaneous priming at an intradermal and an intramuscular site that generate intestinal immune responses against polio virus. Taken together, the IPV-CAF01 formulation constitutes a new promising vaccine against polio with the ability to generate strong humoral and cellular immunity against the polio virus. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100879 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100879 id: cord-260956-w6wxsg4p author: Dimitrov, Kiril M. title: Newcastle disease vaccines—A solved problem or a continuous challenge? date: 2017-07-31 words: 10563.0 sentences: 423.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260956-w6wxsg4p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260956-w6wxsg4p.txt summary: When administered correctly to healthy birds, ND vaccines formulated with NDV of low virulence or viral-vectored vaccines that express the NDV fusion protein are able to prevent clinical disease and mortality in chickens upon infection with virulent NDV. Characterization of live LaSota vaccine strain-induced protection in chickens upon early challenge with a virulent Newcastle disease virus of heterologous genotype Protection from clinical disease against three highly virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus after in ovo application of an antibody-antigen complex vaccine in maternal antibodypositive chickens Antigenic differences among Newcastle disease virus strains of different genotypes used in vaccine formulation affect viral shedding after a virulent challenge Level of protection of chickens against highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus with Newcastle disease virus based live attenuated vector vaccine depends on homology of H5 sequence between vaccine and challenge virus abstract: Abstract Newcastle disease (ND) has been defined by the World Organisation for Animal Health as infection of poultry with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Lesions affecting the neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems are most often observed. The control of ND must include strict biosecurity that prevents virulent NDV from contacting poultry, and also proper administration of efficacious vaccines. When administered correctly to healthy birds, ND vaccines formulated with NDV of low virulence or viral-vectored vaccines that express the NDV fusion protein are able to prevent clinical disease and mortality in chickens upon infection with virulent NDV. Live and inactivated vaccines have been widely used since the 1950’s. Recombinant and antigenically matched vaccines have been adopted recently in some countries, and many other vaccine approaches have been only evaluated experimentally. Despite decades of research and development towards formulation of an optimal ND vaccine, improvements are still needed. Impediments to prevent outbreaks include uneven vaccine application when using mass administration techniques in larger commercial settings, the difficulties associated with vaccinating free-roaming, multi-age birds of village flocks, and difficulties maintaining the cold chain to preserve the thermo-labile antigens in the vaccines. Incomplete or improper immunization often results in the disease and death of poultry after infection with virulent NDV. Another cause of decreased vaccine efficacy is the existence of antibodies (including maternal) in birds, which can neutralize the vaccine and thereby reduce the effectiveness of ND vaccines. In this review, a historical perspective, summary of the current situation for ND and NDV strains, and a review of traditional and experimental ND vaccines are presented. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.019 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.019 id: cord-305175-1wg0wodr author: Dolzhikova, I. V. title: Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2020 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute inflammatory disease of the respiratory system caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The mortality rate for MERS is about 34.5%. Due to its high mortality rate, the lack of therapeutic and prophylactic agents, and the continuing threat of the spread of MERS beyond its current confines, developing a vaccine is a pressing task, because vaccination would help limit the spread of MERS and reduce its death toll. We have developed a combined vector vaccine for the prevention of MERS based on recombinant human adenovirus serotypes 26 and 5. Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. Studies of the cellular immune response in mice after vaccination showed the emergence of a specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). Studies of the safety and tolerability of the developed vaccine in rodents, rabbits, and primates showed a good safety profile and tolerance in animals; they revealed no contraindications for clinical testing. url: https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11042 doi: 10.32607/actanaturae.11042 id: cord-006892-n2ncamqh author: Donaldson, Braeden title: Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation date: 2018-09-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction: Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines face significant challenges in their translation from laboratory models, to routine clinical administration. While some VLP vaccines thrive and are readily adopted into the vaccination schedule, others are restrained by regulatory obstacles, proprietary limitations, or finding their niche amongst the crowded vaccine market. Often the necessity to supplant an existing vaccination regimen possesses an immediate obstacle for the development of a VLP vaccine, despite any preclinical advantages identified over the competition. Novelty, adaptability and formulation compatibility may prove invaluable in helping place VLP vaccines at the forefront of vaccination technology. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to outline the diversity of VLP vaccines, VLP-specific immune responses, and to explore how modern formulation and delivery techniques can enhance the clinical relevance and overall success of VLP vaccines. Expert commentary: The role of formation science, with an emphasis on the diversity of immune responses induced by VLP, is underrepresented amongst clinical trials for VLP vaccines. Harnessing such diversity, particularly through the use of combinations of select excipients and adjuvants, will be paramount in the development of VLP vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103734/ doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552 id: cord-354030-8tfg881h author: Dong, Rong title: Contriving Multi-Epitope Subunit of Vaccine for COVID-19: Immunoinformatics Approaches date: 2020-07-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: COVID-19 has recently become the most serious threat to public health, and its prevalence has been increasing at an alarming rate. The incubation period for the virus is ~1–14 days and all age groups may be susceptible to a fatality rate of about 5.9%. COVID-19 is caused by a novel single-stranded, positive (+) sense RNA beta coronavirus. The development of a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 is an urgent need worldwide. Immunoinformatics approaches are both cost-effective and convenient, as in silico predictions can reduce the number of experiments needed. In this study, with the aid of immunoinformatics tools, we tried to design a multi-epitope vaccine that can be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The epitopes were computed by using B cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and helper T lymphocytes (HTL) base on the proteins of SARS-CoV-2. A vaccine was devised by fusing together the B cell, HTL, and CTL epitopes with linkers. To enhance the immunogenicity, the β-defensin (45 mer) amino acid sequence, and pan-HLA DR binding epitopes (13aa) were adjoined to the N-terminal of the vaccine with the help of the EAAAK linker. To enable the intracellular delivery of the modeled vaccine, a TAT sequence (11aa) was appended to C-terminal. Linkers play vital roles in producing an extended conformation (flexibility), protein folding, and separation of functional domains, and therefore, make the protein structure more stable. The secondary and three-dimensional (3D) structure of the final vaccine was then predicted. Furthermore, the complex between the final vaccine and immune receptors (toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3), major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I), and MHC-II) were evaluated by molecular docking. Lastly, to confirm the expression of the designed vaccine, the mRNA of the vaccine was enhanced with the aid of the Java Codon Adaptation Tool, and the secondary structure was generated from Mfold. Then we performed in silico cloning. The final vaccine requires experimental validation to determine its safety and efficacy in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01784 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01784 id: cord-021637-f5wwn45z author: Douglas, R. Gordon title: The Vaccine Industry date: 2017-07-17 words: 6455.0 sentences: 302.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt summary: The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151793/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3 id: cord-324911-6s7ubbxl author: Drury, Georgina title: Process mapping of vaccines: Understanding the limitations in current response to emerging epidemic threats date: 2019-04-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccination remains the most successful and effective mechanism of pathogen control. However, their development and deployment in epidemic settings have been limited, and the 2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa identified several bottlenecks linked to a lack of investment in pathogen research, infrastructure or regulation. Shortly after this outbreak, the UK Government established the UK Vaccine Network to ensure the UK is better prepared to respond to pathogens outbreaks of epidemic potential. As part of their work, the network commissioned the creation of a Vaccine Development Tool (http://www.vaccinedevelopment.org.uk/) to serve as a guide to the key stages in vaccine development. The tool also set out to capture the key, rate-limiting bottlenecks in the development of vaccines against emerging infectious disease such that corrective action could be taken, be it through research, funding, infrastructure and policy, both in the UK and internationally. The main research bottlenecks were related to understanding pathogen biology, identification of appropriate animal models and investment in the manufacturing sciences, especially into process development. Infrastructure gaps in GMP manufacturing and fill-finish were also identified and limitations in GMO regulation and regulatory and ethical approvals, especially for outbreak pathogens required new policy initiatives. The UK Vaccine Network has since begun work to correct for these limitations with a series of funding calls and development programmes. This paper seeks to summarise the Vaccine Development Tool and its key findings. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X19301264 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.050 id: cord-294108-uvnh0s9r author: Dube, Taru title: Repurposed Drugs, Molecular Vaccines, Immune‐Modulators, and Nanotherapeutics to Treat and Prevent COVID‐19 Associated with SARS‐CoV‐2, a Deadly Nanovector date: 2020-10-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The deadly pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has paralyzed the world. Although significant methodological advances have been made in the field of viral detection/diagnosis with 251 in vitro diagnostic tests receiving emergency use approval by the US‐FDA, little progress has been made in identifying curative or preventive therapies. This review discusses the current trends and potential future approaches for developing COVID‐19 therapeutics, including repurposed drugs, vaccine candidates, immune‐modulators, convalescent plasma therapy, and antiviral nanoparticles/nanovaccines/combinatorial nanotherapeutics to surmount the pandemic viral strain. Many potent therapeutic candidates emerging via drug‐repurposing could significantly reduce the cost and duration of anti‐COVID‐19 drug development. Gene/protein‐based vaccine candidates that could elicit both humoral and cell‐based immunity would be on the frontlines to prevent the disease. Many emerging nanotechnology‐based interventions will be critical in the fight against the deadly virus by facilitating early detection and enabling target oriented multidrug therapeutics. The therapeutic candidates discussed in this article include remdesivir, dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, favilavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, antibody therapeutics like gimsilumab and TJM2, anti‐viral nanoparticles, and nanoparticle‐based DNA and mRNA vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.202000172 doi: 10.1002/adtp.202000172 id: cord-017838-fbotc479 author: Fagone, Paolo title: Electroporation-Mediated DNA Vaccination date: 2010-12-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: There are many positive attributes to DNA vaccination that make it a conceptually desirable platform. In clinical studies, however, standard DNA injection alone generally induces low levels of transgene-specific immunity when compared to other vaccine approaches. In order to boost the immunogenicity of this platform, next-generation DNA vaccines require additional techniques such as the administration of electroporation. This new method involves the generation of a brief electric field in tissue around a local injection site that results in the transient poration, or permeabilization, of the cellular membranes. As a result, antigen-specific immune responses are greatly enhanced and are likely due to increased DNA uptake and antigen expression. Thus, electroporation-mediated DNA vaccination represents a promising new strategy for the elicitation of strong immune responses directed against the expressed antigen(s) and not the vector, and ongoing studies are currently underway to optimize the working parameters of this technique. Here, we review the uses of this technology in conjunction with vaccination and suggest future directions for its further exploration. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122510/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8363-3_18 id: cord-285691-pceenwb6 author: Falo, Louis D. title: Advances in skin science enable the development of a COVID-19 Vaccine date: 2020-05-30 words: 180.0 sentences: 17.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285691-pceenwb6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285691-pceenwb6.txt summary: key: cord-285691-pceenwb6 title: Advances in skin science enable the development of a COVID-19 Vaccine cord_uid: pceenwb6 expressing adenovectors and adjuvant in the same MNAs resulting in a vaccine that induced both antibody responses and enhanced cytotoxic cellular immunity that is likely important for "universal" vaccines and cancer immunotherapies. Taken together, these and studies by others demonstrate the potential for the development of cutaneous immune engineering strategies to control systemic immune responses including the potential for developing novel vaccine strategies and immunotherapies, and even negative immunization strategies to treat systemic allergy and autoimmune diseases. Advances in skin biology are making important contributions to the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrating once again that dermatology is more than skin deep. Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development Improved cutaneous genetic immunization by microneedle array delivery of an adjuvanted adenovirus vaccine abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0190962220310021 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.126 id: cord-336730-hqgwj8vs author: Fehr, Daniela title: Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions date: 1997-07-31 words: 4307.0 sentences: 230.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt summary: title: Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions Abstract A modified live virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled field trial in two high-risk populations. The vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in one population of cats that had low antibody titre against feline coronavirus (FCoV) at the time of vaccination. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a normally fatal disease of cats caused by infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoV) which are antigenically related to a respiratory coronavirus strain of man (HCV 229E), transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV) of swine and canine coronaviruses13''. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified live virus vaccine in a double-blind study under field conditions in two cat populations with higher risk for FIP. abstract: Abstract A modified live virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled field trial in two high-risk populations. The vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in one population of cats that had low antibody titre against feline coronavirus (FCoV) at the time of vaccination. Although clinically healthy at the time of vaccination, retrospectively some vaccinees that later came down with FIP were found to be RT-PCR positive for FCoV in plasma and showed changes in blood parameters consistent with early stage of FIP. It is concluded that vaccination can protect cats with no or low FCoV antibody titres and that in some cats vaccine failure was probably due to pre-existing infection. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X97000066 doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00006-6 id: cord-326960-9phlylce author: Felberbaum, Rachael S. title: The baculovirus expression vector system: A commercial manufacturing platform for viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors date: 2015-03-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) platform has become an established manufacturing platform for the production of viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Nine BEVS‐derived products have been approved – four for human use (Cervarix®, Provenge®, Glybera® and Flublok®) and five for veterinary use (Porcilis® Pesti, BAYOVAC CSF E2®, Circumvent® PCV, Ingelvac CircoFLEX® and Porcilis® PCV). The BEVS platform offers many advantages, including manufacturing speed, flexible product design, inherent safety and scalability. This combination of features and product approvals has previously attracted interest from academic researchers, and more recently from industry leaders, to utilize BEVS to develop next generation vaccines, vectors for gene therapy, and other biopharmaceutical complex proteins. In this review, we explore the BEVS platform, detailing how it works, platform features and limitations and important considerations for manufacturing and regulatory approval. To underscore the growth in opportunities for BEVS‐derived products, we discuss the latest product developments in the gene therapy and influenza vaccine fields that follow in the wake of the recent product approvals of Glybera® and Flublok®, respectively. We anticipate that the utility of the platform will expand even further as new BEVS‐derived products attain licensure. Finally, we touch on some of the areas where new BEVS‐derived products are likely to emerge. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400438 doi: 10.1002/biot.201400438 id: cord-305807-n3fs7533 author: Ferreira, T B title: Use of adenoviral vectors as veterinary vaccines date: 2005-10-18 words: 8466.0 sentences: 437.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305807-n3fs7533.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305807-n3fs7533.txt summary: 11 Then recognition that purified replication-defective Ads could be propagated on 293 cells without helper viruses paved the way toward intentional production of genetically modified Ads. 12 The popularity of Ad as a recombinant viral vector is largely due to the successful and safe immunization of millions of US military recruits in 1971 with enterically coated Ad4 and Ad7 as a prevention against acute respiratory disease (ARD) outbreaks. Gonin et al, 37 10 years ago, constructed a replicationdefective HAd5, containing the envelope protein ENV gene of FIV; however, despite the fact that an antibody response to pseudorabies virus in cats showed the potential of rHAd5 vectors to be used in this species, cats injected with 10 10.8 -10 11.8 of 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID 50 ) adjuvanted with montanide ISA 708 (water in nonmineral oil) or with montanide ISA 206 (double water/mineral oil/water) of this rAd did not develop detectable antibody response against ENV. abstract: Vaccines are the most effective and inexpensive prophylactic tool in veterinary medicine. Ideally, vaccines should induce a lifelong protective immunity against the target pathogen while not causing clinical or pathological signs of diseases in the vaccinated animals. However, such ideal vaccines are rare in the veterinary field. Many vaccines are either of limited effectiveness or have harmful side effects. In addition, there are still severe diseases with no effective vaccines. A very important criterion for an ideal vaccine in veterinary medicine is low cost; this is especially important in developing countries and even more so for poultry vaccination, where vaccines must sell for a few cents a dose. Traditional approaches include inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines and subunit vaccines. Recently, genetic engineering has been applied to design new, improved vaccines. Adenovirus vectors are highly efficient for gene transfer in a broad spectrum of cell types and species. Moreover, adenoviruses often induce humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses to antigens encoded by the inserted foreign genes. Thus, adenoviruses have become a vector of choice for delivery and expression of foreign proteins for vaccination. Consequently, the market requirements for adenovirus vaccines are increasing, creating a need for production methodologies of concentrated vectors with warranted purity and efficacy. This review summarizes recent developments and approaches of adenovirus production and purification as the application of these vectors, including successes and failures in clinical applications to date. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16231058/ doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302618 id: cord-289763-jek2pd31 author: Fisher, Kimberly A. title: Attitudes Toward a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Survey of U.S. Adults date: 2020-09-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly instigated a global pandemic. Vaccine development is proceeding at an unprecedented pace. Once available, it will be important to maximize vaccine uptake and coverage. OBJECTIVE: To assess intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among a representative sample of adults in the United States and identify predictors of and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, fielded from 16 through 20 April 2020. SETTING: Representative sample of adults residing in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 1000 adults drawn from the AmeriSpeak probability-based research panel, covering approximately 97% of the U.S. household population. MEASUREMENTS: Intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 was measured with the question, “When a vaccine for the coronavirus becomes available, will you get vaccinated?” Response options were “yes,” “no,” and “not sure.” Participants who responded “no” or “not sure” were asked to provide a reason. RESULTS: A total of 991 AmeriSpeak panel members responded. Overall, 57.6% of participants (n = 571) intended to be vaccinated, 31.6% (n = 313) were not sure, and 10.8% (n = 107) did not intend to be vaccinated. Factors independently associated with vaccine hesitancy (a response of “no” or “not sure”) included younger age, Black race, lower educational attainment, and not having received the influenza vaccine in the prior year. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included vaccine-specific concerns, a need for more information, antivaccine attitudes or beliefs, and a lack of trust. LIMITATIONS: Participants' intent to be vaccinated was explored before a vaccine was available and when the pandemic was affecting a narrower swath of the United States. Questions about specific information or factors that might increase vaccination acceptance were not included. The survey response rate was 16.1%. CONCLUSION: This national survey, conducted during the coronavirus pandemic, revealed that approximately 3 in 10 adults were not sure they would accept vaccination and 1 in 10 did not intend to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Targeted and multipronged efforts will be needed to increase acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32886525/ doi: 10.7326/m20-3569 id: cord-264814-v4wnmg03 author: Flanagan, Katie L. title: Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines date: 2020-10-02 words: 15130.0 sentences: 700.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264814-v4wnmg03.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264814-v4wnmg03.txt summary: Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. Comprehensive safety studies are particularly critical because some candidate vaccines use platform technologies that have not been examined extensively in human subjects to date, including some of the viral vectors, mRNA and nanoparticle constructs, and because of the potential for enhanced disease and adverse events related to aberrant immune responses to be seen upon infection pre-and post-licensure. abstract: There are currently around 200 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials throughout the world. The various candidates employ a range of vaccine strategies including some novel approaches. Currently, the goal is to prove that they are safe and immunogenic in humans (phase 1/2 studies) with several now advancing into phase 2 and 3 trials to demonstrate efficacy and gather comprehensive data on safety. It is highly likely that many vaccines will be shown to stimulate antibody and T cell responses in healthy individuals and have an acceptable safety profile, but the key will be to confirm that they protect against COVID-19. There is much hope that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be rolled out to the entire world to contain the pandemic and avert its most damaging impacts. However, in all likelihood this will initially require a targeted approach toward key vulnerable groups. Collaborative efforts are underway to ensure manufacturing can occur at the unprecedented scale and speed required to immunize billions of people. Ensuring deployment also occurs equitably across the globe will be critical. Careful evaluation and ongoing surveillance for safety will be required to address theoretical concerns regarding immune enhancement seen in previous contexts. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. We provide details of some of the frontrunner vaccines and discuss potential issues including adverse effects, scale-up and delivery. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.579250 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579250 id: cord-339091-3xk2w0d2 author: Flower, Darren R title: Computer aided selection of candidate vaccine antigens date: 2010-11-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Immunoinformatics is an emergent branch of informatics science that long ago pullulated from the tree of knowledge that is bioinformatics. It is a discipline which applies informatic techniques to problems of the immune system. To a great extent, immunoinformatics is typified by epitope prediction methods. It has found disappointingly limited use in the design and discovery of new vaccines, which is an area where proper computational support is generally lacking. Most extant vaccines are not based around isolated epitopes but rather correspond to chemically-treated or attenuated whole pathogens or correspond to individual proteins extract from whole pathogens or correspond to complex carbohydrate. In this chapter we attempt to review what progress there has been in an as-yet-underexplored area of immunoinformatics: the computational discovery of whole protein antigens. The effective development of antigen prediction methods would significantly reduce the laboratory resource required to identify pathogenic proteins as candidate subunit vaccines. We begin our review by placing antigen prediction firmly into context, exploring the role of reverse vaccinology in the design and discovery of vaccines. We also highlight several competing yet ultimately complementary methodological approaches: sub-cellular location prediction, identifying antigens using sequence similarity, and the use of sophisticated statistical approaches for predicting the probability of antigen characteristics. We end by exploring how a systems immunomics approach to the prediction of immunogenicity would prove helpful in the prediction of antigens. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-7580-6-s2-s1 doi: 10.1186/1745-7580-6-s2-s1 id: cord-016594-lj0us1dq author: Flower, Darren R. title: Identification of Candidate Vaccine Antigens In Silico date: 2012-09-28 words: 12570.0 sentences: 653.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016594-lj0us1dq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016594-lj0us1dq.txt summary: In the wider context of the experimental discovery of vaccine antigens, with particular reference to reverse vaccinology, this chapter adumbrates the principal computational approaches currently deployed in the hunt for novel antigens: genome-level prediction of antigens, antigen identification through the use of protein sequence alignment-based approaches, antigen detection through the use of subcellular location prediction, and the use of alignment-independent approaches to antigen discovery. When looking at a reverse vaccinology process, the discovery of candidate subunit vaccines begins with a microbial genome, perhaps newly sequence, progresses through an extensive computational stage, ultimately to deliver a shortlist of antigens which can be validated through subsequent laboratory examination. Conventional empirical, experimental, laboratory-based microbiological ways to identify putative candidate antigens require cultivation of target pathogenic micro-organisms, followed by teasing out their component proteins, analysis in a series of in-vitro and in-vivo assays, animal models and with the ultimate objective of isolating one or two proteins displaying protective immunity. abstract: The identification of immunogenic whole-protein antigens is fundamental to the successful discovery of candidate subunit vaccines and their rapid, effective, and efficient transformation into clinically useful, commercially successful vaccine formulations. In the wider context of the experimental discovery of vaccine antigens, with particular reference to reverse vaccinology, this chapter adumbrates the principal computational approaches currently deployed in the hunt for novel antigens: genome-level prediction of antigens, antigen identification through the use of protein sequence alignment-based approaches, antigen detection through the use of subcellular location prediction, and the use of alignment-independent approaches to antigen discovery. Reference is also made to the recent emergence of various expert systems for protein antigen identification. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120937/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5070-2_3 id: cord-017841-57rm046y author: Flower, Darren R. title: Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date: 2012-09-28 words: 4995.0 sentences: 230.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt summary: What the pharmaceutical industry needs is the capacity to apply the same systematic, automated, high-technology approaches used to identify new small-molecule drugs to the discovery and development of vaccines. Just over a decade ago, Rino Rappuoli used the expression "reverse vaccinology" to describe development of vaccines using a genomic-based approach, rather than the ponderous empirical methods favoured then, and still in use today. This book looks in turn at reverse vaccinology and the identification of putative candidate antigens, at the discovery of a wide range of different types of adjuvants, and finally at the development of sophisticated new delivery mechanisms, such as liposomes and other applications of nanotechnology. They also highlight how advances in genome-based techniques and in so-called next-generation sequencing approaches and technologies will help to enhance reverse vaccinology, enabling timely identification of novel candidate antigens for new, emerging, or recrudescent infectious diseases. abstract: Mass vaccination, when coupled to profound improvements in general sanitation, has given rise to the most remarkable transformation in public health in human history. Yet the development of vaccines remains largely trapped in the past, a hostage to the methodology of Pasteur. Infectious disease continues to threaten humanity, with new and renascent diseases emerging continually. The last two decades have seen a breath-taking revival in the commercial market for vaccines and the simultaneous emergence of a whole tranche of new technologies that promise to free vaccine development from the muddle of empirical thinking. In this short introduction, we set the scene for this renaissance, and explore how the combination of computational and experimental techniques promise so much for the future development of vaccines and the science of vaccinology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122516/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5070-2_1 id: cord-319226-yvgvyif0 author: French, Jeff title: Key Guidelines in Developing a Pre-Emptive COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Promotion Strategy date: 2020-08-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This paper makes the case for immediate planning for a COVID-19 vaccination uptake strategy in advance of vaccine availability for two reasons: first, the need to build a consensus about the order in which groups of the population will get access to the vaccine; second, to reduce any fear and concerns that exist in relation to vaccination and to create demand for vaccines. A key part of this strategy is to counter the anti-vaccination movement that is already promoting hesitancy and resistance. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic there has been a tsunami of misinformation and conspiracy theories that have the potential to reduce vaccine uptake. To make matters worse, sections of populations in many countries display low trust in governments and official information about the pandemic and how the officials are tackling it. This paper aims to set out in short form critical guidelines that governments and regional bodies should take to enhance the impact of a COVID-19 vaccination strategy. We base our recommendations on a review of existing best practice guidance. This paper aims to assist those responsible for promoting COVID-19 vaccine uptake to digest the mass of guidance that exists and formulate an effective locally relevant strategy. A summary of key guidelines is presented based on best practice guidance. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32823775/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165893 id: cord-354068-4qlk6y7h author: Friedrich, Brian M. title: Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date: 2012-09-21 words: 10605.0 sentences: 540.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt summary: Due to the difficulties in evaluating wild-type filovirus infection in small animals and the generally high level of immune protection correlates derived from non-human primate (NHP) models of infection, therapeutics and vaccines are ultimately evaluated in NHP species for efficacy against filovirus. In their study, a heterologous prime/boost strategy with recombinant adenovirus serotypes 26 and 35 carrying GP (Z) and GP (S/G) demonstrated complete protection among NHPs. Each of these vectors was capable of stimulating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the context of NHPs pre-vaccinated with rAd5 as evidenced by antibody titers reaching an order of magnitude above those achieved in rAd5 vaccinated subjects (1:32,000 compared to 1:6,800), and CD8 + intracellular cytokine staining was 4.7-fold greater among heterologous prime/boosted subjects (0.41% compared to 0.09%) [59] . This GP-Fc fusion protein induced both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and mice vaccinated with ZEBOVGP-Fc demonstrated 90% protection against a lethal EBOV challenge. abstract: Viruses of the family Filoviridae represent significant health risks as emerging infectious diseases as well as potentially engineered biothreats. While many research efforts have been published offering possibilities toward the mitigation of filoviral infection, there remain no sanctioned therapeutic or vaccine strategies. Current progress in the development of filovirus therapeutics and vaccines is outlined herein with respect to their current level of testing, evaluation, and proximity toward human implementation, specifically with regard to human clinical trials, nonhuman primate studies, small animal studies, and in vitro development. Contemporary methods of supportive care and previous treatment approaches for human patients are also discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v4091619 doi: 10.3390/v4091619 id: cord-316534-ep7ezoko author: Gamble, Lena J title: Current progress in the development of a prophylactic vaccine for HIV-1 date: 2010-12-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Since its discovery and characterization in the early 1980s as a virus that attacks the immune system, there has been some success for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, due to the overwhelming public health impact of this virus, a vaccine is needed urgently. Despite the tireless efforts of scientist and clinicians, there is still no safe and effective vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity. A vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity against HIV infection remains elusive in part due to the following reasons: 1) degree of diversity of the virus, 2) ability of the virus to evade the hosts’ immunity, and 3) lack of appropriate animal models in which to test vaccine candidates. There have been several attempts to stimulate the immune system to provide protection against HIV-infection. Here, we will discuss attempts that have been made to induce sterilizing immunity, including traditional vaccination attempts, induction of broadly neutralizing antibody production, DNA vaccines, and use of viral vectors. Some of these attempts show promise pending continued research efforts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21267356/ doi: 10.2147/dddt.s6959 id: cord-323540-7b2mt1a8 author: García, Leidy Y. title: Contingent assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine date: 2020-06-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had a negative impact on people’s health and life behavior, but also on economies around the world. At the same time, laboratories and institutions are working hard to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine, which we hope will be available soon. However, there has been no assessment of whether an individual and society value ​​a vaccine monetarily, and what factors determine this value. Therefore, the objective of this research was to estimate the individual’s willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and, at the same time, find the main factors that determine this valuation. For this, we used the contingent valuation approach, in its single and double-bounded dichotomous choice format, which was based on a hypothetical market for a vaccine. The sample used was obtained through an online survey of n = 566 individuals from Chile. The main results showed that the WTP depends on the preexistence of chronic disease ([Formula: see text]), knowledge of COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]), being sick with COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]), perception of government performance ([Formula: see text]), employment status ([Formula: see text]), income ([Formula: see text]), health care ([Formula: see text]), adaptation to quarantine with children at home ([Formula: see text] and whether the person has recovered from COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]. According to our discrete choice model in double-bounded dichotomous format, it was concluded that the individuals’ WTP is US$184.72 (CI: 165.52-203.92; p < 0.01). This implies a social valuation of approximately US$2,232 million, corresponding to 1.09% of the GNP per capita. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32620375/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.068 id: cord-296469-h0ma163u author: Gellin, Bruce G. title: Preparing for the unpredictable: The continuing need for pandemic influenza preparedness date: 2016-10-26 words: 1501.0 sentences: 78.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296469-h0ma163u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296469-h0ma163u.txt summary: Of the many things that need to be in place to prepare for and respond to the next influenza pandemic, vaccines -together with the capacity to mount a timely global vaccination effort -are paramount. But as we learned in the 2009 influenza pandemic, although our response time has improved, a significant shift in approach is needed if an effective vaccine is to be in place before the next pandemic emerges. Until such a universal influenza vaccine becomes available, global influenza vaccine production capacity needs to be ready to respond when the next pandemic emerges. Without a concomitant increase in global demand for seasonal influenza vaccine, the capacity that will produce the world''s pandemic vaccines that GAP has stimulated cannot be sustained [18] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27682508/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.023 id: cord-276907-b855tj7x author: Giersing, Birgitte K. title: Report from the World Health Organization’s third Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting, Geneva, 8–10th June 2016 date: 2019-11-28 words: 12249.0 sentences: 457.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276907-b855tj7x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276907-b855tj7x.txt summary: Fortunately, at the current time, development of a norovirus vaccine that may offer efficacy in the context of low and middle income countries is proceeding with investment from the private sector, however an assessment of vaccine programmatic suitability and applicability to prequalification is needed, prior to Phase III trials to ensure the vaccine is appropriate for use in LMICs, assuming it is demonstrated to offer coverage over circulating genotypes within LMICs. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea among all children below 5 years of age worldwide, causing 20-40% of severe diarrheal hospitalisations, and is associated with significant mortality, with the latest mortality estimates at 215,000 deaths in 2013 [24] . abstract: Abstract The third meeting of WHO’s Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) was held in June 2016, with a remit to revisit the pathogen areas for which significant progress has occurred since recommendations from the 2015 meeting, as well as to consider new advances in the development of vaccines against other pathogens. Since the previous meeting, significant progress has been made with regulatory approvals of the first malaria and dengue vaccines, and the first phase III trials of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidate has started in the elderly and pregnant women. In addition, PDVAC has also supported vaccine development efforts against important emerging pathogens, including Middle Eastern Coronavirus (MERS CoV) and Zika virus. Trials of HIV and tuberculosis vaccine candidates are steadily progressing towards pivotal data points, and the leading norovirus vaccine candidate has entered a phase IIb efficacy study. WHO’s Immunization, Vaccine and Biologicals (IVB) department is actively working in several pathogen areas on the recommendation of PDVAC, as well as continuing horizon scanning for advances in the development of vaccines that may benefit low and middle income countries (LMICs), such as the recent licensure of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine in China. Following on from discussions with WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, PDVAC will also look beyond licensure and consider data needs for vaccine recommendation and implementation to reduce the delay between vaccine approval and vaccine impact. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16312051 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.090 id: cord-018969-0zrnfaad author: Giese, Matthias title: Types of Recombinant Vaccines date: 2015-09-24 words: 14221.0 sentences: 811.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018969-0zrnfaad.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018969-0zrnfaad.txt summary: New vaccines and vaccination strategies are being developed including the use of attenuated live mycobacteria, recombinant microorganisms, and subunits, prime-boost strategies based on the successive administration of a certain mycobacterial antigen under two different vaccine vectors, and DNA vaccines [ 1 ] . However, several animal models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of Shigella , the resulting immune response against Shigella antigens, and the protection efficacy of candidate vaccines against shigellosis: [ 31 ] . The GAS M protein is the major protective antigen and an ideal target for vaccine development; however it contains heart tissue cross-reactive epitopes particularly in the conserved region [ 98 ] . Immunization of mice with a C-region peptide GAS vaccine candidate called J8 conjugated to the carrier protein diphtheria toxoid (dT) and co-delivery with an appropriate adjuvant led to protection against systemic and mucosal GAS infection [ 104 ] (Fig. 9.29 ). abstract: The original scientific strategy behind vaccinology has historically been to “isolate, inactivate, and inject,” first invoked by Louis Pasteur. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123991/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-25832-4_9 id: cord-315570-khm1veuv author: González-Mora, Alejandro title: Bacteriophage-Based Vaccines: A Potent Approach for Antigen Delivery date: 2020-09-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccines are considered one of the most important bioproducts in medicine. Since the development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796, several types of vaccines for many diseases have been created. However, some vaccines have shown limitations as high cost and low immune responses. In that regard, bacteriophages have been proposed as an attractive alternative for the development of more cost-effective vaccines. Phage-displayed vaccines consists in the expression of antigens on the phage surface. This approach takes advantage of inherent properties of these particles such as their adjuvant capacity, economic production and high stability, among others. To date, three types of phage-based vaccines have been developed: phage-displayed, phage DNA and hybrid phage-DNA vaccines. Typically, phage display technology has been used for the identification of new and protective epitopes, mimotopes and antigens. In this context, phage particles represent a versatile, effective and promising alternative for the development of more effective vaccine delivery systems which should be highly exploited in the future. This review describes current advances in the development of bacteriophage-based vaccines, with special attention to vaccine delivery strategies. Moreover, the immunological aspects of phage-based vaccines, as well as the applications of phage display for vaccine development, are explored. Finally, important challenges and the future of phage-bases vaccines are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030504 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030504 id: cord-016713-pw4f8asc author: Goyal, Amit K. title: Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization date: 2013-05-24 words: 16034.0 sentences: 814.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016713-pw4f8asc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016713-pw4f8asc.txt summary: The use of nonviral particulate carriers for DNA-based vaccination could provide better and safe delivery of encapsulated genetic material, circumvent the need for muscle involvement and facilitate instead the uptake of the Fig. 4 Schematic representation of immunological response greeted by novel DNA-loaded nanocarrier DNA by APCs. However, transfection of APCs with encapsulated DNA into particulate carrier systems will be dependent upon choice of carrier surface charge, size, and lipid/polymer composition, or presence of other biological [e.g., interleukin 2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)]. Modification of lipid/DNA complexes by the polymer poly(D,L-lactic acid) was found to be consistently and significantly more effective than either unmodified liposomal DNA or naked DNA in eliciting transgene-specific immune responses to plasmid-encoded antigen when administered by the s.c. route (Bramwell et al. abstract: Genetic immunization is one of the important findings that provide multifaceted immunological response against infectious diseases. With the advent of r-DNA technology, it is possible to construct vector with immunologically active genes against specific pathogens. Nevertheless, site-specific delivery of constructed genetic material is an important contributory factor for eliciting specific cellular and humoral immune response. Nanotechnology has demonstrated immense potential for the site-specific delivery of biomolecules. Several polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers have been utilized for the delivery of genetic materials. These systems seem to have better compatibility, low toxicity, economical and capable to delivering biomolecules to intracellular site for the better expression of desired antigens. Further, surface engineering of nanocarriers and targeting approaches have an ability to offer better presentation of antigenic material to immunological cells. This chapter gives an overview of existing and emerging nanotechnological approaches for the delivery of genetic materials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121080/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-36853-0_4 id: cord-007710-0u5ot5h4 author: Graham, Barney S. title: Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines date: 2013-05-24 words: 4113.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007710-0u5ot5h4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007710-0u5ot5h4.txt summary: Several technological and conceptual advances have recently occurred that make RSV vaccine development more feasible, and this collected knowledge is intended to help inform and organize the future contributions of funding agencies, scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers that will be needed to achieve the goal of a safe, effective, and accessible vaccine to prevent RSV-associated disease. Barik, this volume), and suggest that vaccines that elicit responses that block or avoid the immunomodulation associated with wild-type RSV infection without enhancing disease could provide more potent and durable immunity than natural infection. These include the need for improved animal models, better understanding of mucosal immunity, more definitive clinical endpoints to use in efficacy trials, alternate vaccination strategies to protect the young infant (e.g., vaccinating pregnant women) and other high risk populations for whom vaccination may have limited effectiveness, and remedies for liability concerns. abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a significant proportion of the global burden of respiratory disease. Here we summarize the conclusions of a series of chapters written by investigators describing and interpreting what is known about the virology, clinical manifestations, immunity, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of RSV relevant to vaccine development. Several technological and conceptual advances have recently occurred that make RSV vaccine development more feasible, and this collected knowledge is intended to help inform and organize the future contributions of funding agencies, scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers that will be needed to achieve the goal of a safe, effective, and accessible vaccine to prevent RSV-associated disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121045/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_20 id: cord-325141-x3txhjkr author: Grech, Victor title: Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination date: 2020-10-01 words: 3681.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325141-x3txhjkr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325141-x3txhjkr.txt summary: This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers'' hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers'' hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. (9) This study was carried out in order to ascertain the degree of vaccine hesitancy in Maltese healthcare workers vis-à-vis a putative novel COVID-19 vaccine later this year, and correlate this with influenza vaccination uptake. The increased proportion of Maltese healthcare workers who plan to take the influenza vaccine this year when compared to last winter is probably due to increased awareness of respiratory viral illnesses in general in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportions of those who are likely/undecided/unlikely (half, quarter, quarter respectively) to take a COVID-19 are similar to rates reported in other countries.(10) The higher male inclination to take the vaccine may be due to a combination of factors which could include the innate male propensity for perceived risk taking in the face of a novel vaccine. abstract: Introduction Vaccine hesitancy is a chronic public health threat. This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers’ hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. Methods A short, anonymous questionnaire was sent out to all of Malta’s government sector healthcare workers via the service’s standard email services (11-19/09/2020). A total of 9,681 questionnaires were posted electronically, with 10.4% response. Results The proportion of Maltese healthcare workers who will take the influenza vaccine increased significantly. Doctors had the highest baseline uptake and highest likely influenza vaccine uptake next winter. The likely/undecided/unlikely to take a COVID-19 vaccine were 52/22/26% respectively. Males were likelier to take the vaccine. Doctors were the occupation with the highest projected vaccine uptake. Likelihood of taking COVID-19 vaccine was directly related to the likelihood of influenza vaccination. Concerns raised were related to insufficient knowledge about such a novel vaccine, especially unknown long term side effects. Discussion The increased uptake of influenza vaccine is probably due to increased awareness of respiratory viral illness. Doctors may have higher vaccine uptakes due to greater awareness and knowledge of vaccine safety. The proportions of who are likely/undecided/unlikely (half, quarter, quarter respectively) to take a COVID-19 are similar to rates reported in other countries. The higher male inclination to take the vaccine may be due the innate male propensity for perceived risk taking. Shared COVID-19 with influenza vaccine hesitancy implies an innate degree of vaccine reluctance/hesitancy and not merely reluctance based on novel vaccine knowledge gap. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378378220306976 doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105213 id: cord-318683-1yxurnev author: Green, Manfred S title: Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date: 2018-10-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Global terrorism is a rapidly growing threat to world security, and increases the risk of bioterrorism. In this Review, we discuss the potential threat of bioterrorism, agents that could be exploited, and recent developments in technologies and policy for detecting and controlling epidemics that have been initiated intentionally. The local and international response to infectious disease epidemics, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome and west African Ebola virus epidemic, revealed serious shortcomings which bioterrorists might exploit when intentionally initiating an epidemic. Development of new vaccines and antimicrobial therapies remains a priority, including the need to expedite clinical trials using new methodologies. Better means to protect health-care workers operating in dangerous environments are also needed, particularly in areas with poor infrastructure. New and improved approaches should be developed for surveillance, early detection, response, effective isolation of patients, control of the movement of potentially infected people, and risk communication. Access to dangerous pathogens should be appropriately regulated, without reducing progress in the development of countermeasures. We conclude that preparedness for intentional outbreaks has the important added value of strengthening preparedness for natural epidemics, and vice versa. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30340981/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30298-6 id: cord-337577-dqikrmk7 author: Greenberg, Harry B. title: Vaccination against Viruses date: 2016-05-09 words: 4789.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337577-dqikrmk7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337577-dqikrmk7.txt summary: In the elderly, measures of cell-mediated immunity, such as granzyme B levels in virus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, may correlate better than serum antibody titers with vaccine-elicited protection (McElhaney et al., 2009 ). Whether cell-mediated effector mechanisms, mucosal antibody, or some other factor is primarily responsible for protection by live attenuated influenza vaccines or natural infection remains controversial despite several decades of study. A key finding has been that, among the neutralizing antibodies elicited in response to influenza virus, HIV, or RSV infection or immunization, some have remarkably broad specificity (Burton and Mascola 2015; Corti et al., 2013 Corti et al., , 2011 . The elucidation of Toll-like receptors as key sentry molecules that detect potential pathogens and recruit antigen-presenting cells for a subsequent antigen-specific response has enabled the rational design of a new generation of potential vaccine adjuvants (Wu et al., 2014) . abstract: Most vaccines in use today are the result of empirical development. The mechanism of action of many vaccines in common use remains incompletely understood. Understanding how such vaccines protect is an ongoing subject of study using increasingly sophisticated immunological tools, such as B cell and T cell repertoire and transcriptome analysis. Such tools are also being applied to the design of vaccines against those viral targets that have evaded vaccine-mediated protection thus far. As basic immunological science intersects with the practicalities of assuring vaccine safety, tolerability, efficacy, and consistency in the clinic, the practical utility of more sophisticated immunological measures for vaccine development may be determined by whether they can be reduced to simply executed, highly standardized, reproducible assays with outcomes that have clear interpretations for vaccine development and use. Basic immunology, empirical vaccine testing, and regulatory science are all necessary contributors to developing the next generation of vaccines, including vaccines effective against the pathogens for which vaccines are not currently available. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123742797140160 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.14016-0 id: cord-006252-cbelsymu author: Gross, Peter A. title: Current Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in the Older Population date: 2012-11-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Influenza vaccine is recommended for people aged 65 years and older and those in long term care. Currently only 30% of high risk persons are vaccinated. Vaccination generally stimulates an adequate immune response, is well tolerated and is to be encouraged. Prophylactic amantadine 100 mg/day should be given for 2 weeks with influenza vaccine in the aged population when they have not been previously immunised. Broad application of these preventive measures would have a significant impact on reducing influenza prevalence in the elderly and other high risk groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100770/ doi: 10.2165/00002512-199101060-00003 id: cord-022039-y0l943xg author: Gruber, Marion F. title: Regulation and Testing of Vaccines date: 2017-07-17 words: 14882.0 sentences: 585.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022039-y0l943xg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022039-y0l943xg.txt summary: Section 901 of Title IX of the FDAAA authorizes the FDA to require certain postmarketing studies and clinical trials for prescription drug and biological products approved under the FDA should take action in response to such reports and whether the current pharmacovigilance plan is adequate. Critical information to be contained in the BLA include data derived from nonclinical laboratory and clinical studies that demonstrate that the manufactured product meets prescribed requirements for safety, purity, and potency. Following completion of IND studies demonstrating the safety and efficacy of the vaccine for a specific use and population the sponsor can submit a BLA to obtain a license for a new vaccine under section 351 of the PHS Act for commercial manufacture and distribution of the product. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152379/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00079-1 id: cord-013290-j3assowx author: Guibinga, Ghiabe H. title: Protection against Borreliella burgdorferi infection mediated by a synthetically engineered DNA vaccine date: 2020-08-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in North America. The etiological agent is the spirochete Borreliella burgdorferi, transmitted to mammalian hosts by the Ixodes tick. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of cases of Lyme disease. Currently, there is no vaccine on the market for human use. We describe the development of a novel synthetically engineered DNA vaccine, pLD1 targeting the outer-surface protein A (OspA) of Borreliella burgdorferi. Immunization of C3 H/HeN mice with pLD1 elicits robust humoral and cellular immune responses that confer complete protection against a live Borreliella burgdorferi bacterial challenge. We also assessed intradermal (ID) delivery of pLD1 in Hartley guinea pigs, demonstrating the induction of robust and durable humoral immunity that lasts at least 1 year. We provide evidence of the potency of pLD1 by showing that antibodies targeting the OspA epitopes which have been associated with protection are prominently raised in the immunized guinea pigs. The described study provides the basis for the advancement of pDL1 as a potential vaccine for Lyme disease control. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7553707/ doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1789408 id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz author: Guimarães, Luísa Eça title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date: 2015-10-31 words: 14633.0 sentences: 821.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt summary: In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) abstract: Abstract Vaccines and autoimmunity are linked fields. Vaccine efficacy is based on whether host immune response against an antigen can elicit a memory T-cell response over time. Although the described side effects thus far have been mostly transient and acute, vaccines are able to elicit the immune system towards an autoimmune reaction. The diagnosis of a definite autoimmune disease and the occurrence of fatal outcome post-vaccination have been less frequently reported. Since vaccines are given to previously healthy hosts, who may have never developed the disease had they not been immunized, adverse events should be carefully accessed and evaluated even if they represent a limited number of occurrences. In this review of the literature, there is evidence of vaccine-induced autoimmunity and adjuvant-induced autoimmunity in both experimental models as well as human patients. Adjuvants and infectious agents may exert their immune-enhancing effects through various functional activities, encompassed by the adjuvant effect. These mechanisms are shared by different conditions triggered by adjuvants leading to the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome). In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. Despite this, efforts to unveil the connection between the triggering of the immune system by adjuvants and the development of autoimmune conditions should be undertaken. Vaccinomics is a field that may bring to light novel customized, personalized treatment approaches in the future. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1043661815001711 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003 id: cord-263277-m4too6ob author: Guzmán, Carlos Alberto title: Next Generation Influenza Vaccines: Looking into the Crystal Ball date: 2020-08-21 words: 1921.0 sentences: 102.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263277-m4too6ob.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263277-m4too6ob.txt summary: In their review article, the authors also presented a comprehensive summary of the current efforts to improve the influenza vaccines produced using standard existing technologies. In this particular context, animal studies support the potential of exploiting this strategy to generate universal or at least broader next generation vaccines providing heterosubtypic protection by stimulating long-lasting T cell resident memory cells. As described in the review, a universal vaccine based on peptides should mimic more closely the immune responses observed after natural infections by inducing both cross-reactive peripheral and tissue resident CD8 T cells in addition to cross-reactive antibodies and CD4 T follicular and helper cells. However, influenza vaccines based on both traditional and emerging technologies face the major constraint represented by the immune history of the individual vaccinees. abstract: Influenza infections are responsible for significant number of deaths and overwhelming costs worldwide every year. Vaccination represents the only cost-efficient alternative to address this major problem in human health. However, current vaccines are fraught by many limitations, being far from optimal. Among them, the need to upgrade vaccines every year through a time-consuming process open to different caveats, and the critical fact that they exhibit poorer efficacy in individuals who are at high risk for severe infections. Where are we? How can knowledge and technologies contribute towards removing current roadblocks? What does the future offer in terms of next generation vaccines? url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030464 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030464 id: cord-351649-87g7g5au author: Haagmans, Bart L. title: SARS date: 2009-01-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Five years after the first severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, several candidate SARS-coronavirus (CoV) vaccines are at various stages of preclinical and clinical development. Based on the observation that SARSCoV infection is efficiently controlled upon passive transfer of antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV, vaccines containing the S protein have been formulated. Animals immunized with inactivated whole virus vaccines or live-recombinant vaccines expressing the SARS-CoV S protein (e.g., using rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, adenovirus, or attenuated vaccinia virus MVA as a vector), as well as mice immunized with DNA vaccines expressing the S protein gene all developed neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV and were protected against SARS-CoV challenge. Although much effort has been focused on developing a SARS vaccine, the commercial viability of such a vaccine for SARS-CoV will ultimately depend on whether the virus re-emerges in the near future. This vaccine should induce highly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies to protect against newly emerging viruses related to SARS-CoV and protect both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract in the absence of significant side effects. Given the fact that in the previous outbreak mainly the elderly succumbed to the infection, special attention should be given to vaccines that are able to efficiently protect aged individuals. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123694089000366 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00036-6 id: cord-343347-guciupc8 author: Hajj Hussein, Inaya title: Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health date: 2015-11-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live-attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. The story began with Hippocrates 400 B.C. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. No further discoveries were recorded until 1100 A.D. when the smallpox vaccine was described. During the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and Edward Jenner, the father of vaccination and immunology, published his work on smallpox. The nineteenth century was a major landmark, with the “Germ Theory of disease” of Louis Pasteur, the discovery of the germ tubercle bacillus for tuberculosis by Robert Koch, and the isolation of pneumococcus organism by George Miller Sternberg. Another landmark was the discovery of diphtheria toxin by Emile Roux and its serological treatment by Emil Von Behring and Paul Ehrlih. In addition, Pasteur was able to generate the first live-attenuated viral vaccine against rabies. Typhoid vaccines were then developed, followed by the plague vaccine of Yersin. At the beginning of World War I, the tetanus toxoid was introduced, followed in 1915 by the pertussis vaccine. In 1974, The Expanded Program of Immunization was established within the WHO for bacille Calmette–Guerin, Polio, DTP, measles, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. The year 1996 witnessed the launching of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. In 1988, the WHO passed a resolution to eradicate polio by the year 2000 and in 2006; the first vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was developed. In 2010, “The Decade of vaccines” was launched, and on April 1st 2012, the United Nations launched the “shot@Life” campaign. In brief, the armamentarium of vaccines continues to grow with more emphasis on safety, availability, and accessibility. This mini review highlights the major historical events and pioneers in the course of development of vaccines, which have eradicated so many life-threatening diseases, despite the vaccination attitudes and waves appearing through history. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269 id: cord-315131-4yb2b70g author: Hammerschmidt, Sven title: Threat of infection: Microbes of high pathogenic potential – strategies for detection, control and eradication date: 2005-06-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Infectious diseases due to microbes of high pathogenic potential remain a constant and variable threat for human and animal health. The emergence of new diseases or the re-emergence of diseases that were previously under control complicates the situation to date. Infectious disease research, which has undergone a dramatic progress in understanding disease mechanisms such as host–pathogen interactions, is now focusing increasingly on new strategies for prevention and therapy. Significant progress has been achieved in the development of delivery systems for protective heterologous protein antigens and in veterinary vaccinology. A landmark of infectious diseases research is the chemical synthesis of genomes, a major new field of research referred to as “synthetic biology”, that to date has resulted in the chemical synthesis of the poliovirus and of phage φX174 genomes and their expression as infectious viruses. On the molecular level the evolution of pathogens and mechanisms of genome flexibility, which account for several pathogenic properties of infectious agents, have received increased attention. Bacterial toxins are an additional threat to human health and their interference with host cells and cellular functions is receiving more attention. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422105000457 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.03.004 id: cord-013326-qsqaimsy author: Hankaniemi, Minna M. title: Structural Insight into CVB3-VLP Non-Adjuvanted Vaccine date: 2020-08-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common pathogens that can cause acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, aseptic meningitis, and they are hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. The licensed enterovirus vaccines and those currently in clinical development are traditional inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Even though these vaccines work well in the prevention of enterovirus diseases, new vaccine technologies, like virus-like particles (VLPs), can offer important advantages in the manufacturing and epitope engineering. We have previously produced VLPs for CVB3 and CVB1 in insect cells. Here, we describe the production of CVB3-VLPs with enhanced production yield and purity using an improved purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography, which is compatible with industrial scale production. We also resolved the CVB3-VLP structure by Cryo-Electron Microscopy imaging and single particle reconstruction. The VLP diameter is 30.9 nm on average, and it is similar to Coxsackievirus A VLPs and the expanded enterovirus cell-entry intermediate (the 135s particle), which is ~2 nm larger than the mature virion. High neutralizing and total IgG antibody levels, the latter being a predominantly Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in C57BL/6J mice immunized with non-adjuvanted CVB3-VLP vaccine. The structural and immunogenic data presented here indicate the potential of this improved methodology to produce highly immunogenic enterovirus VLP-vaccines in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7565060/ doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091287 id: cord-000194-cwzpb8fu author: Haque, Azizul title: Confronting Potential Influenza A (H5N1) Pandemic with Better Vaccines date: 2007-10-17 words: 5237.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000194-cwzpb8fu.txt summary: To test the hypothesis that whole-virion would be more immunogenic than conventional split-virion or subunit vaccines and may be adaptable to the antigen-sparing strategy, an inactivated, monovalent infl uenza A (H5N1), whole-virion vaccine was prepared from a highly virulent strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 strain by removing the polybasic amino acids at the cleavage site, making the virus no longer pathogenic. Vaccination of mice with a live attenuated infl uenza vaccine or an alum-adjuvanted inactivated infl u-enza vaccine based on a related H5 HA from a nonpathogenic avian infl uenza virus, A/Duck/Pottsdam/1042-6/86 (H5N2), limited the disease severity and reduced deaths following challenge with a current highly pathogenic infl uenza (H5N1) (23) . Genes of highly conserved proteins such as the nucleoprotein or M2 proteins could be included in adenovirus vector-based vaccines because immune responses against these infl uenza viral antigens provide protection in animal models (24, 25) . Cross-protective immunity in mice induced by live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines against highly pathogenic infl uenza A (H5N1) viruses abstract: Influenza A (H5N1) viruses are strong candidates for causing the next influenza pandemic if they acquire the ability for efficient human-to-human transmission. A major public health goal is to make efficacious vaccines against these viruses by using novel approaches, including cell-culture system, reverse genetics, and adjuvant development. Important consideration for the strategy includes preparation of vaccines from a currently circulating strain to induce broad-spectrum immunity toward newly emerged human H5 strains. This strategy would be a good solution early in a pandemic until an antigenically matched and approved vaccine is produced. The concept of therapeutic vaccines (e.g., antidisease vaccine) directed at diminishing the cytokine storm frequently seen in subtype H5N1–infected persons is underscored. Better understanding of host–virus interaction is essential to identify tools to produce effective vaccines against influenza (H5N1). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851514/ doi: 10.3201/eid1310.061262 id: cord-270709-jahnjvyk author: Hasford, Joerg title: Large Simple Double-Blind Randomized Trials for the Rapid Assessment of the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-08-26 words: 966.0 sentences: 51.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270709-jahnjvyk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270709-jahnjvyk.txt summary: title: Large Simple Double-Blind Randomized Trials for the Rapid Assessment of the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Large Simple Double-Blind Randomized Trials for the Rapid Assessment of the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines to the editor-The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought not only far too many losses of human lives but an economic crisis as well. As all participants have been exposed, the effectiveness of a vaccine can be assessed with smaller sample sizes and possibly more quickly compared to the conventional trial with community participants; however, challenge studies are accompanied by serious ethical issues [3] . Among the advantages of using the LSRT design are that it allows central randomization of large numbers of volunteers within a short time and rapid collection of the relevant outcomes at a low cost compared to the conventional phase 3 trials with many follow-up visits and extensive monitoring. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32845317/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa456 id: cord-032751-pmclolvh author: Head, Katharine J. title: A National Survey Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Intentions: Implications for Future Public Health Communication Efforts date: 2020-09-23 words: 5086.0 sentences: 305.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032751-pmclolvh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032751-pmclolvh.txt summary: Research Question 2: What are the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine behavioral intentions of adults in the U.S. when a health care provider recommends the vaccine? Importantly, because vaccine intent and/or need may be different for people who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and perceived threat variables (discussed below) are usually only measured for future threats, only participants who answered "no" to the question "do you believe that you''ve had COVID-19" are included in the current study (n = 3,159). Step 3 of the hierarchical regression model, with all variables included, less education was associated with lower intent to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The health belief variables that were significant in the full regression model were all positively associated with intent to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. abstract: With SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under development, research is needed to assess intention to vaccinate. We conducted a survey (N = 3,159) with U.S. adults in May 2020 assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intentions, intentions with a provider recommendation, and sociodemographic and psychosocial variables. Participants had high SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intentions (M = 5.23/7-point scale), which increased significantly with a provider recommendation (M = 5.47). Hierarchical linear regression showed that less education and working in health care were associated with lower intent, and liberal political views, altruism, and COVID-19-related health beliefs were associated with higher intent. This work can inform interventions to increase vaccine uptake, ultimately reducing COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520657/ doi: 10.1177/1075547020960463 id: cord-254890-4ynsgu6c author: Heldens, J.G.M. title: Veterinary vaccine development from an industrial perspective date: 2008-03-03 words: 9217.0 sentences: 443.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254890-4ynsgu6c.txt summary: Live vaccine: Low passage lot for safety (GLP) on target species including pregnant animals in case indication is required High passage lot for efficacy: Onset of immunity and duration of immunity Inactivated vaccine: High passage lot for safety (GLP) and efficacy Licensing batches (10% commercial scale, GMP) -Consistency of production, process validation -Transfer of production process and control tests to manufacturing departments and quality control departments -Stability studies on antigen and final product in final container Field studies (GCP) -Safety -Efficacy derived from treated animals from which food is derived, and the consumer. The likely approach to develop vaccines would be, first, the cloning and site directed mutagenesis to turn the HA-gene into a non-pathogenic form, and, second, the production of so-called high growth re-assortants producing considerable amounts of the new HA protein, which is, among others, the protective antigen in influenza virus. abstract: Veterinary vaccines currently available in Europe and in other parts of the world are developed by the veterinary pharmaceutical industry. The development of a vaccine for veterinary use is an economic endeavour that takes many years. There are many obstacles along the path to the successful development and launch of a vaccine. The industrial development of a vaccine for veterinary use usually starts after the proof of concept that is based on robust academic research. A vaccine can only be made available to the veterinary community once marketing authorisation has been granted by the veterinary authorities. This review gives a brief description of the regulatory requirements which have to be fulfilled before a vaccine can be admitted to the market. Vaccines have to be produced in a quality controlled environment to guarantee delivery of a product of consistent quality with well defined animal and consumer safety and efficacy characteristics. The regulatory and manufacturing legislative framework in which the development takes place is described, as well as the trend in developments in production systems. Recent developments in bacterial, viral and parasite vaccine research and development are also addressed and the development of novel adjuvants that use the expanding knowledge of immunology and disease pathology are described. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1090023307003930 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.009 id: cord-257533-i85dyg8n author: Henn, Wolfram title: Allocation criteria for an initial shortage of a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and necessary measures for global immunity date: 2020-06-23 words: 1070.0 sentences: 60.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257533-i85dyg8n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257533-i85dyg8n.txt summary: title: Allocation criteria for an initial shortage of a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and necessary measures for global immunity Although healthcare systems around the world currently are fully absorbed with the day-today challenge of slowing down the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, ongoing research makes it very likely that a protective vaccine will be developed within a rather short period of time [1, 2] . Given the unprecedented public attention to the issue, these criteria must be medically adequate, socially fair, transparent, verifiable, and easily understandable for non-experts, in order to bridge thehopefully short but anyway relevant-initial shortage of vaccine supply without creating social discomfort or even unrest. As current data clearly show that COVID-19 mortality is strongly associated with age [7] , it should be the leading and also easily verifiable medical parameter for the distribution of the expected vaccine during an initial scarcity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32600909/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.058 id: cord-016903-z2vqfq98 author: Herndler-Brandstetter, Dietmar title: The Efficacy of Vaccines to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Elderly date: 2007 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infectious diseases still represent a major challenge to human progress and survival. Especially elderly persons are more frequently and severely affected by infectious diseases and they display distinct features with respect to clinical presentation and treatment. Although vaccinations are considered a vital medical procedure for preventing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases, the protective effect of vaccinations is abrogated in elderly persons. This is due to a decline in the functions of the immune system referred to as immunosenescence. The first part of this chapter will therefore summarize the status quo of the efficacy of vaccines in preventing morbidity and mortality caused by typical infectious diseases in the elderly, such as influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis. The second part will then elucidate the underlying age-related mechanisms which may contribute to the decreased efficacy of vaccines. Based on the complex mechanisms involved in immunosenescence, strategies will be outlined which may be succesfful in enhancing protective immune responses following vaccination in elderly persons. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121339/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-76842-7_10 id: cord-344669-hw57silv author: Hilton, Shona title: Newsprint media representations of the introduction of the HPV vaccination programme for cervical cancer prevention in the UK (2005–2008) date: 2010-03-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In September 2008, the human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation programme was introduced in the UK for schoolgirls aged between 12 and 18 years of age. The vaccine shows high efficacy in preventing infection against HPV types 16 and 18 responsible for 70% of cervical cancer. However, to be most effective, the vaccine needs to be administered before exposure to the viruses and therefore, ideally, before young people become sexually active. The introduction of any new vaccine, and perhaps particularly one given to young teenage girls to prevent a sexually transmitted cancer-causing virus, has the potential to attract a great deal of media attention. This paper reports on content analysis of 344 articles published between January 2005 and December 2008 in 15 UK newspapers. It includes both manifest and latent analysis to examine newsprint media coverage of the introduction of the HPV vaccination programme and its role in HPV advocacy. We concluded that the newspapers were generally positive towards the new HPV vaccination and that over the 4 years period the newsworthiness of the HPV vaccination programme increased. In 2008 two events dominated coverage, firstly, the introduction of the HPV programme in September 2008 and secondly, in August 2008 the diagnosis on camera of cervical cancer given to Jade Goody, a 27 year old mother of two, who gained fame and notoriety in the UK through her participation in several reality television shows. There are two conclusions from this study. Firstly, the positive media coverage surrounding the introduction of the HPV vaccination programme is to be welcomed as it is likely to contribute towards influencing public perceptions about the acceptability and need for HPV vaccination. Secondly, the focus on prevalence rates of HPV infection among women and on women's sexual behaviours, in relation to HPV vaccination ‘encouraging’ promiscuity, is an unhelpful aspect of media coverage. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953609008417 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.027 id: cord-328935-mn8r972x author: Hodgins, Douglas C. title: Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines: Comparative Vaccinology date: 2015-03-13 words: 16336.0 sentences: 785.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328935-mn8r972x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328935-mn8r972x.txt summary: Studies of the potential of novel adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy against genetically unstable, immune-subverting RNA viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs, should assist in the control of pathogens with similar characteristics in other species. However, a recent study showed that an inactivated reassortant RV strain (CDC-9 strain) formulated with aluminum phosphate and administered systemically in gnotobiotic pigs resulted in induction of serum IgG antibody titers, coinciding with partial protection against shedding and diarrhea, suggesting that adjuvant may have stimulated local specific (gut IgA antibodies) or nonspecific immune responses, which were not assessed in this study (Wang et al., 2010) . Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs abstract: Infections of mucosal surfaces are major causes of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss in species of veterinary interest, and a concern for animal welfare. Vaccines are used extensively in veterinary medicine, and innovative vaccine technologies such as recombinant DNA-vectored and distinguishing infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) vaccines and automated in ovo vaccination (of embryonated chicken eggs) have been rapidly adopted commercially. Immunological research using outbred, nonrodent animal models has contributed to a broader understanding of mucosal defenses, and has provided the initial impetus for investigation of the common mucosal immune system. Studies of the potential of novel adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy against genetically unstable, immune-subverting RNA viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs, should assist in the control of pathogens with similar characteristics in other species. Successful development of vaccines to prevent and treat ascending infections of the reproductive tract of cattle set a precedent for applications in other species including humans. Studies of mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems continue at the interface between passive and active immunity, with the goal of inducing the earliest possible protection against enteric and respiratory pathogens of neonates. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158474000689 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00068-9 id: cord-343421-k1dqe4lk author: Hoelzer, Karin title: Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions date: 2018-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccines and other alternative products are central to the future success of animal agriculture because they can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations. To assess scientific advancements related to alternatives to antibiotics and provide actionable strategies to support their development, the United States Department of Agriculture, with support from the World Organisation for Animal Health, organized the second International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics. It focused on six key areas: vaccines; microbial-derived products; non-nutritive phytochemicals; immune-related products; chemicals, enzymes, and innovative drugs; and regulatory pathways to enable the development and licensure of alternatives to antibiotics. This article, the second part in a two-part series, highlights new approaches and potential solutions for the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics in food producing animals; opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of such vaccines are discussed in the first part of this series. As discussed in part 1 of this manuscript, many current vaccines fall short of ideal vaccines in one or more respects. Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. However, translating this research into commercial vaccines that effectively reduce the need for antibiotics will require close collaboration among stakeholders, for instance through public–private partnerships. Targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts by all affected are needed to realize the potential of vaccines to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7 doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7 id: cord-355689-mo4mvwch author: Huang, Jiechen title: Role of vaccine efficacy in the vaccination behavior under myopic update rule on complex networks date: 2019-09-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: How to effectively prevent the diffusion of infectious disease has become an intriguing topic in the field of public hygienics. To be noted that, for the non-periodic infectious diseases, many people hope to obtain the vaccine of epidemics in time to be inoculated, rather than at the end of the epidemic. However, the vaccine may fail as a result of invalid storage, transportation and usage, and then vaccinated individuals may become re-susceptible and be infected again during the outbreak. To this end, we build a new framework that considers the imperfect vaccination during the one cycle of infectious disease within the spatially structured and heterogeneous population. Meanwhile, we propose a new vaccination update rule: myopic update rule, which is only based on one focal player’s own perception regarding the disease outbreak, and one susceptible individual makes a decision to adopt the vaccine just by comparing the perceived payoffs vaccination with the perceived ones of being infected. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to demonstrate the imperfect vaccination behavior under the myopic update rule in the spatially structured and heterogeneous population. The results indicate that healthy individuals are often willing to inoculate the vaccine under the myopic update rule, which can stop the infectious disease from being spread, in particular, it is found that the vaccine efficacy influences the fraction of vaccinated individuals much more than the relative cost of vaccination on the regular lattice, Meanwhile, vaccine efficacy is more sensitive on the heterogeneous scale-free network. Current results are helpful to further analyze and model the choice of vaccination strategy during the disease outbreaks. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0960077919303662 doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2019.109425 id: cord-275031-0y0d4brz author: Häfner, Sophia title: Contagion 2.0() date: 2015-07-02 words: 1984.0 sentences: 89.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275031-0y0d4brz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275031-0y0d4brz.txt summary: Live attenuated vaccines, in particular, miming best the "natural" infection, hold the advantage of eliciting the most complete and long-lasting immunization, are relatively inexpensive to produce, suitable to be distributed to large populations and do not require adjuvants. However, despite the repeated call from scientists and several valuable discoveries which could probably be transformed into treatments and vaccines [6] , the pharmaceutical companies showed limited interest in investing into MERS, as the disease kept a relatively low profile over the past three years and numerous other catastrophes fought simultaneously for economic and media attention. cruzi vaccines, these approaches do not provide a strong and long-lasting immunity against T. cruzi which can be used in combination with other techniques such as gene deletion or radiation to develop safe animal and human vaccines. cruzi infection and effective and safe drugs for treatment of Chagas disease. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26143032/ doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.06.005 id: cord-018040-k0h5ejjt author: Ilyinskii, P. title: Aspects of Microparticle Utilization for Potentiation of Novel Vaccines: Promises and Risks date: 2009 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Many recombinant vaccines against novel (HIV, HCV) or ever-changing (influenza) infectious agents require the presence of adjuvants/delivery vehicles to induce strong immune responses. The necessity of their improvement led to the major effort towards development of vaccine delivery systems that are generally particulate (e.g., nano- and microparticles) and have comparable dimensions to the pathogens (viruses or bacteria). The mode of action of these adjuvants is not fully understood but implies the stimulation of the innate or antigen-specific immune responses, and/or the increase of antigen uptake or processing by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Moreover, enhancement of adjuvant activity through the use of micro- and nanoparticulate delivery systems often resulted from the synergistic effects producing immune responses stronger than those elicited by the adjuvant or delivery system alone. Among particulate adjuvants, biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycoside) (PLGA) or poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) have been reported to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses against an encapsulated protein antigen. Cationic and anionic polylactide co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles have been successfully used to adsorb a variety of agents, which include plasmid DNA, recombinant proteins and adjuvant active oligonucleotides and are also currently tested in several vaccine applications. Another approach envisions specific targeting of APC, especially peripheral DC and exploitation of particulate systems that are small enough for lymphatic uptake (polystyrene nanobeads). Micro- and nanoparticles offer the possibility of enhancement of their uptake by appropriate cells through manipulation of their surface properties. Still, questions regarding toxicity and molecular interaction between micro- and nano-particles and immune cells, tissues and whole organisms remain to be addressed. These risks and other possible side effects should be assessed in detail especially if mass-production and massive administration of such preparations is to be considered. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122810/ doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2523-4_26 id: cord-289360-h6wvx7gw author: Imperiale, Michael J. title: The Importance of Virology at a Time of Great Need and Great Jeopardy date: 2015-03-10 words: 1290.0 sentences: 59.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289360-h6wvx7gw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289360-h6wvx7gw.txt summary: journal: mBio Viruses account for up to 20% of all human cancers, and although a large percentage of new human papillomavirus (HPV) and HBV infections can now be prevented by vaccination, many are already infected, and the vaccines are not being used to their full potential. The tremendous reduction in mortality from such diseases as variola, measles, and rubella came about only because the causative viruses were identified, cultivated, attenuated, and made into effective vaccines by biomedical research. While we scientists cannot directly control funding or regulations, we can take charge of some aspects of the research enterprise in a way to ensure that it continues to benefit society. This requires engaging our elected officials both directly and indirectly by continuing to educate them and the public at large about the importance of fundamental research in infectious diseases. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25759503/ doi: 10.1128/mbio.00236-15 id: cord-264356-3zu4w0a9 author: Ino, Hiroyasu title: Vaccine mandate in long‐term care facilities date: 2020-10-01 words: 1548.0 sentences: 107.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264356-3zu4w0a9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264356-3zu4w0a9.txt summary: Telehealth consultations have helped our institution provide continuity of care to older adults who would otherwise decline healthcare attendances due to fears of contracting COVID-19. Making vaccination a standard part of the LTCF admission process does increase vaccination rates in nursing homes, and it is recommended by the Department of Health and Human Services. These interactions make the facility vulnerable to infectious diseases, but one must not forget that living in LTCFs provides the residents with a comfortable environment, which makes them feel like being in one''s own home. However, when any vaccines that can prevent infection in elderly people are developed, vaccinating LTCF residents against COVID-19 should be a requirement. We should consider vaccine requirements for the elderly in LTCFs. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in COVID-19 patients aged ≥80 years Time to mandate influenza vaccination in health-care workers abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33003254/ doi: 10.1111/ggi.14023 id: cord-004274-cot05vx7 author: Jackson, Nicholas A. C. title: The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective date: 2020-02-04 words: 4253.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004274-cot05vx7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004274-cot05vx7.txt summary: "STATE-OF-THE-ART" mRNA CONSTRUCTS AND DELIVERY TECHNOLOGIES The core principle behind mRNA as a technology for vaccination is to deliver the transcript of interest, encoding one or more immunogen(s), into the host cell cytoplasm where expression generates translated protein(s) to be within the membrane, secreted or intracellularly located. Perspective #2: Translational sciences will inform preclinical and clinical studies to promote rapid downselection of constructs and formulations A key aspect of vaccine development efforts is the goal of making early informed decisions, based on objective data that favor or disfavor a particular candidate. 64 The current focus from a clinical perspective is to optimize the benefit (immunogenicity and efficacy) while reducing the risk (safety) profile of a candidate mRNA vaccine by optimizing the quality attributes that dictate expression and/or augmenting delivery. Thus, early-phase clinical trials need to be designed in a way to appropriately capture the inflammatory component intrinsic to all mRNA vaccines, given that several intracellular innate immune response sensors are activated by RNA. abstract: mRNA technologies have the potential to transform areas of medicine, including the prophylaxis of infectious diseases. The advantages for vaccines range from the acceleration of immunogen discovery to rapid response and multiple disease target manufacturing. A greater understanding of quality attributes that dictate translation efficiency, as well as a comprehensive appreciation of the importance of mRNA delivery, are influencing a new era of investment in development activities. The application of translational sciences and growing early-phase clinical experience continue to inform candidate vaccine selection. Here we review the state of the art for the prevention of infectious diseases by using mRNA and pertinent topics to the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000814/ doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-0159-8 id: cord-339726-eg0hajzl author: Jamrozik, Euzebiusz title: Coronavirus Human Infection Challenge Studies: Assessing Potential Benefits and Risks date: 2020-08-25 words: 3643.0 sentences: 154.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339726-eg0hajzl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339726-eg0hajzl.txt summary: Novel research designs, particularly where such studies might be controversial as in the case of SARS-CoV-2 HCS, require especially careful ethical evaluation including rigorous risk-benefit assessments as well as timely, thorough, public engagement ( WHO Working Group for Guidance on Human Challenge Studies in COVID-19 2020; Bambery et al. To be ethically acceptable, SARS-CoV-2 HCS would need to have multiple risk minimization strategies in place, including (i) selection of low risk participants (e.g., healthy young adults 1 ), (ii) careful strain selection and development, (iii) careful titration of viral dose, (iv) early diagnosis and availability of all necessary medical care, (v) long-term follow-up of participants, (vi) compensation for any lasting harms, and (vii) stringent infection control including measures to protect and screen research staff for infection (WHO Working Group for Guidance on Human Challenge Studies in COVID-19 2020). Tensions between public health and vaccine research priorities: A comparative modelling assessment of the risks and benefits of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine field trials versus human challenge studies abstract: Human infection challenge studies (HCS) have been proposed as a means to accelerate SARS-CoV2 vaccine development and thereby help to mitigate a prolonged global public health crisis. A key criterion for the ethical acceptability of SARS-CoV2 HCS is that potential benefits outweigh risks. Although the assessment of risks and benefits is meant to be a standard part of research ethics review, systematic comparisons are particularly important in the context of SARS-CoV2 HCS in light of the significant potential benefits and harms at stake as well as the need to preserve public trust in research and vaccines. In this paper we explore several considerations that should inform systematic assessment of SARS-CoV-2 HCS. First, we detail key potential benefits of SARS-CoV-2 HCS including, but not limited to, those related to the acceleration of vaccine development. Second, we identify where modelling is needed to inform risk-benefit (and thus ethical) assessments. Modelling will be particularly useful in (i) comparing potential benefits and risks of HCS with those of vaccine field trials under different epidemiological conditions and (ii) estimating marginal risks to HCS participants in light of the background probabilities of infection in their local community. We highlight interactions between public health policy and research priorities, including situations in which research ethics assessments may need to strike a balance between competing considerations. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10030-x doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10030-x id: cord-330342-i55czo8a author: Johnson, Alton R. title: In Pursuit of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine date: 2020-10-28 words: 1116.0 sentences: 48.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330342-i55czo8a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330342-i55czo8a.txt summary: OWS is a combined effort of both public and private sectors with oversight by the US Department of Defense, Department of Health and Human Services, FDA, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for the safe development and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The results of the combined phase trials were later published on September 4, and revealed good immunogenicity for both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; however, further investigation is needed in order to determine how effective the vaccines will be in preventing COVID-19 disease (10) . Trump Administration Collaborates With Moderna to Produce 100 Million Doses of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine to Produce Millions of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine Doses HHS, DOD Collaborate With Novavax to Produce Millions of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine Doses in Commercial-Scale Manufacturing Demonstration Projects HHS, DOD Partner With Sanofi and GSK on Commercial-Scale Manufacturing Demonstration Project to Produce Millions of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine Doses abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33129444/ doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2020.09.011 id: cord-002282-ldfa616a author: Joung, Young Hee title: The Last Ten Years of Advancements in Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Hepatitis B date: 2016-10-13 words: 8136.0 sentences: 449.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt summary: Another important advantage as emerging vaccine is the more effective activation of key aspects of the immune response to achieve potent immune stimulation and to provide immunological memory for long-lasting protection [22, 23] Plant-based platforms including whole plant, organs or cell and expression technology to produce target antigens of interest are diverse [38] [39] [40] . In the case of plant-derived HBV vaccines, the first report was on the expression of the small hepatitis B surface antigen (S-HBsAg) in transgenic tobacco plants. In the transgenic tobacco plant transformed with the S-HBsAg gene controlled by the 35S promoter, expression levels were very low: less than 0.01% total soluble protein and less than 10 ng/g fresh weight in leaf tissues. Expression of the human hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in transgenic tomato plants Oral immunization of human with transgenic lettuce expressing hepatitis B surface antigen abstract: Disease prevention through vaccination is considered to be the greatest contribution to public health over the past century. Every year more than 100 million children are vaccinated with the standard World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended vaccines including hepatitis B (HepB). HepB is the most serious type of liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), however, it can be prevented by currently available recombinant vaccine, which has an excellent record of safety and effectiveness. To date, recombinant vaccines are produced in many systems of bacteria, yeast, insect, and mammalian and plant cells. Among these platforms, the use of plant cells has received considerable attention in terms of intrinsic safety, scalability, and appropriate modification of target proteins. Research groups worldwide have attempted to develop more efficacious plant-derived vaccines for over 30 diseases, most frequently HepB and influenza. More inspiring, approximately 12 plant-made antigens have already been tested in clinical trials, with successful outcomes. In this study, the latest information from the last 10 years on plant-derived antigens, especially hepatitis B surface antigen, approaches are reviewed and breakthroughs regarding the weak points are also discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5085746/ doi: 10.3390/ijms17101715 id: cord-301876-d2j9wpqk author: Kalita, Parismita title: Design of a peptide-based subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-05-04 words: 3449.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301876-d2j9wpqk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301876-d2j9wpqk.txt summary: Few groups have designed subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2; however, their workflow involved either use of single protein for vaccine design [24, 25] or used only CTL epitopes without considering the importance of B-cell or HTL epitopes [26] . B-cell epitopes for the screened SARS-CoV-2 proteins were predicted using the ABCPred server (http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/abcpred/). A total of 6 HTLs, 18 CTLs, and 9 B-cell epitopes derived from the three proteins were used to design the subunit vaccine (566 amino acid residues) against SARS-CoV-2 (Supplementary Figure 1) . Based on extensive bioinformatics analysis, we used three proteins to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Computational studies suggest that our multi-epitope based subunit vaccine has a probability of showing good protective efficacy and safety against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Development of epitope-based peptide vaccine against novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-COV-2): Immunoinformatics approach abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread worldwide. In the absence of any antiviral or immunomodulatory therapies, the disease is spreading at an alarming rate. A possibility of a resurgence of COVID-19 in places where lockdowns have already worked is also developing. Thus, for controlling COVID-19, vaccines may be a better option than drugs. An mRNA-based anti-COVID-19 candidate vaccine has entered a phase 1 clinical trial. However, its efficacy and potency have to be evaluated and validated. Since vaccines have high failure rates, as an alternative, we are presenting a new, designed multi-peptide subunit-based epitope vaccine against COVID-19. The recombinant vaccine construct comprises an adjuvant, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), helper T-lymphocyte (HTL), and B-cell epitopes joined by linkers. The computational data suggest that the vaccine is non-toxic, non-allergenic, thermostable, with the capability to elicit a humoral and cell-mediated immune response. The stabilization of the vaccine construct is validated with molecular dynamics simulation studies. This unique vaccine is made up of 33 highly antigenic epitopes from three proteins that have a prominent role in host-receptor recognition, viral entry, and pathogenicity. We advocate this vaccine must be synthesized and tested urgently as a public health priority. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104236 doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104236 id: cord-261876-7rsc803x author: Kaslow, David C. title: Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development date: 2020-05-25 words: 6462.0 sentences: 305.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261876-7rsc803x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261876-7rsc803x.txt summary: In considering the "certainty of success" in development of human coronavirus vaccines, particularly SARS-CoV-2, a third, related critical parameter is proposed—infectious inoculum intensity, at an individual-level, and force of infection, at a population-level. Reducing the infectious inoculum intensity (and force of infection, at a population-level) is predicted to lengthen the incubation period, which in turn is predicted to reduce the severity of illness, and increase the opportunity for an anamnestic response upon exposure to the circulating virus. The one factor that emerges for consideration in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development and implementation is reducing the infectious inoculum intensity (and force of infection, at a populationlevel) to lengthen the incubation period, reduce the severity of illness, and increase the opportunity for an anamnestic response upon exposure to the circulating virus. abstract: Vaccines for 17 viral pathogens have been licensed for use in humans. Previously, two critical biological parameters of the pathogen and the host–pathogen interaction—incubation period and broadly protective, relative immunogenicity—were proposed to account for much of the past successes in vaccine development, and to be useful in estimating the “certainty of success” of developing an effective vaccine for viral pathogens for which a vaccine currently does not exist. In considering the “certainty of success” in development of human coronavirus vaccines, particularly SARS-CoV-2, a third, related critical parameter is proposed—infectious inoculum intensity, at an individual-level, and force of infection, at a population-level. Reducing the infectious inoculum intensity (and force of infection, at a population-level) is predicted to lengthen the incubation period, which in turn is predicted to reduce the severity of illness, and increase the opportunity for an anamnestic response upon exposure to the circulating virus. Similarly, successfully implementing individual- and population-based behaviors that reduce the infectious inoculum intensity and force of infection, respectively, while testing and deploying COVID-19 vaccines is predicted to increase the “certainty of success” of demonstrating vaccine efficacy and controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease, death, and the pandemic itself. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32509338/ doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-0193-6 id: cord-322955-7dw32xby author: Kathwate, Gunderao H title: In Silico design and characterization of multi-epitopes vaccine for SARS-CoV2 from its spike proteins date: 2020-06-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: COVID 19 is disease caused by novel corona virus, SARS-CoV2 originated in China most probably of Bat origin. Till date, no specific vaccine or drug has been discovered to tackle the infections caused by SARS-CoV2. In response to this pandemic, we utilized bioinformatics knowledge to develop efficient vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV2. Designed vaccine was rich in effective BCR and TCR epitopes screened from the sequence of S-protein of SARS-CoV2. Predicted BCR and TCR epitopes were antigenic in nature non-toxic and probably non-allergen. Modelled and refined tertiary structure was predicted as valid for further use. Protein-Protein interaction prediction of TLR2/4 and designed vaccine indicates promising binding. Designed multiepitope vaccine has induced cell mediated and humoral immunity along with increased interferon gamma response. Macrophages and dendritic cells were also found increased over the vaccine exposure. In silico codon optimization and cloning in expression vector indicates that vaccine can be efficiently expressed in E. coli. In conclusion, predicted vaccine is a good antigen, probable no allergen and has potential to induce cellular and humoral immunity. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.131755 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.03.131755 id: cord-313911-lfn9ggg3 author: Kenner, Julie title: LC16m8: An attenuated smallpox vaccine date: 2006-11-17 words: 7952.0 sentences: 377.