Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 55 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10285 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 Zika 23 ZIKV 16 virus 8 RNA 7 Ebola 6 infection 6 cell 6 Fig 5 vaccine 4 figure 3 Aedes 2 dna 2 Virus 2 SARS 2 PCR 2 MERS 2 HIV 2 EDIII 2 DENV 1 woman 1 type 1 transmission 1 transfusion 1 test 1 table 1 surveillance 1 sensor 1 sample 1 result 1 protein 1 pregnancy 1 platelet 1 patient 1 pathogen 1 paper 1 mouse 1 model 1 method 1 health 1 genomic 1 finding 1 fever 1 drug 1 dpi 1 donor 1 disease 1 detection 1 des 1 der 1 day Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 3299 virus 2546 % 2489 cell 2252 blood 2121 infection 1746 patient 1272 study 1164 transfusion 1107 donor 1039 antibody 1038 disease 1032 sample 978 day 977 result 965 method 922 time 795 platelet 787 transmission 774 vaccine 770 product 759 case 742 mouse 742 group 736 unit 688 datum 647 protein 611 number 608 response 604 finding 598 level 585 system 562 plasma 554 outbreak 540 risk 537 testing 526 control 521 analysis 519 conclusion 499 type 499 model 486 mosquito 483 assay 478 effect 474 antigen 473 dengue 469 test 463 use 458 activity 448 treatment 447 rate Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2676 Zika 1940 ZIKV 819 al 704 et 643 . 584 RBC 545 Study 526 Design 489 Case 486 Studies 482 Background 414 RNA 375 Fig 318 Ebola 293 C 281 PCR 259 Blood 246 NS2B 213 Virus 206 SARS 202 Health 189 de 185 - 184 ABO 184 A 183 Aedes 180 Brazil 173 RT 171 T 170 RHD 165 PLT 155 West 154 University 147 NS3pro 144 B 143 Rh 141 ER 139 HCV 138 D 137 DENV 135 HLA 132 PBS 132 HIV 127 Center 124 Vero 120 Nile 119 mAbs 119 MERS 117 States 115 TPE Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1342 we 911 it 307 they 186 i 120 them 81 he 45 us 37 she 19 itself 13 you 13 one 7 themselves 3 her 2 z004 2 me 2 igg4 1 z2-cy5 1 z"ikv 1 yourself 1 srbcs 1 s 1 mrnas 1 mg 1 magpixv 1 interleukin-10 1 him 1 e15.5 1 dnk 1 c.1136c Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 17067 be 2958 have 1996 use 833 include 772 show 640 perform 604 base 571 report 555 increase 535 identify 530 do 525 associate 500 test 498 infect 466 compare 452 reduce 436 determine 432 follow 428 provide 420 find 412 develop 393 detect 384 require 371 evaluate 359 cause 346 collect 343 suggest 331 treat 313 demonstrate 302 result 299 receive 285 observe 278 indicate 277 induce 270 lead 264 transfuse 254 occur 251 assess 249 give 248 obtain 247 make 247 decrease 241 isolate 239 relate 239 describe 238 neutralize 236 remain 235 consider 231 prevent 231 need Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1602 - 1339 not 950 viral 872 high 849 also 786 other 770 human 663 clinical 634 anti 584 more 534 positive 529 low 520 such 483 only 463 however 432 first 428 most 427 different 419 specific 414 well 406 new 394 significant 365 negative 361 non 321 red 307 infectious 297 further 295 as 293 pregnant 293 available 285 immune 280 large 273 potential 270 severe 256 then 253 single 252 multiple 245 significantly 244 whole 237 respectively 237 long 235 antiviral 232 molecular 230 natural 227 infected 223 possible 221 fetal 220 small 220 similar 220 same Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121 most 63 high 62 least 55 good 46 Most 25 low 19 large 15 great 11 late 7 young 6 old 5 strong 5 close 5 bad 4 small 4 near 3 poor 3 big 2 long 2 fresh 2 early 2 common 1 weak 1 vRNA 1 strict 1 stiction 1 steep 1 sharp 1 safe 1 postt 1 northernmost 1 new 1 loud 1 grave 1 fine 1 fast 1 easy 1 deadly 1 cord-354546-lgkqwm6u 1 cord-300459-tu2xrt9x 1 broad 1 bright 1 -severe 1 -E 1 -4/2016 1 -3/2016 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 307 most 52 least 2 well 2 highest 1 prints201910.0144.v46 1 long 1 hard 1 freshest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 bit.ly 4 www.thermofisher.com 4 doi.org 3 drugvirus.info 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.mdpi.com 2 www 2 dx 1 zinc.docking.org 1 www.zymoresearch.com 1 www.viprbrc.org 1 www.thomassci 1 www.sigmaaldrich.com 1 www.sherpa.ac.uk 1 www.rki.de 1 www.paho.org 1 www.oligo.net 1 www.nikon.com 1 www.neb.com 1 www.jacksonimmuno.com 1 www.isbtweb.org 1 www.imgt.org 1 www.illumina 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.emdmillipore.com 1 www.drugs.com 1 www.darpa.mil 1 www.clustal.org 1 www.biorxiv.org 1 www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk 1 vectorlabs.com 1 scroll.in 1 orcid.org 1 omicsomics.blogspot 1 en.wikipedia.org 1 creativecommons.org 1 blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 blast.ncbi 1 bit 1 10.20944 Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 4 http://www.thermofisher.com 3 http://drugvirus.info/ 2 http://www 2 http://dx 1 http://zinc.docking.org 1 http://www.zymoresearch.com 1 http://www.viprbrc.org 1 http://www.thomassci 1 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com 1 http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/search.php 1 http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/ 1 http://www.paho.org/ 1 http://www.oligo.net/ 1 http://www.nikon.com 1 http://www.neb.com 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/7/782/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/11/1019/s1 1 http://www.jacksonimmuno.com 1 http://www.isbtweb.org/working-parties/red-cell-immunogenetics-and-bloodgroup-terminology/ 1 http://www.imgt.org/ 1 http://www.illumina 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb 1 http://www.emdmillipore.com 1 http://www.drugs.com/ 1 http://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2014-08-15 1 http://www.clustal.org/clustal2/ 1 http://www.biorxiv.org/ 1 http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/ 1 http://vectorlabs.com 1 http://scroll.in/pulse/843567/india-is-expandingzika-surveillance-but-there-was-an-element-of-luckin-finding-the-tamil-nadu-case 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-7147 1 http://omicsomics.blogspot 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180632.g002 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180632 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60415-6 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.018 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 1 http://blast.ncbi 1 http://bit.ly/2q51heq 1 http://bit.ly/2pDplF8 1 http://bit.ly/2opqFew 1 http://bit.ly/2oplxHr 1 http://bit.ly/2oHLehE 1 http://bit 1 http://10.20944/pre-prints201910.0144.v46 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 wongv@cuhk.edu.hk 1 research@f1000.com 1 christian.chidiac@chu-lyon.fr Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 virus infects human 9 virus was first 8 infections are asymptomatic 7 cells were then 6 patient did not 6 zikv was first 4 infection causes fetal 4 infection is unclear 4 samples were not 4 vaccines are available 3 % had severe 3 % were male 3 cells are susceptible 3 cells were kindly 3 days evaluating positive 3 donors were igm 3 infection had only 3 infection is still 3 mice was significantly 3 patient does not 3 patient was not 3 samples did not 3 samples were also 3 samples were negative 3 samples were positive 3 samples were serially 3 samples were then 3 time was similar 3 transfusions were not 3 vaccine is available 3 vaccine was also 3 virus has not 3 zika is not 3 zikv is mainly 2 % had positive 2 % had reaction 2 % reported erectile 2 % were female 2 antibodies are not 2 cases are asymptomatic 2 cell is not 2 cells are key 2 cells are permissive 2 cells is due 2 cells were cultured 2 cells were not 2 data are also 2 data have not 2 data were also 2 days was not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 donors were not able 2 infection is not clear 2 patients were not subsequently 2 transfusion had no effect 2 vaccines are not yet 2 zika is not commercially 1 % had no change 1 % had no clinical 1 antibodies are not detectable 1 antibodies are not essential 1 antibody is not demonstrable 1 blood is not always 1 cases have no complications 1 cases was not previously 1 cells are not available 1 data show no evidence 1 donor had no identifiable 1 donor has not yet 1 donor reported no clinical 1 donor were not significant 1 donors reported no significant 1 group had no discernable 1 infection are not well 1 infection had no antiviral 1 infections are not contagious 1 methods are not possible 1 mice are not susceptible 1 mice were not fully 1 mice were not suitable 1 patient had no change 1 patient had no other 1 patient had no previous 1 patient reported no respiratory 1 patient was not recently 1 patient was not statistically 1 patients are not subsequently 1 patients had no history 1 patients required no transfusion 1 patients showed no significant 1 products are not available 1 products are not