CSE 2020.1 PUBLISH.pdf 110 Weak #Preemies are #MIRACLES #FIGHTERS: Hashtaged Coupling-Metaphors as Instantiations of Bonding Affiliation Rania Magdi Fawzy* 1. Introduction choose how to respond to our hardships. In unfortunate circumstances we can et al. 2018, p. 267). This paper aims to explore the functions of coupling metaphors tweets and the resulting ambient affiliation bonding. In other words, the study seeks to shed some light on the different constructions of tagging practices that help in identifying conceptual metaphors related to the target domain of PREEMIES. The analysis of metaphors in the context of hard situations and human emotions is gaining more attention recently (Black, 2016; Kovecses, 2003; Otis, 2019). Central to Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) is the notion that metaphorical references give expression to people usually evaluate the situation using emotionally-laden metaphors (Hendricks et al., 2018). Scholars have investigated the ways in which metaphors have an influential role in shaping the ways through which people emotionally appraise and cope with hard situations. Hendricks et al. (2018), for instance, nce that the person can make peace with their illness. However, less attention has been given to metaphors function in invoking attitude (Liu, 2018) and the resulted affiliated bonds of their employment. This gap is the focus in this paper. Hashtags are clear examples of the alignment resources embedded in social media platforms. In this regard, the current paper aims to examine how hashtags are used to negotiate a coupling metaphorical instantiation of the values positioned in corpus of Twitter posts about preemies. The study attempts to explore how parents and families of preemies employ attitudinal couplings as * Lecturer in the College of Languages and Communication (CLC), Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt. Cairo Studies in English 2020(1): https://cse.journals.ekb.eg/ Rania Magdi Fawzy 111 2018) of emotional support and hope. In doing so, the paper extends the work of Knight (2010a, 2010b, 2013) on coupling and the work of Zappavigna and Martin (2018) on communing affiliation so as to account for the negotiated affiliation and social bonding in preemie tweets. Hashtags afford interpersonal alignment, which, in turn, invokes a potential network of ambient community (Zappavigna, 2015; Zappavigna and Martin, 2018). They coordinate and emphasize the values constructed in a given Twitter post (Zappavigna and Martin, 2018). Nevertheless, hashtags carry heteroglossic (Bakhtin, 1981) realisations, positioning online communities around particular values, events and themes. Commenting on the functionality of hashtags, Zappavigna and Martin (2018) argue that hashtags facilitate the analysis of particular discourse when used as a search term for sampling posts over a specific time period from the social stream. That said, this paper considers hashtags for their interpersonal and ideational functions in expressing attitudinal stance (Zappavigna, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018). Ideational/Interpersonal functions positioned as socially alignable. Following Zappavigna and Martin (2018), the current article examines hashtags as in-text annotators which are used to enhance social affiliation around values about preemies. 2. Background Information Premature birth describes the condition when a baby is born too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy have been completed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of death or serious disability. Babies who survive can have breathing issues, intestinal problems, and brain bleeding. Such babies also may develop long-term problems like developmental delay and lower performance in school. Premature babies are most often confined in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to catch up in growth. Babies may stay in the hospital until they reach the pregnancy due date. They may be cared for in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). According to Zappavigna (2011, 2012, 2014), affili refers to online social bonding where individuals interact indirectly and engage in mass practices such as hashtagging so as to experiencing particular kinds of Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 112 3. Hashtags from a Linguistic Lens Hashtags can be perceived as narrative resources (Giaxoglou, 2018, p. 13). They are used as resources for sharing and story making (Androutsopoulos, 2014). Hashtags can be used to classify content into topics or areas of interest, performing both linguistic and metalinguistic functions (Giaxoglou, 2018, p. 13). Importantly, they serve as bonding affiliation for networked publics, enacting ambient community (Zappavigna, 2015, 2018). Hashtags can be identified as metalanguage markers which carry all the three metafunctions of Textual, Ideational and