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ņMINEBATA; 812.
THE BRIDGEWATER TREATISES
ON THE
POWER, WISDOM AND GOODNESS OF GOD
AS MANIFESTED IN THE CREATION.
· TREATISE VI.
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE TO
NATURAL THEOLOGY.
BY THE REV. WILLIAM BUCKLAND, D. D.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
THOU LORD IN THE BEGINNING HAST LAID THE FOUNDATION OF THE EARTH.
PSALM CII. 25.


GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY
CONSIDERED
WITH REFERENCE TO NATURAL THEOLOGY.
BY THE
REV. WILLIAM BUCKLAND, D. D.
CANON OF CHRIST CHURCH AND READER IN GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.
A NEW EDITION.
WITH SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
IN TWO V OLUM E S.
VOL. II.
PHILADELPHIA:
LEA & BLANCHARD,
1841.


Phil8656.6.2
1883, Atau 2,
cm. S. .
GRIGGS & co., PRINTERS.


LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
Plate
25'. Fossil Crocodileans and Chelonian.
26. Footsteps on Red Sand-stone near Dumfries.
26'. Footsteps on Red Sand-stone at Hessberg, (Double Plate.)
26''. Hind footstep of Chirotherium on Sand-stone from Hessberg.
26/", Footsteps of some unknown Reptile on Sand-stone from
Hessberg.
26. Several species of Ornithichnites on Sand-stone in the valley
of the Connecticut, (Double Plate.)
26". Ornithichnites Giganteus, on Sand-stone from Connecticut.
27. Scales, Jaw, and Teeth, of fossil Fishes.
274. Recent and fossil Sauroid Fishes.
276. Fish from the Coal formation of Saarbrück.
27°. Fish from the Oolite Formation.
27d. Jaws, Teeth, and Spine of recent and Fossil Sharks.
27º. Teeth on the Palate of Acrodus nobilis,
27! Teeth of Ptychodus polygyrus.
28. Pens and Ink Pag of recent and fossil Loligo.
29. Fossil Pens and Ink Bags of Loligo, from the Lias.
30. Large fossil Pen of Loligo, from the Lias.
31. Nautilus Pompilius with its animal ; and Rhyncholites.
32. Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Hexagonus.
33. Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Striatus.
34. Animal of Nautilus Pompilius.
35. Exterior of Ammonites Obtusus.
36. Chambers and Siphuncle of Ammonites Obtusus.
37. Various forms of Mechanism to strengthen Ammonites.
38. Lateral view of Ammonites Heterophyllus.
39. Longitudinal view of Ammonites Heterophyllus.
40. Ammonites Henslowi; A. Nodosus ; A. Sphæricus, and A.
Striatus.
41. Chambers of Ammonites Giganteus.
42. Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus and Ammonite.
43. Nautilus Sypho, and N. Zic-Zac.
44. Chambered Shells allied to Nautilus and Ammonite.
44'. Illustrations of the Genus Belemnosepia.
44". Ink Bags of Belemnosepia.
45. Trilobites and recent animals allied to them.
46. Various forms of Trilobites,


LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
Plate
46. Fossil Scorpions from the Coal formation in Bohemia.
46". Fossil Limulus, Arachnidans, and Insects.
47. Apiocrinites, and Actinocrinites.
48. Fragment of a Lily Encrinite, Encrinites Moniliformis.
49. Stem of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected.
50. Body of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected.
51. Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias at Lyme Regis.
52. Recent and fossil Pentacrinites.
53. Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias, (Double Plate.) :
54. Recent Corals with their Polypes.
55. Fossil Tree (Lepidodendron Sternbergii) from a Coal mine in
Bohemia.
56. Remains of Plants of extinct families, from the Coal forma-
tion.
562. Highly magnified sections of Coniferæ.
57. Remains of a subterranean Forest on the coast of Dorset.
58. Cycas Revoluta producing Buds.
59. Zamia Pungens, and sections of recent Zamia and Cycas.
60. Trunk and transverse section of Cyadites Megalophyllus.
61. Trunk and sections of Buds and Petioles of Cycadites Mi-
crophyllus.
62. Sections of Petioles of recent and fossil Cycadeæ.
63. Fossil fruit of Podocarya, and recent Pandaneæ, (Double
Plate.)
64. Remains of fossil Palms, from Tertiary strata.
65. Sections illustrating the structure and disposition of Coal
basins.
66. Sections illustrating the Silurian and Carboniferous systems;
and part of the Newcastle Coal field.
67. Sections illustrating the origin of Springs, and the disposi-
tion of Metallic Veins.
68. Sections showing the cause of the rise of water in Artesian
Wells in the Basin of London.
69. Sections illustrating the Theory of Artesian Wells.
Total number of Plates 87. Total number of figures 705.





EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Introductory Notice, and Description of the Geological
Phenomena illustrated by Plate I.
PPATE 1,
Is an imaginary Section constructed to express, by the
insertion of names, and colours, the relative positions of the
most important classes, both of unstratified and stratified
rocks, as far as they have yet been ascertained. It is found-
ed on many series of accurate observations, on several lines
taken across Europe, between the British islands and the
Mediterranean Sea. Although no single straight line exhi-
bits every formation complete in the full order of succession
here represented, no fact is inserted for which authority
cannot be found. The near approximation of this synoptic
representation to the facts exhibited by an actual section,
may be estimated by comparing it with the admirable sec-
tion across Europe, published by Mr. Conybeare in the Re-
port of the Proceedings of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1832, and with his sections of
England, in Phillips and Conybeare's Geology of England
and Wales.
The chief merit of the above Section is due to the Ta-
lents of Mr. Thomas Webster; it is founded on a more
simple section which has for several years been used by
him in his lectures, and which exhibits the relations of
the Granitic and Volcanic rocks to the stratified formations,
VOL. II.-1


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.
and to one another, more intelligibly than I have ever seen
expressed elsewhere. This original drawing by Mr. Web-
ster has formed the basis of the present enlarged and im-
proved section, into which many important additions have
been introduced by the joint suggestions of Mr. Webster
and myself. The selection and arrangement of the animals
and plants is my own; they have been drawn and engraved
(together with a large proportion of the woodcuts) by Mr. J.
Fisher, of St. Clements, Oxford.
For facility of reference, I have numbered the principal
groups of stratified rocks represented in the section, accord.
ing to their most usual order of succession; and I have de-
signated by letters the crystalline or unstratified rocks, and
the injected masses and dikes, as well as the metallic veins,
and lines of fracture, producing dislocations or faults. The
crowded condition in which all the Phenomena represented
in this section, are set together, does not admit of the use
of accurate relative proportions, between the stratified rocks
and the intruded masses, veins and dikes by which they
are intersected. The adoption of false proportion is, how-
ever, unavoidable in these cases, because the veins and dikes
would be invisible, unless expressed on a highly exagge-
rated scale. The scale of height throughout the whole sec-
tion is also infinitely greater than that of breadth. The
plants and animals also are figured on no uniform scale.
The extent of the different formations represented in this
section, taking their average width as they occur in Europe,
would occupy a breadth of five or six hundred miles. A
scale of heights, at all approaching to this scale of breadth,
would render the whole almost invisible. The same cause
makes it also impossible to express correctly the effect of
valleys of denudation, which are often excavated through
strata of one formation into those of another subjacent for-
mation


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
3.
As it would encumber the section to express Diluvium,
wherever it is present, it is introduced in one place only,
which shows its age to be more recent than the newest of
the Tertiary strata; it is found also lodged indiscriminately
upon the surface of rocks of every formation.
Granite.
In our early Chapters we have considered the Theory
which refers unstratified rocks to an igneous Origin, to be
that which is most consistent with all the known Pheno-
mena of Geology, and the facts represented in the Section
now before us are more consistent with the Postulates of
this Hypothesis, than with those of any other that has
hitherto been proposed. I have, therefore, felt it indispen-
sable to adopt its language, as affording the only terms by
which the facts under consideration can be adequately de-
scribed.
Assuming that Fire and Water have been the two great
Agents employed in reducing the surface of the globe to its
actual condition, we see, in repeated operations of these
agents, causes adequate to the production of those irregular
Elevations and Depressions of the fundamental Rocks of the
Granitic series, which are delineated in the lower Region of
our Section, as forming the basis of the entire Superstructure
of stratified Rocks.
Near the right extremity of this Section, the undulating
surface of the fundamental Granite (a. 5. a. 6. a. 7. a. 8.) is
represented as being, for the most part, beneath the level of
the Sea.
On the left extremity of the Section (a. 1. a. 2. a. 3.) the
Granite is elevated into one of those lofty Alpine ridges,
which have affected, by their upward movement, the entire
series of stratified Rocks.
Corresponding formations of Primary and Transition


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Strata, are represented as occurring on each side of this ele-
vated Granite, which is supposed to have broken through,
and to have carried up with it to their present elevated and
highly inclined position, strata that were once continuous
and nearly horizontal.*
The general history of Elevation appears to be, that
mountain chains of various extent, and various directions,
have been formed at irregular intervals, during the deposi-
tion of stratified rocks of every age; and that Granite had,
in many cases, acquired a state of solidity before the period
of its elevation.
Within the primary Granite, we find other forms of Gra-
nitic matter, (a. 9.) which appear to have been intruded in
a state of fusion, not only into fissures of the older Granite,
but frequently also into the Primary stratified rocks in con-
tact with it, and occasionally into strata of the Transition
and Secondary series, (a. 10. a. 11.) these Granitic injec-
tions were probably in many cases, contemporaneous with
the elevation of the rocks they intersect; they usually as-
sume the Condition of Veins, terminating upwards in small
branches; and vary in dimensions, from less than an inch,
to an indefinite width. The direction of these veins is very
irregular: they sometimes traverse the Primary strata at
right angles to their planes of stratification, at other times
they are protruded in a direction parallel to these planes,
and assume the form of beds. Some of the relations of these
Granitic Veins to the rocks intersected by them are repre-
sented at the left extremity of the Section. (a. 9.t)
* Cases of Granite thus elevated at a period posterior to the deposition of
Tertiary Strata, occur in the Eastern Alps, where the Transition, Seconda.
ry, and Tertiary strata have all partaken of the same elevation which raised
the central axis of the crystalline Granitic rocks. See Geol. Trans. N. S.
Vol. III. Pl. 36. Fig. 1.
f In the Granite at the right extremity of the Section, the gra.
nitic veins are omitted, because their insertion would interfere with


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
A. 10. represents a dike and protruded mass of Granite,
intersecting and overlying stratified rocks of the Primary
and Transition series. A. 11. represents the rare case of
Granite intersecting Red Sandstone, Oolite, and Chalk.*
Sienite, Porphyry, Serpentine, Greenstone.
Closely allied to Granite Veins, is a second series of
irregularly injected rocks, composed of Sienite, Porphyry,
Serpentine, and Greenstone (b. c. d. e.) which traverse the
Primary and Transition formations, and the lower regions
of the Secondary strata ; not only intersecting them in vari-
ous directions, but often forming also overlying masses, in
places where these veins have terminated by overflowing
at the surface, (b'. c'. d'. e'.) The crystalline rocks of this
series, present so many modifications of their ingredients,
that numerous varieties of Sienite, Porphyry, and Green-
stone occur frequently in the products of Eruptions from a
single vent.
The scale of our Section admits not of an accurate repre-
sentation of the relations between many of these intruded
rocks, and the strata they intersect; they are all placed, as
the representation of the injections of Basaltic and Volcanic matter which
that portion of the section is intended to illustrate.
* An example of the rare Phenomenon of Granite intruded into the
Chalk formation, in the hill of St. Martin, near Pont de la Fou in the Pyre.
nees, is described by M. Dufrenoy in the Bulletin de la Société Géologique
de France, Tom. 2. p. 73.
At Weinböhla, near Meissen in Saxony, Prof. Weiss has ascertained the
presence of Sienite above strata of Chalk; and Prof. Nauman states, that,
near Oberau, Cretaceous rocks are covered by Granite, and that near
Escheila and Neiderfehre, the Cretaceous rocks rest horizontally on Granite ;
at both these places the Limestone and Granite are entangled in each other,
and irregular portions and veins of hard Limestone, with green grains and
cretaceous fossils, are here and there embedded in the Granite.
De la Beche. Geol, Manuel. 3d Edit, p. 295.
i
1*


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
if they had been injected, either at the time of, or after the
elevation of all the strata, and had produced but little dis-
turbance in the rocks through which they are protruded.
It should however be understood, distinctly, that some In-
jections may have preceded the elevation of Strata to their
present height, and that numerous and successive eleva-
tions and injections, attended by various degrees of frac-
ture and disturbance, have prevailed in various localities
during all periods, and throughout all formations; from the
first upraising of the earliest Primary rocks, to the most
recent movements produced by existing Volcanoes. M.
Elie de Beaumont has discovered probable evidence of no
less than twelve periods of elevation, affecting the strata of
Europe.
Examples of the fractures and dislocations attending these
movements, and producing faults, are represented in our
Section by the lines designated by the letter l. Some of
these fractures do not reach to the present surface, as they
affected the lower beds at periods anterior to the deposition
of more recent strata, which cover unconformably the sum-
mits of the earlier fractures. (See 1. 1. 12. 13. 16. 17.)
Basalt.
A third series of Igneous Rocks is that which has formed
dikes, and masses of Basalt and Trap, intruded into, and
overlying formations of all ages, from the earliest Granites
to the most recent Tertiary Strata.. These basaltic rocks
sometimes occur as Beds, nearly parallel to the strata, into
which they are protruded, after the manner represented in
the carboniferous Limestone of our Section, f. 2. More
frequently they. overspread the surface like expanded sheets
of Lava. Our section gives examples of Trap under all
these circumstances. At f. 1, it intersects and overlies
Primary strata ; at f. 2. f. 3. f. 4. f. 5.. it stands in similar


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
relations to Transition and Secondary strata ; f. 6. represents
an example of an extensive eruption of Basaltic matter,
over Chalk and Tertiary strata, accompanied by an intru-
sion of vast irregular masses of the same materials into the
body of the subjacent Primary and Transition rocks.
f. 7. represents strata of columnar Basalt, immediately
beneath streams of cellular Lava, in regions occupied also
by craters of extinct Volcanoes. f. 8. represents similar
beds of columnar lava in the vicinity of active Volcanoes.
Trachyte and Lava.
The fourth and last class of intruded rocks, is that of
modern volcanic Porphyries, Trachytes,* and Lavas. The
undeniable igneous origin of rocks of this class forms the
strongest ground-work of our arguments, in favour of the
igneous formation of the older unstratified and crystalline
rocks; and their varied recent products, around the craters
of active Volcanoes, present gradations of structure, and
composition, which connect them with the most ancient
Porphyries, Sienites, and Granites.
The simplest cases of volcanic action are those of Tra-
chyte (g. l.) and of Lava (i. 5.) ejected through apertures
in Granite; such cases prove that the source of volcanic
fires, is wholly unconnected with the pseudo-volcanic re-
sults of the combustion of coal, bitumen, or sulphur, in
stratified formations, and is seated deep beneath the Primary
rocks.t
* The appellation of Trachyte has been given to a volcanic Porphyry,
usually containing Crystals of glassy felspar, and remarkably harsh to the
touch, (hence its name from rgzxus ;) it does not occur in Britain, but
abounds in the neighbourhood of almost all extinct and active volcanic cra-
ters.
† The occurrence of angular fragments of altered Granite, embedded in
Pillars of columnar Lava, in the valley of Monpezat in the Ardêche, shows


S
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.
Craters.
Our section represents three cases of Volcanic craters;
the most simple (i. 5.) rising through Granite, or stratified
rocks, at the bottom of the sea, and accumulating craters,
which, like those of Lipari and Stromboli, Sabrina, and
Graham Islands, are occasionally formed in various parts
of the ocean.* The second case is that of volcanoes, which,
like Etna and Vesuvius, are still in action on the dry land,
(i. 1. to i. 4.) The third is that of extinct volcanoes, like
those in Auvergne, (hé. h².) which, although there exist no
historical records as to the periods of their last eruptions,
show by the perfect condition of their craters, that they
have been formed since the latest of those aqueous inunda-
tions, that have affected the Basalt and Tertiary strata,
through which they have burst forth.
One great difference between the more ancient Basaltic
eruptions and those of the Lava and Trachyte of existing
volcanoes, is that the emission of the former, probably taking
place under the pressure of deep water, was not accompa-
nied by the formation of any permanent craters.
In both cases, the fissures through some of which these
Eruptions may have issued, are abundantly apparent under
that these fragments were probably torn off during the upward passage of
the Lava through fractures in the sordid Granite.
At Graveneire, near Clermont, a strcam of Lava still retains the exact
form in which it issued through a fissure in the side of a mountain of Granite,
and overflowed the subjacent valley. Most accurate representations of this,
and many similar productions of Volcanic Eruptions from the Granite of this
District may be seen in Mr. Poulett Scrope's inimitable Panoramic Views of
the Volcanic formations of Central France..
* Within the last few years, the Volcanic Cones of. Sabrina in the
Atlantic, and of Graham Island in the Mediterranean, have risen suddenly
in the sea and been soon levelled and dispersed by the Waves..


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
the form of Dikes, filled with materials similar to those
which form the masses that have overflowed in the Vicinity
of each Dike.*
Changes effected by the Igneous Rocks, on the Strata in
contact with them.
The peculiar condition of the rocks that form the side
walls of Granitic Veins and Basaltic Dikes, affords ano-
ther argument in favour of their igneous origin; thus
wherever the early Slate rocks are intersected by Granitic
Veins (a. 8.) they are usually altered to a state approxi-
mating to that of fine-grained Mica-slate, or Hornblend-
slate.
The secondary and Tertiary rocks also, when they are
intersected by basaltic Dikes, have frequently undergone
some change; beds of Shale and Sandstone are indurated,
and reduced to Jasper; compact Limestone and Chalk are
converted to crystalline Marble, and Chalk-flints altered
to a state like that resulting from heat in an artificial fur-
nace.t
In all these cases, the Phenomena appears to be through-
out consistent with the theory of igneous Injection, and to
be incapable of explanation on any other Hypothesis that
has been proposed. A summary statement of the probable
relations of the Granitic and Trappean Rocks to the other
materials of the Globe, and to one another, may be found in
De la Beche's Geological Researches, 1st Edit. Pag. 374,
et seq.
* In many Dikes the materials have been variously modified, by
their mode of cooling, and differ from the masses which overflowed the
surface.
+ Examples of this kind occur on the sides of Basaltic Dikes intersecting
Chalk in the County of Antrim, and in the Island of Raghlin. See Geol.
Trans. London, O. S. vol. iii. p. 210. pl. 10.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.
-
Explanation of Letters and Figures used in the references
to unstratified and crystalline Rocks in Plate 1.
a, Granite. b. Sienite. c. Porphyry.
d. Greenstone. e. Serpentine, f. Basalt, or Trap.
g. Trachyte. h. Products of Extinct Volcanoes.
i. Products of Active Volcanoes.
a. 1.-a, 3. Mountains of Granite, raised into lofty ridges,
from beneath Gneiss and Primary Slates.
a. 4. Granite intermixed with Gneiss.
a. 5.—a. 8. Granite, subjacent to stratified rocks of all
ages, and intersected by volcanic rocks.
a. 9. Granite Veins, intersecting Granite, Gneiss, and pri-
mary Slate.
a. 10. Granite Vein, intersecting Primary and Transition
rocks, and forming overlying masses at the surface..
a. 11. Granite Vein intersecting Secondary strata, and
overlying Chalk.*
b. Dikes of Sienite.
b. 1. Overlying masses of Sienite.
c. Dike of Porphyry,
c. 1. Overlying masses of Porphyry.
d. Dikes of ancient Greenstone.
d. 1. Overlying masses of the same. The Rocks repre-
sented by d. and e. often pass into one another.
e. Dikes of Serpentine.
e. 1. Overlying masses of Serpentine.
f. Dikes and intruded subterraneous masses of Basalt.
f. 1. to f. 7. Masses of Basalt protruded through, and
overlying strata of various ages.
* In the locality quoted in the Explanation of Plates, Vol. II. p. 5, the
Granite which comes to the surface over the Chalk, is not covered by Terti.
ary deposites, as represented in our section, Pl. 1.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
11
f. 8. Basaltiform products of Modern Volcanoes.
g. Trachyte forming Dikes.
g. 1. Trachyte forming overlying Domes. (Puy de
Dome.)
h. 1. h. 2. Lava of extinct Volcanoes, forming undisturbed
Cones. (Auvergne.)
1.-. 5. Lava, Scoriæ, and Craters of active Volcanoes.
(i. 1.-i. 4. Etna. 1.-5. Stromboli.)
k.-k. 24. Metalliferous Veins.
k. 15'. Lateral expansions of Veins into metalliferous
cavities, called by the Miners Pipe Veins, or Flats.
1.-1. 7. Faults, or fractures and dislocations of the strata.
The continuity of stratified Rocks is always inter-
rupted, and their level more or less changed on the
opposite sides of a fault.
It is unnecessary here to give detailed descriptions of the
28 divisions of the Stratified Rocks represented in our Sec-
tion. Their usual Order of Succession and Names are
expressed in their respective places, and detailed descriptions
of their several characters may be found in all good Trea-
tises on Geology.
The leading Groups of Formations are united by colours,
marking their separation from the adjacent groups; and the
same colours are repeated, in the headings above the figures
of Plants and Animals that characterize the several series
of Formations, to show the extent of the strata over which
the Organic Remains of each Group are respectively dis-
tributed.
Although the deposites of Peat Bogs, and Calcareous Tufa
are of too local a nature to be generally included in the
series of stratified Rocks, they are represented in the Sec-
tion (Figs. 31, 32,) because they sometimes operate locally
to a considerable extent in adding permanent and solid
matter to the surface of the Globe.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
List of the Names of the Plants and Animals, represented in
Pl. 1. to denote the prevailing Types of Vegetable and
Animal Life, during the formation of the three great divi-
sions of stratified Rocks.
REFERENCES.
r. recent. f. fossil. Ad. B. Adolphe Brongniart.
L. Lindley. Ag. Agassiz. P. Page of Vol. I.
Remains in Transition Strata.
LAND PLANTS.
1. Araucaria. Norfolk Island Pine. r. & f. P. 364.
2. Equisetum. r. & f. P. 346.
3. Calamites nodosus. f. (L. Pl. 16.)
4. Asterophillites comosa. f. (L. 108.)
5. Asterophyllites foliosa. f. (L. 25.)
6. Aspidium. r. Pecopteris. f.
7. Cyathea glauca, Tree Fern. r. (Ad. B. Hist. Veg.
Foss. Pl. 38.) P. 349.
8. Osmunda. r.* Neuropteris. f.
9. Lycopodium cernuum. r. (from Mirbel.) P. 350.
10. Lycopodium alopecuroides. r. (from Mirbel.) P. 350.
11. Lepidodendron Sternbergii. f.
12. Lepidodendron gracile? f.
13. Flabelliform Palm. r. (from Mirbel.) Palmacites. f.
MARINE ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
14. Acanthodes. f. Ag.
15. Catopterus. f. Ag.
16. Amblypterus. f. Ag.
17. Orodus, extinct Shark. f. (imaginary restoration.)
* An error in this figure represents the fructification as branching from
the tallest frond, instead of rising by a separate rachis from the root.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
13
18. Čestracion Phillippi, Port Jackson Shark. r. (Phillip.)
P. 220.*
18'. Palatal Tooth of Cestacion Phillippi. r.
19. Tooth of Psammodus, from Derbyshire limestone. f.
19'. Tooth of Orodus, from Mountain limestone, near
Bristol. f.
20. Calymene. f.)
21. Paradoxus. f. Trilobites. P. 295.
22. Asaphus. f. )
23. Euomphalus. f.
24. Producta. f.
25. Spirifer. f.
26. Actinocrinites. f. (Miller, P. 96.) P. 314.
27. Platycrinites. f. (Miller, P. 74.1)
27*. Fucoides circinatus. f. (Ad. B.) From Transition
sand-stone, Sweden.
28. Caryophyllia. r. & f.
29. Astrea. r. & f.
30. Turbinolia. r. & f.
Remains in Secondary Strata.
LAND PLANTS.
31. Pinus. r. & f.
32. Thuia. r. & f.
33. Cycas circinalis. r. Cycadites. f.
34. Cycas revoluta. r. Cycadites. f.
35. Zamia horida. r. Zamia. f.
36. Dracæna. r. Allied to Bucklandia and Clathraria. f.
37. Arborescent Fern. r. P. 350.
38. Pteris aquilina. r. Pecopteris. f.
* This shark is the only known living representative of the extinct genus
Psammodus.
† Fig. 27. In most, if not all the species of Platycrinites the arms are
subdivided; they are not so in this figure, as from its small size they could not
well be represented. The figure is intended to give only a general idea of
the subject.
VOL. II-2


14
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
39. Scolopendrium. r.
rough. f.
Tæniopteris in Oolite Scarbo-
LAND ANIMALS.
40. Didelphys. r. Stonesfield slate, 2 small species. f.
41. Didelphys. r. Cheirotherium ? f. P. 203.
42. Pterodactylus brevirostris. f.
43. Pterodactylus crassirostris. f.
44. Gavial. r. Allied to Teleosaurus. f.
45. Iguana. r. Iguanodon. f.
46. Testudo, Land Tortoise. r. Scales of Tortoises, at
Stonesfield, Oxon. f. Footsteps of Tortoises, Dum-
fries. f.
47. Emys. r. Soleure. f.
48. Buprestis. r. Stonesfield. f.
49. Libellula. r. Solenhofen. f.
MARINE ANIMALS, AND PLANTS.
50. Plesiosaurus. f.
51. Ichthyosaurus. f.
52. Marine Turtle. r. At Luneville, in Muschel Kalk. f.
P. 196.
53. Pygopterus. f. (Ag. Vol. I. Pl. D. 3.) In Magnesian
Limestone.
54. Dapedium, in Lias. f.
55. Hybodus. f. Extinct genus of Sharks. (Imaginary
restoration.)
56. Loligo. r. Lyme Regis. f.
57. Nautilus Pompilius. r. Many species. f.
58. Ammonites Bucklandi. f. Peculiar to Lias.
59. Astacus. r. & f.
60. Limulus, King Crab. r. Solenhofen. f.
61. Trigonia. f. New Holland. r.
62. Ophiura. r. & f.
63. Asterias. r. & f.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I,
15
64. Echinus. r. & f.
65. Apiocrinites. f.
65°. Fucoides recurves. f. (Ad. B. Hist. Veg. Foss.
Pl. 5. Fig. 2.)
Remains in Tertiary Strata.
LAND PLANTS.
66. Mauritia aculeata. r. (Martius, T. 44.) Palmacites.
Lamanonis. f. P. 166.
67. Elaeis guineensis. r. (Martius, T. 56.) Fruits of
Pinnate Palms. f. P. 386.
68. Cocos nucifera. r. (Martius, Pl. 62.) Fossil Cocoa-
nut, Sheppy, Brussels. P. 386.
69. Pinus, Pine. r. & f.
70. Ulmus, Elm. r. & f.
71. Popolus, Poplar. r. & f.
72. Salix, Willow. r. &. f.
LAND ANIMALS OF FIRST PERIOD.
Birds.
73. Scolopax, Woodcock. r. & f.
74. Ibis. r. & f.
75. Tringa, Sea Lark. r. & f.
76. Coturnix, Quail. r. & f.
77. Strix, Owl. r. & f.
78. Buteo, Buzzard. r. & f.
79. Phalacrocorax, Cormorant. r. Pelecanus. f.
. Reptiles.
80. Emys, Fresh-water Tortoise. r. & f.
81. Trionyx, Soft Tortoise. r. & f.
82. Crocodilus, Crocodile. r. & f.
Mammifers.
83. Vespertilio, Bat. r. & f.
84. Sciurus, Squirrel. r. & f.
85, Myoxus, Dormouse. r. & f.


16
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
86. Castor, Beaver. r. & f.
87. Genetta, Genet. r. &. f.
88. Nasua, Coati. r. & f.
89. Procyon, Racoon. r. & f..
90. Canis Vulpes, Fox. r. & f.
91. Canis Lupus, Wolf. r. & f.
92. Didelphys, Opossum, small. r. &. f.
93. Anoplotherium commune. f..
94. Anoplotherium gracile. f.
95. Palæotherium magnum. f.
96. Palæotherium minus. f.
MARINE ANIMALS..
Mollusks.
ſa. Planorbis. r. & f.
b. Limnæa. r. & f.
c. Conus. r. & f.
d. Bulla. r. & f.
e. Cypræa. r. & f.
f. Ampullaria. r. & f.
Genera of Shells most
g. Scalaria. r. & f.
characteristic of the
h. Cerithium.. r. & f.
Tertiary Periods ..
j. Cassis. r. & f.
j. Pyrula. r. & f.
k. Fusus. r. & f..
1. Voluta, r. & f.
m. Buccinum. r. & f.
in. Rostellaria. r. & f.
Mammifers.
97. Phoca, Seal. r. & f.
98. Trichechus, Walrus. r. & f.
99. Delphinus Orca, (Phocæna, Cuv.) Grampus. r. Del-
phinus. f.
100. Manatus, Lamantin. r. & f.
101. Balena, Whale. r. & f..