readily 1 products was not significantly 1 result does not necessarily 1 results were not available 1 sample had no visible 1 sample is not inferior 1 samples had no reportable 1 samples showed no difference 1 samples were not available 1 samples were not deliberately A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-321741-aq76s37x author = Andersen, Petter I. title = Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents date = 2020-04-30 keywords = Zika; cell; drug; virus summary = Although the concept of BSAAs has been around for almost 50 years, the field received a new impetus with recent outbreaks of Ebola, Zika, Dengue, influenza and other viral infections, the discovery of novel host-directed agents, as well as development of drug repositioning methodology. The discovery of novel activities of BSAAs starts with exposing cells to the candidate antiviral agent at different concentrations and infecting the cells with a virus or mock. Given that emetine also inhibits ZIKV, EBOV, RABV, CMV, HCoV-OC43 and HIV-1 infections (Chaves Valadao et al., 2015; MacGibeny et al., 2018; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2018) , and that it is an FDA-approved anti-protozoal drug, it may represent a promising safe-in-man BSAA candidate. Thereby, novel antiviral activities of BSAAs should be further validated in primary human cells using different viral strains (including wild-type viruses), different viral loads, different times of compound addition, different endpoint measurements and compound concentration range. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.018 id = cord-003187-qdbcdn2j author = Bassi, Maria Rosaria title = Extinction of Zika Virus and Usutu Virus by Lethal Mutagenesis Reveals Different Patterns of Sensitivity to Three Mutagenic Drugs date = 2018-08-27 keywords = Fig; RNA; USUV; ZIKV; Zika summary = Although the two viruses are inhibited by the same three drugs, ZIKV is relatively more susceptive to serial passage in the presence of purine analogues (favipiravir and ribavirin), while USUV replication is suppressed more efficiently by 5-fluorouracil. We observe that ribavirin, favipiravir, and 5-fluorouracil are all inhibitors of both ZIKV and USUV, and that consecutive passage of virus in the presence of these drugs can lead to the complete extinction of infectivity. To investigate whether ZIKV replication could be affected by increased mutagenesis, we tested four different compounds known to be mutagenic for diverse viruses, 5-fluorouracil, ribavirin, favipiravir, and decitabine (25, 32, 35, (37) (38) (39) . To investigate whether the antiviral activities observed during treatment with favipiravir, ribavirin, and 5-fluorouracil are connected to their predicted mutagenic activity, we analyzed the mutation frequencies of both ZIKV and USUV rescued after 5 passages in the presence of these compounds. doi = 10.1128/aac.00380-18 id = cord-318771-mk0eyceg author = Bendezu-Quispe, Guido title = Utility of massive open online courses (MOOCs) concerning outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases date = 2017-12-27 keywords = Zika; course summary = doi = 10.12688/f1000research.12639.2 id = cord-266202-3qku90ml author = Billington, John title = Developing Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and Future Epidemics and Pandemics: Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks date = 2020-06-01 keywords = EID; Ebola; Zika; vaccine summary = 8 At the same time, national and regional government programs like the US Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) 9 and the European Union''s Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) 10 have sustained their commitment to R&D for EID response. 17 Although 4 vaccines based on the new strain were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and shipped globally just 4 months after WHO had declared H1N1 a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), they came too late and in insufficient quantities to prevent the estimated 151,700 to 575,400 deaths that occurred worldwide in the first year of the pandemic. 24, 25 While responding to global infectious disease emergencies is central to the vaccine industry''s public health mission, business leaders may not always act, and shareholders may not always approve the necessary investments, because the business risks of EID vaccine development tend to outweigh any return on investment. doi = 10.1089/hs.2020.0043 id = cord-290385-0smnl70i author = Chan, Jasper F.W. title = Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease date = 2016-03-03 keywords = Aedes; Brazil; DENV; ZIKV; Zika; infection; virus summary = Unlike its mosquito-borne relatives, such as dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, which can cause severe human diseases, Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged from obscurity by its association with a suspected "congenital Zika syndrome", while causing asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections which are dengueor rubella-like in infected individuals. ZIKV RNA could be detected in breast milk and saliva of infected women, although replicative virus particles have not been demonstrated 78, 79 Perinatal transmission of other arboviruses, including DENV, CHIKV, WNV, and YFV, has also been reported. 115,120 74/ 8750 (0.8%) patients with suspected ZIKV infection in the French Polynesia outbreak developed neurological syndromes after presenting with a Zika fever-like illness. Zika fever-related death appears to be extremely rare but a number of probable cases have been reported, especially among immunocompromised patients and neonates with suspected congenital ZIKV infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011 id = cord-002341-v4r5d26a author = Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title = Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons date = 2016-11-12 keywords = ZIKV; Zika; dpi; mouse summary = To establish a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection, we compared the clinical, histological, and virological findings of male (group 1) and female (group 2) mice with dexamethasone immunosuppression and ZIKV inoculation with those of the appropriate controls (groups 3 to 8) (Table 1 ). The dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice with ZIKV inoculation in our study developed disseminated infection with viremia and multi-organ involvement, including the brain, urogenital tract, intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, and salivary gland as evident by ZIKV-NS1 protein expression on immunohistochemical staining and/or detectable viral load in these tissues. Our findings provided an additional explanation for the pathogenesis of fatal ZIKV infection, which has been proposed to be related to uncontrolled virus dissemination in previously described mouse models utilizing types I/II interferon-signaling-/receptor-deficient mice that were unable to mount a robust host innate immune response. doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.017 id = cord-299255-wnf8fozk author = Chan, M.Y. title = Infections in Pregnancy date = 2017-11-27 keywords = CDC; Zika; birth; infection; pregnancy summary = To protect the health of pregnant women and their offspring, additional research is needed to understand how these intrauterine infections adversely affect pregnancies and/or neonates in order to develop prevention strategies and treatments. The condition in which the membranes that surround the fetusdthe chorion and amnion, and the amniotic fluiddare infected by bacteria is commonly referred to as "chorioamnionitis." Chorioamnionitis complications are associated with significant and/or long-term adverse outcomes for the mother (postpartum infections and sepsis) and/or the infant (stillbirth, premature birth, neonatal sepsis, chronic lung disease, and brain injury) (Tita and Andrews, 2010) . Infection during pregnancy can cause spontaneous preterm labor, fetal loss, and illness or death in newborn infants (CDC, 2013c; Richardson et al., 2010) . Infection may lead to severe health conditions such as septicemia, pneumonia, or meningitis and in about 25% of cases, the occurrence of preterm delivery with birth weights lower than normal or stillbirth may occur (Mylonakis et al., 2002) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64293-9 id = cord-283314-i59ewz88 author = Chidiac, C. title = Agents infectieux émergents date = 2016-09-17 keywords = Zika; des summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tracli.2016.08.007 id = cord-257539-01s21vh0 author = Delvecchio, Rodrigo title = Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models date = 2016-11-29 keywords = ZIKV; Zika; cell; figure; infection summary = Immunofluorescence staining corroborated these results ( Figure 1B ) and additionally, chloroquine decreased the production of infectious ( Figure 1C ) and total ( Figure 1D ) virus particles, including defective viral particles, by ZIKV-infected cells. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h postinfection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ). To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h post-infection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ). doi = 10.3390/v8120322 id = cord-327948-stwmxpbv author = Dolai, Subhashish title = Whole virus detection using aptamers and paper‐based sensor potentiometry date = 2020-08-01 keywords = Fig; Zika; paper summary = Our work shows for the first time that a potentiometric paper sensor can reliably detect a whole virus using standard printer papers functionalized with antigens or aptamers. All rights reserved developed a proof-of-concept device ( Fig. 2(a) ) that can be printed with silver paint contacts and show that the paper-based Zika sensor can be connected to an LCD for electronic readout. The charge distribution and ionic transport of differently charged species in the paper device and the resulting open-circuit voltage can be explained using the phase boundary model formed by two different ionic species (aptamer in the background and Zika added on the anode side). We measured the open-circuit voltage (V oc ) of the paper device as a function of time as buffer, aptamer, and Zika were added to the sensor. All rights reserved To verify the presence of aptamers and Zika in the paper-based devices, we carried out two additional experiments. doi = 10.1002/mds3.10112 id = cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 author = Elachola, Habida title = A crucial time for public health preparedness: Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj date = 2016-02-07 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Zika summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00274-9 id = cord-018632-azrqz6hf author = Ganasegeran, Kurubaran title = Artificial Intelligence Applications in Tracking Health Behaviors During Disease Epidemics date = 2019-11-21 keywords = Google; Zika; health summary = Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers new hope in not only effectively pre-empting, preventing and combating the threats of infectious disease epidemics, but also facilitating the understanding of health-seeking behaviors and public emotions during epidemics. The human population is currently able to access potentially useful massive data sources of infectious disease spread through sentinel reporting systems, national surveillance systems (usually operated by national or regional disease centers such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC)), genome databases, internet search queries (also called infodemiology and infoveillance studies) [10] [11] [12] , Twitter data analysis [13, 14] , outbreak investigation reports, transportation dynamics [15] , vaccine reports [16] and human dynamics information [17] . With such high fluxes of health-seeking behavior using computers, a group of Italian researchers'' evaluated Google Trends search queries for terms related to "Ebola" outbreak at the global level and across countries where primary cases of Ebola were reported [26] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-35139-7_7 id = cord-004020-qtwcbn7m author = Gao, Yaning title = Identification of Novel Natural Products as Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus Inhibitors date = 2019-11-02 keywords = EDIII; ZIKV; Zika summary = A combination of gossypol with any of the three natural products identified in this study, as well as with bortezomib, a previously reported anti-ZIKV compound, exhibited significant combinatorial inhibitory effects against three ZIKV human strains tested. Gossypol-treated ZIKV was incubated with Vero E6 cells at 37 • C for 1 h in the presence of DMEM containing serial dilutions of each of the other three natural products identified, such as curcumin, digitonin, and conessine, or anti-ZIKV compound control (bortezomib). Based on Table 1 , four "hit" natural products, including gossypol, curcumin, digitonin, and conessine ( Figure 2A -D), were selected, since they demonstrated inhibitory activity against ZIKV infection with no obvious cytotoxicity in Vero E6 cells when observed under a microscope. Since gossypol demonstrated the highest antiviral activity individually against all ZIKV strains tested, we next investigated the potential combinatorial effects of the combination of gossypol with three other natural products identified, namely curcumin, digitonin, and conessine, as well as anti-ZIKV compound control (bortezomib). doi = 10.3390/v11111019 id = cord-339886-th1da1bb author = Gardy, Jennifer L. title = Towards a genomics-informed, real-time, global pathogen surveillance system date = 2017-11-13 keywords = Ebola; Health; Zika; datum; genomic; pathogen; surveillance summary = Given that outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) most often occur in settings with minimal laboratory capacity, where routine culture and bench-top sequencing are simply not feasible, the need for a portable diagnostic platform capable of in situ clinical metagenomics and outbreak surveillance is evident. Portable genome sequencing technology and digital epidemiology platforms form the foundation for both real-time pathogen and disease surveillance systems and outbreak response efforts, all of which exist within the One Health context, in which surveillance, outbreak detection and response span the human, animal and environmental health domains. For example, genome sequences from a raccoon-associated variant of rabies virus (RRV), when paired with fine-scale geographic information and data from Canadian and US wildlife rabies vaccination programmes, demonstrated that multiple cross-border incursions were responsible for the expansion of RRV into Canada and sustained outbreaks in several provinces 70 ; this finding led to renewed concern about and action against rabies on the part of public health authorities 71 . doi = 10.1038/nrg.2017.88 id = cord-005885-r3qtoqu1 author = Hellmich, Luisa title = Exantheme nach Auslandsreisen date = 2019-10-09 keywords = Dengue; Fieber; Infektion; Virus; Zika; der summary = doi = 10.1007/s00105-019-04489-y id = cord-296309-i1mpov7k author = Houldcroft, Charlotte J. title = Clinical and biological insights from viral genome sequencing date = 2017-01-16 keywords = HIV; PCR; RNA; WGS; Zika; virus summary = We will also explore two areas in which viral WGS has recently proven its clinical utility: metagenomic sequencing to identify viruses that cause encephalitis (BOX 1) ; and the role of WGS in molecular epidemiology and public health management of the Pan-American Zika virus outbreak (BOX 2) . However, the increasing number of resistance genes that are located across viral genomes, together with decreasing costs of sequencing and the use of sequence data for transmission studies, are driving a reappraisal of the need for WGS. The numerous phylogenetically informative variant sites that can be obtained from full-length or near full-length genomes removes the need for high-quality sequences, which enabled the robust linking of cases of Ebola virus infection and public health interventions in real time during the 2015 epidemic 39 . There are several methods that are available to achieve WGS of viruses from clinical samples; amplicon sequencing, target enrichment or metagenomics. doi = 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.182 id = cord-322206-roxa3ix6 author = I. Sardi, Silvia title = High-Quality Resolution of the Outbreak-Related Zika Virus Genome and Discovery of New Viruses Using Ion Torrent-Based Metatranscriptomics date = 2020-07-21 keywords = RNA; Zika; figure; virus summary = Herein, we used RNA-based metatranscriptomics associated with Ion Torrent deep sequencing to allow for the high-quality reconstitution of an outbreak-related Zika virus (ZIKV) genome (10,739 nt), with extended 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR regions, using a newly-implemented bioinformatics approach. Besides allowing for the assembly of one of the largest complete ZIKV genomes to date, our strategy also yielded high-quality complete genomes of two arthropod-infecting viruses co-infecting C6/36 cell lines, namely: Alphamesonivirus 1 strain Salvador (20,194 nt) and Aedes albopictus totivirus-like (4618 nt); the latter likely represents a new viral species. Altogether, our results demonstrate that our bioinformatics approach associated with Ion Torrent sequencing allows for the high-quality reconstruction of known and unknown viral genomes, overcoming the main limitation of RNA deep