Interpersonal. Textually, they perform the role of punctuation and contextualising devices. Inserted and integrated into the content of a post as a prefix, infix or suffix (Tsur and Rappoport, 2012) or even as quotation marks (Heyd, 2014), hashtags classify, frame and contextualize contents (Martin and Zappavigna, 2018; Scott, 2018). Therefore, the Textual function of the hashtags relates to the organization of the post where hashtags function as a form of punctuation (Zappavigna 2015, p. 6). Furthermore, hashtags have Ideational and Interpersonal meaning relations. Ideationally, they indicate and highlight the topic of the post. Interpersonally, (Zappavigna 2015, p. 11). Significantly, due to their semiotic technological which enables online communities to be bonded by feelings of belonging and solidarity. From an Interpersonal perspective, hashtags link a given post with other posts sharing the same stance. Page (2012) calls these Ideational and - 187). Summing up and contextualizing the three metafunctions of hashtags, Wikstrom (2014, p. 130) argues that hashtags have eight social discursive functions: a. Topic tags, where the topic is determined by the hashtag: re I am awake because of stimulants, but actually b. Hashtag games, similar to topic hashtags in terms of classification function, but with the aim of participating in a social game: fake a great smile c. Meta-comments, where the hashtag makes a comment on the content of the tweet itself rather than creating an association with other tweets: Rania Magdi Fawzy 113 Yeah I order a small coffee at the daily drip but grab a large cup, so what? d. Parenthetical explanations/additions, where the hashtag adds information explaining the tweet: e. Emotive usage, where the hashtag supports emotional expression that might otherwise be realised through some form or paralinguistic cue: When I worked in offices, I felt like I was the ONLY ONE who ever made f. Emphatic usage, where the hashtag realises some form of intensification: g. Humorous and playful usage, including hashtags that support some form of joke structure, hyperbole, or self-conscious humorous self-reference, for example through excessive hashtaging: Guys my h. memes and popular culture references, where knowledge of a particular trend is needed to interpret the tag. An example of this kind of hashtaging is smploying the fail meme as a kind of humorous self-deprecation: 4. Research Questions Focusing on Twitter discourse about preemie, the study seeks to answer the following research questions and their sub-questions: 1. How do Twitter hashtags about preemies forge ambient online networks of hope and support? a. How do hashtaged couplings of Interpersonal attitudes and Ideations instantiate an ambient bond of affiliation among the preemi families? b. What are the encoded metaphoric repertoire resulted from the coupling instantiations? 2. How do preemie hashtags discharge participants from the position of sufferers and recharge them as supporters? a. How do Finessing networks converse the cognitive evaluation of the emotionally distressing situation of having a preemie? Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 114 5. Methodology and Methods 5.1. Data Collection Stories and events on Twitter tend to be centred on a hashtag. Accordingly, data for the analysis are retrieved from Twitter research engine using the analysis 25 tweets qualitatively. Data are then captured by making screen shots of the entire thread. The author then copied the tweets into Microsoft Word to code the instances and linguistic triggers of Interpersonal attitudes and Ideation appearing in the texts, e.g., [positive Judgement: capacity] and [negative Ideation: painful experience]. Coding annotation is done following Martin and White (2005). 5.2. Research Procedures To answer the research questions, the study draws on the concepts of Coupling (Knight 2010a, b) and Communing Affiliation (Zappavigna and Martin, 2018) as its theoretical basis. It deploys these concepts to decode the Conceptual Metaphor (Lakoff, and Johnson, 1980) constituting the ambient udy comprises two main stages based on the adopted framework. In the first stage, the coupled resources of Interpersonal attitudes and Ideations are identified. In stage two, the resulted cognitive conceptualisation of these couplings is highlighted to decode the cognitive features of establishing an affiliated community of sufferers. For the purpose of the analysis, the tweets under - sections provide a detailed account of the adopted framework. 