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
17
LAND ANIMALS.*
Birds.
( 102. Columba, Pigeon. r. & f.
103. Alauda, Lark. r. & f.
104. Corvus, Raven. r. & f.
( 105. Anas, Duck. r. & f.
Aves ....
Ruminantia ...
Rodentia
....
Carnivora ....
Mammifers.
106. Alces, Elk. r. & f.
107. Elaphus, Stag. r. & f..
108. Bos Urus, Bison. r. & f.
( 109. Bos Taurus. Ox. r. & f.
110. Lepus, Hare. r. & f.
( 111. Urus, Bear. r. & f.
112. Mustela, Weasel. r. & f.
113. Hyæna. r. & f.
( 114. Felis, Tiger. r. & f.
( 115. Sus, Hog. r. & f.
116. Equus, Horse. r. &. f.
117. Rhinoceros. r. & f.
118. Hippopotamus. r. & f.
119. Elephas. r. Mammoth. f.
Pachydermata ..
Animal of the present Epoch, supposed to have recently be-
come extinct.
120. Didus, Dodo. r. & f.
The bones of the Dodo have been found under lava of
unknown age in the Isle of France, and in a cavern in the
Island of Roderigue. See Zoological Journal, 1828, p. 554,
Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. II. p. 442. and London and
Edin. Phil. Mag. Dec. 1832.
* Many of the following genera occur both in the second, third and fourth
formations of the Tertiary series, and also in Caverns, Fissures, and Dilu.
vium.
2*


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.
Plate 2. V. 1. p. 64.
still farthes a small magnified
A. Jaw of Didelphys, Bucklandi (Magnified to twice nat..
size,) in the Collection of W. I. Broderip, Esq., and
described by him in the Zoological Journal, V. III. p.
408, Pl. XI. (Broderip.)
2. Second molar tooth magnified.
5. Fifth molar tooth still farther magnified.
B. Fragment of lower Jaw of a small Didelphys from
Stonesfield, in the Oxford Museum, (magnified one-
third.) This jaw has been examined by Cuvier,.
and is figured by M. Prevost, Ann. de Sci. Nat. Avr.
1825, p. 389, Pl. 18. The removal of a part of the
bone displays the double roots of the teeth, in their
alveoli, and the form of the teeth shows the animal
to have been insectivorous. (Original.)
4. Fourth molar tooth magnified.
9. Ninth molar tooth magnified.
C. 1. Lower Jaw of Dinotherium giganteum, (Tapirus.
Giganteus, Cuv.) The length of this Jaw, including
the Tusk, is nearly four feet. V. I. p. 110. (Kaup.)
2. Lower Jaw and part of upper Jaw of Dinotherium
medium. (Kaup.)
3. Jaw of Dinotherium medium, exhibiting the Crown of
five molar teeth, most nearly resembling those of a
Tapir. (Kaup.*)
* All these unique remains of Dinotherium are preserved in the Museum
at Darmstadt; they were found in a Sand pit containing marine shells at
Epplesheim near Alzey, about forty miles N. W. of Darmstadt, and are de.
scribed by Professor Kaup.
Bones of Dinotherium have lately been found in Tertiary Fresh-water
limestone, near Orthes, at the foot of the Pyrenees; and with them, remains
of a new Genus, allied to Rhinoceros ; of several unknown species of Deer;.
and of a Dog, or Wolf, the size of a Lion.
Our figures of Dinotherium are copied from the Atlas of Kaup's Descripta
tion d'Ossemens fossiles de Mammifères, Darmstadt, 1832-3..


EXPLANATION OF PLATES
19
PLATE 3.
V. I. p. 70.
Imaginary restoration of four species of Pachydermata,
found in the Gypsum Quarries of Mont Martre.. (Cuvier.)
PLATE 4. V. I.. pp. 70,73.
Nearly perfect skeletons of the four species of fossil ani..
mals, whose restored figures are given in the last Plate..
(Cuvier.)
PLATE 5.
V. I. p. 112..
1. Skeleton of Megatherium, copied from Pander and
D’Alton's figure of the nearly perfect skeleton of this
animal, in the Museum at Madrid.
2. Bones of the Pelvis of the Megatherium, discovered by
Woodbine Parish, Esq.. near Buenos Ayres, and now
placed in the Museum of the Royal College of Sur-
geons, London. The bones of the left hind-leg, and
several of those of the foot, are restored nearly to.
their natural place. (Original.)
3. Front view of the left Femur.
4. Front view of the left Tibia and Fibula.
5. Bones of the foot, imperfectly restored.
5'. Large ungual bone, supposed to be that of a Toe of
the hind-foot.
6–11. Teeth of Megatherium..
From the near approximation of this animal to the living Tapir, we may
infer that it was furnished with a Proboscis, by means of which it conveyed
to its mouth the Vegetables it raked from the bottom of Lakes and Rivers
by its Tusks and Claws. The bifid ungual bone (Kaup, Add. Tab. 11,)
discovered with the other remains of Dinotherium, having the remarkable
bifurcation which is found in no living Quadrupeds, except Pangolins, seems
to have borne a Claw, like that of these animals, possessing peculiar advan-
tages for the purpose of scraping and digging; and indicating functions, con..
current with those of the Tusks and Scapulæ. (see Vol. I. Page 110.)


20
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 6. 7.
12, 13. Armour supposed to be that of Megatherium. *
14–19. Armour of Dasypus and Chlamyphorus.
PLATE 6.
V. I. p. 118.
1. Sections of Teeth of Megatherium, illustrating the re-
lative dispositions of the Ivory, Enamel, and Crusta
petrosa, or Cementum. (Original. Clift.)
2. Posterior surface of a caudal vertebra of Megatherium
exhibiting enormous transverse processes. On its
lower margin are seen the articulating surfaces
which received the chevron bone; the superior spi-
nous process is broken off. V. I. p. 121. (Sir F.
Chantrey. Original.)
PLATE 7.
V. I. p. 133.
Ichthyosaurus platyodon from the Lias at Lyme Regis,
discovered by T. Hawkins, Esq. and deposited in the Bri-
tish Museum, together with all the other splendid fossil re-
mains that are engraved in his memoirs of Ichthyosauri
and Plesiosauri. This animal, though by no means full
grown, must have measured twenty-four feet in length. The
,extremity of the tail, and left fore paddle, and some lost
* Mr. Darwin has recently discovered the Remains of Megatherium along
an extent of nearly six hundred miles, in a North and South line, in the great
sandy plains of Pampas of Buenos Ayres, accompanied by bones and Teeth
of at least five other Quadrupeds. He has also found that the Bones of this
Animal are so often accompanied by those of the Mastodon angustidens, as
to leave no doubt that these two extinct species were contemporary
I learn from Professor Lichstenstein, that a fresh importation of Bones of
Megatherium, and bony armour has lately been sent to Berlin from Buenos
Ayres, and that there remains no room to doubt that some portion of this ar-
mour appertained to the Megatherium.
It appears very probable, from more recent discoveries, that several other
large and small animals, armed with a similar coat of mail, were co-inhabi-
tants of the same sandy regions with the Megatherium.


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 8. 9. 10.
21
fragments of the rest of the skeleton, are artificially restored.
(Hawkins.)
Plate 8. V. I. p. 135.
1. Skeleton of a young Ichthyosaurus communis, in the
collection of the Geological Society of London, found
in the Lias at Lyme Regis. (Scharf. Original.)
2. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, from Lyme Regis, belong-
ing to Sir Astley Cooper. (Scharf. Original.)
PLATE 9. V. I. p. 135.
1 and 2. Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, from the Lias near
Glastonbury, in the collection of the Rev. Dr. Wil-
liams, of Bleaden, near Bristol. The position of the
ribs is distorted by pressure. Scharf. Original.)
3. View of the right side of the head of the same animal.
(Original.)
PLATE 10.
V. I. pp. 135, 137.
1. Head of Ichthyosaurus platyodon, in the British Mu-.
seum, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, copied from
Sir E. Home's figure in the Phil. Trans. 1814.
2. Copied from Mr. Conybeare's figure, (in the Geol.
Trans. Lond. 0. S. Pl. XL. Fig. 11.) showing the
analogies between the bones of the head of Ichthyo-
saurus, and those which Cuvier has marked by cor-
responding letters in his figure of the head of the
Crocodile.
3. Two of the bony plates in the sclerotic coat of the
Eye of Ichthyosaurus platyodon.
4. Circle of bony plates in the Eye of the snowy Owl..
(Yarrel.)
5. Circle of similar plates in the Eye of the golden Eagle.
(Yarrel.)


22
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10.
6. Front view of bony plates in the Eye of an Iguana.
7. Profile of the same.
8. Two of the fourteen component scales of the same.
I owe these last three figures to the kindness of Mr. Allis
of York.
A 1, 2, 3, 4. Petrified portions of the skin of a small
Ichthyosaurus, from the Lias of Barrow on Soar,
Leicestershire, presented to the Oxford Museum, by
the Rev. Robert Gutch, of Segrave. (Original.)
In Fig. 1; a, b, c, d, are portions of ribs, and e, f, g, h,
are fragments of sterno-costal bones (nat. size.)
The spaces between these bones, are covered with the
remains of skin; the Epidermis being represented by a deli-
cate film, and the Rete mucosum by fine threads of white
Carbonate of Lime; beneath these the Corium, or true
skin, is preserved in the state of dark Carbonate of Lime,
charged with black volatile matter, of a bituminous and
oily consistence.
2. Magnified representation of the Epidermis and Rete
mucosum. The fine superficial lines represent the
minute wrincles of the Epidermis, and the subjacent
larger decussating lines, the vascular net-work of the
Rete mucosum.
In Fig. 3, the Epidermis exhibits a succession of coarser
and more distant folds or wrinkles overlying the
mesh-work of the Rete mucosum.
In Fig. 4, the Epidermis has perished, and the texture
of the fine vessels of the Rete mucosum is exhibited
in strong relief, over the black substance of the sub-
jacent Corium, in the form of a net-work of white
threads.*
* Nothing certain has hitherto been known respecting the dermal
covering of the Ichthyosauri; it might have been conjectured that
these reptiles were incased with horny scales, like Lizards, or that
their skin were set with dermal bones, like those on the back of Cros


EXPLANATION OF PLAT
PLATE 11.
V. I. p. 138..
1. Side View of the head of an Ichthyosaurus, marking
by corresponding letters, the analogies to Cuvier's
figures of the same bones in the head of the Croco-
dile. (Conybeare.)
2. Posterior part of a lower jaw of Ichthyosaurus com-
munis, in the Oxford Museum. (Conybeare.]
3–7. Sections presented by the component bones of Fig.
2 in fractured parts above each section. (Conybeare.)
8. View of the lower jaw of Ichthyosaurus seen from
codiles ; but as the horny scales of Fishes, and dermal bones of Crocodilean
animals are preserved in the same Lias with the bones of Ichthyosauri, we
may infer that if the latter animals had been furnished with any similar
appendages, these would also have been preserved, and long ere this dis.
covered, among the numerous remains that have been so assiduously collected
from the Lias. They would certainly have been found in the case of the
individual now before us, in which even the Epidermis, and vessels of the
Rete Mucosum have escaped destruction.
Similar black patches of petrified skin are not unfrequently found attached
to the skeletons of Ichthyosauri from Lyme Regis, but no remains from any
other soft parts of the body have yet been noticed.
The preservation of the skin shows that a short interval only elapsed be-
tween the death of the animal, and its interment in the muddy sediment of
which the Lias is composed.
Among living reptiles, the Betrachians afford an example of an
order in which the skin is naked, having neither scales or dermal
bones.
In the case of Lizards and Crocodiles, the scaly, or bony coverings protect
the skin from injury by friction against the hard substances with which
they are liable to come into contact upon the land; but to the Ichthyosauri
which lived exclusively in the sea, there would seem to have been no more
need of the protection of scales or dermal bones, than to the naked skin of
the Cetacea.
In the case of Plesiosauri also, the non-discovery of the remains of any
dermal appendages with the perfect skeletons of animals of that genus,
leads to a similar inference, that they too had a naked skin. The same
negative argument applies to the flying Reptile Family of Pterodac.
tyles.


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 12. 13.
25
A. Hollow conical Vertebræ of a fish. (Original.)
B. C. D. Vertebræ of Ichyosaurus. See note, V. I. p.
212. (Home and Conybeare.)
D. a. g. E. a. g. Spinous processes, showing the peculiar
articulation of their annular portions, with the Ver-
tebræ, to be adapted to increase the flexibility of the
spine. See Note, V. I. p. 134. (Home.)
PLATE 13.
V. I. p. 149.
Skeleton of a small Ichthyosaurus, from the Lias at Lyme
Fig. 4, b. Oblique triangular facet on the lower margin of the front of the
Atlas; this facet articulated with the first sub-vertebral wedge, placed be-
tween the Atlas and Occiput.
Between the Atlas and Axis, the two sub-vertebral facets formed a trian.
gular cavity for the reception of a second wedge (Fig. 4. c.) and a similar,
but smaller cavity received another wedge of the same kind, between the
Axis and third Vertebra. This third wedge gave less support to the head,
and admitted of more extensive motion than the second. All these three
wedge-shaped bones are seen nearly in their natural position in a specimen
from Lyme Regis, in the Collection of Sir P. G. Egerton.
Fig. 4'. First sub-vertebral wedge, auxiliary to the anterior cavity of the
Atlas, in completing the articulating socket for the basilar process of the Oce
ciput (3. a.)
4. a. Crescent-shaped front of the first sub-vertebral wedge.
4'. b. Head of the same Wedge.
4'. c. Obtuse apex of the same, articulating with the triangular frontal
facet of the Atlas (4. b.) In young animals this frontal facet is nearly
smooth and flat; in older animals (3. b.) it is rugged and furrowed. This
articulation must have given to the first sub-vertebral wedge great power
as a stay or prop, to resist the downward pressure of the head, at the same
time facilitating the rotatory movements of the Occipital bone.
Fig. 4. c. Second sub-vertebral wedge articulating with the triangular
cavity formed by the marginal facets of the Atlas and Axis. This second
Wedge acted as a strong prop supporting firmly the lower portion of the
Atlas, and at the same time admitting the small amount of motion here re-
quired.
c's Head of the sub-vertebral wedge (c) strengthened by a projecting
boss of solid bone.
VOL. II.-3


26
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14.
Regis, presented to the Oxford Museum by Viscount Cole,
enclosing within its ribs scales, and digested bones of Fishes,
in the state of Coprolite. This coprolitic mass seems nearly
to retain the form of the stomach of the animal. c, Coracoid
bone. d, Scapula. e, Humerus. f, Radius. g, Ulna. (Scharf,
Original.)
Plate 14. V. I. p. 152.
Skeleton of the Trunk of a small Ichthyosaurus in the
Fig. 5. Nearly flat articular surface of (probably) the third cervical ver-
tebra of the same large Individual as Fig. 3. This surface of the bone has
only a small cylindrical depression at its centre, instead of the deep, conical
cup of the more flexible vertebræ, C. B. E.
Near its upper margin is a wedge-shaped elevation (b) and near the infe-
rior margin, a notch or furrow (a.) These salient and re-entering portions
articulated with corresponding depressions and projections on the surface of
the adjacent vertebra, and acted as pivots, admitting a limited amount of la-
teral vibrations, and at the same time preventing any slip, or dislocation.
Fig. 6. Concave surface of Fig. 5.; the wedge-shaped projection near its
lower margin (a) must have articulated with a corresponding groove or
depression on the front of the vertebra adjacent to it, like that at (Fig.
5. a.) As one surface only of these vertebræ had a conical cavity, the inter-
vertebral substance must have formed a single cone, admitting in the neck
but half the amount of motion, that the double cones of intervertebral
matter allowed to the dorsal and caudal vertebræ, (C. B. E.) where greater
flexure was required, to effect progressive motion by vibrations of the body
and tail.
These dispositions of the articulating facets of the cervical vertebræ, act-
ing in conjunction with the three sub-vertebral wedges before described,
afford an example of peculiar provisions in the neck of these gigantic Rep-
tiles, to combine a diminished amount of flexure in this part, with an in.
creased support to their enormous heads.
It is probable that every species of Ichthyosaurus had peculiar variations
in the details of the cervical vertebræ, and sub-vertebral wedges, and that in
each species these variations were modified by age.
In the Gavial Mr. Mantell has recently observed that the first caudal ver.
tebra is doubly convex, like the last cervical vertebra in Turtles. These peculiar
contrivances give to the animals in which they occur increased flexibility of
the Tail and Neck.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15.
27
Oxford Museum, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, containing
within the ribs, a coprolitic mass of digested bones, inter-
spersed with scales of fishes. â, Furcula. b, Clavicle, c,
Coracoid bone. d, Scapula. e, Humerus. (Fisher. Ori-
ginal.)
PLATE 15.
V. I. p. 147.
The specimens are all of the natural size except where
the figures denote otherwise. (Original.)
1 and 2. Intestines of the two most common English
species of Dog-Fishes, injected with Roman cement.
The vascular structure, which is still apparent in
the dessicated membrane, resembles the impressions
on the surface of many Coprolites.
3. Coprolite from the Lias at Lyme, exhibiting the spiral
folding of the plate of digested bone, and impressions
of the intestinal vessels and folds upon its surface.
(See Note, V. I. p. 152. et seq.)
3'. Magnified scale of Pholidophorus limbatus, embedded
in the surface of the Coprolite, Fig. 3. This scale
is one of those that compose the lateral line, by which
a tube passes to convey mucus, from the head, along
the body of fishes; a. is the hook, on the superior
margin, which is received by a depression on the
inferior margin of the scale above it, corresponding
with b.; C. is the serrated edge of the posterior
margin, perforated at e. for the passage of thé mu-
cous duct; d. is a tube on the interior surface of the
scale to carry and protect the mucous duct. (See
note V. I. p. 150.)
3". Exterior of the scale 3'.; the same parts are repre-
sented by the same letters; the larger portion is
covered with enamel; the smaller portion next d. is
the bony root forming the anterior margin of the
scale.


28
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15.
4. Transverse section of another Coprolite from Lyme,
showing the internal foldings of the plate, with sec-
tions of scales of fishes embedded in it.
5. Exterior of a spiral Coprolite, from the Chalk Marl,
near Lewes, showing folds and vascular impressions
analogous to those in No. 3.
6. Longitudinal section of another Coprolite, from the
same Chalk Marl, showing the spiral manner in
which the plate was folded round itself.
7. Exterior of another spiral Coprolite, from the Chalk
at Lewes, showing vascular impressions on its sur-
face, and the transverse fracture of the spiral fold
at b.
In many other figures of Plate 15, a similar abrupt
termination of the coiled plate is visible at b.
8,9. Two other small species of spiral Coprolites in chalk;
these as well as Figs. 5, 6, 7, are probably derived
from fishes found with them in the chalk, near Lewes.
10, 11, 12. Coprolites from the Lias at Lyme, exhibiting
well-defined characters of the spiral fold, with vascua
lar impressions on their surface.
13. Similar appearances on a Coprolite found by Dr. Mor-
ton in the Greensand of Virginia.
14. Coprolite from the Lias at Lyme, bearing strong cor-
rugations, the result of muscular pressure received
from the intestines.
15. Transverse section, showing the abrupt termination of
the folded plate in Fig. 14, and representing the flat-
tened form of the spiral intestine.
16. Longitudinal section of the intestinal tube of a recent
Shark, showing the spiral valve that winds round its
interior, in the form of an Archimedes screw; a
similar spiral disposition of the interior is found in
intestines of Dog-Fishes, Figs, 1 and 2.


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 15'. 16. 17. 18.
29
17. Coprolite from Lyme, containing large scales of Da.
pedium politum.
18. Coprolite from the Lias at Lyme, containing undi-
gested bones of a small Ichthyosaurus.
PLATE 15'. V. I. p. 156.
Cololite, or petrified intestines of a fossil fish from Solen-
hofen. (Goldfuss.)
Plate 16. V. I. p. 157.
1. Conjectural Restoration of the Skeleton of Plesiosaurus
dolichodeirus. (Conybeare.)
2. Skeleton of Plesiosaurus delichodeirus, in the British
Museum, from the Lias at Lyme Regis. (Scharf.,
Original.)
Plate 17. V. I. p. 158.
· A nearly entire and unique skeleton of Plesiosaurus doli-
chodeirus, 5 feet 7 inches long, from the Lias of Street, near
Glastonbury. This skeleton forms part of the splendid
series of fossil Saurians, purchased for the British Museum,
from T. Hawkins, Esq. in 1834. See V. I. p. 162, and
Note. (Hawkins.)
PLATE 18. V. I. p. 160, Note.
1. Under jaw of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, forming part
of the series last mentioned. (Original.)
2. Head of the Plesiosaurus, figured in Pl. 16. Fig. 2. seen
from beneath. (Original.)
3. Ventral portion of the ribs of the Plesiosaurus, figured
in Pl. 17. See V. I. p. 162. (Original.)
a. c. Central bones forming the crown of the sterno.costal
arch. b. triple series of intermediate bones between
the central bones, a. C. and the true ribs, d. d. e. ex
lower extremity of coracoid bones.
3*


30
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
PLATE. 19. V. I. p. 160.
Fig. 1. A beautiful specimen of Plesiosaurus macroce-
phalus hitherto undescribed, found in the Lias marl
at Lyme Regis, by Miss Anning, and now in the col-.
lection of Lord Cole. (Original.)
On comparing this figure with those of P. Dolichodeirus
at Pl. 16, 17. The following differences are obvious :::
1. The head is very much larger and longer, being nearly
one-half the length of the neck.
2. The vertebræ of the neck are thicker and stronger in:
proportion to the greater weight they had to sustain.
3. The hatchet-shaped bones differ in form and size, as
may be seen by comparing them with those of P. dolicho-.
deirus. Pl. 19. Fig. 2. and Pl. 17.
4. The bones of the arm and thigh are shorter and
stronger than in P. Dolichodeirus, and corresponding dif-
ferences may be traced throughout the smaller bones of the
Paddles; the general adjustment of all the proportions
being calculated to produce greater strength in the P. Ma-
crocephalus, than in the more slender limbs of P. Dolicho-,
deirus.
These differences are not the effect of age; as the two.
specimens, from which they are here described, are nearly
of the same lengtk.
Fig. 2. Hatchet-shaped bones of the neck of Plesiosaurus:
Dolichodeirus, copied from the specimen figured in
Pl. 17.
3. Anterior extremity of an insulated lower Jaw of Ple-
siosaurus, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, in the Bri-
tish Museum, part of the collection of Mr. Hawkins.
V. I. p. 160. Note. (Original.)
4. The entire bone, of which Fig. 3. forms part, reduced:
to a small scale,


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 21. 22..
q. Os pterygoideum.
r. Os transversum.
s. Os palatinum.
t. Processus palatinus maxillæ superioris.
v. Pars augularis inferior maxillæ inferioris.
w. Pars angularis superior..
x. Pars condyloidea.
y. Pars complementaria, Cuv. (coronalis, auctor.)
z. Os hyoideum..
I. Atlas.
II. Epistropheus.
III–VII. Vertebræ colli.
VIII—XXII. Vertebræ dorsi.
XXIII. XXIV. Vertebræ lumborum..
XXV. XXVI. Os sacrum..
XXVII. Ossa coccygea.
XXVIII. Sternum.
1-15. Costæ.
16. Scapula.
17. Os coracoideum.,
18. Ilium.
19. Os pubis.
20. Os ischium.
21. Humerus.
22. Ulna.
23. Radius.
24. Carpus.
25. Os metacarpi primum s. pollicis..
26. 0. m. secundum.
27. 0. m. tertium..
28. O. m., quartum.
29. O. m. quintum. .
30, 31. Phalanges pollicis..
32–34. Ph. indicis.
35-38. Ph. digiti medii..


34
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 23..
by Dr. Goldfuss. No authority for this seems to be
afforded by the fossil specimen N.
H. Right foot P. longirostris. (Cuvier.)
I. Foot of P. macronyx. (Buckland.)
K. Hind-foot of a Bat.
L. Skeleton of Draco volans. (Carus. Comp. Anat. P.
370.) showing the elongated bones, or false ribs,
which support the membranous expansion of its Pa-
rachute.
M. Skeleton of a Bat. (Cheselden.)
N. Skeleton of P. crassirostris, in the Museum at Bonn,
in Solenhofen slate. (Goldfuss.)
0. Skeleton of P. brevirostris, near Aichstadt, in the
same slate. (Goldfuss.)
P. Imaginary restoration of Pterodactyles, with a co-
temporary Libellula, and Cycadites.
PLATE 23. V. I. p. 180.
Fig. 1'. Anterior extremity of the right jaw of Mega-
losaurus, from the Stonesfield slatė, Oxon. (Buck-
land.)
Fig. 2. Outside view of the same, exhibiting near the
extremity, large perforations of the bone for the pas-
sage of vessels. (Buckland.)
Fig. 1. Tooth of Megalosaurus, incomplete towards the
root, and seen laterally as in Fig. 1. Nat. size.
(Buckland.)
Fig. 2. Side view of a tooth nearly arrived at maturity.
The dotted lines mark the compressed conical cavity,
containing Pulp, within the Root of the growing tooth.
Scale two-thirds. (Buckland.)
Fig. 3, Transverse section of Fig. 1'. showing the thick-
ness of the largest tooth (a.) and its root set deep
and firmly in the bony socket, which descends


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 24, 25.
nearly to the bottom of the Jaw. Scales two-thirds.
(Buckland.)
Fig. 4. Transverse section of the tooth (Fig. 2.) showing
the manner in which the back and sides are enlarged,
and rounded in order to give strength, and the front
brought to a strong and thin cutting edge at D'.
(Buckland.)
PLATE 24.
V. I. p. 184.
Fossil Teeth and bony nasal horn of Iguanodon; and
lower Jaw and Teeth of Iguana. (Mantell and Original.)
In Mr. Mantell's collection there is a perfect thigh bone
of this animal, 3 feet 8 inches long, and 35 inches in circum-
ference at its largest and lower extremity.
PLATE 25. V. I. p. 191.
Fig. 1. Fossil Crocodilean found at Saltwick near
Whitby, eighteen feet long, and preserved in the
Museum of that town. This figure is copied from
Plate XVI. of Bird and Young's Geol. Survey of
the Yorkshire coast. As this appears to be the
same species with that engraved in the Phil. Trans.
1758, Vol. 50. Pt. 2. Tab. 22, and Tab. 30, and
presented to the Royal Society by Captain Chap-
man, Mr. König has applied to it the name of Teleo-
saurus Chapmanni.
Fig. 2. Another head of Teleosaurus Chapmanni, also in
the Museum at Whitby, and from the Lias of that
neighbourhood. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Head of a third Individual of the same species
from the same locality, placed in 1834, in the British
Museum, showing the outside of the lower Jaw.
(Young and Bird.)
Fig. 4. View of the inside of a lower Jaw of the same
,


36
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 25'. 26. 26'.
species, in the Oxford Museum, from the Great
Oolite, at Enslow, near Woodstock, Oxon. (Ori-
ginal.)
PLATE 25'.
V. I. p. 192.
Fig. 1. Head of a Crocodile found in 1831, by E. Spencer,
Esq. in the London Clay, of the Isle of Sheppy. See
V. I. p. 192. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Extremity of the upper and lower Jaw of Teleo.
saurus in the Oxford Museum, from the , Great
Oolite at Stonesfield, Oxon. See V. I. p. 193. (Ori-
ginal.)
Fig. 3. Anterior extremity of the upper Jaw of Steneo-
saurus, in the Museum of Geneva, from Havre;
the same species occur in the Kimmeridge Clay of
Shotover hill, near Oxford. See V. I. p. 192. (De
la Beche.)
Fig. 4. Fossil Turtle, from the slate of Glaris. See V. I.
p. 196. (Cuvier.)
0
PLATE 26.
V. I. p. 198.
Fossil Footsteps indicating the Tracks of ancient animals,
probably Tortoises, on the New Red Sand-stone near Dum.
fries. (From a cast presented by Rev. Dr. Duncan.)
PLATE 26'. V. I. p. 201.
Fig. 1. Impressions of footsteps of several unknown ani-
mals upon a slab of New Red Sand-stone found at
the depth of eighteen feet in a quarry at Hessberg,
near Hilderburghausen in Saxony. (Sickler.)
The larger footsteps a. b. c. are referred to an
animal named provisionally, Chirotherium. The
fore-feet of this animal were less by one half than
the hind-feet, and the tracks of all the feet are


38
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26"'.
which lies in the middle region of that large, and widely
extended series of Sand-stones, and Conglomerates, Lime-
stones, and Marl, which English Geologists have usually
designated by the common appellation of the New red
Sandstone Group, including all the strata that are interposed
between the Coal formation, and the Lias.
M. Brongniart, in his Terrain de l'Ecorce du Globe, 1829,
has applied to this middle division the very appropriate
name of Terrain Pæcilien, (from the Greek toxínos), a term
equivalent to the names Bunter Sandstein, and Grés bigarré,
which it bears in Germany and France; and indicating the
same strata which, in England, we call the new Red Sand-
stone. (See Plate 1. Section No. 17.)
Mr. Conybeare, in his Report on Geology to the British
Association at Oxford, 1832 (Page 379, and P. 405, Note,)
has proposed to extend the term Pæcilitic to the entire
Group of strata between the Coal formation and the Lias;
including the five formations designated in our section
(Pl. 1, No. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,) by the names of New Red
Conglomerate, Magnesian Limestone, Variegated Sand-
stone, Shell Limestone, and Variegated Marl. Some com-
mon appellative for all these formations has been long a
desideratum in Geology; but the word Pæcilitic is in
sound so like to Pisolite, that it may be better to adhere
more literally to the Greek root wooxínos, and apply the
common name of Poikilitic group to the strata in ques-
tion.*
* The general reception of such a common name for all these strata, and
the reception of the Gruwacké series into the Cambrian and Salurian
systems, as proposed by Professor Sedgwick and Mr. Murchison, fwill afford
three nearly equal and most convenient groups or systems, into which the
strata composing the Transition and Secondary series may respectively be
divided; the former comprehending the Cambrian, Salurian, and Carboni.
ferous systems, and the latter comprehending the Poikilitic, Oolitic, and
Cretaceous Groups.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26.
PLATE 26.
Ornithichnites, or foot-marks of several extinct species of
birds, found in the New Red sand-stone of the Valley of the
Connecticut.* (Hitchcock.)
• In the American Journal of Science and Arts, January, 1836. V.
XXIX. No. 2. Professor Hitchcock has published a most interesting account
of his recent discovery of Ornithichnites, or foot-marks of birds in the New
Red sand-stone of the valley of the Connecticut. These tracks have been
found at various depths beneath the actual surface, in quarries of laminated
flag-stones, at five places near the banks of this river, within a distance of
thirty miles. The sand-stone is inclined from 5º, to 30°, and the Tracks ap-
pear to have been made on it before the strata received their inclination.
Seven of these tracks occur in three or four quarries within the space of a
few rods square; they are so distinct that he considers them to have been
made by as many different species, if not genera, of birds. (See Pl. 26a.
Figs. 1–14.
The footsteps appear in regular succession, on the continuous track of an
animal in the act of walking or running, with the right and left foot always
in their relative places.
The distance of the intervals between each footstep on the same track is
occasionally varied, but to no greater amount than may be explained by
the Bird having altered its pace. Many tracks of different individuals
and different species are often found crossing one another; they are some.
times crowded like impressions of feet on the muddy shores of a stream, or
pond, where Ducks and Geese resort. (See Pl. 26a. Figs. 12. 13. 14.)
None of the footsteps appear to be those of Web-footed Birds; they most
nearly resemble those of Grallæ, (Waders) or birds whose habits resemble
those of Grallæ. The impressions of three toes are usually distinct, ex.
cept in a few instances; that of the fourth or hind toe is mostly wanting, as
in the footsteps of modern Grallæ.
The most remarkable among these footsteps are those of a gigantic bird,
twice the size of an Ostrich, whose foot measured fifteen inches in length,
exclusive of the largest claw, which measured two inches. All the three
toes were broad and thick. (Pl. 26a. Fig. 1. and Pl. 26b. Fig. 1.) These
largest footsteps have as yet been found in one quarry only, at Mount Tom
near Northampton; here, four nearly parallel tracks of this kind were disco.
vered, and in one of them six footsteps appeared in regular succession, at


40
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26*.
The fossil tracks on this plate are all nearly on the same
scale: viz. one twenty-fourth. The recent footsteps are on
a larger scale.
the distance of four feet from one another. In others the distance varied
from four to six feet; the latter was probably the longest step of this gigantic
bird while running
Next in size to these are the footsteps of another enormous bird (Pl. 26a.
Fig. 4.) having three toes of a more slender character, measuring from
fifteen to sixteen inches long, exclusive of a remarkable appendage ex-
tending backwards from the heel eight or nine inches, and apparently in-
tended, like a snow.shoe to sustain the weight of a heavy animal walking
on a soft bottom. (See Pl. 26b. Fig. 2.) The impressions of this appen.
dage resemble those of wiry feathers, or coarse bristles, which seem to have
sunk into the mud and sand nearly an inch deep; the toes had sunk much
deeper, and round their impressions the mud was raised into a ridge several
inches high, like that around the track of an Elephant in Clay. The length
of the step of this Bird appears to have been sometimes six feet. On the
other tracks the steps are shorter, and the smallest impression indicates a
foot but one inch long, with a step of from three to five inches. (Pl. 26a. 2a
3. 5-14.)
In every track the length of the step increases with the size of the foot,
and is much longer in proportion than the steps of any existing species of
birds; hence it is inferred that these ancient birds had a greater length of
leg than even modern Grallæ. The steps at four feet asunder probably in-
dicate a leg of six feet long.
In the African Ostrich, which weighs 100lbs., and is nine feet high, the
length of the leg is about four feet, and that of the foot ten inches.
All these tracks appear to have been made on the Margin of shallow
water that was subject to changes of level, and in which sediments of sand and
mud were alternately deposited, and the length of leg, which must be inferred
from the distance of the footsteps from each other, was well adapted for
wading in such situations. No Traces of any Bones but those of fishes
(Palæothrissum) have yet been found in the rock containing these footsteps,
which are of the highest interest to the Palæonthologist, as they establish
the new fact of the existence of Birds at the early epoch of the New Red
sand-stone formation; and farther show that some of the most ancient forms
of this class attained a size, far exceeding that of the largest among the
feathered inhabitants of the present world, and were adapted for wading and
running, rather than for flight.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26".
41
Fig. 1. Ornithichnites giganteus. Many tracks of this
species occur at Mount Tom, near Northampton,
. U.S.
Fig. 2. O. tuberosus. Portions of three tracks, and a
single footstep of a fourth appear on the same slab.
The longest two of them are in opposite directions.
Fig. 3. O. tuberosus, on a slab in front of the Court House
in Northampton, from Mount Tom.
Fig. 4. O. Ingens, from a quarry called the Horse Race,
near Gill. The appendage to the heel is not distinct
in this track.
Fig. 5. O. diversus, on a flag-stone near the first church
door at Northampton, U. S.
Fig. 6. O. diversus. We have here three rows of tracks
and a single footstep, from the Horse Race Quarry.
These tracks show no marks of any appendage to
the heel
Fig. 7. O. diversus; found near South Hadley, U. S.
Fig. 8. (. diversus; curvilinear track from the Horse
Race Quarry.
Fig. 9. O. diversus. Two parallel tracks from the Horse
Race Quarry.
Fig. 10. O. diversus; nearly parallel tracks of two birds,
with an appendage behind each foot; from the quar-
ries at Montague, U. S.
Fig. 11. 0. minimus; common at the Horse Race
Quarry ; similar impressions of the feet of small
birds vary from half an inch to an inch and half in
length.
Figs. 12. 13. 14. 0. diversus; from the Horse Race
Quarry. Tracks of different individuals of different
species, and different sizes cross one another con-
fusedly in these three slabs.
Fig. 15. Recent track of probably a Snipe.


