id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
doi-org-408		The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era			.html	text/html	7428	675	57	It shows that in both natural and medical sciences (NMS) and social sciences and humanities (SSH), Reed-Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, and Taylor & Francis increased their share of the published output, especially since the advent of the digital era (mid-1990s). Data from the mid-1990s by Tenopir and King [12] suggests an increase of commercial publishers' share of the output; by then, commercial publishers accounted for 40% of the journal output, while scientific/professional societies accounted for 25% and university presses and educational publishers for 16%. In biomedical research, the share of the top five publishers almost reached 50% in 2009 (49%), but then decreased to 42% in 2013, mainly as a result of the emergence of new publishers, such as the Public Library of Science and its mega-journal PLOS ONE, which publishes more than 30,000 papers per year. Since the creation of scientific journals 350 years ago, large commercial publishing houses have increased their control of the science system.	./cache/doi-org-408.html	./txt/doi-org-408.txt