sequencing for virus identification. Here, we applied RNA-based metatranscriptomics associated with Ion Torrent deep sequencing and a newly developed Bioinformatics approach to the high-quality reconstitution of viral genomes. doi = 10.3390/v12070782 id = cord-325444-k6s8v9fs author = Imperiale, Michael J. title = Zika Virus Focuses the Gain-of-Function Debate date = 2016-04-06 keywords = GOF; Zika summary = The task of researching the various approaches to performing a risk-benefit analysis was contracted to Gryphon Scientific, a company that consults on biosecurity and other life science-related policy issues. Their report, which weighed in at over 1,000 pages, begins with a thorough summary of the GOF landscape and subsequently presents various risk and benefit scenarios for MERS, SARS, and three categories of influenza, seasonal, pandemic, and avian (7) . On the other hand, the Zika virus outbreak is an example of what concerns the anti-GOF proponents, the rapid spread of a new virus in human populations with the potential to cause devastating damage in those populations. Doing diligence to assess the risks and benefits of life sciences gain-of-function research Risks and benefits of gain-offunction experiments with pathogens of pandemic potential, such as influenza virus: a call for a science-based discussion Potential risks and benefits of gain-of-function research Framework for conducting risk and benefit assessments of gain-of-function research Risk and benefit analysis of gain of function research doi = 10.1128/msphere.00069-16 id = cord-293562-69nnyq8p author = Imran, Mudassar title = Mathematical analysis of the role of hospitalization/isolation in controlling the spread of Zika fever date = 2018-08-15 keywords = Zika; model summary = We consider a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of the Zika virus infectious disease that spreads in, both humans and vectors, through horizontal and vertical transmission. We consider a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of the Zika virus infectious disease that spreads in, both humans and vectors, through horizontal and vertical transmission. An in-depth stability analysis of the model is performed, and it is consequently shown, that the model has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1. An in-depth stability analysis of the model is performed, and it is consequently shown, that the model has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1. Since the only way to control the disease is to isolate patients who have been infected with the Zika virus, we included a new population compartment consisting of hospitalized individuals. doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.002 id = cord-288703-wdh1jiry author = Ishtiaq, Farah title = A Call to Introduce Structured Zika Surveillance in India date = 2017-11-15 keywords = India; Zika; virus summary = India has the climatic conditions conducive to year-round transmission of Zika virus, and a structured disease surveillance program should be implemented to prevent an outbreak. Farah Ishtiaq 1, * India has the climatic conditions conducive to year-round transmission of Zika virus, and a structured disease surveillance program should be implemented to prevent an outbreak. In fact, India is an ideal place to explore the coevolutionary dynamics of this host-parasite system because of several factors: (i) the high volume of human movements [5] , (ii) the apparent immunity to Zika from circulating strains of the virus [1] , and (iii) the possibility of transmission in less immunocompetent hosts, such as pregnant women and the elderly viii , and (iv) adults with a prior history of malaria or dengue infections, which may help facilitate transmission and pathogenesis of Zika, potentially resulting in a positive feedback loop [12] . doi = 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.008 id = cord-003792-v48xeqdz author = Izquierdo-Suzán, Mónica title = Natural Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Larval Aedes aegypti Populations, Morelos, Mexico date = 2019-08-17 keywords = Aedes; RNA; Zika; virus summary = We characterized natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in pools of Aedes aegypti larvae hatched from eggs collected in Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico. We characterized natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in pools of Aedes aegypti larvae hatched from eggs collected in Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico. Several studies carried out under laboratory conditions have demonstrated that Zika virus can infect many different Aedes mosquito species (3) ; still, the key species for the transmission of Zika virus to humans are Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (4) (5) (6) . In this study, we sought to demonstrate natural vertical transmission in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes by detecting viral RNA and isolating infectious Zika virus from larvae hatched from field-collected eggs. In this work, we were also able to demonstrate the natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes by the successful isolation of infectious Zika virus (31N) from larvae raised from field-collected eggs. doi = 10.3201/eid2508.181533 id = cord-284646-fhruiw23 author = Jaeger, Anna S. title = Spondweni virus causes fetal harm in Ifnar1(-/-) mice and is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes date = 2020-05-24 keywords = DAK; SPONV; ZIKV; Zika summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.005 id = cord-002952-13v4qvhg author = Johansson, Michael A. title = Preprints: An underutilized mechanism to accelerate outbreak science date = 2018-04-03 keywords = Ebola; Zika summary = • With broader adoption by scientists, journals, and funding agencies, preprints can complement peer-reviewed publication and ensure the early, open, and transparent dissemination of science relevant to the prevention and control of disease outbreaks. On February 10, 2016, more than 30 of the world''s largest and most prestigious public health journals and funding agencies issued a landmark statement on the importance of preprints and data sharing in public health emergencies such as the Ebola and Zika epidemics [2] . It is unclear to what extent journals are able to accelerate publication in outbreaks, but it is clear that every time there is an editorial or peer review decision, rejection, or revision there are delays, and that preprint posting precludes delays in broad access to the information. Despite this need and the 2016 statement on preprints and data sharing, less than 5% of Ebola and Zika journal articles were posted as preprints prior to publication in journals. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002549 id = cord-336212-ueh4q408 author = Koenig, Kristi L. title = Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the Emergency Department date = 2016-04-04 keywords = Ebola; Zika; virus summary = The identify-isolate-inform (3I) tool, originally conceived for initial detection and management of Ebola virus disease patients in the ED, and later adjusted for measles and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, can be adapted for real-time use for any emerging infectious disease. This paper describes the adaptation of the identify-isolateinform (3I) tool (initially developed for Ebola virus disease 8, 9 and modified for measles 10 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)) 11 for use in the detection and management of potential Zika virus patients presenting to the ED, including women who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy, and their partners. The identify-isolate-inform (3I) tool, initially developed for Ebola virus disease and subsequently adapted for measles and MERS, can be modified for the ED evaluation and management of patients under investigation for Zika ( Figure 3 ). The identify-isolate-inform (3I) tool is an instrument that can be used real-time on the front lines to rapidly detect and manage patients at risk for Zika virus disease presenting to the ED. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2016.3.30188 id = cord-276916-j53i5xfs author = Kraemer, M. U. G. title = Reconstruction and prediction of viral disease epidemics date = 2018-11-05 keywords = Ebola; Zika; transmission summary = Some pathogens that were previously not considered to pose a general threat to human health have emerged at regional and global scales, such as Zika and Ebola Virus Disease. During emerging infectious disease outbreaks, empirical information and mathematical modelling techniques are now commonly used to characterise and predict the spatio-temporal dynamics of the spread of pathogens. Common spatiotemporal analyses of pathogen genomes focus on mapping and predicting virus lineage exchange among locations, with the underlying aim of reconstructing the pathways of disease introduction and spread, albeit at a coarse spatial resolution, and often retrospectively [2, 8, 33, 35, 37, 38] . In the recent yellow fever outbreak in southern Brazil, linking epidemiological, spatial and genomic data and techniques could provide insights into the transmission potential and risk of urban transmission [102] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268818002881 id = cord-300459-tu2xrt9x author = Li, Cui title = A Single Injection of Human Neutralizing Antibody Protects against Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly in Developing Mouse Embryos date = 2018-05-01 keywords = ZIKV; ZK2B10; ZK7C3; Zika; figure summary = We previously reported on a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from the longitudinal samples of a ZIKV-convalescent individual and characterized their neutralizing activities, epitope specificities, and development timeline over the course of infection . Here, we use the mouse models of ZIKV infection and microcephaly to analyze the in vivo protective activities of six human mAbs and compare the findings with our reported in vitro neutralization activity, as measured by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). mAbs that target DIII with potent neutralizing activity have also been isolated by other groups, derived from either infected humans or mice, and have been shown to be effective in various models of ZIKV pathogenesis (Fernandez et al., 2017; Magnani et al., 2017; Robbiani et al., 2017; Stettler et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017b; Zhao et al., 2016) . doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.005 id = cord-002581-r7mskri0 author = Magnani, Diogo M. title = A human inferred germline antibody binds to an immunodominant epitope and neutralizes Zika virus date = 2017-06-12 keywords = DENV; P1F12; ZIKV; Zika; virus summary = title: A human inferred germline antibody binds to an immunodominant epitope and neutralizes Zika virus The isolation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) against the Zika virus (ZIKV) might lead to novel preventative strategies for infections in at-risk individuals, primarily pregnant women. Here we describe the isolation of 18 plasmablast-derived human mAbs, sorted 12 days post onset of symptoms from a ZIKV-patient in São Paulo, Brazil. Interestingly, one of these mAbs (P1F12) exhibited no nucleotide mutations when compared to its corresponding germline sequences, but still recognized a ZIKV immunodominant epitope and neutralized the virus. Virus capture assay and recombinant E protein ELISA P1F12 binding was determined by both virus capture assay (VCA) and recombinant (r)E ELISAs. The VCA plates were coated overnight with the mouse-anti-Flavivirus monoclonal antibody 4G2 (clone D1-4G2-4-15, EMD Millipore) followed by incubation with viral stocks (ZIKV or DENV). Molecular determinants of human neutralizing antibodies isolated from a patient infected with Zika virus doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005655 id = cord-003482-f1uvohf0 author = Malmlov, Ashley title = Experimental Zika virus infection of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) and possible entry of virus into brain via activated microglial cells date = 2019-02-04 keywords = RNA; ZIKV; Zika; bat; virus summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007071 id = cord-003926-ycdaw2vh author = Maslow, Joel N. title = Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date = 2019-07-14 keywords = Zika; infection; vaccine; virus summary = Of note, the first demonstration of immunoprotection was as part of a 1953 study to define the ultrastructural characteristics of Zika virus, that found intramuscular vaccination of mice with infectious viral filtrates protected against cerebral infection [36] . In pre-clinical studies, vaccinated mice and non-human primates were shown to develop B and T-cell immune responses against the Zika virus envelope and protected against development of neurologic disease and death in immunosuppressed, interferon α, β receptor deficient (IFNAR) mice [43] . A subsequent study in non-human primates vaccinated twice at four-week intervals with alum generated binding and microneutralization antibody titers of 3.54 and 3.55 log10, respectively, and complete protection against viremia and viruria following challenge with either Brazilian or Puerto Rican strains of Zika virus [47] . Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed4030104 id = cord-293871-hzes7mwt author = McGuinness, Sarah L. title = Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date = 2018-11-26 keywords = MERS; Zika; infection summary = In this chapter, pretravel considerations for major non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are covered, including specific advice for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. 25 Male-to-female, male-to-male, and femaleto-male transmission to unprotected sexual contacts of returning Following a short incubation period, with symptoms typically beginning 4-7 days (range 3-14 days) after exposure, dengue can present with a wide spectrum of illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal disease. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00007-0 id = cord-295351-0zr2e8lh author = Mohd Ropidi, Muhammad Izzuddin title = Endoplasmic reticulum: a focal point of Zika virus infection date = 2020-01-20 keywords = RNA; UPR; ZIKV; Zika; protein summary = Following ZIKV infection, the accumulation of misfolded virus polyproteins in the ER lumen overwhelms the ER protein-folding capacity leading to ER stress and triggers the activation of the UPR (Fig. 2) [47] . Following the dissociation of GRP78 that unmasks the GLS, ATF6 translocate to the Golgi apparatus and undergoes sequential proteolytic processing by Fig. 2 ZIKV-induced ER stress initiates host cell unfolded protein response (UPR). ZIKV infection induces ER stress due to the increased amount of unfolded/misfolded viral (red strand) and host cell (grey strand) protein aggregates in the ER lumen. To summarize, ZIKV virus bypasses the UPR by inhibiting stress granules assembly and reticulophagy to ensure continuous viral protein translation and virion production while simultaneously protecting the virus from host cell defense mechanisms. doi = 10.1186/s12929-020-0618-6 id = cord-002921-i5jxn1vj author = Morens, David M title = Pandemic Zika: A Formidable Challenge to Medicine and Public Health date = 2017-12-15 keywords = Zika; virus summary = Because of the pandemic''s uniqueness and the insidious ability of Zika virus to harm unborn children, the pandemic has captured the attention of infectious disease researchers and practitioners of clinical and public health medicine around the world, as well as the attention of allied colleagues working in entomology, vector control, informatics, teratology, immunology, and a host of other disciplines [3] [4] [5] . Furthermore, some studies have suggested that preexisting flavivirus immunity (eg, from prior dengue virus infection) might potentiate Zika [16] via antibody-dependent infection enhancement in some circumstances [17] , while other research has countered this view [18] . As with most flaviviruses, small-animal models of Zika virus infection and disease have been problematic, but considerable progress has nonetheless been made, including important new information bearing on teratogenicity and vaccine design strategy [20] . Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes doi = 10.1093/infdis/jix383 id = cord-278286-1xk31726 author = Mutso, Margit title = Basic insights into Zika virus infection of neuroglial and brain endothelial cells date = 2020-04-30 keywords = Fig; ZIKV; Zika; cell summary = This study characterizes the in vitro infection of laboratory-adapted ZIKV African MR766 and two Asian strains of (1) brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cell line) and (2) olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) (the neuroglia populating cranial nerve I and the olfactory bulb; both human and mouse OEC lines) in comparison to kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells, in which ZIKV infection is well characterized). To characterize infection by different ZIKV strains (MR766, PRVABC59 and BeH819015), brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and neuroglial olfactory ensheathing cells (hOEC and mOEC) were infected at an m.o.i. of 0.1. To examine the virus persistence in neuroglia and human brain endothelial cell cultures, the viral RNA copy numbers in hCMEC/D3, hOEC and mOEC cells infected with MR766, PRVABC59 and BeH819015 for 2 months were quantified using RT-qPCR (Fig. 6) . doi = 10.1099/jgv.0.001416 id = cord-002754-xlk4xpv2 author = Mögling, Ramona title = Status, quality and specific needs of Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostic capacity and capability in National Reference Laboratories for arboviruses in 30 EU/EEA countries, May 2016 date = 2017-09-07 keywords = ZIKV; Zika summary = title: Status, quality and specific needs of Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostic capacity and capability in National Reference Laboratories for arboviruses in 30 EU/EEA countries, May 2016 To assess the capacity, quality, operational specifics (guidelines and algorithms), technical and interpretation issues and other possible difficulties that were related to ZIKV diagnostics in European countries, a questionnaire was conducted among national reference laboratories in 30 countries in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) in May 2016. To map ZIKV expertise and identify diagnostic capacity and capability gaps in Europe during the initial phase of the PHEIC in February 2016, the European Commission (EC) asked the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) for a rapid assessment of the capacity of laboratories in Europe to detect ZIKV infections and the specific needs for support. The availability of validation materials, positive controls and personnel were indicated as the main challenges for implementation of ZIKV diagnostics in the reference laboratories of the 30 EU/EEA countries. doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.36.30609 id = cord-326512-iex98lr1 author = Niu, Xuefeng title = Convalescent patient-derived monoclonal antibodies targeting different epitopes of E protein confer protection against Zika virus in a neonatal mouse model date = 2019-05-25 keywords = EDIII; ZIKV; Zika summary = title: Convalescent patient-derived monoclonal antibodies targeting different epitopes of E protein confer protection against Zika virus in a neonatal mouse model To examine antibody response in a patient infected with ZIKV, we used single-cell PCR to clone 31 heavy and light chain-paired monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to ZIKV envelope (E) proteins isolated from memory B cells of a ZIKV-infected patient. The SHM rates of these heavy chains compared with their predicted germline sequences were relatively low, at 4.51% for 7B3H, 3.47% for 1C11H, and 4.17% for 6A6H, which is lower than that of antibodies isolated from annual trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) donors [34] and chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 patients (>30%) [27, 35] . In a separate experiment, an unrelated mAb, 2G11, which is specific for H7N9 influenza virus, showed no protective effects on ZIKV-infected neonatal SCID mice (data not shown). Molecular determinants of human neutralizing antibodies isolated from a patient infected with Zika virus doi = 10.1080/22221751.2019.1614885 id = cord-010996-2ua7dzjk author = Olawoyin, Omomayowa title = Coinfection, Altered Vector Infectivity, and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: The Dengue–Zika Interplay date = 2020-01-14 keywords = ADE; Zika summary = In this article, we develop the first Zika and dengue transmission model that includes coinfection (in humans and mosquitoes), altered vector infectivity, and ADE for both viruses (i.e., viral enhancement of Zika given dengue antibodies and enhancement of dengue given Zika antibodies). It is worth noting that the four parameters which describe the dengue-Zika interplay do not appear in either virus''s BRN but do appear in the two IRNs, specifically human ADE (k d , k z ) through the terms K hd and K hz , and altered infectivity for coinfected vectors (ν d , ν z ) through the terms K vd and K vz . doi = 10.1007/s11538-019-00681-2 id = cord-262944-9k64f0tw author = Parker, Elaine L. title = Viral-Immune Cell Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy date = 2020-10-07 keywords = CD8; HCMV; ZIKV; Zika; cell summary = In this review, we describe mechanisms of pathogenicity of two such viral pathogens, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) at the maternal-fetal interface. We will focus on the viruses human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV, which are known causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes and delve into how they interact with various decidual immune cells to promote their survival and replication. We will explore further the role that NK cells play in specific viral infections in pregnancy TORCH PATHOGENS HCMV Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was first described in 1954 by Margaret Smith, who replicated a virus from two newborn babies who had died from cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID) (41) . A study performed using decidual and chorionic villous tissue from early and mid-gestation human pregnancy shows that ZIKV appears to elevate type I and III IFN expression, which does not occur in HCMV infection (131) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.522047 id = cord-319781-6thdg2up author = Payne, Kelly title = Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility Implications in Men date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Ebola; RNA; SARS; WNV; ZIKV; Zika summary = To understand factors that may contribute to viral spread and address long-term health sequelae for survivors, it is important to review evidence regarding viral presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and possible effects on fertility. We review evidence for the following viruses: Ebola, Zika, West Nile, pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Then, we present the state of current research regarding presence in semen, sexual transmission, and fertility effects for the Zika virus (ZIKV), Ebola virus (EBOV), West Nile virus (WNV), pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( Table 1) . In this article, we have reviewed the presence in semen, possibility of sexual transmission, and fertility implications of each of the major recent viral pandemics: Zika, Ebola, West Nile, pandemic influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.06.003 id = cord-319691-yrt8fq9m author = Pinchoff, Jessie title = Evidence-Based Process for Prioritizing Positive Behaviors for Promotion: Zika Prevention in Latin America and the Caribbean and Applicability to Future Health Emergency Responses date = 2019-09-23 keywords = Aedes; SBC; USAID; Zika; behavior summary = The resulting 7 evidence-based preventive behaviors have high potential to strengthen SBC programming''s impact in USAID''s Zika response: (1) apply mosquito repellent, (2) use condoms during pregnancy, (3) remove standing water, (4) cover water storage containers, (5) clean/remove mosquito eggs from water containers, (6) seek antenatal care, and (7) seek family planning counseling. 5 The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and other U.S. government entities and international partners began working together through existing country systems to reduce the risk of new Zika infections, particularly in pregnant women, and to provide care for those affected through interventions in vector control, social and behavior change (SBC), and health service delivery. To more effectively coordinate the Zika response among implementing partners and increase the rate of behavior adoption among target populations, the Breakthrough ACTION þ Research Projects, in collaboration with USAID, developed an evidence-based process to identify priority behaviors with the highest potential for preventing Zika acquisition and transmission. doi = 10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00188 id = cord-003403-ypefqm71 author = Roberts, Christine C. title = Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience date = 2018-10-02 keywords = Virus; ZIKV; Zika; vaccine summary = When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. In an outbreak situation, such as with Zika, it is important to have the ability to quickly develop both diagnostic kits for public health purposes and vaccine clinical assays to support pre-clinical studies and early stage clinical trials. Additionally, cross-reactivity in a number of immunological assays and the short time frame in which viremia can be detected in bodily fluids necessitated the institution of an algorithm to confirm ZIKV infection that was based on a combination of risk factors, clinical symptoms and diagnostic test results [71] . Rapid response to an emerging infectious disease-lessons learned from development of a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting Zika virus doi = 10.3390/vaccines6040070 id = cord-002602-2qvyhjlp author = Roy, Amrita title = Solution conformations of Zika NS2B-NS3pro and its inhibition by natural products from edible plants date = 2017-07-10 keywords = Fig; NMR; NS2B; NS3pro; Zika summary = Subsequently with selective isotope-labeling using NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrated that C-terminal residues (R73-K100) of NS2B is highly disordered without any stable tertiary and secondary structures in the Zika NS2B-NS3pro complex in the free state. Therefore, our results suggest that in the Zika NS2B-NS3pro complex, NS2B has a portion of residues undergo μs-ms dynamics which made their NMR peaks too broad to be detectable; while the rest of NS2B is highly disordered and lacks tight tertiary packing, which results in a narrowly-dispersed HSQC spectrum (S2B Fig) . Together with recent reports on the crystal structures of Zika NS2B-NS3pro complexes in both open and closed conformations [34, 43] , our current results reveal that in solution the NS2B residues over Arg73-Lys100 are highly disordered in the open conformation. Unfortunately, as previously observed on Dengue-2 NS2B-NS3pro complexes [21, 30, 43] , our linked Zika complex also underwent significant μs-ms dynamics, thus making its NMR signals too broad to be detected (Fig 1A and 1B) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0180632 id = cord-298166-045evk7g author = Röcker, Annika E. title = The molecular tweezer CLR01 inhibits Ebola and Zika virus infection date = 2018-02-08 keywords = CLR01; Fig; ZIKV; Zika summary = As no preventive vaccines or antiviral drugs against these two re-emerging pathogens are available, we evaluated whether the molecular tweezer CLR01 may inhibit EBOV and ZIKV infection. The tweezer inhibited infection of epidemic ZIKV strains in cells derived from the anogenital tract and the central nervous system, and remained antivirally active in the presence of semen, saliva, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Methods describing the effect of CLR01 on pseudotyped lentiviral particles (2.3.), Ebola virus infection (2.4.), the detection of ZIKV infection by a colorimetric MTT assay (2.5.) or by cell-based ZIKV immunodetection assay (2.6.), flow cytometry (2.7.) and confocal microscopy (2.8.) as well as the RNA release assay (2.9.) and the antiviral activity of CLR01 in body fluids (2.10) can be found in the supplement. doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.003 id = cord-273326-gmw8gl2r author = Saiz, Juan-Carlos title = Host-Directed Antivirals: A Realistic Alternative to Fight Zika Virus date = 2018-08-24 keywords = RNA; ZIKV; Zika; cell; infection; virus summary = In this line, and contrary to above mentioned report [73] , CQ, an FDA-approved anti-inflammatory 4-aminoquinoline and an autophagy inhibitor widely used as an anti-malaria drug that is administered to pregnant women at risk of exposure to Plasmodium parasites, was shown to have anti-ZIKV activity in different cell types (Vero cells, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), and human neural stem cells (NSCs)), affecting early stages of the viral life cycle, possibly by raising the endosomal pH and inhibiting the fusion of the envelope protein to the endosomal membrane [74, 75] . Similarly, by using a drug repurposing screening of over 6000 molecules, it was found that emricasan, a pan-caspase inhibitor that restrains ZIKV-induced increases in caspase-3 activity and is currently in phase 2 clinical trials in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients, protected human cortical neural progenitor cells (NPC) in both monolayer and three-dimensional organoid cultures, showing neuroprotective activity without suppression of viral replication [82] . doi = 10.3390/v10090453 id = cord-354848-7aakik9a author = Sayres, Lauren title = Contemporary Understanding of Ebola and Zika Virus in Pregnancy date = 2020-10-16 keywords = Ebola; Zika; virus; woman summary = In particular, Ebola virus is associated with high case fatality and pregnancy and neonatal loss rates, while Zika virus has been associated with multiple congenital anomalies; these features present critical clinical dilemmas for management of pregnant and reproductive aged women. The Monitored Emergency Use of Unregistered and Investigational Interventions ethical framework recommends that vulnerable Contemporary Understanding of Ebola and Zika Virus populations including pregnant women be offered similar treatments to the nonpregnant population when potential benefits can outweigh risks. 75 Attention must be paid to the successes and failures of the response to the Ebola and Zika outbreaks as physicians strive to provide excellent care for pregnant women who are affected by or at risk for emerging infectious diseases. Prevention of Ebola virus includes containment of infected substances and personal protection equipment use, and prevention of Zika virus entails protection against mosquito bites, avoidance of high-risk regions, and delay of childbearing. doi = 10.1016/j.clp.2020.08.005 id = cord-260336-kwzo8puo author = Si, Lulu title = A Peptide-Based Virus Inactivator Protects Male Mice Against Zika Virus-Induced Damage of Testicular Tissue date = 2019-09-27 keywords = ZIKV; Zika; figure summary = Here we showed that intraperitoneally administered Z2 could also be distributed to testis and epididymis, resulting in the reduction of ZIKV RNA copies in testicular tissue and protection of testis and epididymis against ZIKV-induced pathological damage and poor sperm quality in type I interferon receptor-deficient A129 mice. Student''s unpaired two-tailed t-test was used to monitor the distribution of Z2 in male A129 mouse body and testicular tissue and to analyze the difference of viral RNA level in sera or tissues between Z2-and vehicle-treated A129 mice. ZIKV RNA copies in (A) testes, (B) epididymides, and (C) sperm of Z2-or vehicle-treated ZIKV-infected male A129 mice at day 16 were detected by qRT-PCR. Zika virus infection in the testicular tissue not only damages male testicular tissue, resulting in pathological lesion of testes and epididymides, but also produces ZIKV-infected semen, causing infertility. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02250 id = cord-016663-qnp99m7o author = Taylor, Robert B. title = Medical Words Linked to Places date = 2017-02-01 keywords = War; Zika; cause; disease; fever; virus summary = In addition to causing fever and malaise, when the patient is pregnant, the Zika virus may also cause birth defects, notably microcephaly (from Greek words meaning "small" and "head"). In addition to mosquito-borne infection, we now have discovered sexually transmitted Zika virus disease and continue to learn more each year. The West Nile virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the Latin flavus, meaning "yellow." The family was named for the yellow fever virus, which tends to cause liver damage, giving its victims a yellow jaundiced appearance ( Fig. 5.2 ). The disease is caused by Borrelia bacteria, notably Borrelia burgdorferi, and is spread by the same vector as Nantucket fever/babesiosis: the Ixodes tick, also called the deer tick. Also sometimes called tick typhus or blue disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first recognized in 1896 in the Snake River Valley in the Rocky Mountains of the Western United States. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-50328-8_5 id = cord-344576-upsc9cf8 author = Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W title = A vaccine effective against Zika virus is theoretically possible but may not be delivered anytime soon date = 2016-07-05 keywords = Zika; vaccine; virus summary = In February this year, the World Health Organization declared that further to the then unconfirmed association between the virus and the clinical manifestations of microcephaly and also Guillain-Barré syndrome, the Zika epidemic was a "public health emergency of international concern". No anti-Zika therapy, vaccine or drug, is currently available and while the production of the former has now been prioritized by multiple funding agencies, the history of infectious disease vaccine development indicates that this may take several years to reach the market place. A more rapid spread of the virus via the intercontinental travel of infected persons is an additional concern, although for Zika to become established in a location distant to an endemic area requires local transmission of the initially imported focus of infection; this is dependent on the availability of the vector. Local transmission of Zika virus infection is possible in Australia but should be contained by current vector control measures doi = 10.2147/rrtm.s108992 id = cord-339152-wfakzb6w author = Trovato, Maria title = Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date = 2020-09-03 keywords = MERS; Nile; SARS; West; Zika; dna; vaccine; virus summary = Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. The occurrence of significant disease outbreaks-such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) originating in China in 2002 (8) , the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic from Mexico (9) , MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) that occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (10) , the West African outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in late 2013 (11) , the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak originating in Brazil in 2015 (12) , the 2018 health emergence in Nigeria caused by Lassa virus (13) , and the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic (14) -has renewed interests in developing strategies to faster prevent, treat, and/or control emerging and re-emerging viruses with high epidemic potential. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130 id = cord-290788-6y0vjhux author = Wang, Qihui title = Isolation of Monoclonal Antibodies from Zika Virus-Infected Patient Samples date = 2020-05-05 keywords = Table; Zika summary = The combination of sorting antigen-specific memory B cells with determining immunoglobulin (Ig) genes at the single-cell level enables the isolation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in individuals. Currently, multiple strategies have been reported to generate human neutralizing mAbs against Zika infection, including sequencing antigen-specific memory B cells [8, 9] or generating Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized memory B cells from Zika patient samples [10] , and identifying functional mAbs from phage display naïve antibody libraries [11] . Here, we introduce a method to apply Zika envelope (E) glycoproteins, which play pivotal roles in virus entry and contain important neutralizing epitopes, to sort single memory B cells from a convalescent Zika patient. Fig. 4 Strategy to clone and express Zika E-specific human mAbs. The Ig genes from the sorted cells were determined and cloned into the expression vectors by a reported approach with some modifications [13, 18] . doi = 10.1007/978-1-0716-0581-3_20 id = cord-320940-e7ic2pnc author = Yang, Jiancheng title = Nanosensor networks for health-care applications date = 2020-02-14 keywords = CSF; PSA; Zika; detection; sensor summary = Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). For biological and medical sensing applications, disease diagnosis by detecting specific biomarkers (functional or structural abnormal enzymes, low molecular weight proteins, or antigen) in blood, urine, saliva, or tissue samples has been established using a number of approaches, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), particle-based flow cytometric assays, electrochemical techniques based on impedance and capacitance, electrical measurement of micro-cantilever resonant frequency change, and conductance measurement of semiconductor nanostructures [1À3] . In this chapter, we describe the use of semiconductor transistor-based systems in which specific functional layers are placed directly on the gate region of the transistor or connected to it from disposable glass or plastic slides to provide a sensor capable of fast response and excellent detection sensitivity. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-819870-4.00023-2 id = cord-354546-lgkqwm6u author = Yin, Yingxian title = Epidemiologic investigation of a family cluster of imported ZIKV cases in Guangdong, China: probable human-to-human transmission date = 2016-09-07 keywords = China; ZIKV; Zika summary = 7 By far, Aedes aegypti is considered the principal transmission vector of ZIKV, 8 although Aedes albopictus, which caused several outbreaks of dengue fever in Guangdong Province of South China in the last two decades, may play a role in the spread of this virus because A. These four infected individuals were first confirmed by real-time reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in Baiyun International Airport of Guangzhou, where the youngest one (the son) had developed fever, and the family was then isolated by the local department of public health. 28 A previous study Figure 4 Phylogenetic tree based on E gene sequences of Zika virus isolates. First imported familial ZIKV cases in China Y Yin et al showed that a patient had prolonged shedding of viral RNA in saliva and urine for up to 29 days after symptom onset. In previous research, E gene sequences of ZIKV isolates were usually utilized to construct phylogenetic trees 19 based on experience from molecular study of dengue virus. doi = 10.1038/emi.2016.100 id = cord-004418-08dljap3 author = Young, Ginger title = Complete Protection in Macaques Conferred by Purified Inactivated Zika Vaccine: Defining a Correlate of Protection date = 2020-02-26 keywords = PIZV; ZIKV; Zika summary = In this study we evaluated the antibody responses and efficacy of an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted purified inactivated Zika vaccine (PIZV) against challenge with Zika virus (ZIKV) strain PRVABC59. As with neutralizing antibodies, all PIZV doses were immunogenic and no anti-Zika IgG was detected in the control group prior to ZIKV challenge. PIZV elicited a dose dependent neutralizing antibody immune response and an anti-Zika IgG response which correlated with a reduction in ZIKV vRNA post-challenge (Table 2 ). Vaccinating with a broad range of PIZV dose levels enabled us to correlate both neutralizing and anti-Zika IgG antibody titers to protection against ZIKV infection. A Zika RVP assay (Sonnberg et al., manuscript in preparation) was used to determine neutralizing antibody titers in serum following the administration of PIZV (study days 1, 29, 57, and 71), and 30 days post-ZIKV challenge (day 101). doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-60415-6 id = cord-003041-v9uevz3l author = Zukor, Katherine title = Zika virus-induced acute myelitis and motor deficits in adult interferon αβ/γ receptor knockout mice date = 2018-02-23 keywords = AG129; CMAP; Fig; VPS; ZIKV; Zika summary = This study demonstrates that a contemporary strain of ZIKV can widely infect astrocytes and neurons in the brain and spinal cord of adult, interferon α/β receptor knockout mice (AG129 strain) and cause progressive hindlimb paralysis, as well as severe seizure-like activity during the acute phase of disease. This study demonstrates that a contemporary strain of ZIKV can widely infect astrocytes and neurons in the brain and spinal cord of adult, interferon α/β receptor knockout mice (AG129 strain) and cause progressive hindlimb paralysis, as well as severe seizurelike activity during the acute phase of disease. This study demonstrates that a contemporary strain of ZIKV (PRVABC59) can widely infect astrocytes and neurons in the brain and spinal cord of adult AG129 mice and cause rapidly progressing hindlimb paralysis, as well as severe seizure activity, during the acute phase of disease. doi = 10.1007/s13365-017-0595-z id = cord-005301-0rl7cyqj author = de Campos, Thana Cristina title = Zika, public health, and the distraction of abortion date = 2016-11-29 keywords = Zika; abortion summary = On February 5th, 2016 the United Nations (UN) High Commissioner for Human Rights Mr Zeid Ra''ad Al Hussein urged abortion-banning Latin American countries affected by the Zika outbreak to legalize abortion, and allow pregnant women affected by the virus to choose whether to terminate their pregnancy (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2016). The link between the Zika outbreak and abortion could prove a major distraction from what would actually help the most vulnerable and affected: meeting their basic health needs (i.e. preventive measures), and fostering research and development (R&D) leading to a vaccine or treatment for Zika. Being a neglected disease, Zika has two main root problems directly linked to poverty: lack of basic health care (i.e. preventive measures such as basic sanitation), and lack of R&D conducive to a vaccine or treatment. doi = 10.1007/s11019-016-9739-9 id = cord-010119-t1x9gknd author = nan title = Abstract Presentations from the AABB Annual Meeting San Diego, CA ctober 7‐10, 2017 date = 2017-09-04 keywords = ABO; Anti; Background; Blood; CD36; Case; Center; DAT; DTT; Design; FDA; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; IPC; MTP; Medical; Medicine; NAT; PCR; PLT; RBC; RHD; Red; Studies; Study; System; TPE; University; WBC; ZIKV; Zika; cd341; cell; conclusion; day; dna; donor; finding; method; patient; platelet; result; sample; table; test; transfusion; type summary = Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip). doi = 10.1111/trf.14286