42
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 266. 27,
Fig. 16. Recent track of a Pea-hen.
Fig. 17. Recent track of a domestic hen
PLATE 266.
Fig. 1. Ornithichnites giganteus. The natural cast here
figured represents the form and size of the foot, and
part of the claws. (Hitchcock.)
Fig. 2. Ornithichnites diversus, with impressions of the
appendage to the heel, drawn from a plaster mould
sent by Prof. Hitchcock to the Geol. Soc. of London.
(Original.)
* Fig. 3. Track of a small animal on Oolitic slate near
Bath. See Journal of Royal Institution of London,
1831, p. 538, Pl. 5. (Poulett Scrope.*)
PLATE 27. V. I. p. 205.
Figs. 1–8. Tubercles and Scales, illustrating the four
new Orders of Fishes, extablished by Professor
Agassiz. (Agassiz.)
* Mr. Poulett Scrope has presented to the Geol. Soc. of London a series of
Slabs selected from the tile quarries worked in the Forest Marble beds of the
Oolite formation near Bradford and Bath. The surface of these beds is
covered with small undulations or ripple markings, such as are common on
the sand of every shallow shore, and also with numerous tracks of small
animals. (apparently Crustaceans) which traversed the sand in various
directions, whilst it was yet soft, and covered with a thin film of clay.
These foot.marks are in double lines parallel to each other, showing two inden-
tations, as if formed by small claws, and sometimes traces of a third claw.
(See Pl. 266, Fig. 3.) There is often also a third line of tracks between
the other two, as if produced by the tail or stomach of the animal touch.
ing the ground. Where the animal passed over the ridges of the ripple
markings or wrinkles on the sand, they are flattened and brushed down.
Thus a ridge between b. and d. (Pl. 266, Fig. 3) has been flattened,
and there is a hollow at e. on the steep side of the ridge, which may have
been produced by the animal slipping down or climbing up the accli-
vity.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27.
43
Fig. 8. a. Tube on the under surface of a scale for the
passage of the mucous duct. See V. I. Note, p.
150. (Agassiz.)
Fig. 9. Anterior extremity of the lower jaw of Holop-
tychius Hibberti, from the Limestone of Burdie
house, near Edinburgh. See Note, V. I. p. 209.
The rugged surface of this bone is very remarkable.
(Hibbert.)
Fig. 9'. Small teeth of Holoptychius Hibberti, fluted ex-
ternally towards their base, and having a hollow
cone within. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 9". A small tooth magnified. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 10. One of the larger teeth in the Jaw of Holop-
tychius Hibberti, deeply fluted at the base, and having
a hollow cone within. None of these teeth have
sockets, but they adhere by a bony attachment to
the jaw. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 11. Tooth of Holoptychius Hibberti. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 12. Tooth of Megalichthys Hibberti.* (Hibbert.)
Figs. 13, 14. Teeth of the Holoptychius Hibberti. (Hib-
bert.)
Figs. 11. 12. 13. 14. are from Burdie house.
* Since the discovery of Megalichthys, which we have quoted in V. I. p.
210, Mr. W. Anstice of Madeley, has found two jaws and punctate scales of
the same species, in nodules of Iron stone from the Coal field of Coalbrook
Dale; he has also found Ichthyodorulites, bones of fishes, and Coprolites,
forming the nuclei of other balls of the same Iron stone.
Mr. Murchison has still more recently (1835) discovered remains of the
Megalichthys, Holoptychius, and Coprolites, with several species of Unio, in
the Wolverhampton Coal field. These great Sauroid fishes, which were first
recognised at Edinburgh, in Sept. 1834, have also been detected in the Eng-
lish Coal fields of Newcastle on Tyne, Leeds, and Newcastle under Lyne.


44
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 27*. 276.
Plate 27*. V. I. p. 212.
Fig. 1. Lepidosteus osseus, or bony Pike of North Ame-
rica. (Agassiz. Vol. 2. Tab. A.)
Fig. 2. Portion of the lower jaw of Lipidosteus osseus,
showing the occurrence of a row of larger conical
hollow teeth, fluted externally, between two rows of
smaller Teeth. (Original.)
2. a. Longitudinal section of a large Tooth, showing the
internal hollow cone. (Original.)
2. b. Transverse section of a large Tooth. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Transverse section of the Jaw. fig. 2. (Original.)
Fig. 4. Fragment of a small upper Jaw of Megalichthys
Hibberti, from Burdie house, showing a disposition
of large and small teeth, similar to that in fig. 2..
(Hibbert.)
4. a. b. Transverse section of the larger teeth.
4. c. Longitudinal section of a large Tooth.*
4. d. Punctate scale of Megalichthys.
Fig. 5. Aspidohrynchus: a fossil Sauroid fish from the
Limestone of Solenhofen. (Agassiz, Vol. I. Tab. F.)
PLATE 276.
V. I. p. 212.
Amblypterus: one of the fossil fishes peculiar to the Car-
boniferous strata. (Agassiz, Vol. I. Tab. A. fig. 3.)
* It appears that in the Megalichthys and Holoptychis the structure of
the teeth, both large and small, was precisely the same as in the large and
small teeth of Lepidosteus osseus, both as to the hollow internal conical
cavity, and the external Autings towards the base, and also as to their mode
of growth by ascent of fibrous matter from the bony substance of the jaw,
and not from, roots placed in deep alveoli, as in many of the Saurians,


46
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27d.
Fig. 1. Psammodus, from Mountain limestone, Bristol,
Fig. 2. Orodus, from the same.
Fig. 3. Acrodus, from the Lias, Lyme Regis.
Fig. 4. Ptychodus, (upper surface) from the Chalk.,
Fig. 5. Side View of fig. 4.
Figs. 6–10. Teeth of extinct fossil Sharks in the sub-
family of Hybodonts; in this family the enamel is
plicated on both sides of the teeth. See V. I. p. 219.
Note.
Fig. 6, Side view of tooth of Onchus, from the Lias at
Lyme Regis.
Fig. 7. Front view of the same.
Figs. 8. 9. 10. Teeth of Hybodonts, from the Oolitic slate
of Stonesfield, Oxon.
Figs. 11. 12. 13. Fossil Teeth of true Sharks in the Squa-
loid division of that family, having the Enamel
smooth on the outer side. From the Chalk and Lon-
don clay. See V. I. p. 220, Note.
Fig. 14. Palatal teeth of Myliobates striatus, from the
London clay of Barton cliff, Hants. See V. I. p.
221. Much of the enamel is worn away by use, as
frequently happens in the tongue and palatal bones of
living Rays. (Original.)
C. Petrified remains of an extinct Genus of Shark.
Fig. 1. Jaw of Hybodus reticulatus, from the Lias at
Lyme Regis. (scale one-half.) Many of the Teeth
retain their place on the margin of the bone. The
granulated structure of bone is distinctly preserved.
(De la Beche.)
Fig. 2. Teeth selected from the Jaw last figured. Nat.
size.
· Fig. 3. Ichthyodorulite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis,
being the Dorsal spine of Hybodus incurvus, set with
teeth-like hooks, to suspend the membrane of the dor-
sal fin. (De la Beche.)


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27.
47
A double row of similar hooks occurs on the first
dorsal ray of the Barbel, (Barbus Vulgaris.) And
on the anterior ray both of the dorsal and anal fins
of the Carp, (Cyprinus Carpio.)
Fig. 4. Transverse Section of fig. 3, at a.* (De la Beche.)
PLATE 27º.
V. I. p. 220.
Fig. 1. Portion of the palatal teeth of Acrodus nobilis,
resembling a cluster of contracted Leeches. These
teeth are in their natural place, adhering to the
curved granular bone of the palate, which is well
preserved, and impregnated with Carbonate of lime.
(Miss S. C. Burgon. Original.)
Fig. 2. Continuation of the three rows of teeth on the re-
verse of fig. 1. Scale one-half. (Original.)
Fig. 3. One of the largest teeth on the centre row, having
the upper part of the Enamel worn away by friction.
Nat. size. (Original.)
Fig. 4. Magnified view of the minute tubercles of Enamel
which grew upon the skin; the decay of the skin
* In the Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag, Jan. 1836, the author has published
a notice of his recent discovery of the jaws of four extinct species.of fossil
fishes of the genus Chimæra, a genus hitherto unknown in a fossil state.
The only known species (C. montrosa) approximates most nearly to the
family of Sharks; and is found pursuing Herrings and other migratory
fishes. The Chimæra is one of the most remarkable among living fishes,
as a link in the family of Chondropterygians; and the discovery of a similar
link, in the geological epochs of the Oolitic and Cretaceous formations,
shows that the duration of this curious genus has extended through a greater
range of geological epochs, than that of any other genus of fishes yet ascer-
tained by Professor Agassiz, and leads to important considerations in Physio-
logy.
The Chimæra partakes of one remarkable character with the Cestracion
Phillippi, whereby this species alone, among living Sharks, is connected
with the extinct forms of that family, in having the first ray of the dorsal fin
enlarged into a strong bony spine armed with sharp hooks, like the Ichthyo-
dorulite of the earliest fossil Sharks.


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 27'. 28.
has brought clusters of these tubercles into contact
with the bone in several parts of fig. 1. (Original.)
Fig. 5. Magnified view of similar minute tooth-like tuber-
cles of Enamel, forming the Shagreen on the skin of
the head of the recent Squatina angelus. See V. I.
p. 205, Note. (Original.)
PLATE 27. V. I. pp. 217 & 220.
Beautiful cluster of palatal teeth of Ptychodus polygyrus,
from the Chalk. Insulated teeth of many species of this
Genus abound throughout the Chalk formation. The mouth
of these and all the other numerous extinct species of Sharks
in the family of Cestracionts, was lined with a pavement of
similar powerful teeth, forming a most efficient apparatus,
for crushing the shells of Crustacea and Conchifera, which
probably formed their principal food. The surfaces of the
Enamel are often worn away, like that at Pl. 27º. fig. 3.
The strength and efficacy of these teeth, viewed as Intru-
ments for crushing shells, is very remarkable. Beneath the
Enamel, the body of each tooth is composed of a strong
mass of bone. (Miss F. C. Burgon. Original.)
PLATE 28. V. I. p. 230.
Fig. 1. represents the common calmar or squid (Loligo
vulgaris, Lam. Sepia loligo, Linn.) showing the place
and excretory duct of its Ink bag, and the position
of the feet on the anterior margin of the head. (Blain-
ville.)
Fig. 2. Side view of the Pen of the Loligo vulgaris, show-
ing its position in the back of the animal, fig. 1.
(Original.)
Fig. 3. Concave under surface of the same pen. (Ori-
ginal.)


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 28.
Fig. 4. Convex upper surface of portion of another re-
cent pen, of the same kind. The structure of figs.
3 and 4 closely resembles that of the fossil species
represented at fig. 6, of this same Plate, and also
at Pl. 29. fig. 1. and Pl. 30. In all of them, the
horny plates are composed of a series of longitudi-
nal fibres, intersected by another series of transverse
fibres. The disposition of the transverse fibres is
most simple in the recent species; passing obliquely
outwards from each side of the central shaft, like
the barbs or fibrils in the vane of a feather, and being
the most distinct towards the outer margin.
The longitudinal fibres are scarcely visible in the
recent species, except where they are collected into
Auted fasciculi, (Pl. 28. fig. 4. BB.) in those parts
which correspond with the marginal bands of the
fossil species. (Original.)
C. Central part of the Pen, raised like the shaft of a quill
between its fibrils.
Fig. 5. Ink bag of a recent Cuttle fish, dissected by
the author at Lyme Regis, 1829, containing its na-
tural Ink in a desiccated state; it is a black shining
Jet-like substance, having a splintery fracture, and
resembling the substance and fracture of the fossil
Ink. Its bulk is not much reduced by desiccation.
(Original.)
Fig. 6. Upper convex surface of a fossil pen of Loligo
Aalensis from the Lias of Lyme Regis. A.A. the
barbs ; B.B. the marginal bands; C. axis of the
shaft; D. excretory duct of the Ink bag, distended
with petrified Ink.* (Original.)
* In this specimen we see distinctly the disposition of the marginal
bands.
VOL. II.-5


50
EXPLANATION OP PLATE 29.
Fig. 17. Upper surface of Fossil Loligo from the Lias of
Lyme Regis. A,A, Barbs of the Pen. B,B, Mar-
ginal bands. C, Axis of the Pen. d, upper plate
of marginal band, having an unusually corrugated
surface, which may be the result of imperfect growth
of the transverse fibres ; if fully expanded they would
probably have resembled those of the subjacent
Plate at d”. (Original.)
d'. Magnified representation of the rugous surface of d.
d'". Magnified representation of the second plate of the
marginal band, Fig. 7.d".
e. Upper surface of second Plate of the shaft of the pen ;
here the transverse wavy lines predominate over the
vertical straight lines ; but both are visible.
f. Upper surface of third plate ; here the vertical straight
fibres prevail over the transverse wavy fibres.
Plate 29. V. I. pp. 232 and 234.
Fig. 1. Fossil Loligo from Lias at Lyme, in the col-
lection of Miss Philpot, exhibiting nearly the same
structure at figs. 6. 7. at Pl. 28. and containing be-
neath the pen, a very large Ink bag, D. The greater
proportionate size of this Ink bag indicates a differ-
ence in species from fig. 3. (Mrs. Buckland. Ori.
ginal.)
Fig. 2. Loligo Aalensis from Lyme Regis showing the
under surface or concave side, and the duct of the
Ink bag distended with Ink. A.A. Barbs or fila.
ments of the Pen; B.B. Marginal bands ; C. Axis of
Shaft; D. Duct of Ink bag. (Mrs. Buckland. Ori.
ginal.)
The wavy lines here seen between the Ing bag
and the apex of the Pen, are the inferior termi-
nation of the successive laminee of growth; each


EXPLANATION OF PLATR 30.
larger and superior Plate overlapping the edges of
the next subjacent and smaller plate. These edges
are rendered more irregular by decomposition.
d'. Magnified representation of very minute curved lines
passing from the marginal band across the shaft,
at d.
e. Thin lamina of the white pulverulent substance of a
decomposed Plate: it retains partial traces of the
transverse wavy fibres.
f. Minute perpendicular filaments prevailing over the
transverse fibres of the shaft.
Fig. 3. Fossil Loligo from Lyme Regis, showing the
same structure as the preceding figures, in the seve-
ral portions of the Pen that are preserved; and
having its Ink bag distended nearly in its natural
shape and place beneath the Pen. (Original.)
C.C. Axis of the shaft.
Figs. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Fossil Ink bags from Lyme Regis.
The membranous sacs and excretory ducts are still
preserved, and closely resemble those of a recent Ink
bag; see Pl. 28. fig. 5. (Original.)
Fig. 10. Fossil ink bag found by Miss Anning in the Lias
near Watchet, Somerset. (Original.)
Plate 30. V. I. p. 234.
A large fossil pen of Loligo; from the Lias at Lyme
Regis. In the collection of Miss Philpot. (Mrs.
Buckland. Original.)
A.A. Barbs of the pen, proceeding from the outer edges
of the marginal bands.
B.B. Marginal bands dividing the bases of the barbs from
the internal part or body of the shaft.
C. Axis of the Pen, dividing the body of the shaft into
two equal parts.


52
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 31.
D. Transverse section across the Ink bag.
d. First or upper plate. This plate is very thin, and
smooth, and its structure is obscure, except on the
right marginal band at d', where the longitudinal
ridges on its surface are very distinct
e. Upper surface of second plate, marked with broad
wavy lines, passing on each side from the axis out-
wards, across the body of the shaft, and over the
marginal bands.
f. Upper surfaces of a third plate, exhibiting minute
curved striæ, ascending symmetrically in opposite
directions from each side of the axis of the shaft C,
and descending towards its margin. These curved
striæ are intersected by minute longitudinal straight
lines, running nearly parallel to the axis of the shaft.
Towards the apex of the shaft at f , the broad trans-
verse curves predominate over the fine longitudinal
fibres which lie beneath them. At g, no trans-
verse curves are visible.* (Mrs. Buckland. Ori-
ginal.)
PLATE 31. V. I. p. 240.
Fig. 1. Animal of Nautilus Pompilius, fixed in its shell.
The shell is copied from one in the collection of Mr.
W. I. Broderip. (Animal from Owen. Shell ori-
ginal.)
n. The Hood, or ligamento-muscular disk that surrounds
the head.
p. The digital tentacles protruded from their sheaths.
k. Funnel.
a, b. c. d, e. Siphuncle. The desiccated membrane of
* Herman von Meyer (Palæologica, 1832, P. 322,) mentions the occur.
rence of ink bags, together with the horny internal shels of Sepia, (Onycho-
teuthis) in the Lias of Culmbach and Banz.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 31.
53
the siphuncle is laid bare at a. b. e. d. At e, e, and
from thence inwards, it is covered by a soft calcare,
ous coating or sheath.
y. y. Collar, projecting inwards from the transverse plates,
and supporting the Siphuncle. See Note, V. I. p.
243.
Fig. 2. Upper horny mandible of the animal, with a hard
calcareous point. (Owen.)
Fig. 3. Lower horny mandible, armed with a similar cal-
careous point. (Owen.)
Fig. 4. Calcareous point, and palate of upper mandible
separated from the horny portion. (Owen.)
Fig. 5. Under surface, or palate of a Rhyncholite, or fos-
sil beak, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, analogous to
the recent specimen, fig. 4. (Original.)
Fig. 6. Upper view of another Rhyncholite from the same
stratum and place. Black portions of the horny
substance, in a state resembling charcoal, remain
attached to its posterior surfaces. (Original.)
Fig. 7. Side view of the calcareous portion of an upper
mandible, from the Muschelkalk of Luneville.
(Original.)
Fig. 8. Upper view of another Rhyncholite from Lune-
ville. (Original.)
Fig. 9. Palatal view of fig. 8. (Original.)
Fig. 10. Calcareous point of an under mandible from
Luneville. The dentations on its margin resemble
those on the recent mandible, fig. 3, and co-ope-
rating with the dentations on the Margin of the up-
per mandible, fig. 9, must have formed an Instru-
ment (like the recent beak, figs. 2 and 3,) well fitted
for the rapid demolition of Crustacea and small
Shells. (Original.)
Fig. 11. Under surface of fig. 10.; it is strengthened by
5*


54
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32.
a double keel-shaped indented process, enlarging from
its apex backwards.* (Original.)
Plate 32. V. I. p. 244.
Fig. 1. Part of the petrified shell, and casts of the interior
of some of the chambers, of a Nautilus hexagonus,
from Marcham, Berks. This fossil exhibits at its
smaller End, from d to b., a series of casts of the
Air-chambers, from which the external shell has
been removed. The cavity of each chamber is filled
with a disc of pure calcareous spar, representing the
exact form of the chamber into which it had been
infiltrated. In the larger portion of this fossil, the
petrified shell retains its natural place, and exhibits
fine wavy lines of growth. forming minute Ribs
across its surface. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Fractured shell of N. hexagonus, from the Calca-.
reous grit of Marcham. The chambers are lined
with calcareous spar, and a circular plate of the
same spar is crystallized around the siphon. The
interior of the siphon is filled with a cast of Calcare-
ous grit, similar to that which forms the rock from
which the shell was taken. See. V. I. p. 247.4
(Original.)
* Although the resemblances between these fossil beaks, and that of the
animal inhabiting the N. Pompilius, are such as to leave no doubt that Rhyn-
cholites are derived from some kind or other of Cephalopod, yet, as they are
found insulated in strata of Muschel kalk and Lias, wherein there occur
also the remains of Sepiæ that had no external shells, we have not yet
sufficient evidence to enable us to distinguish between the Rhyncholites
derived from naked Sepiæ, and those from Cephalopods that were connected
with chambered shells. I possess a specimen of a fossil Nautilus from
the Lias at Lyme Regis, in which the external open chamber contains a
Rhyncholite.
+ This fossil exbibits the Siphur.cle in its proper place, passing across


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32.
Fig. 3. represents in its natural size, a portion of the
Siphuncle which in Fig. 2. is laid bare along its
course through the chambers, d. e. f. In the trans-
verse Plate h, the siphuncular collar is entire, but a
Section of another collar in the transverse Plate, i,
shows the contraction of the Siphon at its passage,
through this aperture, and exhibits also the overa
lapping, or squamous suture by which the Collar is
fitted to the superior and inferior portions of the cal-
careous Sheath of the Siphon. See V. I. pp. 247,
248. Note. (Original.)
A similar structure may be seen at the Collars
of the transverse Plates of the N. Striatus. See
Pl. 33.
the cavities of the Air-chambers. As in the recent Nautilus Pompilius, there
is no communication between the interior of the Siphon and that of the Air.
chambers, so in this fossil shell, there is proof that no communication existed
between these cavities. A transverse section at ai shows the thin edge of
the sheath of the siphuncle, surrounded externally with calcareous.spar, and
filled internally with Grit. Other Sections of the Siphuncle at b. d. e. f. show
the calcareous Grit within its cavities to be contracted at its passage through
the collars of the transverse plates, and most enlarged midway between one
transverse plate and another.
· This fossil affords two proofs that no communication existed between the
interior of the Siphuncle and that of the Air-chambers.. 1st. the calcareous:
sheath of the Siphuncle is seen at d. e. f. completely enclosing the calcareous
grit which forms the cast within it. 2dly, had there been any communica-
tion between the interior of the siphuncle, and that of the air-chambers, these
chambers must have received some portion of the materials of the grit that
have filled this Siphuncle : not. a particle of grit is found in any one of the
adjacent air-chambers, but they are all lined, and some of them nearly filled
with a crystalline deposite of Carbonate of Lime, disposed in uniform plates
around the interior of each chamber, and around the Siphuncle. See Fig.
2. c. cl. a. a'. a?. a3. and Fig. 3. d-k. This deposite can only have been
formed from water charged with carbonate of lime, introduced by infiltration,
after the interment of the shell, and filling the chambers which are thus
uniformly invested.


56
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 33, 34.
PLATE 33. V. I. pp. 247, 248. Note.
Longitudinal Section of Nautilus Striatus, from the Lias
at Whitby, in the collection of Mrs. Murchison. The inte-
rior of the Chambers is filled exclusively with calcareous
spar, and that of the Siphuncle with Lias. (Original.)
a. The Siphuncle: the union of the siphuncular calcareous
sheaths, with the aperture or collar of each trans-
verse Plate, is so closely fitted, that no fluid could
have passed between them into the air-chambers.
b. One of the transverse Plates forming the Air-chambers.
c. White calcareous spar, filling the middle region only of
the air-chambers.
d. Stratified zones of dark coloured calcareous spar, de-
posited in equal thickness on both sides of the trans-
verse plates, and also on the inside of the shell, and
around the calcareous sheath of the siphuncle.*
e. Portion of the external shell, showing a laminated
- structure.
Plate 34. V. I. p. 249. Note.
Drawing of the animal of the Nautilus Pompilius, pre-
pared at my request by Mr. Owen, to show the manner in
which the siphuncle terminates in the Pericardium. (Ori-
ginal.)
* The successive zones of this dark Spar show that the Lime composing
it was introduced by slow and gradual infiltrations into the cavity of the
air-chambers.. Hence it follows that no communication existed between
the Siphuncle and these chambers, at the time when this Pipe was filled
with the Auid mud, that has formed a cast of Lias within it. As the
fractures across the Siphuncle in the 2d and 3d chambers are filled only
with spar, of the same kind as that within these Chambers, these frac.
tures could not have existed, when the Mud of the Lias formation entered
the Siphuncle, without admitting it also into the chambers adjacent to
them.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 34.
a. The Heart.
6. A bristle passing from the pericardium through the
membranous siphuncle laid bare.
c. Bristles passing from the pericardium through the
orifices of communication with the Branchial cham-
ber.
d. d. d. d. Follicles communicating with the Branchial
Arteries.* ,
'd. 'd. 'd. 'd. Pericardial septa, forming thin muscular
Receptacles of the follicles,
e. e. The Branchiæ.
f. The Branchial Chamber.
g. The Funnel, or Branchial outlet.
h. The infundibular valve.
i, i. The digital processes.
k. The Gizzard.
1. The Ovary.
m. m. The mantle dissected off.
n. The membranous siphuncle.
0. o. The siphuncular artery,
p. p. The Boundaries of the Pericardial cavity.
9. Portion of the Siphuncle between the Pericardium and
first transverse plate of the shell.t
* Mr. Owen supposes that these follicles discharge the impurities of the
blood into the Pericardium, when there is no access of water to the Bran-
chiæ, during the time that the animal is contracted within its shell. The
overflowings of this pericardial fluid may pass out through the orifices marked
by the bristles, c. c.
+ This upper portion or neck of the Siphuncle, has the form of a flattened
canal, with thin Parietes of the same substance as the Pericardium; when the
animal expands itself at the bottom of the sea, this neck is probably closed
by the lateral pressure of the gizzard, k, and ovary, ) and so acts instead of
a valve to prevent the return of the pericardial fluid into the Siphuncle. At
such times the deep-sea water must press with great force on the exterior of
the Pericardium, and tend to force the pericardial fluid into the Siphuncle;
but as an equal amount of pressure is applied simultaneously to the Ovary and


58
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 35. 36.
PLATE 35. V. I. p. 257.
Cast of the interior of the Shell of Ammonites obtusus
from Lyme. Fragments of the shell remain near b. and e.
One object of this Plate and of many of the figures at Pl.
37. is to show the manner in which the external shell is for-
tified by Ribs and Flutings, (PP. 257. 258.) and farther sup-
ported by the edges of the internal transverse plates, that
form the air-chambers. See V. I. p. 263, Note. (Original.)
PLATE 36. V. I. p. 256. Note.
Longitudinal section of another shell of Ammonites obtusus
from the Lias at Lyme Regis. (Original.)
The greater part of the outer chamber, and the entire ca-
vities of the air-chambers are filled with calcareous spar,
and the Siphuncle, (preserved in a carbonaceous state,) is
seen passing along the entire dorsal margin to the com-
mencement of the outer chamber. See V. I. p. 265, Note.
Von Buch has found evidence to show that the mem-
branous siphuncle of Ammonites was continued to a con-
siderable distance along the outer chamber, beyond the last
or largest transverse Plate. This discovery accords with
the analogies afforded by the membranous neck of the
siphon of the N. Pompilius, which is continued along the
outer chamber from the last transverse Plate to the Pericar-
dium. See Pl. 34. q.*
Gizzard, the lateral pressure of these two organs on the neck of the Siphun-
cle would tend to close it with a force exactly counterbalancing the external
pressure on the Pericardium.
* As the body of the animals that inhabited the Ammonites was more
elongated than that of those inhabiting the shells of Nautili, in consequence
of the smaller Diameter of their outer Chamber, the place of their Heart
was probably more distant from the last transverse Plate, than that of the
Heart of Nautili; and the membranous Siphon connected with the Pericar-
dium consequently longer.