5.3. Theoretical Framework The general linguistic theory this paper draws on is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Halliday, 1994). Of particular relevance within the tenet of SFL is the affiliation cline which assigns the evaluative couplings of [ATTITUDE + IDEATION], constructing a community of shared values and networks of bonding affiliations (see Figure 1 below). Accordingly, metaphorical encodings of the experience of having a preemie are discussed in terms of the couplings of Interpersonal and Ideational meanings. The ATTITUDINAL resources are defined within the Appraisal System as having three discursive regions: AFFECT (expressing emotion, e.g., love, disgust, fear, etc.), JUDGEMENT (assessing behaviour, e.g., competent, ethical, Rania Magdi Fawzy 115 trustworthy, etc.) and APPRECIATION (estimating value, e.g., beautiful, valuable, noteworthy, etc) (see Marin and White, 2005). When the network of evaluation is achieved through the shared couplings of [ATTITUDE + IDEATION], it constructs potential bonds calling together communities of shared ideological positioning. A bond in this context is by which we discursively construe our communal identities by laughing at, communing around or rejecting them through discourse in the p. 42). Such bonds can reach different levels of communities, from local communities to general communities (Knight, 2010b; Liu, 2018). Figure 2 is illustrative. Zappavigna and Martin (2018) apply the model of discursive system to reveal how particular values about depression are negotiated as bondable through social tagging practices (see Figure 3 in the next seciton). Their model identifies the key ways in which fered and modulated as part of They examine the role of social tagging in aligning networks of solidarity about depression. A detailed account of the theoretical framework adopted in the current study is presented in the following subsections. Figure 1. The affiliation cline of relations (Knight, 2010b) Figure 2. Affiliated coupling (Knight, 2010b) Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 116 5.3.1. Coupling: Some Reflections on Lexical Metaphors. Coupling a 2008, p. 39). actualized as patterns of couplings of Ideation and Attitudinal resources. Knight (2010, p. involves a coupling of the I A [IDEATION: apple pie / ATTITUDE: positive Appreciation] The symbo I and infused together to instantiate a value that can be shared and negotiated by interlocutors. The following table is illustrative: Table 1 Positive evaluation of a pie party in a casual conversation (cited in Zappavigna and Martin, 2018 as adapted from Knight, 2010b). commune around a bond realised by a coupling of intensified positive appreciation of a pie party that they regularly p 2010b, p. 219). Combining Attitudinal resources with Ideation, couplings can tell about how interactants share and interpret values (Knight 2010b, p. 40). Therefore, analysing couplings enables one to come up with the aspects of identity negotiated through social networking and shared values. The concept of coupling is of a particular relevance to the current study since tweets. The type of coupling the paper focuses on is that instantiated between the Interpersonal system of discourse, particularly the Attitudinal and the Engagement resources, and the Rania Magdi Fawzy 117 Ideational system. The couplings of choices from these discourse systems, the paper argues, negotiate a metaphorical parents and families into shared community of hope. As is the case of the built in coupling, metaphors accumulation constructs affiliative bonds for writers and readers for com p. 3). 5.3.2. Bonding Affiliation. Zappavigna and affiliation identifies how values are positioned, through hashtags, as socially alignable in three ways: by being directed at particular communities (Convoking), entering into relationships with other potential value positions (Finessing) and being foregrounded interpersonally in various ways (Promoting), (see Figure 3). The values of Convoking, Finessing, and Promoting are presented as shareable through hashtags that convoke or call together potential personae or communities. Convoking marks the network of meaning concerning the ways in which a Twitter post brings together a community to bond around a coupling. According to Zappavigna and Martin (2018, p. convocation) alludes to the role that systems of address (e.g., vocatives) play for directing proposals and propositions at particular interlocutors in dialogic exchange . Tweeting, in this sense, convokes a community or, in the words of Zappavigna and oying hashtags. Within the convoke system, hashtags have both Ideational and Interpersonal functions. For example, the hashtag #depression, if viewed from an Ideational perspective, indicates that this Figure 3.. The system of communing affiliation (Zappavigna & Martin, 2018) Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 118 post is about depression. If viewed from an Interpersonal perspective, hashtag then functions as a link that relates the post with other posts sharing the same stance. Essentially, the concept of communing affiliation, as suggested by Martin and Zappavigna, enacts p. 64) which positions users of the ambient environments around aligned values. In this regard, hashtags emphasize how values are negotiated in interaction. This is related to the notion of Finessing which is concerned with how Ideation-evaluation values are modulated through heteroglossic contraction (Not) coupling: and Martin, 2018, p. 9), (see Figure 4). Hashtags also can interpersonally promote, or in other words emphasize, a coupling in a tweet, performing the same function of upscaling attitude within the resources of Graduation proposed by Martin and White (2005). 6. Analysis 6.1. Convoking Communities of SUPER PREEMIES Hashtaging the word preemie convokes a potential ambient community that has the same parental experience and use the same tag. The convoking metaphorical network is achieved in the tweets tagged #preemie through the coupling formulation of [negative Ideation: health problem/Attitude: positive Judgement(capacity) and/or positive Appreciation (valuation)]. Such a metaphorical coupling instantiates an ambient community which believes in PREEMIES AS SUPERHEROES. The following examples are illustrative: a. Your strength [positive Judgement: capacity] has taught [positive Appreciation: insightful experience] us the meaning of patience, And not to rush things that need time to grow. As we breathe in the delicate NICU air [negative Appreciation: hard experience], We are forever changed by your early arrival [negative Ideation: health problem]. [negative Ideation: health problem] [positive Appreciation: valuation] Figure 4. Invoking an opposing coupling through engagement together with a hashtag Rania Magdi Fawzy 119 b. 2 years ago we were told our 1 Ib baby [negative Ideation: physical deficieny] superhero [positive Judgement: capacity] defied the odds then and continues to do so now c. fighter [positive Judgement: capacity] Although acknowledged ideationally as being both physical deficiency and distressing parental experience, preemie babies are metaphorized positively as insightful experience, superheroes and fighters. Accordingly, tweets about preemies convoke a community that shares the view of preemies as strong human beings and sometimes superheroes that can defeat all the odds and survive. Hashtags of the previous examples act as topic tags, contextualizing the topic of the utterance. Moreover, the tweets under discussion convoke associations of SUPER POWERS by negotiating metaphorical religious references. Consider the following tweets: a. Happy Birthday to my little angel [positive Judgement: veracity] Maya. This time 4 years ago Maya weighed 940g [negative Ideation] and was fighting for her life. Thank you @WestHertsNHS Watford SCBU Team for saving my little angel s life. [positive Judegement: capacity] b. We are surrounded by miracles [positive Judgement: veracity] everyday. c. [negative Ideation]. Look how grown up he looks now :) In the words of Delmy: Miracles [positive Judgement: veracity] d. Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 120 The couplings of these examples draw on quasi-religious metaphors to forge social affiliation of believers in the religious message behind having a preemie. This metaphorical coupling of [positive Attitudinal religious values (angels and miracles) + Ideation experience of preemies] construes an ambient community of believers in the religious values. The fourth example, which is worth to be screenshot as it is, carries a metaphorical orientation to dictionaries. Such a dictionary-like simile acts as a Promotion technique, upscaling the containned religious references (heaven and miracle). Thus, the tweets carry the stance that delivering a preemie is a message from God to make people believe that miracles do happen. Significantly, p. 141), - along the entire clause of the tweet. It is worth noting that the Convoking system in these examples assumes the role of a dialogic exchange and incorporates named social interlocutors in the form of other users as exemplified in the first example with reference to the @ mention convention. In the first example, the tweet draws on the @ character to refer to Watford SCBU user account in a manner similar to face-to-face conversation (Zappavigna and Martin, 2018). However, the @ character is used to emphasize the metaphorical conceptualization in the following example: a. @BrunoMars [positive Judgement: capacity] [negative Ideation] to speak. To clarify, this dialogic exchange of @BrunoMars is not conversational in nature; rather it indicates an intertextual orientation. The preemie hashtag here intertextually mentions Bruno, a famous song writer, singer, record producer and chareographer. Interestengly, Bruno-Mars has his good reputation for doing many things at a time. For this particular characteristic, Bruno-Mars is intertextually mentioned in this tweet as a metaphor ease their sense of guilt for being unable to protect their infants from early arrivals. In the same vein, the following tweets aim at freeing moms from their sense of guilt and regret by foregrounding the metaphorical proposition of a. The fasted path [positive Appreciation: valuation (journey metaphor)] to healing is not to avoid the harsh realities, but to own them, Rania Magdi Fawzy 121 say them out loud, let them flow through you and then release the. [negative Ideation]. b. to overcome the burden of guilt and self-blame [negative Ideation: Distressing experience] you can find peace [positive Appreciation: valuation] no matter wht hurdles lie ahead. Interpersonally, the hashtags of these examples link the post to other potential users in the ambient online domain who are experiencing the same emotions of feeling guilty and suffer from negative self-assessment. However, the deployed metaphorical conceptualizations of PATH/JOURNEY and PEACE intend to mitigate such guilty feelings. Metaphorizing the experience of having a preemie as a JOURNEY is also evident in the following tweets: a. 5 years ago, our little preemie wonder was born at 28 weeks [negative Ideation] almost 12 weeks early. The road was challenging but the journey [positive Appreciation: valuation]has been so rewarding b. To honor my sweet baby girl and the journey [positive Appreciation: valuation] In the following tweets the users employ the hashtag #famouspreemies to support the metaphorical couplings regarding the SUPER MENTAL POWER of premature babies. a. Pablo Picasso, famous [positive Judgement: capacity] Spanish painter and sculptor regarded as one of the most influential artisits of the 20th century, was born premature [negative Ideation] in 1881. b. Influential scientist [positive Judgement: capacity], Sir Issac Newton, weighed onlly three pounds [negative Ideation] at birth Christmas day c. Anna Pavlova, world famous ballerina [positive Judgement: capacity], was born two months early [negative Ideation] in 1885. Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 122 In all of the examples cited above, the hashtag #preemie serves as a topical entity that links the tweet with an external community or audience. Even when accompanied by other words such as strong, fighter or so they appear as one word. , FamousPreemie as one word promots and upscales the conceptualized metaphors. Furthermore, considering the position of the sentences where these hashtags occur, it is found that they are placed as suffix. This serves to bracket and foreground the Interpersonal/Ideation coupling and the resulting metaphorical orientation. In other words, hashtags of the tweets under study act as metaphorical stance marker. They are deployed as an evaluating resource for form that marks the point in the text where the metadiscourse lies (Zappavigna, 2017, p. 445). 6.2. Finessing: Hashtags as Discharging and Recharging Devices This section revolves around the source metaphor A LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL, marking what may be labelled as a conversed cognitive evaluation, so to speak. A conversed cognitive evaluation of the emotionally distressing situation of having a preemie baby may help in mitigating and coping with the associated feelings. In the words of Hendricks et al. (2018, p. 268, s. The process of reappraisal allows us to change the way we feel about something Applying this notion of cognitive conversion to the ambient environment of Twitter can be related to Zappavigna Finessing. Finessing network is closely related to the Engagement resources of the Appraisal System. As explained by Martin and White (2005), Engagement resources deal with the interplay of voices within a es by which the speaker/writer negotiates relationships of alignment/disalignment vis-à-vis the various value positions referenced by the text and hence vis-à-vis the socially constituted communities of shared attitude and belief associated with those posi , p. 95). However, while Engagement accounts for the patterning of attitude, Finessing deals with how the ideation-evaluation resources are infused and modulated. Interestingly, deployment of Finessing in the tweets about preemies corresponds conversed cognitive evaluation by retelling the experience of having a preemie as an exciting and sometimes blessing one, which in turn, discharges the experience from negative Judgements and recharges it with positive Rania Magdi Fawzy 123 assessments. The Finessing resources negotiated in the tweets forge social affiliation around values of hope and support. In so doing, the Finessing network follows the coupling formulation of [Dialogic Expansion/Dialogic Contraction: Disclaim: Deny or Counter] (see Martin and White, 2005 for more on the Engagement resources). The Finessing netwrok employs Expansion resources that associate negative values with preemies and contraction systems that challenge and refute such values. Such dialogic coupling is brought together along with negative Ideation. Triple coupling is then evident. Example instantiations of hope to cite are represented in the tweets below: a. 21 years ago, my son was born as a 25wk @820g [negative Ideation]. He had a ventricular bleed, retinopathy and BPD [negative Ideation]. For all the parents in an who are sick with worry, in 4th y university now [Contraction: Counter]. Keep your hopes up. b. Our pre-term baby is seven today! [Contraction: Counter] Eternal thanks to @NHS_Lothian for everything they did that frightening night and in the bewildering days [negative Ideation] that followed c. When [Expansion: Attribute] less than a 50% chance [negative Ideation] to make it out of the NICU and are now [Contraction: Counter] healthy today [Contraction: Counter] d. My precious grandson... He [Contraction: Deny] look like what been through [Expansion: Attribute/negative Ideation] e. Today [Contraction: Counter] is my sons 6th Bday! He was born at 21wks [negative Ideation]. Under a LB when born [negative Ideation]. Part of me [Expansion: entertain] thought make it here today. and The contraction here is established between was and now and the antonyms relations between worry and hope . The dialectical tension between now and then carries a challenging tone against the negative Ideation values. A holds an opposing positive view is then convoked. The use of this particular heteroglossic contraction instantiating positive Judgement (e.g., strength) Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 124 together with the hashtag #preemie is a typical repeated pattern in the tweets under discussion. The dialectical tension that exists between positive and negative social esteem resources of capacity further reinforces the source metaphor of LIGHT AT THE END OF A TUNNEL. This notion is evident in the following example: a. After spending her first year of life visiting numerous doctors, undergoing tons of testing, and experiencing significant delays [negative Ideation] taking risks and playing BIG in life! [invoked Contraction: Counter] ignificant delay taking risks and playing BIG in life enacts a dialectical tension. Such a tension is realised by discordant evaluative couplings (Martin, 2000a) in the texts. The Finessing hashtags of the tweets under discussion discharge assessment of preemies as negative Capacity. Consider the following two tweets: a. Although [Contraction: Counter] your arrival was chaotic and shaky [negative Ideation], you are thriving now [Contraction: Counter]! We b. Happy 5th birthday to our warrior princess! Our miracle baby girl was a 1 O2, wires, feeding tubes, blood transfusions, blood gasses, and feeding clinics [negative Judgement: Capacity] were never [Contraction: Deny] stopped fighting! [positive Judgement: Capacity] and blessed to be mommy! The Finessing resources in these examples are expressed through the Disclaim values of dialogic counter and deny respectively. These resources reject the dialogic alternative of despair and losing hope, instantiating a metaphorical coupling of a community of hope. Correspondingly, the dialogic alternatives of helplessness and despair associated with the experience of having a preemie are challenged and excluded, entering the putative readers into an - and White, 2005). Significantly, Finessing network in the tweets about preemies presents the addresser as having great experience, allowing him/her to cognitively take the part. A cognitive role of supporter rather than sufferer is then established. Rania Magdi Fawzy 125 Interestingly, identifying oneself with a larger community of supporters may be of a significant importance for participants to be able to move on and coping with the hard situation. Finessing is conveyed via the deployment of conjunctions and connections such as However, the finessing resources of countering are established as well by the use of the comment adverbials and Comment adverbials carry a counter expectational aspect to their meaning. a. I allowed Mo for the best and he was eating a lot sooner! Never underestimate the 7. Conclusion This paper examined the role performed by Twitter hashtags in forging ambient online networks of hope and support about preemie - a distressing experience for the parents and the families. It investigated how hashtaging the word preemie convokes a potential ambient community that has the same parental experience and uses the same tag. The study took the concepts of Coupling (Knight 2010a,b) and Communing Affiliation (Zappavigna and Martin, 2018) as its theoretical basis. It deployed these concepts to reveal the Conceptual Met families. It was found that tweets about preemies align participants with an affiliated community of believers in hope, miracles, and superheroes. The analysis also revealed that hashtags in the context participants from the position of sufferers and recharge them as supporters and experienced persons who provide advice. The convoking metaphorical network is achieved in the tweets tagged #preemie through the coupling formulation of [negative Ideation: health problem/Attitude: positive Judgement(capacity) and/or positive Appreciation (valuation)]. This metaphorical coupling instantiates an ambient community which believes in PREEMIES AS SUPERHEROES. As for the finessing values of Disclaim (counter and denial), it is affiliative in that it invokes a community of hope that presents itself as countering and negating beliefs and claims that having a preemie is a hopeless situation. the Finessing network follows the coupling formulation of [Dialogic Expansion/Dialogic Contraction: Disclaim: Deny or Counter]. The dialectical tension resulted from the coupling of two opposing propositions construes the source metaphor of A LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL, marking what may be labelled as a conversed cognitive evaluation. Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 126 The framework of Coupling (Knight 2010a, b) and Communing Affiliation (Zappavigna and Martin, 2018) that the author used is based on SFL. As for the cognitive interpretation, it is influenced approach to Conceptual Metaphor. Although appearing as somewhat incompatible on an epistemological level, these frameworks, when combined, can be a valid tool for analyzing a social cognitive concept such as in-group identity formation in the process of constituting an affiliated community. This study raises implications for the applications of these SFL-oriented approaches to reveal cognitive conceptualisations rather than being confined to investigating textual negative/positive evaluations. Accordingly, the study calls for replicating this approach of qualitative analysis to a larger corpus of tweets that voice other painful experiences such as mental illness and chronic diseases. References Androutsopoulos, Jannis. (2014) Journal of Pragmatics, 73, 4- 18. Bakhtin, Michael. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination. NY and Austin: University of Texas Press. Black, Jonathan. (2016). Fire Metaphor: Discourse of Awe and Authority. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PIc. Flack, Marlene Johansson. (2018) Metaphor and Symbol, 33(2): 61-84. Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold. Han, John. (2015). and Dialogism in Discourses Surrounding Feminism in Microblogging. Sydney: Department of Linguistics. University of Sydney. Hendricks, Rose K, Demjén, Zsófia, Semino, Elena, and Boroditsky, Lera. (2018). Emotional Implications of Metaphor: Consequences of Metaphor Metaphor and Symbol, 33(4): 267-279, DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2018.1549835 Heyd, Teresa. (2014) -Linguistic Landscape: The Visual Semiotics of Language in Society, 43(5): 489-514. Hood, Susan. (2010). Appraising Research: Evaluation in Academic Writing. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Rania Magdi Fawzy 127 Giaxoglou, Korina. (2018) Discourse, Context and Media, 22, 13-20. Knight, Naomi. (2010a) New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity, and Affiliation, edited by Monica Bednarek and James R Martin, 35-58. London and New York: Continuum. Knight, Naomi. (2010b). Laughing Our Bodies Off: Conversational Humour in Relation to Affiliation. Sydney: Department of Linguistics. University of Sydney. Knight, Naomi. (2013) Bond Through Conversati Text and Talk, 33, 553-574. Kovecses, Zoltan. (2003). Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Liu, Feifei. (2018) Functional Linguist, 5(2), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40554-018-0054-z. Martin, James R. (2000). Beyond exchange: APPRAISAL systems in English. In Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse, ed. Geoff Thompson and Susan Hunston, 142 175. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Martin, James R. and White, Peter R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Otis, Laura. (2019). Baned Emotions: How Metaphors Can Shape What People Feel. USA: Oxford University Press. Page, Ruth. (2012) -branding and Micro-Celebrity in Twitter: The Discourse and Communication, 6, 181 201. Scott, K., (2018) Discourse, Context andMedia, 22, 57 64. Tsur, Oren and Rappoport, Ari. (2012). prediction of the Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference February 8-12, 2012. . Wikstrom, Peter. (2014) SKY Journal of Linguistics, 27, 127-152. Zappavigna, Michele. (2011) New Media and Society, 13(5), 788-806. Hashtaged Coupling Metaphors 128 Zappavigna, Michele. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and Social Media. London: Continuum. Zappavigna, Michele. (2014) Discourse and Communication 8(2), 209-228. Zappavigna, Michele. (2015) Social Semiotics, 25(3), 274-291. Zappavigna, Michele. (2017) Pragmatics of Social Media, edited by Christian R, Hoffmann and Wolfram, Bublitz, 201 224. Berlin: De Gruyter. Zappavigna, Michele. (2018). Searchable Talk: Hashtags and Social Media Metadiscourse. London: Bloomsbury Academic Zappavigna, Michele and Martin, James R. (2018) Discourse, Context and Media, 22, 4-1.