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313911-lfn9ggg3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313911-lfn9ggg3.txt summary: LC16m8, an attenuated, replicating smallpox vaccine derived from the Lister strain of vaccinia, is currently licensed in Japan where it was safely used in over 50,000 children in the 1970s. LC16m8 is immunogenic after a single dose, and recent studies in two different animal models have demonstrated protective efficacy equivalent to that of the only FDA-licensed smallpox vaccine. In addition, plaque-purified LC16m8 and a construct of LC16m8 lacking the B5R gene were shown to have safety profiles comparable to that of MVA in the same animal models and to confer protective immunity in a mouse/intranasal vaccinia (Western Reserve [WR] strain) challenge study [47] . Since animal challenge studies were not conducted during the development of LC16m8 in the 1970s, alternative measures of immunity that had been used to characterize other smallpox vaccines [65, 66] were used to evaluate the efficacy of LC16m8 in early clinical trials in Japan. abstract: The frequency of moderate to severe adverse reactions associated with smallpox vaccines currently stockpiled in the US, and the continued threat of bioterrorism have prompted the development of effective vaccines with improved safety profiles. LC16m8, an attenuated, replicating smallpox vaccine derived from the Lister strain of vaccinia, is currently licensed in Japan where it was safely used in over 50,000 children in the 1970s. It has been shown to have markedly less neurotoxicity than unattenuated vaccines in nonclinical studies. LC16m8 is immunogenic after a single dose, and recent studies in two different animal models have demonstrated protective efficacy equivalent to that of the only FDA-licensed smallpox vaccine. This article reviews the history and available scientific literature regarding LC16m8 and provides comparisons to other smallpox vaccines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X06004142 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.087 id: cord-324349-26uuczmi author: Kidokoro, Minoru title: Vaccinia Virus LC16m8∆ as a Vaccine Vector for Clinical Applications date: 2014-10-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The LC16m8 strain of vaccinia virus, the active ingredient in the Japanese smallpox vaccine, was derived from the Lister/Elstree strain. LC16m8 is replication-competent and has been administered to over 100,000 infants and 3,000 adults with no serious adverse reactions. Despite this outstanding safety profile, the occurrence of spontaneously-generated large plaque-forming virulent LC16m8 revertants following passage in cell culture is a major drawback. We identified the gene responsible for the reversion and deleted the gene (B5R) from LC16m8 to derive LC16m8Δ. LC16m8∆ is non-pathogenic in immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, genetically-stable and does not reverse to a large-plaque phenotype upon passage in cell culture, even under conditions in which most LC16m8 populations are replaced by revertants. Moreover, LC16m8∆ is >500-fold more effective than the non-replicating vaccinia virus (VV), Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), at inducing murine immune responses against pathogenic VV. LC16m8∆, which expresses the SIV gag gene, also induced anti-Gag CD8(+) T-cells more efficiently than MVA and another non-replicating VV, Dairen I minute-pock variants (DIs). Moreover, LC16m8∆ expressing HIV-1 Env in combination with a Sendai virus vector induced the production of anti-Env antibodies and CD8(+) T-cells. Thus, the safety and efficacy of LC16m8∆ mean that it represents an outstanding platform for the development of human vaccine vectors. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344890/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040755 id: cord-294347-axkdf5vu author: Kim, Shin-Hee title: Newcastle Disease Virus as a Vaccine Vector for Development of Human and Veterinary Vaccines date: 2016-07-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Viral vaccine vectors have shown to be effective in inducing a robust immune response against the vaccine antigen. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is a promising vaccine vector against human and veterinary pathogens. Avirulent NDV strains LaSota and B1 have long track records of safety and efficacy. Therefore, use of these strains as vaccine vectors is highly safe in avian and non-avian species. NDV replicates efficiently in the respiratory track of the host and induces strong local and systemic immune responses against the foreign antigen. As a vaccine vector, NDV can accommodate foreign sequences with a good degree of stability and as a RNA virus, there is limited possibility for recombination with host cell DNA. Using NDV as a vaccine vector in humans offers several advantages over other viral vaccine vectors. NDV is safe in humans due to host range restriction and there is no pre-existing antibody to NDV in the human population. NDV is antigenically distinct from common human pathogens. NDV replicates to high titer in a cell line acceptable for human vaccine development. Therefore, NDV is an attractive vaccine vector for human pathogens for which vaccines are currently not available. NDV is also an attractive vaccine vector for animal pathogens. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v8070183 doi: 10.3390/v8070183 id: cord-000452-1gd006zy author: Kim, Y. C. title: Delivery Systems for Intradermal Vaccination date: 2011-04-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Intradermal (ID) vaccination can offer improved immunity and simpler logistics of delivery, but its use in medicine is limited by the need for simple, reliable methods of ID delivery. ID injection by the Mantoux technique requires special training and may not reliably target skin, but is nonetheless used currently for BCG and rabies vaccination. Scarification using a bifurcated needle was extensively used for smallpox eradication, but provides variable and inefficient delivery into the skin. Recently, ID vaccination has been simplified by introduction of a simple-to-use hollow microneedle that has been approved for ID injection of influenza vaccine in Europe. Various designs of hollow microneedles have been studied preclinically and in humans. Vaccines can also be injected into skin using needle-free devices, such as jet injection, which is receiving renewed clinical attention for ID vaccination. Projectile delivery using powder and gold particles (i.e., gene gun) have also been used clinically for ID vaccination. Building off the scarification approach, a number of preclinical studies have examined solid microneedle patches for use with vaccine coated onto metal microneedles, encapsulated within dissolving microneedles or added topically to skin after microneedle pretreatment, as well as adapting tattoo guns for ID vaccination. Finally, technologies designed to increase skin permeability in combination with a vaccine patch have been studied through the use of skin abrasion, ultrasound, electroporation, chemical enhancers, and thermal ablation. The prospects for bringing ID vaccination into more widespread clinical practice are encouraging, given the large number of technologies for ID delivery under development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173582/ doi: 10.1007/82_2011_123 id: cord-005081-kxrzv16n author: Kiselev, O. I. title: Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies date: 2010-11-12 words: 7263.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.txt summary: We are using the following approaches to the development of industrial production: use of nanoparticles and nanoemulsions as functional adjuvants, construction of totally-safe strains for live attenuated influenza vaccines with deletions of molecular determinants of pathogenicity, application of protein and chemical chaperones to provide self-assembly of haemagglutinin molecules of the H1N1v-2009 virus, and impregnation of whole-virion preparations with nanoparticles to enhance antigenicity. Europe and the United States agreed to allot grants and worked out programs for developing novel technologies and vaccine preparations with improved qualities: a new generation of LAIV, that is, delNS1 vaccines with a limited replicative potential, LAIV with deletions of pathogenicity factors in genes, latest variations of subunit vaccines enhanced by adju vants, and capsid nanovaccines and nanovaccines based on inactivated viruses and virus like particles [14] . A marked breakthrough in the construction of recombinant vaccines is related to the use of insect cells and the obtaining of virus like particles (VLPs) based on baculovirus expression vectors. abstract: This article analyzes the current situation in the field of construction and production of pandemic influenza vaccines. The main task of protecting the population against influenza pandemics requires state-of-the-art approaches to the construction of influenza vaccines to be based on reassortment and genetic engineering techniques, including the analysis of primary structures of influenza viral genes, synthesis and cloning of the main viral genes, reverse genetics techniques, and banks of plasmids bearing basic viral genes. Reassortant technologies are now giving way to new approaches for objective reasons. The state-of-the-art technologies provide safety not only at the laboratories where vaccine viruses are constructed but also make the production process wholly safe. We are using the following approaches to the development of industrial production: use of nanoparticles and nanoemulsions as functional adjuvants, construction of totally-safe strains for live attenuated influenza vaccines with deletions of molecular determinants of pathogenicity, application of protein and chemical chaperones to provide self-assembly of haemagglutinin molecules of the H1N1v-2009 virus, and impregnation of whole-virion preparations with nanoparticles to enhance antigenicity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088289/ doi: 10.1134/s0003683810090024 id: cord-324001-m7ys95z7 author: Kobinger, Gary P. title: Assessment of the Efficacy of Commercially Available and Candidate Vaccines against a Pandemic H1N1 2009 Virus date: 2010-04-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. The emergence and global spread of the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus have raised questions regarding the protective effect of available seasonal vaccines and the efficacy of a newly produced matched vaccine. Methods. Ferrets were immunized with the 2008–2009 formulations of commercially available live attenuated (FluMist; MedImmune) or split-inactivated (Fluviral; GlaxoSmithKline) vaccines, a commercial swine vaccine (FluSure; Pfizer), or a laboratory-produced matched inactivated whole-virus vaccine (A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009). Adaptive immune responses were monitored, and the animals were challenged with A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009 after 5 weeks. Results. Only animals that received the swine or matched vaccines developed detectable hemagglutination- inhibiting antibodies against the challenge virus, whereas a T cell response was exclusively detected in animals vaccinated with FluMist. After challenge, all animals had high levels of virus replication in the upper respiratory tract. However, preexisting anti—pandemic H1N1 2009 antibodies resulted in reduced clinical signs and improved survival. Surprisingly, FluMist was associated with a slight increase in mortality and greater lung damage, which correlated with early up-regulation of interleukin-10. Conclusions. The present study demonstrates that a single dose of matched inactivated vaccine confers partial protection against a pandemic H1N1 2009 virus, and it suggests that a higher dose or prime-boost regimen may be required. The consequences of mismatched immunity to influenza merit further investigation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170374/ doi: 10.1086/651171 id: cord-007440-7gcpk9x9 author: Koprowski, Hilary title: Vaccines and sera through plant biotechnology() date: 2005-03-07 words: 2110.0 sentences: 129.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt summary: After considering various alternatives of fulfilling the criteria established for a global approach to immunization, it has become clear that our only choice is the production of vaccines or other materials of biomedical importance in plants. Immunogenicity was tested in mice, which were either injected with or fed the plant-produced vaccine ( as compared to controls; high-titer antibodies against RSV were also induced. To express rabies vaccine in plants, we have used a recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus in spinach leaves. Research conducted by Dr. Kisung Ko, led to the production of a transgenic tobacco plant containing the heavy and light chains of human rabies antibody. The two chains recombined in the plants to produce a complete antirabies antibody, which was as effective as the original antibody in animals, before and after exposure to rabies (Table 4 ). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115416/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.001 id: cord-289599-7vsynfgn author: Kostoff, Ronald N. title: COVID-19 vaccine safety date: 2020-09-18 words: 2715.0 sentences: 153.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289599-7vsynfgn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289599-7vsynfgn.txt summary: The present article examines whether short-term, mid-term, and long-term vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the myriad vaccine-induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based on previous clinical trials and laboratory research. It is uncertain as to whether any of the drugs, vaccines, foods or radiation exposures of our predecessors, which were not tested for transgenerational effects, are adversely affecting human life at present. Of note, the question remains whether humanity is currently willing to pass on potential devastating diseases to future generations due to the present need for the speedy development of a vaccine, bypassing adequate long-term and transgenerational safety testing. The vaccine costs in this discussion are the potential adverse health effects from a cOVId-19 vaccine, particularly for the mid-and long-term. This least vulnerable demographic population would have to bear the brunt of any potential mid-and long-term adverse health impacts that may result from a vaccine inadequately tested for these effects. abstract: In response to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic, a global competition to develop an anti-COVID-19 vaccine has ensued. The targeted time frame for initial vaccine deployment is late 2020. The present article examines whether short-term, mid-term, and long-term vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the myriad vaccine-induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based on previous clinical trials and laboratory research. It presents scientific evidence of potential pitfalls associated with eliminating critical phase II and III clinical trials, and concludes that there is no substitute currently available for long-term human clinical trials to ensure long-term human safety. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33000193/ doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4733 id: cord-285883-rlliacex author: Kremer, Eric J. title: Pros and Cons of Adenovirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines date: 2020-10-09 words: 1486.0 sentences: 83.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285883-rlliacex.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285883-rlliacex.txt summary: These advances include production and purification methods, genetic incorporation of epitopes into the capsid so that mononuclear phagocytes present these antigens via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II pathways, cloaking the capsid with polymers/shields to prevent neutralization by antibodies (NAbs), retargeting the vector to professional antigen-presenting cells, using helper-dependent vectors (so that the vector-infected cell only expresses the target epitopes and not Ad antigens), using Ad types with a lower level of seroprevalence in some populations, and single-cycle replication of vaccines to produce massive amounts of antigens. When injected with a bolus of Ad antigens (the vaccine), the response includes re-activation of anti-Ad effector memory T cells (T EM s), which return via homing receptors to the mucosal environments-where most Ad infections occur-and increased production of antibodies. Few can argue with the preclinical data that demonstrate that Ad-based vaccines generate rapid, antigen-targeted immune response in mice, rabbits, hamsters, and monkeys. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.002 doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.002 id: cord-272241-2fwz8z8n author: Kumar, Amit title: Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins for multi-epitope vaccine development: an in-silico approach date: 2020-09-09 words: 4608.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272241-2fwz8z8n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272241-2fwz8z8n.txt summary: title: Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins for multi-epitope vaccine development: an in-silico approach Hence, in this study, we have used immunoinformatic approaches to predict highly antigenic epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins that would evoke a strong immune response in humans. For this purpose, we have used the structural proteins: Spike, Envelope, and nucleocapsid to predict B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes for construction of vaccine. We have also performed the docking and molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) between the vaccine and human Toll-like Receptor-3 (TLR-3) to study their binding stability. The VaxiJen 2.0 server predicts the antigenicity of the multi-epitope vaccine peptide based on the physicochemical properties of the input protein. Whereas, ANTIGENpro server predicts the antigenicity of the multi-epitopic vaccine based on the protein microarray data analysis of the target organism. Three structural proteins (spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid, and envelope) were selected to construct a multi-epitope vaccine, which is capable of eliciting the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. abstract: INTRODUCTION: The ongoing life-threatening pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has extensively affected the world. During this global health crisis, it is fundamentally crucial to find strategies to combat SARS-CoV-2. Despite several efforts in this direction and continuing clinical trials, no vaccine has been approved for it yet. METHODS: To find a preventive measure, we have computationally designed a multi-epitopic subunit vaccine using immuno-informatic approaches. RESULTS: The structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 involved in its survival and pathogenicity were used to predict antigenic epitopes. The antigenic epitopes were capable of eliciting a strong humoral as well as cell-mediated immune response, our predictions suggest. The final vaccine was constructed by joining the all epitopes with specific linkers and to enhance their stability and immunogenicity. The physicochemical property of the vaccine was assessed. The vaccine 3D structure prediction and validation were done and docked with the human TLR-3 receptor. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations of the vaccine-TLR-3 receptor complex are employed to assess its dynamic motions and binding stability in-silico. CONCLUSION: Based on this study, we strongly suggest synthesizing this vaccine, which further can be tested in-vitro and in-vivo to check its potency in a cure for COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2020.1813576 doi: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1813576 id: cord-345689-5ns1onkw author: Kusters, Inca C. title: Manufacturing Vaccines for an Emerging Viral Infection–Specific Issues Associated with the Development of a Prototype SARS Vaccine date: 2009-01-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The world was struck by surprise when a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic started in 2003 in China. This disease had never been observed in man before; the SARS-Coronavirus causing the disease was unknown. With the uncertainty about the future impact of this epidemic, an important international collaboration started spontaneously sharing scientific knowledge and reagents. Resources became quickly available, and public and private efforts were undertaken to develop rapidly a vaccine. We will discuss here the importance of the international collaboration and the availability of funding. Moreover, we will review the most important and challenging steps during the industrial development of the SARS vaccine highlighting the difficulties in terms of safety working with such a highly pathogenic, unknown virus. We will emphasize the industrial perspectives on inactivation and decontamination experiments, the selection of the most promising vaccine candidate, the production process and the choice and use of animal models in such a pressing and difficult situation. Finally, we will briefly review the unique regulatory environment created during this period for the development of a SARS vaccine. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123694089000111 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00011-1 id: cord-273151-1h8c4yq9 author: LOCHT, Camille title: Vaccines against COVID-19 date: 2020-10-20 words: 1516.0 sentences: 94.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273151-1h8c4yq9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273151-1h8c4yq9.txt summary: Several hundred COVID-19-specific vaccines are at various stages of development in academia and industry and make use of a variety of different generic platforms, such as inactivated virus, purified recombinant viral proteins with or without adjuvant, replicating and non-replicating viral vectored antigens, antigen-encoding DNA or mRNA. A phase 1, open-label trial in young adults showed acceptable safety and reactogenicity and the induction of neutralising antibodies after two injections 16 . Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, nonrandomized, first-in-human trial Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomized controlled trial Phase 1/2 study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235255682030237X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.006 id: cord-282507-swxs5pr1 author: Lacaille-Dubois, Marie-Aleth title: Updated insights into the mechanism of action and clinical profile of the immunoadjuvant QS-21: A review date: 2019-07-31 words: 8445.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282507-swxs5pr1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282507-swxs5pr1.txt summary: The second part of the review is related to phase I-III clinical trials of QS-21, mostly formulated in ASs, to evaluate efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of adjuvanted prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, e.g. malaria, herpes zoster, tuberculosis, AIDS and therapeutic vaccines against cancer and Alzheimer''s disease. They can act on one or more of the following targets to increase response to Ags: (1) sustaining release at the injection site (depot effect), (2) transient secretion of cytokines and chemokines, (3) recruitement of various immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and Dendritic Cells (DCs) at the injection site leading to a local immune-competent environment, (4) expression by the recruited APCs of various Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs) both on their surface (Toll-like receptors, TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, CLRs), and intracellularly (Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and Retinoic Inducible Gene-1 (RIG)-like receptors (RLRs)), which are recognized and/or activated by adjuvants, (5) maturation and activation of recruited APCs which up-regulate the expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-I and/or MHC-II and activation of co-stimulatory signals CD40, CD80/86, (6) increased capacity of APCs for Ag processing and presentation by MHC, (7) migration of the mature APCs to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) to interact with Ag-specific B or T lymphocytes (through receptor-ligand interactions, MHC-T cell receptor (MHC-TCR), CD40-CD40L, CD80/86-CD28) which are activated to produce potent Ab-secreting B cells and/or effector CD8 + T cell responses (Awate et al., 2013) . abstract: Abstract Background Vaccine adjuvants are compounds that significantly enhance/prolong the immune response to a co-administered antigen. The limitations of the use of aluminium salts that are unable to elicite cell responses against intracellular pathogens such as those causing malaria, tuberculosis, or AIDS, have driven the development of new alternative adjuvants such as QS-21, a triterpene saponin purified from Quillaja saponaria. Purpose The aim of this review is to attempt to clarify the mechanism of action of QS-21 through either receptors or signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo with special emphasis on the co-administration with other immunostimulants in new adjuvant formulations, called adjuvant systems (AS). Furthermore, the most relevant clinical applications will be presented. Methods A literature search covering the period 2014–2018 was performed using electronic databases from Sci finder, Science direct, Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar. Results Insights into the mechanism of action of QS-21 can be summarized as follows: 1) in vivo stimulation of Th2 humoral and Th1 cell-mediated immune responses through action on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, leading to release of Th1 cytokines participating in the elimination of intracellular pathogens. 2) activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse APCs with subsequent release of caspase-1 dependent cytokines, Il-1β and Il-18, important for Th1 responses. 3) synthesis of nearly 50 QS-21 analogs, allowing structure/activity relationships and mechanistic studies. 4) unique synergy mechanism between monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL A) and QS-21, formulated in a liposome (AS01) in the early IFN-γ response, promoting vaccine immunogenicity. The second part of the review is related to phase I-III clinical trials of QS-21, mostly formulated in ASs, to evaluate efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of adjuvanted prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, e.g. malaria, herpes zoster, tuberculosis, AIDS and therapeutic vaccines against cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion The most advanced phase III clinical applications led to the development of two vaccines containing QS-21 as part of the AS, the Herpes Zoster vaccine (HZ/su) (Shingrix™) which received a license in 2017 from the FDA and a marketing authorization in the EU in 2018 and the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine (Mosquirix™) against malaria, which was approved by the EMA in 2015 for further implementation in Sub-Saharan countries for routine use. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711319300753 doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152905 id: cord-002500-9p2n8tjx author: Lambe, Teresa title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel vaccines? date: 2017-05-26 words: 7327.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002500-9p2n8tjx.txt summary: The other vaccine modality being assessed as an Ebola vaccine candidate is the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding EBOV glycoprotein (rVSV-ZEBOV), which is an attenuated replication-competent viral vector. In the absence of any gold standard for measuring humoral immunity against Ebola virus, a wide variety of assays were used to evaluate antibody responses to vaccines during the recent EVD outbreak. Many of the other binding assays used in these Phase I trials correlate strongly and, in particular, it is useful that the standardized glycoprotein ELISA and pseudotyped lentivirus assays each correlate strongly with neutralizing titres against live Ebola virus as these assays avoid the need to work at high containment levels, but may be used to indicate the presence of antibodies with neutralizing activity. In a pre-clinical NHP model, IgG responses after immunization with AdHu5-based Ebola virus vaccines were measured using an ELISA against GP, where 100% protection against a lethal challenge was predicted by titres of 3700 or greater, while a titre of around 2000 predicted 85% survival. abstract: Sporadic outbreaks of Ebola virus infection have been documented since the mid-Seventies and viral exposure can lead to lethal haemorrhagic fever with case fatalities as high as 90%. There is now a comprehensive body of data from both ongoing and completed clinical trials assessing various vaccine strategies, which were rapidly advanced through clinical trials in response to the 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) public health emergency. Careful consideration of immunogenicity post vaccination is essential but has been somewhat stifled because of the wide array of immunological assays and outputs that have been used in the numerous clinical trials. We discuss here the different aspects of the immune assays currently used in the Phase I clinical trials for Ebola virus vaccines, and draw comparisons across the immune outputs where possible; various trials have examined both cellular and humoral immunity in European and African cohorts. Assessment of the safety data, the immunological outputs and the ease of field deployment for the various vaccine modalities will help both the scientific community and policy-makers prioritize and potentially license vaccine candidates. If this can be achieved, the next outbreak of Ebola virus, or other emerging pathogen, can be more readily contained and will not have such widespread and devastating consequences. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5394635/ doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0295 id: cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author: Lambert, Paul-Henri title: Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-05-25 words: 5236.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt summary: Therefore, CEPI and the Brighton Collaboration Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting https://brightoncollaboration.us/brighton-collaboration-cepi-covid-19-web-conference/) on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to discuss current knowledge that could form the basis for the assessment of the risk of enhanced disease during SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. Ferret models of SARS-CoV-1 also demonstrate virus replication in respiratory tracts with induction of a neutralizing antibody response but also demonstrated little evidence of clinical disease [13] . Efficacy of several SARS-CoV-1 vaccines was evaluated in these models with spike (S) protein based vaccines demonstrating neutralizing antibody and protection against pulmonary replication of the challenge virus in mice and hamsters [16] . There is evidence for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals after challenge with live virus in multiple studies with SARS-CoV-1 vaccine candidates as summarized in Table. Chinese macaques immunized with a modified vaccinia virus expressing S protein then challenged with SARS-CoV-1 did not develop clinical disease, but histopathology showed lung injury. abstract: A novel coronavirus (CoV), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and has since spread as a global pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are thus urgently needed to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and ease the major economic impact. There has been an unprecedented rapid response by vaccine developers with now over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and at least six having reached clinical trials. However, a major challenge during rapid development is to avoid safety issues both by thoughtful vaccine design and by thorough evaluation in a timely manner. A syndrome of “disease enhancement” has been reported in the past for a few viral vaccines where those immunized suffered increased severity or death when they later encountered the virus or were found to have an increased frequency of infection. Animal models allowed scientists to determine the underlying mechanism for the former in the case of Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine and have been utilized to design and screen new RSV vaccine candidates. Because some Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines have shown evidence of disease enhancement in some animal models, this is a particular concern for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. To address this challenge, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the Brighton Collaboration (BC) Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to consider what vaccine designs could reduce safety concerns and how animal models and immunological assessments in early clinical trials can help to assess the risk. This report summarizes the evidence presented and provides considerations for safety assessment of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in accelerated vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32507409/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.064 id: cord-332358-0t4uxmj2 author: Lamphear, Barry J. title: A corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines: an oral transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity in swine date: 2004-06-23 words: 3131.0 sentences: 136.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332358-0t4uxmj2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332358-0t4uxmj2.txt summary: The modified live virus vaccine, which was administered twice orally and then once intramuscularly resulted in gilts in all groups having similar TGEV serum neutralizing titers 35 days prior to farrowing. Analysis of serum samples taken from gilts at 14 days prior to farrowing showed that animals that had received the oral corn-based TGEV vaccine (groups A-C) had notably higher serum neutralization titers than those that had received no material at this stage (groups D and F). Although more oral administrations of the corn-based vaccine appeared to increase the neutralization titer, differences between the treatment groups (A-C) were not significant and none of the treatments induced a significantly stronger response than the intramuscular boost of modified live vaccine delivered to group E. The orally administered corn-based TGEV vaccine is effective in boosting the serum neutralizing titer response in animals previously sensitized to TGEV using the modified live virus vaccine. abstract: Recombinant plant expression systems offer a means to produce large quantities of selected antigens for subunit vaccines. Cereals are particularly well-suited expression vehicles since the expressed proteins can be stored at relatively high concentrations for extended periods of time without degradation and dry seed can be formulated into oral vaccines suitable for commercial applications. A subunit vaccine candidate directed against porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and expressed in corn seed has been developed for oral delivery to swine. Here, we show that this vaccine, when administered to previously sensitized gilts, can boost neutralizing antibody levels in the animals’ serum, colostrum and milk. Thus, this vaccine candidate is effective at boosting lactogenic immunity and is appropriate to pursue through large-scale field trials preceding commercialization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15193404/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.066 id: cord-301577-3qc56c7d author: Lamson, Daryl M. title: An unusual case of influenza-like illness after yellow fever vaccination date: 2014-05-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Yellow fever (YF) is an important public health concern in areas where the disease is endemic. For more than 60 years a highly effective live attenuated vaccine has been available, its widespread use resulting in a dramatic decrease in the number of cases. On rare occasions, YF vaccine can cause mild to severe disease and rare adverse vaccine-associated events have been reported. Additionally, an average viremia of 3–5 days after administration of the YF vaccine has been published. Here we present a case where YF vaccine was isolated in cell culture from a respiratory swab collected from a patient presenting with influenza-like illness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report finding replicating YF vaccine in the respiratory sample of a post inoculated individual. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.01.020 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.01.020 id: cord-292528-8kdhf123 author: Lau, Yuk-Fai title: A TLR3 ligand that exhibits potent inhibition of influenza virus replication and has strong adjuvant activity has the potential for dual applications in an influenza pandemic date: 2009-02-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The appearance and spread of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) raise concern of a possible pandemic. Current preventive measures include the development of a pre-pandemic influenza vaccine and stockpiling of neuraminidase inhibitors. However, their benefits can be significantly reduced by mutations in the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase resulting in antigenic changes and the appearance of drug-resistance, respectively. Drugs that target the innate immune system to achieve a ‘heightened antiviral’ state represent another class of antiviral agents that could contribute to the control and treatment of influenza infection. In this study, PIKA (a stabilized dsRNA) provides broad-spectrum prophylaxis against a number of influenza A viruses. In addition, when PIKA was admixed with influenza vaccine preparations, including a formalin-inactivated whole-virion H5 vaccine, significant adjuvanting effect leading to accelerated viral clearance was observed in a murine model. These biological effects appear to be mediated by the ability of PIKA to promote the maturation of dendritic cells, including up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, and the induction of various cytokines and chemokines. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was shown to recognize PIKA in a concentration-dependent manner. The potency and versatility in its activities make PIKA an attractive candidate for use in an influenza pandemic. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08017751 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.048 id: cord-302268-dmb0293x author: Lee, Sujin title: Recent Advances of Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases date: 2015-04-23 words: 3731.0 sentences: 224.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302268-dmb0293x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302268-dmb0293x.txt summary: Immunologic adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine potency by improvement of the humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response to vaccine antigens. Immunologic adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine potency by improvement of the humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response to vaccine antigens. Vaccines made from live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens can elicit robust protective immune responses because those vaccines contain naturally occurring adjuvants. A benefit of using AS04 adjuvant in human vaccines is the effective induction of robust Th1-type immune responses by promoting IL-2 and IFN-γ production, which cannot be achieved by using alum alone. Thus, flagellin fusion proteins are suitable adjuvants for the development of vaccines to induce robust antigen-specific immune responses. Main benefits of these adjuvants are induction of high and long-lasting antibody titer, induction of balanced Th1 and Th2 type immunity, and induction of CMI including cytotoxic T cell response (42) . abstract: Vaccines are the most effective and cost-efficient method for preventing diseases caused by infectious pathogens. Despite the great success of vaccines, development of safe and strong vaccines is still required for emerging new pathogens, re-emerging old pathogens, and in order to improve the inadequate protection conferred by existing vaccines. One of the most important strategies for the development of effective new vaccines is the selection and usage of a suitable adjuvant. Immunologic adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine potency by improvement of the humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response to vaccine antigens. Thus, formulation of vaccines with appropriate adjuvants is an attractive approach towards eliciting protective and long-lasting immunity in humans. However, only a limited number of adjuvants is licensed for human vaccines due to concerns about safety and toxicity. We summarize current knowledge about the potential benefits of adjuvants, the characteristics of adjuvants and the mechanisms of adjuvants in human vaccines. Adjuvants have diverse modes of action and should be selected for use on the basis of the type of immune response that is desired for a particular vaccine. Better understanding of current adjuvants will help exploring new adjuvant formulations and facilitate rational design of vaccines against infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922593/ doi: 10.4110/in.2015.15.2.51 id: cord-257027-q2y7fewk author: Lemaire, D. title: Coping with genetic diversity: the contribution of pathogen and human genomics to modern vaccinology date: 2011-10-28 words: 5844.0 sentences: 241.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257027-q2y7fewk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257027-q2y7fewk.txt summary: Additionally, recent advances in immunogenetics and genomics should help in the understanding of the influence of genetic factors on the interindividual and interpopulation variations in immune responses to vaccines, and could be useful for developing new vaccine strategies. The publication of the Haemophilus influenzae genome, the first pathogen to have its complete genome sequence published as a result of an approach to genome analysis using new technologies of high-throughput sequencing (5) , has opened the mind of scientists to a range of new possible approaches to the study of microorganisms and has marked the beginning of a new era in vaccine development: the identification of pathogen candidate antigens based on the knowledge of the genome of the pathogen and on the understanding of microbial biology and host-pathogen interactions, an approach called reverse vaccinology (6) . abstract: Vaccine development faces major difficulties partly because of genetic variation in both infectious organisms and humans. This causes antigenic variation in infectious agents and a high interindividual variability in the human response to the vaccine. The exponential growth of genome sequence information has induced a shift from conventional culture-based to genome-based vaccinology, and allows the tackling of challenges in vaccine development due to pathogen genetic variability. Additionally, recent advances in immunogenetics and genomics should help in the understanding of the influence of genetic factors on the interindividual and interpopulation variations in immune responses to vaccines, and could be useful for developing new vaccine strategies. Accumulating results provide evidence for the existence of a number of genes involved in protective immune responses that are induced either by natural infections or vaccines. Variation in immune responses could be viewed as the result of a perturbation of gene networks; this should help in understanding how a particular polymorphism or a combination thereof could affect protective immune responses. Here we will present: i) the first genome-based vaccines that served as proof of concept, and that provided new critical insights into vaccine development strategies; ii) an overview of genetic predisposition in infectious diseases and genetic control in responses to vaccines; iii) population genetic differences that are a rationale behind group-targeted vaccines; iv) an outlook for genetic control in infectious diseases, with special emphasis on the concept of molecular networks that will provide a structure to the huge amount of genomic data. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22030866/ doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500142 id: cord-011486-5osu6hdu author: Lestari, Fajar Budi title: Rotavirus infection in children in Southeast Asia 2008–2018: disease burden, genotype distribution, seasonality, and vaccination date: 2020-05-21 words: 7558.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011486-5osu6hdu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011486-5osu6hdu.txt summary: title: Rotavirus infection in children in Southeast Asia 2008–2018: disease burden, genotype distribution, seasonality, and vaccination Here we summarize the virology, disease burden, prevalence, distribution of genotypes and seasonality of RVs, and the current status of RV vaccination in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People''s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 2008 to 2018. Rotavirus vaccine is highly cost effective in Southeast Asian countries because the ratio between cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) averted and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is less than one. The prevalence of diarrheal diseases in Southeast Asia countries varies, but the mortality trend associated with diarrhea and especially RV infection has been decreasing in recent years. We collected RV surveillance data from 9 countries in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) for the years 2008-2018 to estimate the proportion of RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) ( Table 2) . abstract: BACKGROUND: Rotaviruses (RVs) are recognized as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children worldwide. Here we summarize the virology, disease burden, prevalence, distribution of genotypes and seasonality of RVs, and the current status of RV vaccination in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 2008 to 2018. METHODS: Rotavirus infection in Children in Southeast Asia countries was assessed using data from Pubmed and Google Scholars. Most countries in Southeast Asia have not yet introduced national RV vaccination programs. We exclude Brunei Darussalam, and Timor Leste because there were no eligible studies identified during that time. RESULTS: According to the 2008–2018 RV surveillance data for Southeast Asia, 40.78% of all diarrheal disease in children were caused by RV infection, which is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old in Southeast Asia. Mortality was inversely related to socioeconomic status. The most predominant genotype distribution of RV changed from G1P[8] and G2P[4] into the rare and unusual genotypes G3P[8], G8P[8], and G9P[8]. Although the predominat strain has changed, but the seasonality of RV infection remains unchanged. One of the best strategies for decreasing the global burden of the disease is the development and implementation of effective vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: The most predominant genotype distribution of RV was changed time by time. Rotavirus vaccine is highly cost effective in Southeast Asian countries because the ratio between cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) averted and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is less than one. These data are important for healthcare practitioners and officials to make appropriate policies and recommendations about RV vaccination. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7239768/ doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-00649-8 id: cord-000262-4owsb0bg author: Leung, Gabriel M. title: Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date: 2010-10-05 words: 4616.0 sentences: 244.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt summary: In settings like Hong Kong, with the infrastructure and resources to implement such measures and N Decisions regarding pandemic response during the exigencies of a public health emergency must be judged according to the best evidence available at the time. Reduce and delay community spread somewhat at the earliest stage to allow better preparation for mitigation response [15] Completely prevent entry of infected individuals due to suboptimal sensitivity and asymptomatic (including infected and within incubation period) or subclinical presentation [16] Many countries did not attempt these measures because of logistics, stage of pandemic [22] or other cost-benefit considerations [16] China Hong Kong SAR Japan Personal protective measures (e.g., face masks, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, early self-isolation when ill) Reduce risk of infection to self and close contacts (if self is ill and infected) [27, 28] Have not been evaluated whether they can provide significant populationlevel protection abstract: Gabriel Leung and Angus Nicoll provide their reflections on the international response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, including what went well and what changes need to be made in anticipation of future flu pandemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950129/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000346 id: cord-350565-mejd7blb author: Lewnard, Joseph A title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 words: 6614.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt summary: We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . abstract: Much of the intellectual tradition of modern epidemiology stems from efforts to understand and combat chronic diseases persisting through the 20th century epidemiologic transition of countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. After decades of relative obscurity, infectious disease epidemiology has undergone an intellectual rebirth in recent years amid increasing recognition of the threat posed by both new and familiar pathogens. Here, we review the emerging coalescence of infectious disease epidemiology around a core set of study designs and statistical methods bearing little resemblance to the chronic disease epidemiology toolkit. We offer our outlook on challenges and opportunities facing the field, including the integration of novel molecular and digital information sources into disease surveillance, the assimilation of such data into models of pathogen spread, and the increasing contribution of models to public health practice. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. These areas represent an increasingly important component of epidemiology training programs for future generations of researchers and practitioners. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy264 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy264 id: cord-267897-w4pbq2lb author: Lindblad, E. B. title: Chapter 18 Mineral Adjuvants ∗ ∗ The present chapter is an updated version of the chapter “Mineral Adjuvants,” published in Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines, p. 217–233. Ed. Virgil Schijns & Derek O''Hagan, Elsevier Science Publishers (2005). date: 2017-12-31 words: 9771.0 sentences: 501.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267897-w4pbq2lb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267897-w4pbq2lb.txt summary: 6 Vaccine preparations based on adsorption of the antigen onto a preformed aluminum hydroxide adjuvant are referred to as aluminum-adsorbed vaccines, in contrast to the alum-precipitated vaccines mentioned earlier. Here it was shown 42,43 that aluminum hydroxide had an inhibiting effect, whereas aluminum phosphate adjuvant augmented the immune response against the antigen encoded by the DNA nucleotide. In 2002, a group at University of Lausanne, headed by J€ urg Tschopp, defined the inflammasome as "a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of pro-IL-b." 85 This initiated a new line of research leading to a possible explanation for the mechanisms of action of aluminum adjuvants in the early phases of the immune response with the stimulation and excretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Effect of the strength of adsorption of hepatitis B surface antigen to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant on the immune response abstract: Abstract Mineral adjuvants comprise aluminum hydroxide and phosphate adjuvants as well as calcium phosphate adjuvants. In particular, the aluminum salts have achieved an undisputed status as the most commonly used adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines. Calcium phosphate adjuvant, later discovered by Edgar Relyveld, constitutes a very interesting alternative and has also been applied both in human and veterinary vaccines. New analytical tools applied in adjuvant research are about to take us to the next level of understanding mineral adjuvants. These tools have been used to characterize mineral adjuvants, but so far, in particular, aluminum-based adjuvants in terms of surface marker expression profiles, isotypic profiles, and cytokine profiles. In the past 10years, the discovery of adjuvant-mediated induction of the NALP3 inflammasome and its impact on the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as proinflammatory mediators in the early phases of immune response has been described as an important mechanism for the function of these adjuvants. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128040195000189 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804019-5.00018-9 id: cord-022168-qautse9a author: Liu, Li title: Clinical Use of DNA Vaccines date: 2017-07-25 words: 7120.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022168-qautse9a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022168-qautse9a.txt summary: Specifically, the strategies that allow DNA vaccines to overcome antigenic diversity for viral infection and break immune tolerance for cancer therapy are explored. To overcome these obstacles, several approaches focusing on augmenting DNA uptake, maximizing protein expression, and enhancing antigen immunogenicity have been developed and tested in clinical trials. Therefore, one key element to improve DNA vaccine efficacy is to formulate a vaccine with an immunogenic cancer antigen so that it can prime T cells for immune responses. To date, the most successful and encouraging outcomes of using DNA vaccine in the clinical setting were obtained from treatment of malignant diseases where the etiological agent is of foreign viral origin, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV), as these viral agents can readily induce a strong immune response against cancerous cells harboring viral antigens. abstract: Owing to their unique advantages in simplicity, safety, scalability, and possibility of repeated administrations, DNA vaccines represent an appealing and competitive immunization approach for a wide array of conditions, including but not limited to infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy. Despite the exciting efficacy observed in preclinical studies, DNA vaccines have faced challenges in inducing strong immune responses in humans. This unexpected poor immunogenicity has severely hampered the translation of DNA vaccines from investigational medications to licensed products. To overcome this obstacle, tremendous efforts have been made to improve antigen expression and enhance immunogenicity. Among these endeavors, in vivo DNA electroporation (EP) has proved to be a breakthrough technology capable of mediating efficient DNA uptake and resulting in enhanced antigen expression and vaccine immunogenicity. EP-mediated DNA delivery has become one of the major platforms used in clinical trials to evaluate DNA vaccines in humans. In this chapter, in addition to EP delivery, other progress made in DNA vaccine development including plasmid optimization, antigen design, and immunologic adjuvants is also reviewed. Finally, the use of DNA vaccines in the context of clinical trials for infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy is summarized. Specifically, the strategies that allow DNA vaccines to overcome antigenic diversity for viral infection and break immune tolerance for cancer therapy are explored. Based on the advantages of DNA vaccines and the immense progress, led by the electroporation-mediated vaccine delivery, DNA vaccines appear to have the potential to fundamentally transform the vaccine field, providing important benefits for preventing and curing diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153459/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-32886-7_106 id: cord-291315-y40s45iv author: Logunov, Denis Y title: Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia date: 2020-09-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: We developed a heterologous COVID-19 vaccine consisting of two components, a recombinant adenovirus type 26 (rAd26) vector and a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) vector, both carrying the gene for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (rAd26-S and rAd5-S). We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of two formulations (frozen and lyophilised) of this vaccine. METHODS: We did two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies at two hospitals in Russia. We enrolled healthy adult volunteers (men and women) aged 18–60 years to both studies. In phase 1 of each study, we administered intramuscularly on day 0 either one dose of rAd26-S or one dose of rAd5-S and assessed the safety of the two components for 28 days. In phase 2 of the study, which began no earlier than 5 days after phase 1 vaccination, we administered intramuscularly a prime-boost vaccination, with rAd26-S given on day 0 and rAd5-S on day 21. Primary outcome measures were antigen-specific humoral immunity (SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies measured by ELISA on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42) and safety (number of participants with adverse events monitored throughout the study). Secondary outcome measures were antigen-specific cellular immunity (T-cell responses and interferon-γ concentration) and change in neutralising antibodies (detected with a SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation assay). These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04436471 and NCT04437875. FINDINGS: Between June 18 and Aug 3, 2020, we enrolled 76 participants to the two studies (38 in each study). In each study, nine volunteers received rAd26-S in phase 1, nine received rAd5-S in phase 1, and 20 received rAd26-S and rAd5-S in phase 2. Both vaccine formulations were safe and well tolerated. The most common adverse events were pain at injection site (44 [58%]), hyperthermia (38 [50%]), headache (32 [42%]), asthenia (21 [28%]), and muscle and joint pain (18 [24%]). Most adverse events were mild and no serious adverse events were detected. All participants produced antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein. At day 42, receptor binding domain-specific IgG titres were 14 703 with the frozen formulation and 11 143 with the lyophilised formulation, and neutralising antibodies were 49·25 with the frozen formulation and 45·95 with the lyophilised formulation, with a seroconversion rate of 100%. Cell-mediated responses were detected in all participants at day 28, with median cell proliferation of 2·5% CD4(+) and 1·3% CD8(+) with the frozen formulation, and a median cell proliferation of 1·3% CD4(+) and 1·1% CD8(+) with the lyophilised formulation. INTERPRETATION: The heterologous rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine has a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants. Further investigation is needed of the effectiveness of this vaccine for prevention of COVID-19. FUNDING: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620318663 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31866-3 id: cord-344162-8gbe6qo7 author: Loomba, S. title: Measuring the Impact of Exposure to COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccine Intent in the UK and US date: 2020-10-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The successful development and widespread acceptance of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine will be a major step in fighting the pandemic, yet obtaining high uptake will be a challenging task, worsened by online misinformation. To help inform successful COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in the UK and US, we conducted a survey to quantify how online misinformation impacts COVID-19 vaccine uptake intent and identify socio-economic groups that are most at-risk of non-vaccination and most susceptible to online misinformation. Here, we report findings from nationally representative surveys in the UK and the US conducted in September 2020. We show that recent misinformation around a COVID-19 vaccine induces a fall in vaccination intent among those who would otherwise 'definitely' vaccinate by 6.4 (3.8, 9.0) percentages points in the UK and 2.4 (0.1, 5.0) in the US, with larger decreases found in intent to vaccinate to protect others. We find evidence that socio-econo-demographic, political, and trust factors are associated with low intent to vaccinate and susceptibility to misinformation: notably, older age groups in the US are more susceptible to misinformation. We find evidence that scientific-sounding misinformation relating to COVID-19 and vaccines COVID-19 vaccine misinformation lowers vaccination intent, while corresponding factual information does not. These findings reveal how recent COVID-19 misinformation can impact vaccination rates and suggest pathways to robust messaging campaigns. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.20217513v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.22.20217513 id: cord-348144-t0chpsuh author: Lucas, Alexander H. title: Carbohydrate Moieties as Vaccine Candidates date: 2005-09-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Carbohydrate epitopes or glycotopes are structurally diverse, occur in a variety of chemical contexts, and are present on the surfaces of cells in the body and on the surfaces of pathogens. These various structures and modes of presentation affect how they are perceived and processed by the body and dictate the outcome of the immune response directed against them. This review focuses on mechanisms of carbohydrate immunity, with an emphasis on carbohydrate vaccines that have been or are being developed for protection against encapsulated bacterial pathogens. We discuss the cellular basis of carbohydrate immunity, newly identified glycotope processing pathways and recognition capabilities, and the synthetic and microarray technologies that are being developed that will permit new experimental approaches to carbohydrate vaccine development and the exploration of the interaction of the immune system with self and nonself glycans. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16080094/ doi: 10.1086/432582 id: cord-005246-cskb0njm author: Ludwig, George V. title: Insect-transmitted vertebrate viruses: Flaviviridae date: 1993 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Flaviviridae include almost 70 viruses, nearly half of which have been associated with human disease. These viruses are among the most important arthropod-borne viruses worldwide and include dengue, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Morbidity and mortality caused by these viruses vary, but collectively they account for millions of encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, arthralgia, rash, and fever cases per year. Most of the members of this family are transmitted between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors, most commonly mosquitoes or ticks. Transmission cycles can be simple or complex depending on the hosts, vectors, the virus, and the environmental factors affecting both hosts and viruses. Replication of virus in invertebrate hosts does not seem to result in any significant pathology, which suggests a close evolutionary relationship between virus and vector. Another example of this relationship is the ability of these viruses to grow in invertebrate cell culture, where replication usually results in a steady state, persistent infection, often without cytopathic effect. Yields of virus from insect cell culture vary but are generally similar to yields in vertebrate cells. Replication kinetics are comparable between insect and vertebrate cell lines, despite differences in incubation temperature. Both vertebrate and insect cell culture systems continue to play a significant role in flavivirus isolation and the diagnosis of disease caused by these agents. Additionally, these culture systems permit the study of flavivirus attachment, penetration, replication, and release from cells and have been instrumental in the production and characterization of live-attenuated vaccines. Both vertebrate and insect cell culture systems will continue to play a significant role in basic and applied flavivirus research in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089231/ doi: 10.1007/bf02633958 id: cord-335960-biwnqa3f author: Luke, Anthony title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 words: 6813.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt summary: The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). abstract: The sports medicine physician may face challenging issues regarding infectious diseases when dealing with teams or highly competitive athletes who have difficulties taking time off to recover. One must treat the individual sick athlete and take the necessary precautions to contain the spread of communicable disease to the surrounding team, staff, relatives, and other contacts. This article reviews preventive strategies for infectious disease in athletes, including immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, insect-borne disease precautions, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. A special emphasis on immunizations focuses on pertussis, influenza, and meningococcal prophylaxis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17826187/ doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 id: cord-279260-tdvb0fhv author: Lv, Huibin title: COVID‐19 vaccines: knowing the unknown date: 2020-05-21 words: 1476.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279260-tdvb0fhv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279260-tdvb0fhv.txt summary: It is also important to note that T-cell immunity was found to be elicited by SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV DNA vaccines (both express trimeric spike protein) [7, 9] . Determining which adjuvants can enhance protective vaccine response to SARS-CoV-2 will be important. For example, the MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine, Fluad, is only licensed and approved for adults aged 65 years and older, to elicit a higher protective immune response in the elderly This article is protected by copyright. To accelerate vaccine development, animal infection models for SARS-CoV-2 are needed. Although macaques show COVID-19-like disease upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, the non-human primate model is usually not readily accessible to most laboratories [27] . Expressing hACE2 through adenoviral transduction may provide another possible approach to generate a mouse model for SARs-CoV-2 infection. For example, a conserved CD4 T-cell epitope can mediate cross-reactive protection between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [38] . abstract: Vaccine development against SARS‐CoV‐2 has drawn attention around the globe due to the exploding pandemic. Although COVID‐19 is caused by a new coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, previous research on other coronavirus vaccines, such as FIPV, SARS and MERS, has provided valuable information for the rapid development of COVID‐19 vaccine. However, important knowledge gaps remain – some are specific to SARS‐CoV‐2, others are fundamental to immunology and vaccinology. Here we discuss areas that need to be addressed for COVID‐19 vaccine development, and what can be learned from examples of vaccine development in the past. Since the beginning of the outbreak, the research progress on COVID‐19 has been remarkable. We are therefore optimistic about the rapid development of COVID‐19 vaccine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437587/ doi: 10.1002/eji.202048663 id: cord-002333-90f9vr0a author: Madan, Anuradha title: Immunogenicity and Safety of an AS03-Adjuvanted H7N9 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in a Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults date: 2016-12-01 words: 4250.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002333-90f9vr0a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002333-90f9vr0a.txt summary: The coprimary immunogenicity objective determined whether adjuvanted vaccines elicited an immune response against the vaccine-homologous virus, 21 days after the second vaccine dose per US and European licensure criteria in the per-protocol cohort (n = 389). The coprimary immunogenicity objective was to evaluate whether the adjuvanted A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) vaccines elicited an immune response against the vaccine-homologous virus that met US CBER and European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) immunogenicity targets at day 42 (21 days after the second vaccine dose). In a sub-analysis of the homologous immune response by age, the adjuvanted vaccine was immunogenic in both age groups, with SPRs ≥80.0% in participants 41-64 years of age, despite lower GMTs (Table 3 ). The results of this phase I/II randomized, placebo-controlled trial showed that 2 doses of the H7N9 AS03-adjuvanted vaccine elicited a robust immune response in healthy adults up to 64 years of age, with an acceptable safety profile. abstract: Background. Almost 700 cases of human infection with avian influenza A/H7N9 have been reported since 2013. Pandemic preparedness strategies include H7N9 vaccine development. Methods. We evaluated an inactivated H7N9 vaccine in an observer-blind study in healthy adults aged 18–64 years. Participants (420) were randomized to receive 1 of 4 AS03-adjuvanted vaccines (low or medium dose of hemagglutinin with AS03(A) or AS03(B)), one nonadjuvanted vaccine, or placebo. The coprimary immunogenicity objective determined whether adjuvanted vaccines elicited an immune response against the vaccine-homologous virus, 21 days after the second vaccine dose per US and European licensure criteria in the per-protocol cohort (n = 389). Results. All adjuvanted vaccines met regulatory acceptance criteria. In groups receiving adjuvanted formulations, seroconversion rates were ≥85.7%, seroprotection rates ≥91.1%, and geometric mean titers ≥92.9% versus 23.2%, 28.6%, and 17.2 for the nonadjuvanted vaccine. The AS03 adjuvant enhanced immune response at antigen-sparing doses. Injection site pain occurred more frequently with adjuvanted vaccines (in ≤98.3% of vaccinees) than with the nonadjuvanted vaccine (40.7%) or placebo (20.0%). None of the 20 serious adverse events reported were related to vaccination. Conclusions. Two doses of AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccine were well tolerated and induced a robust antibody response at antigen-sparing doses in healthy adults. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01999842. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5144728/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw414 id: cord-290004-v3ruj5bq author: Madsen, Anders title: Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines date: 2020-07-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Current influenza vaccines offer suboptimal protection and depend on annual reformulation and yearly administration. Vaccine technology has rapidly advanced during the last decade, facilitating development of next-generation influenza vaccines that can target a broader range of influenza viruses. The development and licensure of a universal influenza vaccine could provide a game changing option for the control of influenza by protecting against all influenza A and B viruses. Here we review important findings and considerations regarding the development of universal influenza vaccines and what we can learn from this moving forward with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030361 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030361 id: cord-323794-p3zjxo1h author: Malik, A. A. title: Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in the U.S. date: 2020-05-24 words: 3678.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323794-p3zjxo1h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323794-p3zjxo1h.txt summary: As COVID-19 vaccines are under development, public health officials and policymakers need to create strategic vaccine-acceptance messaging to effectively control the pandemic and prevent thousands of additional deaths. Methods: Using an online platform, we surveyed the U.S. adult population in May 2020 to understand risk perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic, acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, and trust in sources of information. The purpose of our study is to describe the current vaccine acceptance landscape with aims to 1) predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance using regularly available demographic information, 2) identify the most vulnerable populations, and 3) provide information for public health officials and politicians to develop messaging for all Americans, while targeting communities most in need. The best model to predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in our survey using demographic information that is readily available had age, gender, race, and education as explanatory variables with an area under the curve (AUC) of 72% (table 2; figure 4 ). abstract: Background:The COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely affect the U.S., which leads globally in total cases and deaths. As COVID-19 vaccines are under development, public health officials and policymakers need to create strategic vaccine-acceptance messaging to effectively control the pandemic and prevent thousands of additional deaths. Methods: Using an online platform, we surveyed the U.S. adult population in May 2020 to understand risk perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic, acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, and trust in sources of information. These factors were compared across basic demographics. Findings: Of the 672 participants surveyed, 450 (67%) said they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine if it is recommended for them. Males (72%), older adults ([≥]55 years; 78%), Asians (81%), and college and/or graduate degree holders (75%) were more likely to accept the vaccine. When comparing reported influenza vaccine uptake to reported acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine: 1) participants who did not complete high school had a very low influenza vaccine uptake (10%), while 60% of the same group said they would accept the COVID-19 vaccine; 2) unemployed participants reported lower influenza uptake and lower COVID-19 vaccine acceptance when compared to those employed or retired; and, 3) black Americans reported lower influenza vaccine uptake and lower COVID-19 vaccine acceptance than nearly all other racial groups. Lastly, we identified geographic differences with Department of Health and Human Services regions 2 (New York) and 5 (Chicago) reporting less than 50 percent COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Interpretation: Although our study found a 67% acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, there were noticeable demographic and geographical disparities in vaccine acceptance. Before a COVID-19 vaccine is introduced to the U.S., public health officials and policymakers must prioritize effective COVID-19 vaccine-acceptance messaging for all Americans, especially those who are most vulnerable. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.22.20110700v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110700 id: cord-316893-jwjr67po author: Mantel, Carsten title: New immunization strategies: adapting to global challenges date: 2019-12-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Immunization has made an enormous contribution to global health. Global vaccination coverage has dramatically improved and mortality rates among children due to vaccine-preventable diseases have been significantly reduced since the creation of the Expanded Programme of Immunization in 1974, the formation of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, in 2000, and the development of the Global Vaccine Action Plan in 2012. However, challenges remain and persisting inequities in vaccine uptake contribute to the continued occurrence and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Inequalities in immunization coverage by geography, urban-rural, and socio-economic status jeopardize the achievement of global immunization goals and call for renewed immunization strategies. These should take into account emerging opportunities for building better immunization systems and services, as well as the development of new vaccine products and delivery technologies. Such strategies need to achieve equity in vaccination coverage across and within countries. This will require the participation of communities, a better understanding of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy, the expansion of vaccination across the life course, approaches to improve immunization in middle-income countries, enhanced use of data and possible financial and non-financial incentives. Vaccines also have an important role to play in comprehensive disease control, including the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Lessons learned from disease eradication and elimination efforts of polio, measles and maternal and neonatal tetanus are instrumental in further enhancing global immunization strategies in line with the revised goals and targets of the new Immunization Agenda 2030, which is currently being developed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31802153/ doi: 10.1007/s00103-019-03066-x id: cord-354972-nc496v6s author: Margolin, Emmanuel title: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date: 2020-09-10 words: 10919.0 sentences: 464.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt summary: As of 8 August 2020, there have been over 1.2 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Africa, with 29,833 deaths reported (Africa CDC) There is concern that the pandemic may pose an even greater risk to countries in Africa owing to their weak health-care infrastructure, large burden of co-infections, including HIV-1 and tuberculosis, and ongoing outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections such as Ebola virus (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Lassa haemorrhagic fever (Nigeria) that will divert much-needed resources away from the fight against COVID-19 (ref. Given the optimistic development timeline of 12-18 months before any vaccines could be available for widespread use, it is clear that these efforts will not Box 1 | Potential impact of climate on SArS-coV-2 dissemination the comparatively low incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COviD19) in africa has raised the possibility that climate could influence the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-Cov-2). abstract: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic, prompting unprecedented efforts to contain the virus. Many developed countries have implemented widespread testing and have rapidly mobilized research programmes to develop vaccines and therapeutics. However, these approaches may be impractical in Africa, where the infrastructure for testing is poorly developed and owing to the limited manufacturing capacity to produce pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, a large burden of HIV-1 and tuberculosis in Africa could exacerbate the severity of infection and may affect vaccine immunogenicity. This Review discusses global efforts to develop diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, with these considerations in mind. We also highlight vaccine and diagnostic production platforms that are being developed in Africa and that could be translated into clinical development through appropriate partnerships for manufacture. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32913297/ doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-00441-3 id: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh author: Maslow, Joel N. title: Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date: 2019-07-14 words: 3766.0 sentences: 189.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt summary: Of note, the first demonstration of immunoprotection was as part of a 1953 study to define the ultrastructural characteristics of Zika virus, that found intramuscular vaccination of mice with infectious viral filtrates protected against cerebral infection [36] . In pre-clinical studies, vaccinated mice and non-human primates were shown to develop B and T-cell immune responses against the Zika virus envelope and protected against development of neurologic disease and death in immunosuppressed, interferon α, β receptor deficient (IFNAR) mice [43] . A subsequent study in non-human primates vaccinated twice at four-week intervals with alum generated binding and microneutralization antibody titers of 3.54 and 3.55 log10, respectively, and complete protection against viremia and viruria following challenge with either Brazilian or Puerto Rican strains of Zika virus [47] . Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study abstract: Zika virus is an emergent pathogen that gained significant importance during the epidemic in South and Central America as unusual and alarming complications of infection were recognized. Although initially considered a self-limited benign infection, a panoply of neurologic complications were recognized including a Guillain–Barré-like syndrome and in-utero fetal infection causing microcephaly, blindness, and other congenital neurologic complications. Numerous Zika virus vaccines were developed, with nine different vaccines representing five different platforms entered into clinical trials, one progressing to Phase II. Here we review the current landscape and challenges confronting Zika virus vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6789600/ doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030104 id: cord-303368-tzgql225 author: Masset, N. title: Effectiveness of two intranasal vaccines for the control of bovine respiratory disease in newborn beef calves: A randomized non-inferiority multicentre field trial date: 2020-08-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (bPI3 V) are major causes of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in newborn calves worldwide. Vaccination is widely used to prevent BRD, and intranasal vaccines for BRSV and bPI3 V were developed to overcome interference from BRSV and bPI3V-specific maternally derived antibodies. Many experimental challenge trials have demonstrated that intranasal vaccines for BRSV and bPI3 V are efficacious, but effectiveness under field conditions has been demonstrated less often, especially for newborn beef calves. The objective of this field trial was to compare the effectiveness of a newly available commercial BRSV-bPI3 V intranasal vaccine with that of a benchmarked one in newborn beef calves reared in a cow-calf system. A total of 935 calves from 39 farms were randomized into two vaccine groups (Bovalto Respi Intranasal [Vaccine A], n = 468; Rispoval RS + PI3 Intranasal [VaccineB], n = 467), and monitored during the in-house risk period up to three months after vaccination. Non-inferiority analysis was performed by calculating the difference in BRD prevalence between the two vaccine groups. No significant differences were observed between vaccines regarding clinical outcomes of morbidity, mortality, duration between vaccination and BRD occurrence, or treatments required. Because the upper limit of the 2-sided 95% confidence interval of the difference in BRD prevalence between the two treatment groups (0.8%) was less than the margin of non-inferiority (δ =5%), a non-inferiority of Vaccine A was concluded. In conclusion, Vaccine A is at least as effective as Vaccine B for the prevention of BRD in newborn beef cattle in a cow-calf system under field conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32928493/ doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105532 id: cord-296831-wdpatr2z author: Matoo, Javaid Jeelani title: Resiquimod enhances mucosal and systemic immunity against avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine in the chicken date: 2018-04-07 words: 5017.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296831-wdpatr2z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296831-wdpatr2z.txt summary: Earlier, we reported that a toll-like-receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, resiquimod (R-848), stimulated the systemic immunity when adjuvanted with the inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the chicken. Here, we report the effect of R-848 when adjuvanted with live or inactivated avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines with special emphasis on mucosal immunity. R-848 enhanced the antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses when co-administered with the vaccines as evidenced by an increase in the antibody titre in ELISA and stimulation index in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) till 35 dpi and increased proportion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells on 21 dpi in the flow cytometry. Co-administration of R-848 with live or inactivated IBV vaccine significantly increased the IgA response in the tear and intestinal secretion from 21 dpi, which was maintained till 35 dpi as compared to the vaccine alone group (P < 0.01). abstract: Adjuvant enhancing mucosal immune response is preferred in controlling many pathogens at the portal of entry. Earlier, we reported that a toll-like-receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, resiquimod (R-848), stimulated the systemic immunity when adjuvanted with the inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the chicken. Here, we report the effect of R-848 when adjuvanted with live or inactivated avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines with special emphasis on mucosal immunity. Specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks (n = 60) were equally divided into six groups at two weeks of age and immunized with either inactivated or live IBV vaccine adjuvanted with or without R-848. Groups that received either PBS or R-848 served as control. A booster was given on 14 days post-immunization (dpi). R-848 enhanced the antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses when co-administered with the vaccines as evidenced by an increase in the antibody titre in ELISA and stimulation index in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) till 35 dpi and increased proportion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells on 21 dpi in the flow cytometry. Interestingly, it potentiated the IgA responses in the tear and intestinal secretions when used with both live and inactivated IBV vaccines. The combination of IBV vaccine with R-848 significantly up-regulated the transforming growth factor beta 4 (TGFβ4) transcripts in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) than that of the respective vaccine per se. An enhanced secretory IgA response is likely due to the up-regulation of TGFβ4, which is responsible for class switching to IgA. In conclusion, co-administration of R-848 with inactivated or live IBV vaccine enhanced the systemic as well as mucosal immune responses in the chicken. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0882401018302948 doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.012 id: cord-355618-7kfxc2w1 author: McAteer, John title: The VACCINES Act, Deciphering Vaccine Hesitancy in the Time of COVID19 date: 2020-04-13 words: 1893.0 sentences: 106.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355618-7kfxc2w1.txt summary: In his statement of support 7 , the WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Ghebreyesus asserted that "These online efforts must be matched by tangible steps by governments and the health sector to promote trust in vaccination and respond to the needs and concerns of parents." In order to adequately respond to these needs and concerns, which differ depending on the cultural, societal, and personal beliefs of a particular region, the WHO recommends that each country take steps to develop an understanding of vaccine hesitancy at a local level on an ongoing basis 8 . In recognition of these missed opportunities and in response to declining immunization rates and increasing national skepticism on the safety of vaccines, Congress has introduced bipartisan legislation to expand research into vaccine hesitancy. The bipartisan VACCINES Act is an important step in supporting evidence-based research into vaccine hesitancy. Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States: a review of measles and pertussis abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32282038/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa433 id: cord-302155-hksmt48i author: McLean, Rebecca K. title: Vaccine Development for Nipah Virus Infection in Pigs date: 2019-02-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Nipah virus (NiV) causes a severe and often fatal neurological disease in humans. Whilst fruit bats are considered the natural reservoir, NiV also infects pigs and may cause an unapparent or mild disease. Direct pig-to-human transmission was responsible for the first and still most devastating NiV outbreaks in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–99, with nearly 300 human cases and over 100 fatalities. Pigs can therefore play a key role in the epidemiology of NiV by acting as an “amplifying” host. The outbreak in Singapore ended with the prohibition of pig imports from Malaysia and the Malaysian outbreak was ended by culling 45% of the country's pig population with costs exceeding US$500 million. Despite the importance of NiV as an emerging disease with the potential for pandemic, no vaccines, or therapeutics are currently approved for human or livestock use. In this mini-review, we will discuss current knowledge of NiV infection in pigs; our ongoing work to develop a NiV vaccine for use in pigs; and the pig as a model to support human vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30778392/ doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00016 id: cord-261301-8mw2kpmr author: McVey, Scott title: Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Review of History and Technology date: 2010-05-13 words: 4039.0 sentences: 233.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt summary: Nevertheless, both the effectiveness and imperfections of vaccination lead to the eventual global eradication of smallpox, and was the inspiration for development of the products and programs for immunization against several diseases in humans and animals. Table 1 describes the types of vaccines currently available to companion animal practitioners in most regions of the world 11-14 (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/ vb_licensed_products.shtml) These vaccines include very traditional inactivated antigen formulations, multiple attenuated agents, and new technologies such as poxvectored vaccines, defined subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (see Table 1 ). Therefore, a well-differentiated antibody response with isotype switching, affinity maturation to high avidity, and memory requires some effective initial stimulation involving dendritic cells and expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes A claim that it is intended to prevent disease may be made only for products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals. abstract: The use of vaccines in veterinary medicine has progressed from an experimental adventure to a routine and relatively safe practice. The common and aggressive use of efficacious vaccines has been responsible for the control and eradication of several diseases. Despite progress in research technologies, diagnostic capabilities, and manufacturing methods, there remain many infectious diseases for which no effective vaccines exist. Global availability, field compliance, effectiveness, and safety are also significant concerns. This review addresses the history, current practices, and potential future improvements of vaccine use in veterinary medicine. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0195561610000239 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.02.001 id: cord-004078-d1pd09zj author: Mettu, Ravinder title: Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: challenges and opportunities date: 2020-01-03 words: 11531.0 sentences: 567.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004078-d1pd09zj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004078-d1pd09zj.txt summary: The majority of the licensed carbohydrate-based vaccines such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Salmonella typhi Vi belongs to this category in which the carbohydrate antigens were isolated form microbial cultures and further conjugated to the carrier protein [32] . Many attempts to develop a monovalent MenB conjugate vaccine failed because the structural similarity between the capsular polysaccharides (comprised of α-2,8linked sialic acid) of MenB and components of the human neuraonal cells caused autoimmune issues in clinical tests. In short, the unimolecular pentavalent vaccines that combined several carbohydrate antigens and carrier protein conjugates could simulate immune response against the heterogeneous carbohydrate epitopes expressed on the surface of cancer cells. To overcome the shortage of MOE, many studies focus on modification of TACAs vaccines, which not only could generate stronger immunogenicity but also induce cross-reactive antibodies recognizing native carbohydrate antigens on the tumor cells. abstract: Glycoconjugate vaccines based on bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS) have been extremely successful in preventing bacterial infections. The glycan antigens for the preparation of CPS based glycoconjugate vaccines are mainly obtained from bacterial fermentation, the quality and length of glycans are always inconsistent. Such kind of situation make the CMC of glycoconjugate vaccines are difficult to well control. Thanks to the advantage of synthetic methods for carbohydrates syntheses. The well controlled glycan antigens are more easily to obtain, and them are conjugated to carrier protein to from the so-call homogeneous fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Several fully glycoconjugate vaccines are in different phases of clinical trial for bacteria or cancers. The review will introduce the recent development of fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941340/ doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0591-0 id: cord-018165-afzjx2ci author: Modrow, Susanne title: Vaccines date: 2013-08-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccines are predominantly used for prevention; that means they should establish a protection in immunized people or animals which will protect them from a possible infection and the subsequent illness when they come into contact with the respective pathogens. Fundamentally, there are two kinds of immunization: active and passive. The latter is based on the administration of immunoglobulin preparations that can neutralize a specific virus. Therefore, passive vaccination is applied only in special cases, such as when the person to be protected recently had verifiable contact with a specific virus (postexposure prophylaxis), or if the risk of exposure to pathogens cannot be ruled out in the following weeks and an active vaccination is not possible, as in short-term planned trips to Third World countries (exposure prophylaxis). An example is the administration of antibodies specific for hepatitis B virus in cases of contamination with blood from people who have an acute or chronically persistent infection with this virus, and thus have high concentrations of infectious particles in the blood. Such accidents occur primarily in medical personnel by needlestick injury (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). In certain cases, the administration is performed in combination with an active vaccination (active–passive immunization). Specific immunoglobulin preparations are also administered when people have been bitten by animals that may be infected with the rabies virus (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_15). In the case of early application (together with an active vaccination), the antibodies can neutralize the virus, and impede its spread in the body. Since the time between contact with the virus and its spread in the organism is often very short, passive immunization is limited to a period shortly before or after exposure to the infective agent (usually within 4 days). Therefore, it is reserved for cases in which the contact with the potential pathogen is well documented and the type of infection is known, and when an appropriate immunoglobulin preparation is available. The protection afforded by antibody preparations lasts just a few weeks, as immunoglobulins are rapidly degraded in the organism. Therefore, postexposure administration of active vaccines is increasingly preferred, e.g. in the context of outbreak-control vaccination. In veterinary medicine, passive immunization is employed occasionally in young animals which were born in a flock with high infection pressure. This approach is applied, for example, in kennels when infections occur with canine parvovirus (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_20). However, its value is controversial, as the immunoglobulins administered hinder the more advantageous active immunization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122972/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_10 id: cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author: Monath, Thomas P. title: Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date: 2013-11-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract This review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). Three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. Framework I vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. The benefit of collaborations between animal health and human health industries and regulators in developing such products is discussed, and one example (West Nile vaccine) of a single product developed for use in animals and humans is described. Framework II vaccines are indicated for domesticated animals as a means of preventing disease in both animals and humans. The agents of concern are transmitted directly or indirectly (e.g. via arthropod vectors) from animals to humans. A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Framework III vaccines are used to immunize wild animals as a means of preventing transmission of disease agents to humans and domesticated animals. Examples are reservoir-targeted, oral bait rabies, Mycobacterium bovis and Lyme disease vaccines. Given the speed and lost cost of veterinary vaccine development, some interventions based on the immunization of animals could lead to rapid and relatively inexpensive advances in public health. Opportunities for vaccine-based approaches to preventing zoonotic and emerging diseases that integrate veterinary and human medicine (the One Health paradigm) are emphasized. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 id: cord-304188-1nm1tbig author: Moody, M. Anthony title: Modulation of HIV-1 immunity by adjuvants date: 2014-04-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the role of adjuvants in eliciting desirable antibody responses against HIV-1 with particular emphasis on both historical context and recent developments. RECENT FINDINGS: Increased understanding of the role of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in recruiting and directing the immune system has increased the variety of adjuvant formulations being tested in animal models and humans. Across all vaccine platforms, adjuvant formulations have been shown to enhance desirable immune responses such as higher antibody titers and increased functional activity. Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. SUMMARY: The parallel development of adjuvants along with better HIV-1 immunogens will be needed for a successful AIDS vaccine. Additional comparative testing will be required to determine the optimal adjuvant and immunogen regimen that can elicit antibody responses capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/coh.0000000000000052 doi: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000052 id: cord-340516-9dfaqsv7 author: Moore, Anne C. title: Pre-clinical studies of a recombinant adenoviral mucosal vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-09-06 words: 6679.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340516-9dfaqsv7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340516-9dfaqsv7.txt summary: We demonstrate that, compared to expression of the S1 domain or a stabilized spike antigen, the full length, wild-type spike antigen induces significantly higher neutralizing antibodies in the periphery and in the lungs, when the vaccine is administered mucosally. Here, we report the induction of neutralizing antibody (Nab), IgG and IgA antibody responses, and T cell responses in mice following immunization of rAd vectors expressing one or more SARS-CoV-2 antigens. We have previously demonstrated that an oral, tableted rAd-based vaccine can induce protection against respiratory infection and shedding following influenza virus challenge 15 as well as intestinal immunity to norovirus antigens in humans 12 . In summary, these studies in mice represent our first step in creating a vaccine candidate, demonstrating the immunogenicity of the construct at even low vaccine doses and the elucidation of the full-length spike protein as a leading candidate antigen to induce T cell responses and superior systemic and mucosal neutralizing antibody. abstract: There is an urgent need to develop efficacious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that also address the issues of deployment, equitable access, and vaccine acceptance. Ideally, the vaccine would prevent virus infection and transmission as well as preventing COVID-19 disease. We previously developed an oral adenovirus-based vaccine technology that induces both mucosal and systemic immunity in humans. Here we investigate the immunogenicity of a range of candidate adenovirusbased vaccines, expressing full or partial sequences of the spike and nucleocapsid proteins, in mice. We demonstrate that, compared to expression of the S1 domain or a stabilized spike antigen, the full length, wild-type spike antigen induces significantly higher neutralizing antibodies in the periphery and in the lungs, when the vaccine is administered mucosally. Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were induced by this leading vaccine candidate at low and high doses. This fulllength spike antigen plus nucleocapsid adenovirus construct has been prioritized for further clinical development. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.04.283853 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.04.283853 id: cord-285982-1a5u7uux author: Moss, Ronald B title: Prospects for control of emerging infectious diseases with plasmid DNA vaccines date: 2009-09-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Experiments almost 20 years ago demonstrated that injections of a sequence of DNA encoding part of a pathogen could stimulate immunity. It was soon realized that "DNA vaccination" had numerous potential advantages over conventional vaccine approaches including inherent safety and a more rapid production time. These and other attributes make DNA vaccines ideal for development against emerging pathogens. Recent advances in optimizing various aspects of DNA vaccination have accelerated this approach from concept to reality in contemporary human trials. Although not yet licensed for human use, several DNA vaccines have now been approved for animal health indications. The rapid manufacturing capabilities of DNA vaccines may be particularly important for emerging infectious diseases including the current novel H1N1 Influenza A pandemic, where pre-existing immunity is limited. Because of recent advances in DNA vaccination, this approach has the potential to be a powerful new weapon in protecting against emerging and potentially pandemic human pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735569/ doi: 10.1186/1476-8518-7-3 id: cord-263619-p17oomzn author: Moss, William J. title: Measles date: 2009-01-30 words: 9541.0 sentences: 457.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt summary: Although providing passive immunity to young infants, maternally acquired antibodies can interfere with the immune responses to the attenuated measles vaccine by inhibiting replication of vaccine virus. Women with vaccine-induced immunity tend to have lower antimeasles virus antibody titers than women with naturally acquired immunity, and their children may be susceptible to measles at an earlier age. The cumulative distribution can reach 50% by 1 year of age, with a significant proportion of children acquiring measles virus infection before 9 months, the age of routine vaccination. Infants and younger children, although susceptible if not protected by immunization, are not exposed to measles virus at a rate sufficient to cause a large disease burden in this age group. The only documented case of disease induced by vaccine virus in an HIV-infected person was in a 20-year-old man who died 15 months after receiving his second dose of measles vaccine ( Angel et al., 1998 ) . abstract: Abstract Measles is a highly contagious disease characterized by a prodromal illness of fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis followed by the appearance of a generalized maculopapular rash. Measles virus is a nonsegmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus and a member of the Morbillivirus genus in the family of Paramyxoviridae. Although RNA viruses have high mutation rates, measles virus is an antigenically monotypic virus and the surface proteins responsible for inducing protective immunity have retained their antigenic structure. The public health significance is that measles vaccines developed decades ago from a single measles virus strain remain protective worldwide. Prior to the development and widespread use of measles vaccine, 30 million cases of measles were estimated to occur each year, resulting in more than 1 million deaths. Several live, attenuated measles vaccines are available, either as single-antigen vaccines or in combination with rubella and mumps vaccines (MR and MMR vaccines). Most of the currently used measles vaccines were derived from the Edmonston strain of measles virus that was isolated by Enders and Peebles in 1954. Measles vaccines are recommended for all susceptible children and adults for whom the vaccine is not contraindicated. Despite progress in reducing measles mortality, measles remains a major cause of vaccine-preventable death and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, particularly sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia. The ideal measles vaccine would be inexpensive, safe, heat-stable, immunogenic in neonates or very young infants, and administered as a single dose without needle or syringe. A number of vaccine candidates with some of these characteristics are undergoing preclinical studies, including DNA vaccines and various viral and bacterial vectored vaccines. The high infectivity of measles virus is a characteristic suitable to a biothreat agent. However, increasingly high levels of measles vaccination coverage throughout the world as part of accelerated measles control efforts would protect many from the deliberate use of measles virus as a biothreat agent. Genetic engineering of a measles virus strain that was not neutralized by antibodies induced by the current attenuated measles vaccines would likely have reduced infectivity, as suggested by the fact that wild-type measles viruses have not mutated to alter their neutralizing epitopes. Measles virus meets many of the biological criteria for disease eradication. Measles virus has no nonhuman reservoir, can be accurately diagnosed, and measles vaccination is a highly effective intervention. Where measles virus differs from smallpox and polio viruses is that it is more highly infectious, necessitating higher levels of population immunity to interrupt transmission. It remains unclear whether the threat from bioterrorism precludes stopping measles vaccination after eradication, but provision of a second opportunity for measles vaccination likely could be stopped following eradication. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123694089000305 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00030-5 id: cord-261566-fn08b0y2 author: Mudgal, Rajat title: Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-15 words: 7060.0 sentences: 413.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261566-fn08b0y2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261566-fn08b0y2.txt summary: 15 The disease severity and lung damage in the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be directly correlated with the dysregulated immune response at 7-10 days after symptom onset and is characterized by exuberant production of cytokines including IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, MIP-1A, IP-10, and TNF-α. 53, [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] Ferrets are a suitable animal model for SARS-CoV vaccine evaluation as they support viral replication in the respiratory tract, develop similar disease symptoms, and display severe lung pathology. Potential ADE and waning of vaccine-induced immune response represent other obstacles in the development of a mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Intranasal vaccination of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein induces strong mucosal immune responses and provides long-term protection against SARS-CoV infection Effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice abstract: The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health emergency. The rapid development of an effective vaccine is imperative to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. A number of concurrent efforts to find an effective therapeutic agent or vaccine for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) are being undertaken globally. Oral and nasal mucosal surfaces serve as the primary portal of entry for pathogens like coronaviruses in the human body. As evidenced by studies on similar coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), mucosal vaccination can provide a safe and effective means for the induction of long-lasting systemic and mucosal immunity to confer protection against SARS-CoV-2. This article summarizes the approaches to an effective mucosal vaccine formulation which can be a rewarding approach to combat the unprecedented threat posed by this emerging global pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32931361/ doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1805992 id: cord-331217-uup16bhm author: Murphy, Frederick A. title: Adventitious Agents and Smallpox Vaccine in Strategic National Stockpile date: 2005-07-17 words: 2282.0 sentences: 105.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331217-uup16bhm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331217-uup16bhm.txt summary: In keeping with current standards, we urge that old smallpox vaccines that were made in animal skin and are still a key part of our strategic national stockpile be tested for adventitious infectious agents. However, if these old vaccines are to be considered valid parts of our national stockpile we should expect not only continuing testing of potency and sterility but also testing for adventitious agents with methods that reflect the standards of today. We were unable to find a comprehensive list of possible adventitious agents when ovine materials are used, as is the case for the Lister strain smallpox vaccine produced in Europe and old vaccine stocks held by some European countries for biologic defense. Concerns about the possible presence of adventitious agents in old smallpox vaccine stocks are amplified further by current concerns about prions and the zoonotic potential of prion diseases. abstract: In keeping with current standards, we urge that old smallpox vaccines that were made in animal skin and are still a key part of our strategic national stockpile be tested for adventitious infectious agents. The advisory especially applies to viruses that have the potential for zoonotic transmission to human vaccine recipients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16022785/ doi: 10.3201/eid1107.050277 id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author: Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date: 2016-01-01 words: 7496.0 sentences: 466.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt summary: According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of supply and demand issues in the vaccine industry and the policy options that have been implemented to resolve these issues. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Policy File, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched to locate academic journal articles. Other sources reviewed included texts on the topics of vaccine history and policy, government agency reports, and reports from independent think tanks. Keywords included vaccines, immunizations, supply, demand, and policy. STUDY SELECTION: Search criteria were limited to English language and human studies. Articles pertaining to vaccine demand, supply, and public policy were selected and reviewed for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: By the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: Vaccines are biologic medications, therefore making their development and production more difficult and costly compared with “small-molecule” drugs. Research and development costs for vaccines can exceed $800 million, and development may require 10 years or more. Strict manufacturing regulations and facility upgrades add to these costs. Policy options to increase and stabilize the supply of vaccines include those aimed at increasing supply, such as government subsidies for basic vaccine research, liability protection for manufacturers, and fast-track approval for new vaccines. Options to increase vaccine demand include advance purchase commitments, government stockpiles, and government financing for select populations. CONCLUSION: High development costs and multiple barriers to entry have led to a decline in the number of vaccine manufacturers. Although a number of vaccine policies have met with mixed success in increasing the supply of and demand for vaccines, a variety of concerns remain, including developing vaccines for complex pathogens and increasing immunization rates with available vaccines. New policy innovations such as advance market commitments and Medicare Part D vaccine coverage have been implemented and may aid in resolving some of the problems in the vaccine industry. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589753/ doi: 10.1331/japha.2009.09007 id: cord-323710-cmbg0ty8 author: Mühlebach, Michael D. title: Development of Recombinant Measles Virus-Based Vaccines date: 2016-11-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter describes the development of recombinant measles virus (MV)-based vaccines starting from plasmid DNA. Live-attenuated measles vaccines are very efficient and safe. Since the availability of a reverse genetic system to manipulate MV genomes and to generate respective recombinant viruses, a considerable number of recombinant viruses has been generated that present antigens of foreign pathogens during MV replication. Thereby, robust humoral and cellular immune responses can be induced, which have shown protective capacity in a substantial number of experiments. For this purpose, the foreign antigen-encoding genes are cloned into additional transcription units of plasmid based full-length MV vaccine strain genomes, which in turn are used to rescue recombinant MV by providing both full-length viral RNA genomes respective anti-genomes together with all protein components of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex after transient transfection of the so-called rescue cells. Infectious centers form among these transfected cells, which allow clonal isolation of single recombinant viruses that are subsequently amplified, characterized in vitro, and then evaluated for their immunogenicity in appropriate preclinical animal models. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6869-5_9 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6869-5_9 id: cord-027654-k0uby99n author: Nabel, Gary J. title: The development of gene-based vectors for immunization date: 2020-06-22 words: 6550.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027654-k0uby99n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027654-k0uby99n.txt summary: The advantages of their ability to induce cellular immunity, immunogenicity, safety, mode of antigen presentation, and other attractive features are countered by limitations in knowledge about clinical effi cacy, production methodologies, DNA vaccination as the initial vaccine constituent and replication-defective viral vectors, including modifi ed vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA), 21,28 rAd 22,23,27,29 or proteins to boost the initial response. 31, 32 In addition, the development of improved enhancer/ promoter regions can allow for even higher expression 5 and these vaccines have advanced into multiple human Phase I studies, alone or in combination with other gene-based vectors. Depending on their ability to target antigen presenting cells, ability to develop packaging lines, inherent immunogenicity of both the vector and insert, and other factors (Table 62 -2), these viral vectors are helping to improve vaccine effi cacy in a variety of infectious disease models. Comparative immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys of DNA plasmid, recombinant vaccinia virus, and replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing a human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 gag gene abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7310921/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50066-0 id: cord-348283-7xorq5ce author: Naz, Anam title: Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccines to Combat Emerging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Employing Immuno-Informatics Approach date: 2020-07-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A recent pandemic caused by a single-stranded RNA virus, COVID-19, initially discovered in China, is now spreading globally. This poses a serious threat that needs to be addressed immediately. Genome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 has revealed its close relation to SARS-coronavirus along with few changes in its spike protein. The spike protein aids in receptor binding and viral entry within the host and therefore represents a potential target for vaccine and therapeutic development. In the current study, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was explored for potential immunogenic epitopes to design multi-epitope vaccine constructs. The S1 and S2 domains of spike proteins were analyzed, and two vaccine constructs were prioritized with T-cell and B-cell epitopes. We adapted a comprehensive predictive framework to provide novel insights into immunogenic epitopes of spike proteins, which can further be evaluated as potential vaccine candidates against COVID-19. Prioritized epitopes were then modeled using linkers and adjuvants, and respective 3D models were constructed to evaluate their physiochemical properties and their possible interactions with ACE2, HLA Superfamily alleles, TLR2, and TLR4. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754160/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01663 id: cord-279629-t1xjy12y author: Nazneen Akhand, Mst Rubaiat title: Genome based Evolutionary study of SARS-CoV-2 towards the Prediction of Epitope Based Chimeric Vaccine date: 2020-04-15 words: 6717.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279629-t1xjy12y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279629-t1xjy12y.txt summary: The present in silico study aimed to predict a novel chimeric vaccines by simultaneously targeting four major structural proteins via the establishment of ancestral relationship among different strains of coronaviruses. Hence, the study was designed to develop a chimeric recombinant vaccine against COVID-19 by targeting four major structural proteins of the pathogen, while revealing the evolutionary history of different species of coronavirus based on whole genome and protein domain-based phylogeny. Apart from the human coronaviruses, we introduced other coronaviruses which choose different species of bats, whale, turkey, rat, mink, ferret, swine, camel, rabbit, cow and others as host (Supplementary TableDomain analysis of spike protein of coronaviruses reveals that they contain mainly one signature domains namely, coronavirus S2 glycoprotein (IPR002552), which is present in all the candidates. Design of an epitope-based peptide vaccine against spike protein of human coronavirus: an in silico approach. abstract: SARS-CoV-2 is known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems of human and has already become an unprecedented threat to global healthcare system. COVID-19, the most serious public condition caused by SARS-CoV-2 leads the world to an uncertainty alongside thousands of regular death scenes. Unavailability of specific therapeutics or approved vaccine has made the recovery of COVI-19 more troublesome and challenging. The present in silico study aimed to predict a novel chimeric vaccines by simultaneously targeting four major structural proteins via the establishment of ancestral relationship among different strains of coronaviruses. Conserved regions from the homologous protein sets of spike glycoprotein (S), membrane protein (M), envelope protein and nucleocapsid protein (N) were identified through multiple sequence alignment. The phylogeny analyses of whole genome stated that four proteins (S, E, M and N) reflected the close ancestral relation of SARS-CoV-2 to SARS-COV-1 and bat coronavirus. Numerous immunogenic epitopes (both T cell and B cell) were generated from the common fragments which were further ranked on the basis of antigenicity, transmembrane topology, conservancy level, toxicity and allergenicity pattern and population coverage analysis. Top putative epitopes were combined with appropriate adjuvants and linkers to construct a novel multiepitope subunit vaccine against COVID-19. The designed constructs were characterized based on physicochemical properties, allergenicity, antigenicity and solubility which revealed the superiority of construct V3 in terms safety and efficacy. Essential molecular dynamics and Normal Mode analysis confirmed minimal deformability of the refined model at molecular level. In addition, disulfide engineering was investigated to accelerate the stability of the protein. Molecular docking study ensured high binding affinity between construct V3 and HLA cells, as well as with different host receptors. Microbial expression and translational efficacy of the constructs were checked using pET28a(+) vector of E. coli strain K12. The development of preventive measures to combat COVID-19 infections might be aided the present study. However, the in vivo and in vitro validation might be ensured with wet lab trials using model animals for the implementation of the presented data. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.036285 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.036285 id: cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 author: Nedjadi, Taoufik title: Tackling dengue fever: Current status and challenges date: 2015-12-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: According to recent statistics, 96 million apparent dengue infections were estimated worldwide in 2010. This figure is by far greater than the WHO prediction which indicates the rapid spread of this disease posing a growing threat to the economy and a major challenge to clinicians and health care services across the globe particularly in the affected areas. This article aims at bringing to light the current epidemiological and clinical status of the dengue fever. The relationship between genetic mutations, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the pathophysiology of disease progression will be put into perspective. It will also highlight the recent advances in dengue vaccine development. Thus far, a significant progress has been made in unraveling the risk factors and understanding the molecular pathogenesis associated with the disease. However, further insights in molecular features of the disease and the development of animal models will enormously help improving the therapeutic interventions and potentially contribute to finding new preventive measures for population at risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26645066/ doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0444-8 id: cord-344750-b9tndbg1 author: Neumann-Böhme, Sebastian title: Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 date: 2020-06-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6 doi: 10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6 id: cord-344563-bjuvxpkc author: Neustroev, M. P. title: Developmental Results of a Vaccine against Salmonella-Induced Equine Abortion date: 2020-11-04 words: 2389.0 sentences: 169.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344563-bjuvxpkc.txt summary: An inactivated vaccine based on the Sal. abortus equi BN-12 strain with the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain filtrate used as immunomodulator has been developed in order to prevent salmonella-induced equine abortion. The Sal. abortus equi BN-12 strain stored at the All-Russia State Research Institute for Control, Standardization, and Certification of Veterinary Preparations was used in order to develop a vaccine against the salmonella-induced equine abortion. The preclinical tests with the white mice and the industrial tests with the horses have proven that the inactivated Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain vaccine against salmonella-induced equine abortion is an effective method to prevent infectious abortions. Therefore, the method developed by the authors for specific prevention of the salmonella-induced equine abortion with the inactivated vaccine used with the culture liquid based on the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain is a cost-effective measure that should be recommended for widespread adoption in the stud farming systems. abstract: An inactivated vaccine based on the Sal. abortus equi BN-12 strain with the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain filtrate used as immunomodulator has been developed in order to prevent salmonella-induced equine abortion. Preclinical and clinical trials with the white mice and the horses, respectively, are carried out. The lack of toxicity is proven. The vaccine immunogenicity for mouse and mare models comprised 90 and 100%, respectively. The industrial vaccine tests showed that the industrial output of foals increased by 13.8% after immunization. Cost-effectiveness of the vaccine used with the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain filtrate comprised 14.1 rubles per 1 ruble of costs, which was 1.8-fold greater when compared to the vaccine used with a polyribonate medicine. It is ascertained that administration of the inactivated vaccine with the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain is an effective method to prevent infectious abortion. Scientific and technical documentation is developed based on the survey results in order to submit it for approval to the Rosselkhoznadzor Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance. The instruction is compliant with the approved use. The registration certificate (71-1-10.19-4495 no. PVR-1-1-.6/01631, as of June 10, 2019) has been issued. url: https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367420050158 doi: 10.3103/s1068367420050158 id: cord-269623-9pxdeva3 author: Nicholson, Karl G title: Influenza date: 2003-11-22 words: 9797.0 sentences: 506.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt summary: The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. We gave priority to randomised controlled trials when available, to larger studies, articles published in high-impact journals that have a wide readership, and the systematic review and economic decision modelling, for the prevention and treatment of influenza, commissioned by the Health Technology Assessment Programme on behalf of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. A meta-analysis of reports published before 2001 showed that vaccination reduces numbers of cases of influenza-like illness by 35%, hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza by 47%, and all-cause mortality by 50%. abstract: Although most influenza infections are self-limited, few other diseases exert such a huge toll of suffering and economic loss. Despite the importance of influenza, there had been, until recently, little advance in its control since amantadine was licensed almost 40 years ago. During the past decade, evidence has accrued on the protection afforded by inactivated vaccines and the safety and efficacy in children of live influenza-virus vaccines. There have been many new developments in vaccine technology. Moreover, work on viral neuraminidase has led to the licensing of potent selective antiviral drugs, and economic decision modelling provides further justification for annual vaccination and a framework for the use of neuraminidase inhibitors. Progress has also been made on developing near-patient testing for influenza that may assist individual diagnosis or the recognition of widespread virus circulation, and so optimise clinical management. Despite these advances, the occurrence of avian H5N1, H9N2, and H7N7 influenza in human beings and the rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome are reminders of our vulnerability to an emerging pandemic. The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. Improvements in animal and human surveillance, new approaches to vaccination, and increasing use of vaccines and antiviral drugs to combat annual influenza outbreaks are essential to reduce the global toll of pandemic and interpandemic influenza. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673603148544 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14854-4 id: cord-008881-579ronfq author: Nicholson, KarlG title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date: 1981-10-24 words: 2885.0 sentences: 141.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt summary: title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. This resounding success has been repeated in trials in Germany and the U.S.A. using 5 or 6 doses of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.'', Thus, almost a century after the post exposure treatment of man began, effective antirabies prophylaxis appears to have been achieved. abstract: Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. All ten volunteers rapidly developed substantial titres of rabies antibody, and eight of the ten had T lymphocytes that were immunologically stimulated by HDCS rabies-virus antigen. Postexposure treatment with 0·8 ml of HDCS vaccine given at 4 i.d. sites completely protected fourteen rabbits from death by street virus. The results suggest that in developing countries patients could be protected with small volumes of potent tissue-culture vaccine administered intradermally shortly after exposure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134747/ doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91402-1 id: cord-025366-haf542y0 author: Offit, Paul A. title: Vaccine safety date: 2012-11-07 words: 16621.0 sentences: 797.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt summary: 147, 148 In the United States, the CDC established the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) network in 2001 with the following primary goals: (1) to develop research protocols for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management of adverse events following immunization (AEFI); (2) to improve the understanding of AEFI at the individual level, including determining possible genetic and other risk factors for predisposed persons and high-risk subpopulations; (3) to develop evidence-based algorithms for vaccination of persons at risk of serious adverse events following immunization; and (4) to provide a resource of subject matter experts for clinical vaccine safety inquiries. Third, large population-based systems that link computerized vaccination data with health care encounter codes were used to conduct rapid ongoing analyses to evaluate possible associations of H1N1 vaccination with selected adverse events, including potential associations suggested by VAERS or other sources. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252257/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00076-8 id: cord-004435-l66ost6q author: Oli, Angus Nnamdi title: Immunoinformatics and Vaccine Development: An Overview date: 2020-02-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The use of vaccines have resulted in a remarkable improvement in global health. It has saved several lives, reduced treatment costs and raised the quality of animal and human lives. Current traditional vaccines came empirically with either vague or completely no knowledge of how they modulate our immune system. Even at the face of potential vaccine design advance, immune-related concerns (as seen with specific vulnerable populations, cases of emerging/re-emerging infectious disease, pathogens with complex lifecycle and antigenic variability, need for personalized vaccinations, and concerns for vaccines' immunological safety -specifically vaccine likelihood to trigger non-antigen-specific responses that may cause autoimmunity and vaccine allergy) are being raised. And these concerns have driven immunologists toward research for a better approach to vaccine design that will consider these challenges. Currently, immunoinformatics has paved the way for a better understanding of some infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, immune system response and computational vaccinology. The importance of this immunoinformatics in the study of infectious diseases is diverse in terms of computational approaches used, but is united by common qualities related to host–pathogen relationship. Bioinformatics methods are also used to assign functions to uncharacterized genes which can be targeted as a candidate in vaccine design and can be a better approach toward the inclusion of women that are pregnant into vaccine trials and programs. The essence of this review is to give insight into the need to focus on novel computational, experimental and computation-driven experimental approaches for studying of host–pathogen interactions and thus making a case for its use in vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049754/ doi: 10.2147/itt.s241064 id: cord-018811-zhwr3h07 author: Oxford, John title: Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic date: 2010-06-18 words: 13247.0 sentences: 618.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt summary: The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza together with a focus of swine influenza H1N1 is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T-cell epitope vaccines, viral live-attenuated carriers of influenza proteins, and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells. This was particularly well demonstrated by studies during the swine influenza campaign in the USA in 1976, when many observers reported results, which ultimately led to the recommended use in children of two doses of split-type rather than whole-virus vaccines. It has been known for many years that the serological response to inactivated vaccine depends on the previous experience of the recipient to infection by viruses of the same subtype of influenza A virus as that present in the vaccine. Comparison of inactivated vaccine A/HongKong/68 (H3N2) given intranasally or subcutaneously showed that following challenge with live virus only those who had developed a serum antibody response after vaccine by either route resisted infection. abstract: Vaccines for the swine flu pandemic of 2009 have been produced in an exquisitely short time frame. This speed of production comes because of 50 years of hard work by virologists worldwide in pharma groups, research laboratories, and government licensing units. The present chapter presents the background framework of influenza vaccine production and its evolution over 50 years. Isolation of the causative virus of influenza in 1933, followed by the discovery of embryonated hen eggs as a substrate, quickly led to the formulation of vaccines. Virus-containing allantoic fluid was inactivated with formalin. The phenomenon of antigenic drift of the virus HA was soon recognized and as WHO began to coordinate the world influenza surveillance, it became easier for manufacturers to select an up-to-date virus. Influenza vaccines remain unique in that the virus strain composition is reviewed yearly, but modern attempts are being made to free manufacturers from this yolk by investigating internal virus proteins including M2e and NP as “universal” vaccines covering all virus subtypes. Recent technical innovations have been the use of Vero and MDCK cells as the virus cell substrate, the testing of two new adjuvants, and the exploration of new presentations to the nose or epidermal layers as DNA or antigen mixtures. The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza together with a focus of swine influenza H1N1 is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T-cell epitope vaccines, viral live-attenuated carriers of influenza proteins, and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123788/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_6 id: cord-252856-oc0zd11h author: Pagliusi, Sonia title: Quality vaccines for all people(): Report on the 16th annual general meeting of the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers'' Network, 05–07th October 2015, Bangkok, Thailand date: 2016-06-30 words: 4469.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252856-oc0zd11h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252856-oc0zd11h.txt summary: The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) assembled high-profile leaders from global health organisations and vaccine manufactures for its 16th Annual General Meeting to work towards a common goal: providing quality vaccines for all people. DCVMN members presented their progress in developing novel vaccines against Dengue, HPV, Chikungunya, Cholera, cell-based influenza and other vaccines, demonstrating the commitment towards eliminating and eradicating preventable diseases worldwide through global collaboration and technology transfer. Combatting preventable diseases remains challenging, and collective efforts for improving multi-centre clinical trials, creating regional vaccine security strategies, fostering developing vaccine markets and procurement, and building trust in vaccines were discussed. DCVMN is the largest alliance of corporate manufacturers, supplying over 300 vaccine types in various presentations to immunisation programmes, and contributing significantly to global public health efforts to eradicate polio, eliminate and control the spread of known and emerging infectious diseases around the world. abstract: The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) assembled high-profile leaders from global health organisations and vaccine manufactures for its 16th Annual General Meeting to work towards a common goal: providing quality vaccines for all people. Vaccines contribute to a healthy community and robust health system; the Ebola outbreak has raised awareness of the threat and damage one single infectious disease can make, and it is clear that the world was not prepared. However, more research to better understand emerging infectious agents might lead to suitable vaccines which help prevent future outbreaks. DCVMN members presented their progress in developing novel vaccines against Dengue, HPV, Chikungunya, Cholera, cell-based influenza and other vaccines, demonstrating the commitment towards eliminating and eradicating preventable diseases worldwide through global collaboration and technology transfer. The successful introduction of novel Sabin-IPV and Oral Cholera vaccine in China and Korea respectively in 2015 was highlighted. In order to achieve global immunisation, local authorities and community leaders play an important role in the decision-making in vaccine introduction and uptake, based on the ability of vaccines to protect vaccinated people and protect non-vaccinated in the community through herd immunity. Reducing the risk of vaccine shortages can also be achieved by increasing regulatory convergence at regional and international levels. Combatting preventable diseases remains challenging, and collective efforts for improving multi-centre clinical trials, creating regional vaccine security strategies, fostering developing vaccine markets and procurement, and building trust in vaccines were discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.067 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.067 id: cord-255549-i2o6rs29 author: Pagliusi, Sonia title: Vaccines: Shaping global health() date: 2017-03-14 words: 4357.0 sentences: 255.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255549-i2o6rs29.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255549-i2o6rs29.txt summary: After decades of intense competition for high-value markets, collaboration with developing countries has become critical, and involvement of multiple manufacturers as well as publicand private-sector investments are essential, for developing new vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. Face-to-face panel discussions facilitated the dialogue around challenges, such as risks of viability to vaccine development and regulatory convergence, to improve access to sustainable vaccine supply. In 2016, 50 corporate members are working to provide high-quality vaccines, and contribute to global health initiatives, ensuring uninterrupted vaccine supply to countries, to advance eradication of polio and facilitate response to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) or outbreaks like the Zika outbreak [1] . I. Danel, Deputy Director from PAHO, outlined achievements of public health goals in the Americas, including extension of the reach of national immunization programs, new vaccine introductions, strengthening of regulatory pathways and improving financing and forecasting mechanisms. abstract: The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers’ Network (DCVMN) gathered leaders in immunization programs, vaccine manufacturing, representatives of the Argentinean Health Authorities and Pan American Health Organization, among other global health stakeholders, for its 17th Annual General Meeting in Buenos Aires, to reflect on how vaccines are shaping global health. Polio eradication and elimination of measles and rubella from the Americas is a result of successful collaboration, made possible by timely supply of affordable vaccines. After decades of intense competition for high-value markets, collaboration with developing countries has become critical, and involvement of multiple manufacturers as well as public- and private-sector investments are essential, for developing new vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. The recent Zika virus outbreak and the accelerated Ebola vaccine development exemplify the need for international partnerships to combat infectious diseases. A new player, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) has made its entrance in the global health community, aiming to stimulate research preparedness against emerging infections. Face-to-face panel discussions facilitated the dialogue around challenges, such as risks of viability to vaccine development and regulatory convergence, to improve access to sustainable vaccine supply. It was discussed that joint efforts to optimizing regulatory pathways in developing countries, reducing registration time by up to 50%, are required. Outbreaks of emerging infections and the global Polio eradication and containment challenges are reminders of the importance of vaccines’ access, and of the importance of new public-private partnerships. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28237501/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.017 id: cord-268501-z4oztgi0 author: Palatnik-de-Sousa, Clarisa B. title: What Would Jenner and Pasteur Have Done About COVID-19 Coronavirus? The Urges of a Vaccinologist date: 2020-08-26 words: 6331.0 sentences: 280.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268501-z4oztgi0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268501-z4oztgi0.txt summary: In fact, by May 11th, 2020 seven vaccines had already entered Phase I clinical trials: (1) encapsulated mRNA encoding protein S (Moderna and NIAID, USA); (2) Adenovirus expressing protein S (Cansino Biologics, China); (3) DCs modified with lentivirus expressing several proteins and CTLs (Shenzen Geno-Immune Medical, China); (4) an APC modified with lentivirus expressing several viral proteins (35); (5) Inno 4800, SARS CoV2 DNA Injection (Innovio, USA); (6) ChAdOx1 vaccine from the Jenner Institute, Oxford University, (UK) which is a genetically modified Adenovirus expressing Coronavirus proteins (39) , and is also being tested in a Phase II trial; and finally (7) the whole inactivated coronavirus with Alum by Sinovac, China (40) . Furthermore, in vaccinated monkeys, seven days after infection, the Sinovac inactivated vaccine at 6 µg/dose induced high titers of IgG antibodies directed against the S, RBD and lower levels of anti-N protein antibodies, high titers of virus neutralizing antibodies with no detected antibodydependent enhancement of disease (ADE) (40) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32983183/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02173 id: cord-002842-4evbeijx author: Pandey, Rajan Kumar title: Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein date: 2018-01-18 words: 5768.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002842-4evbeijx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002842-4evbeijx.txt summary: title: Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein This study represents a series of immunoinformatics approaches to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine using Anopheles mosquito salivary proteins. Finally, molecular docking and simulation study was performed for the vaccine protein and TLR-4 receptor, to determine the binding free energy and complex stability. Therefore, in this study, we applied a novel immunoinformatics approach to design multi-epitope based subunit vaccine that may prevent the disease by maintaining the host hemostasis by the inhibition of anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory proteins present in mosquito saliva. Predicted CTL epitopes for each salivary protein was used as an input sequence and the result was obtained in the form of the score, where higher score determines that greater will be the probability of eliciting an immune response. abstract: Malaria fever has been pervasive for quite a while in tropical developing regions causing high morbidity and mortality. The causal organism is a protozoan parasite of genus Plasmodium which spreads to the human host by the bite of hitherto infected female Anopheles mosquito. In the course of biting, a salivary protein of Anopheles helps in blood feeding behavior and having the ability to elicit the host immune response. This study represents a series of immunoinformatics approaches to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine using Anopheles mosquito salivary proteins. Designed subunit vaccine was evaluated for its immunogenicity, allergenicity and physiochemical parameters. To enhance the stability of vaccine protein, disulfide engineering was performed in a region of high mobility. Codon adaptation and in silico cloning was also performed to ensure the higher expression of designed subunit vaccine in E. coli K12 expression system. Finally, molecular docking and simulation study was performed for the vaccine protein and TLR-4 receptor, to determine the binding free energy and complex stability. Moreover, the designed subunit vaccine was found to induce anti-salivary immunity which may have the ability to prevent the entry of Plasmodium sporozoites into the human host. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773588/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19456-1 id: cord-259927-xh9cw9ao author: Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. title: Promising approaches for the treatment and prevention of viral respiratory illnesses date: 2017-07-21 words: 7342.0 sentences: 400.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259927-xh9cw9ao.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259927-xh9cw9ao.txt summary: When considering prevention or treatment of viral respiratory tract infections, potential targets include the causative pathogens themselves but also the immune response, disease transmission, or even just the symptoms. Here we provide an overview of the options and highlight some of the most promising approaches in vRTI treatment, including symptomatic medication, immunomodulatory drugs, antiviral agents, and natural products, as well as in vRTI prevention, ranging from vaccines to immunostimulators and public health policies. Early in vivo evidence suggested that azithromycin has anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects through induction of interferon-stimulated gene mRNA expression and reduced viral replication and release in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. mAb therapies to viral infections, such as EBV (rituximab) or RSV (palivizumab), provide passive immunization and are licensed, whereas similar agents targeting influenza and other viruses are in preclinical development. abstract: Viral respiratory tract infections are the most common human ailments, leading to enormous health and economic burden. Hundreds of viral species and subtypes have been associated with these conditions, with influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinoviruses being the most frequent and with the highest burden. When considering prevention or treatment of viral respiratory tract infections, potential targets include the causative pathogens themselves but also the immune response, disease transmission, or even just the symptoms. Strategies targeting all these aspects are developing concurrently, and several novel and promising approaches are emerging. In this perspective we overview the entire range of options and highlight some of the most promising approaches, including new antiviral agents, symptomatic or immunomodulatory drugs, the re-emergence of natural remedies, and vaccines and public health policies toward prevention. Wide-scale prevention through immunization appears to be within reach for respiratory syncytial virus and promising for influenza virus, whereas additional effort is needed in regard to rhinovirus, as well as other respiratory tract viruses. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0091674917311132 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.001 id: cord-296998-ep46lzeo author: Pawelec, Graham title: Recent advances in influenza vaccines date: 2020-04-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Seasonal influenza remains a major public health problem, responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths every year, mostly of elderly people. Despite the wide availability of vaccines, there are multiple problems decreasing the effectiveness of vaccination programs. These include viral variability and hence the requirement to match strains by estimating which will become prevalent each season, problems associated with vaccine and adjuvant production, and the route of administration as well as the perceived lower vaccine efficiency in older adults. Clinical protection is still suboptimal for all of these reasons, and vaccine uptake remains too low in most countries. Efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines include developing universal vaccines independent of the circulating strains in any particular season and stimulating cellular as well as humoral responses, especially in the elderly. This commentary assesses progress over the last 3 years towards achieving these aims. Since the beginning of 2020, an unprecedented international academic and industrial effort to develop effective vaccines against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has diverted attention away from influenza, but many of the lessons learned for the one will synergize with the other to mutual advantage. And, unlike the SARS-1 epidemic and, we hope, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, influenza will not be eliminated and thus efforts to improve influenza vaccines will remain of crucial importance. url: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22611.1 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.22611.1 id: cord-014901-d9szap94 author: Permyakova, N. V. title: State of research in the field of the creation of plant vaccines for veterinary use date: 2015-01-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Transgenic plants as an alternative of costly systems of recombinant immunogenic protein expression are the source for the production of cheap and highly efficient biotherapeuticals of new generation, including plant vaccines. In the present review, possibilities of plant system application for the production of recombinant proteins for veterinary use are considered, the history of the “edible vaccine” concept is briefly summarized, advantages and disadvantages of various plant systems for the expression of recombinant immunogenic proteins are discussed. The list of recombinant plant vaccines for veterinary use, which are at different stages of clinical trials, is presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089518/ doi: 10.1134/s1021443715010100 id: cord-016371-zkawdcac author: Perrie, Yvonne title: Vaccines date: 2013-10-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccines continue to offer the key line of protection against a range of infectious diseases; however, the range of vaccines currently available is limited. One key consideration in the development of a vaccine is risk-versus-benefit, and in an environment of perceived low risk, the benefit of vaccination may not be recognised. To address this, there has been a move towards the use of subunit-based vaccines, which offer low side-effect profiles but are generally weakly immunogenic. This can be compensated for by the development of effective adjuvants. Nanotechnology offers key attributes in this field through the ability of nanoparticulates to incorporate and protect antigens from rapid degradation, combined with their potential to effectively deliver the antigens to appropriate cells within the immune system. These characteristics can be exploited in the development of new adjuvants. This chapter will outline the applications of nanosystems in vaccine formulations and consider the mechanisms of action behind a range of formulations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120629/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9164-4_17 id: cord-290705-7xkt6u73 author: Petrini, Stefano title: Evaluation of Passive Immunity Induced by Immunisation Using Two Inactivated gE-deleted Marker Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Calves date: 2020-01-04 words: 4291.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290705-7xkt6u73.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290705-7xkt6u73.txt summary: title: Evaluation of Passive Immunity Induced by Immunisation Using Two Inactivated gE-deleted Marker Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Calves The results indicated that inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are safe and produce a good humoral immune response in pregnant cattle until calving and PCD180. Regarding traditional vaccines, several reports have shown that cattle vaccinated with non-deleted modified-live vaccines transfer neutralising antibodies (NA) to the newborn calves that can protect them from experimental infection [12, 13] , and other studies have demonstrated that a poor titre of colostral antibodies increases the risk of contracting BoHV-1 infection in the calf [14] . In addition, the antibody titres observed in both the groups of newborn calves, born to the cattle immunised with vaccine A or B (0.85 log 10 and 0.75 log 10 , respectively), on PCD180 were lower than those required to protect them against infection by BoHV-1. abstract: Different types of vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) are commercially available. Among these, inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are commonly used, but their ability to induce passive immunity is poorly known. Here, we evaluated the passive immunity transferred from dams immunised with commercial inactivated gE-deleted marker vaccines to calves. We vaccinated 12 pregnant cattle devoid of neutralising antibodies against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and divided them into two groups with 6 animals each. Both groups were injected with a different inactivated gE-deleted marker vaccine administrated via intranasal or intramuscular routes. An additional 6 pregnant cattle served as the unvaccinated control group. After calving, the number of animals in each group was increased by the newborn calves. In the dams, the humoral immune response was evaluated before calving and, subsequently, at different times until post-calving day 180 (PCD180). In addition, the antibodies in colostrum, milk, and in serum samples from newborn calves were evaluated at different times until PCD180. The results indicated that inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are safe and produce a good humoral immune response in pregnant cattle until calving and PCD180. Moreover, results showed that, in calf serum, passive immunity persists until PCD180. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010014 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010014 id: cord-353911-hp6s6ebh author: Petráš, Marek title: Early immune response in mice immunized with a semi-split inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 containing S protein-free particles and subunit S protein date: 2020-11-03 words: 2119.0 sentences: 134.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353911-hp6s6ebh.txt summary: title: Early immune response in mice immunized with a semi-split inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 containing S protein-free particles and subunit S protein Our aim was to design a semi-split inactivated vaccine offering a wide range of multi-epitope determinants important for the immune system including not only the spike (S) protein but also the envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins. The above laboratory procedure generated a semi-split inactivated vaccine, i.e., a vaccine with 307 the S protein separated from the viral particle exhibiting an early, both humoral and cellular, 308 immune response. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-386 19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, 387 randomised controlled trial An in-depth investigation of the safety and immunogenicity of an 468 inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine A double-inactivated 499 whole virus candidate SARS coronavirus vaccine stimulates neutralising and 500 protective antibody responses. Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity 526 abstract: The development of a vaccine against COVID-19 is a hot topic for many research laboratories all over the world. Our aim was to design a semi-split inactivated vaccine offering a wide range of multi-epitope determinants important for the immune system including not only the spike (S) protein but also the envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins. We designed a semi-split vaccine prototype consisting of S protein-depleted viral particles and free S protein. Next, we investigated its immunogenic potential in BALB/c mice. The animals were immunized intradermally or intramuscularly with the dose adjusted with buffer or addition of aluminum hydroxide, respectively. The antibody response was evaluated by plasma analysis at 7 days after the first or second dose. The immune cell response was studied by flow cytometry analysis of splenocytes. The data showed a very early onset of both S protein-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing antibodies at 90% inhibition regardless of the route of vaccine administration. However, significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies were detected in the intradermally (geometric mean titer - GMT of 7.8 ± 1.4) than in the intramuscularly immunized mice (GMT of 6.2 ± 1.5). In accordance with this, stimulation of cellular immunity by the semi-split vaccine was suggested by elevated levels of B and T lymphocyte subpopulations in the murine spleens. These responses were more predominant in the intradermally immunized mice compared with the intramuscular route of administration. The upward trend in the levels of plasmablasts, memory B cells, Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, including follicular helper T cells, was confirmed even in mice receiving the vaccine intradermally at a dose of 0.5 μg. We demonstrated that the semi-split vaccine is capable of eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity early after vaccination. Our prototype thus represents a promising step toward the development of an efficient anti-COVID-19 vaccine for human use. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.03.366641 doi: 10.1101/2020.11.03.366641 id: cord-254513-7d10vd86 author: Phillips, B. C. title: Echo chambers as early warning signals of widespread vaccine refusal in social-epidemiological networks date: 2020-10-20 words: 6215.0 sentences: 357.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254513-7d10vd86.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254513-7d10vd86.txt summary: We show that trends in all of the measurements described above (modularity, global clustering coefficient, census and sizes of communities and echo 70 chambers) provide early warning signals of epidemic and vaccine crisis events for a coupled disease-behaviour model of childhood disease. (B.10) , we can see that lead distance decreases with strengthening social norm σ, with all the EWS eventually failing (giving negative lead distances, so that warnings follow K s -these are useless); modularity scores for the sub-networks formed by pro-vaccine � Q V � (Fig. B.10a ) and anti-vaccine � Q N � (Fig. B.10a ) agents give useful warnings for all social norms 340 σ ≤ 2.40625, while both the number of opinion changes � Θ * � (Fig. B.10b ) and the probability of having an infected neighbour SNHT �� Γ * �� give useful signals for σ ≤ 2.90625. In this paper, we tested the use and effectiveness of different network measures as early warning signals (EWS) of sudden transitions in the social and infection dynamics of a multiplex model of disease. abstract: Sudden shifts in population health and vaccination rates occur as the dynamics of some epidemiological models go through a critical point; literature shows that this is sometimes foreshadowed by early warning signals (EWS). We investigate different structural measures of a network as candidate EWS of infectious disease outbreaks and changes in popular vaccine sentiment. We construct a multiplex disease model coupling infectious disease spread and social contact dynamics. We find that the number and mean size of echo chambers predict transitions in the infection dynamics, as do opinion-based communities. Graph modularity also gives early warnings, though the clustering coefficient shows no significant pre-outbreak changes. Change point tests applied to the EWS show decreasing efficacy as social norms strengthen. Therefore, many measures of social network connectivity can predict approaching critical changes in vaccine uptake and aggregate health, thereby providing valuable tools for improving public health. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.17.20214312 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.17.20214312 id: cord-016475-7ldxvbpz author: Pleschka, Stephan title: Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date: 2006 words: 17084.0 sentences: 860.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt summary: After influenza virus infection antibodies directed against all major viral proteins can be detected in humans and the level of serum antibodies correlate with resistance to disease (Couch, 2003; Couch and Kasel, 1983; Coulter et al., 2003; Nichol et al., 1998; Potter and Oxford, 1979) . Nevertheless, IKK and NFκB might not only have anti-viral functions as two recent studies demonstrate that influenza viruses replicate much better in cells where NFκB is pre-activated (Nimmerjahn et al., 2004; Wurzer et al., 2004) . Apoptosis is mainly regarded to be a host cell defense against virus viruses (reviewed in: Julkunen et al., 2000; Ludwig et al., 2003; infections since many viruses express anti-apoptotic proteins to prevent this cellular response. Influenza virus-induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression is mediated by overexpression of viral proteins and involves oxidative radicals and activation of IkappaB kinase abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120762/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-31047-3_5 id: cord-266204-ipa017wz author: Poland, G. A. title: Personalized vaccinology: A review date: 2018-08-28 words: 7232.0 sentences: 331.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt summary: This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing "downstream" adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. A decade ago, we described the idea of vaccinomics and adversomics, based on the immune response network theory [5, 6] , which utilizes immunogenetics/imunogenomics and systems biology approaches to understand the basis for inter-individual variations in vaccineinduced immune responses in humans, as well as the basis for adverse side effects from vaccines [7] . Published data reveal that innate and adaptive immunity is decreased with age, but the systems-level mechanisms for these findings are unclear [66, 68] , particularly in regard to influenza and other viral vaccine responses where the morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare costs are greater in older individuals [11] . abstract: Abstract At the current time, the field of vaccinology remains empirical in many respects. Vaccine development, vaccine immunogenicity, and vaccine efficacy have, for the most part, historically been driven by an empiric “isolate-inactivate-inject” paradigm. In turn, a population-level public health paradigm of “the same dose for everyone for every disease” model has been the normative thinking in regard to prevention of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. In addition, up until recently, no vaccines had been designed specifically to overcome the immunosenescence of aging, consistent with a post-WWII mentality of developing vaccines and vaccine programs for children. It is now recognized that the current lack of knowledge concerning how immune responses to vaccines are generated is a critical barrier to understanding poor vaccine responses in the elderly and in immunoimmaturity, discovery of new correlates of vaccine immunogenicity (vaccine response biomarkers), and a directed approach to new vaccine development. The new fields of vaccinomics and adversomics provide models that permit global profiling of the innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses integrated at a systems biology level. This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing “downstream” adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. Others have applied systems level approaches to the study of antibody responses (a.k.a. “systems serology”), [1] high-dimensional cell subset immunophenotyping through CyTOF, [2,3] and vaccine induced metabolic changes [4]. In turn, this knowledge is being utilized to better understand the following: identifying who is at risk for which infections; the level of risk that exists regarding poor immunogenicity and/or serious adverse events; and the type or dose of vaccine needed to fully protect an individual. In toto, such approaches allow for a personalized approach to the practice of vaccinology, analogous to the substantial inroads that individualized medicine is playing in other fields of human health and medicine. Herein we briefly review the field of vaccinomics, adversomics, and personalized vaccinology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28774561/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.062 id: cord-276209-5999g9gp author: Poland, Gregory A. title: Tortoises, hares, and vaccines: A cautionary note for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development date: 2020-06-02 words: 1607.0 sentences: 105.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276209-5999g9gp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276209-5999g9gp.txt summary: Very soon thereafter, the causative agent was identified as the now-named SARS-CoV-2 virus-a betacoronavirus that had crossed the species barrier to infect humans. There is no question that a vaccine against this virus, and other as-yet-to-come coronaviruses, is imperative to protect human health and to quickly respond to future viral introductions, epidemics, and pandemics. These pathways, informed by science and the past history of successes and failures, are designed to maximize the chances of efficacy and safety. Further mutations could conceivably lead to issues of original antigenic sin with resultant disease enhancement after exposure or to vaccines that simply are not effective into the future. In addition to safety issues, I raise concern over ''''S-only" vaccine approaches for the mid-to long-term control of this RNA virus. We need a vaccine-and we need it as quickly as one can be developed-that demonstrates safety and efficacy in adequately powered studies. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.073 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.073 id: cord-016508-39glgeft author: Possas, Cristina title: Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date: 2019-06-13 words: 6596.0 sentences: 275.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt summary: Innovative preventive vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, and HIV/AIDS, are examined here from bioeconomics and global sustainability perspectives, aiming to integrate public health and biotechnology market approaches. This scenario of increasing global demand for vaccines in the next decade is supported by epidemiological indicators: annual burden of new HPV-related cancers worldwide to the tune of 670,000; rise of Zika into a public health emergency with over 86 countries reporting 230,000 cumulative confirmed cases of infection between 2015 and 2018; very high prevalence of HSV which infects approximately 67% of the world population under 50 years of age; continued prevalence of tuberculosis which infects 10 million and takes 1.5 million lives each year despite the progress made toward eliminating the disease; and rise in HIV infections worldwide over 36.9 million (WHO 2018; Global Industry Analysts 2018). abstract: This chapter provides an overview, from bioeconomic and global sustainability perspectives, of the main constraints to the current global vaccine innovation system for achieving Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs. Biotechnology market trends, gaps in vaccine coverage against emerging and neglected diseases, and patent protection and regulation are discussed. A structured long-term “public-return-driven” innovation model to overcome vaccine market failure is proposed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120800/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_14 id: cord-267012-45tre8rn author: Premanand, Balraj title: Baculovirus Surface Display of Immunogenic Proteins for Vaccine Development date: 2018-05-31 words: 11102.0 sentences: 530.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267012-45tre8rn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267012-45tre8rn.txt summary: While recombinant baculoviral vector expressing both VSV-G and influenza HA was shown to evoke both humoral and cellular immune responses and provided effective protection against lethal virus challenge in mouse and chicken hosts [26] , the high cytotoxicity of VSV-G protein [98] and its immediate inactivation by serum complement systems impedes the use of the element in a vaccine delivery vehicle [99] . The vaccine showed successful HA expression on its envelope, and mice vaccination studies showed that both the live and adjuvanted with inactive form of recombinant baculovirus induced HA-specific antibody responses and offered complete protection against lethal viral infection [101] . Moreover, recombinant baculovirus with CMV-polyhedrin dual promoter for expressing chimeric HA of H9N2 was shown to efficiently express HA in both mammalian and insect cells, induce strong immune response, and provide 100% protection against lethal H9N2 viral challenge in mice, unlike other vaccine candidates observed [34] . abstract: Vaccination is an efficient way to prevent the occurrence of many infectious diseases in humans. To date, several viral vectors have been utilized for the generation of vaccines. Among them, baculovirus—categorized as a nonhuman viral vector—has been used in wider applications. Its versatile features, like large cloning capacity, nonreplicative nature in mammalian cells, and broad tissue tropism, hold it at an excellent position among vaccine vectors. In addition to ease and safety during swift production, recent key improvements to existing baculovirus vectors (such as inclusion of hybrid promoters, immunostimulatory elements, etc.) have led to significant improvements in immunogenicity and efficacy of surface-displayed antigens. Furthermore, some promising preclinical results have been reported that mirror the scope and practicality of baculovirus as a vaccine vector for human applications in the near future. Herein, this review provides an overview of the induced immune responses by baculovirus surface-displayed vaccines against influenza and other infectious diseases in animal models, and highlights the strategies applied to enhance the protective immune responses against the displayed antigens. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v10060298 doi: 10.3390/v10060298 id: cord-271153-c0aw6jkz author: Privor-Dumm, Lois title: Archetype analysis of older adult immunization decision-making and implementation in 34 countries date: 2020-05-27 words: 7745.0 sentences: 404.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271153-c0aw6jkz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271153-c0aw6jkz.txt summary: Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. By characterizing groups of countries by features other than disease burden, geography or demographics, the analysis seeks to support global efforts to address country needs in strengthening processes for vaccine decision-making and implementation; facilitating sharing of best practices amongst countries with similar characteristics; and providing evidence, system or advocacy support to help countries succeed within their specific context. Domains (Table 1) were identified as part of a framework of potential barriers and facilitators for adult vaccine decisionmaking: country characteristics, adult vaccine/aging policies and decision-making, health immunization systems, uptake, and stakeholders and champions. abstract: The global population of adults over 65 years of age is growing rapidly and is expected to double by 2050. Countries will face substantial health, economic and social burden deriving from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) such as influenza, pneumonia and herpes zoster in older adults. It will be essential that countries utilize several public health strategies, including immunization. Understanding the different approaches countries have taken on adult immunization could help provide future learnings and technical support for adult vaccines within life-course immunization strategies. In this study, we describe the priorities and approaches that underlie adult immunization decision-making and implementation processes in 32 high-and-middle-income countries and two territories (“34 countries”) who recommend adult vaccines in their national schedule. We conducted an archetype analysis based on a subset of two dozen indicators abstracted from a larger database. The analysis was based on a mixed-methods study, including results from 120 key informant interviews in six countries and a landscape review of secondary data from 34 countries. We found four distinct archetypes: disease prevention-focused; health security-focused; evolving adult focus; and, child-focused and cost-sensitive. The highest performing countries belonged to the disease prevention-focused and health security archetypes, although there was a range of performance within each archetype. Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. It can also help in developing context-specific policies and guidance, including for countries prioritizing adult immunization programs in light of COVID-19. Further research may be beneficial to further refine archetypes and expand the understanding of what influences success within them. This can help advance policies and action that will improve vaccine access for older adults and build a stronger appreciation of the value of immunization amongst a variety of stakeholders. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32376108/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.027 id: cord-293234-ouykx6g5 author: Puig-Barberà, J. title: Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study date: 2012-08-24 words: 4417.