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 37. 38.
59
PLATE 37. V. I. p. 258. Note.
Figs.
Locality. Stratum.
1. Ammonites Amaltheus
Gibbosus. . (Schlotheim). Gloucester. Lias.
2. A. Varicosus . (Sowerby) Black Down, Devon. Green Sand.
3. A. Humphriesianus (Sowerby). Shernborne. Inferior Oolite.
4. A. Lamberti . (Sowerby). . Oxford .. Oxford Clay.
5. A. Planulatus · (Schlotheim). Franconia . Jura Limestone.
6. A. Bucklandi . (Sowerby) , Bath ... Lias.
7. A. Lautuso . (Sowerby) . . Folkstone . Gault.
8. A. Catena .. (Sowerby) . Marcham • Calcareous Grit,
9. A. Varians .. (Zieten)... Geislingen , Jura limestone.
10. A. Striatus .. (Reinicke). . Gros Eislingen Lias.
a. Exterior dorsal margin.
b. Back view of the shell.
c. Transverse section of shell.
The figures in this Plate are selected to exemplify some
of the various manners in which the shells of Ammonites
are adorned and strengthened by ribs, and flutings, and
bosses. In Vol. I. p. 257, instances are mentioned of similar
contrivances which are applied in Art to strengthen thin
plates of metal. Workers in Glass have also adopted a
similar expedient in their method of fortifying small wine
flasks of thin glass, made flat, and portable in the pocket,
with a series of spiral flutings passing obliquely across the
sides of the flask, as in many of the flattened forms of
Ammonite. Similar spiral flutings are introduced for the
same purpose on the surface of thin glass pocket smelling- :
bottles. In other glass flasks of the same kind which are
made in Germany, the addition of bosses to the surfaces
of the flat sides of the bottles, produces a similar double
result of ornament and strength.
PLATE 38. V. I. p. 262. Note.
Air-chambers of Ammonites heterophyllus, filled with
Lias, and showing in a remarkable degree the effect of the
umdulating course of the edges of the transverse plates
beneath the flat sides of the outer shell.


60
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 39. 40.
A portion of the outer shell is preserved at c. and im-
pressions of the fluted interior of the shell, which has fallen
off, are visible at d. (Original.)
Plate 39. V. I. p. 263. Note.
This Plate presents a longitudinal view of the same fossil,
of which a side view is given in the last figure. The same
transverse plates that approximate so closely beneath the
sides of the shell, where it is flat and feeble, (Pl. 38.) are dis-
tant from each other along the dorsal portion, which from
its convex form is strong.
The siphuncle is preserved in its proper dorsal place at d.
The elevations and depressions of the transverse plate
in front of this figure exemplify the theory of Von Buch,
respecting the use of the Lobes and Saddles formed by the
undulations of its outer margin. See V. I. p. 267, and
Note. (Original.)
Plate 40. V. I. p. 272. Note.
Fig. 1. Ammonites Henslowi (Goniatites,) from Transi.
tion limestone in the Isle of Man.
The Lobes are simple, and without foliations ;
their form resembles that of the slipper-shaped lobe
of the Nautilus Ziczac, and Nautilus Sypho. See
Pl. 43.
The Lobes D. L. 1. V. are pointed inwards, and
the intermediate Saddles S. d. S. L. S. V. are
rounded outwards; according to the type of Ammo-
nites. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Ammonites striatus (Goniatites,) from the Coal
Shale of Lough Allen in Connaught, having its
lobes and saddles disposed in the same directions
as in Fig. 3, the delicate longitudinal striæ and


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 41. 42.
61
transverse ribs of the outer shell are strengthened by
repeated intersections of the subjacent edges of the
transverse Plates. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Back view of Ammonites sphæricus, from the
limestone of Derbyshire, showing the position of
the siphuncle upon the dorsal margin, with its collar
advancing outwards between the two simple dorsal
lobes; the lateral lobes are also simple and without
foliations, and pointed inwards. (Martin Pet. Der.
T. 7.)
Fig. 4. Ammonites nodosus (Ceratites.) This is one of
the species peculiar to the Muschel kalk. The de-
scending lobes terminate in a few small denticula-
tions, pointed inwards, and the ascending saddles are
rounded outwards, after the normal character of
Ammonites. (Zeiten. Tab. II. Fig. 1. a.)
Fig. 5. Back of A. Nodosus, showing the dorsal lobes
pointed inwards, and the collar around the siphuncle
advancing outwards. No edges of the transverse
plates are placed beneath the dome-shaped Tuber-
cles; these derive sufficient strength from their vault-
ed form. (Zeiten. Tab. II. Fig. 1. b.) :
PLATE 41. V. I. p. 264.
Ammonites giganteus, found in the Portland stone at
Tisbury in Wiltshire. This beautiful fossil is in the col-
lection of Miss Benett. The chambers are all void, and
the transverse Plates and Shell converted to Calcedony.
(Original.)
PLATE 42. V. I. pp. 264, 265. Note.
Fig. 1. Cast of a single chamber of Nautilus hexagonus,
showing the simple curvatures of the edges of the
transverse plates, and the place of the Siphuncle.
(Original.)
VOL. II.-6


62
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 42.
Fig. 2. Cast of a chamber of Ammonites excavatus,
having a complex form derived from the denticulated
edges of the transverse plates. See V. I. pp. 264,
265, Note. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Casts of three chambers of Ammonites catena,
with the Membrane of the Siphuncle on its dorsal
margin. See V. I. p. 264, Note, and p. 265, Note.
The course of the transverse plates is beneath
the depressed and weakest parts of the external shell,
avoiding the bosses at c, d, e, which from their form
are strong. (Original.)
Fig. 4. Ammonites varicosus, from the Green Sand of
Earl Stoke, Wilts. Nat. size. See V. I. p. 265,
Note. (Original.)
Figs. 5. 6. Portions of the same shell, having the trans-
verse Plates and Siphuncle converted to Calcedony.
See V. I. pp. 265 and 266, Note. (Original.)
Fig. 7. Ammonites varicostatus, (nobis,( an undescribed
species of Ammonite from the Oxford Clay at
Hawnes, 4 m. S. of Bedford. Diameter 9 inches.
The name Varicostatus expresses the remarkable
change in the character of the Ribs, near the outer
termination of the air-chambers.
On the inner whorls of the shell, these ribs are
narrow, and highly raised, set close to one another,
and bifurcated at the back of the shell, (from d. to
c.;) but near the outer chamber (6. to a.) they
become broad and distant, and the dorsal bifurca-
tion ceases.
The edges of the transverse plates are exposed by
the removal of the shell from c. to b., they appear
also at a. d. (Original.)
Similar variations in the form of the ribs occur in
Ammonites biplicatus and Ammonites decipiens.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE
63
PLATE 43. V. I. pp. 270. 271.
Fig. 1. Fragment of Nautilus sypho, in the collection of
W. I. Broderip, Esq. from the Miocene division of
the Tertiary formations at Dax, near Bourdeaux.
The accidental fractures of this fossil afford an in-
structive display of the disposition of the transverse
. Plates and Siphuncle. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Another fractured shell of the same species from
Dax, in the collection of Mrs. Buckland, showing at
a', a’, a', the disposition of the lateral lobes. See
V. I. p. 271, Note. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Cast of the interior of Nautilus Ziczac, in the col-
lection of Mr. James Sowerby, showing the disposi-
tion of the lateral lobes. (See V. I. pp. 271, 272.
(Original.)
Fig. 4. Cast of a single chamber of Nautilus Ziczac, in
the collection of Mr. J. Sowerby, showing the dis-
position of the ventral and dorsal Lobes and Siphun-
cle. See V. I. p. 271, Note. (Original.)
.
PLATE 44. V. I. p. 273, et seq.
Fig. 1. Molluscous animal enclosing the Spirula Peronii.
See V. I. p. 273* (Blainville.)
Fig. 2. Section of a Spirula (Nat. size,) showing its trans-
verse Plates and siphuncular sheath. (Original.)
* M. Robert has recently discovered between the Canaries and Cape
Blanc, several imperfect bodies of a small species of Molluscous animal, each
enclosing a Spirula.
In all these the position of the shell is not at the posterior extremity, as
in the figure of the specimen found by Peron, but in the back, parallel to the
axis of the body, like the shell of the Sepiostaire, or internal shell of the
common Sepia. This position agrees with that of the animal figured by
Blainville, if we suppose the caudal portion of the latter to have been
lost.
On each side of the body are two expansions that act like Fins, as
in the Sepiole. Beneath the neck is the aperture of the Funnel. In


64
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44.
Fig! 3. Lituite in the Transition limestone of Oeland.
a. Siphuncle of Lituite. (Original.)
Fig. 4. Section of an Orthoceratite in the Transition
limestone of Oeland, in the collection of C. Stokes,
Esq. (Original.)
a. Siphuncle of the same,
Fig. 5. Baculite, from Chalk of the Cotentin ; terminating
at its large end in the chamber a. (Original.)
Fig. 5. 6. Front view of the transverse plate of a Bacu-
lite, showing the margin to be disposed in lobes and
saddles, and the place of the Siphuncle to be on the
back of the shell at c. (Original.)
Fig. 6. Transverse section of a Nummulite. (Parkinson,
V. 3. Pl. X. Fig. 16.)
Fig. 7. Longitudinal section of another Nummulite.*
(Parkinson.)
one specimen the Eye is preserved, and is very large in proportion to the
body. These Mollusks form the prey of the Physali, and were caught en-
tangled in their Tentacula.
L'Echo du Monde Savant, 1 Mai, 1836.
* Among the microscopie fossil shells placed by D'Orbigny in the same
Order as Nummulites (Foraminiféres,) Count Munster enumerates 40 species
from the Cretaceous free slone of Maestricht. Mr. Lonsdale also has dis-
covered 16 species of microscropic foraminifers in the English Chalk. (See
V. I. p. 337, Note.) Microscopic shells of this Order occur in countless
myriads throughout the Tertiary strata. (See V. I. p. 290.),
The Sand of the Shores of the Adriatic, and many Islands in the Archi-
pelago, is crowded with recent microscopic shells of the same kinda
It is mentioned in our Note, V. I. p. 288, that doubts have arisen as to the
supposed origin of many of these minute multilocular shells from Cephalo.
pods. Some recent observations of M, Dujardin have induced him to refer
the Animals which construct the Miliola and some other microscopic fora-
miniferous shells, to a new Class of animals of a lower degree than the
Radiata, and possessing a locomotive power by means of minute tentacular
filaments. He proposes to give them the name of Rhiza podes. Ann. des
Sci. Nat. Mai, 1835. p. 312.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44.
65
Fig. 8. Hamites Bucklandi, (Phillips,) from the Gault or
Speeton Clay, in the collection of Mr. I. Phillips, of
York. (Original.)
Fig. 89. Transverse septum of Fig. 8, showing the lobes
and saddles, and the siphuncle at a.
Fig. 9. Hamites armatus, from the upper Green Sand,
near Benson. (Sowerby.)
Fig. 10. Transverse section of the same, showing the
siphuncle, on the back, between the spines.
Fig. 11. Hamites from Folkstone Clay, showing the spiral
Ribs of the outer shell. At a. we see the Siphuncle,
and the lobes and saddles of the transverse Plate.
Fig. 12. Fragment of the cast of the interior of another
Hamite from Folkstone Clay, showing the Siphuncle
at a. The removal of the outer shell shows the sinu-
ous edges of the transverse Plates beneath the Ribs.
(Original.)
Fig. 13. Fragment of Hamites articulatus (Sow.) from
the Green Sand at Earl Stoke, showing the Si-
phuncle (a.) covered by a small portion of the shell.
The sinuous terminations of the transverse plates
are visible beneath the ribs, having their secondary
lobes rounded outwards (6.) and pointed inwards
(c.) like the secondary lobes of Ammonites. (Ori-
ginal.)
Fig. 14. Fragments of Turrilites Bergeri, in the collection
of G. B. Greenough, Esq. from the Green Sand for-
mation. The siphuncle is seen near the upper or
dorsal margin of two whorls at a. a.; the sinuous
edges of the transverse plates are visible on the
middle whorl; and the entire surface of a transverse
plate is laid open at the smaller end of a third whorl,
showing its lobes and saddles to be analogous to the
same parts in Ammonites. (Original.)
6*


66
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44'.
Fig. 15. Scaphites Equalis, from Chalk near Rouen, in
the collection of Mr. J. Sowerby; the sides of the
external shell are strengthened and ornamented by
ribs and tubercles; and the edges of the transverse
plates disposed in sinuous foliations (c.) as in Ammo-
nites. The mouth or outer margin (6.) returns so
nearly into contact with the air-chambers (c.,) that
the want of space at this part for the expansion of
arms and head, makes it probable that the Scaphite
was placed entirely within the body of its animal.
(Original.)
Fig. 16. Transverse section of the chambered portion of
Fig. 15, showing the arrangement of the lobes and
saddles to be similar to that of Ammonites; the
siphuncle also is seen on the dorsal margin at a..
(Original.)
Fig. 17. Longitudinal section of the calcareous Sheath
and Alveolus of a Belemnite.
a. Alveolus, or internal shell, divided by transverse Septa
into air-chambers. See V. I. p. 281. .
b. Siphuncle, passing along the margin of the air-cham-
bers.
c. Apex of the fibro-calcareous sheath, or solid Cone of
the Belemnite.
PLATE 44. V. I. p. 280, et seq.
Illustrations of the probable nature of the Animals that
gave origin to Belemnites. *
* In the description of Pl. 44'. and Pl. 44''. the following letters indicate
the same parts in each specimen to which they are applied.
a. The Apex of the calcareous shell, or sheath.
6. Aleveolar portion, or chambered shell.
c. Ink bag.
d. 2 Portions of the thin anterior horny, sheath, sometimes highly naa
e. S creous.
f. Neck of Ink bag.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44'.
67
Fig. 1. Imaginary restoration of Belemnosepia, showing
the probable place of its Ink bag, and of the internal
shell or Belemnite. The three component parts of
this Belemnite are represented as if longitudinally
bisected: the place assigned to this Ink bag is nearly
the same as in the recent Loligo. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Sepia officinalis, showing the position of the inter-
nal shell or sheath (Sepiostaire) within the dorsal
portion of its sac. Its apex (a,) and calcareous dor-
sal plates (en) correspond with the apex calcareous
conical sheath of a Belemnite.
Fig. 3. Sepia officinalis, laid open along the ventral pore.
tion of its Sac, to show the position of its Ink bag.
(Original.)
Figs. 3. a. 3. b. 3. c. Rhyncholites, found in contact with
Belemnites in the Lias at Lyme Regis. Nat. size.
(Original.)
Fig. 3. d. Beak of a small Testudo from Chalk, in the
collection of Mr. Mantell, showing a fibro-cancel-
lated bony structure, very different from the com-
pact shelly condition of the Rhyncholite, for which
it may from its size and shape be mistaken. (Ori-
ginal.)
Fig. 4. Ventral surface of a Sepiostaire; the elongated
shallow cone, or cup, (e. e. e. e.') is composed of
very thin calcareous plates, alternating with horny
membranes, which are expanded outwards to form
the thin margin of the cone. This irregular cone
or shell represents the hollow cone at the larger
extremity of the Belemnite, (Fig. 7. b. 6. e. e'. e".)
which includes its Alveolus (b. 6.) and Ink bag (c.)
Within this shallow sub-conical shell of the Sepio-
staire is contained its alveolus, or calcareous cham-
bered portion, (Fig. 4. b.) which represents the


68
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44'.
chambered alveolus in the Belemnite, (Fig. 7..6.. b.)
but has no Siphon. (Blainville.)
Fig. 4'. Longitudinal section of the apex of the shell of
Sepia officinalis. This apex is composed of granular
calcareous matter (a.,) alternating with conical horny
laminæ, which expand laterally into the horny margin
(e.) (Original.)
Fig. 5. Longitudinal view of Fig. 4. The apex (a.) re-
presents the apex of a Belemnite. The back of the
shell (e.) the dorsal part of a Belemnite; and the
alveolar portion (b. 6'.) represents the internal cham-
bered shell of a Belemnite. (Blainville.)
Fig. 6. Anterior extremity of the lamellæ, or alveolar
plates, exposed by a longitudinal section in Fig. 5.
In the mature animal these lamellæ are nearly 100
in number; a few of them only are here represented.
These alveolar plates form the internal chambers
of the Sepiostaire, and represent the transverse
plates of the Alveolus in Belemnites, and other
chambered shells; but as the Sepiostaire has no
siphuncle, its chambers seem not subservient, like
those of the Belemnite, to the purpose of varying
the specific gravity of the animal; the intervals
between its plates are occupied by an infinite number
of thin winding partitions standing perpendicularly
between the lamellæ.
Figs. 6'. 6". Thin calcareous partitions winding between
and supporting the alveolar plates of the Sepiostaire.
The sinuous disposition of these partitions increases
their efficacy in resisting pressure, on the same
principle, as in the foliated' edges of the transverse
plates of Ammonites.* The sinuosity of the cal-
* Dr. Fleming has accurately described the structure of these partitions,
as exhibiting perpendicular laminæ, waved and folded in brainlike gyrations,
which occasionally anastomose.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44'.
69
careous partitions is least near the margin of the
lamellæ. See Fig. 6'. (Original.)
Fig. 6!”. Columnar appearance of the sinuous partitions
when viewed laterally. (Original.)
1. Fig. 7. Unique specimen of Belemnites ovalis, from the
Lias at Lyme Regis, in the collection of Miss
Philpotts. A fracture at b, shows the chambered
areolæ of the Alveolus. At e. the thin conical
anterior horny sheath originates in the edge of the
calcareous sheath, and extends to e". The surface
of this anterior sheath exhibits wavy transverse lines
of growth; it is much decomposed, slightly nacre-
ous, and flattened by pressure.
Within this anterior conical sheath the Ink bag is
seen at c. somewhat decomposed, and partially altered
to a dark gray colour. (Original.)
Fig. 8. Portion of the Ink bag broken off from Fig. 7. c.
and covered by that portion of the horny case which
lay above it. The transverse lines e. on this por-
tion, are the continuation of the lines of growth on
the horny sheath of Fig. 7. e. e'.e”. (Original.)
Fig. 9. Belemnites Pistilliformis ? from the Lias at Lyme
in the collection of Miss Philpotts, having a portion
of its ink bag at c. (Original.)
Figs. 10. 11. 12. Belemnites from the Jura limestone of
Solenhofen, figured by Count Munster in Boué's Mé-
moirs Géologiques, Vol. I. Pl. 4. In 10 and 12 the
form of the anterior horny sheath is preserved, to a
length equal to that of the calcareous shaft of the
Belemnite, but in none of them is the Ink bag visi-
ble.* (Munster.)
* Von Meyer mentions (Palæologica, P. 322, first Edition, 1832,) that
he has seen an Ink bag at the upper end of a Belemnite from the
Lias of Banz, and asks, “Do Belemnites possess an Ink bag like that of the
Sepia ?"


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 45.
71
the circular lines on the surface of its horny mem-
brane d, are lines of growth. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Belemno-sepia from the Lias at Lyme, in the
Oxford Museum; the Ink bag is preserved entire
within the interior conical sheath e. e. e.; the greater
part of this sheath is highly nacreous, in a few places
(d.) it is horny. (Original.) .
Fig. 4. Large Ink bag from the Lias at Lyme, in the
collection of Mrs. Murchison, bearing on its surface
undulating lines of growth similar to those on the
surface of Fig. 1. The Ink is exposed at c. c.; in
other parts it is surrounded by the sheath, e. e. e. ·
Nearly one-half of this sheath retains the appear-
ance of horn, whilst the other half is highly na-
creous. This interchange of condition, from horn
to brilliant nacre, occurs in almost every specimen
from the Lias at Lyme, in which the Ink bag is ac-
companied only by the flexible anterior sheath, and
the calcareous sheath has perished. (Original.)
: Figs. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ink bags from the Lias at Lyme, partially
surrounded by brilliant nacre. In one of the spe-
cimens represented in Pl. 44" is the least trace of
the calcareous sheath of the Belemnite preserved. See
V. I. p. 283, Note. (Original.)
PLATE 45.*
V. I. p. 296 et seq.
Fig. 1. Limulus Americanus (Leach,) a young speci-
men from Honduras, one-third of nat. size. b.
Right compound Eye magnified. b. Two single
• The following letters are applied in Pl. 45 and Pl. 46, to correspond-
ing parts of different animals. a. the shield; a'. lateral portion of the shield;
b. the eye; b. eye magnified; 6". frontal eyes; c. the back; d. the tail; e.
branchiæ.


72
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 45.
Eyes in front of the shield. See V. I. p. 297. (Ori-
ginal.)
Fig. 2. View of the under surface of Fig. 1, showing the
crustaceous legs beneath the shield (a,) and the
swimming feet bearing the Branchiæ (en) beneath the
body (c.) Scale, one-seventh of nat. size.
Fig. 2. e'. Swimming feet, (see Fig. 2 e,) enlarged to the
scale of Fig. 1.
Fig. 2. e". Posterior surface of one of the swimming feet,
bearing the fibres of the Branchiæ. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Front view of magnified figure of Branchipus
stagnalis. 3. b. The left eye mounted on a peduncle.
3. b'. The right eye still more magnified. (Original.)
Fig. 4. Side view of Branchipus stagnalis, nat. size.
Fig. 5. Magnified view of the back of Branchipus stag.
nalis. See V. I. p. 298. (Original.)
Fig. 6. View of the back of a Serolis from Senegal,
given by M. Dufresne to Dr. Leach. See V. I. p.
296. (Original.)
Fig. 7. View of the under surface of Fig. 6, showing the
union of crustaceous legs with the membranous
branchiæ, e.* (Original.)
Fig. 8. Magnified view of the Branchiæ at Fig. 7, e.
Fig. 9. Back of Asaphus caudatus, from Dudley, in the
collection of Mr. Stokes. (Original.)
Fig. 10. Side view of the left Eye of Fig. 9, is magnified.
Fig. 10'. Another Eye of Asaphus caudatus, in the col-
lection of Mr. Bright, from the W. side of Malvern
Hill. In the front of this fossil are circular depres-
sions on the stone, from which the petrified lenses
have fallen out; on each side, the lenses remain in
their natural place. (Original.)
* Figs. 3, 5, 6 and 7, are from original drawings by Mr. Curtis in the col-
lection of Mr. C. Stokes.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46.
73
Fig. 11. Anterior segment of the left Eye of Fig. 9, still
more highly magnified, to show the circular lenses
set in their respective margins, each surrounded by
six minute tubercles. (Original.)
Fig. 11'. Magnified view of a portion of the eye of Caly-
mene macrophthalmus. (Hoeninghaus.)
Fig. 12. Under surface of the anterior portion of the
shield of Asaphus platycephalus, from Lake Huron.
A unique specimen, showing at f. an entrance to the
stomach, analogous to that in recent Crabs. See
Geol. Trans. N. S. Vol. i. Pl. 27. (Stokes.)
Plate 46. V. I. p. 294 et seq.
Fig. 1. 2. 3. Calymene Blumenbachii, from the Tran-
sition Limestone of Dudley. a. The shield cover-
ing the head. a'. Lateral portion of the shield,
separated by a suture from a.; the central part of
this suture forms the lateral Margin, or Rim of the
cavity of the Eye. This Margin is composed of
two parts, united to receive the Lens, like the rims
that enclose the edges of the glasses, in a pair of
Spectacles. The Lens has usually fallen out from
the Eyes of fossils of this species, as often happens
after death in the Eyes of the recent Grapsus pictus,
and also in the common Lobster. b. The Eye. c.
The dorsal portion, composed of articulating plates,
that move on one another like the plates of a Lob-
ster's tail. d. The tail.
Fig. 1. Side view of the animal rolled up like an Oniscus.
(Scharf.)
Fig. 2. View of the back of the Animal expanded for
swimming; the Tail d, is composed of plates that
had no moveable articulations. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Front view of the same animal rolled up; the
VOL. II.—7


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46".
75
argillaceous Schist, sufficiently hard to be used for
building. Nat. size. (V. I. p. 307, Note.)
Even the skin, hairs, and pores of the tracheæ of
this animal are preserved. -
In the same stone are many carbonized fragments
of Vegetables, and on the right of the body is a
large fossil Nut (a ;) this side of the animal has
been laid open by cutting away the stone. (Stern-
berg.)
2. Lower surface of the same animal, discovered in
splitting the stone in search of fossil plants; nat. size.
Near the point of the right claw, is a fragment of
the tail of another and larger Scorpion. (See Pl.
46", Fig. 13.) We have here also the side of the
same nut that is seen in Fig. 1. a. This trifid nut
exhibits traces of the structure of the outer coating
in which it was enclosed. (Sternberg.)
3. Magnified representation of the Head and Eyes. See
V. I. p. 307. (Sternberg.)
4. Magnified jaw, armed with teeth, and partially covered
with minute hairs. (Sternberg.)
5. Hairs on Fig. 4, highly magnified. (Sternberg.)
6. Magnified representation of a portion of the skin, con-
sisting of two divisible layers. See V. I. p. 308.
(Sternberg.)
7. Magnified impressions of muscular fibres connected
with the legs. (Sternberg.)
Plate 46".
V. I. p. 308.
Fossil Insects, Arachnidans, and Limulus.
The following description of the Insects represented in
this Plate is founded on information received from Mr.
Curtis and Mr. Samouelle.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46".
77
V. l.
of a nodule of Iron ore from Coalbrook Dale.
p. 299.* (Original.)
parently a fragment of the proboscis; the legs are all imperfect; the thorax
is very large, and only its inferior surface is visible, being exposed by the
removal of the pectoral portion of the trunk; this surface is covered with
irregular indentations, which represent the hollow interior of a series of
spinous tubercles, and verrucose projections on the back of the thorax.
In the centre of the thorax is a compound depression larger than the rest,
indicating the presence of a corresponding projection on the back.
Among living Curculionidæ irregular tubercles and projections of this
kind occur on the thorax of the Brachycerus apterus.
The left Elytron only is distinctly visible, embracing with its margin the
side of the Abdomen; its outer surface is irregularly and minutely punctate.
Two spinous tubercles project from near its posterior extremity, and a cor-
responding tubercle from the extremity of the right elytron. Similar spines
occur on the Elytrons of Brachycerus; and of some Curculionidee of N. Hol-
land. The abdominal rings are very distinct, I shall designate this Insect
by the provisional name of Curculioides Presvicii,
M. Audouin exhibited at the meeting of the Naturforscher at Bonn, in
September, 1835, a beautiful wing of a neuropterus Insect, in a nodule of
clay Iron stone, apparently also from the neighbourhood of Coalbrook Dale,
which had been purchased at the sale of Parkinson's collection by Mr. Man-
tell, and transmitted by him to M. Brongniart. This wing is nearly three
inches long, and closely resembles that of the living Corydalis of Carolina
and Pennsylvania; it is much broader and nearly of the length of the wing
of a large Dragon Fly.
* Several specimens of this species are in the collection of Mr. Wm.
Anstice at Madely Wood, Our figure is taken from a cast or impression of
the back of the animal in Iron stone, in which the transverse lines across
the abdominal segment are not very apparent; other specimens exhibit deep
transverse flutings, externally resembling the separate segments of the back
of a Trilobite, but apparently not dividing the shell into more than one
abdominal Plate, nor admitting of flexure like the articulating segments of
a Trilobite.
The transversc depressions on the back of the second segment of the body
7*


78
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46".
Figs. 4–9. Elytra of Insects in the Oolitic slate of Stones-
field. Mr. Curtis considers all these to belong to
the family Buprestis. (Original.)
Fig. 10. Leg of an Insect in the Stonesfield slate, Oxon,
considered by Mr. Curtis to be that of a Curculio.*
(Original.)
Fig. 11. A fossil Fly from the fresh-water formation of
Aix in Provence, in the collection of Mrs. Murchison,
Mr. Curtis considers this Fly to be of the same spe-
cies with one of those engraved in Fig. 11 of his
Plate of Insects from this locality, in Jameson's
Journal, Oct. 1829. (Originala)
Although it agrees with no living genus, he thinks
it undoubtedly belongs to the family of Tipulidæ,
of this animal, form a character wherein it approaches nearer than the living
Limulus to the structure of Trilobites. The articulation of the long awl.
shaped tail with the body in Fig. 3, and in other specimens is very distinct.
This Limulus is the Entomolithus monoculites of Martin, (Petrifacta Derbi.
ensia, Tab. 45, Fig. 4.) and Belinurus bellulus of König, (Icon. Sect. Pl.
XVIII. No. 230.) M. Parkinson, Org. Rem, iji. Pl. XVII. Fig. 18, has
figured a similar fossil from Dudley, in iron stone of the Coal formation.
* Mr. Rr. C. Taylor mentions the occurrence of the wing covers of
Beetles in the shale of the Danby Coal pits, in the Eastern Moorlands of
Yorkshire. This shale has nearly the same place in the Oolitic series as
the Stonesfield slate. See Loudon's Mag. Nat, Hist. V. iii. P. 361.
In the private collection of Dr. De Siebold at Leyden, I saw in Oct. 1835,
o most beautiful and unique specimen of Buprestis, from Japan, about an
inch long, converted to Calcedony. Even the antennæ and portions of the
legs are distinctly preserved.
In the same collection are fragments of solicified trees, bored with tubular
cavities, apparently by the larvæ of animals of this kind.; and within these
cavities, a quantity of dust, produced by the boring, was observed by M.
Brongniart to be converted to Calcedony. From this circumstance we may
conjecture that the perfect inscct was lodged in a similar tube, when it
hecame transformed into Calcedony. The surface of this Insect is covered
with clusters of minute concentric rings of Calcedony (Orbicules of Brong-
niari) so common in silicified fossil shells.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 47.
79
and is nearly related to the genus Bibio, which is
now widely distributed, being common in Europe,
and in N. and S. America.
See Curtis Brit. Ent. Vol. iii. Pl. 138.
This fossil presents the under surface of the
Animal.
Fig. 12. A fossil Spider from the Miocene Fresh-water
formation at Aix, in Provence, in the collection of
Mrs. Murchison ; the under surface of the Animal is
presented, and the little tubercles near the hinder
part of the abdomen are Papillæ of the spinning
organs, apparently, protruded by pressure.
See Kirby and Spence, Introduction to Entomo-
logy, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 204; and Herold, von der
Erzeugung der Spinnen im Eie, tab. 11. Figs. 4. 9.
11. r. (Original.)
Fig. 13. From a drawing by M. Cotta of the fragment of
a larger Scorpion, which is slightly delineated in Pl.
46', Fig. 2, near the forceps of the smaller and more
perfect Scorpion figured in that Plate. I received
this drawing from Count Sternberg, in August, 1885,
(Original.)
a. Dorsal scales of the abdomen.
b. Caudal segments.
c. Intestinal Canal.?
d. Fragment of Intestinal Canal.?
PLATE 47.* V. I. p. 322, Note.
Fig. 1 and 2. Copied in part from the restoration of the
Bradford, or Pear Encrinite (Apiocrirites rotundus)
in Miller's Crinoidea, Pag. 19. Pl. 1, In Fig. 1. the
arms are expanded, and in Fig. 2. nearly closed.
* Much value is added to this and the following Plates, relating to Crinoi-
dea, by their having been engraved (except Pl. 48.) by a Naturalist so con-
versant with the subjects, a Mr. James Sowerby,


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 47.
The length of the jointed flexible stems has been
taken from some entire stems in the collection of Mr.
Chaning Pearce of Bradford, near Bath. Two
young individuals are attached to the calcareous
Pedicle or Base of the largest specimens. (Miller.)
Fig. 2. a. represents the remedial effect of calcareous
secretions in repairing an injury of the joints of the
stem. (Miller.)
Fig. 3. Pyriform Body of Apiocrinites rotundus, show-
ing at its upper extremity the internal disposition of
the bones surrounding the cavity of the stomach.
(Original.)
Fig. 4. Vertical section of another pyriform Body, show-
ing the cavity of the Stomach, and a series of lower
cavities, or hollow lenticular spaces, between the
central portions of the enlarged joints of the upper
portion of the vertebral column. Miller considers
these spaces as enlargements of the alimentary canal,
which descends through the axis of the entire co-
lumn.
The surfaces of the joints of the vertebral column
are striated with rays, which articulate with corre-
sponding rays on the adjacent Plates, and allow of
flexure without risk of dislocation ; locking into one
another nearly in the same manner as those figured
in Pl. 49. Figs. 5. 7.9. (Original.)
Fig. 5. Restored figure of Acinocrinites, 30-Dactylus,
copied from Miller's Crinoidea, Page 96, Pl. 1. Fig.
2. (See V. I. p. 323. Note.)
B. Base and fibres of attachment.
D. Auxiliary side Arms.*
* These side arms afford a beautiful example of mechanical adap-
tations and compensations, which are thus described by Mr. Miller


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 47.
81
· Fig. 6. Body of Apiocrinites 30-dactylus (Nave Encrinite
of Parkinson) copied from Miller's Crinoidea, P. 98.
Pl. 11. (See V. I. p. 323. Note.)
Q. Pectoral Plates.
R. Capital Plates.
X. Orifice of the Mouth, or Proboscis, capable of elonga-
tion for sucking in food.
Fig. 7. Another Body of a Nave Encrinite, drawn by Mr.
J. Sowerby from a specimen in the British Museum.
The same is Figured by Parkinson, in his Organic
Remains, Vol. II. Pl. XVII. Fig. 3. The lateral pro-
jections are the commencement of the side arms.
This specimen has been corroded with acid, and
consequently has lost the superficial Corrugations and
in his admirable Monograph on Crinoidea, p. 97. "The mechanism of the
joints of the side arms, where these insert into the column, is well worthy
of notice, particularly in old specimens. In the earlier stage of their for: -
mation, the side arms being very short, and having then little weight, a
less firm mode of adhesion to the column than becomes requisite at a sub-
sequent period, being then sufficient, we no not find more than one joint
lodged in a socket, or concave impression on the column; but when
increase of size renders a stronger support necessary, two or three suce
ceeding joints of the side arms become embedded in this socket, (for which
its extension as already noticed allows room) and these joints instead of
being arranged in a series branching off at right angles from the column,
become oblique, their direction inclining upwards, so as to aid in bearing
the additional weight. The first joint of the side arms, where thus ob.
Tiquely inserted in the columnar socket, have that portion of their circum.
ference which is presented towards the upper part of the column, trun.
cated, in such a curve as may fit them to the concavity of the impression
where they rest against it.
The surface of these joints, which fit into the columnar impression, is
smooth, being destined for adhesion only, but the articulating surface
between the contiguous joints, where motion also is to be allowed, ex.
libits the usual mechanism of radiated ridges and furrows. These joints
are convex on the side nearest the column, and concave on that most re.
mote.


