campaign for the reform of the crim-
inal law.
The following officers were chosen

for 1963: president and AAAS repre-
sentative, Donal E. J. MacNamara;
vice presidents, Marvin Wolfgang, Lewis
Yablonsky, Clyde Vedder and Jacob
Chwast; secretary-treasurer, Charles
Newman; executive council members,
John P. Kenney and Marcel Frym.

CHARLES NEWMAN, Rapporteur

History and Philosophy
of Science (L)

Historical testimony by actual parti-
cipants in recent technological develop-
ments was the highlight of the fifth
annual meeting of the Society for the
History of Technology. In a symposium
on the history of rocket technology,
chaired by Eugene M. Emme, G.
Edward Pendray spoke on Robert H.
Goddard and early A.R.S. rockets;
Walter E. Dornberger on the V-2
rocket; John P. Hagen on Viking and
Vanguard; and Simon Ramo on Atlas,
Titan, and Thor. Speaking for the
historical record, these men provided
valuable material on some of the most
significant episodes in the recent history
of rocketry.
The session on the history of the

technology of atomic energy was
chaired by Ralph Sanders (Industrial
College of the Armed Forces). Gerald
W. Johnson (Assistant to the Secretary
of Defense, Atomic Energy), Richard
G. Hewlett (U.S. Atomic Energy Com-
mission), and Rear Admiral Lewis L.
Strauss (USNR, Ret.; former chair-
man, U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-
sion) served as panelists.

Johnston talked on the historical role
of military research and development
in atomic energy and emphasized the
development of atomic weaponry and
nuclear propulsion. He expounded
upon the military's role in managing
the fantastic engineering feat of fashion-
ing the first atomic bomb. He paid
special attention to the fear among
U.S. scientists and military personnel
that Germany had been making con-
siderable headway in building an atomic
bomb of its own, a fear which later
proved unfounded. Johnson then re-
counted the Navy's development of the
atomic submarine as the pioneer vehicle
in nuclear propulsion.

Hewlett's paper, "Pioneering on
nuclear frontiers: two early landmarks
in reactor technology," provided some
15 FEBRUARY 1963

historical insights. He analyzed the
historical significance of the first self-
sustained chain reaction produced by
Enrico Fermi on 2 December 1942 in
Chicago and the first generation of
electric power from atomic energy by
Walter H. Zinn on 20 December 1951
from the experimental breeder reactor
No. 1 at Idaho Falls, Idaho. Although
these events are often called landmarks,
Hewlett contended that they more ap-
propriately could be called convenient
reference points. He also pointed out
that subsequent history of atomic
energy suggests that a depersonalizing
process inevitably accompanies the rise
of big science.

Strauss presented a chronology of
events which led to President Eisen-
hower's announcement of the Atoms
for Peace Program before the United
Nations on 8 December 1953. He
credits President Eisenhower with
originating the idea during a plane flight
from Denver to Washington to attend
the funeral of Chief Justice Vinson.
The history of the industrial labora-

tory was the subject of a session chaired
by Cyril S. Smith. John Beer told of
European precedents of the industrial
laboratory; Kendall Birr related the
history of the General Electric Labora-
tories; and Matthew Josephson spoke on
Edison and industrial research. Simon
Marcson and Nathan Reingold com-
mented on their papers.
Among the participants in a work-

in-progress session was Peter F.
Drucker, who spoke on the need for
engineers to consider the work habits
of people in the underdeveloped na-
tions and to design for their actual
needs instead of for a too-advanced
technology. Carl W. Condit told of the
construction features revealed by the
demolition of the Garrick Theater in
Chicago which illustrated advances in
construction engineering pioneered by
Dankmar Adler. Eugene S. Ferguson
reviewed the writings and the scholarly
problems involved in the study of
American technology from 1788 to
1853. Other papers of this session,
chaired by Thomas P. Hughes, were
by W. David Lewis, Frank D. Prager,
Robert M. Vogel, and Lynn White, Jr.
The annual meeting of the society

was marked by the presentation for
the first time of the Leonardo da Vinci
medal. This was awarded to R. J.
Forbes of the Netherlands "for his
distinguished contributions, both mono-
graphic and bibliographical, to the
history of technology." The Abbot Pay-
son Usher prize was awarded to Silvio

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A. Bedini for his article, "The compart-
mented cylindrical clepsydra," which
appeared in the spring 1962 issue of
Technology and Culture.
As its officers for the coming year,

the society elected Cyril S. Smith as
president, Peter F. Drucker as first
vice president, Elmer Belt as second
vice president, and Melvin Kranzberg
as secretary. New members of the
executive council include J. G. Brainerd,
W. E. Hanford, and Thomas P. Hughes.

MELVIN KRANZBERG, Secretary
RALPH SANDERS, Program Chairman

Engineering (M)

Four speakers representing universi-
ties, industry, and government presented
points of view on the very important
problem of continuing education for
technological personnel. Although it
was agreed that the individual engineer
is ultimately responsible for the further-
ance of his own education, nevertheless
many institutions of our society should
recognize an obligation to encourage
further development of each individual
and to employ him at his highest skill
and capability in view of the pressing
demands for qualified technical per-
sonnel. Engineering societies, accord-
ing to H. K. Work and C. E. Davies,
can provide educational opportunities
by national, state, and local technical
meetings; providing teachers and ar-
ranging for courses on an in-plant or
inter-industry basis; workshops; semi-
nars; and similar activities. A plea was
made for professional recognition of
continuing education efforts. M. W.
Kriegel outlined present company poli-
cies to encourage employees and listed
programs, such as tuition refund plans,
time off for course attendance, indus-
trial leaves, professors visiting the com-
pany to teach, time and expense to
attend university short courses, graduate
and post-doctoral study industrial fel-
lowships on full- or part-time, teaching
machines, and others. J. W. Macy
pointed out that the Bell report stressed
the need for continuing education of
government personnel and the govern-
ment's plans for allowing attendance at
courses, graduate study, visiting pro-
fessors, and in-laboratory training pro-
grams. He mentioned that government
employees may devote one year out
of every ten years of work to further

education. Discretionary funds are
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SCIENCE, VOL. 139

1.1

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History and Philosophy of Science (L)
Melvin Kranzberg and Ralph Sanders

DOI: 10.1126/science.139.3555.651
 (3555), 651-652.139Science 

ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/139/3555/651.citation

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trademark of AAAS.
 is a registeredScienceAdvancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. The title 

(print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published by the American Association for theScience 

Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Copyright © 1963 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the

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