# pos

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token:
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lemma:
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# ent

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  Urgent Guidance for Navigating and Circumventing the QTc Prolonging and Torsadogenic Potential of Possible Pharmacotherapies for Coronavirus Disease 19 COVID 19 Role of lopinavir


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  The Dynamic Relationship Between Clinical Symptomatology and Viral Shedding in Naturally Acquired Seasonal


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  Thoracic Society European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Mechanical Ventilation


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  Wuhan China Potential for International Spread Via Commercial Air Travel Modeling Impact of Temperature and Human Movement


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  The Search for Optimal Oxygen Saturation Targets in Critically Ill Patients Observational Data From Large ICU Databases Practical


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  Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid 19 Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In Hospital Mortality in Patients


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  ist aktuell nicht mit ausreichender Evidenz zu beantworten 10 tierexperimentelle Daten deuten aber darauf hin dass sich vergleichbar mit anderen Viruserkrankungen eine Immunität


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  bilirubin p 0 05 indirect bilirubin p 0 01 and total bile acid p 0 05 concentrations Table 5 Figure S2 In this study we reported the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID 19 as well as therapies they received during hospitalization in Hunan province China None of the 54 infected patients had been exposed to the Huanan Seafood Market suggesting human


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  influenza A H7N9 China Live poultry exposure and public response to influenza A H7N9 in urban and rural China during two epidemic waves in 2013 2014 Responses to threat of influenza A H7N9


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  SARS CoV 2 yet 11 12 Therefore most patients were treated with supportive treatment and intensive care Unfortunately due to restrictions of hospital s conditions and the heavy burden of COVID 19


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  Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Disease Severity and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019


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  the Post Traumatic Stress Disorders PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition


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  Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms Disorders PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition


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  American Thoracic Society European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice


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  COVID 19 Association of Renin Angiotensin System Inhibitors with Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease


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  China s Global Interdependence International Reserves Capital Inflows Financial Market Transmission and Exchange Rate Determination


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  hypertension cardiovascular disease diabetes malignancy cerebrovascular disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD chronic kidney disease


id: cord-305422-t8azymo7
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  Its Implication for Public Health Interventions Consensus Document on the Epidemiology of SARS Organizaition WH Global Surveillance


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  A Comparative Study of Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors for Adverse Outcome in Patients Hospitalised with Acute Respiratory Disease Due


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  The World after Ebola An Overview of Ebola Complications Vaccine Development Lessons Learned Financial Losses


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  Transforming the Crisis Prone Organization Preventing Individual Organizational and Environmental Tragedies


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  The Rate of Underascertainment of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infection Estimation Using Japanese Passengers Data on Evacuation Flights


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  China and encoded 31 haplotypes H d 0 987 0 009 SD P i 0 16 10 3 0 01 10 3 with 27 nationally regionally private haplotypes


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  Cross Cooperative Team of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences


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  The Alfred ICU Guideline for Intubation of Critically Ill Patients Paediatric Intensive Care Society


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  The State Council of The People s Republic of China National Health Commission of People s Republic of China Notice of the General Office of the National Health Commission


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  COVID 19 A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the Pandemic date 2020 07 24


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  the Weekly Travel Patterns of Private Vehicles Using Automatic Vehicle Identification Data A Case Study of Wuhan Report


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  Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Automobiles Registered Automobile Inspection Registration Information Association Ministry of Environmental Protection MEP


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  8 CC BY NC ND 4 0 International license It is made available under a perpetuity is the author funder who


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  The National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention China National Health Commission of the People s Republic of China Diagnosis


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  the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team


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  Beijing Tianjin Hebei cross border area east Hubei and the Jiangsu Zhejiang Shanghai cross border areas


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  Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza United States Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease


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  the Emergency Department Identify Isolate Inform A Modified Tool for Initial Detection and Management of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Patients


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  the Wuhan Seafood Market Coronavirus Possible Importance of the KRSFIEDLLFNKV Motif Structure Function and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins Cleavage


id: cord-333262-xvfl7ycj
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  Peptides Corresponding to the Predicted Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Coronavirus Spike Protein


id: cord-333262-xvfl7ycj
type: PERCENT
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  2 HR2 Derived Peptide Entry Inhibition as a Result of Mutations in the HR1 Domain of the Spike Fusion Protein Peptides as Drugs The Journey so Far Prediction of HIV Vaccine Synthetic Peptides Related To HIV Env Proteins


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  INRA EUC Rapport Programming Environment for the Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industries Computer Aided Design of Biomolecules


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  The GOR Method for Predicting Secondary Structure in Proteins in Prediction of Protein Structure and the Principles of Protein Conformation Synthesis


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  Towards Automated Reasoning for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence Towards New Tools for Pharmacoepidemiology The Concept of Novel Compositions of Matter A Theoretical Analysis Suggestions


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  Inference Language for Medicine Continuity of Patient Care with PCAST Disaggregation Split Complex Numbers and


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  the Role of a Smart Web for Precision Medicine Supported by Biobanking Studies in Using a Universal Exchange


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  The Engines of Hippocrates From the Dawn of Medicine to Medical and Pharmaceutical Informatics Robson


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  coronavirus serotypes OC43 like and 229E like which are the main examples discussed below While the common cold


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  Bilayer Local Search Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem


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  the Institutional Ethics Committee of Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology 20200036


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  CoViD 19 Outbreak medRxiv Report 4 Severity of 2019 novel coronavirus nCoV Imperial College Febbario


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  the Ethics of Committees of Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology


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  Camostat Mesilate Pancrelipase and Rabeprazole Combination Therapy Improves Epigastric Pain in Early Chronic Pancreatitis


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  Vanishing Borders Protecting the Planet in the Age of Globalization Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic Cold Spring Harb Clinical


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  coronavirus 2019 nCoV has spread internationally since the initial report of cases by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission China


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  Customs Clearance of Import Donations Used for Prevention and Control of New Type Coronavirus Pneumonia World Health Organization Infection


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  Ataque cerebrovascular agudo isquémico o hemorrágico con tazas de entre el 5 al 6 por lo que el examen neurológico debe realizarse para documentar


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  debido al riesgo potencial de contaminación del campo quirúrgico con el aire que sale de la válvula de exhalación


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
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  con el receptor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 ACE2 el hemograma puede revelar linfopenia y neutrofilia sin otras anormalidades significativas


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  además de recibir hidroxicloroquina lopinavir ritonavir y metilprednisolona fueron tratados con plasma


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
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  Assessment of Self Contamination During Removal of Personal Protective Equipment for Ebola Patient Care


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
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id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
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  CT A Preliminary Study on the Ultrasonic Manifestations of Peripulmonary Lesions of Non Critical Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Effect of Focused Bedside Ultrasonography


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
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  the Acute Disease Quality Initiative ADQI 21 Workgroup Intravascular Volume Assessment in the Critically Ill Patient


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id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
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  Treatment With Convalescent Plasma for Critically Ill Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


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# bib

id: cord-011558-ls6cdive
title: An Asymptomatic Patient with COVID-19
author: Zhang, Jingping
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-011558-ls6cdive.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011558-ls6cdive.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258648/
doi: 10.1164/rccm.202002-0241im
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-011558-ls6cdive authors: Zhang, Jingping; Du, Yonghao; Bai, Lu; Pu, Jiantao; Jin, Chenwang; Yang, Jian; Guo, Youmin cord_uid: ls6cdive Our case verified the asymptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as previously reported (3, 4) and suggested that 1) the transmission of COVID-19 seemingly could occur during the incubation period and may cause a potential threat to public health, and 2) the CT examination is very helpful for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 because the abnormalities (e.g., unilateral or bilateral subpleural multifocal ground-glass opacities of the lungs) associated with COVID-19 could be visualized on CT while subjects remain asymptomatic (5) . n Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-toperson transmission: a study of a family cluster Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study


id: cord-027758-vgr6ht3a
author: Wang, Tianbing
date: 2020-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-027758-vgr6ht3a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027758-vgr6ht3a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313816/
doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa018
summary:
  OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact and repercussions of the surge in healthcare demand in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, assess the potential effectiveness of various infection/disease control measures, and make projections on the best approach to exit from the current lockdown. The model captures the effectiveness of various disease suppression measures in three modifiable factors: (a) the per capita contact rate (β) that can be lowered by means of social distancing, (b) infection probability upon contacting infectious individuals that can be lowered by wearing facemasks, personal hygiene, etc., and (c) the population of infectious individuals in contact with the susceptible population, which can be lowered by quarantine. Analysing the different lockdown exit strategies showed that a lockdown exit strategy with a combination of social separation/general facemask use may work, but this needs to be supported by intense monitoring which would allow re-introduction/tightening of the control measures if the number of new infected subjects increases again.

title:
  A four-compartment model for the COVID-19 infection—implications on infection kinetics, control measures, and lockdown exit strategies

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact and repercussions of the surge in healthcare demand in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, assess the potential effectiveness of various infection/disease control measures, and make projections on the best approach to exit from the current lockdown. DESIGN: A four-compartment model was constructed for SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the Wuhan data and validated with data collected in Italy, the UK, and the US. The model captures the effectiveness of various disease suppression measures in three modifiable factors: (a) the per capita contact rate (β) that can be lowered by means of social distancing, (b) infection probability upon contacting infectious individuals that can be lowered by wearing facemasks, personal hygiene, etc., and (c) the population of infectious individuals in contact with the susceptible population, which can be lowered by quarantine. The model was used to make projections on the best approach to exit from the current lockdown. RESULTS: The model was applied to evaluate the epidemiological data and hospital burden in Italy, the UK, and the US. The control measures were identified as the key drivers for the observed epidemiological data through sensitivity analyses. Analysing the different lockdown exit strategies showed that a lockdown exit strategy with a combination of social separation/general facemask use may work, but this needs to be supported by intense monitoring which would allow re-introduction/tightening of the control measures if the number of new infected subjects increases again. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Governments should act early in a swift and decisive manner for containment policies. Any lockdown exit will need to be monitored closely, with regards to the potential of lockdown reimplementation. This mathematical model provides a framework for major pandemics in the future.


id: cord-029100-gxn15jgt
title: Conclusion
author: Clark, Anthony E.
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-029100-gxn15jgt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029100-gxn15jgt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355147/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-6182-5_5
summary:
  It was written as the COVID-19 virus was sweeping across the globe, and Clark reflects upon the comparisons between the virus'' outbreak at Wuhan in 2019 and two French Catholic missionaries, François-Régis Clet, and Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, who were martyred in the Wuchang district of Wuhan in the mid-nineteenth century. It struck me that both of these missionaries, François-Régis Clet (1748-1820) and Jean-Gabriel Perboyre (1802-1840), were executed in a fashion uniquely relevant to the way in which this particular virus attacks those whom it infects, and that their stories might help explain how the contours of China''s Christian history connect to our own time.

abstract:
  This conclusion of the compendium of essays by Anthony E. Clark summarizes the content and significance of his research on the history of Catholicism in China. It was written as the COVID-19 virus was sweeping across the globe, and Clark reflects upon the comparisons between the virus’ outbreak at Wuhan in 2019 and two French Catholic missionaries, François-Régis Clet, and Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, who were martyred in the Wuchang district of Wuhan in the mid-nineteenth century. Also considered in this conclusion is the trend among scholars to depict China’s relationship with the West and Christianity as one of “conflict” or “cooperation,” highlighting the two extremes of either irreconcilable difference or congruous sameness. Clark concludes this collection of essays with the suggestion that the historical exchange between China and the West has been rather an admixture of conflict and cooperation, but defined mostly as a relationship of friendship.


id: cord-029550-qodmamov
author: Jandrić, Petar
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-029550-qodmamov.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029550-qodmamov.txt
extension: .txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7376275/
doi: 10.1007/s42438-020-00173-w
abstract: nan
summary:
  On 25 January 2020, day one of the Lunar New Year and two days after the city of Wuhan entered lockdown, the famous Chinese writer Fang Fang started writing her online diary in her flat not far from the local Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market identified as a possible source of Covid-19 (Maron 2020) . This powerful spatio-temporal symbolic, combined with Fang''s poignant writing and her 3.8 million strong social media following at the time of publishing her first entry, has soon launched her online Wuhan diary towards huge popularity. On 15 May, English translation of Fang''s online diary was compiled into a book and published as Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City (Fang 2020) . The assemblage of Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City (Fang 2020 ) and its responses is an almost perfect example of a postdigital dialogue (Jandrić 2017; Jandrić et al.

title:
  Review of Fang Fang (2020). Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City. Trans. M. Berry: New York: HarperCollins. 377 pp. ISBN 9780063052659 (E-Book)


id: cord-030934-t7akdu6x
title: Genetic and pathogenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2: a review
author: Bahrami, Afsane
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-030934-t7akdu6x.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7451412/
doi: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0129
summary:
  The first case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in December 2019. Bioinformatics analysis of the viral genome from one COVID-19 patient shared 89 and 82% sequence similarity with bat SARS-like-CoVZXC21 and human SARS-CoV, respectively [41] . In a recent report it was shown that SARS-CoV-2''s S-protein entry into 293/human ACE2 receptor cells is primarily mediated via endocytosis, and that PIKfyve, a TPC2 and cathepsin L are crucial for virus entry. Findings of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial among 22 infected patients indicated that hydroxychloroquine treatment significantly reduced viral load in COVID-19 cases and its effectiveness is promoted by azithromycin [99] . The M, E, and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly, trafficking, and release of virus-like particles Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response

abstract:
  The first case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in December 2019. This virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus group that contains a single stranded RNA with a nucleoprotein within a capsid. SARS-CoV-2 shares 80% nucleotide identity to SARS-CoV. The virus is disseminated by its binding to the ACE2 receptors on bronchial epithelial cells. The diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on a laboratory-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test together with chest computed tomography imaging. To date, no antiviral therapy has been approved, and many aspects of the COVID-19 are unknown. In this review, we will focus on the recent information on genetics and pathogenesis of COVID-19 as well as its clinical presentation and potential treatments.


id: cord-031001-x4iiqq5e
title: Personnel protection strategy for healthcare workers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 epidemic
author: Hou, Fan Fan
date: 2020-07-20
txt: ./txt/cord-031001-x4iiqq5e.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7454919/
doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa024
summary:
  DESIGN: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 943 healthcare staff sent from Guangzhou to Wuhan to care for patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 received infection precaution training before their mission and were equipped with Level 2/3 personal protective equipment (PPE), in accordance with guidelines from the National Health Commission of China. The seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG, IgM, or both IgG/IgM positive) was 3.4% (53 out of 1571) in local healthcare workers from Wuhan with Level 2/3 PPE working in isolation areas and 5.4% (126 out of 2336) in healthcare staff with Level 1 PPE working in non-isolation medical areas, respectively. The seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG, IgM, or both IgG/IgM positive) was 3.4% (53/1571) in local healthcare workers from Wuhan with Level 2/3 PPE working in isolation areas and 5.4% (126/2336) in healthcare staff with Level 1 PPE working in non-isolation medical areas, respectively (Table 3) .

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To identify the effectiveness of a personnel protection strategy in protection of healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2 infection. DESIGN: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 943 healthcare staff sent from Guangzhou to Wuhan to care for patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 received infection precaution training before their mission and were equipped with Level 2/3 personal protective equipment (PPE), in accordance with guidelines from the National Health Commission of China. We conducted a serological survey on the cumulative attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 among the healthcare workers sent to Wuhan and compared the seropositive rate to that in local healthcare workers from Wuhan and Jingzhou. RESULTS: Serial tests for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and tests for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M and G after the 6-8 week mission revealed a zero cumulative attack rate. Among the local healthcare workers in Wuhan and Jingzhou of Hubei Province, 2.5% (113 out of 4495) and 0.32% (10 out of 3091) had RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19, respectively. The seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG, IgM, or both IgG/IgM positive) was 3.4% (53 out of 1571) in local healthcare workers from Wuhan with Level 2/3 PPE working in isolation areas and 5.4% (126 out of 2336) in healthcare staff with Level 1 PPE working in non-isolation medical areas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our study confirmed that adequate training/PPE can protect medical personnel against SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-103533-k1lg8c7q
title: Development and Evaluation of an AI System for COVID-19
author: Jin, C.
date: 2020-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-103533-k1lg8c7q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-103533-k1lg8c7q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.20.20039834v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.20.20039834
summary:
  We developed and evaluated a deep learning based COVID-19 diagnosis system, using multi-center data, which includes 756 subjects (496 COVID-19 positives and 260 negatives) collected in Wuhan Union Hospital, Western Campus of Wuhan Union Hospital, and Jianghan Mobile Cabin Hospital in Wuhan, the major epidemic area in China (detailed information is in Table 1 ). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039834 doi: medRxiv preprint sists of five key components (Figure 1 a) , (1) a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model for segmenting the lung, (2) a COVID-19 diagnosis model, (3) an abnormal slices locating block to locate abnormal slices in positive cases, (4) a network visualization module for interpreting the attentional region of deep networks, and (5) an image phenotype analysis module for explaining the features of the attentional region.

abstract:
  Early detection of COVID-19 based on chest CT will enable timely treatment of patients and help control the spread of the disease. With rapid spreading of COVID-19 in many countries, however, CT volumes of suspicious patients are increasing at a speed much faster than the availability of human experts. Here, we propose an artificial intelligence (AI) system for fast COVID-19 diagnosis with an accuracy comparable to experienced radiologists. A large dataset was constructed by collecting 970 CT volumes of 496 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and 260 negative cases from three hospitals in Wuhan, China, and 1,125 negative cases from two publicly available chest CT datasets. Trained using only 312 cases, our diagnosis system, which is based on deep convolutional neural network, is able to achieve an accuracy of 94.98%, an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 97.91%, a sensitivity of 94.06%, and a specificity of 95.47% on an independent external verification dataset of 1,255 cases. In a reader study involving five radiologists, only one radiologist is slightly more accurate than the AI system. The AI system is two orders of magnitude faster than radiologists and the code is available at https://github.com/ChenWWWeixiang/diagnosis_covid19.


id: cord-119576-8qp8o2g2
title: Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Antiepidemic Policies and Global Situation Assessment of COVID-19
author: Xu, Liyan
date: 2020-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-119576-8qp8o2g2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-119576-8qp8o2g2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07765v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel restriction. We find that: 1) intercity travel restriction has minimal or even negative effect compared to the other two at the national level; 2) the time of reaching turning point is independent of the current number of cases, and only related to the enforcement stringency of epidemiological control and social interaction control measures; 3) strong enforcement at the early stage is the only opportunity to maximize both antiepidemic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; 4) mediocre stringency of social interaction measures is the worst choice. Overall, compared with in-city epidemiological and social interaction control measures, the contribution of inter-city travel restrictions to the reduction of the number of infected cases and the spatial spread of disease is much smaller-lower by two orders of magnitudes.

abstract:
  With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel restriction. We find that: 1) intercity travel restriction has minimal or even negative effect compared to the other two at the national level; 2) the time of reaching turning point is independent of the current number of cases, and only related to the enforcement stringency of epidemiological control and social interaction control measures; 3) strong enforcement at the early stage is the only opportunity to maximize both antiepidemic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; 4) mediocre stringency of social interaction measures is the worst choice. Subsequently, we cluster countries/regions into four groups based on their control measures and provide situation assessment and policy suggestions for each group.


id: cord-136515-e0j2iruo
title: A Data-Driven Network Model for the Emerging COVID-19 Epidemics in Wuhan, Toronto and Italy
author: Xue, Ling
date: 2020-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-136515-e0j2iruo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-136515-e0j2iruo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.14533v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization algorithm. Ziff and Ziff analyzed the number of reported cases for Wuhan (China) and showed that the growth of the daily number of confirmed new cases indicates an underlying fractal or small-world network of connections between susceptible and infected individuals [2] . developed a compartmental model dividing individuals into susceptible, exposed, removed, and quarantined symptomatically infected and showed that the distinctive subexponential increase of confirmed cases in mainland China could be explained as a direct consequence of containment policies that effectively deplete the susceptible population [10] . The model then projected the trends of COVID-19 spread by simulating epidemics in the Wuhan, Toronto, and Italy networks. Simulation results showed that personal protection, reducing the node degrees of symptomatically infected individuals, and quarantine of close contacts are effective in reducing the peak epidemic size and final epidemic size.

abstract:
  The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic threatens the health of humans and causes great economic losses. Predictive modelling and forecasting the epidemic trends are essential for developing countermeasures to mitigate this pandemic. We develop a network model, where each node represents an individual and the edges represent contacts between individuals where the infection can spread. The individuals are classified based on the number of contacts they have each day (their node degrees) and their infection status. The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization algorithm. Our model fits all three regions well with narrow confidence intervals and could be adapted to simulate other megacities or regions. The model projections on the role of containment strategies can help inform public health authorities to plan control measures.


id: cord-252804-u7tz6xzz
title: COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview
author: Ciotti, Marco
date: 2020-04-07
txt: ./txt/cord-252804-u7tz6xzz.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32259829/
doi: 10.1159/000507423
summary:
  Inoculation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from patients with pneumonia of unknown origin into human airway epithelial cells and Vero E6 and Huh7 cell lines led to the isolation of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, previously named 2019-nCov [1] . As soon as on January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities had declared that a novel coronavirus was responsible for this outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, a European network of academic and public laboratories designed an rRT-PCR protocol based on the comparison and alignment of previously available SARS-CoV and bat-related coronavirus genome sequences as well as five sequences derived from the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 made available by the Chinese authorities [23] . Regarding the sites under positive selective pressure found on the Spike glycoprotein, the results have shown that amino acid position 536 in COVID-19 has an Asn residue, while the Bat SARS-like coronavirus has a Gln 4 DOI: 10.1159/000507423 residue; the SARS virus, instead, has an Asp residue. Phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes showed that the novel coronavirus responsible for the pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus [37] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In late December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province. SUMMARY: A few days later, the genome of a novel coronavirus was released (http://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319; Wuhan-Hu-1, GenBank accession No. MN908947) and made publicly available to the scientific community. This novel coronavirus was provisionally named 2019-nCoV, now SARS-CoV-2 according to the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family, Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus. Since its discovery, the virus has spread globally, causing thousands of deaths and having an enormous impact on our health systems and economies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the epidemiology, phylogenesis, homology modeling, and molecular diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. KEY MESSAGES: Phylogenetic analysis is essential to understand viral evolution, whereas homology modeling is important for vaccine strategies and therapies. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are key to case identification, contact tracing, identification of the animal source, and implementation of control measures.


id: cord-254538-vcf44w1k
author: Rocha Filho, C. R.
date: 2020-05-09
txt: ./txt/cord-254538-vcf44w1k.txt
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url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.06.20087692v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.06.20087692
summary:
  title: PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CLINICAL COURSE OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: PROTOCOL FOR A RAPID LIVING SYSTEMATIC REVIEW We will perform the critical appraisal of included studies with the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool and the certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Thus, the purpose of this rapid living systematic review is to identify the evidence about prognostic factors in patients with COVID-19, considering the following research questions: This rapid living review will systematically evaluate the best available evidence to identify the risk and protective factors of COVID-19, which we expect will help the front line on their decision making processes. We believe that the strengths of this rapid systematic review include the transparency, the strict methods, the evaluation of the quality of evidence, and the extensive and more sensitive searches. Assessing Bias in Studies of Prognostic Factors

title:
  PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CLINICAL COURSE OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: PROTOCOL FOR A RAPID LIVING SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

abstract:
  CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Determining prognostic factors in a context of health crises such as the COVID-19 scenario may provide the best possible care for patients and optimize the management and the resource utilization of the health system. Thus, we aim to systematically review the prognostic factors for different outcomes of patients with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: Protocol for a rapid living systematic review methodology following the recommendations proposed by the Cochrane Handbook. METHODS: We will include prospective and retrospective longitudinal cohorts. In view of the limited amount of information, we will also include case-control studies. We will search PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), LILACS, Scopus and SciELO to identify published, ongoing, and unpublished studies. No language restrictions will be applied. We will perform the critical appraisal of included studies with the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool and the certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).


id: cord-254968-czrgzyr3
title: A serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in cat in Wuhan
author: Zhang, Qiang
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-254968-czrgzyr3.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1817796
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1817796
summary:
  Here, we investigated the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cats during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan by serological detection methods. Our data demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 has infected cats in Wuhan during the outbreak and described serum antibody dynamics in cats, providing an important reference for clinical treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Here, we investigated the serological prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cats by an indirect ELISA and virus neutralization tests (VNT), and monitored the serum antibody dynamics of cats infected SARS-CoV-2, providing a basis for further understanding the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cats. In this study, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cats in Wuhan during the COVID-19 outbreak with ELISA, VNT and western blot. Virus neutralization test and Western blot assay of cat serum samples for SARS-CoV-2 (A) Cat#14, Cat#15 and Cat#4 sera were 3-fold serially diluted and mixed with SARS-CoV-2; after incubated at 37°C for 1 h, the mixture was used to infect Vero E6 cells, and replaced with semi-solid media 1 h later.

abstract:
  COVID-19 is a new respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, and has constituted a global public health emergency. Cat is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cats remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cats during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan by serological detection methods. A cohort of serum samples were collected from cats in Wuhan, including 102 sampled after COVID-19 outbreak, and 39 prior to the outbreak. Fifteen sera collected after the outbreak were positive for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among them, 11 had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a titer ranging from 1/20 to 1/1080. No serological cross-reactivity was detected between SARS-CoV-2 and type I or II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). In addition, we continuously monitored serum antibody dynamics of two positive cats every 10 days over 130 days. Their serum antibodies reached the peak at 10 days after first sampling, and declined to the limit of detection within 110 days. Our data demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 has infected cats in Wuhan during the outbreak and described serum antibody dynamics in cats, providing an important reference for clinical treatment and prevention of COVID-19.


id: cord-255905-ti9b1etu
author: Qiu, Chengfeng
date: 2020-03-06
txt: ./txt/cord-255905-ti9b1etu.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.04.20026005
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.04.20026005
summary:
  This report included the hospitalized patients with COVID-19 to assess the transmission and clinical characteristic of two hospitals, which designated as the treatment center for the NCP in Huaihua and Shaoyang cities, Hunan Province, China. In this study, we recruited confirmed patients with COVID-19 from two hospitals, the First People''s Hospital of Huaihua and the Central Hospital of Shaoyang which designated as the treatment center of Huaihua and Shaoyang city, Huanan Province, China from Jan 22, 2020 to Feb 12, 2020 . In cluster 17, C''3 (not included in this study population) returned Shaoyang city from Wuhan on Jan19, 2020, three relatives of C''3 were identified as COVID-19 infection after several days of closely contacted with C''3. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.04.20026005 doi: medRxiv preprint a notable feature is clustering occurrence, most patients were infected from their family members, relatives or friends through a close contact. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

title:
  Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China

abstract:
  Background: Cases with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emigrated from Wuhan escalated the risk of spreading in other cities. This report focused on the outside-Wuhan patients to assess the transmission and clinical characteristics of this illness. Methods: Contact investigation was conducted on each patient who admitted to the assigned hospitals in Hunan Province (geographically adjacent to Wuhan) from Jan 22, 2020 to Feb 12, 2020. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics, medication therapy and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Patients were confirmed by PCR test. Results: Of the 104 patients, 48 (46.15%) were imported cases and 56 (53.85%) were indigenous cases; 93 (89.42%) had a definite contact history with infections. Family clusters were the major body of patients. Transmission along the chain of 3 &ldquo:generations” was observed. Mean age was 43 (rang, 8-84) years (including 3 children) and 49 (47.12%) were male. Most patients had typical symptoms, 5 asymptomatic infections were found and 2 of them infected their relatives. The median incubation period was 6 (rang, 1-32) days, of 8 patients ranged from 18 to 32 days. Just 9 of 16 severe patients required ICU care. Until Feb 12, 2020, 40 (38.46%) discharged and 1 (0.96%) died. For the antiviral treatment, 80 (76.92%) patients received traditional Chinese medicine therapy. Conclusions: Family but not community transmission occupied the main body of infections in the two centers. Asymptomatic transmission demonstrated here warned us that it may bring more risk to the spread of COVID-19. The incubation period of 8 patients exceeded 14 days.


id: cord-257556-lmws8eed
title: Three months of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
author: Rafiq, Danish
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-257556-lmws8eed.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420674/
doi: 10.1002/rmv.2113
summary:
  2 While several other human coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 cause mild respiratory disease, others like the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV tend to have a higher fatality rate 6 (summarized in Table 1 ). Typical of respiratory viruses like influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2019 can spread through large droplets (with a transmission risk restricted tõ 6 ft from the patient). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: a data-driven Modelling analysis of the early outbreak Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak

abstract:
  The pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2019), reminiscent of the 2002‐SARS‐CoV outbreak, has completely isolated countries, disrupted health systems and partially paralyzed international trade and travel. In order to be better equipped to anticipate transmission of this virus to new regions, it is imperative to track the progress of the virus over time. This review analyses information on progression of the pandemic in the past 3 months and systematically discusses the characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2019 virus including its epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and clinical manifestations. Furthermore, the review also encompasses some recently proposed conceptual models that estimate the spread of this disease based on the basic reproductive number for better prevention and control procedures. Finally, we shed light on how the virus has endangered the global economy, impacting it both from the supply and demand side.


id: cord-258113-mnou31j3
author: Wang, Yaping
date: 2020-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-258113-mnou31j3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258113-mnou31j3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa187
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa187
summary:
  title: Clinical Characteristics of Patients Infected With the Novel 2019 Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Guangzhou, China CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Guangzhou, China are not severe cases and patients with older age, male, and decreased albumin level were more likely to develop into severe ones. [5] studied the clinical features of 99 patients with COVID-19 and found that SARS-Cov-2 was more likely to infect older men with comorbidities and to lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Among all patients, univariate analysis indicated that age, sex, imported disease, incubation period, interval between hospital admission and symptom onset, any coexisting medical condition, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, PCT, LDH, CK, ALB, AST, and D-dimer were associated with disease severity. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

title:
  Clinical Characteristics of Patients Infected With the Novel 2019 Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Guangzhou, China

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The clinical manifestations and factors associated with the severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections outside of Wuhan are not clearly understood. METHODS: All laboratory-confirmed cases with SARS-Cov-2 infection who were hospitalized and monitored in Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital were recruited from January 20 to February 10. RESULTS: A total of 275 patients were included in this study. The median patient age was 49 years, and 63.6% had exposure to Wuhan. The median virus incubation period was 6 days. Fever (70.5%) and dry cough (56.0%) were the most common symptoms. A decreased albumin level was found in 51.3% of patients, lymphopenia in 33.5%, and pneumonia based on chest computed tomography in 86%. Approximately 16% of patients (n = 45) had severe disease, and there were no deaths. Compared with patients with nonsevere disease, those with severe disease were older, had a higher frequency of coexisting conditions and pneumonia, and had a shorter incubation period (all P < .05). There were no differences between patients who likely contacted the virus in Wuhan and those who had no exposure to Wuhan. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that older age, male sex, and decreased albumin level were independently associated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Guangzhou, China are not severe cases and patients with older age, male, and decreased albumin level were more likely to develop into severe ones.


id: cord-258748-nzynerfu
title: Estimation of the epidemic properties of the 2019 novel coronavirus: A mathematical modeling study
author: Li, Jinghua
date: 2020-02-20
txt: ./txt/cord-258748-nzynerfu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258748-nzynerfu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.18.20024315
doi: 10.1101/2020.02.18.20024315
summary:
  Methods We conducted a mathematical modeling study using five independent methods to assess the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19, using data on confirmed cases obtained from the China National Health Commission for the period 10th January to 8th February. In this study we used data from the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China 12 (NHC) for the period from the 10 th January to the 8 th February to estimate the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 using five mathematical modeling methods conducted independently. We used these modeling methods to estimate the basic reproduction number both before and after the closure of Wuhan city, and across the whole time period of the epidemic. For example, a previous paper using the assumption of exponential growth found a value of " of 2.68 (95% Credible interval 2.47 -2.86) 5 using an SEIR model with Metropolis-Hastings MCMC estimates of uncertainty, but our modeling has shown that this method likely underestimated the basic reproduction number during the pre-closure period.