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293234-ouykx6g5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293234-ouykx6g5.txt summary: title: Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study INTRODUCTION: We estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in patients 18 years old or older during the 2010–2011 influenza season. Using a prospective case-case comparison approach, we have estimated seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in adults. When restricting the comparison, between cases and controls, by the presence of high-risk conditions, the differences that remained significant were age, 23-valent pneumococcal vaccination, and having been vaccinated with the previous or current season influenza vaccines (Table 2) . When restricted to those 60 years old or older, age and influenza vaccination with the previous or current seasonal influenza vaccine remained as significant differences between cases and controls ( Table 2 ). abstract: INTRODUCTION: We estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in patients 18 years old or older during the 2010–2011 influenza season. METHODS: We conducted a prospective case-control study in five hospitals, in Valencia, Spain. Study subjects were consecutive emergency hospitalizations for predefined conditions associated with an influenza-like illness episode <8 days before admission. Patients were considered immunized if vaccinated ≥14 days before influenza-like illness onset. Cases were those with a real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive for influenza and controls were RT-PCR positive for other respiratory viruses. Adjusted IVE was estimated as 100 × (1 − adjusted odds ratio). To account for indication bias we computed adjusted IVE for respiratory syncytial virus related hospitalizations. RESULTS: Of 826 eligible hospitalized patients, 102 (12%) were influenza positive and considered cases, and 116 (14%) were positive for other respiratory viruses and considered controls. Adjusted IVE was 54% (95% confidence interval, 11–76%). By subgroup, adjusted IVE was 53% (4–77%) for those with high-risk conditions, 59% (16–79%) for those ≥60 years of age, and, 54% (4–79%) for those ≥60 years of age with high-risk conditions. No influenza vaccine effect was observed against respiratory syncytial virus related hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Influenza vaccination was associated with a significant reduction on the risk of confirmed influenza hospitalization, irrespective of age and high-risk conditions. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X12010079 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.006 id: cord-004181-exbs3tz7 author: Pumchan, Ansaya title: Novel Chimeric Multiepitope Vaccine for Streptococcosis Disease in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) date: 2020-01-17 words: 5769.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004181-exbs3tz7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004181-exbs3tz7.txt summary: The efficacy of the chimeric multiepitope construct as a recombinant protein vaccine and DNA vaccine was evaluated in Nile tilapia, followed by S. The epitopes of immunogenic proteins were predicted by the BCPREDS server based on B cell epitopes to be used in chimeric multiepitope vaccine construction. In this study, not only immunogenic proteins from the immunoproteomics analysis were used but also other subunit vaccine candidates were subjected to epitope prediction and combined to produce a chimeric multiepitope vaccine. The recombinant chimeric multiepitope protein vaccination showed that 45F2 and 42E2 produced cumulative mortality rates of 30.00 ± 10.00% and 26.67 ± 5.77%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the negative control group, at 70% (P < 0.05) (Fig. 6A) . agalactiae serotype Ia and III demonstrated that fish vaccinated with recombinant protein vaccine 42E2 and 45F2 showed cross-reactivity to whole cell lysate of S. abstract: Streptococcus agalactiae is a causative agent of streptococcosis disease in various fish species, including Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.). Vaccination is an effective disease prevention and control method, but limitations remain for protecting against catastrophic mortality of fish infected with different strains of streptococci. Immunoproteomics analysis of S. agalactiae was used to identify antigenic proteins and construct a chimeric multiepitope vaccine. Epitopes from five antigenic proteins were shuffled in five helices of a flavodoxin backbone, and in silico analysis predicted a suitable RNA and protein structure for protein expression. 45F2 and 42E2 were identified as the best candidates for a chimeric multiepitope vaccine. Recombinant plasmids were constructed to produce a recombinant protein vaccine and DNA vaccine system. Overexpressed proteins were determined to be 30 kDa and 25 kDa in the E. coli and TK1 systems, respectively. The efficacy of the chimeric multiepitope construct as a recombinant protein vaccine and DNA vaccine was evaluated in Nile tilapia, followed by S. agalactiae challenge at 1 × 10(7) CFU/mL. Relative percentage survival (RPS) and cumulative mortality were recorded at approximately 57–76% and 17–30%, respectively. These chimeric multiepitope vaccines should be applied in streptococcosis disease control and developed into a multivalent vaccine to control multiple diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6969146/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57283-0 id: cord-309999-izdl0f2i author: Qin, Ede title: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated Vero-cell SARS vaccine date: 2006-02-13 words: 3944.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309999-izdl0f2i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309999-izdl0f2i.txt summary: Additionally, three groups of rhesus monkeys were immunized with different doses of the purified inactivated SARS vaccine (0.5, 1 and 2 μg/time/monkey) on days 0 and 7, and the monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV GZ-01 strain. INTERPRETATION: The purified inactivated SARS vaccine could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, and protect the monkeys from the challenge of SARS-CoV. The results showed that both the purified and the unpurified SARS vaccines can induce high levels of SARS-CoV specific neutralizing antibodies in monkeys, thus demonstrating high immunogenicity. Our observations of immunogenicity in monkeys showed that the unpurified inactivated SARS vaccine induced almost the same level of neutralizing antibody as the purified vaccine. The results indicated that the purified inactivated SARS vaccine we developed could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, protect monkeys after a SARS-CoV challenge, and be administered safely in monkeys. abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) resulted in hundreds of infections and deaths globally. We aim to assess immunogenicity and protective efficacy of purified inactivated Vero-cell SARS vaccine in monkeys. METHODS: The cultures of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) BJ-01 strain infected Vero cells were inactivated with β-propiolactone. Sequential procedures, including ultrafiltration, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, were performed to obtain purified inactivated SARS vaccine. The purified SARS vaccine was analyzed with electron microscope, HPLC and Western blotting. We immunized three groups of cynomolgus macaques fascicularis with adjuvant-containing purified vaccine, purified vaccine and unpurified vaccine, respectively, and a fourth group served as a control. Antibody titers were measured by plaque reduction neutralization test. The vaccinated monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV BJ-01 strain to observe protective efficacy. Additionally, three groups of rhesus monkeys were immunized with different doses of the purified inactivated SARS vaccine (0.5, 1 and 2 μg/time/monkey) on days 0 and 7, and the monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV GZ-01 strain. We assessed the safety of the SARS vaccine and observed whether the antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) occurred under low levels of neutralizing antibody in rhesus. FINDINGS: The purity of SARS vaccine was 97.6% by HPLC identification and reacted with convalescent sera of SARS patients. The purified SARS vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies and prevented the replication of SARS-CoV in monkeys. Under low levels of neutralizing antibody, no exacerbation of clinical symptoms was observed when the immunized monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV. In this preliminary animal trial, no side effects were detected when monkeys were immunized with purified SARS vaccine either at normal or large doses. INTERPRETATION: The purified inactivated SARS vaccine could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, and protect the monkeys from the challenge of SARS-CoV. The SARS vaccine prepared in the study appeared to be safe in monkeys. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X05008960 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.06.038 id: cord-315293-kng4z4kf author: Quesenberry, Katherine E. title: Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets date: 2020-05-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The approach to preventive medicine and basic veterinary care in ferrets is very similar to that used in dogs and cats. Special equipment needs are minimal, and pet ferrets can be easily incorporated into a general small animal practice. This chapter describes the unique aspects of handling, restraint, and clinical and treatment techniques used in ferrets. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323484350000022 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00002-2 id: cord-016178-2ix6c0he author: Rajan, V. title: An Oral Vaccine for TGEV Immunization of Pigs date: 2014-05-28 words: 6053.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016178-2ix6c0he.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016178-2ix6c0he.txt summary: These efforts towards the expression of the S-antigen of TGEV in maize seed, its effectiveness at inducing neutralizing antibody production in the colostrum of gilts, and its efficacy in protecting piglets against challenge by virulent TGEV are summarized here. Potentially, the methods to protect naïve piglets at highest risk from TGEV infection are to provide immune colostrum by vaccinating sows and an oral/nasal vaccine to boost secretory neutralizing antibody levels. The induction of neutralizing antibodies in both serum and colostrum was examined in gilts following the administration of oral TGEV vaccine in maize comprising a subunit vaccine of the S-protein expressed in corn (Lamphear et al. Administration of antigen over a 4-day period gave the highest levels of protection against live challengeeven higher than oral vaccination with a modified live virus (Fig. 8.4 ; see Sect. Protection with a subunit antigen expressed in corn, exclusively by the oral route, is shown for the first time to be effective in piglets, the target species for immunization. abstract: Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a commercially important pathogen of hog farms and causes contagious, lethal diarrhea in piglets. While orally and parenterally administered vaccines made from inactivated or attenuated TGEV are commercially available, they require individual administration to piglets, which is time and labor intensive, and run the risk of reversion to pathogenicity. Also, parenteral vaccines produce neutralizing serum antibodies which may be less effective against an orally transmitted pathogen, compared to an oral vaccine that would induce the production of mucosal antibodies. There has been an effort to produce subunit vaccines in an edible form in plants for convenient administration through feed. These efforts towards the expression of the S-antigen of TGEV in maize seed, its effectiveness at inducing neutralizing antibody production in the colostrum of gilts, and its efficacy in protecting piglets against challenge by virulent TGEV are summarized here. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120389/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-43836-7_8 id: cord-280459-y0tbvs3t author: Ramvikas, M. title: Nasal Vaccine Delivery date: 2016-10-07 words: 7333.0 sentences: 450.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280459-y0tbvs3t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280459-y0tbvs3t.txt summary: Yet developing vaccine delivery systems that induce humoral and cell-mediated response with mucosal immunity has been challenging to date. Nasal delivery of vaccines acts as a "first entry block," that is, blocks the pathogen entry, while invading to the mucosal surface by inducing local microbial-specific immune responses, thus increasing the general efficacy of the vaccine. The nasal route is considered an attractive route for vaccine administration with the following advantages: • Better patient compliance • Numerous microvilli present in the nasal epithelium provide a better absorption surface • Mucosal and systemic immune response can be induced • Easy immunization of large population groups • Nasal immunization does not require needles and syringes Many challenges stand in the way of developing nasal vaccines. Hence a polymer-based micro-/nanoparticulate system can be exploited as a viable nasal vaccine delivery system that is capable of delivering a multitude of antigens at the targeted sites and inducing desired immune response. abstract: The mucosal surfaces represent the major site of entry of many pathogens, and major challenges in vaccine development include safety and stability in a suitable dosage form. Micro- and nanocarrier-based delivery systems as nasal vaccines induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity. The nasal route of vaccination could also offer immunity at several distant mucosal sites (oral, rectal, vaginal, and pulmonary), which is considered a simplified and cost-effective mode of vaccination with enhanced patient compliance. Most of the nasal vaccine delivery systems in the form of microparticulates, nanoparticulates, and liposomes are currently under development and prove to offer immunity in animal models. The importance and potential of the nasal route of administration for vaccines is unexplored, and this chapter outlines the opportunities, challenges, and potential delivery solutions to facilitate the development of improved nasal vaccines for infectious diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323399814000154 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00015-4 id: cord-000050-tfcerilc author: Rao, Srinivas title: Multivalent HA DNA Vaccination Protects against Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Infection in Chickens and Mice date: 2008-06-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. The ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. While vaccines offer the potential to control avian disease, a major concern of current vaccines is their potency and inability to protect against evolving avian influenza viruses. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The ability of DNA vaccines encoding hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from different HPAI H5N1 serotypes was evaluated for its ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies and to protect against homologous and heterologous HPAI H5N1 strain challenge in mice and chickens after DNA immunization by needle and syringe or with a pressure injection device. These vaccines elicited antibodies that neutralized multiple strains of HPAI H5N1 when given in combinations containing up to 10 HAs. The response was dose-dependent, and breadth was determined by the choice of the influenza virus HA in the vaccine. Monovalent and trivalent HA vaccines were tested first in mice and conferred protection against lethal H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 challenge 68 weeks after vaccination. In chickens, protection was observed against heterologous strains of HPAI H5N1 after vaccination with a trivalent H5 serotype DNA vaccine with doses as low as 5 µg DNA given twice either by intramuscular needle injection or with a needle-free device. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: DNA vaccines offer a generic approach to influenza virus immunization applicable to multiple animal species. In addition, the ability to substitute plasmids encoding different strains enables rapid adaptation of the vaccine to newly evolving field isolates. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657001/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002432 id: cord-311112-cg7wqc0q author: Rappuoli, Rino title: Vaccines, emerging viruses, and how to avoid disaster date: 2014-11-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Rino Rappuoli is a graduate of Siena University, where he also earned his PhD before moving to the Sclavo Research Center, the Italian vaccine institute, also in Siena. He then spent two years in the USA, mostly at Harvard with John Murphy and Alwin Pappenheimer working on a new diphtheria vaccine based on a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin which has since become the basis for conjugate vaccines against haemophilus, meningococcus, and pneumococcal infections, before returning to the Sclavo Research Center where he developed an acellular vaccine based on a mutant pertussis toxin. With many achievements in vaccine development to his credit, he is now Global Head of Vaccines Research and Development for Novartis Vaccines in Siena, and has most recently pioneered reverse vaccinology, in which the genome of the pathogen is screened for candidate antigenic and immunogenic vaccine components. We spoke to him about the potential for outbreaks of the kind we are now seeing with Ebolavirus in West Africa, and what can be done to prevent them. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432510/ doi: 10.1186/s12915-014-0100-6 id: cord-293559-c78wcr8m author: Rego, Gabriel N. A. title: Current Clinical Trials Protocols and the Global Effort for Immunization against SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-08-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the biggest health challenge of the 21st century, affecting millions of people globally. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ignited an unprecedented effort from the scientific community in the development of new vaccines on different platforms due to the absence of a broad and effective treatment for COVID-19 or prevention strategy for SARS-CoV-2 dissemination. Based on 50 current studies selected from the main clinical trial databases, this systematic review summarizes the global race for vaccine development against COVID-19. For each study, the main intervention characteristics, the design used, and the local or global center partnerships created are highlighted. Most vaccine developments have taken place in Asia, using a viral vector method. Two purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates, an mRNA-based vaccine mRNA1273, and the chimpanzee adenoviral vaccine ChAdOx1 are currently in phase III clinical trials in the respective countries Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, the USA, and the United Kingdom. These vaccines are being developed based on a quickly formed network of collaboration. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030474 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030474 id: cord-257722-7rmzaau4 author: Rhee, Joon Haeng title: Current and New Approaches for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery date: 2019-10-25 words: 14120.0 sentences: 678.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257722-7rmzaau4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257722-7rmzaau4.txt summary: Polymeric NPs are submicron-sized colloidal systems of natural or synthetic polymers used as delivery carriers of chemical drugs, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, owing to their high bioavailability, controlled release, biodegradable and biocompatible properties, and low toxic profiles [17] . Among the different polymers developed to formulate polymeric NPs, PLGA has won strong attention, owing to its attractive properties: biodegradability and biocompatibility, FDA and EMA approval in drug delivery systems for parenteral administration, well-described formulations and methods of production adapted to various types of drugs such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic small molecules or macromolecules, protection of the drug from degradation, the possibility of sustained release, the possibility of modifying surface properties to provide stealthiness and/or better interaction with biological materials, and the possibility of targeting NPs to specific organs or cells [29] . abstract: Mucosal surfaces are the interface between the host’s internal milieu and the external environment, and they have dual functions, serving as physical barriers to foreign antigens and as accepting sites for vital materials. Mucosal vaccines are more favored to prevent mucosal infections from the portal of entry. Although mucosal vaccination has many advantages, licensed mucosal vaccines are scarce. The most widely studied mucosal routes are oral and intranasal. Licensed oral and intranasal vaccines are composed mostly of whole cell killed or live attenuated microorganisms serving as both delivery systems and built-in adjuvants. Future mucosal vaccines should be made with more purified antigen components, which will be relatively less immunogenic. To induce robust protective immune responses against well-purified vaccine antigens, an effective mucosal delivery system is an essential requisite. Recent developments in biomaterials and nanotechnology have enabled many innovative mucosal vaccine trials. For oral vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should be able to stably carry antigens and adjuvants and resist harsh physicochemical conditions in the stomach and intestinal tract. Besides many nano/microcarrier tools generated by using natural and chemical materials, the development of oral vaccine delivery systems using food materials should be more robustly researched to expand vaccine coverage of gastrointestinal infections in developing countries. For intranasal vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should survive the very active mucociliary clearance mechanisms and prove safety because of the anatomical location of nasal cavity separated by a thin barrier. Future mucosal vaccine carriers, regardless of administration routes, should have certain common characteristics. They should maintain stability in given environments, be mucoadhesive, and have the ability to target specific tissues and cells. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128119242000195 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00019-5 id: cord-302247-moor7dfc author: Richards, James title: Feline Vaccination Guidelines date: 2001-05-31 words: 4808.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt summary: Kittens younger than 16 weeks of age are generally more susceptible to infection than are adult cats and typically develop more severe disease. 47 Immunity conferred by feline panleukopenia vaccines is considered to be excellent, and most vaccinated animals are completely protected from infection and clinical disease. If a susceptible cat is born into or is entering an environment in which viral upper respiratory tract disease is endemic (e.g., some catteries, boarding facilities, shelters), the use of a topical product may be advantageous. Manufacturers are required by the US Department of Agriculture to establish, by means of experimental challenge exposure studies, the minimum duration of immunity for the rabies virus vaccines that they sell, and products approved for use every year or every 3 years are available. Vaccination may be considered for cats in multiple-cat environments, where infections associated with clinical disease have been confirmed. abstract: The 1998 Report of the American Association of Feline Practitioners and Academy of Feline Medicine Advisory Panel on Feline Vaccines was developed to help veterinary practitioners formulate vaccination protocols for cats. The current panel report updates information, addresses questions, and speaks to concerns raised by the 1998 report. In addition it reviews vaccine licensing, labeling, and liability issues and suggests ways to successfully incorporate vaccination protocol changes into a private practice setting. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561601506026 doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50602-6 id: cord-290031-vffa1bu0 author: Richmond, Heather title: Seasonal influenza vaccination during a pandemic date: 2020-07-31 words: 1686.0 sentences: 86.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290031-vffa1bu0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290031-vffa1bu0.txt summary: These include changes to the timing and location of vaccine administration to accommodate social distancing, policies to ensure optimal management of public demand, access and uptake of available vaccines across the season, and the need for communications to be clear, frequent, and aligned among all stakeholder groups. Policy changes in Australia, together with strong communication from public health agencies and media reporting about the risk of coinfection and importance of influenza vaccination, generated significant demand for influenza vaccines early in the season. Policy changes and strong public education can potentially optimize influenza vaccine coverage as doses become available throughout the season but need to be sustained into future seasons to maintain vaccine uptake and achieve the required on-time supply of doses, including influenza vaccines that are specifically designed for certain populations. abstract: In the Northern Hemisphere, the persistence or reemergence of coronavirus circulation into the 2020–2021 influenza season threatens to overwhelm health-care resources and systems and increase mortality and morbidity. Data from Australia show that stay-at-home policies have reduced both influenza and coronavirus cases early in the season, thus “flattening the curve.” However, influenza vaccination is critical to ensure the reduction in co-infection. Several policies, such as vaccination strategies to accommodate physical distancing measures, change population recommendations, and timing and location of vaccination have been implemented to increase influenza vaccine uptake during the pandemic. This commentary explores those policies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32735161/ doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1793713 id: cord-343448-xhm97wy2 author: Rinaldi, Andrea title: RNA to the rescue: RNA is one of the most promising targets for drug development given its wide variety of uses date: 2020-06-26 words: 2934.0 sentences: 167.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343448-xhm97wy2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343448-xhm97wy2.txt summary: In brief, RNAi works through gene silencing, degrading the mRNA for a specific protein through the coordinated action of double-stranded RNA and a complex biochemical machinery it activates (Fig 1) . The spearhead is mRNA-1273, which encodes a prefusion-stabilized form of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, developed at an unusually fast rate (first volunteer injected on Mach 16, only 65 days after the publication of the virus sequence) by Moderna, a biotech based in Cambridge, Massachusetts (https://www.modernatx.c om/). Multi-component proteins that would be impossible to target with other systems are accessible with RNA technology, as recently demonstrated by the generation of a multi-antigenic mRNA vaccine encoding human cytomegalovirus glycoproteins gB and pentameric complex (John et al, 2018) . CV9202, for example, is a mRNA encoding six antigens usually expressed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), developed by CureVac, a biotech based in Tübingen, Germany (https://www.curevac.com/), in collaboration with Boehringer Ingelheim. abstract: The race for a vaccine against SARS‐CoV‐2 has accelerated research on RNA‐based therapeutics. Beyond vaccines, RNA also shows great potential for cancer therapies.[Image: see text] url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32588530/ doi: 10.15252/embr.202051013 id: cord-032017-h0cj4izx author: Roach, E. Steve title: Child Neglect by Any Other Name date: 2020-09-17 words: 2285.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt summary: Trying to "engage" families in order to educate and convince them of the wisdom of immunization is fine for the parents who want information and are willing to accept guidance, but this approach is clearly wasted on the entrenched vaccine deniers. But most Western families who fail to immunize their children know about vaccines and have ready access to physicians and nurses who could clearly explain their risks and benefits. It is time to stop the political correctness and "science speak." Parents should have the right to raise their children in accordance with their own preference, culture and religious beliefs, provided that their approach does not substantially increase the child''s odds of an avoidable illness or injury. Physicians must rise with one voice and say "enough!" By even considering the premise that vaccine denial can be a reasonable choice by a rational individual, we become enablers of child neglect. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7497733/ doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.09.006 id: cord-321901-zpi7uis1 author: Roberts, Anjeanette title: Animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate SARS vaccines: Summary of a technical meeting 25–26 August 2005, London, UK date: 2006-11-30 words: 6600.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt summary: Scientists at the WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25-26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, discussed many aspects of research pertaining to the use of animal models in vaccine development including available animal models, suitability of the various models, correlates of protection, critical components of potential vaccines, and the potential for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals following exposure to SARS-CoV. It may actually be worthwhile to enhance the virulence of a SARS-CoV isolate by serial passages in an animal model to produce a challenge virus stock for vaccine studies that would elicit more reproducible disease in the animals. Although none of the studies to date have shown enhanced respiratory disease following SARS-CoV challenge in previously immunized animals, further studies in this area are warranted in view of some of the available in vitro data. Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice abstract: Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in the Guangdong province of China in late 2002 and spread to 29 countries. By the end of the outbreak in July 2003, the CDC and WHO reported 8437 cases with a 9.6% case fatality rate. The disease was caused by a previously unrecognized coronavirus, SARS-CoV. Drawing on experience with animal coronavirus vaccines, several vaccine candidates have been developed and evaluated in pre-clinical trials. Available data suggest that vaccines should be based on the the 180kDa viral spike protein, S, the only significant neutralization antigen capable of inducing protective immune responses in animals. In the absence of clinical cases of SARS, candidate vaccines should be evaluated for efficacy in animal models, and although it is uncertain whether the United States Food and Drug Administration's “animal rule” would apply to licensure of a SARS vaccine, it is important to develop standardized animal models and immunological assays in preparation for this eventuality. This report summarizes the recommendations from a WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25–26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, provides guidance on the use of animal models, and outlines the steps to develop standard reagents and assays for immunological evaluation of candidate SARS vaccines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X06008231 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.009 id: cord-003403-ypefqm71 author: Roberts, Christine C. title: Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience date: 2018-10-02 words: 4957.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt summary: When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. In an outbreak situation, such as with Zika, it is important to have the ability to quickly develop both diagnostic kits for public health purposes and vaccine clinical assays to support pre-clinical studies and early stage clinical trials. Additionally, cross-reactivity in a number of immunological assays and the short time frame in which viremia can be detected in bodily fluids necessitated the institution of an algorithm to confirm ZIKV infection that was based on a combination of risk factors, clinical symptoms and diagnostic test results [71] . Rapid response to an emerging infectious disease-lessons learned from development of a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting Zika virus abstract: From the perspective of vaccine development, it is imperative to accurately diagnose target infections in order to exclude subjects with prior exposure from evaluations of vaccine effectiveness, to track incident infection during the course of a clinical trial and to differentiate immune reactions due to natural infections from responses that are vaccine related. When vaccine development is accelerated to a rapid pace in response to emerging infectious disease threats, the challenges to develop such diagnostic tools is even greater. This was observed through the recent expansion of Zika virus infections into the Western Hemisphere in 2014–2017. When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. The diagnosis of Zika virus infection is still an area of active research and development on many fronts. Here we review emerging infectious disease vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with a special focus on the state of Zika virus clinical assays and diagnostics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6313918/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines6040070 id: cord-306733-df36w6l7 author: Rosales-Mendoza, Sergio title: What Does Plant-Based Vaccine Technology Offer to the Fight against COVID-19? date: 2020-04-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence of new pathogenic viral strains is a constant threat to global health, with the new coronavirus strain COVID-19 as the latest example. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has quickly spread around the globe. This pandemic demands rapid development of drugs and vaccines. Plant-based vaccines are a technology with proven viability, which have led to promising results for candidates evaluated at the clinical level, meaning this technology could contribute towards the fight against COVID-19. Herein, a perspective in how plant-based vaccines can be developed against COVID-19 is presented. Injectable vaccines could be generated by using transient expression systems, which offer the highest protein yields and are already adopted at the industrial level to produce VLPs-vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals under GMPC-processes. Stably-transformed plants are another option, but this approach requires more time for the development of antigen-producing lines. Nonetheless, this approach offers the possibility of developing oral vaccines in which the plant cell could act as the antigen delivery agent. Therefore, this is the most attractive approach in terms of cost, easy delivery, and mucosal immunity induction. The development of multiepitope, rationally-designed vaccines is also discussed regarding the experience gained in expression of chimeric immunogenic proteins in plant systems. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295153/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020183 id: cord-009381-q9s38fkh author: Roth, James A. title: Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date: 2007-09-28 words: 5956.0 sentences: 309.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt summary: The federal government regulations for the United States of America regarding veterinary vaccines 9 Contamination with extraneous agents 9 Failure to inactivate agent in killed vaccine 9 Residual virulence of vaccine organisms 9 Vaccination of immunosuppressed animal 9 Immune suppression induced by the vaccine 9 Excessive induction of cytokine release 9 Multiple vaccines administered concurrently 9 Hypersensitivity to vaccine antigens Type I--immediate type Type IImcytotoxic type Type IIImimmune complex type Type IVmdelayed type 9 Triggering or exacerbation of hypersensitivity to nonvaccine antigens Allergies Autoimmune disease 9 Induction of neoplastic changes 9 MLV BVD vaccine triggering mucosal disease in persistently infected cattle are found in the Virus Serum Toxin Act (VSTA) in Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR). An example of vaccine-induced disease resulting from administration of vaccine to unhealthy animals is the induction of encephalitis by MLV canine distemper virus vaccine in dogs infected with canine parvovirus (Krakowka et al., 1982) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149317/ doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80053-6 id: cord-018018-2yyv8vuy author: Rybicki, Ed title: History and Promise of Plant-Made Vaccines for Animals date: 2018-07-04 words: 9127.0 sentences: 314.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt summary: 1995) was also used to demonstrate the efficacy of two very different plant-made papillomavirus vaccines, a few years after the demonstration that Human papillomavirus L1 major capsid protein virus-like particles could be produced in transgenic tobacco or potato (Biemelt et al. The early historical account of molecular farming for veterinary vaccines given above gives an idea of the array of technologies available and used up to the mid-2000s: transgenic and transplastomic expression of subunit proteins; recombinant plant viruses either used to express whole vaccine candidate genes, or to display chosen peptides fused to their capsid proteins; fusion of vaccine protein genes to carrier proteins to improve immunogenicity, including by inherent adjuvant properties; candidate parenteral and oral vaccines to both viruses and bacteria; therapeutics for animals made in plants; use of plant cell cultures to make antigens. abstract: Plant-made vaccines are now a well-established and well-tested concept in veterinary medicine—yet the only product so far licenced was never produced commercially. This is puzzling, given the breadth of exploration of plant-made animal vaccines, and their immunogenicity and efficacy, over more than twenty years of research. The range of candidate vaccines that have been tested in laboratory animal models includes vaccines for E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, foot and mouth disease virus, rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, rabbit and canine and bovine papillomaviruses, mink enteritis and porcine circovirus, and lately also bluetongue virus, among many others. There are many proofs of efficacy of such vaccines, and regulatory pathways appear to have been explored for their licencing. This review will briefly explore the history of plant-made vaccines for use in animals, and will discuss the unique advantages of plant-made vaccines for use in a veterinary medicine setting in detail, with a proposal of their relevance within the “One Health” paradigm. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122757/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-90137-4_1 id: cord-318983-rmvqf6s9 author: SCHMIDT, HARALD title: Vaccine Rationing and the Urgency of Social Justice in the Covid‐19 Response date: 2020-05-28 words: 2883.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318983-rmvqf6s9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318983-rmvqf6s9.txt summary: In addition, when supplies are "insufficient for patients in the highest risk categories-those over 60 years of age or with coexisting conditions-then equality supports using random selection, such as a lottery, for vaccine allocation." 13 Younger people, whom the overall framework otherwise generally favors (as they stand to gain more life years, and societal investments such as education would otherwise be wasted) should be prioritized only if "epidemiologic modeling shows that this would be the best way to reduce viral spread and the risk to others." 14 Using a lottery for allocating scare vaccines in the general population, as proposed here, is one way of treating people equally, and it is certainly superior to a first-come-firstserved approach (or, perhaps more accurately, a let-me-usemy-connections-and-pointy-middle-class-elbows approach) that likely explains why better-off and whiter groups typically get tested more frequently for Covid-19 than lowerincome people and people of color, as noted above. abstract: The Covid‐19 pandemic needs to be considered from two perspectives simultaneously. First, there are questions about which policies are most effective and fair in the here and now, as the pandemic unfolds. These polices concern, for example, who should receive priority in being tested, how to implement contact tracing, or how to decide who should get ventilators or vaccines when not all can. Second, it is imperative to anticipate the medium‐ and longer‐term consequences that these policies have. The case of vaccine rationing is particularly instructive. Ethical, epidemiological, and economic reasons demand that rationing approaches give priority to groups who have been structurally and historically disadvantaged, even if this means that overall life years gained may be lower. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1113 doi: 10.1002/hast.1113 id: cord-016268-xcx1c0da author: Sahai, Aastha title: Plant Edible Vaccines: A Revolution in Vaccination date: 2013-04-15 words: 11291.0 sentences: 593.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt summary: Factors in favor of plant systems as sources of animal derived proteins include: the potential for large-scale, low-cost biomass production using agriculture; the low risk of product contamination by mammalian viruses, blood borne pathogens, oncogenes and bacterial toxins; the capacity of plant cells to correctly fold and assemble multimeric proteins; low downstream processing requirements for proteins administered orally in plant food or feed; the ability to introduce new or multiple transgenes by sexual crossing of plants; and the avoidance of ethical problems associated with transgenic animals and the use of animal materials (Doran 2000 ) . In parallel with evaluation of plant-derived Hepatitis B surface antigen, Mason and Arntzen explored plant expression of other vaccine candidates including the labile toxin B subunit (LT-B) of entertotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and the capsid protein of Norwalk virus (NVCP). abstract: Plants have been used as a source for many pharmaceutical since long. However, utilization of plant systems for production of edible vaccines has been a comparatively recent phenomenon. There are several potential advantages of plant derived vaccines over other conventional systems of vaccine production such as mammalian or avian cell culture. The cost of vaccines is one factor preventing further use of vaccination, leaving hundreds of thousands of children susceptible to preventable diseases. Especially for developing world this novel technique proved to be a boon for its low cost of production, convenient administration, easy storage and negligible chances of infection whereas the conventional system of vaccine production limits the applicability of vaccines in many parts of the world. These vaccines are prepared by introducing selected desired genes into plants and inducing these genetically modified plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Transgenic plants may provide an ideal expression system, in which transgenic plant material can be fed directly as oral dose of recombinant vaccines. Expression of vaccines in plant tissue eliminates the risk of contamination with animal pathogen, provides a heat stable environment and enables oral delivery thus eliminating infection related hazards. Identification of transgenic material, containment of the transgenes and control of recombinant protein may be potential problems for large scale production of vaccines in plants. Factors like scaling up production as well as distribution and handling of transgenic plant material must comprise the future consideration in this field. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120501/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6603-7_10 id: cord-352088-9k01ej6l author: Saiz, Juan-Carlos title: Vaccines against RNA Viruses date: 2020-08-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: RNA viruses cause animal, human, and zoonotic diseases that affect millions of individuals, as is being exemplified by the devastating ongoing epidemic of the recently identified SARS-Cov-2 [...]. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030479 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030479 id: cord-328557-f6o1aynz author: Samad, Abdus title: Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: an immunoinformatics approach date: 2020-07-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Ongoing COVID-19 outbreak has raised a drastic challenge to global public health security. Most of the patients with COVID-19 suffer from mild flu-like illnesses such as cold and fever; however, few percentages of the patients progress from severe illness to death, mostly in an immunocompromised individual. The causative agent of COVID-19 is an RNA virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite these debilitating conditions, no medication to stop the disease progression or vaccination is available till now. Therefore, we aimed to formulate a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by utilizing an immunoinformatics approach. For this purpose, we used the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to determine the immunodominant T- and B-cell epitopes. After rigorous assessment, we designed a vaccine construct using four potential epitopes from each of the three epitope classes such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, helper T-lymphocyte, and linear B-lymphocyte epitopes. The designed vaccine was antigenic, immunogenic, and non-allergenic with suitable physicochemical properties and has higher solubility. More importantly, the predicted vaccine structure was similar to the native protein. Further investigations indicated a strong and stable binding interaction between the vaccine and the toll-like receptor (TLR4). Strong binding stability and structural compactness were also evident in molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, the computer-generated immune simulation showed that the vaccine could trigger real-life-like immune responses upon administration into humans. Finally, codon optimization based on Escherichia coli K12 resulted in optimal GC content and higher CAI value followed by incorporating it into the cloning vector pET28+(a). Overall, these results suggest that the designed peptide vaccine can serve as an excellent prophylactic candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma url: https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1792347 doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1792347 id: cord-280172-6o1gqe8v author: Sanami, Samira title: Design of a Multi-epitope Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using Immunoinformatics approach date: 2020-07-15 words: 5835.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280172-6o1gqe8v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280172-6o1gqe8v.txt summary: In this research, first, the CTL, HTL, and B-cell epitopes of the S protein were predicted using ProPred-1, ProPred, and ABCPred servers, respectively, and then were selected base on antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and cross-reactivity with human proteomes. Next, the physicochemical properties of the construct were investigated, the 3D structure of the protein was predicted, and finally, its affinity to the MHC I and II molecules was investigated through docking, following that, was performed the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of docking complexes. The antigenicity of the epitopes were calculated by VaxiJen v2.0 server (http://www.ddgpharmfac.net/vaxijen/VaxiJen/VaxiJen.html), which is based on the transformation of the protein sequences auto cross-covariance (ACC) into uniform vectors of main amino acid properties. selected N, M, and S proteins as the target antigen for the prediction of T and B-cell epitopes and designed a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 [48] . abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused COVID-19 disease in China. So far, no vaccine has licensed to protect against infection with COVID-19, therefore an effective COVID-19 vaccine needed. The aim of this study was to predict antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV-2 for designing the COVID-19 vaccine using immunoinformatic analysis. In this study, T and B-cell epitopes of S protein were predicted and screened based on the antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and cross-reactivity with human proteomes. The epitopes were joined by the appropriate linker. LT-IIc as an adjuvant was attached to the end of the structure. The secondary and 3D structure of the vaccine was predicted. The refinement process was performed to improve the quality of the 3D model structure; the validation process is performed using the Ramachandran plot and ProSA z-score. The proposed vaccine's binding affinity to the HLA-A11: 01 and HLA-DRB1_01: 01 molecule was evaluated by molecular docking. Using molecular dynamics, the stability of vaccine-HLA complexes was also evaluated. Finally, in silico gene cloning was performed in the pET30a (+) vector. The findings suggest that the current vaccine may be a promising vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.117 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.117 id: cord-267666-i7uuf3ck author: Sarkar, Bishajit title: Engineering a Novel Subunit Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by Exploring Immunoformatics Approach date: 2020-11-11 words: 1873.0 sentences: 129.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267666-i7uuf3ck.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267666-i7uuf3ck.txt summary: Therefore, in this study, immunoinformatics methods were exploited to design a novel epitope-based subunit vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2, targeting four essential proteins of the virus i.e., spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, membrane glycoprotein, and envelope protein. Thereafter, several in silico validations i.e., the molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation (including the RMSF and RMSD studies), and immune simulation studies were also performed which predicted that the designed vaccine should be quite safe, effective, and stable within the biological environment. The MHC class-I and class-II epitopes were predicted from the target protein sequences for 503 constructing the vaccine. Exploring Leishmania secretory proteins 1232 to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach Immunoinformatics approaches 1236 to explore Helicobacter Pylori proteome (Virulence Factors) to design B and T cell multi-epitope 1237 subunit vaccine. Immunoinformatics-guided designing of 1405 epitope-based subunit vaccine against the SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) abstract: As the number of infections and deaths caused by the recent COVID-19 pandemic is increasing dramatically day-by-day, scientists are rushing towards developing possible countermeasures to fight the deadly virus, SARS-CoV-2. Although many efforts have already been put forward for developing potential vaccines, however, most of them are proved to possess negative consequences. Therefore, in this study, immunoinformatics methods were exploited to design a novel epitope-based subunit vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2, targeting four essential proteins of the virus i.e., spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, membrane glycoprotein, and envelope protein. The highly antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, non-human homolog, and 100% conserved (across other isolates from different regions of the world) epitopes were used for constructing the vaccine. In total, fourteen CTL epitopes and eighteen HTL epitopes were used to construct the vaccine. Thereafter, several in silico validations i.e., the molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation (including the RMSF and RMSD studies), and immune simulation studies were also performed which predicted that the designed vaccine should be quite safe, effective, and stable within the biological environment. Finally, in silico cloning and codon adaptation studies were also conducted to design an effective mass production strategy of the vaccine. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required on the predicted vaccine to finally validate its safety and efficacy. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352914820306298 doi: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100478 id: cord-271250-ywb26cq6 author: Sarkar, Indranil title: Selection of adjuvants for vaccines targeting specific pathogens date: 2019-04-22 words: 11394.0 sentences: 542.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271250-ywb26cq6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271250-ywb26cq6.txt summary: In-depth understanding of the role of adjuvants in activating the innate immune system, combined with systems vaccinology approaches, have led to the development of next-generation, novel adjuvants that can be used in vaccines against challenging pathogens and in specific target populations. Intact MyD88 signaling in each of the three types of APCs (DCs, macrophages and B cells) is essential for robust activity of TLR ligand-based vaccine adjuvants (PorB, a TLR2 ligand and CpG, a TLR9 ligand) such as induction of in vivo cytokine responses, germinal center (GC) formation and antibody production [49] . A combination adjuvant consisting of poly(I:C), a host defense peptide and PCEP when delivered intranasally transiently induces production of chemokines and cytokines in murine respiratory tissues, which promotes infiltration and activation of DCs, macrophages, and neutrophils to generate improved mucosal and systemic immune responses [55] . abstract: Introduction: Adjuvants form an integral component in most of the inactivated and subunit vaccine formulations. Careful and proper selection of adjuvants helps in promoting appropriate immune responses against target pathogens at both innate and adaptive levels such that protective immunity can be elicited. Areas covered: Herein, we describe the recent progress in our understanding of the mode of action of adjuvants that are licensed for use in human vaccines or in clinical or pre-clinical stages at both innate and adaptive levels. Different pathogens have distinct characteristics, which require the host to mount an appropriate immune response against them. Adjuvants can be selected to elicit a tailor-made immune response to specific pathogens based on their unique properties. Identification of biomarkers of adjuvanticity for several candidate vaccines using omics-based technologies can unravel the mechanism of action of modern and experimental adjuvants. Expert opinion: Adjuvant technology has been revolutionized over the last two decades. In-depth understanding of the role of adjuvants in activating the innate immune system, combined with systems vaccinology approaches, have led to the development of next-generation, novel adjuvants that can be used in vaccines against challenging pathogens and in specific target populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31009255/ doi: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1604231 id: cord-016200-zfh20im0 author: Saxena, Jyoti title: Edible Vaccines date: 2013-10-22 words: 7627.0 sentences: 417.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt summary: In 1998 a new era was opened in vaccine delivery when researchers supported by the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID) have shown for the first time that an edible vaccine can safely generate significant immune responses in people. Transgenic tobacco is successfully engineered for the production of edible vaccines against hepatitis B antigen using ''s'' gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Egyptian scientists have genetically engineered the maize plants to produce a protein known as HbsAg which elicits an immune response against the hepatitis B virus and could be used as a vaccine. It has been studied that genes are successfully expressed in experimental model plants and when given orally to animals, the extract of transgenic plant containing the antigen induced serum antibodies, thus can be used to produce the edible vaccine. abstract: In recent years edible vaccine emerged as a new concept developed by biotechnologists. Edible vaccines are subunit vaccines where the selected genes are introduced into the plants and the transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein. Foods under such application include potato, banana, lettuce, corn, soybean, rice, and legumes. They are easy to administer, easy to store and readily acceptable delivery system for different age group patients yet cost effective. Edible vaccines present exciting possibilities for significantly reducing various diseases such as measles, hepatitis B, cholera, diarrhea, etc., mainly in developing countries. However, various technical and regulatory challenges need to overcome in the path of this emerging vaccine technology to make edible vaccine more efficient and applicable. This chapter attempts to discuss key aspects of edible vaccines like host plants, production, mechanism of action, advantages and limitations, applications, and different regulatory issues concerned to edible vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120417/ doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-1554-7_12 id: cord-008716-38sqkh9m author: Schmidt, Alexander C title: Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium date: 2001-06-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133842/ doi: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00136-x id: cord-294789-07hto8qn author: Schoch-Spana, Monica title: The public’s role in COVID-19 vaccination: human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States date: 2020-10-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Given the social and economic upheavals caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, political leaders, health officials, and members of the public are eager for solutions. One of the most promising, if they can be successfully developed, is vaccines. While the technological development of such countermeasures is currently underway, a key social gap remains. Past experience in routine and crisis contexts demonstrates that uptake of vaccines is more complicated than simply making the technology available. Vaccine uptake, and especially the widespread acceptance of vaccines, is a social endeavor that requires consideration of human factors. To provide a starting place for this critical component of a future COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States, the 23-person Working Group on Readying Populations for COVID-19 Vaccines was formed. One outcome of this group is a synthesis of the major challenges and opportunities associated with a future COVID-19 vaccination campaign and empirically-informed recommendations to advance public understanding of, access to, and acceptance of vaccines that protect against SARS-CoV-2. While not inclusive of all possible steps than could or should be done to facilitate COVID-19 vaccination, the working group believes that the recommendations provided are essential for a successful vaccination program. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X20313682 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059 id: cord-007681-vhghhvnu author: Schwartz, Benjamin title: Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date: 2009-06-15 words: 5047.0 sentences: 182.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt summary: Factors contributing to the decision to reassess the recommendations included a shift in national pandemic planning assumptions to a more severe pandemic scenario extrapolated from the 1918 pandemic (Table 1 ); recognition that the HHS guidance did not include groups that could be considered for prioritization such as border protection personnel or the military; a broader understanding of the risk to essential services stimulated by the NIAC report; and a series of public engagement meetings convened by the CDC, where participants identified protecting essential community services as the most important goal for pandemic vaccination rather than protecting those who are at highest risk (Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza 2005). Reflecting the similar value placed by the public on protecting persons who provide pandemic healthcare, who maintain essential community services or are at high occupational risk, and protecting children, each of the highest vaccination tiers for a severe pandemic includes groups from each category (Table 4) . abstract: Few catastrophes can compare with the global impact of a severe influenza pandemic. The 1918–1919 pandemic was associated with more than 500,000 deaths in the USA and an estimated 20–40 million deaths worldwide, though some place the global total much higher. In an era when infectious disease mortality had been steadily decreasing, the 1918–1919 pandemic caused a large spike in overall population mortality, temporarily reversing decades of progress. The US Department of Health and Human Services, extrapolating from the 1918–1919 pandemic to the current US population size and demographics, has estimated that a comparable pandemic today would result in almost two million deaths. Vaccination is an important component of a pandemic response. Public health measures such as reduction of close contacts with others, improved hygiene, and respiratory protection with facemasks or respirators can reduce the risk of exposure and illness (Germann et al. 2006; Ferguson et al. 2006), but would not reduce susceptibility among the population. Prophylaxis with antiviral medications also may prevent illness but depends on the availability of large antiviral drug stockpiles and also does not provide long-term immunity. By contrast, immunization with a well-matched pandemic vaccine would provide active immunity and represent the most durable pandemic response. However, given current timelines for the development of a pandemic influenza vaccine and its production capacity, vaccine is likely not to be available in sufficient quantities to protect the entire population before pandemic outbreaks occur, and thus potentially limited stocks may need to be prioritized. This chapter reviews information on influenza vaccine production capacity, describes approaches used in the USA to set priorities for vaccination in the setting of limited supply, and presents a proposed strategy for prioritization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120171/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_24 id: cord-282246-wyanwvxa author: Sen, Adrish title: Chapter 40 The Role of Innate Immunity in Regulating Rotavirus Replication, Pathogenesis, and Host Range Restriction and the Implications for Live Rotaviral Vaccine Development date: 2020-12-31 words: 7562.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282246-wyanwvxa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282246-wyanwvxa.txt summary: During RV infection in human enteroid cultures [19] and in different species of mammals [20À25], different types of IFNs are secreted, and as will be discuss below, antiviral actions of these IFNs are actively countered in a host-range-specific manner by pathogenic RVs. Of the IFNs, type I IFN is mostly expressed in the intestinal hematopoietic cell compartment rather than in the epithelium where RV primarily replicates [26] . In addition, IFN sensitivity of RVs encoding full-length "functional" NSP1 proteins also occurs in specific cell lines, possibly reflecting NSP1''s inability to target host innate factors across different species [49] . Remarkably, in addition to these viral effects in infected cells, RV also potently inhibits STAT1 phosphorylation in uninfected bystander cells in response to different types of IFNs (5) . The active human IFN response to these heterologous RV vaccines suppresses their replication sufficiently to restrict pathogenicity and reactogenicity but not so much that the generation of effective RV immunity is suppressed. abstract: Abstract Rotaviruses (RVs) are important causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the young of most mammalian species studied, including humans, in which they are the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide despite the availability of several safe and effective vaccines. Replication of RVs is restricted in a host species-specific manner, and this barrier is determined predominantly by the host interferon (IFN) signaling and the ability of different RV strains to successfully negate IFN activation and amplification pathways. In addition, viral attachment to the target intestinal epithelial cells also regulates host range restriction. Several studies have focused on the role of the innate immune response in regulating RV replication and pathogenesis. The knowledge accrued from these efforts is likely to result in rational attenuation of RV vaccines to closely match circulating (and host species-matched) virus strains. In this chapter, we review prevalent models of RV interactions with innate immune factors, viral strategies employed to regulate their function, and the implications of these findings for improved RV vaccine development. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128119242000419 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00041-9 id: cord-262282-9xh51cd1 author: Serwer, Philip title: Optimizing Anti-Viral Vaccine Responses: Input from a Non-Specialist date: 2020-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Recently, the research community has had a real-world look at reasons for improving vaccine responses to emerging RNA viruses. Here, a vaccine non-specialist suggests how this might be done. I propose two alternative options and compare the primary alternative option with current practice. The basis of comparison is feasibility in achieving what we need: a safe, mass-produced, emerging virus-targeted vaccine on 2–4 week notice. The primary option is the following. (1) Start with a platform based on live viruses that infect bacteria, but not humans (bacteriophages, or phages). (2) Isolate phages (to be called pathogen homologs) that resemble and provide antigenic context for membrane-covered, pathogenic RNA viruses; coronavirus-phage homologs will probably be found if the search is correctly done. (3) Upon isolating a viral pathogen, evolve its phage homolog to bind antibodies neutralizing for the viral pathogen. Vaccinate with the evolved phage homolog by generating a local, non-hazardous infection with the phage host and then curing the infection by propagating the phage in the artificially infecting bacterial host. I discuss how this alternative option has the potential to provide what is needed after appropriate platforms are built. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32429032/ doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9050255 id: cord-287853-cob7ur35 author: Sharma, Vaneet Kumar title: The expanding role of mass spectrometry in the field of vaccine development date: 2018-05-31 words: 3756.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287853-cob7ur35.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287853-cob7ur35.txt summary: As illustrated in the following section and in Table 1 , mass spectrometry-based techniques have been used to perform the structural characterization, glycosylation profiling and antigen quantitation during the development of the HIV, influenza, Dengue, Ebola, Meningococcal, and other vaccines. The review also highlights that mass spectrometry-based methods such as glycan analysis has been used to analyze a specific envelope glycoproteins (Env) and has broad applicability to any other glycoprotein-based vaccines. 91 To improve on the conventional approaches for absolute quantitation of GP1 in Ebola virus-like particles (eVLPs), an isotope dilution full-scan liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method was developed using an UltiMate 3000 HPLC and an Development of a liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of viral envelope glycoprotein in Ebola virus-like particle vaccine preparations Development and application of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitation and characterization of a Chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine abstract: Biological mass spectrometry has evolved as a core analytical technology in the last decade mainly because of its unparalleled ability to perform qualitative as well as quantitative profiling of enormously complex biological samples with high mass accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity and specificity. Mass spectrometry‐based techniques are also routinely used to assess glycosylation and other post‐translational modifications, disulfide bond linkage, and scrambling as well as for the detection of host cell protein contaminants in the field of biopharmaceuticals. The role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development has been very limited but is now expanding as the landscape of global vaccine development is shifting towards the development of recombinant vaccines. In this review, the role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development is presented, some of the ongoing efforts to develop vaccines for diseases with global unmet medical need are discussed and the regulatory challenges of implementing mass spectrometry techniques in a quality control laboratory setting are highlighted. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.21571 doi: 10.1002/mas.21571 id: cord-021966-5m21bsrw author: Shaw, Alan R. title: Vaccines date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152278/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10092-2 id: cord-274264-s477tw3x author: Shen, M. title: Projected COVID-19 epidemic in the United States in the context of the effectiveness of a potential vaccine and implications for social distancing and face mask use date: 2020-10-30 words: 4120.0 sentences: 221.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274264-s477tw3x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274264-s477tw3x.txt summary: We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness and coverage required to suppress the COVID-19 epidemic in scenarios when social contact was to return to pre-pandemic levels and face mask use was reduced. But relaxing social distancing restrictions to the pre-pandemic level without changing the current face mask use would lead to a new COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in 0.8-4 million infections and 15,000-240,000 deaths across these four states over the next 12 months. In the state of California, if the current face mask use rate was maintained and the vaccine was weak, 50% coverage could avert 1 CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. However, the state of California, in particular, will need a vaccine coverage of close to 80% to suppress the COVID-19 epidemic, such that both social distancing restrictions and the requirement for face mask use can be relaxed. abstract: Background: Multiple candidates of COVID-19 vaccines have entered Phase III clinical trials in the United States (US). There is growing optimism that social distancing restrictions and face mask requirements could be eased with widespread vaccine adoption soon. Methods: We developed a dynamic compartmental model of COVID-19 transmission for the four most severely affected states (New York, Texas, Florida, and California). We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness and coverage required to suppress the COVID-19 epidemic in scenarios when social contact was to return to pre-pandemic levels and face mask use was reduced. Daily and cumulative COVID-19 infection and death cases were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus resource center and used for model calibration. Results: Without a vaccine, the spread of COVID-19 could be suppressed in these states by maintaining strict social distancing measures and face mask use levels. But relaxing social distancing restrictions to the pre-pandemic level without changing the current face mask use would lead to a new COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in 0.8-4 million infections and 15,000-240,000 deaths across these four states over the next 12 months. In this scenario, introducing a vaccine would partially offset this negative impact even if the vaccine effectiveness and coverage are relatively low. However, if face mask use is reduced by 50%, a vaccine that is only 50% effective (weak vaccine) would require coverage of 55-94% to suppress the epidemic in these states. A vaccine that is 80% effective (moderate vaccine) would only require 32-57% coverage to suppress the epidemic. In contrast, if face mask usage stops completely, a weak vaccine would not suppress the epidemic, and further major outbreaks would occur. A moderate vaccine with coverage of 48-78% or a strong vaccine (100% effective) with coverage of 33-58% would be required to suppress the epidemic. Delaying vaccination rollout for 1-2 months would not substantially alter the epidemic trend if the current interventions are maintained. Conclusions: The degree to which the US population can relax social distancing restrictions and face mask use will depend greatly on the effectiveness and coverage of a potential COVID-19 vaccine if future epidemics are to be prevented. Only a highly effective vaccine will enable the US population to return to life as it was before the pandemic. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.20221234v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221234 id: cord-009383-ozx5u0t3 author: Sheppard, Michael title: Viral Vectors for Veterinary Vaccines date: 2007-09-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149319/ doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80014-7 id: cord-272512-gevrlcvy author: Shewen, P.E. title: Challenges in mucosal vaccination of cattle date: 2009-03-15 words: 4849.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt summary: Mucosal immunity Vaccination Mannheimia haemolytica Cattle A B S T R A C T Recognition of the mucosal portal of entry for many infectious diseases and of the relevance of mucosal immune response to protection has encouraged the development of vaccines administered by mucosal routes, principally oral and intranasal, for stimulation of intestinal and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues respectively. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. abstract: Recognition of the mucosal portal of entry for many infectious diseases and of the relevance of mucosal immune response to protection has encouraged the development of vaccines administered by mucosal routes, principally oral and intranasal, for stimulation of intestinal and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues respectively. The oral route is problematic in cattle and other ruminants where antigen degradation in the rumen is likely, prior to transit to the intestine. On the other hand, rumination can be exploited for exposure of nasopharyngeal tissues during cudding if vaccine antigen is expressed by a fibrous feed like alfalfa. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. Intranasal vaccination is an alternative approach for use in pre-ruminating calves. Intranasal administration of ISCOMs carrying soluble antigens of M. haemolytica, including native Lkt, induced Lkt specific IgA in nasal secretions after vaccination at 4 and 6 weeks of age. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the same vaccine induced Lkt specific IgG in both serum and nasal secretions, whereas s.c. administration of a commercial M. haemolytica vaccine did not. Regardless of the vaccination strategy employed it is difficult to assess the immunogenicity of mucosally administered vaccines because production of secreted antibodies tends to be transient, and they do not persist on the mucosal surface in the absence of ongoing antigenic stimulation. An additional challenge is demonstration of vaccine efficacy in response to experimental infection. Protection of the mucosally vaccinated animal will most probably result from recall response, which may not amplify sufficiently to counter the effects of experimental pulmonary delivery of a large bolus of virulent bacteria, even though the response would suffice over the more prolonged and gradual infection that occurs in natural induction of pneumonia. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242708004030 doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.297 id: cord-325966-0g7a9s5z author: Shih, Hsin-I. title: Fighting COVID-19: a quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines date: 2020-05-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has infected more than 4.9 million individuals and resulted in over 300,000 deaths globally. The rapid spread of the virus and the precipitously increasing numbers of cases necessitate the urgent development of accurate diagnostic methods, effective treatments, and vaccines. Here, we review the progress of developing diagnostic methods, therapies, and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on current clinical trials and their challenges. For diagnosis, nucleic acid amplification tests remain the mainstay diagnostics for laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while serological antibody tests are used to aid contact tracing, epidemiological, and vaccine evaluation studies. Viral isolation is not recommended for routine diagnostic procedures due to safety concerns. Currently, no single effective drug or specific vaccine is available against SARS-CoV-2. Some candidate drugs targeting different levels and stages of human responses against COVID-19 such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, interleukin 6 blocker, and convalescent plasma may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. Other supportive care measures for critical patients are still necessary. Advances in genetic sequencing and other technological developments have sped up the establishment of a variety of vaccine platforms. Accordingly, numerous vaccines are under development. Vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are mainly based upon the viral spike protein due to its vital role in viral infectivity, and most of these candidates have recently moved into clinical trials. Before the efficacy of such vaccines in humans is demonstrated, strong international coordination and collaboration among studies, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, and governments are needed to limit further damage due the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.021 doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.021 id: cord-003764-141u6ax7 author: Shrestha, Ashish C. title: Cytolytic Perforin as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines date: 2019-04-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: DNA vaccines present one of the most cost-effective platforms to develop global vaccines, which have been tested for nearly three decades in preclinical and clinical settings with some success in the clinic. However, one of the major challenges for the development of DNA vaccines is their poor immunogenicity in humans, which has led to refinements in DNA delivery, dosage in prime/boost regimens and the inclusion of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this review, we focus on adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of DNA encoded antigens and highlight the development of a novel cytolytic DNA platform encoding a truncated mouse perforin. The application of this innovative DNA technology has considerable potential in the development of effective vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630607/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines7020038 id: cord-016222-dltsdqcm author: Siegel, Frederic R. title: Lessening the Impacts from Non-Tectonic (Natural) Hazards and Triggered Events date: 2016-06-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Floods are a global problem. They are predictable to some degree by weather forecasting but to a greater degree and with more accuracy when drainage basin monitoring equipment is in place. This includes stream gauges that telemeter the elevation of stream/river surface in a channel and the rate of water flow to a central computing station. The computed data from the telemetered sites plus the input of stream/river channel cross-sections data allow prediction of where flooding will be a problem, when the flooding will reach an area, and to what level out of a channel (magnitude) the flood is estimated to reach. This gives the populations at risk of the flooding early warnings (hours, days) and time to prepare for the floodwaters or to gather important documents and evacuate to safe higher ground. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120445/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-38875-5_9 id: cord-349249-jwvz1ux2 author: Singh, Gagandeep title: A Minimally Replicative Vaccine Protects Vaccinated Piglets Against Challenge With the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date: 2019-10-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is an economically important enteric coronavirus, with over a 90% mortality rate in neonatal piglets. The virus emerged in the US in 2013, resulting in severe production losses. Effective vaccine development against PEDV is a challenge. Inactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Attenuated vaccines, while more effective, require a relatively long lead development time, are associated with safety concerns and are also unable to prevent new field outbreaks. To combine the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated PEDV vaccines, respectively, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that subjecting PEDV virions to heat treatment at 44°C for 10 min to reversibly unfold structural proteins, followed by exposure to RNAse to fragment the genome, would result in a vaccine preparation with intact viral structure/antigenicity but highly diminished replicative abilities. We expected the vaccine to be both safe and effective in a piglet challenge model. Following the heat and RNAse treatment, PEDV virions had an intact electron microscopic ultrastructure and were amplified only in the 3rd passage in Vero cells, indicating that diminished replication was achieved in vitro. Strong PEDV spike-protein specific and virus neutralizing antibody responses were elicited in vaccinated piglets. Upon challenge, all vaccinated pigs were protected against fecal viral shedding and intestinal pathology, while the unvaccinated controls were not. The vaccine virus was not detected in the fecal matter of vaccinated pigs prior to challenge; nor did they develop intestinal lesions. Thus, the described approach has significant promise in improving current approaches for PEDV immunization. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00347 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00347 id: cord-269992-ruf0vvz4 author: Sohrab, Sayed Sartaj title: An edible vaccine development for coronavirus disease 2019: the concept date: 2020-07-31 words: 2003.0 sentences: 119.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt summary: The development of an edible vaccine in a selected plant system has many significant advantages such as; easy and efficient oral delivery, low cost with higher scale production, avoidance of any trained medical personnel for delivery, lack of any pathogenic infection, multicomponent expression in a single plant, and so forth. Currently, the use of plant-based expression system platform have been extensively utilized for the expression and purification of vaccines, recombinant proteins, enzymes, and many bio-pharmaceuticals in a variety of plant species, including potato, corn, tomato, carrot, lettuce, and spinach and have reached at advanced stage of pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. The specific proteins can be expressed into desired plants with very less cost and can be grown to the required locations so that, an edible vaccine can be available to the needy population globally, especially in the developing countries. This novel technology provides the high and fast expression, purification, and better stability of desired proteins in to plant cells as well as their removal of refrigeration requirement and trained medical personnel for delivery. abstract: A novel coronavirus was emerged in December 2019 from Wuhan city, China and has now become a global threat to human health. Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to more than 34 countries with 2,445 deaths and 78,811 confirmed cases. Currently, there is no vaccine available against COVID-19. The traditional vaccines development requires more time and high cost and due to this, the disease outbreaks becomes more challenging. Now a days, plants have become more attractive platform for edible vaccine production than the other system. The development of an edible vaccine in a selected plant system has many significant advantages such as; easy and efficient oral delivery, low cost with higher scale production, avoidance of any trained medical personnel for delivery, lack of any pathogenic infection, multicomponent expression in a single plant, and so forth. In this manuscript, the concept, development, and importance of an edible vaccine have been discussed. By using this plant-based platform, an edible vaccines can be produced in many crops like banana, cucumber, carrot, lettuce, and tomato against various diseases. Due to increasing cases globally with COVID-19, there is an urgent requirement to develop an ideal vaccine and antiviral therapy against this virus to control the disease worldwide. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32864373/ doi: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.164 id: cord-032600-lldbjm77 author: Soni, Dheeraj title: The sixth revolution in pediatric vaccinology: immunoengineering and delivery systems date: 2020-09-14 words: 6655.0 sentences: 388.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032600-lldbjm77.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032600-lldbjm77.txt summary: 2 Second-generation efforts employed more characterized materials, such as the biodegradable synthetic polymer poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which is a widely investigated nanoparticle adjuvant for controlled and effective delivery of vaccine antigens, including synthetic peptides. 32 Thus, pathogen-mimicking nanoparticles can be engineered to enhance the immune response by controlling when and where vaccine components are delivered intracellularly to APCs. 15 A plethora of particulate delivery systems for immunoengineering have been developed, which are summarized further in this review. Recently, we have combined such engineering and rational vaccine design approaches to develop a nanoparticle-based adjuvant and antigen-delivery system designed to be active in human newborns and infants. Furthermore, such formulations hold substantial potential for early life immunization by serving as a dual antigen/adjuvant delivery system that mimics the enhanced neonatal innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by the live Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. abstract: ABSTRACT: Infection is the predominant cause of mortality in early life, and immunization is the most promising biomedical intervention to reduce this burden. However, very young infants fail to respond optimally to most vaccines currently in use, especially neonates. In 2005, Stanley Plotkin proposed that new delivery systems would spur a new revolution in pediatric vaccinology, just as attenuation, inactivation, cell culture of viruses, genetic engineering, and adjuvantation had done in preceding decades. Recent advances in the field of immunoengineering, which is evolving alongside vaccinology, have begun to increasingly influence vaccine formulation design. Historically, the particulate nature of materials used in many vaccine formulations was empiric, often because of the need to stabilize antigens or reduce endotoxin levels. However, present vaccine delivery systems are rationally engineered to mimic the size, shape, and surface chemistry of pathogens, and are therefore often referred to as “pathogen-like particles”. More than a decade from his original assessment, we re-assess Plotkin’s prediction. In addition, we highlight how immunoengineering and advanced delivery systems may be uniquely capable of enhancing vaccine responses in vulnerable populations, such as infants. IMPACT: Immunoengineering and advanced delivery systems are leading to new developments in pediatric vaccinology. Summarizes delivery systems currently in use and development, and prospects for the future. Broad overview of immunoengineering’s impact on vaccinology, catering to Pediatric Clinicians and Immunologists. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7511675/ doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-01112-y id: cord-010266-elhgew3x author: Spier, R.E. title: Ethical aspects of vaccines and vaccination date: 1998-12-02 words: 5153.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt summary: An example of the implications of these changes may be seen in the area of vaccines and vaccination which evinces the pressing need to review traditional ethical positions to take the maximum advantage of the potential for animal and human benefit inherent in this prophylactic approach to healthcare. Such an ethical problem is thrown up by the willingness of our communities to spend billions of dollars to provide therapeutic and prophylactic agents to control the spread and effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), while the disease would be eliminated were people to engage in safe, condom-protected, intercourse in their pre-or extramarital sexual relationships where the prospective partners had not been thoroughly tested for the presence of serum antibodies to the virus. Were we to have an effective orally deliverable contraceptive vaccine'' (pregnancy results from the infection of the female by a male spermatozoan) then ethical considerations will be required to determine the way in which such a powerful tool for population control might be used. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173252/ doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00169-8 id: cord-302082-aaokc182 author: Stanberry, Lawrence R. title: Vaccines of the future date: 2011-08-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2210762211000076 doi: 10.1016/j.pervac.2011.05.006 id: cord-348409-oxjd263z author: Stern, Zachariah title: The development of inovirus-associated vector vaccines using phage-display technologies date: 2019-09-08 words: 6043.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348409-oxjd263z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348409-oxjd263z.txt summary: Areas covered: The architectural traits of filamentous viruses and their derivatives, IAVs, facilitate the display of specific antigenic peptides which induce antibody production to prevent or curtail infection. The creation of Random Peptide Libraries (RPL), where random oligopeptides are fused to major capsid proteins (gp3 or gp8) and displayed on individual inovirus clones creating a random variety of IAVs which can be used for vaccine design via epitope mapping using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Through this breakthrough technology which was the subject matter of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 (see ''Expert Commentary'' below), inovriuses displaying oligopeptides mimicking antigens (or specific epitopes of an antigen) can be used to vaccinate hosts thus inducing the desired antibody production. Unlike previous studies, which used a single specific peptide fused to a inovirus, four different antigenic peptides were displayed by inoviruses in a cocktail of recombinant IAVs. The induction of a cellular response completely vaccinated 1/3 of the pigs in the study and reduced the number of cysticerci in all other pigs [61] . abstract: Introduction: Inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) are derived from bacterial filamentous viruses (phages). As vaccine carriers, they have elicited both cellular and humoral responses against a variety of pathogens causing infectious diseases and other non-infectious diseases. By displaying specific antigen epitopes or proteins on their coat proteins, IAVs have merited much study, as their unique abilities are exploited for widespread vaccine development. Areas covered: The architectural traits of filamentous viruses and their derivatives, IAVs, facilitate the display of specific antigenic peptides which induce antibody production to prevent or curtail infection. Inoviruses provide a foundation for cost-efficient large-scale specific phage display. In this paper, the development of different applications of inovirus-based phage display vaccines across a broad range of pathogens and hosts is reviewed. The references cited in this review were selected from established databases based on the authors’ knowledge of the study subject. Expert commentary: The importance of phage-display technology has been recently highlighted by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 awarded to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter. Furthermore, the symbiotic nature of filamentous viruses infecting intestinal F(+) E. coli strains offers an attractive platform for the development of novel vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity url: https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2019.1651649 doi: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1651649 id: cord-011325-r42hzazp author: Stowe, Julia title: Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date: 2019-10-01 words: 4770.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt summary: Even if only based on a temporal sequence of events, it is important that such safety concerns are rapidly investigated with robust epidemiological studies to allow mitigation procedures to be put in place if an association is confirmed or, if unfounded, to have the necessary evidence to sustain public confidence in the vaccination programme without which coverage drops and disease control is lost. The self-controlled case-series method (SCCS) was designed for rapid unbiased assessment in vaccine safety studies using available disease surveillance data that may not be amenable to cohort analysis. As with all vaccine safety studies, but particularly in the case of narcolepsy and Pandemrix™ where the association was completely unexpected, the key to demonstrating causality was consistency of results from well-designed studies in different settings. Risk of narcolepsy after AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/ H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine in adults: a case-coverage study in England abstract: This article evaluates the epidemiological evidence for a relationship between vaccination and neurological disease, specifically multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome and narcolepsy. The statistical methods used to test vaccine safety hypotheses are described and the merits of different study designs evaluated; these include the cohort, case-control, case-coverage and the self-controlled case-series methods. For multiple sclerosis, the evidence does not support the hypothesized relationship with hepatitis B vaccine. For Guillain−Barré syndrome, the evidence suggests a small elevated risk after influenza vaccines, though considerably lower than after natural influenza infection, with no elevated risk after human papilloma virus vaccine. For narcolepsy, there is strong evidence of a causal association with one adjuvanted vaccine used in the 2009/10 influenza pandemic. Rapid investigation of vaccine safety concerns, however biologically implausible, is essential to maintain public and professional confidence in vaccination programmes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224038/ doi: 10.1007/s40263-019-00670-y id: cord-309083-ew9cwiw0 author: Su, Hang title: Cyprinid viral diseases and vaccine development date: 2018-09-07 words: 11167.0 sentences: 585.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309083-ew9cwiw0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309083-ew9cwiw0.txt summary: In this review, authors summarized six major cyprinid viral diseases, including koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD), koi sleepy disease (KSD), carp pox disease (CPD) and herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HPHN). Challenge experiment reveals that the oral recombinant subunit vaccine can protect 50%-60% grass carp from infection and generate immunity against GCRV [199] . Oral vaccination is an effective way to induce mucosal immunity [215] and this strategy has shown a successful induction of the antiviral responses against viral diseases in different fish species [165] . Gene expression analysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) lines during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection yields insights into differential immune responses Recombinant lactobacillus expressing G protein of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) combined with ORF81 protein of koi herpesvirus (KHV): a promising way to induce protective immunity against SVCV and KHV infection in cyprinid fish via oral vaccination abstract: In the past decades, global freshwater fish production has been rapidly growing, while cyprinid takes the largest portion. Along with the rapid rise of novel forms of intensive aquaculture, increased global aquatic animal movement and various anthropogenic stress to aquatic ecosystems during the past century, freshwater fish farming industry encounter the emergence and breakout of many diseases, especially viral diseases. Because of the ability to safely and effectively prevent aquaculture diseases, vaccines have become the mainstream technology for prevention and control of aquatic diseases in the world. In this review, authors summarized six major cyprinid viral diseases, including koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD), koi sleepy disease (KSD), carp pox disease (CPD) and herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HPHN). The present review described the characteristics of these diseases from epidemiology, pathology, etiology and diagnostics. Furthermore, the development of specific vaccines respective to these diseases is stated according to preparation methods and immunization approaches. It is hoped that the review could contribute to aquaculture in prevention and controlling of cyprinid viral diseases, and serve the healthy and sustainable development of aquaculture industry. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1050464818305394 doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.003 id: cord-265642-7mu530yp author: Syomin, B. V. title: Virus-Like Particles as an Instrument of Vaccine Production date: 2019-06-17 words: 7107.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265642-7mu530yp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265642-7mu530yp.txt summary: Using protein expression systems it is possible to produce virus-like particles (VLPs), which are made up of monomers, which are able to multimerize into VLPs, and display the antigenic determinants of target pathogens on their surface. For example, in different laboratories different eukaryotic systems for viral protein expression, including plant cells, are used to produce VLPs which are used for vaccination against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) [36] . Antigen of the duck hepatitis A virus produced in the baculovirus expression system assembles into VLPs immediately in the cultured Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells, while immunization of ducklings with the obtained VLPs induces a high level humoral immune response and protects them from developing the disease [46] . Expression vectors for foreign protein production in plants have been developed based on plant viruses, which allows obtaining plant-producing recombinant viruses or VLPs displaying the target antigen on their surface [101, 102] . abstract: The paper discusses the techniques which are currently implemented for vaccine production based on virus-like particles (VLPs). The factors which determine the characteristics of VLP monomers assembly are provided in detail. Analysis of the literature demonstrates that the development of the techniques of VLP production and immobilization of target antigens on their surface have led to the development of universal platforms which make it possible for virtually any known antigen to be exposed on the particle surface in a highly concentrated form. As a result, the focus of attention has shifted from the approaches to VLP production to the development of a precise interface between the organism’s immune system and the peptides inducing a strong immune response to pathogens or the organism’s own pathological cells. Immunome-specified methods for vaccine design and the prospects of immunoprophylaxis are discussed. Certain examples of vaccines against viral diseases and cancers are considered. url: https://doi.org/10.1134/s0026893319030154 doi: 10.1134/s0026893319030154 id: cord-285613-hbd44euq author: Søborg, Christian title: Vaccines in a hurry date: 2009-05-26 words: 3804.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt summary: Early recognition of an emerging microbial threat Identification and characterization of the causative agent Rapid understanding of natural history, pathogenesis, molecular biology and epidemiology; building on work in related pathogens as well as ongoing clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies Identification of potential vaccine candidates Identification of potential delivery systems and suitable adjuvant to improve immunogenicity and sparing of antigen and dosages Production at pilot plant level Development and acceptance of correlates of immunity Development and acceptance of correlates of safety Limited trials in animals and humans based on these correlates as outcome measures Fast-track approval of the vaccines Enhancing production capacity by public-private partnerships Based on risk assessment and defined objectives: implementation of emergency vaccination Post-licensure follow-up of emergency vaccination with data accessible in real-time to medicine-and public health agencies as a surrogate for phase III trials and ensuring development with advance purchase agreements to establish a market. abstract: Preparing populations for health threats, including threats from new or re-emerging infectious diseases is recognised as an important public health priority. The development, production and application of emergency vaccinations are the important measures against such threats. Vaccines are cost-effective tools to prevent disease, and emergency vaccines may be the only means to prevent a true disaster for global society in the event of a new pandemic with potential to cause morbidity and mortality comparable to the Spanish flu, the polio epidemics in the 1950s, or the SARS outbreak in 2003 if its spread had not been contained in time. Given the early recognition of a new threat, and given the advances of biotechnology, vaccinology and information systems, it is not an unrealistic goal to have promising prototype vaccine candidates available in a short time span following the identification of a new infectious agent; this is based on the assumption that the emerging infection is followed by natural immunity. However, major bottlenecks for the deployment of emergency vaccine are lack of established systems for fast-track regulatory approval of such candidates and limited international vaccine production capacity. In the present discussion paper, we propose mechanisms to facilitate development of emergency vaccines in Europe by focusing on public–private scientific partnerships, fast-track approval of emergency vaccine by regulatory agencies and proposing incentives for emergency vaccine production in private vaccine companies. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.030 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.030 id: cord-296967-qiil3gqk author: Tatlow, Dean title: A novel concept for treatment and vaccination against Covid‐19 with an inhaled chitosan‐coated DNA vaccine encoding a secreted spike protein portion date: 2020-08-08 words: 2262.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296967-qiil3gqk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296967-qiil3gqk.txt summary: A novel concept in DNA vaccine design is the creation of an inhaled DNA plasmid construct containing a portion of the coronavirus spike protein for treatment and vaccination. An inhaled plasmid DNA vaccine replicates the route of lung infection taken by coronavirus with transfected cells secreting spike protein portions to induce immunity. 3 These findings of the identified spike proteins in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain and ACE2 region may provide useful information for treatment or vaccine development. 5 In this paper a series of inhaled plasmid DNA vaccine construct containing various forms of the coronavirus spike protein sequence may provide potential treatment and vaccine options as revealed by Yu et al. 3 Once in the lower respiratory tract or alveolar region of the lung deposited plasmid DNA will be taken up and expression of coronavirus spike proteins by host cells such as pneumocytes will occur. abstract: A novel concept in DNA vaccine design is the creation of an inhaled DNA plasmid construct containing a portion of the coronavirus spike protein for treatment and vaccination. The secretion of a spike protein portion will function as a competitive antagonist by interfering with the binding of coronavirus to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The secreted protein binding to the ACE2 receptor provides a unique mechanism of action for treatment to all strains of coronavirus in naïve patients, by blocking the ACE2 receptor site. An inhaled plasmid DNA vaccine replicates the route of lung infection taken by coronavirus with transfected cells secreting spike protein portions to induce immunity. Unlike most DNA vaccines with intracellular antigen presentation through MHC I, the current vaccine relies on the secreted proteins presentation through MHC II as well as MHC I to induce immunity. Lung specific production of vaccine particles by inhaled plasmid DNA is appealing since it may have limited systemic side‐effects, and may induce both humoral and cytotoxic immunity. Finally, the ease and ability to rapidly produce this plasmid construct makes this an ideal solution for managing the emerging threat of coronavirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32881059/ doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13393 id: cord-255734-038xu4hq author: Taylor, Deborah R. title: Obstacles and advances in SARS vaccine development date: 2006-02-13 words: 5334.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255734-038xu4hq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255734-038xu4hq.txt summary: The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that resulted in a pandemic in 2003 spurred a flurry of interest in the development of vaccines to prevent and treat the potentially deadly viral infection. Spike-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that neutralize the virus have been developed [51, 52] and passive transfer of immune serum into naive mice protected them from infection with SARS-CoV [18] . Mice immunized with a plasmid containing the S protein produced anti-SARS-CoV IgG [64] and developed neutralizing antibodies and a T-cell mediated response resulting in a six-fold reduction in viral titer in the lungs [65] . Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets abstract: The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that resulted in a pandemic in 2003 spurred a flurry of interest in the development of vaccines to prevent and treat the potentially deadly viral infection. Researchers around the world pooled their scientific resources and shared early data in an unprecedented manner in light of the impending public health crisis. There are still large gaps in knowledge about the pathogenesis of this virus. While significant advances have been made in the development of animal models, the practicality of their use may be hampered by a lack of pathological similarity with human disease. Described here are issues related to progress in vaccine development and the obstacles that lie ahead for both researchers and regulatory agencies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16191455/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.102 id: cord-344576-upsc9cf8 author: Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W title: A vaccine effective against Zika virus is theoretically possible but may not be delivered anytime soon date: 2016-07-05 words: 2604.0 sentences: 154.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt summary: In February this year, the World Health Organization declared that further to the then unconfirmed association between the virus and the clinical manifestations of microcephaly and also Guillain-Barré syndrome, the Zika epidemic was a "public health emergency of international concern". No anti-Zika therapy, vaccine or drug, is currently available and while the production of the former has now been prioritized by multiple funding agencies, the history of infectious disease vaccine development indicates that this may take several years to reach the market place. A more rapid spread of the virus via the intercontinental travel of infected persons is an additional concern, although for Zika to become established in a location distant to an endemic area requires local transmission of the initially imported focus of infection; this is dependent on the availability of the vector. Local transmission of Zika virus infection is possible in Australia but should be contained by current vector control measures abstract: Following the first report in May 2015 of the unexpected emergence of Zika in north east Brazil, there has been an explosive epidemic of this infection across Latin America. The outbreak has caused alarm among social and news media as to the virulence and transmission potential of the Aedes mosquito-borne virus. This debate is heightened by the proximity, both in time and distance, to the forthcoming Olympic Games to be held in Rio de Janeiro this August, provoking fears for the safety of athletes and spectators alike. The threat, real or perceived, is exacerbated by the movement between nations in the same or separate continents of persons who act unwittingly as asymptomatic carriers. Pregnant females are considered at greatest risk because microcephaly in newborn infants is linked to, if not yet proven as caused by, Zika infection. In February this year, the World Health Organization declared that further to the then unconfirmed association between the virus and the clinical manifestations of microcephaly and also Guillain-Barré syndrome, the Zika epidemic was a “public health emergency of international concern”. No anti-Zika therapy, vaccine or drug, is currently available and while the production of the former has now been prioritized by multiple funding agencies, the history of infectious disease vaccine development indicates that this may take several years to reach the market place. The fact that Zika is a close relative of yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses, for both of which there are already effective vaccines, provides a rational basis for the fast-tracked laboratory-based preparation of a candidate vaccine. However, undertaking clinical trials on pregnant females provides ethical and practical hurdles to overcome before licensure is granted for public administration. Meanwhile, public health management strategies, including mosquito control programs to reduce breeding, are needed to limit the global spread of this re-emerging disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30050335/ doi: 10.2147/rrtm.s108992 id: cord-279026-s3yx62u6 author: Tizard, Ian R. title: Adverse consequences of vaccination date: 2020-07-10 words: 6722.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt summary: Adverse events associated with vaccination that might compromise the health of an animal are usually rare, mild, and transient. Traditionally, adverse events resulting from vaccine administration have been reported by veterinarians to manufacturers or government agencies. It has, however, proved possible by examining the electronic medical records of a very large small animal general practice, to determine the prevalence of vaccine-associated adverse events in over a million dogs. The use of a standardized reporting system within a very large population has permitted objective analysis of the prevalence of adverse events occurring within three days of vaccine administration. Out of 1,226,159 dogs receiving 3,439,576 vaccine doses, 4678 adverse events were recorded (38.2/10,000 dogs); 72.8% of these events occurred on the same day the vaccine was administered, 31.7% were considered to be allergic reactions, 1.7% were classified as anaphylaxis, and 65.8% were considered "vaccine reactions" and were likely caused by innate immune responses. abstract: The importance of adverse effects from vaccination must not be overstated. Vaccine benefits greatly exceed any risks from the procedure. Neither must they be minimized. Unnecessary vaccination must be discouraged. Hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine components are real and must be guarded against. Residual virulence, although a concern tends to be more a hypothetical than a real problem. Progressive improvements in animal vaccines have significantly reduced the chances of adverse effects occurring, although some issues persist. One such example is injection-site sarcomas in cats. Another issue is the influence of animal size on the prevalence of adverse events in dogs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323682992000198 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00019-8 id: cord-330496-p3o6zkhf author: Tizard, Ian R. title: Feline vaccines date: 2020-07-10 words: 4980.0 sentences: 316.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330496-p3o6zkhf.txt summary: The age of the cat is critical considering the persistent effects that maternal antibodies have on early vaccination, whereas old age presents other significant issues. Vaccines that may be considered as noncore include those against bacterial diseases caused by Chlamydia felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica, in addition to the infections caused by feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus, and feline coronavirus (Box 14.1). Duration of immunity following feline leukemia vaccination appears to be about three years, therefore cats in high-risk situations should be boosted annually or every two years. In some cats however, tumors develop at the injection sites usually between three months and three years after vaccination. In addition to rabies and FeLV vaccines, injection site sarcomas have also been associated with administration of inactivated vaccines against feline panleukopenia, feline herpesvirus, and feline calicivirus. abstract: Many of the decisions regarding the vaccination of cats relate to the animal’s lifestyle. Vaccination requirements for the solitary indoor cat are very different than those for feral or free-roaming cats. Core vaccines include those directed against feline herpesvirus, feline parvovirus, and feline caliciviruses. Other important vaccines include the mandated rabies vaccination and also vaccination against feline leukemia. One significant issue with respect to feline vaccination is the development of injection site sarcomas. Although the prevalence of these is low and should not inhibit the use of vaccines, they are impossible to predict and very difficult to treat. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032368299200023X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00023-x id: cord-265757-8ces57rn author: Tondella, M. L. title: International Bordetella pertussis assay standardization and harmonization meeting report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 19–20 July 2007 date: 2009-02-05 words: 11130.0 sentences: 494.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265757-8ces57rn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265757-8ces57rn.txt summary: The major items included: (1) to identify a group that will organize, prepare, maintain, and distribute proficiency panels and key reagents such as reference and control sera; (2) to encourage the development and identification of one or more reference laboratories that can serve as an anchor and resource for other laboratories; (3) to define a performance-based assay method that can serve as a reference point for evaluating laboratory differences; (4) to develop guidance on quality of other reagents, e.g., pertussis toxin and other antigens, and methods to demonstrate their suitability; (5) to establish an international working group to harmonize the criteria to evaluate the results obtained on reference and proficiency panel sera; (6) to create an inventory to determine the amount of appropriate and well-characterized sera that are available globally to be used as bridging reagents for vaccine licensure; and (7) to seek specific guidance from regulatory authorities regarding the expectations and requirements for the licensure of new multicomponent pertussis vaccines. abstract: Abstract An international meeting on Bordetella pertussis assay standardization and harmonization was held at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 19–20 July 2007. The goal of the meeting was to harmonize the immunoassays used for pertussis diagnostics and vaccine evaluation, as agreed upon by academic and government researchers, regulatory authorities, vaccine manufacturers, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The primary objectives were (1) to provide epidemiologic, laboratory, and statistical background for support of global harmonization; (2) to overview the current status of global epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunology of pertussis; (3) to develop a consensus opinion on existing gaps in understanding standardization of pertussis assays used for serodiagnosis and vaccine evaluation; and (4) to search for a multicenter process for addressing these priority gaps. Presentations and discussions by content experts addressed these objectives. A prioritized list of action items to improve standardization and harmonization of pertussis assays was identified during a group discussion at the end of the meeting. The major items included: (1) to identify a group that will organize, prepare, maintain, and distribute proficiency panels and key reagents such as reference and control sera; (2) to encourage the development and identification of one or more reference laboratories that can serve as an anchor and resource for other laboratories; (3) to define a performance-based assay method that can serve as a reference point for evaluating laboratory differences; (4) to develop guidance on quality of other reagents, e.g., pertussis toxin and other antigens, and methods to demonstrate their suitability; (5) to establish an international working group to harmonize the criteria to evaluate the results obtained on reference and proficiency panel sera; (6) to create an inventory to determine the amount of appropriate and well-characterized sera that are available globally to be used as bridging reagents for vaccine licensure; and (7) to seek specific guidance from regulatory authorities regarding the expectations and requirements for the licensure of new multicomponent pertussis vaccines. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X08015946 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.072 id: cord-035016-ipv8npdy author: Torreele, Els title: Business-as-Usual will not Deliver the COVID-19 Vaccines We Need date: 2020-11-09 words: 5574.0 sentences: 203.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-035016-ipv8npdy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-035016-ipv8npdy.txt summary: Touted by many as a major tour de force, the ongoing ''race'' towards a vaccine is also exposing the intrinsic deficiencies of relying on for-profit pharmaceutical companies, that are governed by trade rules, financial speculation and market competition, to ensure the development of essential health technologies. This is antithetical to a collective intelligence effort that would allow scientists all over the world to creatively combine the best elements of our medical knowledge and technological advances into a diverse and innovative portfolio of vaccine candidates with the best chance to achieve our common public health goal (Torreele 2020b) . 5 A milestone resolution on transparency around medical R&D was passed at the 2019 World Health Assembly (Fletcher 2019 ), yet governments so far have failed to implement these commitments, despite huge financial investments in COVID-19 R&D that could have been used as leverage to demand transparency on scientific methods and data, as well as clinical trial costs, and set performance targets for the vaccines. abstract: Governments must become active shapers of medical innovation and drive the development of critical health technologies as global health commons. The ‘race’ for COVID-19 vaccines is exposing the deficiencies of a business-as-usual medical innovation ecosystem driven by corporate interests, not health outcomes. Instead of bolstering collective intelligence, it relies on competition between proprietary vaccines and allows the bar on safety and efficacy to be lowered, risking people’s health and undermining their trust. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649577/ doi: 10.1057/s41301-020-00261-1 id: cord-289535-srrfr1es author: Tregoning, J. S. title: Vaccines for COVID‐19 date: 2020-10-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Since the emergence of COVID‐19, caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus at the end of 2019, there has been an explosion of vaccine development. By 24 September 2020, a staggering number of vaccines (more than 200) had started preclinical development, of which 43 had entered clinical trials, including some approaches that have not previously been licensed for human vaccines. Vaccines have been widely considered as part of the exit strategy to enable the return to previous patterns of working, schooling and socializing. Importantly, to effectively control the COVID‐19 pandemic, production needs to be scaled‐up from a small number of preclinical doses to enough filled vials to immunize the world’s population, which requires close engagement with manufacturers and regulators. It will require a global effort to control the virus, necessitating equitable access for all countries to effective vaccines. This review explores the immune responses required to protect against SARS‐CoV‐2 and the potential for vaccine‐induced immunopathology. We describe the profile of the different platforms and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The review also addresses the critical steps between promising preclinical leads and manufacturing at scale. The issues faced during this pandemic and the platforms being developed to address it will be invaluable for future outbreak control. Nine months after the outbreak began we are at a point where preclinical and early clinical data are being generated for the vaccines; an overview of this important area will help our understanding of the next phases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32935331/ doi: 10.1111/cei.13517 id: cord-339152-wfakzb6w author: Trovato, Maria title: Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date: 2020-09-03 words: 12000.0 sentences: 540.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt summary: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. The occurrence of significant disease outbreaks-such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) originating in China in 2002 (8) , the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic from Mexico (9) , MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) that occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (10) , the West African outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in late 2013 (11) , the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak originating in Brazil in 2015 (12) , the 2018 health emergence in Nigeria caused by Lassa virus (13) , and the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic (14) -has renewed interests in developing strategies to faster prevent, treat, and/or control emerging and re-emerging viruses with high epidemic potential. abstract: In the last decades, a number of infectious viruses have emerged from wildlife or re-emerged, generating serious threats to the global health and to the economy worldwide. Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. Vaccination is probably the most effective tool in helping the immune system to activate protective responses against pathogens, reducing morbidity and mortality, as proven by historical records. Under health emergency conditions, new and alternative approaches in vaccine design and development are imperative for a rapid and massive vaccination coverage, to manage a disease outbreak and curtail the epidemic spread. This review gives an update on the current vaccination strategies for some of the emerging/re-emerging viruses, and discusses challenges and hurdles to overcome for developing efficacious vaccines against future pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33013898/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130 id: cord-021937-p9vqpazu author: Tsai, Theodore F. title: Immunization in the Asia-Pacific Region date: 2017-07-17 words: 9479.0 sentences: 392.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021937-p9vqpazu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021937-p9vqpazu.txt summary: However, an increasing global integration is taking place, as multinational companies acquire Asian manufacturers (e.g., Sanofi-Aventis, France, acquired Shantha Biotechnics, India); Asian companies acquire or obtain technologies and distribution rights from European countries (e.g., inactivated polio vaccine by Serum Institute of India Ltd. acquiring Bilthoven Biologicals, Netherlands; Astellas, Japan, acquiring recombinant influenza hemagglutinin from Protein Sciences, U.S.; Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization acquiring chimeric JE vaccine from Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and Biological Evans, India, acquiring JE vaccine from Intercell AG, Austria); and vaccine codevelopment is agreed between entities in developed and Asian countries (e.g., genetically modified, inactivated HIV vaccine codeveloped by Sumagen, Korea, and the University of Western Ontario, Canada; mycobacterial proteinAg85A candidate tuberculosis vaccine codeveloped by Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, China, and McMaster University, Canada; universal influenza vaccine codeveloped by Xiamen Wantai and Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine codeveloped by SK Chemicals, Korea and Sanofi-Pasteur, France). The widely used first-generation inactivated suckling mouse brain (SMB)-derived vaccine is being replaced rapidly in economically disadvantaged countries by the Chinese developed and manufactured live attenuated or inactivated vaccine (SA14-14-2 strain) grown in primary baby hamster kidney (PHK) cells and in higher-income countries with Vero cell-derived inactivated vaccines (licensed in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Europe, as well as several Asian countries) or a replicating chimeric yellow fever-JE virus recombinant vaccine (manufactured in Thailand). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152242/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00075-4 id: cord-303880-zv4nbz9p author: Tsikala Vafea, Maria title: Emerging Technologies for Use in the Study, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health and economic worldwide crisis. Innovative solutions are imperative given limited resources and immediate need for medical supplies, healthcare support and treatments. AIM: The purpose of this review is to summarize emerging technologies being implemented in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. RESULTS: Key focus areas include the applications of artificial intelligence, the use of Big Data and Internet of Things, the importance of mathematical modeling for predictions, utilization of technology for community screening, the use of nanotechnology for treatment and vaccine development, the utility of telemedicine, the implementation of 3D-printing to manage new demands and the potential of robotics. CONCLUSION: The review concludes by highlighting the need for collaboration in the scientific community with open sharing of knowledge, tools, and expertise. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837582/ doi: 10.1007/s12195-020-00629-w id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 words: 31276.0 sentences: 1672.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt summary: No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. abstract: Publisher Summary In a world of rapid international transport and contact between populations, systems are needed to monitor the potential explosive spread of pathogens that may be transferred from their normal habitat. The potential for the international spread of new or reinvigorated infectious diseases constitute threat to mankind akin to ecological and other man-made disasters. Public health has addressed the issues of communicable disease as one of its key issues in protecting individual and population health. Methods of intervention include classic public health through sanitation, immunization, and well beyond that into nutrition, education, case finding, and treatment, and changing human behavior. The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of policy makers, health care providers, and parents is as important in the success of communicable disease control as are the technology available and methods of financing health systems. Together, these encompass the broad programmatic approach of the New Public Health to control of communicable diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780127033501500061 doi: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id: cord-325010-7qrht7uq author: Van der Zeijst, Bernard A.M. title: Infectious diseases know no borders: A plea for more collaboration between researchers in human and veterinary vaccines date: 2008-04-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S109002330800083X doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.023 id: cord-274756-nnm1n09a author: Varadé, Jezabel title: Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date: 2020-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32879472/ doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6 id: cord-283405-aozxvxxs author: Vermillion, Meghan S. title: Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy date: 2018-02-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccination is the mainstay of preventative medicine for many infectious diseases. Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three at-risk populations that can be simultaneously protected by strategic vaccination protocols. Because the pathogenesis of different infectious microbes varies based on tissue tropism, timing of infection, and host susceptibility, the goals of immunization are not uniform across all vaccines. Mechanistic understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis and immune responses is therefore essential to inform vaccine design and the implementation of appropriate immunization protocols that optimize protection of pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4 doi: 10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4 id: cord-006890-81wv1s33 author: Viret, Jean-Francois title: Development of a SARS vaccine: an industrial perspective on the global race against a global disease date: 2014-01-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103677/ doi: 10.1586/14760584.2.4.465 id: cord-276193-cngz535o author: Volz, A. title: Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara: History, Value in Basic Research, and Current Perspectives for Vaccine Development date: 2016-08-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for development of new candidate vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Historically, MVA was developed by serial tissue culture passage in primary chicken cells of vaccinia virus strain Ankara, and clinically used to avoid the undesirable side effects of conventional smallpox vaccination. Adapted to growth in avian cells MVA lost the ability to replicate in mammalian hosts and lacks many of the genes orthopoxviruses use to conquer their host (cell) environment. As a biologically well-characterized mutant virus, MVA facilitates fundamental research to elucidate the functions of poxvirus host-interaction factors. As extremely safe viral vectors MVA vaccines have been found immunogenic and protective in various preclinical infection models. Multiple recombinant MVA currently undergo clinical testing for vaccination against human immunodeficiency viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Plasmodium falciparum. The versatility of the MVA vector vaccine platform is readily demonstrated by the swift development of experimental vaccines for immunization against emerging infections such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Recent advances include promising results from the clinical testing of recombinant MVA-producing antigens of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 or Ebola virus. This review summarizes our current knowledge about MVA as a unique strain of vaccinia virus, and discusses the prospects of exploiting this virus as research tool in poxvirus biology or as safe viral vector vaccine to challenge existing and future bottlenecks in vaccinology. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001 doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001 id: cord-288868-qfdxri93 author: Wack, Andreas title: Vaccinology at the beginning of the 21st century date: 2005-06-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Today, the main challenges for vaccinologists include improving vaccines against as yet undefeated pathogens, rapid identification and response to emerging diseases and successful intervention in chronic diseases in which ongoing immune responses are insufficient. Reverse genetics and reverse vaccinology are now used to generate rapidly new vaccine strains and to mine whole genomes in the search for promising antigens. The rational design of adjuvants has become possible as a result of the discovery of the receptors that recognize microbial patterns and lead to dendritic cell activation. Antigen-loaded dendritic cells, DNA in naked, formulated or viral form, and other delivery systems are used to maximize immune responses. Although work on the ‘easy’ vaccines has already been completed, it is hoped that a combination of conceptual and technical innovation will enable the development of more complex and sophisticated vaccines in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15950445/ doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.05.005 id: cord-254469-7q6xi2xx author: Wang, Fuzhou title: An Evidence Based Perspective on mRNA-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development date: 2020-05-05 words: 4737.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254469-7q6xi2xx.txt summary: In March 2020, the first phase I clinical trial of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, began in the United States (US). However, on March 16 2020, the first phase I clinical trial of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, began in the United States (US), conducted by Moderna and the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [12, 13] . Although mRNA vaccines are commencing human clinical trials, due to the rapid global spread of this new viral pandemic, it may not be possible to develop a safe and effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in time to prevent the increasing number of deaths due to this novel RNA virus. abstract: The first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in late 2019. The subsequent COVID-19 pandemic rapidly affected the health and economy of the world. The global approach to the pandemic was to isolate populations to reduce the spread of this deadly virus while vaccines began to be developed. In March 2020, the first phase I clinical trial of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, began in the United States (US). The production of mRNA-based vaccines is a promising recent development in the production of vaccines. However, there remain significant challenges in the development and testing of vaccines as rapidly as possible to control COVID-19, which requires international collaboration. This review aims to describe the background to the rationale for the development of mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the current status of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32366816/ doi: 10.12659/msm.924700 id: cord-327650-6afsk8ix author: Ward, Jeremy K. title: The French public''s attitudes to a future COVID-19 vaccine: The politicization of a public health issue date: 2020-10-06 words: 4345.0 sentences: 199.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327650-6afsk8ix.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327650-6afsk8ix.txt summary: However, other differences were observed as people with an educational level under the High School degree, those with a low or intermediate level of household income per consumption unit (HICU), and those feeling close to a Far-Right party, were more numerous to be certain they would refuse the vaccine. Also, people who did not feel close to any party and did not vote at the last presidential campaign were more likely to refuse the coronavirus vaccine following one main reason: they thought that a vaccine produced in a rush is too dangerous. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the effect of politicization on attitudes to vaccines in France, one of the most vaccine-hesitant countries in the world ( politicization in vaccine hesitancy has mostly been studied in the United States of America where political polarization has increasingly become an object of concern in the past 10 years. abstract: As Covid-19 spreads across the world, governments turn a hopeful eye towards research and development of a vaccine against this new disease. But it is one thing to make a vaccine available, and it is quite another to convince the public to take the shot, as the precedent of the 2009 H1N1 influenza illustrated. In this paper, we present the results of four online surveys conducted in April 2020 in representative samples of the French population 18 years of age and over (N = 5018). These surveys were conducted during a period when the French population was on lockdown and the daily number of deaths attributed to the virus reached its peak. We found that if a vaccine against the new coronavirus became available, almost a quarter of respondents would not use it. We also found that attitudes to this vaccine were correlated significantly with political partisanship and engagement with the political system. Attitudes towards this future vaccine did not follow the traditional mapping of political attitudes along a Left-Right axis. The rift seems to be between people who feel close to governing parties (Centre, Left and Right) on the one hand, and, on the other, people who feel close to Far-Left and Far-Right parties as well as people who do not feel close to any party. We draw on the French sociological literature on ordinary attitudes to politics to discuss our results as well as the cultural pathways via which political beliefs can affect perceptions of vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33038683/ doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113414 id: cord-274112-6t0wpiqy author: Webby, RJ title: Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines date: 2004-04-03 words: 4199.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274112-6t0wpiqy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274112-6t0wpiqy.txt summary: INTERPRETATION: The ability to produce a candidate reference virus in such a short period of time sets a new standard for rapid response to emerging infectious disease threats and clearly shows the usefulness of reverse genetics for influenza vaccine development. The agent must be handled only under conditions of at least biosafety level 3 (BSL3), and it can kill fertilised chicken eggs, the standard medium for the reassortment and Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines propagation of influenza virus before its inactivation and formulation for use in vaccines. The vaccine-candidate reference virus stock described in this report has been produced entirely on a cell substrate licensed for the manufacture of human vaccine, and as such, is-to our knowledge-the first reverse genetically derived influenza vaccine suitable for testing in clinical trials. Recombinant influenza A virus vaccines for the pathogenic human A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses abstract: BACKGROUND: In response to the emergence of severe infection capable of rapid global spread, WHO will issue a pandemic alert. Such alerts are rare; however, on Feb 19, 2003, a pandemic alert was issued in response to human infections caused by an avian H5N1 influenza virus, A/Hong Kong/213/03. H5N1 had been noted once before in human beings in 1997 and killed a third (6/18) of infected people.1, 2 The 2003 variant seemed to have been transmitted directly from birds to human beings and caused fatal pneumonia in one of two infected individuals. Candidate vaccines were sought, but no avirulent viruses antigenically similar to the pathogen were available, and the isolate killed embryonated chicken eggs. Since traditional strategies of vaccine production were not viable, we sought to produce a candidate reference virus using reverse genetics. METHODS: We removed the polybasic aminoacids that are associated with high virulence from the haemagglutinin cleavage site of A/Hong Kong/213/03 using influenza reverse genetics techniques. A reference vaccine virus was then produced on an A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) backbone on WHO-approved Vero cells. We assessed this reference virus for pathogenicity in in-vivo and in-vitro assays. FINDINGS: A reference vaccine virus was produced in Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-grade facilities in less than 4 weeks from the time of virus isolation. This virus proved to be non-pathogenic in chickens and ferrets and was shown to be stable after multiple passages in embryonated chicken eggs. INTERPRETATION: The ability to produce a candidate reference virus in such a short period of time sets a new standard for rapid response to emerging infectious disease threats and clearly shows the usefulness of reverse genetics for influenza vaccine development. The same technologies and procedures are currently being used to create reference vaccine viruses against the 2004 H5N1 viruses circulating in Asia. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673604158923 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15892-3 id: cord-340900-f2iuy9e1 author: Wehling, Martin title: Calling for an exponential escalation scheme in vaccine development for COVID-19 date: 2020-06-16 words: 1032.0 sentences: 55.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340900-f2iuy9e1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340900-f2iuy9e1.txt summary: CONCLUSION: A COVID-19 vaccine would be rapidly available at a slightly increased risk for undetected late side effects or insufficient efficacy if compared with standard vaccine development schemes. Absence of structural homologies of antibody targets with protein structures normally present in humans, analogous to the still disputed induction of narcolepsia by the influenza vaccine Pandemrix due to a structural homology with the hypocretin receptor [3] I suggest exponential exposure starting with 10 healthy volunteers, testing of antibody responses and safety after 14 days; if no stoppers [lack of adequate (see points 1-3 above) antibody response, intolerable side effects] occur, the number of vaccinated people will be increased by tenfold in each subsequent step, in this case to the next cohort of 100 people. At stage 3 + (1000 + people) when primary efficacy has been established at the antibody level and safety is no issue to this point, volunteers living in countries with high infection rates should be vaccinated. abstract: PURPOSE: COVID-19 as a pandemic calls for rapid development of vaccines. METHODS: Here a proposal of a seamless, adaptive, phase 1–3 trial for accelerated vaccine development is described. RESULTS: Starting at 10, the number of vaccinated volunteers would exponentially increase by tenfold at an interval of 2 weeks; close surveillance of antibody responses, safety and efficacy is necessary. After only 16 weeks, general vaccination would be feasible if supply meets the demand. CONCLUSION: A COVID-19 vaccine would be rapidly available at a slightly increased risk for undetected late side effects or insufficient efficacy if compared with standard vaccine development schemes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32548679/ doi: 10.1007/s00228-020-02933-w id: cord-011370-as2v2c2h author: Wilder-Smith, Annelies title: Dengue vaccine development: status and future date: 2019-11-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Dengue, the most common arbovirus, represents an increasingly significant cause of morbidity worldwide, including in travelers. After decades of research, the first dengue vaccine was licensed in 2015: CYD-TDV, a tetravalent live attenuated vaccine with a yellow fever vaccine backbone. Recent analyses have shown that vaccine performance is dependent on serostatus. In those who have had a previous dengue infection, i.e., who are seropositive, the efficacy is high and the vaccine is safe. However, in seronegative vaccinees, approximately 3 years after vaccination the vaccine increases the risk of developing severe dengue when the individual experiences a natural dengue infection. The World Health Organization recommends that this vaccine be administered only to seropositive individuals. Current efforts are underway to develop rapid diagnostic tests to facilitate prevaccination screening. Two second-generation dengue vaccine candidates, both also live attenuated recombinant vaccines in late-stage development, may not present the same limitations because of differences in the backbone used, but results of phase 3 trials need to be available before firm conclusions can be drawn. Dengue is increasingly frequent in travelers, but the only licensed dengue vaccine to date can be used only in seropositive individuals. However, the vast majority of travelers are seronegative. Furthermore, the primary series of three doses given 6 months apart renders this vaccine difficult in the travel medicine context. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224137/ doi: 10.1007/s00103-019-03060-3 id: cord-304472-mi5v6512 author: Wilder-Smith, Annelies title: Dengue vaccine development by the year 2020: challenges and prospects date: 2020-10-18 words: 4714.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304472-mi5v6512.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304472-mi5v6512.txt summary: A plausible hypothesis is that CYD-TDV may trigger an immune response to dengue in seronegative persons that predisposes them to a higher risk of severe disease, analogue to what is seen in natural secondary dengue infections [16] . Two chimeric live-attenuated dengue vaccines are now in Phase 3 trials: one developed by Takeda (TAK-003) and one by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (TV003/TV005) (Table 1) . To determine the ability of a single dose of the live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine TV003 to induce a suitable neutralizing antibody response, a placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed in 48 healthy adults who received 2 doses of vaccine or placebo administered 12 months apart. Robust and balanced immune responses to all 4 Dengue virus serotypes following administration of a single dose of a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine to healthy, Flavivirus-naive adults abstract: The first licensed dengue vaccine led to considerable controversy, and to date, no dengue vaccine is in widespread use. All three leading dengue vaccine candidates are live attenuated vaccines, with the main difference between them being the type of backbone and the extent of chimerization. While CYD-TDV (the first licensed dengue vaccine) does not include non-structural proteins of dengue, TAK-003 contains the dengue virus serotype 2 backbone, and the Butantan/Merck vaccine contains three full-genomes of the four dengue virus serotypes. While dengue-primed individuals can already benefit from vaccination against all four serotypes with the first licensed dengue vaccine CYD-TDV, the need for dengue-naive population has not yet been met. To improve tetravalent protection, sequential vaccination should be considered in addition to a heterologous prime-boost approach. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1879625720300948 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.004 id: cord-258353-uw8padla author: Williams, Joshua T.B. title: Caring for the Vaccine Hesitant Family: Evidence-Based Alternatives to Dismissal date: 2020-05-22 words: 2765.0 sentences: 182.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258353-uw8padla.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258353-uw8padla.txt summary: [16] [17] [18] [19] In 2016, the American Academy of Pediatrics'' (AAP) Report "Countering Vaccine Hesitancy" characterized dismissal as acceptable only after careful consideration of the situation, transparency with parents about the risks to their child, and openness about practice policies. As an alternative to practice dismissal, there are several evidence-based tools in the provider-parent communication literature that can increase parental vaccine acceptance while keeping children of vaccine-hesitant parents in our practices. A multi-arm randomized trial in 30 pediatric and family medicine clinics across North Carolina found a 5.4% increase (95% CI; 1.1%-9.7%) in HPV vaccination coverage for patients in clinics whose providers received presumptive training, compared with conversation training or usual care. Evidence-based alternatives to dismissal exist, increase parental acceptance of vaccines, will keep under-vaccinated and unvaccinated children with pediatricians, and improve population health. As we work as pediatricians to improve the state of vaccine confidence, let us consider caring for vaccine-hesitant families, one visit at a time. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.029 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.029 id: cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author: Williamson, E. D. title: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date: 2019-04-11 words: 6218.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt summary: However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. abstract: Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) acquisition by micro‐organisms which can endow a relatively harmless organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union, making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of promising vaccines can be achieved. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13284 doi: 10.1111/cei.13284 id: cord-003656-7mzsaz7a author: Wium, Martha title: DNA Vaccines Against Mycoplasma Elicit Humoral Immune Responses in Ostriches date: 2019-05-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In ostriches, the population densities resulting from intensive rearing increases susceptibility to pathogens such as mycoplasmas. In addition to good management practices, vaccination offers an attractive alternative for controlling mycoplasma infections in food animals, instead of using antibiotics, which often leave unacceptable residues. The use of live attenuated vaccines, however, carry the concern of reversion to virulence or genetic recombination with field strains. Currently there are no commercially available vaccines against ostrich-infecting mycoplasmas and this study therefore set out to develop and evaluate the use of a DNA vaccine against mycoplasma infections in ostriches using an OppA protein as antigen. To this end, the oppA gene of “Mycoplasma nasistruthionis sp. nov.” str. Ms03 was cloned into two DNA vaccine expression vectors after codon correction by site-directed mutagenesis. Three-months-old ostriches were then vaccinated intramuscularly at different doses followed by a booster vaccination after 6 weeks. The ability of the DNA vaccines to elicit an anti-OppA antibody response was evaluated by ELISA using the recombinant OppA protein of Ms03 as coating antigen. A statistically significant anti-OppA antibody response could be detected after administration of a booster vaccination indicating that the OppA protein was successfully immunogenic. The responses were also both dose and vector dependent. In conclusion, the DNA vaccines were able to elicit an immune response in ostriches and can therefore be viewed as an option for the development of vaccines against mycoplasma infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527592/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01061 id: cord-318593-ni84gzg5 author: Wolf, Jayanthi title: Applying lessons from the Ebola vaccine experience for SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens date: 2020-06-15 words: 4094.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318593-ni84gzg5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318593-ni84gzg5.txt summary: Experience gained in the development of vaccines for Ebola virus disease provide important lessons in the regulatory, clinical, and manufacturing process that can be applied to SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens. Extraordinary efforts were made to advance this vaccine candidate through Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials and the data generated in the context of the West African Ebola outbreak has supported its licensure by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), conditional authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and several African countries, along with prequalification by the WHO. Regulatory agency collaboration is critical for success From the start of the West African Ebola outbreak, the US FDA, EMA, and Health Canada worked closely with each other and with the National Regulatory Authorities of the impacted West African countries, sharing information about candidate vaccines that were being tested and reviewing the clinical protocols, available data, and benefit-risk profiles. abstract: The world is experiencing an unprecedented global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Development of new vaccines and therapeutics are important to achieve long-term prevention and control of the virus. Experience gained in the development of vaccines for Ebola virus disease provide important lessons in the regulatory, clinical, and manufacturing process that can be applied to SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens. This report outlines the main lessons learned by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (MSD) during development of an Ebola Zaire vaccine (ERVEBO®) and looks ahead to critical lessons beyond vaccine development. It highlights focus areas for public-private partnership and regulatory harmonization that can be directly applied to current vaccine development efforts for SARS-CoV-2, while drawing attention to the need for parallel consideration of issues beyond development that are equally important to achieve global preparedness and response goals. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-020-0204-7 doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-0204-7 id: cord-342831-4qfe8kok author: Xia, Yufei title: Chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants: Sunrise on the ocean date: 2015-11-04 words: 7863.0 sentences: 380.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342831-4qfe8kok.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342831-4qfe8kok.txt summary: Chitosan-based formulations have been found to orchestrate both cellular and humoral responses, and represent the most promising candidates for adjuvant and delivery systems for mucosal vaccines [37] . Recently, chitosan-based adjuvant systems have been proven to have mucoadhesive qualities and the unique ability to open the tight junctions between epithelial cells at natural portals, which stimulates a robust mucosal immune response by facilitating the transport of antigens via an alternative yet effective route for antigen delivery [5, 30, 39, 74, 75] . In pre-clinical and clinical research, chitosan and its derivatives have demonstrated low-toxicity, mucoadhesive capabilities, the ability to enhance the internalization of antigens by APCs, and immune-stimulatory properties, which makes them promising candidates for effective mucosal adjuvants [5] . Development and characterization of surface modified PLGA nanoparticles for nasal vaccine delivery: effect of mucoadhesive coating on antigen uptake and immune adjuvant activity abstract: Mucosal vaccination, which is shown to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses, serves as a non-invasive and convenient alternative to parenteral administration, with stronger capability in combatting diseases at the site of entry. The exploration of potent mucosal adjuvants is emerging as a significant area, based on the continued necessity to amplify the immune responses to a wide array of antigens that are poorly immunogenic at the mucosal sites. As one of the inspirations from the ocean, chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants have been developed with unique advantages, such as, ability of mucosal adhesion, distinct trait of opening the junctions to allow the paracellular transport of antigen, good tolerability and biocompatibility, which guaranteed the great potential in capitalizing on their application in human clinical trials. In this review, the state of art of chitosan and its derivatives as mucosal adjuvants, including thermo-sensitive chitosan system as mucosal adjuvant that were newly developed by author's group, was described, as well as the clinical application perspective. After a brief introduction of mucosal adjuvants, chitosan and its derivatives as robust immune potentiator were discussed in detail and depth, in regard to the metabolism, safety profile, mode of actions and preclinical and clinical applications, which may shed light on the massive clinical application of chitosan as mucosal adjuvant. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X15011056 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.101 id: cord-342800-62jklwiy author: Xu, Shuqin title: mRNA Vaccine Era—Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection date: 2020-09-09 words: 13579.0 sentences: 706.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342800-62jklwiy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342800-62jklwiy.txt summary: The RNActive ® vaccine platform designed by CureVac used co-delivered RNA and protamine complex as the adjuvant to induce Th1 T cell responses, and naked, unmodified, and sequence-optimized mRNA as the antigen to develop mRNA vaccines [54] . used LNP to deliver self-amplified RNA vaccines, which caused the mRNA expression level in mice to be significantly higher than that of naked mRNA, CD4 + , and CD8 + T cell immune responses were also effectively induced. Overall development steps of those vaccines are (1) constructing the core antigen-encoding mRNA sequence optimized or combined based on selected antigen(s) from the target pathogen; (2) trying and choosing a proper combination of mRNA construction type, adjuvants, carrier materials and the route of administration; (3) detecting in vivo expression of the encoded antigen and the level of elicited immune responses; (4) providing research and demonstrations of immune induction mechanisms. abstract: Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based drugs, notably mRNA vaccines, have been widely proven as a promising treatment strategy in immune therapeutics. The extraordinary advantages associated with mRNA vaccines, including their high efficacy, a relatively low severity of side effects, and low attainment costs, have enabled them to become prevalent in pre-clinical and clinical trials against various infectious diseases and cancers. Recent technological advancements have alleviated some issues that hinder mRNA vaccine development, such as low efficiency that exist in both gene translation and in vivo deliveries. mRNA immunogenicity can also be greatly adjusted as a result of upgraded technologies. In this review, we have summarized details regarding the optimization of mRNA vaccines, and the underlying biological mechanisms of this form of vaccines. Applications of mRNA vaccines in some infectious diseases and cancers are introduced. It also includes our prospections for mRNA vaccine applications in diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, such as tuberculosis. At the same time, some suggestions for future mRNA vaccine development about storage methods, safety concerns, and personalized vaccine synthesis can be found in the context. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32916818/ doi: 10.3390/ijms21186582 id: cord-296886-0bma2749 author: Xu, Yingying title: Intranasal DNA Vaccine for Protection against Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Delivery Perspectives date: 2014-07-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Intranasal delivery of DNA vaccines has become a popular research area recently. It offers some distinguished advantages over parenteral and other routes of vaccine administration. Nasal mucosa as site of vaccine administration can stimulate respiratory mucosal immunity by interacting with the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). Different kinds of DNA vaccines are investigated to provide protection against respiratory infectious diseases including tuberculosis, coronavirus, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) etc. DNA vaccines have several attractive development potential, such as producing cross-protection towards different virus subtypes, enabling the possibility of mass manufacture in a relatively short time and a better safety profile. The biggest obstacle to DNA vaccines is low immunogenicity. One of the approaches to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccine is to improve DNA delivery efficiency. This review provides insight on the development of intranasal DNA vaccine for respiratory infections, with special attention paid to the strategies to improve the delivery of DNA vaccines using non-viral delivery agents. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25014738/ doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6030378 id: cord-282158-08u3x1z4 author: Yang, William H. title: Long-term immunogenicity of an AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in young and elderly adults: An observer-blind, randomized trial() date: 2013-09-13 words: 5295.0 sentences: 252.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282158-08u3x1z4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282158-08u3x1z4.txt summary: This large-scale, randomized study in subjects ≥18 years of age assessed whether one dose of AS03-adjuvanted 3.75 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited immune response that met the US and European regulatory criteria. A single dose of the AS03-adjuvanted 3.75 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited HI immune responses in the 18-64 years and >64 years age groups that met the CBER regulatory criteria at Day 21 ( Table 1 ). At Day 21, a single dose of the non-adjuvanted 15 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited HI immune responses in subjects 18-64 years and >64 years of age that met the CBER regulatory criteria (Table 1) . Data from this large, controlled study in adults 18 years of age and older demonstrated that a single dose of AS03-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited strong HI immune responses 21 days later that met the CHMP and the more stringent CBER criteria for pandemic influenza vaccines. abstract: BACKGROUND: This study (NCT00979602) evaluated the immunogenicity and relative protective efficacy of one dose of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine with or without AS03 (an α-tocopherol oil-in-water emulsion based Adjuvant System). METHODS: Four thousands and forty-eight healthy adults aged ≥18 years were randomized (1:1) to receive one dose of either the adjuvanted split virion (3.75 μg hemagglutinin antigen [HA]/AS03) or non-adjuvanted (15 μg HA) vaccine. Hemagglutination inhibition [HI] antibody response was evaluated before vaccination and at Days 21, 42 and 182 (Month 6). Safety of the study vaccines was evaluated during the entire study duration. RESULTS: At Day 21, both study vaccines induced HI immune responses meeting the US regulatory criteria in subjects 18–64 years (seroprotection rate [SPR]: 98.0% [97.1–98.6]; seroconversion rate [SCR]: 89.7% [88.0–91.2] in the AS03-adjuvanted group; SPR: 91.4% [89.9–92.8]; SCR: 74.6% [72.3–76.9] in the non-adjuvanted group) and >64 years of age (SPR: 86.0% [82.5–89.0]; SCR: 75.3% [71.1–79.2] in the AS03-adjuvanted group; SPR: 69.1% [64.6–73.3]; SCR: 56.7% [52.0–61.3] in the non-adjuvanted group). The AS03-adjuvanted vaccine induced higher HI geometric mean titers than the non-adjuvanted vaccine at all time points. At Month 6, only subjects 18–64 years of age from both vaccine groups still met the US regulatory criteria (SPR: 82.1% [80.0–84.1]; SCR: 62.3% [59.6–64.8] in the AS03-adjuvanted group; SPR: 75.3% [72.9–77.5]; SCR: 53.7% [51.0–56.4] in the non-adjuvanted group). Protective efficacy was not evaluated due to low number of RT-qPCR-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza cases. Through Month 12, 216 serious adverse events (in 157 subjects: 84 in the AS03-adjuvanted and 73 in the non-adjuvanted group) and 12 potentially immune mediated diseases (5 in the AS03-adjuvanted and 7 in the non-adjuvanted group) were reported. CONCLUSION: A single dose of either adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine induced protective HI antibody levels against the A/California/7/2009 strain that persisted through Month 6 in the 18–64 years population. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X13009286 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.007 id: cord-283475-28900qlr author: Yu, Wenzhou title: Vaccine-preventable disease control in the People’s Republic of China: 1949–2016 date: 2018-12-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: China's immunization program is one of the oldest and largest in the world. Rates of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) are comparable to those in high-income countries. The program's evolution has been characterized by ambitious target setting and innovative strategies that have not been widely described. METHODS: We reviewed national and provincial health department archives; analyzed disease surveillance, vaccination coverage, and serosurvey data from 1950 through 2016; and, conducted in-depth interviews with senior Chinese experts involved early VPD control efforts. RESULTS: Widespread immunization began in the 1950s with smallpox, diphtheria, and Bacillus-Calmette Guerin vaccines, and in the 1960s with pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, and Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines. The largest drops in absolute VPD burden occurred in the 1970s with establishment of the Rural Cooperative Medical System and a cadre of trained peasant health workers whose responsibilities included vaccinations. From 1970 to 1979, incidence per 100,000 population dropped 48% from 3.3 to 1.75 for diphtheria, 50% from 152.2 to 49.4 for pertussis, 77% from 2.5 to 0.6 for polio, 60% from 450.5 to 178.3 for measles, and 72% from 18.0 to 5.1 for JE, averting an average of 4 million VPD cases each year. Until the early 1980s, vaccines were delivered through annual winter campaigns using a coordinated ‘rush-relay’ system to expedite transport while leveraging vaccine thermostability. Establishment of the cold chain system during in the 1980s allowed bi-monthly vaccination rounds and more timely vaccination resulting in rates of diphtheria, pertussis, measles and meningitis falling over 90% from 1980 to 1989, while polio and JE rates fell 40–50%. In the 1990s, progress stalled as financing for public health was weakened by broad market reforms. Large investments in public health and immunizations by the central government since 2004 has led to further declines in VPD burden and increased equity. During 2011–2016, the incidence per 100,000 population was <2.0 for measles and <0.2 for pertussis, JE, meningococcal meningitis, and hepatitis A. From 1992 to 2014, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection in children <5 years fell from 9.7% to 0.3%, a 97% decline. China was certified polio-free in 2000 and diphtheria was last reported in 2006. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term political commitment to immunizations as a basic right, ambitious targets, use of disease incidence as the primary metric to assess program performance, and nationwide scale-up of successful locally developed strategies that optimized use of available limited resources have been critical to China's success in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X18313574 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.005 id: cord-257899-l866puqk author: Yun, Cheol-Heui title: Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficacy of Vaccines date: 2020-05-02 words: 1843.0 sentences: 82.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257899-l866puqk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257899-l866puqk.txt summary: The authors concentrated on the use of flagellin, a potent inducer of innate immunity via toll-like receptor 5, as an adjuvant to formulate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based nanoparticle B cell-targeting vaccines that display either the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) or a model antigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL). [6] discussed biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver vaccines for the treatment of diseases including HIV, malaria, some tumors and bacterial diseases due to their beneficial advantages such as improved antigen stability, targeted delivery, long-time controlled release and evasion of immune responses. The authors showed the induction of specific cytotoxic T cell responses to HLA-A2-restricted and hepatitis B virus epitopes due to the ability of the filamentous rod, internalized into APCs. It seems likely that the targeted delivery of these NPs in new-generation vaccines against tumors such as melanoma and mastocytoma might be realized, although clinical trials are necessary to establish their safety in humans. abstract: This editorial aims to summarize the nine scientific papers that contributed to the Special Issue entitled ‘Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficacy of Vaccines’. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32370192/ doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050418 id: cord-351190-sq6zsqqi author: Zaheer, Tean title: Topical Review On Nano-vaccinology: Biochemical Promises and Key Challenges date: 2020-09-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Nanomaterials have wide-ranging biomedical applications in prevention, treatment and control of diseases. Nanoparticle based vaccines have proven prodigious prophylaxis of various infectious and non-infectious diseases of human and animal concern. Nano-vaccines outnumber the conventional vaccines by virtue of plasticity in physio-chemical properties and ease of administration. The efficacy of nano-based vaccines may be attributed to the improved antigen stability, minimum immuno-toxicity, sustained release, enhanced immunogenicity and the flexibility of physical features of nanoparticles. Based on these, the nano-based vaccines have potential to evoke both cellular and humoral immune responses. Targeted and highly specific immunological pathways required for solid and long lasting immunity may be achieved with specially engineered nano-vaccines. This review presents an insight into the prevention of infectious diseases (of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin) and non-infectious diseases (cancer, auto-immune diseases) using nano-vaccinology. Additionally, key challenges to the effective utilization of nano-vaccines from bench to clinical settings have been highlighted as research domains for future. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.028 doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.028 id: cord-282360-byqhzyzi author: Zhang, Dingmei title: Enterovirus 71 vaccine: close but still far date: 2010-04-18 words: 4404.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282360-byqhzyzi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282360-byqhzyzi.txt summary: To overcome the potential problem of reversion to virulence of attenuated strain vaccine, subunit vaccines consisting of only one or a few ''subunit'' proteins of the pathogen that can stimulate immune responses directed at the intact virus have been developed using recombinant DNA technology. 21 have described a recombinant VP1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, showing that the VP1 protein with a complete adjuvant is able to elicit a neutralizing antibody response, enhance T helper cell proliferation, and induce high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-g in mice, providing direct evidence that the VP1 protein contains neutralizing epitopes independent of other viral capsid proteins; this paves the way for the use of VP1 as a backbone antigen for developing subunit vaccines against EV71. Protection against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice by passive immunization with subunit VP1 vaccines and inactivated virus abstract: BACKGROUND: Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, is one of the causative pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and the most common etiological agent isolated from HFMD patients complicated with neurological disorders. EV71 has become an increasingly important neurotropic enterovirus in the post-poliomyelitis eradication era. Effective antiviral agents and vaccines against this virus are currently still under development. We reviewed publications on the development of EV71 vaccines in order to provide an overview of the field. METHODS: Fifty-five articles on EV71 vaccine development, published from 1974 to 2009, were collected from Sun Yat-sen University library and reviewed. RESULTS: Various types of vaccine have been developed for EV71. In results published to date, all vaccines for EV71 under development appear to elicit an immune response in rodents or in monkeys. According to the established regulatory standards, it may be relatively easy to acquire a license to use the inactivated virus in order to meet the immediate demands for EV71 control . With regard to the attenuated vaccine, it is critical to increase the genetic stability before clinical use, due to the risk of virulent revertants. The virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, not only conserving the conformational epitopes, but also having no risk of virulent revertants, is another promising vaccine candidate for EV71, but needs further development. The VP1 capsid protein is the backbone antigen protein for developing subunit vaccine and epitope vaccine; these remain viable potential vaccine strategies worthy of further study and development. CONCLUSIONS: The conservation of the three-dimensional structure is important for the EV71 inactivated vaccine and VLP vaccine to induce a strong immune response. To develop EV71 vaccines with a high protection efficacy, strategies such as the use of adjuvant, strong promoters, tissue-specific promoters, and addition of mucosal immune adjuvant should be considered. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20400350/ doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.12.002 id: cord-003828-bhfghcby author: Zrzavy, Tobias title: Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis: Friend or Foe? date: 2019-08-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease of the central nervous systems (CNS). Disease-modifying treatments (including immunosuppressive treatments) have shown positive effects on the disease course, but are associated with systemic consequences on the immune system and may increase the risk of infections and alter vaccine efficiency. Therefore, vaccination of MS patients is of major interest. Over the last years, vaccine hesitancy has steadily grown especially in Western countries, partly due to fear of sequelae arising from vaccination, especially neurological disorders. The interaction of vaccination and MS has been discussed for decades. In this review, we highlight the immunology of vaccination, provide a review of literature and discuss the clinical consideration of MS, vaccination and immunosuppression. In conclusion, there is consensus that MS cannot be caused by vaccines, neither by inactivated nor by live vaccines. However, particular attention should be paid to two aspects: First, in immunocompromised patients, live vaccines may lead to a stronger immune reaction with signs of the disease against which the patients have been vaccinated, albeit in weakened form. Second, protection provided by vaccination should be controlled in patients who have been vaccinated while receiving immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment. In conclusion, there is evidence that systemic infections can worsen MS, thus vaccination will lower the risk of relapses by reducing the risk of infections. Therefore, vaccination should be in general recommended to MS patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693409/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01883 id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1 author: nan title: Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh date: 2011-04-21 words: 35453.0 sentences: 1711.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt summary: Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639731/ doi: 10.1007/s13337-011-0027-2 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel