id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
work_46hl73zrajaffo2wiz5gckptdu	David Ludwig	Against the New Metaphysics of Race	2015	22	.pdf	application/pdf	9786	648	51	meanings of "race." Furthermore, I argue that this underdetermination leads to a deflationist diagnosis according to which disputes about the existence of human races are nonsubstantive verbal disputes. In section 2 I argue that empirical evidence about human biological diversity underdetermines the ontology of race. However, a closer look at current debates about race also reveals a second type of empirical underdetermination that is at least logically independent from debates about the existence of biological kinds. Instead, there could still be disagreement between racial realists and antirealists regarding the question whether we should identify any of the objective, interested-independent, and nonambiguous kinds with human races. realists can accept empirical underdetermination and still insist on one correct answer in debates about the biological reality of race. of human races provides a sufficient specification, as numerous philosophers, including Kitcher (1999), Glasgow (2003), Appiah (2006), and Spencer (2014a), have been very clear about their focus on the commonsense 	./cache/work_46hl73zrajaffo2wiz5gckptdu.pdf	./txt/work_46hl73zrajaffo2wiz5gckptdu.txt