abstract:
  Background The 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has been spreading rapidly in China. Decisions about its pandemic threat and the appropriate level of public health response depend heavily on estimates of its basic reproduction number and assessments of interventions conducted in the early stages of the epidemic. Methods We conducted a mathematical modeling study using five independent methods to assess the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19, using data on confirmed cases obtained from the China National Health Commission for the period 10th January to 8th February. We analyzed the data for the period before the closure of Wuhan city (10th January to 23rd January) and the post-closure period (23rd January to 8th February) and for the whole period, to assess both the epidemic risk of the virus and the effectiveness of the closure of Wuhan city on spread of COVID-19. Findings Before the closure of Wuhan city the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 was 4.38 (95% CI: 3.63-5.13), dropping to 3.41 (95% CI: 3.16-3.65) after the closure of Wuhan city. Over the entire epidemic period COVID-19 had a basic reproduction number of 3.39 (95% CI: 3.09-3.70), indicating it has a very high transmissibility. Interpretation COVID-19 is a highly transmissible virus with a very high risk of epidemic outbreak once it emerges in metropolitan areas. The closure of Wuhan city was effective in reducing the severity of the epidemic, but even after closure of the city and the subsequent expansion of that closure to other parts of Hubei the virus remained extremely infectious. Emergency planners in other cities should consider this high infectiousness when considering responses to this virus.


id: cord-259149-svryhcgy
author: Su, Yue
date: 2020-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-259149-svryhcgy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259149-svryhcgy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124552
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124552
summary:
  We achieved the aim by (1) sampling Weibo users (geo-location = Wuhan, China) and Twitter users (geo-location = Lombardy, Italy); (2) fetching all the users'' published posts two weeks before and after the lockdown in each region (e.g., the lockdown date of Wuhan was 23 January 2020); (3) extracting the psycholinguistic features of these posts using the Simplified Chinese and Italian version of Language Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionary; and (4) conducting Wilcoxon tests to examine the changes in the psycholinguistic characteristics of the posts before and after the lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy, respectively. In this study, we used the simplified Chinese version of LIWC and Italian LIWC to measure people''s psychological status before and after the lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy, respectively. These linguistic features imply that social media users'' psychological states were impacted after the COVID-19 lockdown, in both Wuhan and Lombardy.

title:
  Examining the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy: A Psycholinguistic Analysis on Weibo and Twitter

abstract:
  Many countries are taking strict quarantine policies to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) around the world, such as city lockdown. Cities in China and Italy were locked down in the early stage of the pandemic. The present study aims to examine and compare the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on individuals’ psychological states in China and Italy. We achieved the aim by (1) sampling Weibo users (geo-location = Wuhan, China) and Twitter users (geo-location = Lombardy, Italy); (2) fetching all the users’ published posts two weeks before and after the lockdown in each region (e.g., the lockdown date of Wuhan was 23 January 2020); (3) extracting the psycholinguistic features of these posts using the Simplified Chinese and Italian version of Language Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionary; and (4) conducting Wilcoxon tests to examine the changes in the psycholinguistic characteristics of the posts before and after the lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy, respectively. Results showed that individuals focused more on “home”, and expressed a higher level of cognitive process after a lockdown in both Wuhan and Lombardy. Meanwhile, the level of stress decreased, and the attention to leisure increased in Lombardy after the lockdown. The attention to group, religion, and emotions became more prevalent in Wuhan after the lockdown. Findings provide decision-makers timely evidence on public reactions and the impacts on psychological states in the COVID-19 context, and have implications for evidence-based mental health interventions in two countries.


id: cord-259229-e8m8m4ut
title: Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies
author: Samidurai, Arun
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-259229-e8m8m4ut.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259229-e8m8m4ut.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186790
doi: 10.3390/ijms21186790
summary:
  Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. Respiratory illness and acute cardiac injury are major clinical manifestations observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the late stage complications of the disease [38] . Based on the available clinical data, potential myocardial injury is a relevant challenge among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with increased risk of mortality; therefore, it is essential for multidisciplinary assessment, including blood pressure control in hypertensive patients as well as cardiovascular evaluation and therapy to reduce the morality for COVID-19 infection. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome, has now become a worldwide pandemic. Despite the respiratory complication, COVID-19 is also associated with significant multiple organ dysfunction, including severe cardiac impairment. Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial impairment include invasion of SARS-CoV-2 virus via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to cardiovascular cells/tissue, which leads to endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, de-stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, stent thrombosis, cardiac stress due to diminish oxygen supply and cardiac muscle damage, and myocardial infarction. Several promising therapeutics are under investigation to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients with high risk of cardiovascular impairment, nevertheless to date, none have shown proven clinical efficacy. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to highlight the current integrated therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 and we summarized the potential therapeutic options, currently under clinical trials, with their mechanisms of action and associated adverse cardiac events in highly infectious COVID-19 patients.


id: cord-259368-k8t8brjy
title: Evidence for pre‐symptomatic transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in China
author: Ren, Xiang
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-259368-k8t8brjy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259368-k8t8brjy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12787
doi: 10.1111/irv.12787
summary:
  A novel coronavirus named "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in January 2020 as the pathogen responsible for a cluster of cases of atypical pneumonia in Wuhan, a large city located in Hubei province in central China. 13 Here, we retrospectively analyse data on cases identified outside of Hubei province through the Chinese Public Health Event Surveillance System at the early stage of transmission in China, in order to provide insights on the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. In these pairs of primary and secondary cases, we fitted a normal distribution to the serial intervals between illness onset dates, allowing for negative and zero serial intervals, and correcting for growth rates in the early stage of an epidemic. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Pre-symptomatic infectiousness is generally not thought to occur for most respiratory viruses, but measles is a well-known example of a respiratory infection that can be spread before symptom onset, 27 and viral shedding during the incubation period has also been reported for influenza.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Between mid‐January and early February, provinces of mainland China outside the epicentre in Hubei province were on high alert for importations and transmission of COVID‐19. Many properties of COVID‐19 infection and transmission were still not yet established. METHODS: We collated and analysed data on 449 of the earliest COVID‐19 cases detected outside Hubei province to make inferences about transmission dynamics and severity of infection. We analysed 64 clusters to make inferences on serial interval and potential role of pre‐symptomatic transmission. RESULTS: We estimated an epidemic doubling time of 5.3 days (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.3, 6.7) and a median incubation period of 4.6 days (95% CI: 4.0, 5.2). We estimated a serial interval distribution with mean 5.7 days (95% CI: 4.7, 6.8) and standard deviation 3.5 days, and effective reproductive number was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.68, 2.35). We estimated that 32/80 (40%) of transmission events were likely to have occurred prior to symptoms onset in primary cases. Secondary cases in clusters had less severe illness on average than cluster primary cases. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of transmissions are occurring around illness onset in an infected person, and pre‐symptomatic transmission does play a role. Detection of milder infections among the secondary cases may be more reflective of true disease severity.


id: cord-261079-rarud78k
title: Rapidly organize redeployed medical staff in coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: what we should do
author: Meng, Mei
date: 2020-09-20
txt: ./txt/cord-261079-rarud78k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261079-rarud78k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000001033
doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001033
abstract: nan
summary:
  By March 4, 2020 , approximately 43,000 medical staff from different regions across the country were assigned to different hospitals in Hubei province, working in the frontline of the outbreak and treating patients with COVID-19. They arrived in Wuhan at midnight and received the training of prevention and control of hospital infection the next day. Governments and hospitals took responsibility for supplying PPE for medical staff teams, which assured that all teams participating in managing COVID-19 patients were well protected from virus contracting and spreading. The governments and hospitals attached great importance to preventing infection of medical staff in the frontline fighting the epidemic. In addition, hospital infection experts were responsible for supervising the personal protection of all team members. [8] Fourth, Communication is a Key Element for Optimizing the Effectiveness of the Medical Team Frontline medical staff in Wuhan had numerous difficulties, including missing their family, worrying about becoming infected, and potential shortages of protective equipment.


id: cord-261246-m40kwgcg
author: Chen, Nanshan
date: 2020-01-30
txt: ./txt/cord-261246-m40kwgcg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261246-m40kwgcg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620302117
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7
summary:
  title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study We describe epidemi ological data (ie, shortterm [occasional visits] and longterm [worked at or lived near] exposure to Huanan seafood market); demographics; signs and symptoms on admission; comorbidity; labora tory results; coinfection with other respiratory pathogens; chest radiography and CT findings; treatment received for 2019nCoV; and clinical outcomes. This study is, to our knowledge, the largest case series to date of 2019-nCoV infections, with 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals all over Wuhan, and provides further information on the demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of patients. This is an extended descriptive study on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the 2019nCoV, including data on 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals across Wuhan.

title:
  Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. METHODS: In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. FINDINGS: Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. INTERPRETATION: The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. FUNDING: National Key R&D Program of China.


id: cord-262104-oig3qrr7
title: COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data
author: Brüssow, Harald
date: 2020-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15118
doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15118
summary:
  Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1''400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development.

abstract:
  In the absence of an efficient drug treatment or a vaccine, the control of the COVID‐19 pandemic relies on classic infection control measures. Since these means are socially disruptive and come with substantial economic loss for societies, a better knowledge of the epidemiology of the new coronavirus epidemic is crucial to achieve control at a sustainable cost, and within tolerable restrictions of civil rights. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-262693-z9dolxky
author: Nishiura, Hiroshi
date: 2020-02-11
txt: ./txt/cord-262693-z9dolxky.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262693-z9dolxky.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020488
doi: 10.3390/jcm9020488
summary:
  title: Initial Cluster of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infections in Wuhan, China Is Consistent with Substantial Human-to-Human Transmission Reanalysis of the epidemic curve from the initial cluster of cases with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in December 2019 indicates substantial human-to-human transmission. To support the hypothesis of zoonotic origin of 2019-nCoV stemming from the Huanan seafood market, the index case should have had exposure history related to the market and the virus should have been identified from animals sold at the market. The clinical summary of the earliest cases of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections in Wuhan, China was recently published [1] , showing the majority of cases were exposed to the Huanan seafood market, which also had wild animals, suggesting the possibility of zoonotic transmission in the market. Second, without identifying the virus in Second, assuming a constant SI of 8 days, the epidemic curve of cases by the date of illness onset can be transformed to that by generation of cases.

title:
  Initial Cluster of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infections in Wuhan, China Is Consistent with Substantial Human-to-Human Transmission

abstract:
  Reanalysis of the epidemic curve from the initial cluster of cases with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in December 2019 indicates substantial human-to-human transmission. It is possible that the common exposure history at a seafood market in Wuhan originated from the human-to-human transmission events within the market, and the early, strong emphasis that market exposure indicated animal-to-human transmission was potentially the result of observer bias. To support the hypothesis of zoonotic origin of 2019-nCoV stemming from the Huanan seafood market, the index case should have had exposure history related to the market and the virus should have been identified from animals sold at the market. As these requirements remain unmet, zoonotic spillover at the market must not be overemphasized.


id: cord-265206-ddg87zxv
title: Maladies respiratoires, allergies et infections à COVID-19. Premières nouvelles de Wuhan
author: Kanny, G.
date: 2020-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-265206-ddg87zxv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265206-ddg87zxv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877032020303109
doi: 10.1016/j.reval.2020.03.003
abstract: nan
summary:
  Nos confrères de Wuhan [2] nous informent sur l''impact de l''infection à ce nouveau virus, COVID-19 chez les personnes asthmatiques, allergiques ou porteuses de bronchopneumopathie obstructive chronique. ont étudié les caractéristiques cliniques et le statut allergique de 140 patients infectés par COVID-19 hospitalisés du 16 janvier au 3 février 2020 dans un hôpital de Wuhan [2] . L''asthme ou une autre maladie allergique (rhinite, allergie alimentaire, dermatite atopique) ne sont pas rapportés par ces patients alors que la prévalence de l''asthme est estimée à 4,3 % en Chine [3] et la rhinite allergique à 17,2 % à Wuhan en 2011 [4] . Ces taux sont faibles eu égard à la prévalence de la BPCO chez les sujets de plus de 40 ans en Chine qui est de 13,7 % La majorité (99,3 %) présentait des images caractéristiques au scanner. L''asthme, les maladies allergiques et la BPCO n''apparaissent pas comme étant des facteurs de risque dans cette population de patients hospitalisés.


id: cord-266963-belin2jq
author: Cowling, Benjamin J
date: 2020-02-13
txt: ./txt/cord-266963-belin2jq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266963-belin2jq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.6.2000110
doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.6.2000110
abstract: nan
summary:
  It is now 6 weeks since Chinese health authorities announced the discovery of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) [1] causing a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, the major transport hub of central China. A number of important characteristics of 2019-nCoV infection have already been identified, but in order to calibrate public health responses we need improved information on transmission dynamics, severity of the disease, immunity, and the impact of control and mitigation measures that have been applied to date. For severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), infectivity peaked at around 10 days after illness onset [7] , consistent with the peak in viral load at around that time [8] . In conclusion, there are a number of urgent research priorities to inform the public health response to the global spread of 2019-nCoV infections. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia

title:
  Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak


id: cord-267548-7mcfehzc
title: Estimating Risk for Death from Coronavirus Disease, China, January–February 2020
author: Mizumoto, Kenji
date: 2020-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-267548-7mcfehzc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267548-7mcfehzc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200233
doi: 10.3201/eid2606.200233
summary:
  We estimated the time-delay adjusted risk for death from COVID-19 in Wuhan, as well as for China excluding Wuhan, to assess the severity of the epidemic in the country. The elevated death risk estimates are probably associated with a breakdown of the healthcare system, indicating that enhanced public health interventions, including social distancing and movement restrictions, should be implemented to bring the COVID-19 epidemic under control. S ince the first case of coronavirus disease (COVwas identified in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China, the novel virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) has continued to spread around the world, resulting in several thousand reported cases in multiple countries. During the course of the outbreak, our model-based posterior estimates of time-delay adjusted CFR have much higher values than the observed crude CFR, except for the early stage in Wuhan and the later stage in China excluding Hubei Province.

abstract:
  Since December 2019, when the first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was identified in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China, the epidemic has generated tens of thousands of cases throughout China. As of February 28, 2020, the cumulative number of reported deaths in China was 2,858. We estimated the time-delay adjusted risk for death from COVID-19 in Wuhan, as well as for China excluding Wuhan, to assess the severity of the epidemic in the country. Our estimates of the risk for death in Wuhan reached values as high as 12% in the epicenter of the epidemic and ≈1% in other, more mildly affected areas. The elevated death risk estimates are probably associated with a breakdown of the healthcare system, indicating that enhanced public health interventions, including social distancing and movement restrictions, should be implemented to bring the COVID-19 epidemic under control.


id: cord-267574-etnjo4nz
author: Zhao, Shi
date: 2020-02-29
txt: ./txt/cord-267574-etnjo4nz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267574-etnjo4nz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920300181
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101568
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tmaid The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report Thus, we examine and explore the association between load of domestic passengers from Wuhan and the number of 2019-nCoV cases confirmed in different cities. We calculated the daily average number of passengers from Wuhan to six selected major cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu and Chongqing, from December 16 to January 15 of the next year. We estimated that 10-fold increase in the number of train passengers from Wuhan is likely to associated with 8.27, 95%CI: (0.35, 16.18), increase in the number of imported cases, see Fig. 1(B) . Estimating the potential total number of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases in Wuhan City, China.

title:
  The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report


id: cord-269453-30l6rzgo
author: Yang, Po
date: 2020-08-06
txt: ./txt/cord-269453-30l6rzgo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269453-30l6rzgo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236857
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236857
summary:
  While above methods demonstrate good performance in prediction of COVID-19 outbreak by taking strong public intervention, also named as suppression strategy [13] that aims to reverse epidemic growth, one important challenge is that taking suppression strategy only is to treat disease controls as single-objective optimization of reducing the overall infectious populations as soon as possible, and require strategic consistency in a long term. Targeting at this problem, this paper conducts a feasibility study that analyses and compares mitigation and suppression intervention strategies for controlling COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan and London. In order to utilize our proposed SEMCR model into practical cases, we design an evaluation protocol to access multiple effects of taking different intervention strategies to control outbreak of COVID-19 in 4 typical cases, including Hubei province, Wuhan city, the UK and London, as shown in 

title:
  Feasibility study of mitigation and suppression strategies for controlling COVID-19 outbreaks in London and Wuhan

abstract:
  Recent outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led a global pandemic cross the world. Most countries took two main interventions: suppression like immediate lockdown cities at epicenter or mitigation that slows down but not stopping epidemic for reducing peak healthcare demand. Both strategies have their apparent merits and limitations; it becomes extremely hard to conduct one intervention as the most feasible way to all countries. Targeting at this problem, this paper conducted a feasibility study by defining a mathematical model named SEMCR, it extended traditional SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered) model by adding two key features: a direct connection between Exposed and Recovered populations, and separating infections into mild and critical cases. It defined parameters to classify two stages of COVID-19 control: active contain by isolation of cases and contacts, passive contain by suppression or mitigation. The model was fitted and evaluated with public dataset containing daily number of confirmed active cases including Wuhan and London during January 2020 and March 2020. The simulated results showed that 1) Immediate suppression taken in Wuhan significantly reduced the total exposed and infectious populations, but it has to be consistently maintained at least 90 days (by the middle of April 2020). Without taking this intervention, we predict the number of infections would have been 73 folders higher by the middle of April 2020. Its success requires efficient government initiatives and effective collaborative governance for mobilizing of corporate resources to provide essential goods. This mode may be not suitable to other countries without efficient collaborative governance and sufficient health resources. 2) In London, it is possible to take a hybrid intervention of suppression and mitigation for every 2 or 3 weeks over a longer period to balance the total infections and economic loss. While the total infectious populations in this scenario would be possibly 2 times than the one taking suppression, economic loss and recovery of London would be less affected. 3) Both in Wuhan and London cases, one important issue of fitting practical data was that there were a portion (probably 62.9% in Wuhan) of self-recovered populations that were asymptomatic or mild symptomatic. This finding has been recently confirmed by other studies that the seroprevalence in Wuhan varied between 3.2% and 3.8% in different sub-regions. It highlights that the epidemic is far from coming to an end by means of herd immunity. Early release of intervention intensity potentially increased a risk of the second outbreak.


id: cord-273064-c58nf9vb
author: Hallowell, Benjamin D.
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-273064-c58nf9vb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273064-c58nf9vb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32620182/
doi: 10.3201/eid2609.201590
summary:
  At arrival in the United States and again at the quarantine facility, evacuees were asked to complete a US Traveler''s Health Declaration form disclosing any symptoms; they were also screened for illness and fever, asked about symptoms in the past 72 hours, and asked about any high-risk exposures (including working in or visiting healthcare settings; caring for or visiting persons with fever, respiratory illness, or a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis; or visiting any live animal markets) in Wuhan in the past 14 days. The survey captured information on demographics, clinical signs/ symptoms, travel outside of Hubei Province, face mask use, limitation of time spent in public, and past high-risk exposures (including contact with confirmed COVID-19 case-patients; persons with fever, acute respiratory illness, or both; healthcare and laboratory facilities; and animals and live animal markets).

title:
  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Prevalence, Seroprevalence, and Exposure among Evacuees from Wuhan, China, 2020

abstract:
  To determine prevalence of, seroprevalence of, and potential exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among a cohort of evacuees returning to the United States from Wuhan, China, in January 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional study of quarantined evacuees from 1 repatriation flight. Overall, 193 of 195 evacuees completed exposure surveys and submitted upper respiratory or serum specimens or both at arrival in the United States. Nearly all evacuees had taken preventive measures to limit potential exposure while in Wuhan, and none had detectable SARS-CoV-2 in upper respiratory tract specimens, suggesting the absence of asymptomatic respiratory shedding among this group at the time of testing. Evidence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 1 evacuee, who reported experiencing no symptoms or high-risk exposures in the previous 2 months. These findings demonstrated that this group of evacuees posed a low risk of introducing SARS-CoV-2 to the United States.


id: cord-273209-ou80n3p3
title: Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China
author: Zheng, Fang
date: 2020-03-24
txt: ./txt/cord-273209-ou80n3p3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273209-ou80n3p3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32207032/
doi: 10.1007/s11596-020-2172-6
summary:
  Since December 2019, an epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has occurred unexpectedly in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and it had quickly spread from Wuhan to the other areas in China and abroad [1] [2] [3] [4] . In recent weeks, emerging studies have reported that most patients with COVID-19 had an epidemiological history including a travel or residence history in Wuhan City and neighboring areas, and contacting with confirmed or suspected cases [7] . Clinical diagnoses included upper respiratory tract infection (URI) (n=8), mild pneumonia (n=15), and critical cases (n=2). In our study, most patients had mild diseases including upper respiratory tract infection and mild pneumonia, which were less severe than symptoms reported in adult patients [9, 10] . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  Since December 2019, COVID-19 has occurred unexpectedly and emerged as a health problem worldwide. Despite the rapidly increasing number of cases in subsequent weeks, the clinical characteristics of pediatric cases are rarely described. A cross-sectional multicenter study was carried out in 10 hospitals across Hubei province. A total of 25 confirmed pediatric cases of COVID-19 were collected. The demographic data, epidemiological history, underlying diseases, clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiological data, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed. Of 25 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the boy to girl ratio was 1.27:1. The median age was 3 years. COVID-19 cases in children aged <3 years, 3.6 years, and ≥6-years patients were 10 (40%), 6 (24%), and 9 (36%), respectively. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (13 [52%]), and dry cough (11 [44%]). Chest CT images showed essential normal in 8 cases (33.3%), unilateral involvement of lungs in 5 cases (20.8%), and bilateral involvement in 11 cases (45.8%). Clinical diagnoses included upper respiratory tract infection (n=8), mild pneumonia (n=15), and critical cases (n=2). Two critical cases (8%) were given invasive mechanical ventilation, corticosteroids, and immunoglobulin. The symptoms in 24 (96%) of 25 patients were alleviated and one patient had been discharged. It was concluded that children were susceptible to COVID-19 like adults, while the clinical presentations and outcomes were more favorable in children. However, children less than 3 years old accounted for majority cases and critical cases lied in this age group, which demanded extra attentions during home caring and hospitalization treatment.


id: cord-273692-jwqrfb6h
title: The impact of early scientific literature in response to COVID-19: a scientometric perspective
author: Golinelli, D.
date: 2020-04-18
txt: ./txt/cord-273692-jwqrfb6h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273692-jwqrfb6h.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066183
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066183
summary:
  The study consisted of: 1) review of the scientific literature produced in the first 30 days since the first COVID-19 paper was published; 2) analysis of papers'' metrics with the construction of a Computed-Impact-Score (CIS) that represents a unifying score over heterogeneous bibliometric indicators. Specifically, the study consisted of the two following phases: 1) review of the scientific literature produced in the first 30 days since the first COVID-19 paper was published on MEDLINE/Pubmed; 2) identification of the Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) for each paper and analysis of citations and metrics measures to quantify their communicative impact (i.e. scientometric analysis). In particular, the 3 articles with higher CIS were "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China" (Huang 2020) , "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States" (Holshue 2020) , and "A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster" (Chan 2020) , as reported in Table 3 .

abstract:
  Background. In the early phases of a new pandemic, identifying the most relevant evidence and quantifying which studies are shared the most can help researchers and policy makers. The aim of this study is to describe and quantify the impact of early scientific production in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. The study consisted of: 1) review of the scientific literature produced in the first 30 days since the first COVID-19 paper was published; 2) analysis of papers' metrics with the construction of a Computed-Impact-Score (CIS) that represents a unifying score over heterogeneous bibliometric indicators. In this study we use metrics and alternative metrics collected into five separate categories. On top of those categories we compute the CIS. Highest CIS papers are further analyzed. Results. 239 papers have been included in the study. The mean of citations, mentions and social media interactions resulted in 1.63, 10 and 1250, respectively. The paper with highest CIS resulted "Clinical features of patients[...]" by Chaolin Huang et al., which rated first also in citations and mentions. This is the first paper describing patients affected by the new disease and reporting data that are clearly of great interest to both the scientific community and the general population. Conclusions. The early response of scientific literature during an epidemic does not follow a pre- established pattern. Being able to monitor how communications spread from the scientific world toward the general population using both traditional and alternative metric measures is essential, especially in the early stages of a pandemic.


id: cord-275765-58iul47s
title: Critical role of Wuhan cabin hospitals in controlling the local COVID-19 pandemic
author: Yao, Wenlong
date: 2020-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-275765-58iul47s.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.167
doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.167
abstract: nan
summary:
  Here, we evaluate the role of cabin hospitals in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic by retrospectively analyzing the correlation between available beds in cabin hospitals and epidemic data. We obtained the data regarding total daily beds available in cabin hospitals from the official website of the Wuhan municipal government, and we extracted daily numbers of newly diagnosed cases, newly cured cases, and new deaths, and we calculated the overall recovery rate and mortality from COVID-19 in Wuhan from the official website of the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China. The official government website reported a total of 28 designated hospitals with 8,254 beds for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan before February 4, 2020. Our analysis showed that, with the increase of available beds by cabin hospitals, the newly diagnosed cases and severe cases decreased. The relationships between total beds of cabin hospitals and epidemic data of COVID-19 in Wuhan.


id: cord-275835-z38cgov9
title: The first case of COVID-19 infection in a 75-day-old infant in Jahrom City, south of Iran
author: Mogharab, Vahid
date: 2020-04-13
txt: ./txt/cord-275835-z38cgov9.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664620301078
doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.015
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The first case of COVID-19 infection in a 75-day-old infant in Jahrom City, south of Iran The first case of COVID-19 infection in a 75day-old infant in Jahrom City, south of Iran 3 On January 20, 2020, a 55-year-old woman working in Wuhan, arrived at Taiwan and was referred to quarantine authorities with symptoms of sore throat, dry cough, fatigue, and feeling low-grade fever on January 11. study, most studies have reported the infection to be more severe in adults rather than the child, the dissemination of COVID-19 in children implies that it has high transmitting potential in a specific transmission dynamics. World Health organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) The first case of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: implication for infection prevention and control measures First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan


id: cord-275853-fym8qze2
title: Disease burden and clinical severity of the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
author: Yang, Juan
date: 2020-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-275853-fym8qze2.txt
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url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.27.20183228v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.27.20183228
summary:
  In 62 contrast, the 2009 influenza pandemic is considered mild but provides a benchmark 63 for a pandemic in modern times, as the health systems, supportive care, and Wuhan is a particularly well-suited location to assess the health burden of Firstly, Wuhan experienced intense community transmission of severe acute 73 respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); secondly, the first wave has 74 ended, with only seven sporadic cases reported between March 24 and May 18 3 . Here we used multiple data sources to estimate age-78 specific rates of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, medically attended cases, 79 hospitalizations, and deaths, accounting for health seeking behaviors and 80 underdiagnoses. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20183228 doi: medRxiv preprint burden and clinical severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza using Wuhan age 290 profile as a reference (Supplementary Information File 5 and File 8).

abstract:
  The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in Wuhan, China, where a first wave of intense community transmission was cut short by interventions. Using multiple data source, we estimated the disease burden and clinical severity of COVID-19 by age in Wuhan from December 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020. We adjusted estimates for sensitivity of laboratory assays and accounted for prospective community screenings and healthcare seeking behaviors. Rates of symptomatic cases, medical consultations, hospitalizations and deaths were estimated at 796 (95%CI: 703–977), 489 (472–509), 370 (358–384), and 36.2 (35.0–37.3) per 100,000 persons, respectively. The COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan had higher burden than the 2009 influenza pandemic or seasonal influenza, and that clinical severity was similar to that of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Our comparison puts the COVID-19 pandemic into context and could be helpful to guide intervention strategies and preparedness for the potential resurgence of COVID-19.


id: cord-277430-x02u7oh0
author: Zhang, Hongyan
date: 2020-06-23
txt: ./txt/cord-277430-x02u7oh0.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32573776/
doi: 10.1002/cncr.33042
summary:
  Secondary analyses included the reporting of clinical presentation and outcomes based on the different cancer types, and the association between mortality due to COVID-19 and whether the patient was receiving ongoing active anticancer treatment (systemic therapy, local therapy, or a combination). 5, 16 Rather, in the current study cohort of 107 patients, we observed that active anticancer treatment within 1 month of a diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with profound lymphopenia (median of 0.55 vs 1.05 for those on follow-up) and markedly elevated inflammatory markers of C-reactive protein (36.00 vs 27.40) and procalcitonin (0.17 vs 0.06). The results of the current study demonstrated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in a large cohort of 107 patients with different cancer types, and suggested a high incidence of severe illness and case fatality rates compared with the community population. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China.

title:
  Outcomes of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection in 107 patients with cancer from Wuhan, China

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer have a higher risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) than noncancer patients. The authors conducted a multicenter retrospective study to investigate the clinical manifestations and outcomes of patients with cancer who are diagnosed with COVID‐19. METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical records of hospitalized patients who were treated at 5 hospitals in Wuhan City, China, between January 5 and March 18, 2020. Clinical parameters relating to cancer history (type and treatment) and COVID‐19 were collected. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary analyses were the association between clinical factors and severe COVID‐19 and OS. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients with cancer were diagnosed with COVID‐19, with a median age of 66 years (range, 37‐98 years). Lung (21 patients; 19.6%), gastrointestinal (20 patients; 18.7%), and genitourinary (20 patients; 18.7%) cancers were the most common cancer diagnoses. A total of 37 patients (34.6%) were receiving active anticancer treatment when diagnosed with COVID‐19, whereas 70 patients (65.4%) were on follow‐up. Overall, 52.3% of patients (56 patients) developed severe COVID‐19; this rate was found to be higher among patients receiving anticancer treatment than those on follow‐up (64.9% vs 45.7%), which corresponded to an inferior OS in the former subgroup of patients (hazard ratio, 3.365; 95% CI, 1.455‐7.782 [P = .005]). The detrimental effect of anticancer treatment on OS was found to be independent of exposure to systemic therapy (case fatality rate of 33.3% [systemic therapy] vs 43.8% [nonsystemic therapy]). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study demonstrated that >50.0% of infected patients with cancer are susceptible to severe COVID‐19. This risk is aggravated by simultaneous anticancer treatment and portends for a worse survival, despite treatment for COVID‐19.


id: cord-278325-ykcd7d59
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Haematologist''s Perspective
author: Cheung, Carmen Ka Man
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-278325-ykcd7d59.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32721958/
doi: 10.1159/000510178
summary:
  Two meta-analyses showed that a lower platelet count is associated with an increased risk of severe disease and mortality in patients with COVID-19 and may serve as a marker for progression of illness [53, 54] . Experience from previous SARS patients, caused by SARS-CoV-1, suggested that coronavirus could cause thrombocytopenia by direct viral infection of bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells via CD13 or CD66a, formation of auto-antibodies and immune complexes, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), and consumption of platelet in lung epithelium [61, 62] . The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) suggested all patients (including non-critically ill) who require hospital admission for COVID-19 infection should receive a prophylactic dose of LMWH unless contraindicated (Table 2 ) [102] . Clinical Course and Outcomes of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Preliminary Report of the First 28 Patients from the Korean Cohort Study on COVID-19

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is affecting millions of patients worldwide. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which belongs to the family Coronaviridae, with 80% genomic similarities to SARS-CoV. Lymphopenia was commonly seen in infected patients and has a correlation to disease severity. Thrombocytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, and disseminated intravascular coagulation were observed in COVID-19 patients, especially those with critical illness and non-survivors. This pandemic has caused disruption in communities and hospital services, as well as straining blood product supply, affecting chemotherapy treatment and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation schedule. In this article, we review the haematological manifestations of the disease and its implication on the management of patients with haematological disorders.


id: cord-278638-2dm54f6l
title: Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis
author: Huang, Ian
date: 2020-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-278638-2dm54f6l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278638-2dm54f6l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32483488/
doi: 10.1186/s40560-020-00453-4
summary:
  Research articles in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with information on lymphocyte count and several outcomes of interest, including mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care unit (ICU) care, and severe COVID-19, were included in the analysis. We used standardized forms that included author, year, study design, age, gender, cardiac comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, lymphocyte count, lymphopenia, mortality, ARDS, ICU care, and severe COVID-19. Random-effects meta-regression analysis showed that the association between lower lymphocyte count in patients with composite poor outcome was affected by age (p = 0.034) (Fig. 3a) , but not by gender (p = 0.109), cardiac comorbidity (p = 0.953) (Fig. 3b) , hypertension (p = 0.065) (Fig. 3c) , diabetes mellitus (p = 0.931), COPD (p = 0.798), and smoking (p = 0.581). This meta-analysis showed that lower lymphocyte count was associated with increased mortality, ARDS, need for ICU care, and severe COVID-19.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: Clinical and laboratory biomarkers to predict the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are essential in this pandemic situation of which resource allocation must be urgently prepared especially in the context of respiratory support readiness. Lymphocyte count has been a marker of interest since the first COVID-19 publication. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to investigate the association of lymphocyte count on admission and the severity of COVID-19. We would also like to analyze whether patient characteristics such as age and comorbidities affect the relationship between lymphocyte count and COVID-19. METHODS: Comprehensive and systematic literature search was performed from PubMed, SCOPUS, EuropePMC, ProQuest, Cochrane Central Databases, and Google Scholar. Research articles in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with information on lymphocyte count and several outcomes of interest, including mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care unit (ICU) care, and severe COVID-19, were included in the analysis. Inverse variance method was used to obtain mean differences and its standard deviations. Maentel-Haenszel formula was used to calculate dichotomous variables to obtain odds ratios (ORs) along with its 95% confidence intervals. Random-effect models were used for meta-analysis regardless of heterogeneity. Restricted-maximum likelihood random-effects meta-regression was performed for age, gender, cardiac comorbidity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, COPD, and smoking. RESULTS: There were a total of 3099 patients from 24 studies. Meta-analysis showed that patients with poor outcome have a lower lymphocyte count (mean difference − 361.06 μL [− 439.18, − 282.95], p < 0.001; I(2) 84%) compared to those with good outcome. Subgroup analysis showed lower lymphocyte count in patients who died (mean difference − 395.35 μL [− 165.64, − 625.07], p < 0.001; I(2) 87%), experienced ARDS (mean difference − 377.56 μL [− 271.89, − 483.22], p < 0.001; I(2) 0%), received ICU care (mean difference − 376.53 μL [− 682.84, − 70.22], p = 0.02; I(2) 89%), and have severe COVID-19 (mean difference − 353.34 μL [− 250.94, − 455.73], p < 0.001; I(2) 85%). Lymphopenia was associated with severe COVID-19 (OR 3.70 [2.44, 5.63], p < 0.001; I(2) 40%). Meta-regression showed that the association between lymphocyte count and composite poor outcome was affected by age (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that lymphopenia on admission was associated with poor outcome in patients with COVID-19.


id: cord-279255-v861kk0i
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19
author: Dhama, Kuldeep
date: 2020-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32580969/
doi: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20
summary:
  Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019.

abstract:
  In recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.


id: cord-279415-s823mver
title: Survey of COVID-19 Disease Among Orthopaedic Surgeons in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
author: Guo, Xiaodong
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-279415-s823mver.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.20.00417
doi: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00417
summary:
  We investigated the situation of infection of orthopaedic surgeons and trainees working in general wards, outpatient clinics, intensive care units, or operating rooms in Wuhan hospitals, and we further explored the possible risk factors at the individual level using a matched case-control study. The questionnaire included the information about demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, awareness to the outbreak at an early stage, COVID-19 exposure history, availability of and participation in the infection control training provided by the hospital, and individual protection practices (e.g., good hand-washing hygiene and wearing face masks). There was confirmed transmission from these doctors to others in 25% of cases, including to family members Severe fatigue of orthopaedic surgeons during the 2 months before the outbreak of COVID-19 was found to be a risk factor for the infection (Table IV) (OR, 4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1 to 16]).