82
EXPLANATION OF BLATES 48. 49.
Tubercles which appear on the surface of Fig. 6.
(Original.)
X. Orifice of the Mouth.
PLATE 48. V. I. p. 317.
Lily Encrinite, (Encrinites moniliformis,) from the Mus-
chel kalk, near Gottingen; in the cabinet of the Marquis of
Northampton. (Original.)
VII.
PLATE 49. V. I. p. 318. Note.
All the Figures in this Plate except Fig. 3, are taken
from the Petrefacten of Dr. Goldfuss, Pl. LIII. and Pl.
LIV. They are so fully explained in our Vol. I. p. 317
and Notes, as to supersede the necessity of any farther de-
tailed description.
Fig. 1. Restoration of the body and vertebral column of
Encrinites moniliformis.
Fig. 2. Base of attachment.
Fig. 3. Portion of the summit of a vertebral column.
(Original.)
Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of Fig. 3. magnified. (See
Vol. I. p. 319. Note.)
Figs. 5, 7, 9, Joints from different parts of the vertebral
column, showing the manner in which the articu-
lating surfaces are crenulated to admit of flexure.
Figs. 6, 8, 10. Vertical sections through the axis of Figs.
5, 7, 9. showing the forms of the internal cavity for
the alimentary canal.
11–26. Profile and view of the articulating surfaces of
joints, from various parts of the vertebral column.
(See V. I. p. 320. Note.)
th


EXPLANATION OF PLATE
PLATE 50. V. I. p. 317, et seq.
Fig. 1. Fragment of the upper portion of Encrinites
moniliformis, showing the exterior of the Body,
Arms, and Fingers nearly closed around the ten-
tacula. From a specimen belonging to Mr. Stokes.
(Original.)
K. Arms.
M. Hand.
N. Fingers.
Fig. 2. Another fragment of the upper portion of the
same species, reduced one-third, showing the sum-
mit of the column, the exterior of the body, arms,
and fingers, and the manner in which the Tentacula
are folded when the animal is closed. See V. I. p.
321. Note. (Copied from Parkinson's Organic Re-
mains, Vol. 2. Pl. XIV. Fig. 1.)
Fig. 3. Side View of one finger, with its tentacula, (Gold-
fuss, Pl. LIV.)
Fig. 4. Interior of the body. See V. I. p. 322. Note.
(Miller, P. 40. Pl. II.)
Æ. Column.
E. Pelvis First Costal Plate Second Costal Plate.
H. Scapula.
Fig. 5. Articulating surface of the base. (Goldfuss, Pl.
LIV.)
Fig. 6. Dissection of the Scapula. See V. I. p. 322,
Note. (Miller.)
Fig. 7. Dissection of upper costal Plates. (Miller.)
Fig. 8. Dissection of lower costal Plates. (Miller.)
Fig. 9. Dissection of Pelvis. (Miller.)
Fig. 10. Summit of vertebral Column. (Miller.)
Fig. 11-18. Articulations of the Plates composing the


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 51. 52.
abdominal cavity. See V. I. p. 322. Note. (Copied
from Miller's Crinoidea, P. 41. Pl. III.)
PLATE 51. V. I. p. 326, and 330.
Fig. 1. Pentacrinites Briareus, (nat. size) on a slab of
Lias from Lyme Regis, covered with a large group
of the same animals, in the collection of the Geolo-
gical Society of London. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Rare and beautiful specimen of Briarean Penta-
crinite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, in the collec-
tion of Mr. Johnson, of Bristol, showing the plated
integument of the abdominal cavity, terminated up-
wards by a flexible Proboscis, and surrounded by
the commencement of the arms and fingers. This
part of the animal is very seldom preserved. See
V. I. p. 330. (Original.)
PLATE 52. V. I. p. 325.
Fig 1. Recent Pentacrinus Caput Medusæ, from the
bottom of the sea, near the I. Nevis, in the W. In-
dies, reduced from the Figure in Miller's Crinoidea,
P. 48, Pl. I. In the front of this Figure, two of
the arms with their hands and fingers are much
smaller than the others, and show that these ani-
mals, when mutilated, have the power of reproducing
lost parts.
D. Auxiliary side arms, articulating at distant intervals,
- with the vertebral column; these also, when muti-
lated, are reproduced.
. First costal plate.
Second costal plate.
H. Scapula.
I. Interscapulary joint.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 52.
85
Miller's description of this recent Type, of a family
of which a few individuals only have hitherto been
found, affords examples of many very delicate and
beautiful mechanical contrivances, which throw im-
portant light on corresponding parts of the fossil
species of this, and of kindred genera that abound
in strata of the Secondary series, and more especially
in the Lias. (See V. I. pp. 325. 326. 328.)
Fig. 2. Pentacrinus Europæus, discovered in the Cove of
Cork, and on other parts of the coasts of Ireland, by
J. V. Thompson, Esq. (See V. I. p. 325.) In this
figure several Individuals in different stages of de-.
velopment, adhere by the base of an articulated
column to the stem of the Coralline.
Fig. 2'. One of the Individuals magnified and fully ex-
panded. See V. I. p. 326.
Mr. J. V. Thompson has more recently conjectured
that the Pentacrinus Europæus, which in early life
is fixed by its stem to other bodies, is produced from
the ovum of the Comatula, and becomes afterwards
detached, and forms a perfect Comatula, capable of
moving freely in the Ocean; at one time crawling
amongst sub-marine Plants, at others floating, or
swimming like Medusæ. (See Proceedings of Royal
Society, London, June, 1835.)
Fig. 3. Small Briarean Pentacrinite, adhering to a frag-
ment of Jet from the Lias at Lyme Regis. (See V.
I. p. 329, Note.)
Fig. 4. Fragment of the column of Pentacrinites sub-
angularis. The Vertebræ are nicely articulated to
admit of flexure without risk of dislocation. The
uppermost joint d. shows the lateral cavities for the
articulation of auxiliary side arms. (Goldfuss. Pl.
· LII. f. g.)
Fig. 5. Vertical Section of Fig. 4. In this Fig. and in
VOL. II.-8


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 52.
Fig. 4, the joints are of three degrees of magnitude ;
those at a. being the largest, those at c. the smallest
and thinnest, and those at b. of an intermediate size.
The edges of c. appear at the surface only upon the
salient portion of the column, Fig. 4. (See V. I. p.
328, Note.)
Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13. Portions of the vertebral column
of Pentacrinites basaltiformis. 6, 8, 12, show the
stellated crenulations on the articulating facets of
different parts of the column; 7, 9, show the tuber-
cles on the exterior of each columnar joint, for the
attachment of cortical contractile fibres. 13. d,
shows the articulating facets of the auxiliary side
arms. (Goldfuss.)
Fig. 10. Articulating facet of a columnar joint of Penta-
crinites scalaris. (Goldfuss. Pl. LII. 3. h.)
Fig. 11. Fragment of a column of the same species.
The joint d. bears sockets for the articulation of the
side arms. The other joints have large tubercles
for the attachment of cortical fibres. (Goldfuss, Pl.
LII. 3. p.)
Fig. 14, 15, 16, 17. Articulating surfaces of joints in
different parts of the column in Pentacrinites sub-
angularis. The mechanism of each star seems dif-
ferently disposed, to modify the amount of motion
required at their respective places in the column.
The tubercular surfaces between the rays or petals
of the star indicate the action of the intervertebral
contractile fibres. (Goldfuss, Pl. LII. 1. m. n. 0. p.)
Plate 53. V. I. p. 327, Note, et seq.
Fig. 1. 2. Upper parts of two nearly entire specimens
of Briarean Pentacrinite, projecting in high relief
from the surface of a slab, nearly two inches thick,


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 53.
87
and entirely composed of a mass of petrified Ossicula
of the same species of Pentacrinite. The surface of
these fossils is covered with a delicate film of Iron
Pyrites, which gives them the appearance of Beauti-
ful Bronze. (Original.)
14. Continuation of the stem of Fig. 1.
24. Portion of the stem of Fig. 2.
The length of these stems when entire, was three
or four times that of the fragments here remaining.
Upon the stem 2”, nearly all the side arms retain
their places in the grooves on each side of the salient
angles of the pentagonal column; they diminish in
size as they approach its upper extremity. This is
also distinctly seen at the upper end of the column
of Fig. 1.
First costal plate. Second costal plate.
Fig. 3. portion of a third column retaining nearly all its
auxiliary side arms in their natural place.
; Fig. 34. Continuation of the same column deprived of the
side arms.
Fig. 4. Portion of another column, with traces of a few
side arms rising from the lateral grooves.
Fig. 44. Continuation of Fig. 4.
Fig. 5. Fragment of another column, the joints of which
are so much bent without dislocation, as almost to
give the column the appearance of a spiral disposi-
tion.
Fig. 6. Body of a Briarean Pentacrinite and summit of
its column, showing the interior of the ossicula that
surround the abdominal cavity.
E. Pelvis. First costal plate. From a specimen in the
Oxford Museum. (Original.)
Fig. 7. Fragment of a column in the collection of Mr.
J. Sowerby, showing the oblique articulation of the


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 53.
base of the side arms, with the larger joints of the
vertebral column. See V. I. p. 331. Note. (Original.)
Fig. 8. Magnified Section of a portion of a column in
the Oxford Museum. The joints, as in Pl. 52, Fig.
4, 5, and in Pl. 49, Figs. 3, 4, are alternately thicker
and thinner; with a third, and still thinner joint
interposed between them. See V. I. p. 327, Note.
(Original.)
Fig. 86. Nat. size of Fig. 8.
Fig. 82. Portion of a column, showing the manner in
which the edges of the thinnest plates, c, are visible
along the salient angles only. In the intermediate
grooves the thicker plates, of the first and second
sizes, a, b, overlap and conceal the edges of the
thinnest plates, c. The principle of this mechanism
is the same as Pentacrinites subangularis, Pl. 52,
Figs. 4, 5, and in Encrinites Moniliformis, Pl. 49,
Figs. 3, 4; but the circular form of the column in
the latter, causes the smallest plate, c, to be visible
around its entire circumference. See V. I. p. 327,
Note. (Original.)
The bases of two side arms are seen in two of the
grooves, articulating with the uppermost large joint
of this column. On other large joints are seen the
sockets from which similar side arms have fallen.
Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Various stellated forms on the
articulating surfaces of Vertebræ, preserved in the
dislocated mass beneath Figs. 1, 2. These petal-
shaped, and crenated rays were probably adapted
to produce various degrees of flexibility, according
to their respective places in the column. The small
Vertebra on Fig. 13, is derived from another indi-
vidual. (Original.)
The aperture at the centre of all these Vertebræ
was for the passage of the alimentary canal, which


EXPLANATION OF PLATI
89
Miller considers to have sent off ten branches at
every joint, five to the interior and five to the exte-
rior of the petals.
Fig. 14. One of the largest auxiliary side arms. Some
of these contained more than 100 joints. See V. I.
p. 330. (Goldfuss.)
a, b, c, represent different forms of the joints at different
parts of the side arms, with their nicely adjusted ar-
ticulating surfaces.
Figs. 15, 16, a, b, &c. Various modifications of the arti-
culating surfaces of the joints composing the fingers
and tentacula. (Goldfuss, Pl. LI.)
Fig. 17. Magnified extremity of one of the tentacula.
The last two joints form a very delicate pair of pin-
cers to lay hold on its prey. (Original.)
Plate 54. V. I. p. 333.
Fig. 1. Caryophyllia arbuscula, nat. size, with the ani-
mals expanded. (Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Tom.
6, Pl. 15, f. 2.)
Fig. 2. The animal of Fig. 1. magnified; as seen from
above.
Fig. 3. Vertical section of the cup of Meandrina laby-
rinthica, with the animal placed within it. (Mem. du
Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Tom. 6. Pl. 16, 10 b.)
Fig. 4. a. The common Actinia, or Sea Anemone, ex-
panded. b. The same contracted within its external
skin. (Encyc. Method. Pl. 72. 6.*)
Fig. 5. Madrepora gyrosa. (Ellis. Zooph. Tab. 51,
Fig. 2.)
* This animal has no calcareous cell, but contracts itself into a tough
fleshy sac, see Fig. 4. b. At a. the Tentacula are represented in a state
of expansion. Some of these Polypes present the same display of bril-
liant colours as many of these which construct persistent calcareous
cells.


90
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 55. 56.
Fig. 6. Section of the animal of Meandrina viridis, and
of the coral in which it is placed.
Fig. 7. Animals of Meandrina limosa as seen from above,
and magnified ; they are placed in confluent stellated
cells similar to those in Fig. 5.
Fig. 8. One of the same, seen in profile, with the edges of
its coralline plates behind the tentacula. (Mem. du
Mus, d'Hist. Nat. Tom. 6, Pl. 15. 4.)
Fig. 9. Caryophyllia Smithii, from Torquay. Nat. size.
Fig. 10. The same, with its animal partially expanded,
within the centre of the coral.
Fig. 11. The animal expanded and seen from above.
(Zoological Journal, Vol. 3. Pl. 13.)
PłATE 55. Vol. I. p. 350.
Fig. 1. A. B. C. Trunk, and dichotomous branches of a
fossil tree, Lepidodendron Sternbergii, found in the
roof of a coal-mine at Swina, in Bohemia. (Stern-
berg, Tab. I.)
Fig. 2. The extremity of a branch with leaves attached
to it, from ten to twelve inches long. * (Sternberg,
Tab. II.)
Fig. 3. Extremity of another branch, with indications of
fructification somewhat resembling a cone. (Stern-
berg.)
PLAȚE 56.
V. I. p. 352, et seq.
Extinct Plants from the Coal Formation..
Fig. 1. Copied from a sketch by Mr. Sopwith, of the
base of a large trunk of Sigillaria standing in 1803,
in the cliff at Bog Hall, near Newbiggin, on the
* By an error in copying this figure the branches are made too broad in
proportion to the leaves,


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56.
91
coast of Northumberland. This fragment is about
five feet high, and two feet three inches in diameter
at its base.* Scale one-twenty-fourth. (Sopwith.)
2. Fragment of the bark on the trunk of a Sigillaria,
from Earl Fitzwilliam's coal-mine at Elsikar, near
Rotherham. In this mine many large trunks are
seen inclined in all directions, and some nearly ver-
tical. (See V. I. p. 353, Note.) The bark is converted
into a thin lamina of coal, and remains attached to
the lower portion of this specimen. It exhibits on
its outer surface scars formed by the articulations
of the bases of leaves; these are penetrated near
their centre by three apertures for vessels that
passed from each leaf into the trunk. The decorti-
cated upper part of this specimen presents an im-
pression of its striated internal surface, and exhibits
beneath each scale two oblong parallel apertures,
through which the vessels from a leaf penetrated the
trunk. Scale one-half. (Original.)
The substance of the trunk must have been in a
state of decay, before the mud, which is now har-
dened into shale, could have entered the interior of
the bark. When trunks of this kind are inclined
at an angle exceeding 45°, they are usually dis-
tended with sand-stone, or sandy shale; when at a
less angle than 45°, they are most commonly com-
pressed, and have only a thin flat portion of shale,
formed of indurated mud within their bark. The
bark, wherever it has not perished, is converted to
coal.
2. Articulating leaf-scar on the exterior of the bark of
another large trunk of Sigillaria from Elsecar. Nat.
* M. Ad. Brongniart found a stem of Sigillaria in a coal-mine at Essen in
Westphalia, which was dichotomous near its top.


92
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56.
size. On comparing this scar with those upon the
bark of Fig. 2, it may be seen that the different
modes of articulation of the leaves with the cortical
integument present obvious characters, on which
specific distinctions may perhaps most easily be esta-
blished, in this very obscure and curious family of
extinct plants. See various figures of these leaf-
scars in Lindley and Hutton's Fossil Flora, Plates
55. 56. 57. 71. 72. &c. In Figs. 2, and 2', as in
many other species, decurrent lines are visible on
both sides of the scar. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Ulodendron Allanii, (nobis) scale one-fifth. See
V. I. p. 356. Note. Drawn from a plaster cast of an
impression on sand-stone, in the Museum of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh from the Coal formation at
Cragleith. This sand-stone has formed a natural
mould on the outer surface of a stem, which has
entirely perished; our cast gives a fac-simile of the
small rhomboidal scales, and of three large round
scars on the exterior of the trunk. This impression
has been figured, in an inverted position, by Mr.
Allan in Vol. IX. Trans. Royal Soc. Edin. 1823. Pl.
XIV. p. 236. (Original.).
Our figure represents the trunk in its natural
position. In the centre of each scar is a cavity,
indicating the place of attachment of a cone. The
upper portion of each scar is marked with furrows,
produced by pressure of the long radiating scales
at the bottom of the cone. This pressure has nearly
obliterated the smaller rhomboidal scales of the bark,
in those parts where the furrows are deepest; on
the lower portion of the scars, the scales of the
bark have been but slightly modified by pressure of
the cone.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56.
Fig. 4. A single scar formed by the attachment of a cone
of another species, Ulodendron Lucasii, (nobis,) dis-
covered by Mr. Lucas in the S. Wales Coal field
near Swansea. Some scales and speared-shaped
leaves of the trunk are still preserved around the mar-
gin of this scar. As the bark has fallen off, we have
only the impression of its inner surface. This sur-
face exhibits small apertures, through which vessels
entered from beneath the bark-scales into the trunk.
On the upper part of the disk, the traces of many of
these vessels have been obliterated by pressure of the
cone. Scale one-fourth. (Original.)
Fig. 5. Ulodendron Stokesii. (nobis.) A large oval scar,
(44 inches in its longer, and 3} inches in its shorter
diameter) preserved in shale from an unknown lo-
cality in the English Coal Formation. On the
margin of this scar are the remains of rhomboidal
scales, and impressions of scales, and a few small
leaves. Within the disk a few fragments only of
the bark remain near its upper margin. Near its
centre, is the mark of the insertion of the stem of
a large cone. The lower half exhibits a series of
small tubular cavities, marking the place of vessels
which passed from the bark into the trunk, one
beneath each of the bark-scales that have fallen off.
In the upper half of the Scar, there are but slight
traces of these cavities, and the surface is marked
with furrows, produced by pressure of the long
radiating scales of the base of the cone. Scale one-
fifth. (Original.)
· Fig. 6. Ulodendron Rhodii. (nobis.) Scar on a scaly
stem, from the Coal field of Silesia, figured by Rhode
in his Beitrage zur Pflanzenkunde der Vorwelt, L.
2. Pl. 3. Fig. 1. The lower portion of this Scar


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56.
retains the bark-scales modified by pressure of the
Strobilus or cone that grew from the centre of the
disk. The upper portion of the Scar is without in-
dications of bark-scales, and is covered with radi-
ating furrows, impressed on it by the long slender
scales of the base of the Strobilus, which have obli-
terated the bark-scales.* ,
The character of this scar approaches to that of
Fig. 5, but its proportions differ, measuring 31 inches
in the longer, and 21 inches in the shorter diameter.
The scaly bark (which in Fig. 5 has been almost en-
tirely removed from the area of the scar,) is pre-
served on the lower portion of the disk of Fig. 6.
Scale two-ninths. (Original.)
Fig. 6'. Cast of Ulodendron Conybearii (nobis) formed by
Pennant sand-stone of the Coal formation at Staple-
ton near Bristol. This cast expresses the exact form
of an oval scar, or cavity on a stem from which a
cone had fallen off.
The disk is covered with slight ridges and furrows,
radiating in all directions from the point of insertion
of the cone, and formed by pressure of its lowest
scales upon the portion of the stem to which it was
attached. Beneath the point of insertion, a few small
* The portions above and below the line drawn across Fig. 6, are copied
from two scars in Rhode's figure. Rhode considers these impressions to be
flowers, and the compressed bark-scales to be the Petioles of the flower, and
has represented the trunk in an inverted position.
As, in every species of Ulodendron which we have seen, the furrows pro-
duced by scales at the base of the cone, are deepest on the upper portion of
the Scar, we infer from this circumstance that the cone were inclined up.
wards and inwards, with their axis approximating to that of the stem from
which they issued


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 57.
97
Fig. 5. Longitudinal Sections of Araucaria excelsa, show-
ing polygonal disks, in double and triple rows, on the
surface of the longitudinal tubes. Some of the tubes
are without disks, as in all Conifera.
Fig. 6. Transverse Section of Araucaria excelsa.
a. Portion of concentric annual layer.
Fig. 7. Radiating and concentric structure of a branch
of Pinus, as seen by the naked eye in a transverse
section; the microscopic reticulations are omitted
(See V. I. p. 365. Note.)
a. a. Concentric annual layers, indicating periodical
growth.
Fig. 8. Longitudinal Section of Pinus, showing the rela-
tive positions of the longitudinal vessels and medul-
lary rays.
a, Longitudinal vessels, forming the woody fibres.
b, Medullary rays.
PLATE 57. V. I. p. 371.
Sections exhibiting the silicified remains of Coniferæ and
Cycadeæ, in their native bed, between the Portland and
Purbeck stone, on the coast of Dorsetshire.
Fig. 1. Appearance of trunks and roots of large Coni-
ferous trees, and of trunks of Cycadites, in the black
earth, which formed the soil of an ancient Forest in
the Isle of Portland. (De la Beche.)
Fig. 2. Remarkable concentric Ridges of Stone, around
the erect stump of a Fossil Tree in the Isle of Port-
land. See V. I. p. 372. Note. (Henslow.)
Fig. 3. Inclined position of the petrified stumps of large
Coniferæ, and of the bed of black mould and pebbles
in which they grew, near Lulworth Cove, on the
Coast of Dorset. (Buckland.)
VOL. II.-9


98
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
PLATE 58.
V. I. p. 370.
Cycas revoluta, producing buds from the axillæ of the
scales, or persistent bases of leaves that form the false bark.
Drawn from a plant in the conservatory of Lord Grenville
at Dropmore, 1832.
PLATE 59. V. I. p. 371.
Fig. 1. Zamia pungens, with its fruit, as it grew at Walton
on Thames, 1832, in the Conservatory of Lady
Tankerville. (Lambert.)
Fig. 2. Transverse section of the trunk of Zamia horrida,
from the Cape of Good Hope. (Buckland.)
Fig. 3. Transverse section of a young trunk of Cycas
revoluta. See Geol. Trans. Lond. 1828. N. S. Vol.
ii. Pt. 3. Pl. 46. (Buckland.)
PLATE 60.
V. I. p. 373.
Fig. 1. Silicified trunk of Cycadites megalophillus, from
the Dirt bed in the Isle of Portland. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Portion of the base of Fig. 1. Sce V. I. p. 373,
Note. (Original.)
In Plates 60, 61, A represents the central mass of cel-
lular tissue. B the single circle of radiating woody plates.
C the circle of cellular tissue, surrounding B. And D
the case or false Bark, surrounding C. And in Pl. 61,
Fig. 1, b, represents a second circle of radiating woody
plates.
PLATE 61. V. I. p. 373, Note.
Fig. 1. Silicified trunk of Cycadites microphyllus, from
the Isle of Portland with numerous buds rising from
the axillæ of the Petioles. (Original.) i


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 62.
99
Figs. 2, 3. Vertical sections of agatised Petioles, com-
posing the false bark on the trunk of Cycadites
microphyllus, and of embryo Buds. In the Bud,
Fig. 2. d. the division between the two woody circles
is not distinct. In Fig. 3'. d. it is very obvious ; but
the intermediate circle of cellular tissue is repre-
sented only by a fine line. See V. I. p. 374, Note,
and p. 376, Note. (Original.)
. In the sections of Pl. 61, Figs. 2, 3, and Pl. 61, the fol-
lowing letters are used to indicate the same parts. a, cot-
ton, or down; b. integument of petioles or scales; c, bun-
dles of vessels ; d, woody circles; e, imperfect woody
circles ; f, cellular tissue; g, embryo bud; h, gum ves-
sels.*
PLATE 62. V. I. p. 374, Note.
Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of a Petiole of Zamia spiralis
magnified two times. It exhibits four bundles of
vessels passing longitudinally through the cellular
tissue, which is interspersed with gum vessels. V.
I. p. 375. (Original.)
A. Transverse section of Fig. 1, magnified, and showing
the irregular disposition of the bundles of vessels.
(Original.)
c'. Magnified view of one of the bundles of vessels at A,
C. (Original.)
B.c". Magnified transverse section of a bundle of vessels
in the petiole of Zamia horrida. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Longitudinal section of a portion of an agatised
petiole of Cycadites microphyllus, from Portland,
magnified four times. The down or cotton at a, is
* These very beautiful and instructive sections were presented to me by
Mr. Witham, being portions of a trunk which I had placed at his disposi-
tion.


100
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 62.
most beautifully preserved, and the integuments of
the petiole b, longitudinal vessels e, and gum vessels
f, correspond with those in Fig. 1. See V. I. p. 375,
Note. (Original. *)
Fig. 3. Transverse section of a portion of the lowest
Petioles, in Pl. 61, Fig. 3, b, c, magnified four times.
The disposition of the bundles of vessels is nearly
· parallel to the integument of the Petiole.f
d, Magnified portion of the double woody circle, within
the Embryo bud, Pl. 61. Fig. 3. d.
d' More highly magnified portion of the embryo double
woody circle d.
c'. More highly magnified section of one of the bundles
of vessels, adjacent to c.
These bundles of vessels, exhibit, in their transverse Sec-
tion, a series of minute tubes, arranged in rows, and be-
tween these rows, opaque plates of compressed cellular
tissue, resembling portions of medullary rays.
The fibrous structure of the integument is preserved in
several parts of b. See V. I. p. 376, Note. (Original.)
1 * Mr. Robert Brown has noticed in the cellular tissue of a silicified trunk
of Cycadites, portions of Calcedony bearing the form of extravasated gum
within the trunks of recent Cycadeæ, He has also recognised spiral vessels,
in the laminated woody circle of a mature trunk of fossil Cycadites, and also
in the laminated circle within a silicified bud of the same, near its origin.
† A familiar example of a nearly similar disposition of bundles of vessels,
passing into the Petiole or leaf-stalk, may be seen in the base of the fresh
fallen leaves from a horse-chestnut tree, or in the scars on a cabbage-stalk
from which leaves have fallen off.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 63.
101
PLATE 63.*
V. I. p. 377.
Fig. 1. Recent Pandanus, of S. America, twenty feet high,
, with its fruit attached. (Mirbel.)
Fig. 2. Fossil fruit of Podocarya, from the interior Oolite,
near Charmouth, Dorset. Great part of the surface
is covered with a stellated Epicarpium; the points
of many seeds project in those parts (e) where the
Epicarpium is wanting. (Original.)
Fig 3. Reverse of Fig. 2. showing the seeds placed in
single cells (6) around the circumference of the fruit.
These seeds stand on a congeries of foot-stalks (d)
composed of long fibres, which terminate in the re-
ceptacle.(r) The surface of the receptacle is studded
over with small disks, in which these foot-stalks ori-
ginate. (Original.)
Fig. 4. Base of the same fruit, showing the transverse
section of the receptacle (r,) and the summits of
many abortive cells on the left side of the receptacle.
(Original.)
Fig. 5. A single seed of Podocarya converted to carbo-
nate of lime, Nat. size. (Original.)
Fig. 6. The same magnified. (Original.)
Fig. 7. Transverse section of a seed magnified. Two
lunate marks, of a darker colour than the other part,
appear near its centre, f'. See Fig. 8, and the mid-
dle of Fig. 10. (Originala)
* Explanation of Letters of Reference.
a. Stellated tubercles, each one covering the apex of a single seeda
b. Sections of the seed cells.
6. Bases of cells of which seeds have fallen.
d. Fibrous foot-stalks between the seeds and receptacle.
e. Apices of seeds uncovered.
f. Transverse section of seeds.
9*


102
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 63.
Fig. 8. Magnified portion of Fig. 3: showing a withered
stigma in the centre of each hexagonal tubercle (a ;)
beneath these tubercles is a longitudinal Section of
the single cells (b,) each containing one seed (f;)
and in front of these cells are the hollow bases of
other cells (c, c) from which seeds have been re-
moved. (Original.)
Fig. 9. Another magnified portion, showing the apices of
many seeds (e) from which the Epicarpium has been
removed. (Original.)
Fig. 10. Another magnified portion, showing at a, b, c,
more distinctly the same parts as at Fig. 8; and at
d, the upper portion of the fibrous foot-stalks beneath
the bases of the cells, C. (Original.)
Fig. 11. Summit of one of the drupes or groups of cells
into which the fruit of the recent Pandanus is di-
vided; showing a hexagonal disposition of the coro-
nary tubercles, each bearing at its centre the re-
mains of a stigma, as in the Podocarya. See Figs.
16. 17. (Original.)
Fig. 12. Exterior of a single seed-cell of Pandanus odora-
tissimus. (Jaquin. Frag. Bot. Pl. 14.)
Fig. 13. Section of a Drupe of Pandanus odoratissimus.
The central cell containing a seed, is placed between
two abortive cells. At the apex of each cell in this
drupe (a) is a withered stigma. (Roxborough Coro-
mandel. Pl. 96.)
Figs. 14, 15. Sections of a Drupe of Pandanus odoratis-
simus, showing the seeds within the prolific cells
surrounded by a hard nut. Beneath this nut is a
mass of rigid fibres like those beneath the seeds of
Podocarya. (Jaquin.)
Fig. 16. Summit at the hexagonal tubercle at the apex
of a cell of Pandanus humilis, with a withered stigma
in the centre. (Jaquin. Frag. Bot. Pl. 14.)


,
103
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 64. 65.
Fig. 17. Side view of another tubercle of the same spe-
cies. (Jaquin. Frag. Bot. Pl. 14.)
Plate 64. V. I. p. 387.
Fig. 1. Fossil leaf of a Flabelliform Palm from the Gyp-
sum of Aix in Provence. (Brongniart.)
Fig. 2. Upper portion of the Fossil trunk of a tree allied
to Palms (nearly four feet in diameter,) from the
Calcaire Grossier at Vaillet, near Soissons, preserved
in the Museum d'Hist. Nat. at Paris. See p. 387.
Note. (Brongniart.)
2002
eneza
dora
PLATE 65. V. I. p. 396.
Fig. 1. Section across the Wednesbury Coal basin from
Dudley to Walsall. (Jukes.)
The extensive Iron foundries which cover the sur-
face of this district, and the greater part of the
manufactures in the adjacent town of Birmingham,
originate in the Coal and Iron ore, with which the
strata of shale in this Coal basin are richly loaded.
The Dudley Limestone here found immediately
below the Coal formation, occurs usually at a much
greater depth in the series. The Mountain Lime-
stone, Old red Sand-stone, and Ludlow rocks, are
here wanting. (See Pl. 66, Fig. 1.)
Fig. 2. Section showing the basin-shaped disposition of
the Carboniferous strata in S. Wales. (Rev. W. D.
Conybeare.)
The richest beds of Coal and Iron ore are placed
almost immediately above the Mountain limestone.
(See pp. 59, 396.) It is to this district that our
Posterity must look for their future supplies of Coals,
and transfer the site of their manufactures, when
wer
ma


104
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 66.
the Coal fields of the northern and central parts of
England shall be exhausted.*
Fig. 3. Section of inclined Carboniferous strata, overlaid
unconformably by horizontal strata of New Red
Sand-stone, Lias, and Oolite, in Somersetshire.
This section illustrates the manner in which Car-
boniferous strata have been elevated at their extre-
mities around the circumference of a basin, and de-
pressed towards its centre, and also intersected by
fractures or Faults. See V. I. pp. 394, 405.
In Section 1, 2, of this Plate, no notice is taken of
the Faults which intersect the Coal basins.
PLATE 66.
V. I. p. 394, Note.
Fig. 1. Section of the Strata composing the Silurian
System, and the lower part of the Carboniferous
System, on the frontiers of England and Wales.
(Murchison.)
Fig. 2. Appearance of Faults intersecting the Coal for-
mation near Newcastle-on-Tyne, copied from a
portion of one of Mr. Buddle's important sections
of the Newcastle Coal field, in the Transactions of
the Nat. Hist. Society of Northumberland, V. I.
Pt. 3, Pl. XXI. XXII. XXIII. The advantages
* The lower and richest beds of this Coal district are not only raised to
the surface, and rendered easily accessible around the external margin of
the basin, but are also brought within reach in consequence of another im-
portant elevation, along an anticlinal line, running nearly E. and W. through
a considerable portion of the interior of the basin, in the direction of its.
longer diameter.
+ I feel it a public duty to make known an act of Mr. Buddle, which will
entitle him to the gratitude of posterity, and has set an example, which, if ge-
nerally followed in all extensive collieries, will save the lives of thousands of
unfortunate miners, that must otherwise perish for want of information, which
can, at this time, be easily recorded for their preservation. This eminent Engia


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67.
105
resulting from these interruptions of the continuity
of the strata are pointed out in pp. 406, 407.
A large portion of the surface of these strata near
Newcastle is covered with a thick bed of diluvial
Clay interspersed with Pebbles, in the manner re-
presented at the top of this Section. The effect of
this Clay must be to exclude much rain water that
would have percolated downwards into the Coal
mines, had strata of porous Sand-stone formed the
actual surface.
Plate 67. V. I. p. 417.
Fig. 1. represents the case of a valley of Denudation in
ncer and Coal Viewer has presented to the Natural History Society of New-
castle, copies of his most important plans and sections, accompanied by writ-
ten documents, of the under ground workings in the Collieries near that town,
in which all those spaces are carefully noted, from whence the Coal has been
extracted. Every practical Miner is too well acquainted with the danger of
approaching ancient workings in consequence of the accumulation of water
in those parts from which Coal has been removed. The sudden irruption of
this water into a mine adjacent to such reservoirs is occasionally attended
with most calamitous and fatal results. See History of Fossil Fuel, the Col.
lieries and Coal Trade, 1835. P. 249 et seq..
The dictates of humanity which prompt us to aid in the preservation of
human life, nu less than the economical view of rendering available at a
future time the residuary portions of our beds of Coal, which will not now repay
the cost of extracting them, should induce all proprietors and other persons
connected with Coal Mines, and especially Engineers and Coal Viewers, to
leave to their successors a legacy, which will to them be precious, by pre-
serving minute and exact records of the state of the coal in their respective
districts. It can, however, scarcely be expected, that such measures will be
generally and systematically adopted throughout the many Coal fields of
this country, unless the subject be legislatively taken up by those official
persons, whom it behooves, as guardians of the future welfare of the nation,
to institute due measures, whilst the opportunities exist, for preventing that
loss of life and property, which a little attention bestowed in season, will pre-
serve to posterity.


106
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67.
stratified rocks, terminated abruptly by a cliff on
the sea-shore; this figure is intended to illustrate
two causes of the production of Springs by descent
of water from porous strata at higher levels; the
first, producing discharges in valleys of Denudation,
along the line of junction of porous with imperme-
able strata ; the other, by the interruption offered
to descent of water by Faults that intersect the
strata.
The Hills A, C, are supposed to be formed of a
permeable stratum a, a', a", resting on an imper-
meable bed of Clay b, b', 6". Between these two
Hills is a Valley of Denudation, B. Towards the
head of this Valley the junction of the permeable
stratum a, a', with the Clay bed b, b', produces a
spring at the point S.; here the intersection of
these strata by the denudation of the valley affords
a perennial issue to the Rain water, which falls upon
the adjacent upland plain, and percolating down-
wards to the bottom of the porous stratum a, a',
accumulates therein until it is discharged by nume-
rous springs, in positions similar to S, near the head
and along the sides of the valleys which intersect the
junction of the stratum a, a', with the stratum b, b'.
See V. I. p. 417.*
The Hill C, represents the case of a spring pro-
duced by a Fault. H. The Rain that falls upon
this Hill between H, and D, descends through the
porous stratum a", to the subjacent bed of Clay bu,
* The term Combe, so common in the names of upland Villages, is usually
applied to that unwatered portion of a valley, which forms its continuation
beyond, and above the most elevated spring that issues into it; at this point,
or spring head, the valley ends, and the Combe begins. The conveniences of
water and shelter which these spring-heads afford, have usually fixed the
site of the highest villages that are planted around the margin of elevated
plains.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67.
107
The inclination of this bed directs its course towards
the Fault H, where its progress is intercepted by the
dislocated edge of the Clay bed b', and a spring is
formed at the point f. Springs originating in causes
of this kind are of very frequent occurrence, and are
easily recognised in cliffs upon the sea-shore.* In
inland districts, the fractures which cause these
springs are usually less apparent, and the issues of
water often give to the Geologist notice of Faults,
of which the form of the surface affords no visible
indication. See. V. I. p. 418, Note.
Fig. 2. Section of the valley of Pyrmont in Westphalia,
A cold chalybeate water rises in this valley at d,
through broken fragments of New Red Sand-stone,
filling a fracture which forms the Axis of Elevation
of the valley. The strata are elevated unequally on
opposite sides of this fracture. See V. I. p. 419.
(Hoffmann.)
Explanation of Letters referred to in this Figure.
a. Keuper.
b. Muschel kalk or shelly Limestone.
c. Variegated Sand-stone.
d. Cold chalybeate Springs rising through a fracture on
the Axis of Elevation of the Valley.
M. The Muhlberg, 1107 feet above the sea.
B. The Bomberg, 1136 feet above the sea.
P. Pyrmont, 250 feet above the sea.
Fig. 3. Section reduced from Thomas's survey of the
mining district of Cornwall (1819; it exhibits the
*
* Three such cases may be seen on the banks of the Severn near Bristol,
in small faults that traverse the low cliff of Red Marl and Lias on the
N. E. of the Aust Passage. See Geol. Trans. N. S. Vol. I. Pt. II. Pl. 37.


108
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67.
manner in which the Granite and Slate near Red-
ruth are intersected by metalliferous Veins, ter-
minated abruptly at the surface, and descending
to an unknown depth; these Veins are usually most
productive near the junction of the Granite with the
Slate, and where one Vein intersects another. The
mean direction of the greatest number of them is
nearly from E. N. E. to W. S. W. They are inter-
sected nearly at right angles by other and less nu-
merous Veins called Cross Courses, the contents of
which usually differ from those of the E. and W.
veins, and are seldom metalliferous.
The Granite and Killas and other rocks which in-
tersect them, e. g. Dikes and intruded masses of
more recent Granite, and of various kinds of por-
phyritic rocks called Elvans (see Pl. 1, a 9. b. c.) are
considered to have occupied their present relative
positions, before the origin of the fissures, which
form the metalliferous Veins, that intersect them all.
(See V. I. p. 411.*
* In Vol. I. P. 413, Note, a reference is made to some important obser-
vations by Mr. R. W. Fox on the Electro magnetic actions which are now
going on in the mines of Cornwall, as being likely to throw important light
on the manner in which the ores have been introduced to metallic veins.
The following observations by the same gentleman in a recent communi-
cation to the Geological Society of London, (April, 1836,) appear to contain
the rudiinents of a Theory, which, when maturely developed, promises to
offer a solution of this difficult and complex Problem.
“ If it be admitted that fissures may have been produced by changes in
the temperature of the earth, there can be little difficulty in also admitting
that electricity may have powerfully influenced the existing arrangement of
the contents of mineral veins. How are we otherwise to account for the re.
lative positions of veins of different kinds with respect to each other, and
likewise of their contents in reference to the rocks which they traverse, and
many other phenomena observable in them? Copper, Tin, Iron, and Zinc,


EXPLANATION OF PLATE
109
PLATE 68.
V. I. p. 240.
Section showing the basin-shaped disposition of Strata
belonging to the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations, in
the Basin of London, and illustrating the causes of the
rise of water in Artesian Wells. See V. I. p. 421. Note.
(Original.)
in combination with the sulphuric and muriatic acids, being very soluble in
water, are, in this state, capable of conducting voltaic electricity; so, if by
means of infiltration, or any other process, we suppose the water to have
been impregnated with any of these metallic salts, the rocks containing dif.
ferent salts would undoubtedly become in different or opposite electrical
conditions ; and hence, if there were no other cause, electric currents would
be generated, and be readily transmitted through the fissures containing
water with salts in solution; and decompositions of the salts and a trans.
ference of their elements, in some cases, to great distances, would be the na-
tural result. But, on the known principles of Electro-magnetism, it is evi.
dent that such currents would be more or less influenced in their direction
and intensity by the magnetism of the earth. They cannot, for instance,
pass from N. to S. or from S. to N. so easily as from E. to W. but more
so than from W. to E. The terrestrial magnetism would therefore tend,
in a greater or less degree, to direct the voltaic carrents through those
fissures which might approximate to an east and west bearing, and in sepa-
rating the saline constituents, would deposite the metal within or near the
electro.negative rock, and the acid would be determined towards the electro.
positive rock, and probably enter new combinations. Or, the sulphuric
acid might, by means of the same agency, be resolved into its elements; in
which case the sulphur would take the direction of the metal, and the oxy.
gen of the acid, and in this way, the metallic sulphurets may have probably
their origin; for, if I mistake not, the metallic sulphates, supposing them
to have been the prevailing salts, as at present, would be fully adequate to
supply all the sulphur required by the same metals to form sulphurets; in-
deed more than sufficient, if we deduct the oxide of tin, and other metalli-
ferous oxides found in our mines. The continued circulation of the waters
would, in time, bring most of the soluble salts under the influence of these
currents, till the metals were in great measure separated from the solvents,
and deposited in the East and West veins, and near the rocks to which they
were determined by the electric currents."
In a Letter to the Author upon this subject (June 29, 1836,) Mr. Fox
farther remarks:
VOL. II.-10


110
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 69.
PLATE 69.
V. I. p. 422.
Fig. 1. Theoretical section, illustrating the Hydraulic
conditions of strata disposed in the form of Basins.
See Vol. I. p. 422, Note. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Theoretical section, showing the effect of Faults,
and Dikes on water percolating inclined and permea-
ble Strata. See Vol. I. p. 423, Note. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Double Artesian Fountain at St. Ouen, near Paris,
raising water to supply a Canal basin, from two stra-
ta at different depths. The water from the lowest
stratum rises to the greatest height. See V. I. p.
423. Note. (Hericart de Thury.)
"It should be observed that in proportion as the deposition of the metals
proceeded, the voltaic action must necessarily have been considerably aug.
mented, so as to render it highly probable that the metals were chiefly de-
posited at rather an early period in the history of the containing veins; and
their intersection by other veins seems to strengthen this probability.”
Mr. Fox has found by experiment that when a solution of muriate of Tin
is placed in the voltaic current, a portion of the metal is determined towards
the negative pole, whilst another portion in the state of an oxide passes to
the positive pole. This fact appears to him to afford a striking illustration
of the manner in which Tin and Copper have been separated from each
other in the same vein, or in contiguous veins, whilst these metals also very
commonly occur together in the same vein.


INDE X.
ACROdos, a genus of fossil sharks, i. use of their foliated edges, i. 261-
220.
264-compound internal arches, i.
Actinocrinites, 30.dactyles, Miller's 264-siphuncle, organ of hydrau.
restoration of, i. 323.
lic adjustment, i. 265-siphuncle,
Adapis, character and place of, i. occasional state of preservation,
71.
i. 266-siphuncle, placed differ-
Agassiz, his recognition of the scales ently from that of nautili, i. 267-
of fishes in coprolites, i. 150-on siphuncle, Dr. Prout's analysis of,
causes of the death of fishes, i. i. 266-air chambers, more com-
100-on origin of colulites, i. plex in ammonites than in nautili,
156-on Glaris turtle, i. 1964his i. 264-ammonites, how different
classification of fishes, i. 204-do. from nautili, 267_Von Buch's
cuments consigned to him by theory of, i. 266—uses of lobes and
Cuvier, i. 204—his new orders of saddles in, i. 268—concluding ob.
fishes, i. 205, 206-geological re- servations upon, i. 268, 269-pro-
sults established by, i. 208–his bable place of heart in, ii. 58.
new arrangement of Monte Bolca Anarrhicas, palatal teeth of, i. 214.
fishes, i. 217—his discovery of be. Animals, final cause of their crea.
lemnites with ink.bags, i. 282—on tion, i. 85_lower classes of, pre.
the bilateral structure of radiated dominate in earlier strata, i. 95-
animals, i. 313.
extinct races, how connected with
Agnostus, a genus of trilobites, i. existing species, i. 433—causes of
295.
their sudden destruction, i. 100-
Aichstadt, pterodactyles found at, i. small number adapted for domes.
171.
tication, i. 85-terrestrial, how
Aix, fossil fishes of, i. 217.
buried in strata of fresh-water,and
Allan, Mr., his paper on Antrim be. marine formation, i. 104.
lemnites, i. 285.
Animal enjoyment, one great object
Amber, fossil resin from lignite, i. of creation, i. 223, 229.
390.
Animal kingdom, four great divi.
Amblypterus, fossil genus of fishes, i. sions of, coeval, i. 56-early rela.
212.
tions of, i. 74.
Ammonites, formed by cephalopo. Animal life, extent of upon our
dous mollusks, i. 252—character. globe, i. 86-progressive stages of,
istic of different formations, i. i. 95-remains of in secondary
252-geological distribution of, i. strata, i. 63.
253-geographical ditto, i. 254— Animal remains, most instructive
extent and number of species, i. evidences in geology, i. 105–pre.
253_size of, i. 253–sub-genera served chiefly by agency of water,
of, i. 253-shell composed of three i. 103.
parts, i. 254-external shells, i. Annelidans, fossil remains of, i. 292.
255, 256-outer chamber con. Anning, Miss, her discovery of ink
tained the animal, i. 256-double bag within horny sheath of Be-
functions of shell, i. 256-contri. lemnite, i. 282-her discoveries
vances to strengthen shells, i. 357 at Lyme Regis, passim; her ob-
-359-ribs, architectural disposi. servations on connexion of lignite
tion of, i. 258-transverse plates, with pentacrinites near Lyme, i.


INDEX.
113
286.
Beette, converted to calcedony from Bothrodendron, character of, i. 357.
Japan, ij. 78.
Boyle, Mr., on distinct provinces of
Beetle stones, from coal shale, near natural and revealed religion, i.
Edinburgh, i. 155.
438.
Beginning, meaning of the word in Bradford, apiocrinites found at i.
Gen, i. 1. i. 25, 26-proofs of in 323.
phenomena of primary stratified Branchipus, how allied to trilobites,
rocks, i. 53—-conclusions respect. i. 297, 298.
ing necessity of, i. 54-existing Braun, Professor of Carlsruhe, his
and extinct species shown to have list of the plants of Eningen, i. 383,
had, i. 50, 51, 54-geological evi. et seq.
dences of, i. 435, 436.
Brentford, Artesian wells at, i. 421.
Belcher, Captain, his observations on Broderip, Mr., his observations on
iguanas, i. 186.
living iguanas, i, 182, 186—on
Belcher, Captain, ammonites found new species of brachiopodo, i, 225–
by, in Chili, 254..
on crustaceans from the lias at
Belemnites, geological extent of, i. Lyme, i. 293.
280—writers on the subject of, i. Brongniart, M. Alexandre, his ac-
280—structure and uses of, i. 281- count of the basin of Paris, i. 67-
a compound internal shell, i. 281 – his history of trilobites, i. 295–
chambered portion of, allied to on erect position of trees, in the
Nautilus and Orthoceratite, i.281 coal formation of St. Etienne, i.
ink bags connected with, i. 282– 353, 354.
causes of partial preservation of, i. Brongniart, M. Adolphe, his divi.
285_its analogy to shell of Nauti. sions of submarine vegetation, i.
lus and to internal shell of Sepia, 1. 340_divisions of the fossil equi-
285—large number of species of, i. setacæ, i. 346-classification of fos-
sil ferns, i. 347-observations on
Belemno-sepia, proposed new family fossil coniferæ, i. 364—on plants
of cephalopods, i. 282.
of the Grès bigarré, i. 368–on
Bentley, his contradiction of the cpi. plants of the secondary forrnations,
curean theory of atoms, i. 431. i. 369.
Bermudas, strata formed by the ac- Brora coal in oolite formation at, i.
tion of the wind in, 104.
66, 369.
Berkeley, Bishop, on sensible demon. Brougham, Lord, on religious end of
stration of the existence of an invi: study of natural philosophy, i.
sible God, i. 443.
440.
Bible, reveals nothing of physical Brown coal, character and extent of,
science, i. 22.
i. 381.
Birds, extent of fossil remains of, i. Brown, Mr. Robert, on distribution of
74_fossil footsteps of, in Connee living ferns, i. 348–discovery of
ticut, ii. 39.
Gymnospermous structure of coni.
Blainville, M., his memoir on be feræ and cycadeæ, i, 363_his sed-
lemnites, i. 280-his reasoning tion of a stem of cycas revoluta, i.
respecting belemnites confirmed, i. 373_his discovery of fossil spiral
283.
vessels, i. 375_name of podocarya
Blomfield, Bishop, on connexion of suggested by i: 378-his discovery
religion and science, i. 437.
of fossil spiral vessels and traces of
Bohemia, plants preserved in coal extravasated gum in fossil cyca-
mines of, 344, 345.
dites, . 100.
Bonn, brown coal formation near, i. Bruckmann, M. Von, his description
381.
and application of Artesian wells, i.
Bolany, its importance to geology, i. 421, 423.
92.
· Brunel, Mr. Jun., his experiment in
Boué, M., his map of Europe in ter a diving bell, i. 142.
tiary period, i. 67.
Brussels, fossil emys at, i. 197.
10*


114
INDEX.
Bückeberg, coal in oolite formation at, Cestracion Philippi, i. 220_bony
i. 79, 369.
spine of, i. 220.
Buckingham, Duke of, plesiosaurus Cetacea, remains of, in pliocene strata,
in his collection, i. 158.
i. 79.
Buddle, Mr., his observations on uti- Chalmers, Dr., his views respecting
lity of faults, i. 407-his deposite of the Mosaic cosmogony, i. 26-con-
plans and sections of coal mines siderations of the geological argu-
in the Museum at Newcastle, ii. ment in behalf of a Deity, i, 442,
104.
443.
Bude, strata of drifted sand at, i. . Chaos, word borrowed from the
104.
Greeks, its meaning vague and
Buds petrified on trunks of cycadites, indefinite, i. 30.
i. 375,
Chambered shells, proofs of design
Buenos Ayres, megatherium found in, i, 235, 236-why particular.
near, i, 114, 115.
ly selected, i. 236-delicate hy.
Bufonites, teeth of pycnodonts, i. draulic instruments, i. 236-ex •
214.
amples of retrocession in animal
Burchell, Mr., his observations on the structure, i. 237-genera of al-
scales of serpents, i. 205.
lied to nautilus and ammonite, i..
Burdie House, fossil fishes and plants 273.
at, i. 210.
Chantrey, Sir Francis, drawing made
Burnet, his opinion on the mosaic by, with fossil sepia, i. 231.
cosmogony, i. 18, 19,
Cheropotamus, character and place of,
i. 71.
CAITHNESS, fishes in slate of, i, 196. Chimera, fossil species discovered by
Calamite, gigantic size and character the Author, ii. 47.
of, i, 346.
Chirotherium, footsteps of in Saxony,
Calymene, i. 295.
i. 201-described by Dr. Hohn.
Cansiadt, Artesian wells at, i, 423, baum and Prof. Kaup, i. 202-
Cardomom, fossil in I. Sheppey, i. probably allied to marsupialia, i.
389,
202-accompanied by other tracks,
Cardona, salt in cretaceous formation i. 203,
near, i. 63.
Chlamyphorus, habit and distribu-
Carnivora, numerous in ploicene tion of, 116—fore.foot adapted for
strata, i, 79.
digging, i, 123-armour of, like
Carnivorous races, benefit of to her. that of the megatherium, i. 125,
bivorous, i. 106, 108.
127,
Causes, five, chiefly instrumental in Cicero, bis argument against the
producing the actual condition of Epicurean theory of atoms, i.
the globe, i. 82.
431.
Caves, remains of animals found in, Cinnamomum, in brown coal near
i, 80.
Bonn, i, 382,
Cephalopods, carnivorous, their use in Cleremont, limestone of, loaded with
submarine economy, i. 228_their indusiæ, i, 98.
extent in different formations, i. Cleveland, imperfect coal in onlite fora
228.
mation of, i. 66, 369.
Central heat, theory of, consistent Climate, heat of, indicated by fossil
with the phenomena of the surface plants and animals, i. 76-gra.
of the globe, i. 41.
dually decreasing temperature of, i..
Centrina vulgaris horny dorsal 79.
spines, i. 221.
Clio borealis, swarms of in Northern
Cestracionts, sub-family of sharks, i. Ocean, i. 289, 290,
218-extent of, i. 219-only living Closeburn, gigantie Orthoceratite
representative of, i. 219.
found at, i. 275.


INDEX
115
Coal formation, Forster's section of, of the vertebræ in ichthyosaurus,
i. 58-iron ore and lime in, i.59— i. 141-his remarks on the pad.
its origin and importance to man, dles of ichthyosaurus, i. 144-his
i. 59.
restoration of plesiosaurus, i. 159
Coal, proofs of its vegetable origin,
-his inferences concerning plesio.
i. 342, 344-complex history of, saurus, i. 164, 166_his observa-
i, 363-stages in the production
tions on faults, 405, 406.
and application of, i, 363—tertiary Coniferæ, date of their commence.
brown coal or lignite, i. 381, et ment, i. 367-microscopic struc.
seq-proofs of design in the dispo. ture of, i. 364-peculiarities in
sitions of, i, 392-grand supply structure of, i. 365—geological
from strata of the carboniferous extent of, i. 364, 367—fossil re-
order, i. 393-physical forces em. ferable to existing genera, i. 366-
ployed to render it accessible to fossil stems in erect position, i.
man, i, 393, 395-advantage of its 367-wood of, perforated by tere.
disposition in basins, 394-thick dines, i. 361,
ness of beds of, i, 396-remarkable Consolidation of strata, partly by
accumulation of, i. 396-associated
aqueous partly by igneous action,
with iron ore, i. 396, 397-adapta. i. 59.
tion to purposes of human indus.
try, i. 397, 398—inestimable im
Coprolites, description of, i. 148–
extensive occurrence of, i. 148
portance of, i. 400-mechanical
found in skeletons of ichthyosau-
power derived from, i. 397, 400-
improvident and gratuitous de.
ri, i. 149-marks of mucous mem-
brane on, i. 152—formation ex-
struction of near Newcastle, i, 401
plained, note, 152-indicate the
-early adaptation of to the uses of
food of ichthyosauri, and charac.
man, i. 402.
ter of their intestinal canal, i.
Collini, pterodactyle figured by, i. 154-derived from fishes in vari.
173.
ous formations, i. 155—polished
Cololites, fossil intestines of fishes dis. for ornamental purposes, i. 155-
covered by Professor Agassiz, i, conclusions from discovery of, i.
156 found by Lord Greenock in 157-in coal formation near Edin.
coal, near Edinburgh, i. 155,
burgh, i. 209--preserved in body
Comatula, habits of, and resemblance of macropoma, i. 216.
to pentacrinile, i. 315, 326. Coral, secreted by polypes, i. 333—
Combe, definition of the term, ii. reefs, i. 334—their influence in
106.
the formation of strata, i. 335–
Conchifers, inferior to mollusks fossil, inference from their state, i.
that construct turbinated shells, 96-rag, extent of, in counties of
. i. 225.
Oxon, Bucks, Wilts, and York-
Conchology, important to geology, i, shire, i. 335.
- 92.
Corn-cockle muir, tracks of tortoises
Connecticut, fossil footsteps of birds
birds at, i. 198.
in, ii. 39,
Cony beare, Rev. W, D., his sections
Cornwall, amount of steam power
across England, i. 15—his report
employed in, i. 400—invasions
on geology to British Association,
of by drifted sand, i. 104-dis.
i. 49-his memoir 'and map of
position of metallic veins in, i.
411.
Europe, i. 68—prospective provi.
'
sions for the benefit of man, i. 84 Corydalis, wing of, found in iron
-selections from his plates of ich.
stone, of the coal formation, i.
thyosauri, i. 138, 139-his observa 309–ii, 77.
tions on the lower jaw of ichthyo. Cosmogony, Mosaic, the author's in-
saurus, i. 139--on the articulation terpretation of, i. 26.


116
INDEX.
Cotta on fossil arborescent ferns, i. Cuvier, his, conclusion that organie
350.
life has not existed from eternity,
Crag, in Norfolk, geological place of, i. 54—his account of the basin of
i. 140.
Paris, i. 67—his account of disco-
Craters, various phenomena of, ii. 8. veries at Mont Martre, i. 72—
Creation, Mosaic account of, accords consigns his materials for a work
with natural phenomena, i. 21— on fossil fishes to M.. Agassiz, i.
origin of material elements by, i. 156, 204—his conjecture concern.
81.
ing plesiosaurus, i. 162—had ob.
Creator, necessity of, shown by geo served nearly 8,000 species of
logy, i. 54.,
living fishes, i..263—perfection of
Crinoideans, geological importance his reasoning on contrivances and
of, i. 314, 324-nature and charac compensations in the structure of
ter of, i. 314-most remarkable animals, i. 113.
genera of, i. 315-living species Cycadeæ, abundant in strata of the
rare, i. 315-abundance and im secondary series, i. 368, 369—
portance of fossil species, i. 315, number and extent of recent and
324-anatomical structure of, i. fossil species, i. 369-leaves fossil
316—reproductive powers of, i. in oulite of Yorkshire and, at
317-early extinction of many Stonesfield, i. 370—in coal forma-
species and genera, i. 324.
tion of Bohemia, i. 369-habit and
Crocodileans, fossil forms of, i. 191 structure of, i. 370—intermediate
slender character of snout, i. 192— character of, i. 370—fossil on the
habit probably pisciverous, i. 192. coast of Dorset, i. 371-peculiari-
Crocodiles, modern, habits of, i. 192 ties in structure of trunk of, i. 371,
-gavial, gangetic, piscivorous, i. 372-mode of increase by buds, i.
192-functions of fossil species, i. 375-link supplied by the disco.
192_Cuvier's observations on, i. very of, i. 377.
193-number of living and fossil Cycadites, once natives of England,
species of, i. 193--dentition, pro. 'i. 371-microphyllus, microscopic
visions in mode of, i. 194 fossil structure of, 373, 376—megolo.
forms of, at variance with all the phyllus, buds in axillæ of scales,
ories of gradual transmutation or i. 375—resemblance of fossil and
development, i. 195.
living species, i. 376.
Crustaceans, extent of fossil remains Cycas revoluta, buds on trunk of, i.
of, i, 292.
375-circinalis, height of, i. 371.
Crystalline rocks, influenced by. che. Cycloidean order of fishes, i. 206.
mical and electro-magnetic forces, Cypris, microscopic shells of, in
i. 38-eight distinct varieties of, i. Wcalden formation, i. 97-in coal
39—their position beneath stra. formation near Edinburgh, i. 209.
tified rocks, i. 42–probable igne.
ous origin of, i. 40-gradations in DAPEDIUM, scales of, 1. 215.
character of, i. 41-proofs of inten- D’Alton, his figures of megatherium,
tion in phenomena of, i. 44- i. 114..
proofs of design afforded by, i. Darmstadt, remains of mammalia in
428.
museum at, i. 79.
Crystals, definite forms and composi. Darwin, Mr. C., megatherium found
tion of, i. 428, 430-component by, ii, 20-his observations on the
molecules of, i. 428, 430.
Cordilleras of Chili, i. 410, 411,
Ctenoidean order of fishes, i. 206. Daubeny, Dr., on cause of thermal
Curculionidæ in iron stone of Coal. springs, i. 425-on indivisibility
brook Dale, i. 309.
of ultimate particles of matter, i...
Cuttle fish, structure and habits of, 429.
i. 230--internal ink bag of, i. Days, supposed to imply long. pe-
231.
riods, i. 24.
All ALUMIPUTATUD H


INDEX.
117
Dax, shells found at, i. 270.
of, ii. 18—proboscis and claws of,
Death, sudden, desirable for irra. ii. 19.
tional animals, i. 106.
Dirt bed, soil of subterraneous forest
Dekay, Dr., discovered coprolites in in Portland, i, 372.
New Jersey, i. 149.
Disturbing forces, beneficial results
De la Beche, his belief in successive of, i. 403, 404, 409.
creations of new species, i. 51- D’Orbigny, M. his classification of
his figures of ichthyosauri, i. 138, cephalopodous mollusks, i. 288—
139-on different specific gravity trilobites and shells found in the
of shells, i. 229-observations on Andes by, i. 294.
i
living polypes of caryophyllia, 334, Draco volans, has no true wings, i.
335-observations on genera of 174, 175.
corals in transition rocks, i. 335. Dufrénoy, on iron mines in the Pyre-
Deluge, mosaic stratified rocks not nees, i. 410.
produced by, i. 23.
Dujardin, new class of rhizopodes
Depression, proofs of in I. Portland, discovered by, ii. 64.
i. 372.
Dumfries, fossil footsteps near, i.
Deshays, his division of tertiary 259.
strata, i. 68.
Duncan, Dr., his discovery of fossil
Desnoyers, M., on Faluns of Tour footsteps near Dumfries, i. 198.
raine, i. 78.
Durdham Down, remains of reptiles
Desmarets, memoir on fossil crusta. at, i. 95.
ceans, i. 393.
Durham, salt springs in coal forma.
Detritus, origin of strata' from, i. 42, tion near, i. 63.
Development, theory of disproved by Dynamics, geological, extent of, i.
geological phenomena, i. 51– 38.
Theory of opposed by Cuvier, i. 75
-definition of, i. 435, 436. Earth, distribution of the materials
Dikes, intersect strata of every age, of, i. 16—theory of, much ad.
i. 46-gradations of from lava to vanced, but not yet perfect, i. 20—
granite, i. 47-various crystalline two distinct branches of its his-
rocks composing, ii. 5-changes tory, i. 36-originally fluid from
produced by, on adjacent rocks, heat, i. 40-advantageous dispo-
ii. 9.
sitions of its materials, i. 83.
Dillwyn, Mr., his paper on tracheli. Earthquakes, beneficial agency of
pods, 226, 228.
in the economy of the globe, i.
Diluvium, animals immediately pre- 404.
ceding the formation of, i. 81. Echidna, has furcula and clavicles
Dinotherium, largest of terrestrial like ornithorhynchus, i. 143.
mammalia, i. 79, 109—found at Echinidans, geological extent of, i.
Epplesheim, in miocene strata, i. 312, 313.
110-description of by Kaup, i. Egerton, Sir Philip, his discoveries
110-occurs in France, Bavaria near Newcastle-under-Line, i, 210
and Austria, i. 110-molar teeth -on mechanism of atlas and cer.
of like tapirs, i. 110-giganteum, vical vertebræ of ichthyosaurus, ii.
eighteen feet long, i, 110-shoul. 24-26.
der blade of, like that of a mole, Eggs, fossil, of aquatic birds, i. 74.
i. 110-uses of tusks in the lower Elements, identity and functions of,
jaw of, i. 111, 112-molar teeth i, 38—proofs of design in, i. 426–
of resemble those of tapirs, i. ever regulated by same laws, i.
111-an aquatic herbivorous ani. 430_primordial adaptations of, i.
mal, i. 111, 112-adapted to a 430-adaptation of to vegetables
lacustrine condition of the earth, and animals, i, 431.
i, 112-localities and description Elevation, general history of, ii. 4-


118
INDEX.
142.
dry lands formed by, i. 43-proofs Faluns, of Tourraine, mammalia
of in I. Portland, i. 371, 372.
found in, i. 78.
Elevations, number observed by Elie Faraday, Mr., notice on preparing
de Beaumont, ii. 6-various peri- the human lungs for diving, i.
ods of, ii. 6.
Ellis, Mr., his conclusions from the Faujas, M., observations on fossil
, study of corallines, i. 338.
trees in lignite near Cologne, i.
Emys, fossil, localities of, i. 197. 382.
Encrinites, moniliformis, lily encri. Faults, on geometrical laws of, i. 404
nite, i. 317, 318-mechanical adap -utility of, in draining coal mines,
tations in, i. 317-number of com. i. 405–407-definition of, by Mr.
ponent ossicula, i. 318—vertebral Cony beare, i. 405, 406-utility of,
column, mechanical contrivances in guarding coal mines, i. 408-
in, i. 318-320—body and upper utility of, in producing springs, i.
extremities, i. 322—physiological 407, 418, 425-utility of, in pri.
history of, i. 324, 325.
mary rocks and metallic veins, i.
Endogenites echinatus, fossil trunk 407, 408.
allied to palms, i, 386, 387. Favularia, character of, i. 357.
Engi in Glaris, fishes of, i. 216. Ferns, distribution and number of
England, effects of geological struc. existing species, i. 347, 348-pro-
ture on inhabitants of, ii. 3.
portion of, to living phanerogamiæ,
Enjoyment, aggregate of increased i. 348—temperature indicated by
by existence of carnivora, i. 105, fossil species, i. 348—proportions
106.
of in the coal formation, i. 349–
Enstone, cetacea in nolite at, i. 96. living and fossil arborescent spe.
Entomolithus paradoxus, i. 295.
cics of, i. 349, 350—proportions
Entomostracans, fossil, i, 295.
of, in secondary and tertiary strata,
Entrochi, or wheel stones, columnar
i. 350.
joints of Encrinite, i. 320.
Final causes, consideration of admis.
Eocene, division of tertiary strata, i. sible in philosophical investiga.
68.
tions, i. 409.
Equisetaceæ, extent of the family of, Fire, its rank in geological dyna.
i. 346-fossil genera of, i. 346— mics, i. 38.
increased enlargement in size of, Fisher, Mr., figures prepared by,
i. 347—fossil species in coal for ii. 2.
mation, i. 347.
Fishes, fossil, causes of sudden death,
Equivocal generation, disproved in of, i. 100, 101-sudden destruc-
case of infusoria, i, 336, 337.
tion of in lias formation, 102–
Ernouf, General, his account of hu. fossil intestinal structure of, i.
man skeletons at Gaudaloupe, i. 154, 155-coprolites derived from,
87.
i. 154, 155-petrified intestines
Estuaries, admixture of fresh-water of, or cololites, i. 156-living
and marine exuviæ in, i. 99.
species observed by Cuvier, i.
Eternal succession, theory of, dis. 203—fossil species, history of by
proved by geology, i. 51, 54.
Agassiz, i, 202, 204-numbers of
Eternity of the world, disproved by fossil genera and species, i. 204–
geology, i. 20.
classification founded on scales,
Eyes, fossil, resembling those of ex. i. 204, 205-orders of established
isting animals, i. 34—fossil re by Agassiz, i. 205, 206-geologi.
mains of, i. 34, 136, 299, 303; cal results derived from fossil
structure of, in recent crustaceans fishes, i. 206-changes in fossil
allied to trilobites, i. 301–physio. genera and families abrupt, i. 207
logical and physicalinferences from fossil most important to geology,
structure of, i. 302, 303.
i. 204, 208-sauroid, character


INDEX.
119
5.
of, i. 208, 209-sauroid, higher in castle to Cross Fell, i. 58–on
the scale of organization than ordi. quantity of iron annually made in
nary bony fishes, i. 223-number England and Wales, i. 397.
of genera in sauroid family, 209– Fox, Mr. R. W., on the utility of
sauroid character of living species, faults that intersect metallic veins,
i. 209_sauroid geological extent i. 408-on electro-magnetic pro-
of, i. 210, 211-in strata of the perties of mineral veins, i. 412,
carboniferous order, i. 212—pecu. and ii. 108–on electro-magnetic
liar form of tail in early strata, i. action in mineral veins, ii. 107–
213—in magnesia limestone, i. 109. '
213—in muschelkalk, lias and Fresh-water, deposites from, in ter-
oolite, i. 214–in the chalk forma. tiary strata, i. 68, 69.
tion, i. 216–in the tertiary forma. Pries, on propagation of fungi, i.
tions, i. 216--family of sharks, i. 337.
218_results from observations on, Fucoids, remains of in transition
i, 222-functions of, in the econo strata, i. 57, 340.
my of nature, i. 223—form of their Fulham, Artesian wells at, i. 421.
crystalline lens, i. 300, 301. Fusion, earliest state of the Mate.
Fissures, site of mineral veins in, i. rials of the globe, i. 52.
410, 411.
Fitton, Dr., on alterations in level of GALLIBIS, skeletons of, at Guada.
sea and land, i. 43—his observa. loupe, i. 87.
tions on Cypris Faba, in Wealden Ganoidian, order of fishes, i, 206.
formation, i. 97, 98—his descrip- Genesis, ungrounded fear of incon.
tion of fossil cones, i. 365.
sistence with, i. 20—interpretation
Fitzwilliam, Earl, cycas revoluta in of Chap. I. consistent with geologi-
conservatory of i. 375_trunks of cal discoveries, i. 26-text of, re-
sigillaria in coal mines of, at El concilable with geology, i. 36.
secar, i. 353.
Geology, extent of province of, i. 16
Fleming, Dr., on structure of inter: -why but lately established on
nal shell of sepia, ii. 68—his obser. induction, i. 17, sciences auxiliary
vations on fishes in old red sand. to it, i. 17-its discoveries consist.
stone, i. 211.
ent with revelation, i. 18—reli-
Flints, origin of, i. 78.
gious application of, i.440-subser.
Flucan, beneficial effects of in viency of to natural theology, 441
mining, i. 408.
---proofs from, of the existence and
Fluidity, original theory of, i. 40. attributes of a Deity, 441, 442.
41.
Georgensgemünd, fossil mammalia
Footsteps, fossil, near Dumfries, i. discovered at, i, 78.
198—-preservation of explained, i. Gerard, Dr., his discovery of am.
199—on red sand-stone at Hess. monites, &c. in the Himmalaya,
berg, i. 201—value of their evi. i. 254.
dence, i. 200_.reflections on, i. 201 Glaris, turtle in slate of i. 196—fossil
-on oolite, near bath, probably of fishes at, i. 203, 208.
crustaceans, i. 199—recent, of tes. Gleig, Bishop, his interpretation of
tudo græca, i. 199.
Mossaic cosmogony, i. 32, 33.
Foraminifers, species of found by Globe, successive changes in surface
Count Munster, and Mr. Lons of, i. 20—influence of animal re.
dale, ii. 64.
mains upon, i. 335—succession of
Forest, subterranean, remains of in physical forces which have modi.
Portland, i. 372.
fied its surface, i. 433.
Formations, geological, number and Golden Cap Hill, belemnites at base
thickness of, i. 39.
of, i. 284.
Forster, Mr., his section from New. Goldfuss, Professor, pterodactyles


120
INDEX.
described by, i. 173, 176, 177- Henderson, on plants in Surturbrand
selections of the structure of en. of Iceland, i. 382.
crinites from works of, 321-his Henslow, Professor, on buds of cycas
illustrations of echinidans and stel revoluta, i. 375.
leridans, i. 313.
Héricart de Thury, illustration of
Graham Island, rise, and destruction Artesian wells by, i. 419, 421.
of, ii. 8.
Herschel, Sir I. F. W., ranks geology
Grampus, size and character of, i. next to astronomy, i. 19, 20-on
168.
connexion between science and re.
Granite, recent elevation of, in Py. ligion, i. 439.
renees and Chili, i. 410, 411-pro. Hessberg, footsteps in sandstone at,
bable igneous origin of, ii. 3— i. 201.
intersecting and overlying creta. Hibbert, Dr., his discoveries near
ceous formations, ii. 5-older in Edinburgh, i. 210.
tersected by newer, ii. 4-eleva- Hippopotamus, structure of tusks of,
tion of during tertiary period, ii. i. 119.
4-fragments of, enclosed in lava, Hitchcock, Professor, his discovery
ii. 7.
of footsteps of birds in Connecti.
Gravatt, Mr., his experiments in cut, i. 74-ditto, ii. 39, 49_on
diving, i. 142.
geological evidences of a Creator,
Graveneire, stream of lava issuing i. 436—on consistency of geologi.
from granite at, ii. 8.
cal phenomena with Mosaic ac-
Greenock, Lord, his discovery of count of creation, i. 437.
fishes near Leith, i. 212_his dis. Hoer in Scania, coal in secondary
covery of petrified intestines of a strata of, i. 369.
fish in coal, near Edinburgh, i. Hoffman, Professor, on source of
155.
mineral waters at Pyrmont, i.
Greenstone, veins and overlying 425.
masses of, ii. 5.
Home, Sir Everard, on spinal canal
Grenville, Lord, cycas in conserva- of ichthyosaurus, i. 141.
tory of, i. 371.
Hook, Dr., his theory respecting the
Gaudaloupe, human skeletons in motions of nautilus, i. 251.
sandbank at, i. 87.
Hopkins, Mr., on laws that have re-
Gyrodus, palatal teeth of, i. 214. gulated the disturbances of the
glube, i. 404-on production of
Hall, Sir James, his experiments springs by faults, i. 418.
on crystallization under pressure, Human bones, found in no geologi.
i. 42.
cal formations preceding the ac.
Halstadt, orthoceratite, found in oolite tual era, i. 86, 87-often interred
at, i. 175.
in caves containing remains of
Hamite, character and locality of, i. more ancient animals, i. 87, 88–
277.
found in consolidated sand at
Harlan, Dr., on fossil fucoids in Guadaloupe, i. 87-how mixed
North America, i. 340.
with bones of ancient and modern
Harwich, fossil emys at, i. 197.
quadrupeds, i. 88—in caverns near
Hauy, his theological interference Liege, 89.
from the construction of simple Hutton, Dr. his theory of the forma.
minerals, i. 429.
tion of stratified rocks, i. 43-of
Hawkins, Mr., his memoirs of ich. veins, i. 411, 412.
thyosauri and plesiosauri, i. 134- Hutton, Mr., his discoveries of ve.
plesiosaurus discovered by, i. getable structure in coal, i. 342,
159.
Heat, influence of, in causing eleva. Hybodonts, extent of, i, 219, 220,
tions of land, i. 41, 42-not the Hybodus, i, 215.
sole cause of the consolidation of Hybodus reticulatus, i. 220.
stratified rocks, i. 52.
Hydraulic action, of siphuncle in
343.


INDEX.
121
nautilus, i. 247-ditto in ammo those of the modern iguana, i. 186
nites, i. 265-ditto in belemnites, —the largest of known fossil rep.
i. 288.
tiles, i. 185, 186-climate indicated
Hyenas, bones collected by, in ca. by remains of, i.187—teeth, peculiar
verns, i. 80.
character of, i. 188-191-bony
Hylæosaurus discovered by Mr. Man horn on the nose of, i. 188—food
tell, i. 185— peculiar character of, of, probably tough vegetables, i.
. i. 185.
189.
Hythe, large hamite found at, i. 278. Indusiæ, fossil in fresh-water for.
Ichthyodorulites, or fossil spines, i. mation of Auvergne, i. 98.
220_uses and variety of, i. 220, Infusoria, Ehrenberg's observations
221.
on, i. 336, 337-number of species
described, i. 336—their powers of
Ichthyosaurus, geological extent and reproduction, i. 336—their man.
chief localities of, i. 133-curious ners of increase, i. 337-universal
structure of, i. 133, 134_number diffusion of, i. 337–found fossil, i.
of species, i. 134-head, partaking 237.
of the character of crocodiles and Injection of igneous rocks at various
lizards, i. 135—-jaw, length of, i. periods, ii. 6.
135-teeth, character and number Ink bags, recent and fossil of loligo,
of, i. 135, 136-how differing from i. 230.
crocodiles, i. 135—contrivances for Insects, fossil in carboniferous strata,
replacing, i. 136-eyes, magnitude 308—wing covers of, at Stones-
of, i. 136-eyes, microscopic and field, i. 310_Count Munster's col.
telescopic properties of, i. 136 lection of from Solenhofen, i. 310
eyes, bony sclerotic of, i. 137, 138 -many fossil genera in tertiary
-jaws, composed of many thin strata, i. 310.
plates, i. 138-jaw, lower, contri. Iron, ore abundant in coal forma.
vances in i. 139_vertebræ, num. tion, i. 59–quantity of, annually
ber of, i. 140-vertebræ constructed made in England and Wales, i.
like those of fishes, i. 140-ribs, 397.
structure of, and to what purpose Isle of Wight, iguanodon found in, i.
subservient, i. 141-sternum like 186.
that of ornithorhynchus, i. 142-
paddles, anterior, like those of Jæger, Professor, has found copro-
whales; posterior, like those of lites in Wertemberg, i. 149—his
ornithorhynchus, i. 143, 144-con- work on fossil plants, i. 368.
cluding remarks upon, i. 145, 146 Jardine, Sir W., fossil foolmarks
-intestinal structure of, i. 1474 found by, i. 198.
skeleton of, containing coprolite, Juli, supposed fir cones, are copro.
i. 150-small intestinal spiral, like lites, i. 155.
that of sharks and rays, i. 151–
final cause of spiral intestinal Kaup, Professor, notice on the foot.
structure, i. 153–skin of preserved, steps of chirotherium, i, 202—his
ii. 22-mechanism of atlas and description of fossil mammalia at
cervical vertebræ of, ii. 24–26. . Epplesheim, i. 78his description
Igneous rocks, various phenomena of, of dinotherium, i. 110, 111.
ii. 549.
Kepler, his prayer, i. 19.
Iguana, modern, habits of, i. 186— Killery, cemetery in a sand bank at,
dentition of, i. 190.
j. 87
Iguanodon, discovered by Mr. Man. King, Captain, animal of spirula
tell, i. 185-remains of, where found by, i. 274–serolis found by,
found, i. 185, 186—a gigantic her- i. 296.
bivorous reptile, i. 185-teeth like König, Mr., his account of human
VOL. II.-11
2
-
22


INDEX.
123
in the tertiary period, i. 67—his Marsupialia, extent and character of,
division of the tertiary series, i. i. 64, 65.
68-on fossil indusiæ, i. 98, 99. Massey's patent log, improvement
Lyon, Captain, on the action of the suggested in, i. 264.
wind in forming sand hills round Matter, creation of, announced in
extraneous bodies in Africa, i. 104. Gen. i. 1, i. 32-molecular con-
Lyme Regis, ichthyosauri found at, stitution and adaptations of, de-
i. 133-specimens from described, cidedly artificial, i. 431-abori.
i. 134-coprolites abundant on the ginal constitution of, exalts our
shore of, 148—plesiosaurus dis ideas of creative intelligence, i.
covered at, i. 158-pterodactyle 432.
found at, 171, 173, 175---bones of Medusæ, numbers of in Greenland
large sauroid fishes found at, 211- seas, i. 290.
fossil pens and ink bags found at, Megalichthys, new genus of sauroid
i. 231-fossil ink bags found at, i. fishes, i. 209-localities where
282.
found, i. 210-farther discoveries
of, ii. 43-structure of teeth of, ii.
MACROPOMA, only sauroid fish in 44.
chalk, i. 216, 211.
Megalosaurus, genus established by
Madrid, skeleton of megatherium at, the author, i. 180, 181-where
i. 115.
occurring, i. 180, 181-size and
Maestricht, locality of most recent character of, i. 181-lived upon
belemnites, i. 280.
land, i. 181-medullary cavities
Mallotus villosus, i. 208.
in bones of, i. 182_habit carni.
Mammalia, earliest remains of, i. vorous, i. 182~character of jaw
64-of eocene period, i. 70-of i. 182—structure of teeth, i. 182-
miocene period, i. 77--of pliocene 184.
periods, i. 79.
Mega phyton, character of, i. 357.
Man, relation of the earth to the Megatherium, allied to the sloth, i.
uses of, i. 83-all things not 113-allied to sloth, armadillo,
created exclusively for his use, i. and chlamyphorus, i. 116-found
84-prospective provisions for use chiefly in S. America, i. 114_by
of, i. 414.
whom described, i. 114-larger
Mansfeld, fossil fishes at, i. 203. than rhinoceros, i. 116_head of,
Mantell, Mr., on double convex, like sloth, i. 117-structure of
vertebra of gavial, ii. 26-fossil teeth, i. 117, 119-lower jaw of,
birds found by him in Tilgate i. 120_bones of trunk, i. 120-
Forest, i, 74—his history of the peculiarities of vertebræ, i. 120-
Wealden formation, i. 99-refers magnitude and use of tail, i. 120-
juli to coprolites derived from fos ribs apparently fitted to support
sil sharks, i. 154, 155—mosa. a cuirass, i. 121-scapula, re.
saurus, found by, in Sussex, i. 168– sembling sloth, i. 121-uses of
megalosaurus, found by, in Til. clavicle, i. 121-peculiarities of
gate Forest, i. 180-his discovery arm and fore arm, i. 122-fore.
of iguanodon and hylæosaurus, i. foot, a yard in length, i. 123–
185-his discovery of petrified sto. fore-foot," used for digging, i.
mach and coprolites within fossil 123_large horny claws, adapted
fishes, i, 216.
for digging, i. 123—peculiarities
Mantellia, genus of cycadites, named of pelvis, i. 124–magnitude of
by Ad. Brongniart, i, 373,
foramina for nerves, i. 124–pe.
Mansfeldt, fossil fishes of, i. 103. culiarities of thigh and leg bones,
Marble, entrochal, composed of cri. i. 125_hind foot, peculiarities
noidea, i. 324.
of, i. 125-bony armour, like
Margate, gigantic ammonites near, i. that of armadillo and chlamy.
253,
phorus, i. 126-probable use of,


124
INDEX.
20.
i. 128_size, character, and habits, Moses, his cosmogony reconcileable
i. 129_farther discoveries of, ii. with geology, i. 26-object of his
account of creation, i. 35.
Meisner, lignite of, near Cassel, i. Mosaic history in accordance with
381.
geology, i. 21.
Metale, advantageous dispositions of, Mosaic cosmogony, attempts to re-
i. 84, 413—415—important proper. concile with geology, i. 23.
ties of, i. 414, 415.
Mosasaurus, great animal of Maes-
Meyer, Herman Von, notice of ink tricht, i. 167—allied to monitors,
bags with fossil internal shells of i. 167, 168- described by Cam-
sepia, ii. 52—on ink bag in con per and Cuvier, i. 167–coeval
tact with belemnite, ii. 69—his with the cretaceous formation, i.
description of fussil mammalia 167_remains of where found, i.
of Georgensgemünd, i. 78_his 167-length and character of, i.
notices of fossil crustaceans, i. 168-teeth, peculiar character of,
293.
i. 169—vertebræ, number of, i.
Mineral bodies, proofs of design in, 169-extremities, character of, i.
i. 426.
169—character, predicted by Cu-
Milan, bones in museum at, i. 80. vier, i. 170—a link between the
Miller his Natural History of cri monitors and iguanas, i. 170—ha.
noidea, i, 314, 315, 321, 322, 325, bit, aquatic, i. 170.
328.
Moscow Bulletin Soc. imp. de, ob-
Milliola, vast numbers in strata near servations on coprolites in, i.
Paris, i. 290.
156.
Minerals, proofs of design in compo. Moschus pygmæus, tendons in back
sition and adaptations of, i. 426. of, i. 175.
Miocene division of tetiary strata, Müller, on eyes of insects, &c. i.
i. 68--period, mammalia of, i, 299.
77.
Multilocular shells, extinct genera of,
Mississippi, drifted trees in Delta of, i. 238.
i. 382.
Münster, Count, foraminiferes dis-
Mitscherlich, his production of ar. covered by, in Maestricht stone,
tificial crystals by fire, i. 42.
ii. 64-bis discovery of mammalia
Molasse, localities of lignite in, i. at Georgensgemünd, i. 78—ptero-
382.
dactyle described by, i. 173—his
Molusca, many genera of, in transition figures of horny sheaths of belem.
strata, i. 56.
nites, i. 283-his collection of
Mollusks, fossil remains of, i. 224 crustaceans from Solenhofen i.
naked, fossil remains of, i. 230. 292.
Monitors, character of recent species, Murchison, Mr., his discovery of
i. 167-type of, enlarged in fossil fishes in old red sand-stone, i.
saurians, i. 170.
211-Silurian system established
Monpezat, granite enclosed in lava at, by, i. 394—fishes, &c. found in
ij. 7.
Wolverhampton coal field by, ii.
Molecules, successive condition of, 43.
in crystalline bodies, i. 428, 429, Myliobates, fossil palates of, i. 221.
430,
Monte Bolca, vast accumulation of Nacre, causes of preservation of, i.
fossil fishes at, i. 101-fishes pe. 283.
rished suddenly, i. 101-fossil Natural religion, addition to its evi.
fishes of, i. 203,216-fishes of, rear. dences by geology, i. 22_links in
ranged by Agassiz, i. 217.
evidences of supplied by geology,
Mont Martre, list of vertebrata found i. 436.
at, i. 73_fishes of, i. 217.
Nautilus, fossil species peculiar - to
Morton, Dr., mosasaurus found by, in certain formations, i. 235–de.
America, i. 167.
scription of, i. 242-mechanical


INDEX.
125
contrivances in, 1.238—Mr. Owen's or elytrine in wings of insects, i.
memoir on, i. 238-chambers, act 310.
as floats, i. 240_siphuncle, its Oeland, orthoceratites in limestone
functions and mode of action, i. of, i. 274-lituite found in the same,
241, 243, 246-siphuncle, calcare. i. 275.
ous sheath of, i., 248—siphuncle, Oeningen, plants of, 382, et seq.-
substance of, i. 248-use of air fossil fishes of, i. 203, 217-de.
chambers, i., 243-contrivances to scription of fossil plants, at, by
strengthen the shell, i. 244246 Professor Braun, i. 384-386-
-number of transverse plates, i.. plants in brown coal formation
246—action of pericardial fluid, i. at, i. 382-fossil salamander of, i.
247-249-like that of water in 386.
the water balloon, i. 248-its man. Ogyges, i, 295.
ner of floating, rising, sinking and Onchus, i. 220.
moving at the bottom, i. 249, 250 Opossum, remains of in secondary
-opinions of Hook and. Parkinson and tertiary strata, i. 63-bones of
concerning, i, 250.the Author's in oolite at Stonesfield, i. 191.
theory, i. 250.
Organic remains, best summaries of,
Nautilus sypho, intermediate charac. 1.39—argument from absence of,
ter of i. 269–273..
i. 50-general history of, i. 88-
Nautilus zic zac, intermediate cha. afford evidence of design, i. 89-
racter of, i. 269–273..
important inferences from, i. 91-
Nebular hypothesis, consistent with study of, indispensable to geology,
geological phenomenon, i. 40. i. 92—-successive stages of deposi.
Nelson, Lieut., on strata formed tion, i. 94-best ground-work of
by the wind in the Bermudas, i. gcological divisions, i. 94-supply
104,
deficient links in the existing ani.
Newcastle, plants preserved in coal mal kingdom, i. 94.
mines at, i. 344..
Orodus, i. 220.
Newhaven, nodules of iron-stone Ornithichnites, in new red sand-stone
containing fishes and coprolites at, of Connecticut, ii. 40.
i. 212.
Ornithorhynchus, sternal apparatus
Newton, his religious views resulting like that of ichthyosaurus, i. 142,
from philosophy, i. 19, 440.
145-Mr. R. Owen’s papers on, i.
Nichol, "Mr., observations on fossil 142.
pinus and araucaria, i. 364, 365, Orthoceratite, character and extent
366.
of i. 274,
Nöggerath, Professor, chronometer Osseous breccia, in fissures of lime.
in fossil wood, observed by, i. stone, i. 80.
381.
Osler, Mr., on proboscis of buccinum,
Norfolk, remains in crag formation i. 226.
of, i. 79-fishes in crag of, i, 217. Owen, Mr., on peculiarities of mar-
Norland House, Aretsian well at, i. supialia, i. 64–on, comparative
420.
organization of ornithorhynchus
North Cliff, bones in. fresh-water and reptiles, i. 142-on bones of
formation at, i. 79.
land tortoises, i. 181-on nautilus
Nummulites, their extent, and num. pompilius, i. 238, 244, 248, 249,
ber, i. 288, 289—functions and 25).
structure, i. 289—influence on
stratification, i, 289.
PACHYDERMATA, existing genera of, in
pliocene strata, i. 79.
OBERAU, granite overlying cretaceous Pain, aggregate of diminished by the
rocks, at ii. 5.
agency of carnivora, i. 105.
Odier, M., his discovery, of chitine, Palæotherium, remains of in Cal.
11*


128
INDEX.
sil
Scaphite, character and extent of, i. many strata, i. 96-turbinated,
277.
formed by animals of higher or-
Schlotheim, his early arrangement der than' bivalves,, is 225—fossil
of fossil plants, i. 343.
univalve and bivalve, i. 224, 225—
Sciences, geology cssential to ad bored by carnivorous trachelipods,
vancement of, i. 17.
i. 227-specific gravity of, i. 229–
Scorpions, fossil in coal formation, bivalve, constructed by conchifers,
i. 306-indicate a warm climate, i. 225-proofs of design in fossil
i. 308—fossil description of, i. chambered, j.. 235—conclusions
317-eyes and skin, preserved, from chambered species, i. 286–
i. 307, 308-hairs preserved, i.. foraminated polythalamous, i. 287
310.
-microscopic, quantity of, in cer.
Scrope, Mr. Poulett, his panoramic tain strata, i. 97-minute multilo.
views of Auvergne, ii. 8—on ripple cular, i., 288.
marks and tracks, of animals in Sheppey, fossil emys at, i. 197—fos-
oolitic strata, i. 198–ii., 42.
sil crocodile at, i. 197—fishes in
Sea, early history of illustrated by London clay at, i. 217—-fossil fruits
fossil eyes, i: 302-crowded with found at, i. 380, 389..
animal life, i. 223.
Sickler, Dr., letter on footsteps at
Secondary strata, history of,.,i. 60— Hessberg, i. 203.
adaptation of to human uses, i. Siebold, Dr., salamander brought from
60-materials of, whence derived, Japan, by, i. 386-silicified bupres.
i. 60-nature of materials, i. 61- tis in collection of, ii. 78.
advantageous disposition of, i. Sienite, veins and overlying masses
62.
of, ii. 5.
Secondary formations, leading cha.
racter of their fossil vegetables, i.
· Sigillaria, among the largest and
341.
tallest plants of the coal forma-
tion, i. 352—stems occasionally
Sedgwick, Professor, on the kind of
information to be looked for in the
found erect, i. 353, 354–stem oc-
Bible, i. 36, 441-his discovery of
casionally divided at the summit,
fossil fishes, i. 211.
i. 365-character and relations of,
Segregation, theory of veins filled
i. 355, 356-scars on bark in ver.
by, i. 411.
tical rows, i. 355-number of spe.
Sellow, M., his use of Chinese me.
cies, i. 355.
thod of boring wells, i. 224.
Silistria, sturgeons in the Danube
Spiostaire, its analogies to belem. near, i. 212.
nite, i. 285.
Silliman, Professor, his interpretation
Serolis, its analogies to trilobites, i. of the word beginning, and of the
296, 298.
days of the Mosaic creation, i. 24.
Serpentine veins and overlying Silurus, spine of, i. 220.
masses of, ii. 5.
Serpulæ, attached to belemnites, i. Silurian system, its geological place,
285.
and history of its establishment,
Sharks. antiquity of family of. i. 1.394--recognition of, on the con.
217-extinct species, numerous,
tinent, i. 395-divisions of, ii. 104.
i. 217_fossil ieeth of, i. 217– Simple minerals, definition of, i. 426.
fossil spines, or icthyodorulites Siphuncle, structure and functions
i. 218-three sub-families, of, i. of in nautilus, i. 243-arguments
218-teeth in early families ob- from fossil portions of, i. 247,
tuse, i. 220—peculiar form of tail, 248.
i. 212.
Skiddaway island, bones of megathe.
Sheerness, Artesian well at, i. 420. rium found in, i. 115.
Shells, number of in tertiary strata, Sloth, peculiarities in the structure
i. 68-vast accumulation of, in of living species, no imperfec-


ÍNDEX.
129
tions, i. 113-adapted to live on 357-internal structure of, i, 358
trees, i, 114.
probable aquatic habit of, i. 359.
Smyth, Capt., experiments on Mas. St. Hilaire, Geoffroy de, his new
sey's log and bottles sunk in a genera of fossil crocodileans, i.
deep sea, i. 261.
193.
Soemmering, Professor, pterodactyle St. Ouen, Artesian well at i. 419.
described by, i. 172.
Stones, none have existed in their
Soldani, his collection of fossil shells present state for ever, i. 426.
in Tuscany, i. 97.
Stonesfield, mixture of marine and
Solenhofen, pterodactyle found at, i. terrestrial animals in oolite at, i.
171, 172-libellulæ and other in. 99—pterodactyle found at, i. 171-
sects found at, i. 171-fossil fishes, megalosaurus found at, i, 180—
of, i. 203—fossil crustaceans from, scales of testudinata found at, i.
i. 292.
197—castings of marine worms
Species, changes of, indicate changes at, i. 198—remains of marsupialia
of climate, i. 96.
found at, i. 203-rhyncholites
Speeton, hamites found at, i. 277. found at, i. 241.
Spiders, fossil in jurassic and tertiary Stratified rocks, aggregate thickness
strata, i. 306.
of, i. 38.
Spinax acanthius, horny dorsal spine Straus, on eyes of insects, &c. i.
of, i. 220.
299.
Spirula, derived from a sepia, i. 273, Sturgeons, functions of living spe-
239-ii. 63.
cies, i. 212.
Springs, how supplied by stratified Sublimation, theory of veins filled
rocks, i. 62—origin and impor. by, i. 411.
tance of, i. 415, 418_ordinary Succession, eternal, of species dis.
supply of rivers by, i. 416--causes proved by phenomena of primary
of their production, i. 416-sup rocks, i. 51.
ply from rain water, i. 417, 418– Sumner, Bishop, his records of Crea.
systems of, near Baths, i. 418- tor, i. 35.
produced in Derbyshire, by faults, Superposition, regular order of, in
i. 418-two systems of, originating strata, i. 16.
in faults, i. 418—local causes of Surturbrand, brown coal of Iceland,
irregularities in, 424.
i. 381, 382.
Squaloids, extent of, 287.
Syringodendron, name applied to
Stark, Dr., on changes of colours in many species of sigillaria, i. 352.
fishes, i. 163.
Star fish, number of ossicula in i. TANKERVILLE, Lady, Zamia in conser.
332.
vatory of, i, 371,
Steam power, prodigious effect of, i. Taylor, Mr. R. C., on fossil fuci in
399_amount of, employed in Corn. Pennsylvania, i. 340.
wall and in England, i. 400, Taylor, Mr. I. C., on duty of steam
Stelleridans, geological commence. engines, i. 398 et seq.-on benefi.
ment of, i. 313–structure of fossil, cial disposition of metals, i, 413.
similar to that of existing species, Teleosaurus, genus of, established
i. 313.
by St. Hilaire, i. 193–skeleton of
Steneosaurus genus established by from Whitby, i. 193,
St. Hilaire, i. 193.
Temperature, changes indicated by
Sternberg, Count, his Flore du Monde fossil vegetables, 341-proofs of
primitif, i. 343–on cycadeæ and gradual diminution of, i. 380.
zamites in the coal formation, i. Tertiary strata, character of, i. 66%
369-his discovery of fossil scor character of their fossil vegeta-
pions, i. 306.
bles, i. 341.
Stigmaria, form and character of, i. Testudo græca, recent footsteps of,
357, 358-dome-shaped trunk, i. i. 199.


130
INDEX.
332.
Tetragonolepis, fossil species of, i. animals allied to them, i. 298–
102.
associated with development by
Theories, Huttonian and Wernerian, Lamarck, 435.
43, 411.
Trevelyan, Mr. W. C., his disco-
Thompson, Mr., pentacrinus euro. very of coprolites near Leith, i.
pæus discovered by, i. 325.
Thomas, Mr. R., map and sections Trilobites, geographical and geolo-
of mining district near Redruth, gical distribution of, i. 294-ge-
i. 411.
nera and species of, i. 295-his-
Tiedemann, on bones in star-fish, i. tory and structure of, i. 295—
living animals allied to, i. 296 et
Tilgate forest, reptiles discovered by seq.-eyes. of, i. 299—physiolo-
Mr. Mantell in, i. 99.
gical inferences from fossil eyes, i.
Time, lapse of long periods univer.
302 et seq.
sally admitted, i. 21-proof of long
lapse of, 96-proof of lapse of, Trygon, fossil in tertiary strata, i.
during deposition of strata, i. 285.
Torpedo, fossil in tertiary strata, i. Tucker, his speculation as to pos.
221.
sible existences in the interior of
Torre D'Orlando, fishes perished sud.
the earth, i, 53—his views of the
denly at, i. 102.
relations of the world to man, i.
83.
Tortoises, number of existing fami.
lies, i. 195-divisions of fossil ditto,
Tufa, calcareous, local deposites of,
ii. 11.
i. 195—extent of fossil species, i.
195— marine species from Glaris,
Turin, bones, in museum at, i, 79.
i. 196—fossil land species, rare, i.
Turrilite, character and extent of, i.
197-footsteps of in Scotland, i.
279.
Tin
198---fresh-water species, locality
Turtles, fossil, i. 195, 196.
of, i. 197.
Tour, supposed of a foreigner through
och ULODENDRON, character of, i. 357.
England, i. 13.
• Unity, geological argument for the
Tours, Artesian wells in chalk of, i.
unity of the Deity, i. 433, 434,
435.
423.
Townsend, Mr., on origin of springs,
i. 416.
VAL D'Arno, bones in fresh-water
Trachelipods, two sections of, car. formation of, i. 79.
nivorous and herbivorous, i. 2254 Vapour, influence of, in causing ele.
carnivorous, perforate living shells, vations of land, i. 43.
i. 226-carnivorous rare before the Vegetables, study of fossil impor.
tertiary strata, i., 227-herbivo. tant, i. 339—recent sub-marine,
rous, extend through all strata to divisions of, i. 339-fossil sub-
the present time, i. 227-carnivo. marine, divisions of, i. 340-ter.
rous succeeded to functions of ex restrial, geological distributions of,
tinct carnivorous cephalopods, i. i. 340-remains of, preserved in
227, 236.
coal formation, i. 344-remains of
Trachyte, character and phenomena in transition strata, i. 129, 345–
of, ii. 7.
genera, most abundant in coal, i.
Trap, various phenomena of, ii. 6. 360-proportions of families in
Transition series, history and extent coal formation, i. 360-remains of,
of, i. 55—strata, character of their in secondary strata, i. 368—re-
fossil vegetables, i. 341.
mains of, in tertiary strata, i. 380—
Transmutation of species, disproved numbers of fossil and recent spe.
in the case of fishes, i, 223—the. cies, i. 370~characters of, during
ory of, opposed by trilobites and the three great geological epochs,


INDEX.
131
1 389-391-connexion of with Weinbohla, sienite, intersecting and
physico-theology, i. 492.
overlying chalk at, ii. 5.
Veins, mineral, origin and disposi- Weis, Professor, his account of bones
tion of, i. 409, 411-most frequent of megatherium, i. 127-his belief
on early rocks, i. 410-theories re- that the megatherium had armour,
specting origin of, i. 411-appara- i. 128.
tus for production of, i. 425.gra. Wells, causes of rise of water in, i.
nitic, intersecting older granite, ii. 418.
4-of sicnite, porphyry, serpen. Werner, his theory of the formation
tine and greenstone, intersecting of stratified rocks, i. 43—of veins,
other rocks, ii. 5-mineral influ- i. 411.
ence of electro-magnetic action in, Wheatstone, Professor, on crystals
ii. 107-109.
produced by electro-chemical ac-
Vertebrata, represented by 'fishes in tion, i. 412.
the transition formation, i. 56. Whewell, Mr., his view of the nebu.
Volcanoes, present effect of, i. 46. lar hypothesis, i. 40.
Volcanic forces, their effects on the Whitby, ammonites from, i. 256.
condition of the globe, i. 47. Wielieska, salt in tertiary formation,
Volcanic rocks, frequent in tertiary i. 63.
strata, i. 76—of modern formation, Winds, effect in causing undulations
ii. 7.
during the formation of stone in
Voltz, M., on Mentellia from Lune. Portland, i. 371-effect in forming
ville, i. 369.
strata in Bermudas and in Corn-
Voltzia, genius of coniferæ in new wall, i. 154.
red sand-stone, i. 364.
Witham, Mr., his publications on fos.
sil conifere, i. 363, 364, 366.
WATCHET, nacre of ammonites pre. Worm holes, fossil, i. 198.
served in lias at, i. 283.
Waters, not created on the third
day of Mosaic cosmogony, i. 30 YARRELL, Mr., on the vision of birds,
sources of mineral and thermal in i. 136.
faults, i. 424.
Water, its rank in geological dyna. Zamia pungens, mode of inflores.
mics, i. 33_supplied to springs by cence, 371.
stratified rocks, i. 62—its agency Zemia spiralis, buds on trunk of, i.
in preserving organic remains, i. 375.
104-circulation of in metallic Zamia horrida, section of trunk of,
veins, i. 408—perpetual circula- i. 373.
tion and functions of, i. 416. Zeiten, M., his description of fossil
Watt, his experiments on crystalliza pens and ink bags in Wirtemberg,
tion of bodies cooled slowly, i. 41. i. 233.
Webster, Mr., section prepared by, Zoology, study of, indispensable to
ii. 2.
geology, i. 92.
THE END.








:
Trans





Pl. 2:

VM
I
w
w
engr by A Haber
1. Restoration of Dinotherium, see p. 451 2. Head of Dinotherium
giganteum found at Epplesheim in 1836. See Sup. edote, p.457.
PPS. Duval Lith Phil


Anoplotherium commune.


Anoplotherium commune .
Anopiotherium
grauile .
Palarotherium magnum .
Palæotheriun minus.
au
Restoration of extinct fossu Pachydermata from Mont Martre near Paris .








PY.
Anoplotherium commune .
Anoplotherium
gracile :
mga
manns
22
EL
ఇందిదికను
enoga 23
Palæotherium magnum .
berwesen
Palæotherium minus ,
UN
co
Skeletons of fossil Pachydermata from the Gypsum of Mont Martre .






Fig 1.
Megatherium.
Scale of Peet.
LUL
Fore Foot of
Dasypus Peba
Half Nat. Sie
Fore Foot of
Chlamyphorus
Nat. Sixe.
Menu


PI. 5
4. Iches

P
13
Armour of
Megatherium
Armour of
Megatherium
75
0
Shoulders of
Dasypus Peba
Head of
Chlamyphorus
16
18
M
II
MULD
BBC
2009
Huttula
Chlamyphorus
Body of
Chlamyphorus
17
19
Pue
Tail Piece of
Chlamyphorus
MIUTTI
UTIUT
Dasypus Grandis
Scale of NOS 2,3 &4.
2 feet
Scale for the Teeth. & Figs 1?& 13.
l foot
772: Pred! V Jatiyor.





P. 6.
Sections of the Teeth of Megatherium. #Nat stie.
lab
c
lola
a b
c
oa
la 167
c
ol a
a 16
C
10 a
Caudal Vertebra of Megatherium .

----15--Incher -








6 Inches.
LEGO CE33
اللاتکلدانند
در
33
PROMWIMMI
ROSOWWWWWWWWWWMWMN
Uus communis.
16 Inches.
Juccedonix Command
Ichthyosaurus Intermedius.
Pl. 8.








11 Foot..
W 00000
OOOOOO
00000
UNIC CLLLLCLAIMER
Ichthyosaurus Tenuirostris.
Pl. 9.


PL. 10.

VINAVIAN T
RAVELVERUM
ul Foot.
U

MINI
Mohd


ROOSTCW
VIII
CTURA
TATTORE
TRICA
OTVO
D27
VODO227
TOATED
NATURE
SIE
K
CONSULIUZIND
ISS ZIELDI
SA<a
CATC
ATTU
ww
NOTA
TANEN
TACTICAS
TERCERAUICIAS
KUYASSER
ETUI STILLS
TOTEC


Elis Se
Head, Eyes, and Skin of Ichthyosaurus, &c.








P1.11.
H
WWWWWW
W12
Head and Lower Jaws of Ichthyosaurus.


B
Teeth, and Sections of the upper and lower Jaws of Ichthyosaurus ,
J.Tier


P1.12.

VEDO
a Ja
Co
NEUR
ce
Ichthyosaurus
SENAL
13210
ana
Sternal Arch and Paddles .

2
C
HARMO
mimi
MARIU
Peculiarities of cervical Vertebræ .
TO
WWE
Articulations of Vertebrae.
J.Torcer Sp





SOR
Doooowaage
Scale of Inches
Ichthyosaurus inclosing Coprolite.
3
PL. 13.








Pl. 15.




are

COPROLITES.
Chiefly from the Lias at Lyme Regis.








vựƯU00000
AUGALAX
للتلا
الروبل البحرين
Tuli
feltu rer
00
OM
0008
0100
0008
Plesiosaurus Dolichodeinus
restored by The Rev. W. D. Convbear.
0090
ODO
30808
13955
00000
OSOS
300
0009
00090
VY
US
NIS
Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.
? Feet
Pl. 16.
ទ្របី
000





Pl.18.

3 Inches
Head and Jaws of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.

Compound sterno costal Arcs of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.


P1.79.

1
01110
0
ODOU
0
0
OOO
ilis
3500
Po
W 2000
Plesiosaurus Macrocephalus.
6 Inches

200000000000
8. In
TO TUBOOOO GOUDO DO
28 inches
Lower Jaw of Plesiosaurus. Scale
J. Heager Sc.








Deiner de
I
m
Pl.20.
Head of Mosasaurus from the Upper Cretaceous formation at Maestricht.


Pterodactylus Longirostris.
found at Aichstedt.
annarra
Head of Bat.
XTIL
WT
36
66
20
VI
35
137
361-33
.
Pl. 21.








PTERODACTYLUS
CRASSIROSTRIS. Goldiss.
Scalet
N
.

IN
59 NOT
92
EXY
088
084

0008
COM
5555555533
DT
DURAVILHOY
200
W
JOC
PTERODACTYLUS BREVIROS TRIS.
Sömmer,
Nat. Sixe.


PL. 22.

PTERODACTYLUS CRASSTROS TRIS.
As restored by Goldfuss.
Scale +
(
W
Sant L
160
lo
D
k39
7
54530 B, 6BS
55 66 67 68 69 70
Н
57 58
-
52_
59
Como
0768232
66
K
68
69
37
38
TEXTIEL
144 (39
135 132
27
DRACO
VOLANS
BAT
Enuruved by J.Yeagen,





PL. 23.

Right Lower Jaw of Megalosaurus from Stonestield. Oron .
N.S.

TERLALLEET
WOLBRILL
Teeth of Megalosaurus from Stonesfield, Oxon .


P1.24.

Imam
M
M
Teeth and Bones of Iguanodon and Iguana.








Pr. 25.

பகவான்
prom
DO
010 001091oOOOOOOOOOOO
-
Teleo saurus Chapmanni.
crocodilian remains from the Lias of Whitby and Oolite of 0.rfordshire.








Pl.26
Porta
28
Impressions of Footsteps on ruil Sanıl-stone near Dumiris.
--
Inches



Pl. 26
scale of 1 Foot, for Fig. 1.
Hildburghausen.





P7.26,"
Nat. Size
Hinul Fotstep of Chirotherium on Sandstone from Hesberg, in the British Uus cum .








J.Mendersi:
21
SER
IMA
22
8 Inches space between .
Footsteps of some unknown Reptile,
on a slab of New-red sandstone,
trom Hesberg, near Hildberghausen .
WWW
ikikids
Nat. sixe.
W
HIKMA
PL. 26"






P1. 26
P.S.Duval, Lith. Phila
lear Northamton, in Connectiout
Marble near Bath.





A
dora





T
TELITIAN
TIMIT
WATT
TULLU
ITIL
TILALLA
HALILI
TILULUI
ILLITION
TILIAIA
TINTI
TITTAJILLE
TITIAZZI
HITTAILU
ITIET
TTTT
LIETTI
TIHEITA
WHIT
NATALE
au
wwwwwwwwwwww
AMMA
VAMAA
SA
Lepidosteus osseus.
living in rù'er's or N. America .
a
b
c
Lepidosteus osseus, lower Jaw: nat. sixe
From a young animal.
Megalichthys Hibberti , upper Jaw: nat. size .
from a young animal.
1711
UTLAMALAALAAAAA
M
Fossil Aspidorhynchus, from the Jura limestone of Solenhoten.
Examples of recent and fossil Sauroid fishes.
Pl. 27 a


7
12
/
PEDIA
Fam: Lepidoides.
1
Amblypterus from the Coal formation at Saarbrück.
Halinat.sixe.
PL. 27?


3
Pl. 27.

1. Microdon.
Fam: Pycnodontes.
2. Gyrodus. palatal teeth.
3. Pycnodus. palatal teeth








ALIM
WORTH
Nat size
Acrodus Nobilis Agass
from Lias Somerset shire
In the Cabinet of I T. Burgen Esg"
2 Scale
Pl.27.2

Back of Fig. 1
Hollis Sc.








Pl. 28.

S
Non
RAL
ALDAA SAMASS
int itti
YAVR32
SABIHURTION BIZUARINUTI
PW
WT17
WOWO
HOTED
ca
KU
SIN
a123EADINIDAD
Nat. size.
Nat.size.
A B C
B A
Pens of Recent Loligo, Ink Bag of Sepia Officinalis
And Fossil Pens from the Lias at Lyme Regis.
Hollis se














MW
NNNNNNN
RAMIC
WWW
NA
NE
M
7239

1& 2. Nautilus Hexagonus, from the Oxford Volite.


P1.33.
.

a
COLON
SER
AND
CMS
WAREN
OS
ORTAS
CATALAN
USRL
ORG
LE
Sang
NIC
C3
REURE
CARRY
VALUE
SIS
20
S
NO
GESS
WWWWWAY
BOM
STUDIO
WWWW
JUSPUNTI
Nautilus Striatus, in Lias at Ilhitbv.
Toner Sc





P1.34.

UL
LITTLE
ON
WR
TULL
Animal of the Nautilus Pompilius.








Pl. 36.

WWW
Longitudinal section 'Ammonites Obtusus.


P1.37.





4
a
na ART
E Am
Wines

ww

e as
SAS
Zwaluti


Various forms of Ammonites.











P.32

Dorsal lobe
SD --
Dorsal Saddle.
Superior lateral lobe.
SL
Lateral Saddle.
2
Inferior lateral lobe.
SV
Ventral Saddle.
Ventral lobe
Auxiliary lobe.
a?
Auxiliary lobe
Ja3
Auxiliary lobe.
Auxiliary lobe.
at
au
Auriliary lobe.
Ammonites Heterophyllus, in lius at Whitby.


P1.40.

La
Ammonites striatus.
to
SD
Anomomites sphæricus
Ammonites Henslowi.
5

ER
Ammonites nodosus.
Back of A. Nodosus.


P1.42.
1. Nautilus Hexagonus. 2. Ammonites Escavatus. 3.Ammonites Catena. 4.5.6.Ammonites Varicosus. 5.6.Fragments of fig. 1.
7. Ammonites Variocostatus.








P1.44.

RA
B
YO
SUN
SES
own
15
Chambered shells allied to Nautilus & Ammonite.





PL Hi

INTIMITED
LAU
Vacanzo
an
ar
Mustrations of the Genus Belemnosepia .





Pl.45.
je
110
We
2 el
YT
Nat. Size.
14
1
10
Biz
HA
990
AN
Hii
WIN
WWW
MID
WWW
WOW
NOV
· 12
Trilobites d' recent ainumuils allied to them.


Pl.46.

IN
MMINT
JULIU
RI
LED
it
TERREN
00
ec
70-
l
990
Hooo
80
Oo
FOTO 0
DAS
TU
GOOD
bolell
CE
DOO
TU
INHO
HIZI
HINI
PIRAN
VOETOM
ALO
OLANTE Coole
07.
LOLOT
OT
UNIO
Ollido08 1 0 0 Metre
HNAH
9
10
OOO
SOOX0O%%
SINAC 2090
Oo oo
2003
Trilobites.





PL 10


UME


WISKUSSKADER

Fossil Scorpion from the Coal Formation at Chomle in Bohemia.


P2.40."

10
AS
Win
+
.
12
WWW
UK
Fossil Insects, Spider, und Limulus, Virt.size.

TutoSc.
Tail and Intestine ot' Scorpion irom Chomle in Bohemia.








Pl 17.

ZANATATAS
DAVAVAVAVAVAVAVINE
SO
MA
HE
MA
NU
m
AD
MEISTES
bilder sind those
Bougosso
Apioerinites & Actinocrinites.





SPN
5
)
BIO)
2.225
Pl.50.

Az
Ana
TUL
FREDE
WAL
J.IT
<
)
É
13
15
:
LADIN
uy
FISIES
HOTEL
LE
wrw
AIR.
17.
NA
FO
EFt to
1
Encrinites Moniliformis.
mona
SCO
18
GEBER
UNTIMINEN








Pl 51.
MA

KOVO
8
M
Huw
Oooo
10
10
12
Recent Corals with their Polypes.
Hollis Sc.


Pl. 55.

Lepidodendron Sternbergii.
SET
SAULES
DOBB
ord
BAZE
UND
OD
BORE
BE
CORO
00B
1990
BOR
S
As
ea
222
a
23
92
veel
al
le
ve
UD
200
920
20
qaba
Empty Space 4 Feet
020
me)
wana
OHUO2
Bongo
Bebas
dodom
Cocco
TO
24 .ee
Blea
waaa
Wu
190g
22
22eug
ubuh
ggguan
292222
220
CORRIELL
OBRES
RONKSSS
INDON
SRINSEN
RSSON
DNSSON
JOSSANON
ISASI
SNOSSO
SSSSS
AOXXXXX
B
B
.
Fossil Tree found prostrate in a Coal Mine at Swina in Bohemia.
Hollis Sc.





Fig.1.
P1.57.
Calcareous slate
Lower
Purbeck
bats.
of fresh water
formation.
Burrstone.
Dirt bail.
black mould
and pebbles
de
Temporary
dy land.
99 og
Portland
Atlas
Til foy
Marine
stone.
formation
AB.
Section of the Dirt bed in the Isle of Portland, shewing the subterranean remains of an ancient
Forrest. De la Beche.
Fig.2.

14.Fret.
Circular ridges and depressions on the Burr'stone, in the I. of Portland, round an erect stump
of a tree.four feet high. Sketched by Professor Henslow, 1832.
Fig.3.
Sort burstone.
Ancient forest in the
dirt bed
Lower Purbeck beils
composed of calcare-
-vus slate of freshwater
formation
Portland stone of
marine formation.
Section of the Chiff'east of Lulworth Cove, Dorset . Buckland.
1. Yeauet". Sc.


P2.58.

A1
ELE
Kwam
Mini
MIUI
mmmm
Cycas Revoluta with buls procre.tiny from the Arillæ of the bases of fallen
leaves . Saale 4


PO).

TE
Trunk of Cycadites Megaloplıyllus from I.ot Portland, Scale".

GLAS
ut
р
с
в
B
C
Transverse sation of the Trunk of Cycadites Megaloplivllus, trom I. Portland. Scale?? .








Fig. I.
Pl. 61.
Bcb C
D

adiliko
2.
AN
INNLER
be
S
MED
.
SW
mns
QUIS UND
GA
WWW
WINDOWS
ni
2 marts W
TUD
TO
SD
WUP
VO
11
SC
SOUD is we
-
MID
sis
GEN
Trunk of (vcadites Microphyllus with buds in the axilla of the Petioles
from I. Portland. Scale '..
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.


Sections of Buds and Petioles of Cycadites Microphyllus from 1. Portland. Nat. Size.


PI. 62.

2

boooxoa
SOO
Bid
Magnified sections of Petioles of recent and fossil Cycadea .









TIMECIL
-
Alr
A
అe.
Deeee
COCONGom
A
2000
Watc
are a
POD
A0
0
0.
OHOR
Dil
HINE
రాంతం
0.00
Seeta
B
t' | S, 11. I' | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: \ ALI | | | | | | | E. I
F I li | | | | | | | | | | |
AP || 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |RS IT.





IINILIIN
Vale or
Westbury:
Great Fault.
1595C ?
STUS
---- Dardham Down.
Old-Red-Sandstone
A
Opposite
Merthyr:
...
.....
N/
:
:
:
..
...130 Fath.
Clifton.
--- Brandon hill.
Bristol
R.Avon.
:::::::::::
en
Bedminster.
Coal shale
Lower
Mynnydd Merthyr:
Lime Works,
Dudley
Pennant Rock
D... Dundry hill.
'Carbonite
:: Will stone. Grit:::::
lower-ca Series
Cynon.
Werous Limestone /.
Pennant and Upper Coals.
Coal and Iron Works.
Tipton
· Pensford.
Uppe
Section across the Somerset Coal seld from Bristol to the Mendip Hills. (W.D. Conybeare )
per Coal-shale
Section from N. te S. across the great Coul basin of S. Wales./W. D. Cony beare.)
Section of the Wednesbury Coal basin, from Dudley to Walsall. (Jukes.)
Wednesburg.
Barrow hill.
... Rhondda.
....Figh Littleton.
... 70 Fath.
***** 2 Eath.
Mynydd
y Clyn.
20 Fath.
. Paulton hill.
Pennart
ESERS
Lime Works.
Watshall Bar
..... 70 Fath.
Old-Red-San
Garth.
Peiunánt
· Stratton house.
Pentyrch
Park.
Coal shale
Lower
Stratton new
pit.
Valley of the
***
Ely.
Roman Camp.
River:
Tother side the
Hill pits.
DOPPIO..
UTA
St.Lythian's
Down.
J. Kilight Si
Masbery castle.
Pl.65.





Silurian System. (Murchison.)
Carboniterous System .tony beare.)
Tritobite Schist and
Sandy Slate
........ Landeilo Limestone.
-. ........ Calcareons Flags.
s.. Horderly Limestone.
Shelly Sand stone.
Woolhope Limestone.
Wenlock Shale.
Wenlock Limestone.
Lower Ludlow Rock.
Aymestry Limestone.
Upper Ludlow Rock.
Tilestone.
Cornstone.
Conglomerate.
Mountain limestone
.... Millstone Grit.
WA
Coal.
Landeilo
3
lags. Caradoc Sandstone .
Wenlock Limestone . Ludlow Rocks.
(Dudley)
Flags-Marls - Limestones – Sandstones & Conglomerate.
Lower Sihurian Rocks.
Upper Silurian Rocks.
Ou Red Sandstone Series of Murchison.
Isabella Pit
HILL
M" Halls
n House
SIIERIFE
Grindstone
T
leworth Dyke 25 Fath
T
25 Fath Dyke
Path: Post
WA
270 Fath Post
Vitindo
W
indstone Post
S. 16 Fath Dyke
Sain:
70 Fathi Post:
CONSORA
Mai
Litost:
10 Fath Dyke
P1.66.

10 Fath Dyke
Vpcast
Faults in the Coal formation near Newcastle on Tyne. Buddle.)
J. Knight Sc