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, the People’s Republic of China, in December 2019 and now is a pandemic all around the world. Some orthopaedic surgeons in Wuhan were infected with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a survey to identify the orthopaedic surgeons who were infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to collect information such as social demographic variables, clinical manifestations, exposure history, awareness of the outbreak, infection control training provided by hospitals, and individual protection practices. To further explore the possible risk factors at the individual level, a 1:2 matched case-control study was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 26 orthopaedic surgeons from 8 hospitals in Wuhan were identified as having COVID-19. The incidence in each hospital varied from 1.5% to 20.7%. The onset of symptoms was from January 13 to February 5, 2020, and peaked on January 23, 8 days prior to the peak of the public epidemic. The suspected sites of exposure were general wards (79.2%), public places at the hospital (20.8%), operating rooms (12.5%), the intensive care unit (4.2%), and the outpatient clinic (4.2%). There was transmission from these doctors to others in 25% of cases, including to family members (20.8%), to colleagues (4.2%), to patients (4.2%), and to friends (4.2%). Participation in real-time training on prevention measures was found to have a protective effect against COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR], 0.12). Not wearing an N95 respirator was found to be a risk factor (OR, 5.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09 to 25.00]). Wearing respirators or masks all of the time was found to be protective (OR, 0.15). Severe fatigue was found to be a risk factor (OR, 4 [95% CI, 1 to 16]) for infection with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Orthopaedic surgeons are at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Common places of work could be contaminated. Orthopaedic surgeons have to be more vigilant and take more precautions to avoid infection with COVID-19. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


id: cord-279569-289fu2yb
author: Lei, Yu
date: 2020-03-13
txt: ./txt/cord-279569-289fu2yb.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033126
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.09.20033126
summary:
  title: Clinical features of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Tibetan patients in the Plateau area Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly spread throughout China, but the clinical characteristics of Tibetan patients living in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau are unknown. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Epidemiological, clinical laboratory and radiological characteristics, chronic medical histories, clinical symptoms, treatment and outcome data were obtained from electronic medical records and analysed by two independent researchers. With advancing time, the medical history associated with case exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infected patients from Wuhan has become less obvious. In conclusion, imported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tibetan patients were generally mild in this high-altitude area. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan

title:
  Clinical features of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Tibetan patients in the Plateau area

abstract:
  Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly spread throughout China, but the clinical characteristics of Tibetan patients living in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau are unknown. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of these patients. We included 67 Tibetan patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of clinical symptoms at admission, with 31 and 36 patients in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, respectively. The epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics were extracted and analysed. No patient had a history of exposure to COVID-19 patients from Wuhan or had travelled to Wuhan. The mean age of Tibetan patients was 39.3 years and 59% of the patients were male. Seven patients presented with fever on admission and lymphocytopenia was present in 20 patients. 47 patients had abnormal chest CTs at admission instead of stating that 20 were unchanged. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased in 31 patients. Seven patients progressed to severe COVID-19; however, after treatment, their condition was stable. No patients died. Of the 36 asymptomatic patients, the mean age was younger than the symptomatic group (34.4vs 44.9 years, P=0.02). Lymphocyte count and prealbumin levels were higher in the asymptomatic group than the group with clinical symptoms (1.6 vs 1.3 and 241.8 vs 191.9, respectively; P<0.05). Imported cases of COVID-19 in Tibetan patients were generally mild in this high-altitude area. Absence of fever or radiologic abnormalities on initial presentation were common


id: cord-279976-juz9jnfk
author: Xie, Mingxuan
date: 2020-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220302046?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071
summary:
  METHODS: Based on recently published literatures, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies, we reviewed the virology and origin, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection, in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. The COVID-19 generally had a high reproductive number, a long incubation period, a short serial interval and a low case fatality rate (much higher in patients with comorbidities) than SARS and MERS. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) identified a novel beta-coronavirus called 2019-nCoV, now officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020) , that responsible for the pandemic. Further search words were above keywords, "SARS" OR "SARS-CoV" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "MERS" OR "MERS-CoV" OR "middle east respiratory syndrome", in combinations of with "spike protein" OR "genome" OR "reproductive number" OR "incubation period" OR "serial interval" OR "fatality rate" OR "clinical characteristics" OR "pathology" OR "autopsy" OR "treatment".

title:
  Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a zoonotic beta-coronavirus entitled 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), has become a global threat. Awareness of the biological features of 2019-nCoV should be updated in time and needs to be comprehensively summarized to help optimize control measures and make therapeutic decisions. METHODS: Based on recently published literatures, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies, we reviewed the virology and origin, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection, in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. RESULTS: The genome of 2019-nCoV partially resembled SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and indicating a bat origin. The COVID-19 generally had a high reproductive number, a long incubation period, a short serial interval and a low case fatality rate (much higher in patients with comorbidities) than SARS and MERS. Clinical presentation and pathology of COVID-19 greatly resembled SARS and MERS, with less upper respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, and more exudative lesions in post-mortems. Potential treatments included remdesivir, chloroquine, tocilizumab, convalescent plasma and vaccine immunization (when possible). CONCLUSION: The initial experience from the current pandemic and lessons from the previous two pandemics can help improve future preparedness plans and combat disease progression.


id: cord-280786-944pn0k9
author: Wang, Chaolong
date: 2020-03-06
txt: ./txt/cord-280786-944pn0k9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280786-944pn0k9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030593
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.03.20030593
summary:
  1 Although some studies with varying sample sizes have described the clinical characteristics of patients with Covid-19, 2-7 and a previous study has reported the early transmission dynamics of the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan, 8 most recent data are required to illustrate the full spectrum of the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak in Wuhan. During the outbreak, the Chinese authorities have implemented a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control the epidemic (details in Fig. 1 Several modelling studies have used the international cases exported from Wuhan to extrapolate the severity of epidemic in Wuhan, which estimated much larger numbers of infected cases than those officially reported, implying a substantial amount of unascertained cases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030593 doi: medRxiv preprint 474,897 (410,660 to 537,448) if the trend of the second period was assumed (Fig. 4D) , both were much higher than the current ascertained case number of 25,961.

title:
  Evolving Epidemiology and Impact of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions on the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  BACKGROUND We described the epidemiological features of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak, and evaluated the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the epidemic in Wuhan, China. METHODS Individual-level data on 25,961 laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 cases reported through February 18, 2020 were extracted from the municipal Notifiable Disease Report System. Based on key events and interventions, we divided the epidemic into four periods: before January 11, January 11-22, January 23 - February 1, and February 2-18. We compared epidemiological characteristics across periods and different demographic groups. We developed a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model to study the epidemic and evaluate the impact of interventions. RESULTS The median age of the cases was 57 years and 50.3% were women. The attack rate peaked in the third period and substantially declined afterwards across geographic regions, sex and age groups, except for children (age <20) whose attack rate continued to increase. Healthcare workers and elderly people had higher attack rates and severity risk increased with age. The effective reproductive number dropped from 3.86 (95% credible interval 3.74 to 3.97) before interventions to 0.32 (0.28 to 0.37) post interventions. The interventions were estimated to prevent 94.5% (93.7 to 95.2%) infections till February 18. We found that at least 59% of infected cases were unascertained in Wuhan, potentially including asymptomatic and mild-symptomatic cases. CONCLUSIONS Considerable countermeasures have effectively controlled the Covid-19 outbreak in Wuhan. Special efforts are needed to protect vulnerable populations, including healthcare workers, elderly and children. Estimation of unascertained cases has important implications on continuing surveillance and interventions.


id: cord-280892-net44oxu
author: Zhan, Yu-xin
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-280892-net44oxu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280892-net44oxu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32767264/
doi: 10.1007/s11596-020-2226-9
summary:
  The descriptive statistic of nurses'' social-demographic characteristics was conducted, and the related variables of work, anxiety, depression, perceived stress and fatigue were analyzed by t-tests, nonparametric test and Pearson''s correlation analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the participants in the risk groups of anxiety, depression and perceived stress had higher scores on physical and mental fatigue and the statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the variables and nurses'' fatigue, the frequency of exercise and nurses'' fatigue had a statistically significant negative correlation, and average daily working hours had a significantly positive correlation with nurses'' fatigue, and the frequency of weekly night shift had a low positive correlation with nurses'' fatigue (P<0.01). Government and health authorities need to formulate and take effective intervention strategies according to the relevant risk factors, and undertake preventive measures aimed at reducing health hazards due to increased work-related fatigue among first-line nurses, and to enhance their health status and provide a safe occupational environment worldwide.

title:
  Prevalence and Influencing Factors on Fatigue of First-line Nurses Combating with COVID-19 in China: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

abstract:
  Nurses’ work-related fatigue has been recognized as a threat to nurse health and patient safety. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of fatigue among first-line nurses combating with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, and to analyze its influencing factors on fatigue. A multi-center, descriptive, cross-sectional design with a convenience sample was used. The statistical population consisted of the first-line nurses in 7 tertiary general hospitals from March 3, 2020 to March 10, 2020 in Wuhan of China. A total of 2667 samples from 2768 contacted participants completed the investgation, with a response rate of 96.35%. Social-demographic questionnaire, work-related questionnaire, Fatigue Scale-14, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Chinese Perceived Stress Scale were used to conduct online survey. The descriptive statistic of nurses’ social-demographic characteristics was conducted, and the related variables of work, anxiety, depression, perceived stress and fatigue were analyzed by t-tests, nonparametric test and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The significant factors which resulted in nurses’ fatigue were further analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. The median score for the first-line nurses’ fatigue in Wuhan was 4 (2, 8). The median score of physical and mental fatigue of them was 3 (1, 6) and 1 (0, 3) respectively. According to the scoring criteria, 35.06% nurses (n=935) of all participants were in the fatigue status, their median score of fatigue was 10 (8, 11), and the median score of physical and mental fatigue of them was 7 (5, 8) and 3 (2, 4) respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the participants in the risk groups of anxiety, depression and perceived stress had higher scores on physical and mental fatigue and the statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the variables and nurses’ fatigue, the frequency of exercise and nurses’ fatigue had a statistically significant negative correlation, and average daily working hours had a significantly positive correlation with nurses’ fatigue, and the frequency of weekly night shift had a low positive correlation with nurses’ fatigue (P<0.01). There was a moderate level of fatigue among the first-line nurses fighting against COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China. Government and health authorities need to formulate and take effective intervention strategies according to the relevant risk factors, and undertake preventive measures aimed at reducing health hazards due to increased work-related fatigue among first-line nurses, and to enhance their health status and provide a safe occupational environment worldwide. Promoting both medical and nursing safety while combating with the pandemic currently is warranted.


id: cord-280970-gy0kfhy6
title: Management and Treatment of COVID-19: The Chinese Experience
author: Peng, Fujun
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-280970-gy0kfhy6.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010
doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010
summary:
  Since mid-December 2019, there has been a worldwide outbreak of COronaVIrus Disease 90 (COVID)-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 (formerly 2019-nCoV or and first detected in 91 Wuhan, China. 52 However, 421 a single-center in Wuhan shared that early, low-dose and short-term (1-2mg/kg/d for 5-7 days) 422 corticosteroids was associated with a faster improvement of clinical symptoms and absorption of 423 focal lung lesions in severe cases of COVID-19. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Early, low-dose and short-term application of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: single-center experience from Wuhan, China.

abstract:
  With over 1,800,000 cases and 110,000 deaths globally, COVID-19 is one of worst infectious disease outbreaks in history. The objective of this paper is to critically review the available evidence regarding the lessons learned from the Chinese experience regarding COVID-19 prevention and management. The steps that have led to a near disappearance of new cases in China included rapid sequencing of the virus to establish testing kits which allowed tracking of infected persons in and out of Wuhan. In addition, aggressive quarantine measures included the complete isolation of Wuhan and then later Hebei and the rest of the country, as well as closure of all schools and non-essential businesses. Other measures included the rapid construction of two new hospitals and the establishment of Fangcang shelter hospitals. In the absence of a vaccine, the management of COVID-19 included antivirals, high flow oxygen, mechanical ventilation, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, interferons, intravenous immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma infusions. These measures appeared to provide only moderate success. While some measures have been supported by weak descriptive data, their effectiveness is still unclear pending well-controlled clinical trials. In the end, it was the enforcement of drastic quarantine measures that stopped SARS-CoV-2 from spreading. The earlier the implementation, the less likely resources will be depleted. The most critical factors in stopping a pandemic are early recognition of infected individuals, carriers and contacts, and early implementation of quarantine measures with an organized, proactive and unified strategy at a national level. Delays result in significantly higher death tolls.


id: cord-281102-ohbm78it
author: Gutzeit, Andreas
date: 2020-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-281102-ohbm78it.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32270314/
doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06841-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  communication is to determine what we can learn from the Chinese experience and how hospitals and radiology departments all around the world can prepare for a widespread outbreak of this disease. The training content was standard prevention, personal protection, correct use of protective equipment, procedures to optimize putting on and removing protective equipment, hand hygiene, isolation measures, medical waste management, and air and environmental surface cleaning and disinfection. The director of the clinical and medical technology department in Wuhan was the most important person during the coronavirus crisis. The Hospital Infection Management established an inspection system to strengthen the guidance and supervision of the implementation of the clinical department''s control measures and the correct wearing of protective equipment. In Wuhan, desktop, computer, and intercom systems in the radiology departments were regularly cleaned after use with 250-500 mg/L chlorinated disinfectant or 75% (v/v) medical ethanol.

title:
  What can European radiologists learn from the outbreak of COVID-19 in China? A discussion with a radiologist from Wuhan


id: cord-282058-it0ojdk3
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Neonates and Children From China: A Review
author: Yu, Yuanqiang
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-282058-it0ojdk3.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32574286/
doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00287
summary:
  References for this review were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January 1, 2003, to May 1, 2020, by use of the terms "coronavirus, " "neonate, " "children, " "COVID19, " and "SARS-CoV-2." Relevant articles published between 2003 and 2020 were identified through searches in the authors'' personal files. The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The symptoms of COVID-19 appear to be less severe in infants and children than in adult patients, similar to the SARS-CoV infection (15) (16) (17) . Of the 34 pregnant women who were confirmed with the SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple hospitals in Wuhan, including one pregnant woman with a negative nucleic acid test result, 30 had a fever and 16 had a cough (54) (55) (56) (57) .

abstract:
  At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus began to spread in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The confirmed cases increased nationwide rapidly, in part due to the increased population mobility during the Chinese Lunar New Year festival. The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Soon, transmission from person to person was confirmed and the virus spread to many other countries. To date, many cases have been reported in the pediatric age group, most of which were from China. The management and treatment strategies have also been improved, which we believe would be helpful to pediatric series in other countries as well. However, the characteristics of neonatal and childhood infection still have not been evaluated in detail. This review summarizes the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates and children from January 24 to May 1, as an experience from China.


id: cord-282652-2w3bx6p8
author: Sun, Haoyang
date: 2020-02-20
txt: ./txt/cord-282652-2w3bx6p8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282652-2w3bx6p8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.17.20024075
doi: 10.1101/2020.02.17.20024075
summary:
  For each country or territory outside of mainland China (denoted by ), we assumed that the total number of COVID-19 cases imported from Wuhan ( ) followed a Poisson distribution with rate parameter proportional to the number of air travelers from Wuhan during January 2020 ( → , ), with an unknown coefficient 0 to be estimated from data (more detail in supporting information): Next, we propagated the uncertainty in the estimated number of imported COVID-19 cases from Wuhan, and estimated the probability that a local outbreak would occur and sustain for at least three generations (hereinafter referred to as "local outbreak risk") for each country or territory outside mainland China. The copyright holder for this preprint Table 2 : Countries or territories having a local outbreak risk greater than 50% in the main analysis (i.e. assuming immediate isolation of all the reported cases imported from Wuhan).

title:
  Estimating number of global importations of COVID-19 from Wuhan, risk of transmission outside mainland China and COVID-19 introduction index between countries outside mainland China

abstract:
  Background The emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China in early December 2019 has caused widespread transmission within the country, with over 1,000 deaths reported to date. Other countries have since reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) importation from China, with some experiencing local transmission and even case importation from countries outside China. We aim to estimate the number of cases imported from Wuhan to each country or territory outside mainland China, and with these estimates assess the risk of onward local transmission and the relative potential of case importation between countries outside China. Methods We used the reported number of cases imported from Wuhan and flight data to generate an uncertainty distribution for the estimated number of imported cases from Wuhan to each location outside mainland China. This uncertainty was propagated to quantify the local outbreak risk using a branching process model. A COVID-19 introduction index was derived for each pair of donor and recipient countries, accounting for the local outbreak risk in the donor country and the between-country connectivity. Results We identified 13 countries or territories outside mainland China that may have under-detected COVID-19 importation from Wuhan, such as Thailand and Indonesia. In addition, 16 countries had a local outbreak risk estimate exceeding 50%, including four outside Asia. The COVID-19 introduction index highlights potential locations outside mainland China from which cases may be imported to each recipient country. Conclusions As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread globally, more epicentres may emerge outside China. Hence, it is important for countries to remain alert for the possibilities of viral introduction from other countries outside China, even before local transmission in a source country becomes known.


id: cord-283048-hyjzofps
title: Origin of new emergent Coronavirus and Candida fungal diseases—Terrestrial or cosmic?
author: Steele, Edward J.
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-283048-hyjzofps.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283048-hyjzofps.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065266020300110
doi: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.04.002
summary:
  The origins and global spread of two recent, yet quite different, pandemic diseases is discussed and reviewed in depth: Candida auris, a eukaryotic fungal disease, and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive strand RNA viral respiratory disease. 5-7, particularly the symmetrical pattern in Fig. 7 it actually looks like a huge viral bomb explosion took place near or over Wuhan and then the radial fall-out of the disease causing viral particles to land on the millions of people either laterally or from above-some of those infected would be susceptible and who then have succumbed to the respiratory illness (in Appendix A, in relation to the expected fall of viruses through the stratosphere is an analysis by way of quantitative analogy, of the expectation of radioactive fall-out patterns from an atmospheric nuclear test in 1958).

abstract:
  The origins and global spread of two recent, yet quite different, pandemic diseases is discussed and reviewed in depth: Candida auris, a eukaryotic fungal disease, and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive strand RNA viral respiratory disease. Both these diseases display highly distinctive patterns of sudden emergence and global spread, which are not easy to understand by conventional epidemiological analysis based on simple infection-driven human- to-human spread of an infectious disease (assumed to jump suddenly and thus genetically, from an animal reservoir). Both these enigmatic diseases make sense however under a Panspermia in-fall model and the evidence consistent with such a model is critically reviewed.


id: cord-283891-m36un1y2
author: Hu, Bisong
date: 2020-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-283891-m36un1y2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283891-m36un1y2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.048
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.048
summary:
  Methods We used spatiotemporal data of COVID-19 cases in mainland China and two categories of location-based service (LBS) data of mobile devices from the primary and secondary epidemic sources to calculate Pearson correlation coefficient,r, and spatial stratified heterogeneity, q, statistics. Here, using location-based service (LBS) data of mobile devices, we analyzed the spatiotemporal association of the confirmed COVID-19 cases and human movements from the sources of the epidemic outbreak, and revealed the first, second and potential third generation spreads of the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China. Based on the above datasets of COVID-19 cases in mainland China and two categories of location-based service data of mobile devices from the epidemic sources, we calculated their Pearson correlation coefficient, r, and spatial stratified heterogeneity (SSH), q, statistics.

title:
  First, second and potential third generation spreads of the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China: an early exploratory study incorporating location-based service data of mobile devices

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives The outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has currently become a global concern. The generations of the epidemic spread are not well known, yet these are critical parameters to facilitate an understanding of the epidemic. A seafood wholesale market and Wuhan city, China, were recognized as the primary and secondary epidemic sources. Human movements nationwide from the two epidemic sources revealed the characteristics of the first-generation and second-generation spreads of the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as the potential third-generation spread. Methods We used spatiotemporal data of COVID-19 cases in mainland China and two categories of location-based service (LBS) data of mobile devices from the primary and secondary epidemic sources to calculate Pearson correlation coefficient,r, and spatial stratified heterogeneity, q, statistics. Results Two categories of device trajectories had generally significant correlations and determinant powers of the epidemic spread. Bothr and q statistics decreased with distance from the epidemic sources and their associations changed with time. At the beginning of the epidemic, the mixed first-generation and second-generation spreads appeared in most cities with confirmed cases. They strongly interacted to enhance the epidemic in Hubei province and the trend was also significant in the provinces adjacent to Hubei. The third-generation spread started in Wuhan from January 17 to 20, 2020, and in Hubei from January 23 to 24. No obvious third-generation spread was detected outside Hubei. Conclusions The findings provide important foundations to quantify the effect of human movement on epidemic spread and inform ongoing control strategies. The spatiotemporal association between the epidemic spread and human movements from the primary and secondary epidemic sources indicates a transfer from second to third generations of the infection. Urgent control measures include preventing the potential third-generation spread in mainland China, eliminating it in Hubei, and reducing the interaction influence of first-generation and second-generation spreads.


id: cord-283985-8mdnkegz
title: A mathematical model for the novel coronavirus epidemic in Wuhan, China
author: Yang, Chayu
date: 2020-03-11
txt: ./txt/cord-283985-8mdnkegz.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32233562/
doi: 10.3934/mbe.2020148
summary:
  [11] introduced a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model to describe the transmission dynamics, and forecasted the national and global spread of the disease, based on reported data from December 31, 2019 to January 28, 2020. Most of these models have emphasized the significant role of the direct, human-to-human transmission pathway in this epidemic [16] , as highlighted by the facts that the majority of the infected individuals did not have any contact with the marketplaces in Wuhan, that the number of infections has been rapidly increasing, and that the disease has spread to all provinces in China as well as more than 20 other countries. To estimate the values for these three parameters, similar to [32] , we fit our model to the daily reported infection data for Wuhan from January 23 to February 10 by using the standard least squares method.

abstract:
  We propose a mathematical model to investigate the current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Our model describes the multiple transmission pathways in the infection dynamics, and emphasizes the role of the environmental reservoir in the transmission and spread of this disease. Our model also employs non-constant transmission rates which change with the epidemiological status and environmental conditions and which reflect the impact of the on-going disease control measures. We conduct a detailed analysis of this model, and demonstrate its application using publicly reported data. Among other findings, our analytical and numerical results indicate that the coronavirus infection would remain endemic, which necessitates long-term disease prevention and intervention programs.


id: cord-284376-plwyjhl8
author: Fu, Xinmiao
date: 2020-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-284376-plwyjhl8.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0163445320300980
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.019
summary:
  All specimens tested negative by direct examination for PJ, whereas 27 were positive by real-time PCR (BAL, n = 18; sputa, n = 7, and TA, n = 2); Following stringent clinical, microbiological and imaging criteria ( Table 1 ) , PJP was deemed to be the most probable diagnosis in 12 episodes occurring in unique patients. In contrast, corticosteroid use within the month before sampling was not different between The probability of Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) pneumonia (PJP) for each patient was retrospectively evaluated by an expert committee including infectious diseases and microbiology specialists at both centers, on the basis of (i) documented PJ presence in respiratory specimens by microscopy; (ii) compatibility of clinical signs and symptoms (at least 2 of the following: subtle onset of progressive dyspnea, pyrexia, nonproductive cough, hypoxaemia and chest pain), (iii) compatible (suggestive) radiological findings (chest radiograph and/or high-resolution computed tomographic scan detection of interstitial opacities and/or diffuse infiltration infiltrates); (iv) complete resolution of symptoms after a full course of anti-PJP treatment; (v) absence of alternative diagnosis.

title:
  Simulating and forecasting the cumulative confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in China by Boltzmann function-based regression analyses

abstract:
  • Cumulative confirmed cases in China were well fitted with Boltzmann function. • Potential total numbers of confirmed cases in different regions were estimated. • Key dates indicating minimal daily number of new confirmed cases were estimated. • Cumulative confirmed cases of 2003 SARS-CoV were well fitted to Boltzmann function. • The Boltzmann function was, for the first time, applied to epidemic analysis.


id: cord-284393-s9qp9a4e
author: Wei, Yiping
date: 2020-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-284393-s9qp9a4e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284393-s9qp9a4e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05252-8
doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05252-8
summary:
  title: Clinical characteristics of 276 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Zengdu District, Hubei Province: a single-center descriptive study BACKGROUND: We aimed to report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in Zengdu District, Hubei Province, China. Our study on 276 inpatients in Zengdu Hhospital confirms that COVID-19 patients in the areas surrounding the core COVID-19 outbreak region showed mainly mild and moderate illness with fever and lymphocytopenia as the main clinical features. Moreover, compared to studies in which only seriously ill COVID-19 patients were admitted, our admission criteria better reflect the disease characteristics in the area around the outbreak point, so as to provide a decision-making reference for hospitals in the residential area to decide which patients should stay at home for observation and which high-risk patients should be hospitalized in a timely manner. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

title:
  Clinical characteristics of 276 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Zengdu District, Hubei Province: a single-center descriptive study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: We aimed to report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in Zengdu District, Hubei Province, China. METHODS: Clinical data on COVID-19 inpatients in Zengdu Hospital from January 27 to March 11, 2020 were collected; this is a community hospital in an area surrounding Wuhan and supported by volunteer doctors. All hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were included in this study. The epidemiological findings, clinical features, laboratory findings, radiologic manifestations, and clinical outcomes of these patients were analyzed. The patients were followed up for clinical outcomes until March 22, 2020. Severe COVID-19 cases include severe and critical cases diagnosed according to the seventh edition of China’s COVID-19 diagnostic guidelines. Severe and critical COVID-19 cases were diagnosed according to the seventh edition of China’s COVID-19 diagnostic guidelines. RESULTS: All hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 276 (median age: 51.0 years), were enrolled, including 262 non-severe and 14 severe patients. The proportion of patients aged over 60 years was higher in the severe group (78.6%) than in the non-severe group (18.7%, p < 0.01). Approximately a quarter of the patients (24.6%) had at least one comorbidity, such as hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, and the proportion of patients with comorbidities was higher in the severe group (85.7%) than in the non-severe group (21.4%, p < 0.01). Common symptoms included fever (82.2% [227/276]) and cough (78.0% [218/276]). 38.4% (106/276) of the patients had a fever at the time of admission. Most patients (94.9% [204/276]) were cured and discharged; 3.6% (10/276) deteriorated to a critical condition and were transferred to another hospital. The median COVID-19 treatment duration and hospital stay were 14.0 and 18.0 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the COVID-19 patients in Zengdu had mild disease. Older patients with underlying diseases were at a higher risk of progression to severe disease. The length of hospital-stay and antiviral treatment duration for COVID-19 were slightly longer than those in Wuhan. This work will contribute toward an understanding of COVID-19 characteristics in the areas around the core COVID-19 outbreak region and serve as a reference for decision-making for epidemic prevention and control in similar areas.


id: cord-284890-s73hljz9
author: Kang, Lijun
date: 2020-03-30
txt: ./txt/cord-284890-s73hljz9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284890-s73hljz9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
summary:
  title: Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study The severe 2019 outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first reported in Wuhan, would be expected to impact the mental health of local medical and nursing staff and thus lead them to seek help. In addition, to reduce the psychological damage of COVID-19 among medical and nursing staff, mental health workers in Wuhan are also taking action by establishing psychological intervention teams and providing a range of psychological services, including providing psychological brochures, counseling and psychotherapy (Kang et al., 2020) . The questionnaire consists of six parts: basic demographic data, mental health assessment, risks of direct and indirect exposure to COVID-19, mental healthcare services accessed, psychological needs, and self-perceived health status compared to that before the COVID-19 outbreak.

title:
  Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study

abstract:
  The severe 2019 outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first reported in Wuhan, would be expected to impact the mental health of local medical and nursing staff and thus lead them to seek help. However, those outcomes have yet to be established using epidemiological data. To explore the mental health status of medical and nursing staff and the efficacy, or lack thereof, of critically connecting psychological needs to receiving psychological care, we conducted a quantitative study. This is the first paper on the mental health of medical and nursing staff in Wuhan. Notably, among 994 medical and nursing staff working in Wuhan, 36.9% had subthreshold mental health disturbances (mean PHQ-9: 2.4), 34.4% had mild disturbances (mean PHQ-9: 5.4), 22.4% had moderate disturbances (mean PHQ-9: 9.0), and 6.2% had severe disturbance (mean PHQ-9: 15.1) in the immediate wake of the viral epidemic. The noted burden fell particularly heavily on young women. Of all participants, 36.3% had accessed psychological materials (such as books on mental health), 50.4% had accessed psychological resources available through media (such as online push messages on mental health self-help coping methods), and 17.5% had participated in counseling or psychotherapy. Trends in levels of psychological distress and factors such as exposure to infected people and psychological assistance were identified. Although staff accessed limited mental healthcare services, distressed staff nonetheless saw these services as important resources to alleviate acute mental health disturbances and improve their physical health perceptions. These findings emphasize the importance of being prepared to support frontline workers through mental health interventions at times of widespread crisis.


id: cord-285153-schpgyo0
author: Lin, Chen
date: 2020-04-24
txt: ./txt/cord-285153-schpgyo0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285153-schpgyo0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.04.023
doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.04.023
summary:
  title: COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan: An analysis of the radiographic and clinical features The purpose of this case report is to describe the CT and clinical features of a COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan, China. The purpose of this case report is to describe the radiographic and clinical features of a COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan, China. After 7 days of treatment (February 6, 2020), the patient''s HRCT showed that her bilateral pulmonary lesions had improved and a little fibrous stripe was evident ( Figures 1E and 1F ). Current research demonstrated that the most common HRCT features of COVID-19 pneumonia are patchy/punctate ground glass opacities (85.7%), patchy J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f consolidation (19.0%) that are mainly distributed in a sub-pleural area, and the presence of fibrous stripes after the patient''s condition improves [2] .

title:
  COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan: An analysis of the radiographic and clinical features

abstract:
  The purpose of this case report is to describe the CT and clinical features of a COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan, China.


id: cord-285315-7r44j3q9
title: SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie
author: Bein, Berthold
date: 2020-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-285315-7r44j3q9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285315-7r44j3q9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32274773/
doi: 10.1055/a-1146-8674
summary:
  Die Case Fatality Rate (Zahl der Infizierten, die verstirbt; Letalität) von SARS-CoV-2 beträgt aktuellen Berechnungen nach nur 1,4 %, wobei das Risiko für eine symptomatische Infektion mit zunehmendem Alter ansteigt (ca. Die Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) zitiert in ihren kürzlich publizierten Empfehlungen zur Behandlung von Patienten mit COVID-19 eine aktuelle Metaanalyse, in der keine Überlegenheit von speziellen "respiratory masks" (analog unseren FFP2/FFP3-Masken) gegenüber konventionellem Mund-Nasen-Schutz bezüglich einer Ansteckung von medizinischem Personal, das infektiöse Patienten betreut hatte, gefunden werden konnte [30] . Das bedeutet konkret, dass die Behandlung von Patienten mit COVID-19 zuallererst auf "Best Standard Care" beruht, also auf einer optimalen Anwendung evidenzbasierter Therapieempfehlungen, die für die Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens (Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS) erarbeitet wurden [33] .

abstract:
  COVID-19, a new viral disease affecting primarily the respiratory system and the lung, has caused a pandemic with serious challenges to health systems around the world. In about 20% of patients, severe symptoms occur after a mean incubation period of 5 – 6 days; 5% of patients need intensive care therapy. Morbidity is about 1 – 2%. Protecting health care workers is of paramount importance in order to prevent hospital acquired infections. Therefore, during all procedures associated with aerosol production, a personal safety equipment consisting of a FFP2/FFP3 (N95) respiratory mask, gloves, safety glasses and a waterproof overall should be used. Therapy is based on established recommendations issued for patients with acute lung injury (ARDS). Lung protective ventilation, prone position, restrictive fluid management and an adequate management of organ failures are the mainstays of therapy. In case of fulminant lung failure, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be used as a rescue in experienced centres. New, experimental therapies evolve with ever increasing frequency; currently, however, there is no evidence based recommendation possible. If off-label and compassionate use of these drugs is considered, an individual benefit-risk assessment is necessary, since serious side effects have been reported.


id: cord-285403-h8ahn8fw
title: Origin and Evolution of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
author: Zhang, Liangsheng
date: 2020-02-03
txt: ./txt/cord-285403-h8ahn8fw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285403-h8ahn8fw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32011673/
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa112
abstract: nan
summary:
  To the Editor-The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV or COVID-19) recently reported from Wuhan (China), which has cases in Thailand, Japan, South Korea, and the United States, has been confirmed as a new coronavirus [1] . Based on our phylogenomic analysis of the recently released genomic data of 2019-nCoV, we showed that the 2019-nCoV is most closely related to 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like CoV sequences that were isolated in bats during 2015 to 2017 [2] , suggesting that the bats'' CoV and the human 2019-nCoV share a recent common ancestor ( Figure 1A) . This market also sells wild animals or mammals, which were likely intermediate hosts of 2019-nCoV, which originated from bat hosts ( Figure 1B ). The 2019-nCoVs have long branches (0.09) for the 2 isolated in the phylogenomic tree ( Figure 1A) , indicating that the 2019-nCoVs likely share bat hosts. There were 3 genotypes present in samples from Guangdong province, indicating that the 6 strains were infected from different places in Wuhan.


id: cord-285502-rvv64190
author: Yang, Lie
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-285502-rvv64190.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285502-rvv64190.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834492/
doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105074
summary:
  During the pandemic, municipal solid wastes (MSWs) from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals, isolation locations and residential areas (e.g. face masks) were collected and categorized as HCWs due to the high infectiousness and strong survivability of COVID-19, and accordingly the average production of HCWs per 1000 persons in Wuhan explosively increased from 3.64 kg/d to 27.32 kg/d. However, during the pandemic, municipal solid wastes (MSWs) from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals, isolation locations and residential areas (e.g. face masks) are of potential infectiousness due to the high infectiousness and strong survivability of COVID-19, and need to be collected, transported, storage and treated as part of HCWs (MEE, 2005 (MEE, , 2006a . For instance, MSWs from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals and isolation locations were packaged and collected as HCWs. Therefore, all of these HCWs were collected with strict segregation packages and managed according to the criterions of infectious wastes (MEE, 2008) during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan.

title:
  Emergency response to the explosive growth of health care wastes during COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a worldwide pandemic, the security management of health care wastes (HCWs) has attracted increasing concern due to their high risk. In this paper, the integrated management of HCWs in Wuhan, the first COVID-19-outbreaking city with over ten millions of people completely locking down, was collected, investigated and analyzed. During the pandemic, municipal solid wastes (MSWs) from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals, isolation locations and residential areas (e.g. face masks) were collected and categorized as HCWs due to the high infectiousness and strong survivability of COVID-19, and accordingly the average production of HCWs per 1000 persons in Wuhan explosively increased from 3.64 kg/d to 27.32 kg/d. Segregation, collection, storage, transportation and disposal of HCWs in Wuhan were discussed and outlined. Stationary facilities, mobile facilities, co-processing facilities (Incineration plants for MSWs) and nonlocal disposal were consecutively utilized to improve the disposal capacity, from 50 tons/d to 280.1 tons/d. Results indicated that stationary and co-processing facilities were preferential for HCWs disposal, while mobile facilities and nonlocal disposal acted as supplementary approaches. Overall, the improved system of HCWs management could meet the challenge of the explosive growth of HCWs production during COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan. Furthermore, these practices could provide a reference for other densely populated metropolises.


id: cord-285772-4xt4anq5
author: Huang, Rui
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-285772-4xt4anq5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285772-4xt4anq5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32384078/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008280
summary:
  This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and identify the risk factors for severe illness of COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, China. Several studies have reported the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Wuhan (the outbreak center of the infection) [4, 6, 7] . conducted a retrospective, single-center study which included 99 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan and found that the virus was more likely to infect older men with comorbidities, and the mortality rate was as high as 11% [4] . Another single-center study which analyzed 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, found that 26% of patients received ICU care and the mortality rate was only 4.3% [7] . In this multi-center study, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and to identify the risk factors of severe illness among inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, which is located in the east of China.

title:
  Clinical findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Jiangsu province, China: A retrospective, multi-center study

abstract:
  Limited data are available for clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outside Wuhan. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and identify the risk factors for severe illness of COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, China. Clinical data of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were retrospectively collected in 8 hospitals from 8 cities of Jiangsu province, China. Clinical findings of COVID-19 patients were described and risk factors for severe illness of COVID-19 were analyzed. By Feb 10, 2020, 202 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were enrolled. The median age of patients was 44.0 years (interquartile range, 33.0–54.0). 55 (27.2%) patients had comorbidities. At the onset of illness, the common symptoms were fever (156 [77.2%]) and cough (120 [59.4%]). 66 (32.7%) patients had lymphopenia. 193 (95.5%) patients had abnormal radiological findings. 11 (5.4%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit and none of the patients died. 23 (11.4%) patients had severe illness. Severe illness of COVID-19 was independently associated with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 kg/m(2) (odds ratio [OR], 9.219; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.731 to 31.126; P<0.001) and a known history of type 2 diabetes (OR, 4.326; 95% CI, 1.059 to 17.668; P = 0.041). In this case series in Jiangsu Province, COVID-19 patients had less severe symptoms and had better outcomes than the initial COVID-19 patients in Wuhan. The BMI ≥ 28 kg/m(2) and a known history of type 2 diabetes were independent risk factors of severe illness in patients with COVID-19.


id: cord-286683-mettlmhz
author: Ortiz-Prado, Esteban
date: 2020-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-286683-mettlmhz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286683-mettlmhz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094
doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094
summary:
  Interestingly, the increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in serum associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage described both in SARS [59] and MERS diseases [60] were also reported in the early study of 41 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan [41] . A recently published case report of a patient with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 revealed the presence of an increased activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), follicular helper T cells (TFH cells), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies, suggesting that both cellular and humoral responses are important in containing the virus and inhibiting severe pathology [82] . Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series

title:
  Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review

abstract:
  Abstract Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera that belong to the family Coronaviridae. From those, at least seven coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans. Four of these viruses can cause common cold-like symptoms. Those that infect animals can evolve and become infectious to humans. Three recent examples of these viral jumps include SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS CoV-2 virus. They are responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the most recently discovered coronavirus disease during 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. The rapid spread of the disease has taken the scientific and medical community by surprise. Latest figures from 20th May 2020 show more than 5 million people had been infected with the virus, causing more than 330,000 deaths in over 210 countries worldwide. The large amount of information received daily relating to COVID-19 is so abundant and dynamic that medical staff, health authorities, academics and the media are not able to keep up with this new pandemic. In order to offer a clear insight of the extensive literature available, we have conducted a comprehensive literature review of the SARS CoV-2 Virus and the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19).


id: cord-286854-0s7oq0uv
author: Jin, Xi
date: 2020-07-03
txt: ./txt/cord-286854-0s7oq0uv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286854-0s7oq0uv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1781551
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1781551
summary:
  title: Virus strain from a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution potentially related to Furin cleavage site The evolutionary pattern of SARS-CoV-2 towards FCS formation may result in its clinical symptom becoming closer to HKU-1 and OC43 caused mild flu-like symptoms, further showing its potential in differentiating into mild COVID-19 subtypes. Sequence alignment analysis indicated 38 mutation sites for ZJ01 compared with other SARS-CoV-2 family members ( Figure 2(A) ). Further comparative alignment analysis of GZ02 (SARS viral strain), Wuhan-Hu-1 (the earliest sequenced SARS-CoV-2), RaTG13, HKU9-1 (the potential ancestor of SARS and SARS-CoV-2), HKU-1 and OC43 showed that the variation of FCS sequence had certain regularity in coronavirus evolution ( Figure 4(B) ). We speculated that, despite the gene similarity between ZJ01 and Wuhan-Hu-1, the mutation near the FCS changed the protein structure conformation and surface electrostatic potential of ZJ01, which further influenced its binding capacity with Furin.

title:
  Virus strain from a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution potentially related to Furin cleavage site

abstract:
  The mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus genome during COVID-19 dissemination are unclear. In 788 COVID-19 patients from Zhejiang province, we observed decreased rate of severe/critical cases compared with patients in Wuhan. For mechanisms exploration, we isolated one strain of SARS-CoV-2 (ZJ01) from a mild COVID-19 patient. Thirty-five specific gene mutations were identified. Phylogenetic and relative synonymous codon usage analysis suggested that ZJ01 may be a potential evolutionary branch of SARS-CoV-2. We classified 54 global virus strains based on the base (C or T) at positions 8824 and 28247 while ZJ01 has T at both sites. The prediction of the Furin cleavage site (FCS) and sequence alignment indicated that the FCS may be an important site of coronavirus evolution. ZJ01 mutations identified near the FCS (F1-2) caused changes in the structure and electrostatic distribution of the S surface protein, further affecting the binding capacity of Furin. Single-cell sequencing and ACE2-Furin co-expression results confirmed that the Furin expression was especially higher in glands, liver, kidneys, and colon. The evolutionary pattern of SARS-CoV-2 towards FCS formation may result in its clinical symptom becoming closer to HKU-1 and OC43 caused mild flu-like symptoms, further showing its potential in differentiating into mild COVID-19 subtypes.


id: cord-287222-wojyisu0
title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update
author: Zhou, Min
date: 2020-04-02
txt: ./txt/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240462/
doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8
summary:
  Of the first 99 laboratory-confirmed patients, 49 (49%) had been exposed to HSWM, which was reported to be the possible initial source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . New Coronavirus Infection Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Trial Version) published by Military Support Hubei Medical Team also put forward that for mild to moderate COVID-19 patients, corticosteroids should not be given principally and highdose corticosteroid pulse therapy was not recommended. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a significant threat to global health. It caused a total of 80 868 confirmed cases and 3101 deaths in Chinese mainland until March 8, 2020. This novel virus spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact. As disease progressed, a series of complications tend to develop, especially in critically ill patients. Pathological findings showed representative features of acute respiratory distress syndrome and involvement of multiple organs. Apart from supportive care, no specific treatment has been established for COVID-19. The efficacy of some promising antivirals, convalescent plasma transfusion, and tocilizumab needs to be investigated by ongoing clinical trials.


id: cord-287499-zcizdc7s
title: SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence on repatriation flights from Wuhan City, China
author: Thompson, Hayley A
date: 2020-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-287499-zcizdc7s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287499-zcizdc7s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32830853/
doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa135
summary:
  title: SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence on repatriation flights from Wuhan City, China Highlight: We estimated SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in cohorts of repatriated citizens from Wuhan to be 0.44% (95% CI: 0.19%-1.03%). Although not representative of the wider population we believe these estimates are helpful in providing a conservative estimate of infection prevalence in Wuhan City, China, in the absence of large-scale population testing early in the epidemic. By focusing on flights where all passengers were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection with real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), regardless of symptoms, a more accurate estimate of infection prevalence can be obtained compared to relying on symptomatic surveillance testing alone. 8 The repatriation flights we considered represent a globally diverse population of foreign nationals who were residing in Wuhan City leading up to the outbreak for variable periods of time and for a variety of reasons: students, work-related travel, visiting friends and families and tourism. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in repatriation flights to Greece from three European countries

abstract:
  We estimated SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in cohorts of repatriated citizens from Wuhan to be 0.44% (95% CI: 0.19%–1.03%). Although not representative of the wider population we believe these estimates are helpful in providing a conservative estimate of infection prevalence in Wuhan City, China, in the absence of large-scale population testing early in the epidemic.


id: cord-287515-oe7adj91
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A critical care perspective beyond China
author: Rello, Jordi
date: 2020-03-03
txt: ./txt/cord-287515-oe7adj91.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287515-oe7adj91.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32142972/
doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.03.001
abstract: nan
summary:
  Prior experience with viral pneumonia, including influenza and MERS-coronavirus, suggest that steroids can contribute to higher mortality, increase viral replication with longer periods of viral clearance and more superinfections (including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, as already reported in the Wuhan cohort) [5, 6] . Another difference is that most COVID-19 infected patients were diagnosed with viral pneumonia, whereas acute exacerbations of COPD or bronchospasm or myocarditis were more common in influenza. Use of noninvasive ventilation is controversial, showing limited efficacy in MERS and is associated with very high levels of aerosol spread, exposing staff at much greater risk of infection [11, 12] . Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a singlecentered, retrospective, observational study High-flow nasal therapy in adults with severe acute respiratory infection: a cohort study in patients with 2009 influenza A/H1N1 v


id: cord-288432-n2y9cunc
author: Liu, Kun
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-288432-n2y9cunc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288432-n2y9cunc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302377/
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa422
summary:
  BACKGROUND: The unprecedented outbreak of 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection in Wuhan City caused global concern, the outflowing population from Wuhan was believed to be a main reason for the rapid and large-scale spread of the disease, so the government implemented a city closure measure to prevent its transmission considering the large amount of travelling before the Chinese New Year. METHODS: Based on the daily reported new cases and the population movement data between January 1 and 31, we examined the effects of population outflow from Wuhan on the geographical expansion of the infection in other provinces and cities of China, as well as the impacts of the city closure in Wuhan in different scenarios of closing dates. Thus, we conducted this study with the following objectives: 1) to evaluate the impacts of the population movement on the spatial transmission of the 2019-nCoV cases at the provincial and city levels in China; 2) to estimate the potential outbreak risk at areas with the population outflowed from Wuhan; 3) to evaluate the effectiveness of the city closure measures on the epidemic control.

title:
  Population movement, city closure in Wuhan and geographical expansion of the 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection in China in January 2020

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The unprecedented outbreak of 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection in Wuhan City caused global concern, the outflowing population from Wuhan was believed to be a main reason for the rapid and large-scale spread of the disease, so the government implemented a city closure measure to prevent its transmission considering the large amount of travelling before the Chinese New Year. METHODS: Based on the daily reported new cases and the population movement data between January 1 and 31, we examined the effects of population outflow from Wuhan on the geographical expansion of the infection in other provinces and cities of China, as well as the impacts of the city closure in Wuhan in different scenarios of closing dates. RESULTS: We observed a significantly positive association between population movement and the number of the 2019-nCoV cases. The spatial distribution of cases per unit outflow population indicated that some areas with large outflow population might have been underestimated for the infection, such as Henan and Hunan provinces. Further analysis revealed that if the city closure policy was implemented two days earlier, 1420 (95% CI: 1059, 1833) cases could have been prevented, and if two days later, 1462 (95% CI: 1090, 1886) more cases would be possible. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that population movement might be one important trigger for the transmission of 2019-nCoV infection in China, and the policy of city closure is effective to control the epidemic.


id: cord-288616-7i1kukmn
title: The end of cordon sanitaire in Wuhan: the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions
author: Wan, Kelvin H.
date: 2020-05-14
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620301669
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.007
abstract:
  Abstract The effectiveness of the non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented in Wuhan are described and discussed. In the absence of vaccine and proven specific safe and effective treatments, the experience and results achieved by Wuhan could serve as a good reference for leaders and policymakers around the world in formulating their strategies and policies in fighting against COVID-19.


id: cord-289322-5ciaonf0
author: Chen, X.
date: 2020-03-06
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.03.20030353v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.03.20030353
title:
  Epidemiological and clinical features of 291 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in areas adjacent to Hubei, China: a double-center observational study

abstract:
  Abstract Background: The clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients in Hubei and other areas are different. We aim to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patient with COVID-19 in Hunan which is adjacent to Hubei. Methods: In this double-center, observational study, we recruited all consecutive patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 from January 23 to February 14, 2020 in two designated hospitals in Hunan province, China. Epidemiological and clinical data from patients' electronic medical records were collected and compared between mild, moderate and severe/critical group in detail. Clinical outcomes were followed up to February 20, 2020. Findings: 291 patients with COVID-19 were categorized into mild group (10.0%), moderate group (72.8%) and severe/critical group (17.2%). The median age of all patients was 46 years (49.8% were male). 86.6% patients had an indirect exposure history. The proportion of patients that had been to Wuhan in severe/critical group (48.0% vs 17.2%, p=0.006) and moderate group (43.4% vs 17.2%, p=0.007) were higher than mild group. Fever (68.7%), cough (60.5%), and fatigue (31.6%) were common symptoms especially for severe and critical patients. Typical lung imaging finding were bilateral and unilateral ground glass opacity or consolidation. Leukopenia, lymphopenia and eosinopenia occurred in 36.1%, 22.7% and 50.2% patients respectively. Increased fibrinogen was detected in 45 of 58 (77.6%) patients with available results. 29 of 44 (65.9%) or 22 of 40 (55.0%) patients were positive in Mycoplasma pneumonia or Chlamydia pneumonia antibody test respectively. Compared with mild or moderate group, severe/critical group had a relative higher level of neutrophil, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, h-CRP, ESR, CK, CK-MB, LDH, D-dimer, and a lower level of lymphocyte, eosinophils, platelet, HDL and sodium (all p<0.01). Most patients received antiviral therapy and Chinese Medicine therapy. As of February 20, 2020, 159 (54.6%) patients were discharged and 2 (0.7%) patients died during hospitalization. The median length of hospital stay in discharged patients was 12 days (IQR: 10-15). Interpretation: The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Hunan is different from patients in Wuhan. The proportion of patients that had been to Wuhan in severe/critical group and moderate group were higher than mild group. Laboratory and imaging examination can assist in the diagnosis and classification of COVID-19 patients.


id: cord-289451-yjrh5l4u
author: Xiao, Huidi
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-289451-yjrh5l4u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289451-yjrh5l4u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145047
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145047
summary:
  title: Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities We enrolled medical students studying public health in Beijing and Wuhan to assess their COVID-19 awareness and to evaluate their mental health status/behaviors using a self-administered questionnaire. A 2020 COVID-19 survey in China found that many respondents (including students) reported symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety and depression [8] . We studied the associations between COVID-19 distancing and the lives of public health students on anxiety [14] , depression, and other behaviors. We also examined the differences among public health students in two universities, Capital Medical University (CCMU) in Beijing, and Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in Wuhan, the early epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among the medical students in two schools of public health at two universities: CCMU in Beijing and HUST in Wuhan.

title:
  Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities

abstract:
  Background: During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, harsh social distancing measures were taken in China to contain viral spread. We examined their impact on the lives of medical students. Methods: A nation-wide cross-sectional survey of college students was conducted from 4–12 February 2020. We enrolled medical students studying public health in Beijing and Wuhan to assess their COVID-19 awareness and to evaluate their mental health status/behaviors using a self-administered questionnaire. We used the Patient Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Health Questionnaire-9 to measure anxiety disorders and depression. We used multivariable logistic regression and path analysis to assess the associations between covariates and anxiety disorder/depression. Results: Of 933 students, 898 (96.2%) reported wearing masks frequently when going out, 723 (77.5%) reported daily handwashing with soap, 676 (72.5%) washed hands immediately after arriving home, and 914 (98.0%) reported staying home as much as possible. Prevalence of anxiety disorder was 17.1% and depression was 25.3%. Multivariable logistic regression showed anxiety to be associated with graduate student status (odds ratio (aOR) = 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–3.5), negative thoughts or actions (aOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4–1.7), and feeling depressed (aOR = 6.8; 95% CI: 4.0–11.7). Beijing students were significantly less likely to have anxiety than those in the Wuhan epicenter (aOR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.8–1.0), but depression did not differ. Depression was associated with female students (aOR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.3), negative thoughts or actions (aOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.5–1.9), and anxiety disorder (aOR = 5.8; 95% CI: 3.4–9.9). Path analysis validated these same predictors. Conclusions: Despite medical students’ knowledge of disease control and prevention, their lives were greatly affected by social distancing, especially in the Wuhan epicenter. Even well-informed students needed psychological support during these extraordinarily stressful times.


id: cord-290758-kz0qfy3r
author: Hui, David S.
date: 2020-02-29
txt: ./txt/cord-290758-kz0qfy3r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290758-kz0qfy3r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1201971220300114
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health -The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China The 2019-nCoV infection in Wuhan appears clinically milder than SARS or MERS overall in terms of severity, case fatality rate and transmissibility, which increases the risk of cases remaining undetected. The rapid identification and containment of a novel coronavirus virus in a short period of time is a reassuring and a commendable achievement by China''s public health authorities and reflects the increasing global capacity to detect, identify, define and contain new outbreaks. The latest analysis show that the Wuhan CoV cluster with the SARS CoV.10 (Novel coronavirus -China (01) Whilst several important aspects of MERS-CoV epidemiology, virology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, have been defined, there remain many unanswered questions, including source, transmission and epidemic potential.

title:
  The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China


id: cord-291583-1nxfh9yt
author: Zhou, Hongmei
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-291583-1nxfh9yt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291583-1nxfh9yt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32523686/
doi: 10.1177/2045894020924566
summary:
  title: Understanding the current status of patients with pulmonary hypertension during COVID-19 outbreak: a small-scale national survey from China One-hundred twenty pulmonary hypertension patients and 23 family members participated in the survey; 64.8% (n = 87) participants came from Hubei, and others were from 15 other provinces; 98.6% (n = 141) participants were in home quarantine; 65.8% (n = 79) were pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease; and 76.7% (n = 92) patients proclaimed their heart function was well maintained at class I or II. To understand the status of PH patients during COVID-19 outbreak in China, the questions were designed to cover the following issues: (1) basic clinical information of the patients, including age, gender, medical history of PH, and current heart function; (2) physical and mental conditions associated with COVID-19; and (3) details of the medications they were using and requirements for medical care if any.

title:
  Understanding the current status of patients with pulmonary hypertension during COVID-19 outbreak: a small-scale national survey from China

abstract:
  Pulmonary hypertension is a chronic disease developing progressively with high mortality. Pulmonary hypertension patients need persistent medical care; however, limited reports focused on them when there was an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. This national survey was aimed to evaluate the overall condition of pulmonary hypertension patients during this period. A questionnaire regarding the living condition of pulmonary hypertension patients during coronavirus disease 2019 was designed by pulmonary hypertension diagnostic experts in Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital. Pulmonary hypertension patients and their family members were invited to participate in this survey online. One-hundred twenty pulmonary hypertension patients and 23 family members participated in the survey; 64.8% (n = 87) participants came from Hubei, and others were from 15 other provinces; 98.6% (n = 141) participants were in home quarantine; 65.8% (n = 79) were pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease; and 76.7% (n = 92) patients proclaimed their heart function was well maintained at class I or II. One (0.8%) patient was confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Two (1.7%) patients were hospitalized due to heart function worsening. Nearly 70% (n = 100) participants implied shortage in medications during coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. A total of 24.2% (n = 29) patients indicated that medications were discontinued due to the insufficient supply. Most of the participants stayed optimistic on either coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak or their pulmonary hypertension disease, and 61.7% (n = 74) patients would go to the hospital for follow-up immediately after outbreak. These preliminary data show pulmonary hypertension patients are able to avoid severe disease when they are in home quarantine. Medication supplement is important for pulmonary hypertension patients when their heart function is well maintained. In addition, there might be increasing requirements of medical care for pulmonary hypertension patients after the outbreak.


id: cord-292144-jprbp1ua
title: Using traveller-derived cases in Henan Province to quantify the spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
author: Song, Haitao
date: 2020-08-04
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-020-05859-1
doi: 10.1007/s11071-020-05859-1
abstract:
  Wuhan shutdown was implemented on January 23 and the first level response to public health emergencies (FLRPHE) was launched over the country, and then China got the outbreak of COVID-19 under control. A mathematical model is established to study the transmission of COVID-19 in Wuhan. This research investigates the spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan and assesses the effectiveness of control measures including the Wuhan city travel ban and FLRPHE. Based on the dynamical analysis and data fitting, the transmission of COVID-19 in Wuhan is estimated and the effects of control measures including Wuhan city travel ban and FLRPHE are investigated. According to the assumptions, the basic reproduction number for COVID-19 estimated that for Wuhan equal to 7.53 and there are [Formula: see text] infectious people in Wuhan as of January 23. The interventions including the Wuhan city travel ban and FLRPHE reduce the size of peak and the cumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan by 99%. The extraordinary efforts implemented by China effectively contain the transmission of COVID-19 and protect public health in China.


id: cord-292537-9ra4r6v6
title: Predicting and analyzing the COVID-19 epidemic in China: Based on SEIRD, LSTM and GWR models
author: Liu, Fenglin
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-292537-9ra4r6v6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292537-9ra4r6v6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853285/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238280
summary:
  For the study of infectious diseases like COVID-19, SARS, and Ebola, most of the literature used descriptive research or model methods to assess indicators and analyze the effect of interventions, such as combining migration data to evaluate the potential infection rate [18, 19] , understanding the impact of factors like environmental temperature and vaccines that might be potentially linked to the diseases [20, 21] , using basic and time-varying reproduction number (R 0 & R t ) to estimate changeable transmission dynamics of epidemic conditions [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] , calculating and predicting the fatal risk to display any stage of outbreak [28] [29] [30] , or providing suggestions and interventions from risk management and other related aspects based on the results of modeling tools or historical lessons [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] .

abstract:
  In December 2019, the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The epidemic quickly broke out and spread throughout the country. Now it becomes a pandemic that affects the whole world. In this study, three models were used to fit and predict the epidemic situation in China: a modified SEIRD (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Dead) dynamic model, a neural network method LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), and a GWR (Geographically Weighted Regression) model reflecting spatial heterogeneity. Overall, all the three models performed well with great accuracy. The dynamic SEIRD prediction APE (absolute percent error) of China had been ≤ 1.0% since Mid-February. The LSTM model showed comparable accuracy. The GWR model took into account the influence of geographical differences, with R(2) = 99.98% in fitting and 97.95% in prediction. Wilcoxon test showed that none of the three models outperformed the other two at the significance level of 0.05. The parametric analysis of the infectious rate and recovery rate demonstrated that China's national policies had effectively slowed down the spread of the epidemic. Furthermore, the models in this study provided a wide range of implications for other countries to predict the short-term and long-term trend of COVID-19, and to evaluate the intensity and effect of their interventions.


id: cord-293831-28ddm9um
author: Qian, Mengcen
date: 2020-02-20
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.18.20024448
doi: 10.1101/2020.02.18.20024448
title:
  Psychological responses, behavioral changes and public perceptions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a population based cross-sectional survey

abstract:
  Objective: To investigate psychological and behavioral responses to the threat of SARS-CoV-2 infections and their associations with public perceptions in China Design: Cross sectional population-based telephone survey via random digital dialing between 1 and 10 February, 2020 Setting: Wuhan (the epicentre and quarantined city), and Shanghai (a typical major city with close transportation link with Wuhan) Participants: Random sample of 510 residents in Wuhan and 501 residents in Shanghai aged above 18 Main outcome measures: Anxiety (measured by the 7-item generalized anxiety disorder [GAD-7] scale), recommended and avoidance behaviors (engaged in all six behaviors such as increasing surface cleaning and reducing going out). Results: The prevalence rates of moderate or severe anxiety (score ≥10 on GAD-7) were 32.7% (n=167) among Wuhan participants and 20.4% (n=102) among Shanghai participants. 78.6% (n=401) of Wuhan participants and 63.9% (n=320) of Shanghai participants had carried out all six precautionary behaviors. For both measures, Wuhan participants were more responsive to the outbreak (p<0.001). Controlling for personal characteristics, logistic regression results suggested that risks of moderate or severe anxiety were positively associated with perceived susceptibility (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3-1.8) and severity of the disease (1.6, 1.4-1.9) and confusion about information reliability (1.6, 1.5-1.9). Having confidence in taking measures to protect oneself against the disease was associated with a lower risk (0.6, 0.5-0.7). The strongest predictor of behavioral change was perceived severity (1.2, 1.1-1.4), followed by confusion about information reliability (1.1, 1.0-1.3). Conclusions: Psychological and behavioral responses to COVID-19 have been dramatic during the rising phase of the outbreak. Our results support efforts for timely dissemination of accurate and reliable information to address the high anxiety level.


id: cord-294333-6azdm42x
title: Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019
author: Wang, S
date: 2020-05-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa074
doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa074
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has posed unprecedented pressure and threats to healthcare workers in Wuhan and the entire country. AIMS: To assess the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on the sleep quality of healthcare workers in a children’s healthcare centre in Wuhan. METHODS: A cross-sectional, anonymized, self-reported questionnaire survey was conducted at the Children’s Healthcare Centre of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, including socio-demographic characteristics and COVID-19 epidemic-related factors, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS). RESULTS: In total, 47 out of 123 (38%) participants with PSQI scores > 7 were identified as having sleep disturbance. A logistic regression analysis showed that sleep disturbance was independently associated with being an only child (adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.40 (1.21–9.57), P < 0.05), exposure to COVID-19 patients (adjusted OR and 95% CI 2.97 (1.08–8.18), P < 0.05) and depression (adjusted OR and 95% CI 2.83 (1.10–7.27), P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that, during the outbreak of COVID-19, sleep disturbance was highly prevalent among paediatric healthcare workers, and sleep disturbance was independently associated with being an only child, exposure to COVID-19 patients and depression. Therefore, more mental health services are required for front-line paediatric healthcare workers in Wuhan.


id: cord-294385-6dlgv3tb
author: Tong, Xin
date: 2020-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-294385-6dlgv3tb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294385-6dlgv3tb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32816387/
doi: 10.1002/iid3.340
summary:
  The radiological analysis revealed that there was no typical chest CT scan of COVID‐19 among 222 HCWs. Consistently, anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM or IgG was also found to be negative among 191 HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: There was no nosocomial infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 among our cohort of the frontline HCWs, suggesting that zero occupational infection is an achievable goal with appropriate training, strict compliance, and psychological support for the frontline HCWs. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging infectious disease, first described in Wuhan, China, has rapidly spread throughout worldwide. 2 The ever-increasing number of COVID-19 cases, overwhelming workload, the depletion of personal protection equipment (PPE), physical fatigue, and psychological stress during the early outbreak has resulted in at least 22 073 cases of COVID-19 among HCWs. 3 A study from China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that as of 17 February 2020, 3.8% confirmed COVID-19 cases were among HCWs. 4 A report from Italy revealed 11% of COVID-19 cases were HCWs. 5 All the evidence suggested a high risk of occupational infection of SARS-CoV-2.

title:
  Surveillance of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among frontline health care workers in Wuhan during COVID‐19 outbreak

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: As an emerging infectious disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has rapidly spread throughout worldwide. Health care workers (HCWs) on frontline directly participated in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of COVID‐19 patients are at high risk of getting infected with the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the novel coronavirus that causes COVID‐19. In Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, a total of 222 medical staff went to Wuhan city for support. In this study, we aimed to determine any nosocomial infection among our cohort of HCWs who worked in Wuhan. METHODS: Throat swab samples were obtained for RNA testing on day 1 and 14 of their quarantine upon their return to Nanjing. Radiological assessments were performed by chest computed tomography (CT) on day 14 of their quarantine. The blood was collected from 191 HCWs between May 12 and May 15. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody responses were determined by a chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS: All the throat swab specimens were found negative for SARS‐CoV‐2. The radiological analysis revealed that there was no typical chest CT scan of COVID‐19 among 222 HCWs. Consistently, anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM or IgG was also found to be negative among 191 HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: There was no nosocomial infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 among our cohort of the frontline HCWs, suggesting that zero occupational infection is an achievable goal with appropriate training, strict compliance, and psychological support for the frontline HCWs.


id: cord-294810-mq9vjnro
author: Huang, Qiong
date: 2020-05-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32410206/
doi: 10.1007/s11096-020-01031-2
title:
  Clinical characteristics and drug therapies in patients with the common-type coronavirus disease 2019 in Hunan, China

abstract:
  Background Clinical characteristics of patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may present differently within and outside the epicenter of Wuhan, China. More clinical investigations are needed. Objective The study was aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and therapeutic methods of COVID-19 patients in Hunan, China. Setting The First Hospital of Changsha, First People’s Hospital of Huaihua, and the Central Hospital of Loudi, Hunan province, China. Methods This was a retrospective multi-center case-series analysis. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis hospitalized at the study centers from January 17 to February 10, 2020, were included. The following data were obtained from electronic medical records: demographics, medical history, exposure history, underlying comorbidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, computer tomography scans, and treatment measures. Main outcome measure Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatments. Results A total of 54 patients were included (51 had the common-type COVID-19, three had the severe-type), the median age was 41, and 52% of them were men. The median time from the first symptoms to hospital admission was seven days. Among patients with the common-type COVID-19, the median length of stay was nine days, and 21 days among patients with severe COVID-19. The most common symptoms at the onset of illness were fever (74.5%), cough (56.9%), and fatigue (43.1%) among patients in the common-type group. Fourteen patients (37.8%) had a reduced WBC count, 23 (62.2%) had reduced eosinophil ratio, and 21 (56.76%) had decreased eosinophil count. The most common patterns on chest-computed tomography were ground-glass opacity (52.2%) and patchy bilateral shadowing (73.9%). Pharmacotherapy included recombinant human interferon α2b, lopinavir/ritonavir, novaferon, antibiotics, systematic corticosteroids and traditional Chinese medicine prescription. The outcome of treatment indicated that in patients with the common-type COVID-19, interferon-α2b, but not novaferon, had some benefits, antibiotics treatment was not needed, and corticosteroids should be used cautiously. Conclusion As of February 10, 2020, the symptoms of COVID-19 patients in Hunan province were relatively mild comparing to patients in Wuhan, the epicenter. We observed some treatment benefits with interferon-α2b and corticosteroid therapies but not with novaferon and antibiotic treatment in our study population. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11096-020-01031-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-295386-voeptwrw
author: Liu, J.
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-295386-voeptwrw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295386-voeptwrw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.14.20202531v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.14.20202531
summary:
  . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20202531 doi: medRxiv preprint "cough" (20 th ), are included within the top keywords To analyze the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, we study the correlation of the search index of the high-ranked keywords between any two of the four regions (Wuhan, China, the US, and the world), using DCCA for each year between 2014 and 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20202531 doi: medRxiv preprint the correlations between Wuhan and the world, Wuhan and the US, the world and China, and the US and China have significantly changed and have dropped to negative in 2020, while the overall trends of search index dramatically increased in the same time, compared with other years. From the analysis, we can see that the general public in Beijing exhibited a high level of attention to the overall event as the search volume of a majority of keywords, e.g., "nucleic acid," "epidemic," "mask," "sore throat," and "fever," surges significantly following the outbreak on June 11th, where the search index of "nucleic acid" shown in Figure 2 is an example.

title:
  Analysis of Collective Response Reveals that COVID-19-Related Activities Start From the End of 2019 in Mainland China

abstract:
  While the COVID-19 outbreak is making an impact at a global scale, the collective response to the pandemic becomes the key to analyzing past situations, evaluating current measures, and formulating future predictions. In this paper, we analyze the public reactions to the pandemic using search engine data and mobility data from Baidu Search and Baidu Maps respectively, where we particularly pay attentions to the early stage of pandemics and find early signals from the collective response to COVID-19. First, we correlate the number of confirmed cases per day to daily search queries of a large number of keywords through Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis (DCCA), where the keywords top in the most critical days are believed the most relevant to the pandemic. We then categorize the ranking lists of keywords according to the specific regions of the search, such as Wuhan, Mainland China, the USA, and the whole world. Through the analysis on search, we succeed in identifying COVID-19 related collective response would not be earlier than the end of 2019 in Mainland China. Finally, we confirm this observation again using human mobility data, where we specifically compare the massive mobility traces, including the real-time population densities inside key hospitals and inter-city travels departing from/arriving in Wuhan, from 2018 to 2020. No significant changes have been witnessed before December, 2019.


id: cord-296182-hhswage4
title: Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience
author: Meng, Lingzhong
date: 2020-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003296
doi: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003296
summary:
  Healthcare providers, who are tasked with taking care of critically ill patients, need to perform the best practices of intubation and ventilation tailored explicitly to the victims of this sweeping COVID-19 outbreak and, at the same time, adhere to strict self-protection precautions. The Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Task Force on Airway Management released a fast-track publication with the recommendation to proceed with endotracheal intubation for patients showing no improvement in respiratory distress, tachypnea (respiratory rate greater than 30 per minute), and poor oxygenation (Pao 2 to Fio 2 ratio less than 150 mmHg) after 2-h highflow oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation. Although the aerosol-generating potential of noninvasive ventilation is a potential concern to some providers, 19 the bilevel positive airway pressure machine is widely used amid this outbreak for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in Wuhan and the rest of China.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 outbreak has led to 80,409 diagnosed cases and 3,012 deaths in mainland China based on the data released on March 4, 2020. Approximately 3.2% of patients with COVID-19 required intubation and invasive ventilation at some point in the disease course. Providing best practices regarding intubation and ventilation for an overwhelming number of patients with COVID-19 amid an enhanced risk of cross-infection is a daunting undertaking. The authors presented the experience of caring for the critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan. It is extremely important to follow strict self-protection precautions. Timely, but not premature, intubation is crucial to counter a progressively enlarging oxygen debt despite high-flow oxygen therapy and bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation. Thorough preparation, satisfactory preoxygenation, modified rapid sequence induction, and rapid intubation using a video laryngoscope are widely used intubation strategies in Wuhan. Lung-protective ventilation, prone position ventilation, and adequate sedation and analgesia are essential components of ventilation management.


id: cord-297168-t6zf5k99
title: The Novel Coronavirus – A Snapshot of Current Knowledge
author: Brüssow, Harald
date: 2020-03-06
txt: ./txt/cord-297168-t6zf5k99.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297168-t6zf5k99.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32144890/
doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13557
summary:
  While bats are still considered the most likely source for this novel coronavirus, bats were already hibernating at the time of onset of this epidemic and no bats were sold at the Huanan food market in Wuhan, suggesting an intermediate animal host where adaptation to human transmission might have occurred. W. Tan and colleagues, who now constitute the China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team, described subsequently the isolation of further coronaviruses from three patients in Wuhan who tested negative for 18 viral and four bacterial respiratory pathogens. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients Outside Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

abstract:
  Another animal to human transmission of a coronavirus occurred in December 2019 on a live animal market in the Chinese city of Wuhan causing an epidemic in China, reaching now different continents. This minireview summarizes the research literature on the virological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of this epidemic published until end of February 2020.


id: cord-297470-lx3xwg92
author: Pan, Yunbao
date: 2020-10-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33035672/
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.044
title:
  Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin antibodies in Wuhan, China: part of the city-wide massive testing campaign

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Wuhan, China, has subsided after a hard hit by the disease and subsequent city lockdown. Information on the number of people involved in Wuhan is still inadequate. This study aimed to describe the screening results of 61,437 community members in Wuchang District, Wuhan. METHODS: In mid-May 2020, Wuhan launched a population-scale city-wide SARS-CoV-2 testing campaign, which aimed to perform nucleic acid and viral antibody testing for citizens in Wuhan. Here we show the screening results of cluster sampled 61,437 residents in Wuchang District, Wuhan, China. RESULTS: A total of 1470 (2.39%, 95% CI: 2.27-2.52) individuals were detected positive for at least one antiviral antibody. Among the positive individuals, 324 (0.53%, 95% CI: 0.47-0.59) and 1200 (1.95%, 95% CI: 1.85-2.07) were positive for immunoglobulin IgM and IgG, respectively, and 54 (0.08%, 95% CI: 0.07-0.12) were positive for both antibodies. The positive rate of female carriers of antibodies were higher than those of male counterparts (male-to-female ratio of 0.75), especially in elderly citizens (ratio of 0.18 in 90+ age subgroup), indicating a sexual discrepancy in seroprevalence. In addition, viral nucleic acid detection using real-time PCR had showed 8 (0.013%, 95% CI: 0.006-0.026) asymptomatic virus carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan was low. Most of Wuhan residents are still susceptible to this virus. Precautions, such as wearing mask, frequent hand hygiene, and proper social distance, are necessary before an effective vaccine or antiviral treatments are available.


id: cord-297552-n4uvsi3v
author: Zou, Li
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-297552-n4uvsi3v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297552-n4uvsi3v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903644/
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00532
summary:
  title: Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Disease Severity and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China Methods: In this retrospective study, we collected data from 121 COVID-19 cases confirmed by RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 30, 2019, to March 23, 2020, and conducted statistical analysis. Our goal is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, to compare the clinical characteristics of severe and non-severe cases, and to describe the potential risk factors for disease deterioration and death. We collected data including demographic information (age, gender, and address of usual residence), clinical characteristics (including medical history, comorbidities, symptoms, and signs), initial laboratory findings (hematologic, blood biochemicals, coagulation function, infection-related, and immune-related indices), and clinical outcomes (survival and death).

title:
  Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Disease Severity and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations and outcomes of COVID-19, and explore the risk factors of deterioration and death of the disease. Methods: In this retrospective study, we collected data from 121 COVID-19 cases confirmed by RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 30, 2019, to March 23, 2020, and conducted statistical analysis. Results: A total of 121 patients were included in our study, the median age was 65 years (IQR, 55.0–71.5 years), and 54.5% cases were men. Among those cases, 52 (43.0%) cases progressed to severe, and 14 (11.6%) died. Overall, the most common manifestations were fever (78.5%) and respiratory symptoms (77.7%), while neurological symptoms were found in only 9.9% of the patients. 70.2% of all the cases had comorbidities, including hypertension (40.5%) and diabetes (20.7%). On admission, cases usually show elevated levels of neutrophils (27.3%), D-dimer (72.6%), Interleukin-6 (35.2%), Interleukin-10 (64.4%), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (82.6%), and lactate dehydrogenase (62.0%), and decreased levels of lymphocytes (66.9%), CD3 cells (67.2%), and CD4 cells (63.0%). The proportional hazard Cox models showed that the risk factors for severity progression and death included comorbidities (HR: 4.53, 95% CI: 1.78–11.55 and HR: 7.81, 95% CI: 1.02–59.86), leukocytosis (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05–1.22 and HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10–1.42), neutrophilia (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.13 and HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13–1.46, and elevated LDH (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.12–1.15 and HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.10–1.12). Elevated D-dimer (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03), IL-6 (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02) and IL-10 levels (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07) were also risk factors for the progression of disease severity. Meanwhile, lymphopenia and wake immune responses [e.g., lower CD3, CD4, or CD19 counts (all HR < 1)] were associated with disease deterioration and death. Conclusions: Severe cases and death of COVID-19 are associated with older age, comorbidities, organ dysfunction, lymphopenia, high cytokines, and weak immune responses.


id: cord-298563-346lwjr8
title: Containing 2019-nCoV (Wuhan) coronavirus
author: Kaplan, Edward H.
date: 2020-03-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32146554/
doi: 10.1007/s10729-020-09504-6
abstract:
  The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. While most of the initial cases were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, person-to-person transmission has been verified. Given that a vaccine cannot be developed and deployed for at least a year, preventing further transmission relies upon standard principles of containment, two of which are the isolation of known cases and the quarantine of persons believed at high risk of exposure. This note presents probability models for assessing the effectiveness of case isolation and quarantine within a community during the initial phase of an outbreak with illustrations based on early observations from Wuhan.


id: cord-298857-4y5o2p44
title: Engaging the communities in Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 outbreak
author: Zhu, Jie
date: 2020-07-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00162-3
doi: 10.1186/s41256-020-00162-3
abstract:
  During the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, the lockdown of the densely-populated metropolis caused panic and disorderly behavior among its population. Community governance systems (CGSs) were mobilized to lead community engagement to address the challenges and issues brought about by the sudden quarantine measures, still unprecedented in any part of the world during that time. This commentary aims to describe and analyze the roles of the CGSs, its implementation of culturally-tailored strategies and the performance of new functions as called for by the outbreak. We will introduce the community governance structure which has two parallel administrative units of government including the branches of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The pandemic showed that the roles of the CGSs evolved and may continue to be improved in the future. It is important to engage the community and to have community-based approaches in addressing issues brought about by lockdowns. This community experience in Wuhan provides important lessons for the rest of the world.


id: cord-298881-u6uqroi0
author: Huang, Ian
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-298881-u6uqroi0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298881-u6uqroi0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1871402120300837
doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018
summary:
  title: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression() Meta-analysis showed that DM was associated with composite poor outcome (RR 2.38 [1.88, 3.03], p < 0.001; I(2): 62%) and its subgroup which comprised of mortality (RR 2.12 [1.44, 3.11], p < 0.001; I(2): 72%), severe COVID-19 (RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p < 0.001; I(2): 45%), ARDS (RR 4.64 [1.86, 11.58], p = 0.001; I(2): 9%), and disease progression (RR 3.31 [1.08, 10.14], p = 0.04; I(2): 0%). Data extraction was performed independently by two authors (IH and RP), we used standardized forms that include author, year, study design, age, gender, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, DM, need for ICU care, and severe COVID-19. This comprehensive meta-analysis of 30 studies showed that DM was associated with poor outcome that comprises of mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.

title:
  Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression()

abstract:
  BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is chronic conditions with devastating multi-systemic complication and may be associated with severe form of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to investigate the association between DM and poor outcome in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. METHODS: Systematic literature search was performed from several electronic databases on subjects that assess DM and outcome in COVID-19 pneumonia. The outcome of interest was composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), need for intensive care unit (ICU) care, and disease progression. RESULTS: There were a total of 6452 patients from 30 studies. Meta-analysis showed that DM was associated with composite poor outcome (RR 2.38 [1.88, 3.03], p < 0.001; I(2): 62%) and its subgroup which comprised of mortality (RR 2.12 [1.44, 3.11], p < 0.001; I(2): 72%), severe COVID-19 (RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p < 0.001; I(2): 45%), ARDS (RR 4.64 [1.86, 11.58], p = 0.001; I(2): 9%), and disease progression (RR 3.31 [1.08, 10.14], p = 0.04; I(2): 0%). Meta-regression showed that the association with composite poor outcome was influenced by age (p = 0.003) and hypertension (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the association was weaker in studies with median age ≥55 years-old (RR 1.92) compared to <55 years-old (RR 3.48), and in prevalence of hypertension ≥25% (RR 1.93) compared to <25% (RR 3.06). Subgroup analysis on median age <55 years-old and prevalence of hypertension <25% showed strong association (RR 3.33) CONCLUSION: DM was associated with mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.


id: cord-298899-lkrmg5qr
author: Xie, Yewei
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-298899-lkrmg5qr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298899-lkrmg5qr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867706/
doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05371-2
summary:
  To fill the research gaps mentioned above, this review article systematically summarizes global findings on the natural history, clinical spectrum, transmission patterns, laboratory findings, CT results, and risk factors of the COVID-19. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical course and potential predicting factors of pneumonia of adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective observational analysis of 193 confirmed cases in Thailand Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Epidemiology, risk factors and clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in a Swiss university hospital: an observational retrospective study

title:
  Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 in the current pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world deeply, with more than 14,000,000 people infected and nearly 600,000 deaths. This review aimed to summarize the epidemiologic traits, clinical spectrum, CT results and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We scoped for relevant literatures published during 1st December 2019 to 16th July 2020 based on three databases using English and Chinese languages. We reviewed and analyzed the relevant outcomes. RESULTS: The COVID-19 pandemic was found to have a higher transmission rate compared to SARS and MERS and involved 4 stages of evolution. The basic reproduction number (R(0)) is 3.32 (95% CI:3.24–3.39), the incubation period was 5.24 days (95% CI:3.97–6.50, 5 studies) on average, and the average time for symptoms onset varied by countries. Common clinical spectrums identified included fever (38.1–39.0 °C), cough and fatigue, with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) being the most common complication reported. Body temperatures above 39.0 °C, dyspnea, and anorexia were more common symptoms in severe patients. Aged over 65 years old, having co-morbidities, and developing complications were the commonest high-risk factors associated with severe conditions. Leucopenia and lymphopenia were the most common signs of infection while liver and kidney damage were rare but may cause bad outcomes for patients. The bilateral, multifocal Ground-Glass Opacification (GGO) on peripheral, and the consolidative pulmonary opacity were the most frequent CT results and the tendency of mortality rates differed by region. CONCLUSIONS: We provided a bird’s-eye view of the COVID-19 during the current pandemic, which will help better understanding the key traits of the disease. The findings could be used for disease’s future research, control and prevention.


id: cord-299584-zpiaka80
author: Biscayart, Cristian
date: 2020-02-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32006657/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101567
abstract: nan
title:
  The next big threat to global health? 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): What advice can we give to travellers? – Interim recommendations January 2020, from the Latin-American society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI)


id: cord-301633-t8s4s0wo
title: Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV
author: Gralinski, Lisa E.
date: 2020-01-24
txt: ./txt/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31991541/
doi: 10.3390/v12020135
summary:
  Similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, patients exhibited symptoms of viral pneumonia including fever, difficulty breathing, and bilateral lung infiltration in the most severe cases [1] . A range of disease has been observed highlighted by fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and leukopenia; patients have included mild cases needing supportive care to severe cases requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; however, compared to SARS-CoV (10% mortality) and MERS-CoV (35% mortality), the 2019-nCoV appears to be less virulent at this point with the exception of the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. In the early part of the outbreak, the absence of infection in health care workers argued for inefficient human to human spread and distinguished 2019-nCoV from both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

abstract:
  The emergence of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has awakened the echoes of SARS-CoV from nearly two decades ago. Yet, with technological advances and important lessons gained from previous outbreaks, perhaps the world is better equipped to deal with the most recent emergent group 2B coronavirus.


id: cord-301983-aks5z29t
title: Critical Complications of COVID-19: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis study
author: Vakili, K.
date: 2020-06-16
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.14.20130955v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.14.20130955
abstract:
  Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel coronavirus infection that has spread worldwide in a short period and caused a pandemic. The goal of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the prevalence of most common symptoms and complications of COVID-19. Methods: All related studies assessing the clinical complications of COVID-19 have been identified through web search databases (PubMed and Scopus). Relevant data were extracted from these studies and analyzed by stata (ver 14) random-effects model. The heterogeneity of studies were assessed by I2 index. The publication bias was examined by Funnel plots and Eggers test. Results: 30 studies were in our meta-analysis including 6 389 infected patients. The prevalence of most common symptoms were: fever 84.30% (95% CI: 77.13-90.37; I2=97.74%), cough 63.01% (95% CI: 57.63-68.23; I2=93.73%), dyspnea 37.16% (95% CI: 27.31-47.57%; I2=98.32%), fatigue 34.22% (95% CI: 26.29-42.62; I2=97.29%) and diarrhea 11.47 %(95% CI: 6.96-16.87; I2=95.58%), respectively. The most prevalent complications were acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 33.15% (95% CI: 23.35-43.73; I2=98.56%), acute cardiac injury 13.77% (95% CI: 9.66-18.45; I2=91.36%), arrhythmia 16.64% (95% CI: 9.34-25.5; I2=92.29%), heart failure 11.50% (95% CI: 3.45-22.83; I2=89.48%), and acute kidney injury (AKI) 8.40 %(95% CI: 5.15-12.31; I2=95.22%, respectively. According to our analysis, mortality rate of COVID-19 patients were 12.29% (95% CI: 6.20-19.99; I2=98.29%). Conclusion: We assessed the prevalence of the main clinical complications of COVID-19 and found that after respiratory complications, cardiac and renal complications are the most common clinical complications of COVID-19.


id: cord-302159-exexcag6
author: Wei, Yanqiu
date: 2020-06-16
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26175
doi: 10.1002/jmv.26175
title:
  Analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection and clinical characteristics of outpatients: An epidemiological study from a fever clinic in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Since the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) pneumonia, thousands of patients with fever or cough were flocked into fever clinic of designated hospitals in Wuhan, China. To date, no data have ever been reported to reflect the prevalence of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) among these outpatients. Moreover, it is almost unknown to discriminate COVID‐19 and nucleic acid negative patients based on clinical features in the fever clinics. METHODS: The infectious status of SARS‐CoV‐2 was estimated among the outpatients. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics were compared between COVID‐19 and nucleic acid negative patients. RESULTS: The nucleic acid positive rate for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the outpatients from our fever clinic was 67·1%, while the majority of COVID‐19 patients were mild cases. The predominant initial symptom in those COVID‐19 patients was fever (78.2%), followed by cough (15.6%). Very significantly lower number of eosinophils was characterized in COVID‐19 patients as compared to that of nucleic acid negative patients. More importantly, the proportion of subjects with eosinophil counts lower than normal levels in COVID‐19 patients was much higher than that of nucleic acid negative patients. Fever combined with bilateral ground‐glass opacities in CT imaging and eosinophil count below the normal level are probably a valuable indicator of COVID‐19 infection in those outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Those findings may provide critical information for the regions such as Europe and United States that are facing the same situation as Wuhan experienced, and could be valuable to prevent those nucleic acid negative patients from misdiagnosis before antibody testing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-303203-1kpw4ru0
author: Guo, Jing
date: 2020-05-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32485859/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113857
title:
  Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and Negative Impact on Livelihood Predict Elevated Mental Health Problems in Chinese Adults

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic might lead to more mental health problems. However, few studies have examined sleep problems, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms among the general adult population during the COVID-19 outbreak, and little is known about coping behaviors. This survey was conducted online in China from February 1st to February 10th, 2020. Quota sampling was used to recruit 2993 Chinese citizens aged ≥18 years old. Mental health problems were assessed with the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression inventory, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Exposure to COVID-19 was measured with questions about residence at outbreak, personal exposure, media exposure, and impact on livelihood. General coping style was measured by the brief Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). Respondents were also asked 12 additional questions about COVID-19 specific coping behaviors. Direct exposure to COVID-19 instead of the specific location of (temporary) residence within or outside the epicenter (Wuhan) of the pandemic seems important (standardized beta: 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02–0.09). Less mental health problems were also associated with less intense exposure through the media (standardized beta: −0.07, 95% CI: −0.10–−0.03). Perceived negative impact of the pandemic on livelihood showed a large effect size in predicting mental health problems (standardized beta: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.10–0.19). More use of cognitive and prosocial coping behaviors were associated with less mental health problems (standardized beta: −0.30, 95% CI: −0.34–−0.27). Our study suggests that the mental health consequences of the lockdown impact on livelihood should not be underestimated. Building on cognitive coping behaviors reappraisal or cognitive behavioral treatments may be most promising.


id: cord-303799-9hh17k86
title: Clinical characteristics of 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
author: Huang, Ying
date: 2020-02-29
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.20029009
doi: 10.1101/2020.02.27.20029009
abstract:
  Background Although the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused over 2200 deaths in China, there was no study about death yet. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of non-survivors with COVID-19. Methods For this retrospective, single-center study, we included 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR between Jan 21 and Feb 10, 2020 according to the recommended protocol. The epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes were followed up until Feb 14, 2020. This study was approved by the ethics commissions of the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, with a waiver of informed consent due to a public health outbreak investigation. Results We included 36 patients who died from COVID-19. The mean age of the patients was 69.22 years (SD 9.64, range 50-90). 25(69.44%) patients were males, and 11 (30.56%) female. 26 (72.22%) patients had chronic diseases, mainly including hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Patients had common clinical symptoms of fever (34 [94.44%] patients), cough (28 [77.78%] patients), shortness of breath (21 [58.33%] patients), and fatigue (17 [47.22%] patient). Chest computed tomographic scans showed that 31 (96.88%) patients had bilateral pneumonia. Lymphopenia occurred in 24 patients (70.59%), decreased albumin (30.18, [SD, 4.76]) in 25 patients (80.65%), elevated D-dimer (8.64 [IQR, 2.39-20]) in 27 patients (100%), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (502.5 U/L [IQR, 410-629]) in 26 patients (100%). Nearly all of the patients have elevated CRP (106.3 mg/L [IQR, 60.83-225.3]), PCT (0.61 ng/ml [IQR, 0.16-2.10]) and IL-6 (100.6 pg/ml [IQR, 51.51-919.5]). Most patients received antiviral therapy and antibiotic therapy, and more than half of patients received glucocorticoid therapy (25 [69.44%]). All the patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The median time from onset to ARDS was 11 days. One (2.78%) patient presented with acute renal injury. The median time from onset to death was 17 days. Interpretation Lots of patients died from COVID-19 till now. The median survival time of these non-survivors from onset to death was about 2 weeks. Most patients were older males with comorbidities. They finally progressed to ARDS. The median time from onset to ARDS was 11 days. Gradually decreased lymphocytes and increased inflammation biomarkers were common, and need to be monitored in the routine treatment.


id: cord-304165-4f84pc83
author: Zhuang, Zian
date: 2020-03-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02.20030080
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.02.20030080
title:
  Estimation of local novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in Wuhan, China from off-site reported cases and population flow data from different sources

abstract:
  Backgrounds: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia hit Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and spread to the rest of China and overseas. The emergence of this virus coincided with the Spring Festival Travel Rush in China. It is possible to estimate total number of cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, by 23 January 2020, given the cases reported in other cities and population flow data between cities. Methods: We built a model to estimate the total number of cases in Wuhan by 23 January 2020, based on the number of cases detected outside Wuhan city in China, with the assumption that if the same screening effort used in other cities applied in Wuhan. We employed population flow data from different sources between Wuhan and other cities/regions by 23 January 2020. The number of total cases was determined by the maximum log likelihood estimation. Findings: From overall cities/regions data, we predicted 1326 (95% CI: 1177, 1484), 1151 (95% CI: 1018, 1292) and 5277 (95% CI: 4732, 5859) as total cases in Wuhan by 23 January 2020, based on different source of data from Changjiang Daily newspaper, Tencent, and Baidu. From separate cities/regions data, we estimated 1059 (95% CI: 918, 1209), 5214 (95% CI: 4659, 5808) as total cases in Wuhan in Wuhan by 23 January 2020, based on different sources of population flow data from Tencent and Baidu. Conclusion: Sources of population follow data and methods impact the estimates of local cases in Wuhan before city lock down. Keyword: COVID-19; mobility; pneumonia; transportation; outbreaks


id: cord-304418-k9owyolj
title: COVID-19 in clinical practice: a narrative synthesis
author: Le Maréchal, M.
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-304418-k9owyolj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304418-k9owyolj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33007400/
doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.09.012
summary:
  Plasmatic detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported but only with low viral titers, and mainly in clinically severe cases [44] ; bloodstream infectivity has yet to be demonstrated. The first large clinical trial published on LPV/RTV on SARS-CoV-2 compared 99 patients receiving the antiviral vs 100 receiving SoC alone [124] ; there was no difference between the 2 groups regarding the primary end point (time to improvement) (15 vs 16 days, p=0.09). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in the city of Wuhan, China. The disease rapidly spread to the rest of China, to Southern-East Asia, then to Europe, America, and on to the rest of the world. COVID-19 is associated with a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. The virus penetrates the organism through the respiratory tract, conveyed by contaminated droplets. The main cell receptor targeted is the surface-bound ACE-2. As of the 26th July 2020, 15,200,000 COVID-19 cases and 650,000 deaths were reported worldwide. The mortality rate is estimated between 1.3 and 18.3%. The reproductive rate without any public health intervention is estimated around 4-5.1 in France. Most hospitalized patients for COVID-19 present respiratory symptoms, which in some cases is associated with fever. Up to 86% of admissions to ICU are related to acute respiratory failure. To date, no anti-viral therapy has proven its efficacy considering randomized trials. Only immunomodulatory treatments such as corticosteroids have shown to cause significant improvement in patient outcome.


id: cord-304490-q9ab1pji
author: Iqbal, Najaf
date: 2020-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-304490-q9ab1pji.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304490-q9ab1pji.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138916
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138916
summary:
  We employ 24-h daily average temperature, daily new confirmed cases of a covid-19 in Wuhan, and RMB exchange rate to represent the weather, covid-19 outbreak, and Chinese economy, respectively. The Renminbi exchange rate showed a negative coherence at specific time-frequency spots suggesting a negative but limited impact of the covid-19 outbreak in Wuhan on the Chinese export economy. In such a scenario, it is interesting to know how the Chinese RMB exchange rate moved with the emerging situation of the covid-19 outbreak, explicitly speaking the number of new daily confirmed cases in Wuhan during this period. This study attempts to document the relationship between local weather (Temperature), economy (Exchange rate of RMB), and covid-19 outbreak (Daily number of new confirmed covid-19 cases) in the Chinese city of Wuhan where it was first reported, using wavelet analysis.

title:
  Nexus between COVID-19, temperature and exchange rate in Wuhan City: New findings from Partial and Multiple Wavelet Coherence

abstract:
  Abstract This study attempts to document the nexus between weather, covid-19 outbreak in Wuhan and the Chinese economy. We employ 24-h daily average temperature, daily new confirmed cases of a covid-19 in Wuhan, and RMB exchange rate to represent the weather, covid-19 outbreak, and Chinese economy, respectively. The methodology of Wavelet Transform Coherence (WTC), Partial Wavelet Coherence (PWC), and Multiple Wavelet Coherence (MWC) is used to analyze the daily data collected from 21st January 2020 to 31st March 2020. Results reveal significant coherence between series at different time-frequency combinations. Overall results show the insignificance of an increase in temperature to contain new covid-19 infections. The Renminbi exchange rate showed a negative coherence at specific time-frequency spots suggesting a negative but limited impact of the covid-19 outbreak in Wuhan on the Chinese export economy. Our results are contrary to many earlier studies, which show a significant impact of increased temperature in slowing down covid-19 spread. These results can have important implications for economic and containment policy making regarding the covid-19 outbreak.


id: cord-304710-gjb6zo81
title: Novel coronavirus: how things are in Wuhan
author: Khan, S.
date: 2020-02-11
txt: ./txt/cord-304710-gjb6zo81.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304710-gjb6zo81.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X20300847
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.005
abstract: nan
summary:
  There is a great risk of medical and clinical staff (and workers) becoming infected with 2019n-CoV because of their direct interaction with infected and suspected individuals. Working for long hours, disturbed daily routines including eating and sleeping schedules and fear of being infected are key factors that increase the risks of stress and anxiety for doctors and nurses, and may lead to their working less efficiently in terms of providing better treatment and care to patients. However, the increasing number of patients every day and the expected peak in the coming days [6] may cause a further shortage of medical staff and health and logistic issues for the frontline healthcare provider. China coronavirus: Wuhan medical staff being infected at much faster pace than reported as national death toll hits 26 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China


id: cord-304839-lesa5u2n
title: Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
author: Jiang, Fang
date: 2020-03-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32133578/
doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05762-w
abstract:
  In late December 2019, a cluster of cases with 2019 Novel Coronavirus pneumonia (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, aroused worldwide concern. Previous studies have reported epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this brief review is to summarize those published studies as of late February 2020 on the clinical features, symptoms, complications, and treatments of COVID-19 and help provide guidance for frontline medical staff in the clinical management of this outbreak.


id: cord-304925-9gvx3swf
author: Xie, Zhixiang
date: 2020-07-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32687995/
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140929
title:
  Spatial and temporal differentiation of COVID-19 epidemic spread in mainland China and its influencing factors

abstract:
  Abstract This paper uses the exploratory spatial data analysis and the geodetector method to analyze the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics and the influencing factors of the COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) epidemic spread in mainland China based on the cumulative confirmed cases, average temperature, and socio-economic data. The results show that: (1) the epidemic spread rapidly from January 24 to February 20, 2020, and the distribution of the epidemic areas tended to be stable over time. The epidemic spread rate in Hubei province, in its surrounding, and in some economically developed cities was higher, while that in western part of China and in remote areas of central and eastern China was lower. (2) The global and local spatial correlation characteristics of the epidemic distribution present a positive correlation. Specifically, the global spatial correlation characteristics experienced a change process from agglomeration to decentralization. The local spatial correlation characteristics were mainly composed of the‘high-high’ and ‘low-low’ clustering types, and the situation of the contiguous layout was very significant. (3) The population inflow from Wuhan and the strength of economic connection were the main factors affecting the epidemic spread, together with the population distribution, transport accessibility, average temperature, and medical facilities, which affected the epidemic spread to varying degrees. (4) The detection factors interacted mainly through the mutual enhancement and nonlinear enhancement, and their influence on the epidemic spread rate exceeded that of single factors. Besides, each detection factor has an interval range that is conducive to the epidemic spread.


id: cord-305054-4d84b2g6
title: The selection of reference genome and the search for the origin of SARS-CoV-2
author: Liu, Yuan
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-305054-4d84b2g6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305054-4d84b2g6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.10.245290
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.10.245290
summary:
  The assembly obtained using RaTG13 as reference showed better statistics in total length and N50 than the assembly guided by SARS-CoV-2, indicating that RaTG13 maybe a better reference for assembling CoV in pangolin or other potential intermediate hosts. Zhang, Wu, and Zhang [13] re-analyzed the RNA-Seq reads from two pangolins carrying coronavirus using reference-guided de novo assembly method, with Wuhan-Hu-1 as the reference genome. They also performed RNA sequencing in five archived pangolins samples from Guangdong, and assembled the genomes using WIV04, another SARS-CoV-2 genome from human, as reference genome. Using de novo assembly method, they obtained viral genome that showed 90.32% and 90.24% of whole genome identify to Wuhan-Hu-1and Bat-CoV RaTG13, respectively. RaTG13, which is a bat CoV, had 1,287 reads mapped to it, and the resulting assembly has total length of 21,925 and N50 of 1,428.

abstract:
  The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has a great impact on the whole world. In a theory of the origin of SARS-CoV-2, pangolins were considered a potential intermediate host. To assemble the coronavirus found in pangolins, SARS-CoV-2 were used a reference genome in most of studies, assuming that pangolins CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are the closest neighbors in the evolution. However, this assumption may not be true. We investigated how the selection of reference genome affect the resulting CoV genome assembly. We explored various representative CoV as reference genome, and found significant differences in the resulting assemblies. The assembly obtained using RaTG13 as reference showed better statistics in total length and N50 than the assembly guided by SARS-CoV-2, indicating that RaTG13 maybe a better reference for assembling CoV in pangolin or other potential intermediate hosts.


id: cord-305213-bt0qsbyf
title: Epidemiological and clinical features of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha city, Hunan, China
author: Zhou, Jian
date: 2020-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-305213-bt0qsbyf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305213-bt0qsbyf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000021824
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000021824
summary:
  The present study was conducted to report the clinical characteristics of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha, China, a city outside of Wuhan. In the past month, several studies [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] reported the epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan city. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive analysis to describe the clinical features, epidemiologic characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha, China, a city outside of Wuhan, and the differences of clinical features between ICU and non-ICU patients were analyzed. [11, 18] Several studies [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] reported the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients, providing information for SARS-CoV-2 evolution, infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity. In this study, we reported a total of 201 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside of Wuhan, China. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  In December 2019, a cluster of coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The present study was conducted to report the clinical characteristics of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha, China, a city outside of Wuhan. All of the patients with confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to the First Hospital of Changsha City, the designated hospital for COVID-19 assigned by the Changsha City Government. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics, data of laboratory, radiological picture, treatment, and outcomes records of 201 COVID-19 patients were collected using electronic medical records. This study population consisted of 201 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Changsha by April 28, 2020. The median age of the patients was 45 years (IQR 34–59). About half (50.7%) of the patients were male, and most of the infected patients were staff (96 [47.8%]). Concerning the epidemiologic history, the number of patients linked to Wuhan was 92 (45.8%). The most common symptoms were fever (125 [62.2%]), dry cough (118 [58.7%]), fatigue (65 [32.3%]), and pharyngalgia (31 [15.4%]). One hundred and forty-four (71.6%) enrolled patients showed bilateral pneumonia. Fifty-four (26.9%) patients showed unilateral involvement, and three (1.5%) patients showed no abnormal signs or symptoms. The laboratory findings differed significantly between the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and non-ICU groups. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had depressed white blood cell (WBC), neutrocytes, lymphocytes, and prolonged prothrombin time (PT). Moreover, higher plasma levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), alanine aminotransferase (ALA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), creatinine (CREA), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected in the ICU group. In this single-center study of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha, China, 22.4% of patients were admitted to ICU. Based on our findings, we propose that the risk of cellular immune deficiency, hepatic injury, and kidney injury should be monitored. Previous reports focused on the clinical features of patients from Wuhan, China. With the global epidemic of COVID-19, we should pay more attention to the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients outside of Wuhan.


id: cord-305422-t8azymo7
title: COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease
author: Yi, Ye
date: 2020-03-15
txt: ./txt/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226295/
doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45134
summary:
  The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) [1] . Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012). Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases ( Table 2) .

abstract:
  The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.


id: cord-306189-ugxou9z1
author: Bherwani, Hemant
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-306189-ugxou9z1.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00845-3
doi: 10.1007/s11869-020-00845-3
summary:
  The air quality during the lockdown period for majorly polluted cities (i.e., Delhi, Wuhan, Paris, and London) is of high significance in determining the baseline pollution level and attributable health risk, to evaluate the potential fluctuation in monetary damages. An unprecedented attempt has been made to quantify the economic benefit due to reduction in an excess number of health risk subject to mortality/morbidity attributable to lower air pollutant (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , and SO 2 ) concentration in Wuhan, Paris, London, and Delhi. Ambient air quality for Delhi, London, Paris, and Wuhan cities for the lockdown month with the number of days for the years 2019 and 2020 as shown in Table 1 is considered for calculating the health damage cost due to air pollutants.

title:
  Valuation of air pollution externalities: comparative assessment of economic damage and emission reduction under COVID-19 lockdown

abstract:
  Air pollution (AP) is one of the major causes of health risks as it leads to widespread morbidity and mortality each year. Its environmental impacts include acid rains, reduced visibility, but more importantly and significantly, it affects human health. The price tag of not managing AP is seen in the rise of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, and respiratory ailments like asthma and chronic bronchitis. But as the world battles the corona pandemic, COVID-19 lockdown has abruptly halted human activity, leading to a significant reduction in AP levels. The effect of this reduction is captured by reduced cases of morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution. The current study aims to monetarily quantify the decline in health impacts due to reduced AP levels under lockdown scenario, as against business as usual, for four cities—Delhi, London, Paris, and Wuhan. The exposure assessment with respect to pollutants like particulate matter (PM(2.5) and PM(10)), NO(2), and SO(2) are evaluated. Value of statistical life (VSL), cost of illness (CoI), and per capita income (PCI) for disability-adjusted life years (DALY) are used to monetize the health impacts for the year 2019 and 2020, considering the respective period of COVID-19 lockdown of four cities. The preventive benefits related to reduced AP due to lockdown is evaluated in comparison to economic damage sustained by these four cities. This helps in understanding the magnitude of actual damage and brings out a more holistic picture of the damages related to lockdown.


id: cord-306373-61snvddh
author: Xu, Xiao-Wei
date: 2020-02-19
txt: ./txt/cord-306373-61snvddh.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606
doi: 10.1136/bmj.m606
summary:
  OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics of patients in Zhejiang province, China, infected with the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019). Since the outbreak of covid-19, strict precautionary measures have been implemented in Zhejiang province, including the creation of fever clinics that exclusively receive patients with suspected SARS-Cov-2 infection, defined as presenting with a fever or any respiratory symptoms, including dry cough, and especially in those with a history of travel to Wuhan or exposure to infected people within two weeks before the onset of illness since January 2020. The incubation period was defined as the time from exposure to the onset of illness, which was estimated among patients who could provide the exact date of close contact with individuals from Wuhan with confirmed or suspected SARS-Cov-2 infection.

title:
  Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics of patients in Zhejiang province, China, infected with the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019). DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Seven hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. PARTICIPANTS: 62 patients admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed SARS-Cov-2 infection. Data were collected from 10 January 2020 to 26 January 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical data, collected using a standardised case report form, such as temperature, history of exposure, incubation period. If information was not clear, the working group in Hangzhou contacted the doctor responsible for treating the patient for clarification. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients studied (median age 41 years), only one was admitted to an intensive care unit, and no patients died during the study. According to research, none of the infected patients in Zhejiang province were ever exposed to the Huanan seafood market, the original source of the virus; all studied cases were infected by human to human transmission. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were fever in 48 (77%) patients, cough in 50 (81%), expectoration in 35 (56%), headache in 21 (34%), myalgia or fatigue in 32 (52%), diarrhoea in 3 (8%), and haemoptysis in 2 (3%). Only two patients (3%) developed shortness of breath on admission. The median time from exposure to onset of illness was 4 days (interquartile range 3-5 days), and from onset of symptoms to first hospital admission was 2 (1-4) days. CONCLUSION: As of early February 2020, compared with patients initially infected with SARS-Cov-2 in Wuhan, the symptoms of patients in Zhejiang province are relatively mild.


id: cord-306690-s5mxes4r
title: What Caused the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: From the Perspective of Crisis Management
author: Shangguan, Ziheng
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-306690-s5mxes4r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306690-s5mxes4r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32397199/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093279
summary:
  Since the first known case of a COVID-19 infected patient in Wuhan, China on 8 December 2019, COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries, causing a worldwide public health crisis. This article attempts to fill this research gap through analysis of big data, officially released information and other social media sources to understand the root cause of the crisis as it relates to China''s current management system and public health policy. Since the first known case of a COVID-19 infected patient in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China on 8 December 2019 [1] , COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries and infected over three million people worldwide (as of 28 April 2020), causing a worldwide public health crisis. This article attempts to fill this research gap through analysis of big data, officially released information and other social media sources to understand the root cause of the crisis from the aspects of China''s current management system and public health policy.

abstract:
  Since the first known case of a COVID-19 infected patient in Wuhan, China on 8 December 2019, COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries, causing a worldwide public health crisis. The existing literature fails to examine what caused this sudden outbreak from a crisis management perspective. This article attempts to fill this research gap through analysis of big data, officially released information and other social media sources to understand the root cause of the crisis as it relates to China’s current management system and public health policy. The article draws the following conclusions: firstly, strict government control over information was the main reason for the early silencing of media announcements, which directly caused most people to be unprepared and unaware of COVID-19. Secondly, a choice between addressing a virus with an unknown magnitude and nature, and mitigating known public panic during a politically and culturally sensitive time, lead to falsehood and concealment. Thirdly, the weak autonomous management power of local public health management departments is not conducive for providing a timely response to the crisis. Finally, the privatization of many state-owned hospitals led to the unavailability of public health medical resources to serve affected patients in the Wuhan and Hubei Province. This article suggests that China should adopt a Singaporean-style public health crisis information management system to ensure information disclosure and information symmetry and should use it to monitor public health crises in real time. In addition, the central government should adopt the territorial administration model of a public health crisis and increase investment in public health in China.


id: cord-309001-erm705tg
author: Liu, Q.
date: 2020-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-309001-erm705tg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309001-erm705tg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820001442
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820001442
summary:
  To describe the laboratory findings of cases of death with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to establish a scoring system for predicting death, we conducted this single-centre, retrospective, observational study including 336 adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, who had definite outcomes (death or discharge) between 1 February 2020 and 13 March 2020. This single-centre, retrospective, observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan. Therefore, in this research study, we analysed the laboratory examination indicators of patients who died and hoped to find out the risk factors that could predict the outcome of death.

title:
  Laboratory findings and a combined multifactorial approach to predict death in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study

abstract:
  To describe the laboratory findings of cases of death with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to establish a scoring system for predicting death, we conducted this single-centre, retrospective, observational study including 336 adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, who had definite outcomes (death or discharge) between 1 February 2020 and 13 March 2020. Single variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify mortality-related factors. We combined multiple factors to predict mortality, which was validated by receiver operating characteristic curves. As a result, in a total of 336 patients, 34 (10.1%) patients died during hospitalisation. Through multivariable logistic regression, we found that decreased lymphocyte ratio (Lymr, %) (odds ratio, OR 0.574, P < 0.001), elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (OR 1.513, P = 0.009), and raised D-dimer (DD) (OR 1.334, P = 0.002) at admission were closely related to death. The combined prediction model was developed by these factors with a sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 97.2%. In conclusion, decreased Lymr, elevated BUN, and raised DD were found to be in association with death outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19. A scoring system was developed to predict the clinical outcome of these patients.


id: cord-309478-yhmgopmr
author: Jin, Ying-Hui
date: 2020-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393381/
doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00254-8
summary:
  title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey Results showed that they experienced psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline healthcare workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19. All 105 infected medical staff with COVID-19 in our hospital was invited, finally 103 cases agreed with the consent and finished our questionnaire was included for analysis (response rate: 98.1%), Table 1 presented their basic characteristics. Protective equipment should be upgraded in hospital at the onset of a new disease especially for staff conducting procedures involving close contact and caring for high risk patients. How to train the health personnel for protecting themselves from novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection during their patient or suspected case care

title:
  Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Many healthcare workers were infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) early in the epidemic posing a big challenge for epidemic control. Hence, this study aims to explore perceived infection routes, influencing factors, psychosocial changes, and management procedures for COVID-19 infected healthcare workers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, single hospital-based study. We recruited all 105 confirmed COVID-19 healthcare workers in the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from February 15 to 29, 2020. All participants completed a validated questionnaire. Electronic consent was obtained from all participants. Perceived causes of infection, infection prevention, control knowledge and behaviour, psychological changes, symptoms and treatment were measured. RESULTS: Finally, 103 professional staff with COVID-19 finished the questionnaire and was included (response rate: 98.1%). Of them, 87 cases (84.5%) thought they were infected in working environment in hospital, one (1.0%) thought their infection was due to the laboratory environment, and 5 (4.9%) thought they were infected in daily life or community environment. Swab of throat collection and physical examination were the procedures perceived as most likely causing their infection by nurses and doctors respectively. Forty-three (41.8%) thought their infection was related to protective equipment, utilization of common equipment (masks and gloves). The top three first symptoms displayed before diagnosis were fever (41.8%), lethargy (33.0%) and muscle aches (30.1%). After diagnosis, 88.3% staff experienced psychological stress or emotional changes during their isolation period, only 11.7% had almost no emotional changes. Arbidol (Umifenovir; an anti-influza drug; 69.2%) was the drug most commonly used to target infection in mild and moderate symptoms. CONCLUSION: The main perceived mode of transmission was not maintaining protection when working at a close distance and having intimate contact with infected cases. Positive psychological intervention is necessary.


id: cord-309569-b9jcgx4s
author: Lin, Qiu-Shi
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-309569-b9jcgx4s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309569-b9jcgx4s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32933588/
doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00749-5
summary:
  To avoid possible confusions to the readers, we provide further explanations for the eq. (3) in the research article "Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan" published in the Infectious Diseases of Poverty. In our study [1] , we proposed a new model to estimate the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan. To make our model clearer, here x t is in fact the number of infected individuals that travelled from Wuhan to places outside Hubei province on Day t − d. But the date of confirmation is available for each of the 10 940 cases, so we use the cumulative number of imported cases outside Hubei province as of Day t as apEstimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan

title:
  Further explanations for the eq. (3) in “Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan”

abstract:
  To avoid possible confusions to the readers, we provide further explanations for the eq. (3) in the research article “Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan” published in the Infectious Diseases of Poverty.


id: cord-310676-125o0o7x
author: Liu, Qibin
date: 2020-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-310676-125o0o7x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310676-125o0o7x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20056127
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.06.20056127
summary:
  title: Prediction of the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients using T lymphocyte subsets with 340 cases from Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study and a web visualization tool Multivariate logistic regression model with death or discharge as the outcome resulted in the following significant predictors: age (OR 1.05, p 0.04), underlying disease status (OR 3.42, p 0.02), Helper T cells on the log scale (OR 0.22, p 0.00), and TH/TS on the log scale (OR 4.80, p 0.00). The death event occurred more quickly among elderly patients ( We also performed a multivariate logistic regression model using age, underlying disease status, and the baseline T lymphocyte subsets test as the predictors to predict the patient outcome (death or hospital discharge). In this study we have identified that older age, underlying diseases, and low T cell counts may be risk factors for poor clinical outcomes in COVID-10 positive patients.

title:
  Prediction of the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients using T lymphocyte subsets with 340 cases from Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study and a web visualization tool

abstract:
  Background Wuhan, China was the epicenter of the 2019 coronavirus outbreak. As a designated hospital, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital has received over 700 COVID-19 patients. With the COVID-19 becoming a pandemic all over the world, we aim to share our epidemiological and clinical findings with the global community. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we studied 340 confirmed COVID-19 patients from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, including 310 discharged cases and 30 death cases. We analyzed their demographic, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data and implemented our findings into an interactive, free access web application. Findings Baseline T lymphocyte Subsets differed significantly between the discharged cases and the death cases in two-sample t-tests: Total T cells (p < 2.2e-16), Helper T cells (p < 2.2e-16), Suppressor T cells (p = 1.8-14), and TH/TS (Helper/Suppressor ratio, p = 0.0066). Multivariate logistic regression model with death or discharge as the outcome resulted in the following significant predictors: age (OR 1.05, p 0.04), underlying disease status (OR 3.42, p 0.02), Helper T cells on the log scale (OR 0.22, p 0.00), and TH/TS on the log scale (OR 4.80, p 0.00). The McFadden pseudo R-squared for the logistic regression model is 0.35, suggesting the model has a fair predictive power. Interpretation While age and underlying diseases are known risk factors for poor prognosis, patients with a less damaged immune system at the time of hospitalization had higher chance of recovery. Close monitoring of the T lymphocyte subsets might provide valuable information of the patients condition change during the treatment process. Our web visualization application can be used as a supplementary tool for the evaluation.


id: cord-311585-h4holhit
author: Ling, R.
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-311585-h4holhit.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311585-h4holhit.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.20132423
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.16.20132423
summary:
  Background The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be a more reliable approach to detect true infected population, particularly in asymptomatic persons. This retrospective study estimated the seroprevalence of IgM and IgG and compared the epidemiological characteristics of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected population. Hubei province including IgM and IgG tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, nucleic acid tests from March 26 to April 28, 2020 among people aged 16-64 years who went back to work. Clinical data were collected from March 26 to April 28, 2020, including serum IgG positivity and IgM positivity or negative results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, nucleic acid testing, clinical symptoms, previous medical history, and chest CT. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.20132423 doi: medRxiv preprint study, the IgG seroprevalence was higher in females than in males, indicating that women were more likely to have asymptomatic infections.

title:
  Seroprevalence and epidemiological characteristics of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  Background The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be a more reliable approach to detect true infected population, particularly in asymptomatic persons. Few studies focus on the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients using serological tests. To detect and assess asymptomatic infections of COVID-19 among people in Wuhan, the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, and provide evidence for planning adequate public health measures, we collected and analyzed the clinical data in the Wuhan General Hospital mandatory for 16- to 64-year-old asymptomatic people. This retrospective study estimated the seroprevalence of IgM and IgG and compared the epidemiological characteristics of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected population. Methods Demographical and radiological data were collected from the Wuhan General Hospital between March 26 and April 28, 2020. Serological tests for IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were conducted with a colloidal gold method. Nucleic acid sequences of viruses were detected with RT-PCR. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 20.0 software. Findings Between March 26 and April 28, 2020, 18,391 asymptomatic back-to-work participants were enrolled. Among them, 89 had positivity for IgM (0.48%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38-0.58%); 620 cases had IgG positivity (3.37%, 95% CI: 3.11-3.64%), and 650 cases had either IgG positivity or IgM positivity (3.53%, 95% CI: 3.26-3.80%). After standardizing for the genders and ages in the population of Wuhan, the overall standardized seroprevalence of IgG was 3.33% (95% CI: 3.07-3.59%) and the standardized seroprevalence of IgG was 3.01% (95% CI: 2.69-3.33%) among males and 3.66% (95 % CI: 3.23-4.09%) among females. The standardized seroprevalence of IgG was higher in women than in men with a significant difference ({chi}2 = 2,060.3, p < 0.01). By a detection method adjustment, the seroprevalence of IgG was 1.57% (95% CI: 1.39-1.75%) in all medical records, of which males were 1.96% (95% CI: 1.64-2.28%), and females were 1.19% (95% CI: 0.99-1.39%). The assay-adjusted seroprevalence of IgG was higher in women than in men, and the difference was significant ({chi}2 = 5,871.0, p < 0.01). The differences were significant for the seroprevalence of IgG among people who went back to work in different categories of workplace ({chi}2 = 198.44, p < 0.01). The differences in seroprevalence for IgG positivity or IgM positivity among people who went back to work in different urban and rural areas was also significant ({chi}2 = 45.110, p < 0.01). Calculated as IgG and/or IgM antibody positivity, the number of new infections was reduced by 64.8% from March 26 to April 28, 2020. Based on the census population aged 16-64 years in Wuhan in 2017, we estimated that 172,340 (95% CI: 157,568-187,112) asymptomatic people aged 16-64 years were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan between March 25 and April 28, 2020. This estimate was 3.4-times higher than the officially reported 50,333 infections on April 28. Interpretation The seropositivity rate in Wuhan indicated that RT-PCR-confirmed patients only represented a small part of the total number of cases. Seropositivity progressively decreased in the Wuhan population from March 26 to April 28, 2020, comparable to Japan and Denmark, but well below the level reported in New York, Iran, Italy, and Germany. The prevalence of asymptomatic infection was higher in women than in men among people who went back to work in Wuhan. The low seroprevalence suggests that most of the population remains susceptible to COVID-19. Funding The Emergency Management Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81842035) and Advisory Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2019 (2019-XZ-70).


id: cord-312399-7oaerpee
author: Park, Joo-Hyun
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-312399-7oaerpee.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312399-7oaerpee.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434310/
doi: 10.21053/ceo.2020.00570
summary:
  title: The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical features and chest computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to compare the characteristics of patients diagnosed in Wuhan and in other areas of China by integrating the findings reported in previous studies. All type of reports in the English language that contained the descriptions of clinical features and CT findings except for the review articles were included in a data-set for detailed review, and two reviewers included only studies with data on four or more patients (case-series, cohort, or observational study) into the data-set to provide a higher level of evidence Fever was found to be the most common clinical manifestation in all coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

title:
  The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical features and chest computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to compare the characteristics of patients diagnosed in Wuhan and in other areas of China by integrating the findings reported in previous studies. METHODS: We conducted a proportion meta-analysis to integrate the results of previous studies identified in online databases, and subsequently compared the overlapping of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between locations of diagnosis. The heterogeneity of the results of the included studies was also demonstrated. RESULTS: Nine studies with level IV evidence were considered to be eligible for the meta-analysis, and a comparative analysis was only possible between patients diagnosed in Wuhan and outside of Wuhan in China. Fever (84.8%; 95% CI, 78.5% to 90.1%) was identified as the most common clinical manifestation in all COVID-19 patients, and signs of respiratory infection were also frequently present in these patients. When comparing the clinical features according to the location of diagnosis, fever and dyspnea were less frequent in patients diagnosed outside of Wuhan (fever: 78.1%; 95% CI, 73.2% to 82.7%; dyspnea: 3.80%; 95% CI, 0.13% to 12.22%) than in patients diagnosed in Wuhan (fever: 91.7%; 95% CI, 88.0% to 94.8%; dyspnea: 21.1%; 95% CI, 13.2% to 30.3%). The chest CT findings exhibited no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: Fever was found to be the most common symptom in COVID-19, and respiratory infection signs were also commonly present. Fever and dyspnea were less frequently observed in the patients diagnosed outside of Wuhan, which should be considered in COVID-19 screening programs. These results may be attributable to the earlier diagnosis of the disease and the younger age of patients outside of Wuhan although further analysis is needed. The role of chest CT in COVID-19 diagnosis is inconclusive based on this study.


id: cord-314273-xhnv5cje
author: Lytras, Theodore
date: 2020-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-314273-xhnv5cje.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314273-xhnv5cje.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042218
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042218
summary:
  We sought to estimate the ascertainment ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China, using a modified Bayesian SEIR model with publicly reported case data. With the outbreak having already turned into the latest global pandemic, one of the key unknowns that will determine its public health impact is the Infection Fatality Rate (IFR), i.e. the number of deaths as a proportion of all persons infected with the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, the causative pathogen of COVID-19. The ascertainment rate was estimated at just 0.465% (95% CrI 0.464-0.466%), meaning that for every confirmed case in Wuhan there had been approximately 200 SARS-CoV-2 infections that were not detected. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Assuming a variable contact rate over the study period, the R0 estimate would be as high as 5.33 until the Wuhan lockdown, falling to 2.09 until 10 February then up again to 3.83, with an ascertainment rate of 0.48%.

title:
  Estimating the ascertainment rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: implications for management of the global outbreak

abstract:
  We sought to estimate the ascertainment ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China, using a modified Bayesian SEIR model with publicly reported case data. We estimated it at 0.465% (95%CI: 0.464-0.466%), implying that the outbreak in Wuhan was abated by depletion of susceptibles, rather than public health action alone. This suggests a high-transmissibility/low-severity profile for the current pandemic and raises doubt about whether suppression, rather than mitigation, is a feasible goal.


id: cord-314311-xbpb9nfi
title: The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19
author: Ge, Huipeng
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-314311-xbpb9nfi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314311-xbpb9nfi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32291542/
doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z
summary:
  In November 2002, a novel betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in Guangdong, China, and resulted in more than 8000 infections and 774 deaths in 37 countries. This review makes a comprehensive introduction about this disease, including the genome structure and receptor of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients ranged from mild non-specific symptoms to severe pneumonia with organ function damage. The COVID-19 patients around the world were diagnosed based on World Health Organization interim guidance [65] , and China updated the novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment program (trial version) (in Chinese) according to epidemic situation and improved awareness of disease. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

abstract:
  In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On 7 January 2020, a novel coronavirus, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in the throat swab sample of one patient. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, COVID-19 has spread widely around the world, affecting more than seventy countries. China, with a huge burden of this disease, has taken strong measures to control the spread and improve the curative rate of COVID-19. In this review, we summarized the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding will help to control the disease.


id: cord-314591-ylokznn5
author: Quilty, Billy J.
date: 2020-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-314591-ylokznn5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314591-ylokznn5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01712-9
doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01712-9
summary:
  Due to the volume of outbound travel from Wuhan in scenario 1, we estimate that sustained local transmission was likely to have already occurred in the four cities in early January, several weeks prior to the introduction of the cordon sanitaire (Table 2) . No substantial difference was observed in the daily incidence in the scenarios with and without travel restrictions in the four cities after the cordon sanitaire was imposed on 23 January; there were enough infected people to sustain local transmission in the absence of imported infections ( Fig. 3 and Additional file 1: Figure S4 ). By utilising publicly available mobility data to model the spread of the outbreak from Wuhan to other large population centres in China, we find that infected travellers from Wuhan likely led to local transmission in other major Chinese cities weeks before the cordon sanitaire.

title:
  The effect of travel restrictions on the geographical spread of COVID-19 between large cities in China: a modelling study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: To contain the spread of COVID-19, a cordon sanitaire was put in place in Wuhan prior to the Lunar New Year, on 23 January 2020. We assess the efficacy of the cordon sanitaire to delay the introduction and onset of local transmission of COVID-19 in other major cities in mainland China. METHODS: We estimated the number of infected travellers from Wuhan to other major cities in mainland China from November 2019 to February 2020 using previously estimated COVID-19 prevalence in Wuhan and publicly available mobility data. We focused on Beijing, Chongqing, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen as four representative major cities to identify the potential independent contribution of the cordon sanitaire and holiday travel. To do this, we simulated outbreaks generated by infected arrivals in these destination cities using stochastic branching processes. We also modelled the effect of the cordon sanitaire in combination with reduced transmissibility scenarios to simulate the effect of local non-pharmaceutical interventions. RESULTS: We find that in the four cities, given the potentially high prevalence of COVID-19 in Wuhan between December 2019 and early January 2020, local transmission may have been seeded as early as 1–8 January 2020. By the time the cordon sanitaire was imposed, infections were likely in the thousands. The cordon sanitaire alone did not substantially affect the epidemic progression in these cities, although it may have had some effect in smaller cities. Reduced transmissibility resulted in a notable decrease in the incidence of infection in the four studied cities. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that sustained transmission was likely occurring several weeks prior to the implementation of the cordon sanitaire in four major cities of mainland China and that the observed decrease in incidence was likely attributable to other non-pharmaceutical, transmission-reducing interventions.


id: cord-315525-u8goc7io
title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China
author: Backer, Jantien A.
date: 2020-01-28
txt: ./txt/cord-315525-u8goc7io.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315525-u8goc7io.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.20018986
doi: 10.1101/2020.01.27.20018986
summary:
  Using the travel history and symptom onset of 88 confirmed cases that were detected outside Wuhan, we estimate the mean incubation period to be 6.4 (5.6 7.7, 95% CI) days, ranging from 2.1 to 11.1 days (2.5th to 97.5th percentile). Early January 2020, a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV, has been identified as the infectious agent that causes an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, where the first cases had their symptom onset in December 2019 [1] . Here we present the distribution of incubation periods estimated for travellers from Wuhan with confirmed 2019-nCoV infection, using their reported travel histories and symptom onset dates. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.20018986 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 Fig. 1 Time line for each case with travel history from Wuhan, sorted by symptom onset date. We characterized the distribution of incubation periods for Chinese travellers infected with 2019-nCoV in Wuhan, who were reported as cases between 20 and 28 January 2020.

abstract:
  Currently, a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV causes an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Little is known about its epidemiological characteristics. Using the travel history and symptom onset of 88 confirmed cases that were detected outside Wuhan, we estimate the mean incubation period to be 6.4 (5.6 - 7.7, 95% CI) days, ranging from 2.1 to 11.1 days (2.5th to 97.5th percentile). These values help to inform case definitions for 2019-nCoV and appropriate durations for quarantine.


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
author: Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0122726220300859?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004
summary:
  De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400).

title:
  ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19

abstract:
  Antecedentes y objetivos: La enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad ocasionada por el nuevo coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Se identificó por primera vez en diciembre de 2019 en la ciudad de Wuhan, en los meses siguientes se expandió rápidamente a todos los continentes y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la reconoció como una pandemia global el 11 de marzo de 2020. La mayoría de los individuos son asintomáticos pero una baja proporción ingresan a cuidados intensivos con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Este consenso tiene como objetivo actualizar la declaratoria inicial emitida por la Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Crítica (AMCI) para el manejo del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19 dentro de las áreas críticas de las instituciones de salud. Métodos: Este estudio utilizó dos técnicas de consenso formal para construir las recomendaciones finales: Delphi modificada y grupos nominales. Se construyeron preguntas por la estrategia PICO. 10 grupos nominales desarrollaron recomendaciones para cada unidad temática. El producto del consenso fue evaluado y calificado en una ronda Delphi y se discutió de forma virtual por los relatores de cada núcleo y los representantes de sociedades médicas científicas afines al manejo del paciente con COID-19. Resultados: 80 expertos nacionales participaron en la actualización del consenso AMCI, especialistas en Medicina Critica y Cuidados Intensivos, Nefrología, Neurología, Neumología, bioeticistas, Medicina interna, Anestesia, Cirugía General, Cirugía de cabeza y cuello, Cuidados Paliativos, Enfermeras Especialistas en Medicina crítica, Terapeutas respiratorias especialistas en medicina crítica y Fisioterapia, con experiencia clínica en la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo. La declaratoria emite recomendaciones en los ámbitos más relevantes para la atención en salud de los casos de COVID-19 al interior de las unidades de cuidados intensivos en el contexto nacional de Colombia. Conclusiones: un grupo significativo multidisciplinario de profesionales expertos en medicina crítica emiten mediante técnicas de consenso formal recomendaciones sobre la mejor práctica para la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19. Las recomendaciones deben ser adaptadas a las condiciones específicas, administrativas y estructurales de las distintas unidades de cuidados intensivos del país. Background and objectives: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. In the following months it spread quickly to all continents and was recognised as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11th, 2020. Most cases of infection remain asymptomatic, while a low proportion require intensive care, experiencing high morbidity and mortality. This consensus aims to update the initial statement issued by the Colombian Association of Critical Medicine (AMCI) for the management of the critically ill patient with COVID-19 within the critical areas of health institutions. Methods: This study used two formal consensus techniques to construct the final recommendations: modified Delphi and nominal groups. Questions were constructed using the PICO strategy. Recommendations for each thematic unit were developed by 10 nominal groups. The consensus product was evaluated and qualified in a Delphi round, and was discussed virtually by the speaker of each nucleus, as well as the representatives of scientific medical societies related to the management of the patient with COVID-19. Results: A total of 80 national experts participated in the update of the AMCI consensus, all specialists in Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Nephrologists, Neurologists, Chest physician, bioethicists, Internal medicine specialists, Anaesthetists, General Surgeons, head and neck surgery, palliative care, Nurses Specialised in Critical Medicine, Respiratory therapists specialised in critical medicine and Physiotherapy, with clinical experience in the care of critically ill patients. This update issues recommendations in the most relevant areas for health care of COVID-19 patients within the intensive care units, contextualised for Colombia. Conclusions: A significant multidisciplinary group of professionals, who are experts in critical medicine, reviewed and issued recommendations on best practice for the care of critically ill patients with COVID-19 through formal consensus techniques. Recommendations must be adapted to the specific, administrative, and structural conditions of the different intensive care units in the country.


id: cord-316757-p370gjjn
title: Updates on Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic
author: Kofi Ayittey, Foster
date: 2020-02-10
txt: ./txt/cord-316757-p370gjjn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316757-p370gjjn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32017153/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.25695
summary:
  What emerged in December 2019 as a cluster of respiratory ailments with inexplicable etiological findings in Wuhan has now claimed roughly 259 lives, sickened nearly 12 thousand more, and spread to at least 26 more nations including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao. [10] [11] [12] In late December 2019, some local health facilities reported cases of patients with pneumonia of unknown causes that were epidemiologically related to seafood and wet animal wholesale According to a recent publication by Chan et al, 14 the disease has shown person-to-person or nosocomial transmission features, implying that it can easily pass on from one person-to-another. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Chinese Researchers Reveal Draft Genome of Virus Implicated in Wuhan Pneumonia Outbreak Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan Updates on Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic

abstract:
  What emerged in December 2019 as a cluster of respiratory ailments with inexplicable etiological findings in Wuhan has now claimed roughly 259 lives, sickened nearly 12 thousand more, and spread to at least 26 more nations including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-316990-kz9782rj
title: Using Social Media to Mine and Analyze Public Opinion Related to COVID-19 in China
author: Han, Xuehua
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-316990-kz9782rj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316990-kz9782rj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082788
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082788
summary:
  A secondary classification was implemented to divide "personal response", "opinion and sentiments", and "seeking help" into 13 more detailed sub-topics, including "fear and worry", "questioning the government and media", "condemning bad habits", "objective comment", "taking scientific protective measures", "blessing and praying", "appealing for aiding patients", "willing to return work", "staying at home and taking necessary precautions", "popularizing anti-epidemic knowledge in family", "seeking medical help", "seeking relief materials", and "other". Figure 5b shows the spatial distribution of the kernel density with a search radius of 200 km, indicating that the high-density areas of Weibo related to COVID-19 were in Wuhan In order to explore the correlation between public opinion and the epidemic situation, this study used Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software to perform Spearman correlation analysis on the number of relevant Weibo texts and confirmed cases in provincial level (number is 34).

abstract:
  The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a grave global public health emergency. Nowadays, social media has become the main channel through which the public can obtain information and express their opinions and feelings. This study explored public opinion in the early stages of COVID-19 in China by analyzing Sina-Weibo (a Twitter-like microblogging system in China) texts in terms of space, time, and content. Temporal changes within one-hour intervals and the spatial distribution of COVID-19-related Weibo texts were analyzed. Based on the latent Dirichlet allocation model and the random forest algorithm, a topic extraction and classification model was developed to hierarchically identify seven COVID-19-relevant topics and 13 sub-topics from Weibo texts. The results indicate that the number of Weibo texts varied over time for different topics and sub-topics corresponding with the different developmental stages of the event. The spatial distribution of COVID-19-relevant Weibo was mainly concentrated in Wuhan, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. There is a synchronization between frequent daily discussions on Weibo and the trend of the COVID-19 outbreak in the real world. Public response is very sensitive to the epidemic and significant social events, especially in urban agglomerations with convenient transportation and a large population. The timely dissemination and updating of epidemic-related information and the popularization of such information by the government can contribute to stabilizing public sentiments. However, the surge of public demand and the hysteresis of social support demonstrated that the allocation of medical resources was under enormous pressure in the early stage of the epidemic. It is suggested that the government should strengthen the response in terms of public opinion and epidemic prevention and exert control in key epidemic areas, urban agglomerations, and transboundary areas at the province level. In controlling the crisis, accurate response countermeasures should be formulated following public help demands. The findings can help government and emergency agencies to better understand the public opinion and sentiments towards COVID-19, to accelerate emergency responses, and to support post-disaster management.


id: cord-317465-ucwuptgg
title: Human Mobility Restrictions and the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China
author: FANG, H.
date: 2020-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-317465-ucwuptgg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317465-ucwuptgg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042424
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042424
summary:
  In this paper, we exploit the exogenous variations in human mobility created by lockdowns of Chinese cities during the outbreak of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and utilize a variety of high-quality data sets, to study the effectiveness of an unprecedented cordon sanitaire of the epicenter of COVID-19, and provide a comprehensive analysis on the role of human mobility restrictions in the delaying and the halting of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also estimate the dynamic effects of up to 22 lagged population inflows from Wuhan and other Hubei cities, the epicenter of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, on the destination cities'' new infection cases ( Figure 4 ). In this paper, we quantify the causal impact of human mobility restrictions, particularly the lockdown of the city of Wuhan on January 23, 2020, on the containment and delay of the spread of the Novel Coronavirus, and estimate the dynamic effects of up to 22 lagged population inflows from Wuhan and other Hubei cities, the epicenter of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, on the destination cities'' new infection cases.

abstract:
  We quantify the causal impact of human mobility restrictions, particularly the lockdown of the city of Wuhan on January 23, 2020, on the containment and delay of the spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We employ a set of difference-in-differences (DID) estimations to disentangle the lockdown effect on human mobility reductions from other confounding effects including panic effect, virus effect, and the Spring Festival effect. We find that the lockdown of Wuhan reduced inflow into Wuhan by 76.64%, outflows from Wuhan by 56.35%, and within-Wuhan movements by 54.15%. We also estimate the dynamic effects of up to 22 lagged population inflows from Wuhan and other Hubei cities, the epicenter of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, on the destination cities' new infection cases. We find, using simulations with these estimates, that the lockdown of the city of Wuhan on January 23, 2020 contributed significantly to reducing the total infection cases outside of Wuhan, even with the social distancing measures later imposed by other cities. We find that the COVID-19 cases would be 64.81% higher in the 347 Chinese cities outside Hubei province, and 52.64% higher in the 16 non-Wuhan cities inside Hubei, in the counterfactual world in which the city of Wuhan were not locked down from January 23, 2020. We also find that there were substantial undocumented infection cases in the early days of the 2019-nCoV outbreak in Wuhan and other cities of Hubei province, but over time, the gap between the officially reported cases and our estimated "actual" cases narrows significantly. We also find evidence that enhanced social distancing policies in the 63 Chinese cities outside Hubei province are effective in reducing the impact of population inflows from the epicenter cities in Hubei province on the spread of 2019-nCoV virus in the destination cities elsewhere.


id: cord-319770-ddq2q1pg
author: Wen, Ying
date: 2020-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-319770-ddq2q1pg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319770-ddq2q1pg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20035246
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.22.20035246
summary:
  We conducted a retrospective study among 417 confirmed COVID-19 cases from Jan 1 to Feb 28, 2020 in Shenzhen, the largest migrant city of China, to identify the epidemiological and clinical features in settings of high population mobility. As such, we investigated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all 417 cases that were confirmed in Shenzhen is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Patients'' information including sociodemographic characteristics, exposure history, close contacts, time-lines of illness onset, medical visit, hospitalization, and PCR confirmation, symptoms, and clinical outcomes, was extracted to construct a dataset with no personal identity. Our study reported preliminary findings on the clinical severity of COVID-19 in is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Other studies also suggested that these factors were associated with poorer outcomes in patients in Wuhan and elsewhere (5, 15) .

title:
  Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Shenzhen, the largest migrant city of China

abstract:
  We conducted a retrospective study among 417 confirmed COVID-19 cases from Jan 1 to Feb 28, 2020 in Shenzhen, the largest migrant city of China, to identify the epidemiological and clinical features in settings of high population mobility. We estimated the median incubation time to be 5.0 days. 342 (82.0%) cases were imported, 161 (38.6%) cases were identified by surveillance, and 247 (59.2%) cases were reported from cluster events. The main symptoms on admission were fever and dry cough. Most patients (91.4%) had mild or moderate illnesses. Age of 50 years or older, breathing problems, diarrhea, and longer time between the first medical visit and admission were associated with higher level of clinical severity. Surveillance-identified cases were much less likely to progress to severe illness. Although the COVID-19 epidemic has been contained in Shenzhen, close monitoring and risk assessments are imperative for prevention and control of COVID-19 in future.


id: cord-320930-9yiu0080
author: Liu, Zeming
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-320930-9yiu0080.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320930-9yiu0080.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32760350/
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00478
summary:
  title: Association Between Diabetes and COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study With a Large Sample of 1,880 Cases in Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan Aims: This study aimed to investigate the clinical courses and outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. Conclusions: Our study results suggested that diabetes had no effect on the prognosis of COVID-19 patients but had a negative association with their clinical courses. In this study, we investigated the association between diabetes as a comorbidity and negative clinical courses and outcomes of COVID-19 in a large sample of patients from a single hospital in Wuhan, China. Similarly, our data supported that the proportion of severe or critical COVID-19 cases among patients with diabetes was higher than that among those without diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression

title:
  Association Between Diabetes and COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study With a Large Sample of 1,880 Cases in Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan

abstract:
  Aims: This study aimed to investigate the clinical courses and outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. Methods: This study enrolled 1,880 consecutive patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Leishenshan Hospital. We collected and analyzed their data, including demographic data, history of comorbidity, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, chest computed tomography (CT) images, treatment options, and survival. Results: The percentages of patients with diabetes among the severe and critical COVID-19 cases were higher than those among the mild or general cases (89.2%, 10.8 vs. 0%, p = 0.001). However, patients with and without diabetes showed no difference in the follow-up period (p = 0.993). The mortality rate in patients with or without diabetes was 2.9% (n = 4) and 1.1% (n = 9), respectively (p = 0.114). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and the Kaplan-Meier curves did not show any statistically significant differences between patients with and without diabetes (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study results suggested that diabetes had no effect on the prognosis of COVID-19 patients but had a negative association with their clinical courses. These results may be useful for clinicians in the management of diabetic patients with COVID-19.


id: cord-320953-1st77mvh
author: Overton, ChristopherE.
date: 2020-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-320953-1st77mvh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320953-1st77mvh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.008
doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.008
summary:
  These include interpreting symptom progression and fatality ratios with delay distributions and right-censoring, exacerbated by exponential growth in cases leading to the majority of case data being on recently infected individuals; lack of clarity and consistency in denominators; inconsistency of case definitions over time and the eventual impact of interventions and changes to behaviour on transmission dynamics. We then develop a household-based contact tracing model, with which we investigate the extinction probability under weaker isolation policies paired with contact tracing, thus shedding light on possible combinations of interventions that allow us to feasibly manage the infection while minimising the social impact of control policies. Applying household isolation at 65% adherence ( 0.65 W Î± = ) manages to reduce the spread of infection, but appears insufficient in this model and with baseline parameters for controlling the outbreak in the long-term, unless other intervention strategies that reduce the global transmission (increasing Îµ) are adopted at the same time.

title:
  Using statistics and mathematical modelling to understand infectious disease outbreaks: COVID-19 as an example

abstract:
  During an infectious disease outbreak, biases in the data and complexities of the underlying dynamics pose significant challenges in mathematically modelling the outbreak and designing policy. Motivated by the ongoing response to COVID-19, we provide a toolkit of statistical and mathematical models beyond the simple SIR-type differential equation models for analysing the early stages of an outbreak and assessing interventions. In particular, we focus on parameter estimation in the presence of known biases in the data, and the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions in enclosed subpopulations, such as households and care homes. We illustrate these methods by applying them to the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-320955-xhp96abg
author: Allam, Zaheer
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-320955-xhp96abg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320955-xhp96abg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000012
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00001-2
summary:
  Interestingly, on this pandemic, though it took health official approximately 38 days to identify that they were dealing with a new kind of coronavirus, an artificial intelligence (AI)epowered algorithm developed by BlueDot, a Canadian startup tech company, provided early warnings that the world might be experiencing a new virus outbreak (Bowles, 2020) . In these first 50 days of the COVID-19 pandemic, despite the virus having spread to two more countries outside China, most of the global community were not particularly worried, as the perception was that only those who had come into contact with the Wuhan seafood market had the highest probability of being infected. For this reason, information from Chinese authorities (Wuhan City Health Committee, 2020) and those of the WHO (WHO, 2020a) stated that the December 8, 2019, marked the onset of the first 41 cases that were tested and which were later confirmed positive with COVID-19, then known as "2019-nCoV."

title:
  The First 50 days of COVID-19: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the Pandemic

abstract:
  This chapter surveys the global unfolding of events during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. An extensive review of literature from both academic and popular sources provides a daily overview of the situation covering health, economic, political, and social perspectives and outlines the major course of actions. This chapter surveys, and lays, the chronological timeline of the outbreak, health policy, deaths, recovery, and socioeconomic measures and provides a factual narrative on the unfolding of the pandemic and, while doing so, underlines major milestones and contradictory findings and beliefs on the subject. This supports the perception that data collection varied between research groups, organizations, and national bodies, which later fueled differing viewpoints and policies for combatting the outbreak.


id: cord-321358-plxz5mkg
title: SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat
author: Zheng, Jun
date: 2020-03-15
txt: ./txt/cord-321358-plxz5mkg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321358-plxz5mkg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226285/
doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45053
summary:
  An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, currently designated as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported recently. In this review, we summarize the key events occurred during the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the basic characteristics of the pathogen, the signs and symptoms of the infected patients as well as the possible transmission pathways of the virus. CoVs have been identified in both avian hosts and various mammals, including bat, camels, dogs and masked palm civets, and are previously regarded as pathogens that only cause mild diseases in the immunocompetent people until the emergence of the coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in late of 2002 [3] [4] [5] [6] .

abstract:
  An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, currently designated as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported recently. However, as SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging virus, we know little about it. In this review, we summarize the key events occurred during the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the basic characteristics of the pathogen, the signs and symptoms of the infected patients as well as the possible transmission pathways of the virus. Furthermore, we also review the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight bats as the potential natural reservoir and pangolins as the possible intermediate host of the virus, but their roles are waiting for further investigation. Finally, the advances in the development of chemotherapeutic options are also briefly summarized.


id: cord-321727-xyowl659
author: Wang, Lishi
date: 2020-07-20
txt: ./txt/cord-321727-xyowl659.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321727-xyowl659.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720319070
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138394
summary:
  We report a new methodology, the Patient Information Based Algorithm (PIBA), for estimating the death rate of a disease in real-time using publicly available data collected during an outbreak. PIBA estimated the death rate based on data of the patients in Wuhan and then in other cities throughout China. The death rates based on PIBA were used to predict the daily numbers of deaths since the week of February 25, 2020, in China overall, Hubei province, Wuhan city, and the rest of the country except Hubei province. The PIBA uses patient data in real-time to build a model that estimates and predicts death rates for the near future. Based on the days between confirmation of COVID-19 and the days of death in the hospital, calculated from Wuhan, as mentioned in method 1 and information from the whole country and Hubei Province, we tested the number of days from diagnosis to death, that most likely reflects the actual death rate.

title:
  Real-time estimation and prediction of mortality caused by COVID-19 with patient information based algorithm

abstract:
  The global COVID-19 outbreak is worrisome both for its high rate of spread, and the high case fatality rate reported by early studies and now in Italy. We report a new methodology, the Patient Information Based Algorithm (PIBA), for estimating the death rate of a disease in real-time using publicly available data collected during an outbreak. PIBA estimated the death rate based on data of the patients in Wuhan and then in other cities throughout China. The estimated days from hospital admission to death was 13 (standard deviation (SD), 6 days). The death rates based on PIBA were used to predict the daily numbers of deaths since the week of February 25, 2020, in China overall, Hubei province, Wuhan city, and the rest of the country except Hubei province. The death rate of COVID-19 ranges from 0.75% to 3% and may decrease in the future. The results showed that the real death numbers had fallen into the predicted ranges. In addition, using the preliminary data from China, the PIBA method was successfully used to estimate the death rate and predict the death numbers of the Korean population. In conclusion, PIBA can be used to efficiently estimate the death rate of a new infectious disease in real-time and to predict future deaths. The spread of 2019-nCoV and its case fatality rate may vary in regions with different climates and temperatures from Hubei and Wuhan. PIBA model can be built based on known information of early patients in different countries.


id: cord-323481-uz6usokd
author: Wang, Yixuan
date: 2020-03-29
txt: ./txt/cord-323481-uz6usokd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323481-uz6usokd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25748
doi: 10.1002/jmv.25748
summary:
  title: Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID‐19) implicate special control measures By 27 February 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused 82 623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally, more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (8273 cases, 775 deaths) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (1139 cases, 431 deaths) caused in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China The guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (the sixth edition draft) issued by the National Health Commission of China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

title:
  Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID‐19) implicate special control measures

abstract:
  By 27 February 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused 82 623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally, more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (8273 cases, 775 deaths) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (1139 cases, 431 deaths) caused in 2003 and 2013, respectively. COVID‐19 has spread to 46 countries internationally. Total fatality rate of COVID‐19 is estimated at 3.46% by far based on published data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). Average incubation period of COVID‐19 is around 6.4 days, ranges from 0 to 24 days. The basic reproductive number (R(0)) of COVID‐19 ranges from 2 to 3.5 at the early phase regardless of different prediction models, which is higher than SARS and MERS. A study from China CDC showed majority of patients (80.9%) were considered asymptomatic or mild pneumonia but released large amounts of viruses at the early phase of infection, which posed enormous challenges for containing the spread of COVID‐19. Nosocomial transmission was another severe problem. A total of 3019 health workers were infected by 12 February 2020, which accounted for 3.83% of total number of infections, and extremely burdened the health system, especially in Wuhan. Limited epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the disease spectrum of COVID‐19 may differ from SARS or MERS. We summarize latest literatures on genetic, epidemiological, and clinical features of COVID‐19 in comparison to SARS and MERS and emphasize special measures on diagnosis and potential interventions. This review will improve our understanding of the unique features of COVID‐19 and enhance our control measures in the future.


id: cord-323882-127c5bve
author: Yu, Wen-Bin
date: 2020-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-323882-127c5bve.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323882-127c5bve.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32351056/
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.022
summary:
  Of the 93 genomes of SARS-CoV-2, 39 (41.93%) were from infected patients in 11 countries outside China and encoded 31 haplotypes (H d =0.987±0.009 (SD), P i =0.16×10 -3 ± 0.01×10 -3 ), with 27 nationally/regionally private haplotypes. Three different datasets were used to infer evolutionary networks, which consistently supported H13 and H38 as the potentially ancestral haplotypes, i.e., the outgroup bat-RaTG13-CoV could connect to both H13 and H38, or H38 alone, or through a medium vector mv1 (an intermediate host or the first infected humans) connected to both H13 and H38 by single mutations at positions 18067 (S, synonymous substitution) and/or 29102 (S), referring to the numbering of the alignment length 29 910 bp ( Figure 5 ). To clarify the exact origins of these haplotypes outside China, we need more epidemiological investigative efforts and more SARS-CoV-2 genomic data from patients at the early stage of transmissions.

title:
  Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 / HCoV-19) using whole genomic data

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 started in mid-December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Up to 29 February 2020, SARS-CoV-2 (HCoV-19 / 2019-nCoV) had infected more than 85 000 people in the world. In this study, we used 93 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID EpiFlu(TM) database to investigate the evolution and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the first two months of the outbreak. We constructed haplotypes of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes, performed phylogenomic analyses and estimated the potential population size changes of the virus. The date of population expansion was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau (τ) using the formula t=τ/2u. A total of 120 substitution sites with 119 codons, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions, were found in eight coding-regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Forty non-synonymous substitutions are potentially associated with virus adaptation. No combinations were detected. The 58 haplotypes (31 found in samples from China and 31 from outside China) were identified in 93 viral genomes under study and could be classified into five groups. By applying the reported bat coronavirus genome (bat-RaTG13-CoV) as the outgroup, we found that haplotypes H13 and H38 might be considered as ancestral haplotypes, and later H1 was derived from the intermediate haplotype H3. The population size of the SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have undergone a recent expansion on 06 January 2020, and an early expansion on 08 December 2019. Furthermore, phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the potential sources for international infected cases.


id: cord-325012-yjay3t38
title: Distribution of the COVID-19 epidemic and correlation with population emigration from Wuhan, China
author: Chen, Ze-Liang
date: 2020-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-325012-yjay3t38.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325012-yjay3t38.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32118644/
doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000782
summary:
  Data on population migration from Wuhan city and Hubei province were extracted from Baidu Qianxi, and their correlation with the number of cases was analyzed. The relative risk according to time increased steadily from January 20 onwards and the upward trend continued as of January 30 [ Figure 2C ], indicating that the number of cases nationwide is on the rise. From January 1 to 23, 2020, the population that migrated out of Wuhan city and Hubei province increased steadily, peaking on January 21 and 22 [ Figure 4A ]. To analyze the correlation between the number of cases and the emigration in Wuhan city and Hubei province, population migration data were collected from Baidu Qianxi. The correlation coefficient between the provincial number of cases and emigration from Wuhan increased to 0.943, with the highest coefficient of 0.996 observed between Wuhan and other cities of Hubei provinces [ Figure 4E and 4F; Supplementary Tables 3 and 4 , http://links.lww.com/ CM9/A210].

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The ongoing new coronavirus pneumonia (Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19) outbreak is spreading in China, but it has not yet reached its peak. Five million people emigrated from Wuhan before lockdown, potentially representing a source of virus infection. Determining case distribution and its correlation with population emigration from Wuhan in the early stage of the epidemic is of great importance for early warning and for the prevention of future outbreaks. METHODS: The official case report on the COVID-19 epidemic was collected as of January 30, 2020. Time and location information on COVID-19 cases was extracted and analyzed using ArcGIS and WinBUGS software. Data on population migration from Wuhan city and Hubei province were extracted from Baidu Qianxi, and their correlation with the number of cases was analyzed. RESULTS: The COVID-19 confirmed and death cases in Hubei province accounted for 59.91% (5806/9692) and 95.77% (204/213) of the total cases in China, respectively. Hot spot provinces included Sichuan and Yunnan, which are adjacent to Hubei. The time risk of Hubei province on the following day was 1.960 times that on the previous day. The number of cases in some cities was relatively low, but the time risk appeared to be continuously rising. The correlation coefficient between the provincial number of cases and emigration from Wuhan was up to 0.943. The lockdown of 17 cities in Hubei province and the implementation of nationwide control measures efficiently prevented an exponential growth in the number of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The population that emigrated from Wuhan was the main infection source in other cities and provinces. Some cities with a low number of cases showed a rapid increase in case load. Owing to the upcoming Spring Festival return wave, understanding the risk trends in different regions is crucial to ensure preparedness at both the individual and organization levels and to prevent new outbreaks.


id: cord-325032-3x5wklr4
title: Semiformal Organizations and Control During the COVID-19 Crisis in China
author: Jiang, Shanhe
date: 2020-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-325032-3x5wklr4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325032-3x5wklr4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-020-09334-z
doi: 10.1007/s11417-020-09334-z
summary:
  Using a survey data collected during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in China, this study investigated the prevalence and importance of semiformal organizations, formal organizations, and informal groups participating in social control and social service and the predictors of the perceived importance of these three forms of social control mechanisms. The table is based on the data from the respondents'' answers to this question: "During the COVID-19 lockdown period, who participated in the following activities: checkpoint inspection, health screening, food supplies, drug supplies, sanitization, and information distribution." The choices included residents'' or village committee, government agencies or officers, community police or police officers, volunteers, regular citizens, and no action. In sum, formal organizations, government agencies and police, the semiformal organizations, residents'' committee in urban areas and village committee in rural areas, and informal groups or individuals, volunteers, and regular citizens, all participated in community control and service.

abstract:
  Scholars often compare China and Western societies in terms of dichotomous forms of control—formal and informal. Recent research indicates a nuanced form of social control—semiformal. Using a survey data collected during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in China, this study investigated the prevalence and importance of semiformal organizations, formal organizations, and informal groups participating in social control and social service and the predictors of the perceived importance of these three forms of social control mechanisms. Findings from this study revealed that formal organizations, the semiformal organizations, and informal groups all participated in community control and service. Semiformal organizations had the highest level of participation. This study found that education and age are the two major predictors of the views on the importance of formal, informal, and semiformal control and control mechanisms.


id: cord-326721-2v5wkjrq
author: Xiao, Wenlei
date: 2020-03-17
txt: ./txt/cord-326721-2v5wkjrq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326721-2v5wkjrq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.13.20034082
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.13.20034082
summary:
  Distinguished with other epidemiological models, such as SIR, SEIR, etc., that compute the theoretical number of infected people in a closed population, CDIM considers the immigration and emigration population as system inputs, and administrative and medical resources as dynamic control variables. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint : Effective infectious increment (can be negative); : Total non-isolated cases (asymptomatic carriers); : Patient increment (symptom onset); : Total isolated cases (confirmed patients after symptom onset); Figure 4 : Basic principle of the cybernetics-based dynamic infection model be made. In the view of this, we used the data from Shanghai, a relatively well controlled city, to identify and calibrate the key parameters of the incubation period and the basic reproductive number. In Shanghai Model, there is no worry about the shortage of medical supplies, so a negative summation channel performs a direct control effect on the positive feedback infection loop, which is thus of paramount importance in reducing the number of total infectious cases.

title:
  A Cybernetics-based Dynamic Infection Model for Analyzing SARS-COV-2 Infection Stability and Predicting Uncontrollable Risks

abstract:
  Since December 2019, COVID-19 has raged in Wuhan and subsequently all over China and the world. We propose a Cybernetics-based Dynamic Infection Model (CDIM) to the dynamic infection process with a probability distributed incubation delay and feedback principle. Reproductive trends and the stability of the SARS-COV-2 infection in a city can then be analyzed, and the uncontrollable risks can be forecasted before they really happen. The infection mechanism of a city is depicted using the philosophy of cybernetics and approaches of the control engineering. Distinguished with other epidemiological models, such as SIR, SEIR, etc., that compute the theoretical number of infected people in a closed population, CDIM considers the immigration and emigration population as system inputs, and administrative and medical resources as dynamic control variables. The epidemic regulation can be simulated in the model to support the decision-making for containing the outbreak. City case studies are demonstrated for verification and validation.


id: cord-326804-5psqro9d
title: The focus and timing of COVID-19 pandemic control measures under healthcare resource constraints
author: Wei, Chen
date: 2020-04-19
txt: ./txt/cord-326804-5psqro9d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326804-5psqro9d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20067611
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067611
summary:
  Furthermore, prolonging outbreak duration by applying an intermediate, rather than strict, transmission control would not prevent hospital overload regardless of bed capacity, and would likely result in a high ratio (21% ~ 84%) of the population being infected but not treated. The availability of a complete set of data and detailed records of adopted control policies from Wuhan enables us to construct and test an epidemic model that accounts for the factors deciding an outbreak profile, including the control policy''s evolution through time as well as the healthcare system capacity. A modified SEIR model ( Figure 1 ) with time-dependent transmission rate control, timedependent case isolation and testing rate, non-Markovian patient discharge was proposed (see Methods for details). Subsequently, the synergistic effect of increasing transmission control and isolation rate effectively reduced the daily reproduction number (see Suppression success in Methods) to be below 1 by Feb 28, 2020, subsequently resulting in a suppressed COVID-19 transmission ( Figure 2B ).

abstract:
  Generalizing COVID-19 control strategies in one community to others is confounded by community′s unique demographic and socioeconomic attributes. Here we propose a tailored dynamic model accounting for community-specific transmission controls and medical resource availability. We trained the model using data from Wuhan and applied it to other countries. We show that isolating suspected cases is most effective in reducing transmission rate if the intervention starts early. Having more hospital beds provides leverage that diminishes with delayed intervention onset. The importance of transmission control in turn increases by 65% with a 7-day delay. Furthermore, prolonging outbreak duration by applying an intermediate, rather than strict, transmission control would not prevent hospital overload regardless of bed capacity, and would likely result in a high ratio (21% ~ 84%) of the population being infected but not treated. The model could help different countries design control policies and gauge the severity of suppression failure.


id: cord-327096-m87tapjp
title: Epidemic analysis of COVID-19 in China by dynamical modeling
author: Peng, Liangrong
date: 2020-02-18
txt: ./txt/cord-327096-m87tapjp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327096-m87tapjp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.16.20023465
doi: 10.1101/2020.02.16.20023465
summary:
  As shown in Fig. 3e-f , the predicted total infected cases at the end of epidemic, as well as the the inflection point, at which the basic reproduction number is less than 1 6 , both show a positive correlation with the infection rate β and the quarantined time δ −1 and a negative correlation with the protection rate α. 16.20023465 doi: medRxiv preprint of COVID-19 since its onset in Mainland * , Hubei * , and Wuhan (Beijing and Shanghai are not considered due to their too small numbers of infected cases on Jan. 20th). Based on detailed analysis of the public data of NHC of China from Jan. 20th to Feb. 9th, we estimate several key parameters for COVID-19, like the latent time, the quarantine time and the basic reproduction number in a relatively reliable way, and predict the inflection point, possible ending time and final total infected cases for Hubei, Wuhan, Beijing, Shanghai, etc.

abstract:
  The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) epidemic has attracted world- wide attention. Herein, we propose a mathematical model to analyzes this epidemic, based on a dynamic mechanism that incorporating the intrinsic impact of hidden la- tent and infectious cases on the entire process of transmission. Meanwhile, this model is validated by data correlation analysis, predicting the recent public data, and back- tracking, as well as sensitivity analysis. The dynamical model reveals the impact of various measures on the key parameters of the epidemic. According to the public data of NHCs from 01/20 to 02/09, we predict the epidemic peak and possible end time for 5 different regions. The epidemic in Beijing and Shanghai, Mainland/Hubei and Hubei/Wuhan, are expected to end before the end of February, and before mid- March respectively. The model indicates that, the outbreak in Wuhan is predicted to be ended in the early April. As a result, more effective policies and more efforts on clinical research are demanded. Moreover, through the backtracking simulation, we infer that the outbreak of the epidemic in Mainland/Hubei, Hubei/Wuhan, and Wuhan can be dated back to the end of December 2019 or the beginning of January 2020.


id: cord-327716-ehm4fgos
author: Zhou, Can
date: 2020-02-18
txt: ./txt/cord-327716-ehm4fgos.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327716-ehm4fgos.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.15.20023440
doi: 10.1101/2020.02.15.20023440
summary:
  title: Evaluating new evidence in the early dynamics of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China with real time domestic traffic and potential asymptomatic transmissions With updated real time domestic traffic, this study aims to integrate recent evidence of international evacuees extracted from Wuhan between Jan. 29 and Feb. 2, 2020 to infer the dynamics of the COVD-19 outbreak in Wuhan. With updated real time domestic traffic, this study aims to integrate recent evidence of international evacuees extracted from Wuhan between Jan. 29 and Feb. 2, 2020 to infer the dynamics of the COVD-19 outbreak in Wuhan. (2020) With updated real time domestic traffic data, this study aims to update the current status of the COVD-19 outbreak in the city of Wuhan with the alternative information from the evacuees between the end of January and the start of February.

title:
  Evaluating new evidence in the early dynamics of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China with real time domestic traffic and potential asymptomatic transmissions

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus (COVID-19), first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has spread to 28 countries/regions with over 43,000 confirmed cases. Much about this outbreak is still unknown. At this early stage of the epidemic, it is important to investigate alternative sources of information to understand its dynamics and spread. With updated real time domestic traffic, this study aims to integrate recent evidence of international evacuees extracted from Wuhan between Jan. 29 and Feb. 2, 2020 to infer the dynamics of the COVD-19 outbreak in Wuhan. In addition, a modified SEIR model was used to evaluate the empirical support for the presence of asymptomatic transmissions. Based on the data examined, this study found little evidence for the presence of asymptomatic transmissions. However, it is still too early to rule out its presence conclusively due to sample size and other limitations. The updated basic reproductive number was found to be 2.12 on average with a 95% credible interval of [2.04, 2.18]. It is smaller than previous estimates probably because the new estimate factors in the social and non-pharmaceutical mitigation implemented in Wuhan through the evacuee dataset. Detailed predictions of infected individuals exported both domestically and internationally were produced. The estimated case confirmation rate has been low but has increased steadily to 23.37% on average. The findings of this study depend on the validity of the underlying assumptions, and continuing work is needed, especially in monitoring the current infection status of Wuhan residents.


id: cord-328687-clr1e9p6
title: Tracing asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers among 3674 hospital staff:a cross-sectional survey
author: Zhou, Fuling
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-328687-clr1e9p6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328687-clr1e9p6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32954232/
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100510
summary:
  BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic carriers were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) without developing symptoms, which might be a potential source of infection outbreak. Recently, in order to avoid further nosocomial infection, all staff without clinical symptoms in our hospital participated in the physical examination before resumption of ordinary job, including chest CT, throat swab RT-PCR test and plasma COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibodies test. This study aims to analyze the examination results, understand the infection status of staff, track the infection related risk factors, as well as tracing of asymptomatic infection individual, so as to provide effective suggestions for other hospitals and non-medical institution in Wuhan, ensuring scientific and safe return to work. In our study, asymptomatic carrier refers to patients who have mild or non-symptoms but with positive test for viral nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 or with positive test for serum specific IgM antibody.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic carriers were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) without developing symptoms, which might be a potential source of infection outbreak. Here, we aim to clarify the epidemiologic and influencing factors of asymptomatic carriers in the general population. METHODS: In our hospital, all hospital staff have received throat swab RT-PCR test, plasma COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibodies test and chest CT examination. We analyzed the correlation between infection rates and gender, age, job position, work place and COVID-19 knowledge training of the staff. After that, all asymptomatic staff were re-examined weekly for 3 weeks. FINDINGS: A total of 3764 hospital staff were included in this single-center cross-sectional study. Among them, 126 hospital staff had abnormal findings, and the proportion of asymptomatic infection accounted for 0.76% (28/3674). There were 26 staff with IgM+, 73 with IgG+, and 40 with ground glass shadow of chest CT. Of all staff with abnormal findings, the older they are, the more likely they are to be the staff with abnormal results, regardless of their gender. Of 3674 hospital staff, the positive rate of labor staff is obviously higher than that of health care workers (HCWs) and administrative staff (P<0.05). In the course of participating in the treatment of COVID-19, there was no statistically significant difference in positive rates between high-risk departments and low-risk departments (P>0.05). The positive rate of HCWs who participated in the COVID-19 knowledge training was lower than those did not participate in early training (P <0.01). Importantly, it was found that there was no statistical difference between the titers of IgM antibody of asymptomatic infections and confirmed patients with COVID-19 in recovery period (P>0.05). During 3 weeks follow-up, all asymptomatic patients did not present the development of clinical symptoms or radiographic abnormalities after active intervention in isolation point. INTERPRETATION: To ensure the safety of resumption of work, institutions should conduct COVID-19 prevention training for staff and screening for asymptomatic patients, and take quarantine measures as soon as possible in areas with high density of population. FUNDING: The Key Project for Anti-2019 novel Coronavirus Pneumonia from the Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Wuhan Emergency Technology Project of COVID-19 epidemic, China.


id: cord-328787-r0i3zo6t
title: A data-driven network model for the emerging COVID-19 epidemics in Wuhan, Toronto and Italy
author: Xue, Ling
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-328787-r0i3zo6t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328787-r0i3zo6t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32497623/
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108391
summary:
  The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization algorithm. The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (M-CMC) optimization algorithm. Ziff and Ziff analyzed the number of reported cases for Wuhan (China) and showed that the growth of the daily number of confirmed new cases indicates an underlying fractal or small-world network of connections between susceptible and infected individuals [2]. The model then projected the trends of COVID-19 spread by simulating epidemics in the Wuhan, Toronto, and Italy networks. Simulation results showed that personal protection, reducing the node degrees of symptomatically infected individuals, and quarantine of close contacts are effective in reducing the peak epidemic size and final epidemic size.

abstract:
  The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic threatens the health of humans and causes great economic losses. Predictive modelling and forecasting the epidemic trends are essential for developing countermeasures to mitigate this pandemic. We develop a network model, where each node represents an individual and the edges represent contacts between individuals where the infection can spread. The individuals are classified based on the number of contacts they have each day (their node degrees) and their infection status. The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization algorithm. Our model fits all three regions well with narrow confidence intervals and could be adapted to simulate other megacities or regions. The model projections on the role of containment strategies can help inform public health authorities to plan control measures.


id: cord-328859-qx7kvn0u
title: Transmission Dynamics and Control Methodology of COVID-19: a Modeling Study
author: Zhu, Hongjun
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-328859-qx7kvn0u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328859-qx7kvn0u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32982019/
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.056
summary:
  Unfortunately, to our best knowledge, the existing models are based on the common assumption that the total population follows a homogeneous spatial distribution, which is not the case for the prevalence occurred both in the community and in hospital due to the difference in the contact rate. Using the model alongside the exclusive optimization algorithm, the spread process of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan city is reproduced and then the propagation characteristics and unknown data are estimated. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the previous work; Section 3 defines the related terminology; Section 4 explains the SEIR-HC model in detail; Section 5 describes the two-step optimization for parameter estimation; Section 6 shows the analysis results, and finally, Section 7 states the conclusions. ( ) : number of outbound travellers every day in Wuhan at time t; : contact rate in the community; ℎ : contact rate in hospitals; ( ) : incidence rate of the exposed individuals who are infected days ago, which follows the Weibull distribution;

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has grown up to be a pandemic within a short span of time. To investigate transmission dynamics and then determine control methodology, we took epidemic in Wuhan as a study case. Unfortunately, to our best knowledge, the existing models are based on the common assumption that the total population follows a homogeneous spatial distribution, which is not the case for the prevalence occurred both in the community and in hospital due to the difference in the contact rate. To solve this problem, we propose a novel epidemic model called SEIR-HC, which is a model with two different social circles (i.e., individuals in hospital and community). Using the model alongside the exclusive optimization algorithm, the spread process of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan city is reproduced and then the propagation characteristics and unknown data are estimated. The basic reproduction number of COVID-19 is estimated to be 7.9, which is far higher than that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Furthermore, the control measures implemented in Wuhan are assessed and the control methodology of COVID-19 is discussed to provide guidance for limiting the epidemic spread.


id: cord-332387-rmmmhrjy
author: Ma, Chang-Jin
date: 2020-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-332387-rmmmhrjy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332387-rmmmhrjy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114119
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114119
summary:
  This study was designed to assess the variation of the air quality actually measured from the air pollution monitoring stations (AQMS) in three cities (Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo), in Asian countries experiencing the explosive outbreak of COVID-19, in a short period of time. Wuhan, which had the largest decrease of PM(2.5) concentration due to COVID-19, also marked the largest reduced Dose(PM)(2.5 10-year-old children) (μg) (3660 μg at Br. and 6222 μg at AI), followed by Daegu (445 μg at Br. and 1287 μg at AI), and Tokyo (18 μg at Br. and 52 μg at AI), over two months after the city lockdown/self-reflection. In this study, the air quality variation with the trend of COVID-19 at Wuhan in China, Daegu in South Korea, and Tokyo in Japan experienced explosive outbreaks in a short period of time, which was estimated based on the actual measured data from air pollution monitoring stations (AQMS).

title:
  Air Quality Variation in Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo during the Explosive Outbreak of COVID-19 and Its Health Effects

abstract:
  This study was designed to assess the variation of the air quality actually measured from the air pollution monitoring stations (AQMS) in three cities (Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo), in Asian countries experiencing the explosive outbreak of COVID-19, in a short period of time. In addition, we made a new attempt to calculate the reduced Dose(PM)(2.5) (μg) at the bronchiolar (Br.) and alveolar-interstitial (AI) regions of the 10-year-old children after the city lockdown/self-reflection of each city. A comparison of the average PM(2.5) of a month before and after the lockdown (Wuhan) and self-reflection (Daegu and Tokyo) clearly shows that the PM(2.5) concentration was decreased by 29.9, 20.9, and 3.6% in Wuhan, Daegu and Tokyo, respectively. Wuhan, Daegu and Tokyo also recorded 53.2, 19.0, and 10.4% falls of NO(2) concentration, respectively. Wuhan, which had the largest decrease of PM(2.5) concentration due to COVID-19, also marked the largest reduced Dose(PM)(2.5 10-year-old children) (μg) (3660 μg at Br. and 6222 μg at AI), followed by Daegu (445 μg at Br. and 1287 μg at AI), and Tokyo (18 μg at Br. and 52 μg at AI), over two months after the city lockdown/self-reflection. Our results suggest that the city lockdown/self-reflection had the effect of lowering the concentration of PM(2.5), resulting in an extension of the period it took to the acute allergic airway inflammation (AAI) for the 10-year-old children.


id: cord-333226-o23da4x2
title: Strongly Heterogeneous Transmission of COVID-19 in Mainland China: Local and Regional Variation
author: Wang, Yuke
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-333226-o23da4x2.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32637423/
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00329
summary:
  We studied the variation in transmission of COVID-19, locally in Wuhan, as well as on a larger spatial scale, among different cities and even among provinces in mainland China. The sizes of outbreak in provinces of mainland China mainly depended on the numbers of cases imported from Wuhan as the local reproduction numbers were low. Second, to evaluate the role of "the Market" in Wuhan and estimate the numbers of cases caused by contact with this source (its reproduction number) in early transmission, data for the first confirmed 425 COVID-19 cases with date of symptom onset and exposure information to "the Market" was extracted from a recently published report (6) . (B) Distribution of the serial interval for onset of clinical symptoms, estimated from COVID-19 clusters with partially known links ( Figure 2 ).

abstract:
  Background: The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in the city of Wuhan, China, with a period of rapid initial spread. Transmission on a regional and then national scale was promoted by intense travel during the holiday period of the Chinese New Year. We studied the variation in transmission of COVID-19, locally in Wuhan, as well as on a larger spatial scale, among different cities and even among provinces in mainland China. Methods: In addition to reported numbers of new cases, we have been able to assemble detailed contact data for some of the initial clusters of COVID-19. This enabled estimation of the serial interval for clinical cases, as well as reproduction numbers for small and large regions. Findings: We estimated the average serial interval was 4.8 days. For early transmission in Wuhan, any infectious case produced as many as four new cases, transmission outside Wuhan was less intense, with reproduction numbers below two. During the rapid growth phase of the outbreak the region of Wuhan city acted as a hot spot, generating new cases upon contact, while locally, in other provinces, transmission was low. Interpretation: COVID-19 is capable of spreading very rapidly. The sizes of outbreak in provinces of mainland China mainly depended on the numbers of cases imported from Wuhan as the local reproduction numbers were low. The COVID-19 epidemic should be controllable with appropriate interventions (suspension of public transportation, cancellation of mass gatherings, implementation of surveillance and testing, and promotion of personal hygiene and face mask use).


id: cord-333262-xvfl7ycj
author: Robson, B.
date: 2020-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-333262-xvfl7ycj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333262-xvfl7ycj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103749
doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103749
summary:
  The Wuhan and related isolates revealed a coronavirus that resides in the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus [2] , and although genetically distinct from its predecessor SARS-CoV it appeared to have similar external binding proteins, meaning here the spike glycoprotein discussed extensively in the present paper. In brief summary, the justifications for the ensemble pharmacophore in the coronavirus case, i.e. the contributions to "fuzziness", include parsimony, that proteins and parts of proteins sometimes have more than one function [12] encouraged by limited numbers of accessible sites (due to e.g. glycosylation) and exemplified by parallel alternative mechanisms of cell entry, multiple methods of drug action, escape from scientific defense measures by virus mutation, polymorphism of human proteins involved, different expression levels of human proteins involved, and the potential problem of the "specter of vaccine development" (concerns about missing the appropriate region of the virus that allows common cold viruses to escape the appropriate immune response).

title:
  COVID-19 Coronavirus spike protein analysis for synthetic vaccines, a peptidomimetic antagonist, and therapeutic drugs, and analysis of a proposed achilles’ heel conserved region to minimize probability of escape mutations and drug resistance

abstract:
  Abstract This paper continues a recent study of the spike protein sequence of the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2). It is also in part an introductory review to relevant computational techniques for tackling viral threats, using COVID-19 as an example. Q-UEL tools for facilitating access to knowledge and bioinformatics tools were again used for efficiency, but the focus in this paper is even more on the virus. Subsequence KRSFIEDLLFNKV of the S2′ spike glycoprotein proteolytic cleavage site continues to appear important. Here it is shown to be recognizable in the common cold coronaviruses, avian coronaviruses and possibly as traces in the nidoviruses of reptiles and fish. Its function or functions thus seem important to the coronaviruses. It might represent SARS-CoV-2 Achilles’ Heel, less likely to acquire resistance by mutation, as has happened in some early SARS vaccine studies discussed in the previous paper. Preliminary conformational analysis of the receptor (ACE2) binding site of the spike protein is carried suggesting that while it is somewhat conserved, it appears to be more variable than KRSFIEDLLFNKV. However compounds like emodin that inhibit SARS entry, apparently by binding ACE2, might also have functions at several different human protein binding studies. The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is again argued to be a convenient model pharmacophore perhaps representing an ensemble of targets, and it is noted that it occurs both in lung and alimentary tract. Perhaps it benefits the virus to block an inflammatory response by inhibiting the dehydrogenase, but a fairly complex web involves several possible targets.


id: cord-333581-icp0xwhx
title: Gastrointestinal predictors of severe COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis
author: Aziz, Muhammad
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-333581-icp0xwhx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333581-icp0xwhx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33162738/
doi: 10.20524/aog.2020.0527
summary:
  Articles were selected if they reported data on COVID-19 patients with respect to gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting) or laboratory findings (serum AST, ALT, or TB). Our meta-analysis demonstrated significant correlations between gastrointestinal parameters (diarrhea, elevated serum ALT, AST and TB) and severe disease outcomes, i.e., respiratory distress, ICU admission, and/or death. • We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature through May 31 st , 2020 to assess these manifestations with respect to disease severity • Our results indicate that diarrhea, abnormal ALT, AST and TB were associated with severe disease (intensive care unit admission, respiratory distress, and/or mortality) • Based on the current study results, patients with these manifestations should be stratified as highrisk and managed appropriately Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has created a need to identify potential predictors of severe disease. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of gastrointestinal predictors of severe COVID-19. METHODS: An extensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane. Odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) were calculated for proportional and continuous outcomes using a random-effect model. For each outcome, a 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-value were generated. RESULTS: A total of 83 studies (26912 patients, mean age 43.5±16.4 years, 48.2% female) were included. Gastrointestinal predictors of severe COVID-19 included the presence of diarrhea (OR 1.50, 95%CI 1.10-2.03; P=0.01), elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (OR 4.00, 95%CI 3.02-5.28; P<0.001), and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR 2.54, 95%CI 1.91-3.37; P<0.001). Significantly higher levels of mean AST (MD 14.78 U/L, 95%CI 11.70-17.86 U/L; P<0.001), ALT (MD 11.87 U/L, 95%CI 9.23-14.52 U/L; P<0.001), and total bilirubin (MD 2.08 mmol/L, 95%CI 1.36-2.80 mmol/L; P<0.001) were observed in the severe COVID-19 group compared to non-severe COVID-19 group. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal symptoms and biomarkers should be assessed early to recognize severe COVID-19.


id: cord-335460-g8rsiiy7
author: Wu, Yu-ping
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-335460-g8rsiiy7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335460-g8rsiiy7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000020370
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000020370
summary:
  title: CT manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 of imported infection versus second-generation infection in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) of this disease: An observational study Group A and B were composed of 15 patients with a history of exposure to the original district (Wuhan, China) in short-term (i.e., imported infection), and 7 with a close contact with the patients with confirmed COVID-19 or with the healthy individuals from the original district (i.e., second-generation infection), respectively. Thus, the purpose of our research was to determine the discrepancy in CT manifestations of COVID-19 in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) between cases with imported infection and with second-generation infection, aiming to help clinicians outside the original district formulate more accurate and effective prevention and treatment measures. In contrast, none of patients in group B with abnormal CT findings on initial scans had lesion density score of more than 5 (P < .001), indicating that the COVID-19 in second-generation infected patients could be milder when compared with those with imported infection.

title:
  CT manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 of imported infection versus second-generation infection in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) of this disease: An observational study

abstract:
  To explore the discrepancy in computed tomography (CT) manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) between cases with imported infection and second-generation infection, 22 patients with COVID-19 from 2 hospitals in Nanchong, China, 938 km away from the original district (Wuhan, China) of this disease were enrolled. All patients underwent initial and follow-up CT after admission during the treatment, and were divided into 2 groups. Group A and B were composed of 15 patients with a history of exposure to the original district (Wuhan, China) in short-term (i.e., imported infection), and 7 with a close contact with the patients with confirmed COVID-19 or with the healthy individuals from the original district (i.e., second-generation infection), respectively. Initial CT features including extent score and density score between groups were statistically compared. We found that all patients in group A and 3 of 7 patients in group B had abnormal CT findings while 4 of 7 patients in group B had not. Patients with abnormal CT findings were more frequent in group A than in group B (P < .05). On initial CT, pure ground glass opacity (GGO), and GGO with consolidation and/or other abnormalities were found in 20% (3/15) and 80% (12/15) patients in group A, respectively, while 1 (14.3%), 2 (28.6%), and 4 (57.1%) had pure GGOs, GGO with focal consolidation, and normal CT appearances in Group B, respectively. Patients with extent and density scores of ≥5 were more frequent in group A than in group B (all P-values < .01). Additionally, 3 of 4 (75%) patients with normal initial CT findings had focal pure GGO lesions on follow-up. In conclusion, COVID-19 in patients with a history of exposure to the original district can be severer than with the second-generation infection on CT.


id: cord-336546-wcxqn5z2
author: Xi, Aiqi
date: 2020-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-336546-wcxqn5z2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336546-wcxqn5z2.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437017/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.26032
summary:
  Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was first reported in Wuhan, a series of confirmed cases of COVID‐19 were found on the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau. Coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019 [1] [2] [3] [4] and rapidly spread worldwide. In this study, we report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and outcomes of all 18 confirmed COVID-19 patients in Qinghai including family clusters who returned to Qinghai from Wuhan, and family members who did not travel to Wuhan. For this retrospective study, we enrolled all 18 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 from the hospitals designated for treatment by the Health Commission of Qinghai Province from Jan 21 to April 6, 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

title:
  Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of discharged patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 on the Qinghai plateau

abstract:
  Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was first reported in Wuhan, a series of confirmed cases of COVID‐19 were found on the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau. We aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of all confirmed cases in Qinghai, a province at high altitude. The region had no sustained local transmission. Of all 18 patients with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, 15 patients comprising 4 transmission clusters were identified. Three patients were infected by direct contact without travel history to Wuhan. Of 18 patients, 10 patients showed bilateral pneumonia and 2 patients showed no abnormalities. Three patients with comorbidities such as hypertension, liver diseases or diabetes developed severe illness. High C‐reactive protein levels and elevations of both ALT and AST were observed in 3 severely ill patients on admission. All 18 patients were eventually discharged, including the 3 severe patients who recovered after treatment with non‐invasive mechanical ventilation, convalescent plasma and other therapies. Our findings confirmed human‐to‐human transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in clusters. Patients with comorbidities are more likely to develop severe illness. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-336963-evjmz49u
author: Chen, Dong
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-336963-evjmz49u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336963-evjmz49u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa094
doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa094
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a high transmission setting increases the risk of severe COVID-19 compared to exposure to a low transmission setting? 1 However, the higher mortality persisted in Wuhan despite the fact that after the initial epidemic peak same clinical management guidelines were applied throughout China, and case fatality rates remained higher even when more medical personnel was deployed to Wuhan. 6 The high mortality in Northern Italy was also initially attributed to the fact that hospitals were overwhelmed by the onstorm of cases. But maybe there is another factor inherent to high transmission settings that lead to a higher case fatality rate as observed in our study? In conclusion, our study highlights that SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hotspot or epicentre with high transmission intensity may adversely impact mortality rates compared to infection in a low transmission area.

title:
  Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a high transmission setting increases the risk of severe COVID-19 compared to exposure to a low transmission setting?


id: cord-337324-jxtch47t
author: Qian, Guo-Qing
date: 2020-02-25
txt: ./txt/cord-337324-jxtch47t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337324-jxtch47t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.23.20026856
doi: 10.1101/2020.02.23.20026856
summary:
  title: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series 8 Three further cases were reported in Ningbo cohort as clinical-diagnosed COVID-19 pneumonia because of their epidemiological history, signs, symptoms and chest CT evidence according to National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China guidance, though they tested negative for the SARS-CoV-2. This report, to our knowledge, is the largest case study to date of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang province, which is outwith of Wuhan and Hubei. Our study provided three cases as clinical-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia because of their epidemiological history, signs, symptoms and chest CT evidence according to guidance, though they tested negative for the SARS-CoV-2. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

title:
  Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series

abstract:
  Background Recent studies have focused initial clinical and Epidemiologic characteristics on the COVID-19, mainly revealing situation in Wuhan, Hubei. Aim To reveal more data on the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients outside of Wuhan, in Zhejiang, China. Design Retrospective case series. Methods 88 cases of laboratory-confirmed and 3 cases of clinical-confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to five hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. Data were collected from 20 January 2020 to 11 February 2020. Results Of all 91 patients, 88 (96.70%) were laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with throat swab samples that tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 while 3 (3.30%) were clinical-diagnosed COVID-19 cases. The median age of the patients was 50 (36.5-57) years, and female accounted for 59.34%. In this sample 40 (43.96%) patients had contracted the diseases from local cases, 31 (34.07%) patients had been to Wuhan/Hubei, 8 (8.79%) cases had contacted with people from Wuhan, 11 (12.09%) cases were confirmed aircraft transmission. In particular within the city of Ningbo, 60.52% cases can be traced back to an event held in a temple. The most common symptoms were fever (71.43%), cough (60.44%) and fatigue (43.96%). The median of incubation period was 6 (IQR, 3-8) days and the median time from first visit to a doctor to confirmed diagnosis was 1 (1-2) days. According to the Chest computed tomography scans, 67.03% cases had bilateral pneumonia. Conclusions Social activity cluster, family cluster and travel by airplane were how COVID-19 patients get transmitted and could be rapidly diagnosed COVID-19 in Zhejiang.


id: cord-337809-bxvgr6qg
author: Xiong, Yong
date: 2020-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-337809-bxvgr6qg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337809-bxvgr6qg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32371416/
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235302
summary:
  Our observations suggest the importance of preventing family transmission and the efficacy of current integrated treatment for mild/ moderate pneumonia in COVID-19 cases. Our observations suggest the importance of preventing family transmission and the efficacy of current integrated treatment for mild/ moderate pneumonia in COVID-19 cases. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] This report describes the epidemiological and clinical features of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among three members of a family following SARS-CoV-2 infection. On 10 and 11 January 2020, a family of three, comprising the father (65 years), the mother (61 years) and the son (38 years), were admitted to the Department of Infectious Disease at the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University with symptoms of cough and fever. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

title:
  Family cluster of three recovered cases of pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and has affected more than 1 270 000 people worldwide. The numbers of reported cases continue to rise and threaten global health. Transmissions among family members are frequently observed, although the route of transmission is partially known. Here we report three cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection within one family. Sequencing of the S gene of the viral genome showed 100% identity among samples, suggesting that the same strain caused the infection. Following treatment with oseltamivir and short-term methylprednisolone combined with symptomatic management, all three patients recovered within 3 weeks, as evidenced by the disappearance of their symptoms, clearance of pulmonary infiltrates and consecutive negative molecular diagnostic test findings. Our observations suggest the importance of preventing family transmission and the efficacy of current integrated treatment for mild/moderate pneumonia in COVID-19 cases.


id: cord-338001-jig46hsk
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Critically Ill Children: A Narrative Review of the Literature
author: Ong, Jacqueline S. M.
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-338001-jig46hsk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338001-jig46hsk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000002376
doi: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002376
summary:
  In the small cohort from Tongji Hospital (6), Wuhan, one out of the six children with COVID-19 was admitted to intensive care. Given that children appear to have mild disease and may have a clinical picture similar to that of viral bronchiolitis, the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and/or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) for respiratory support would likely be preferred amongst PICU clinicians. Caregivers are close contacts of the infected patient, although they may be asymptomatic at the time-in the Wuhan Children''s Hospital series with active case finding of close contacts, 90% of confirmed cases had family members who were either confirmed or suspect disease (5) . Given the low rates of critical illness due to COVID-19, this process will likely exert more impact on day-to-day processes in PICUs than sick patients with confirmed infection. Paediatric Intensive Care Society UK: PICS Guidance on Management of Critically Ill Children With COVID-19 Infection

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 has spread around the world. In the 3 months since its emergence, we have learned a great deal about its clinical management and its relevance to the pediatric critical care provider. In this article, we review the available literature and provide valuable insight into the clinical management of this disease, as well as information on preparedness activities that every PICU should perform.


id: cord-338231-uni4aqxo
author: Shi, Puyu
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-338231-uni4aqxo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338231-uni4aqxo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32993821/
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820002332
summary:
  title: Clinical characteristics of imported and second-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shaanxi outside Wuhan, China: a multicentre retrospective study In this study, we focused on Shaanxi province as a region with imported and second-generation cases and described the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 134 COVID-19 cases in this province with a hope to provide some insight into the prevention and treatment of the disease in China and elsewhere. This retrospective study included 134 confirmed cases of COVID-19 admitted and treated in 10 designated hospitals across nine cities (Xi''an, Ankang, Baoji, Hanzhong, Weinan, Xianyang, Shangluo, Yan''an and Tongchuan) in Shaanxi province from 23 January 2020 to 7 March 2020 (Supplementary Table S1 ). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

title:
  Clinical characteristics of imported and second-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shaanxi outside Wuhan, China: a multicentre retrospective study

abstract:
  The mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) differs between countries and regions. This study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of imported and second-generation cases in Shaanxi. This study included 134 COVID-19 cases in Shaanxi outside Wuhan. Clinical data were compared between severe and non-severe cases. We further profiled the dynamic laboratory findings of some patients. In total, 34.3% of the 134 patients were severe cases, 11.2% had complications. As of 7 March 2020, 91.8% patients were discharged and one patient (0.7%) died. Age, lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, direct bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase showed difference between severe and no-severe cases (all P < 0.05). Baseline lymphocyte count was higher in survived patients than in non-survivor case, and it increased as the condition improved, but declined sharply when death occurred. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) level displayed a downtrend in survivors, but rose very high in the death case. Pulmonary fibrosis was found on later chest computed tomography images in 51.5% of the pneumonia cases. Imported and second-generation cases outside Wuhan had a better prognosis than initial cases in Wuhan. Lymphocyte count and IL-6 level could be used for evaluating prognosis. Pulmonary fibrosis as the sequelae of COVID-19 should be taken into account.


id: cord-339044-qy4jab37
title: Analysis of the Risk Factors for Mortality in Adult COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan: A Multicenter Study
author: Li, Man
date: 2020-08-25
txt: ./txt/cord-339044-qy4jab37.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339044-qy4jab37.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32984387/
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00545
summary:
  The multivariate regression analysis showed increased odds of in-hospital deaths associated with age, D-dimer levels >1,000 ng/L, platelet count <125, and higher serum creatinine levels. Meanwhile, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named "COVID-19." In China, according to the National Health Commission (2), a total of 82,341 cases were diagnosed, of which 77,892 patients were discharged, and 3,342 died as of April 15. In this study, we explored the potential host risk factors associated with death in a retrospective cohort of 245 laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the two appointed hospitals in Wuhan. Though the epidemiology of patients with COVID-19 is widely studied and reported, the death-related risk factors and detailed clinical characteristics of the disease have not been well-described. In addition to age factors, we also found D-dimer levels >1,000 ng/L, and platelet counts < 125 × 10 9 /L on admission were associated with fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

abstract:
  Objectives: An outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019 in Wuhan, China, has spread quickly worldwide. However, the risk factors associated with COVID-19-related mortality remain controversial. Methods: A total of 245 adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from two centers were analyzed. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and the Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare the clinical characteristics between the survivors and non-survivors. To explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death, univariable and multivariable cox regression analyses were used. Results: Of the 245 patients included in this study, 23 (9.4%) died in the hospital. The multivariate regression analysis showed increased odds of in-hospital deaths associated with age, D-dimer levels >1,000 ng/L, platelet count <125, and higher serum creatinine levels. Conclusions: We identified risk factors that show significant association with mortality in adult COVID-19 patients, and our findings provide valuable references for clinicians to identify high-risk patients with COVID-19 at an early stage.


id: cord-339743-jxj10857
title: Synchronized travel restrictions across cities can be effective in COVID-19 control
author: Liu, H.
date: 2020-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-339743-jxj10857.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339743-jxj10857.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.02.20050781v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.02.20050781
summary:
  Previous studies established the impact of population outflow from Wuhan on the spatial spread of coronavirus in China and hinted the impact of the other three mobility patterns, i.e., population outflow from Hubei province excluding Wuhan, population inflow from cities outside Hubei, and intra-city population movement. Here we apply the cumulative confirmed cases and mobility data of 350 Chinese cities outside Hubei to explore the relationships between all mobility patterns and epidemic spread, and estimate the impact of local travel restrictions, both in terms of level and timing, on the epidemic control based on mobility change. We assume, after the Wuhan lockdown, the local travel restrictions in cities outside Hubei contributed to the epidemic control by influencing population mobility. The daily population outflow from Hubei (excluding Wuhan), inter-city population movement, and intra-city population movement after Feb 03, 2019, aligned by the Chinese lunar calendar with Jan 23, 2020, were used as proxy mobility data for the no local travel restrictions status in cities outside Hubei.

abstract:
  Mobility control measures are of crucial importance for public health planning in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies established the impact of population outflow from Wuhan on the spatial spread of coronavirus in China and hinted the impact of the other three mobility patterns, i.e., population outflow from Hubei province excluding Wuhan, population inflow from cities outside Hubei, and intra-city population movement. However, the overall impact of all mobility patterns, or the impact of the different timing of mobility restriction intervention, are not systematically analyzed. Here we apply the cumulative confirmed cases and mobility data of 350 Chinese cities outside Hubei to explore the relationships between all mobility patterns and epidemic spread, and estimate the impact of local travel restrictions, both in terms of level and timing, on the epidemic control based on mobility change. The relationships were identified by using Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise multivariable linear regression, while scenario simulation was used to estimate the mobility change caused by local travel restrictions. Our analysis shows that: (1) all mobility patterns correlated with the spread of the coronavirus in Chinese cities outside Hubei, while the corrleations droppd with the implemetation of travel restrictions; (2) the cumulative confirmed cases in two weeks after the Wuhan lockdown was mainly brought by three patterns of inter-city population movement, while those in the third and fourth weeks after was significantly influenced by the number of intra-city population movement; (3) the local travel restrictions imposed by cities outside Hubei have averted 1,960 (95%PI: 1,474-2,447) more infections, taking 22.4% (95%PI: 16.8%-27.9%) of confirmed ones, in two weeks after the Wuhan lockdown, while more synchronized implementation would further decrease the number of confirmed cases in the same period by 15.7% (95%PI:15.4%-16.0%) or 1,378 (95%PI: 1,353-1,402) cases; and (4) local travel restrictions on different mobility patterns have different degrees of protection on cities with or without initial confirmed cases until the Wuhan lockdown. Our results prove the effectiveness of local travel restrictions and highlight the importance of synchronized implementation of mobility control across cities in mitigating the COVID-19 transmission.


