Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 52 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62811 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 man 19 Mr. 19 England 18 socialism 17 State 17 Marx 13 class 12 New 12 God 11 work 10 german 10 United 9 french 9 States 9 Germany 8 Party 8 London 8 Government 8 America 7 society 7 life 7 labor 7 british 7 France 7 Engels 6 economic 6 York 6 Social 6 Paris 6 John 6 Europe 5 woman 5 thing 5 system 5 socialist 5 people 5 great 5 International 4 world 4 value 4 production 4 mean 4 labour 4 day 4 american 4 Society 4 Socialist 4 Socialism 4 Smith 4 Revolution Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 9816 man 6385 class 5142 time 4252 life 4163 society 4115 day 4051 people 4042 socialism 4025 thing 3938 production 3763 year 3652 work 3416 capital 3337 power 3317 system 3305 condition 3300 labor 3167 law 3146 world 3028 country 2958 state 2941 woman 2927 fact 2868 value 2755 part 2729 wage 2702 property 2677 party 2661 worker 2655 form 2568 hand 2562 interest 2553 way 2469 land 2409 government 2388 labour 2236 mean 2214 capitalist 2084 right 2083 question 2073 order 2039 movement 2033 member 1962 place 1955 p. 1899 industry 1816 nothing 1813 principle 1810 idea 1779 force Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 22972 _ 2535 Mr. 2475 Socialists 2408 Socialist 2138 State 2020 Marx 1994 Socialism 1723 Party 1502 New 1208 England 1155 Katie 1017 Society 1016 London 1015 Germany 958 Social 951 States 928 God 865 United 799 Ann 796 | 791 York 780 Labour 765 America 707 Government 674 Russia 672 France 663 W. 650 Association 641 pp 614 . 558 Revolution 530 Labor 519 Fabian 507 Europe 505 International 483 Owen 483 George 481 National 479 Britain 476 John 457 Great 455 American 454 Phalanx 453 English 447 Engels 421 II 401 Dr. 401 Community 401 Committee 396 Herr Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 35120 it 15233 he 14618 they 12897 i 11539 we 7003 them 6725 you 4116 she 3912 him 3260 us 2472 me 2313 itself 2179 themselves 1741 himself 1451 her 621 one 375 myself 337 herself 323 ourselves 101 yourself 58 theirs 57 yours 54 mine 48 ours 42 his 33 oneself 30 ''em 28 ''s 22 thee 19 ye 12 thyself 6 yourselves 6 hers 6 em 5 i''m 4 you''re 2 a^2 1 you_--that 1 you''ll 1 yerself 1 yeomen{1 1 year--1840 1 y 1 women:--_they 1 whosoever 1 whereof 1 whence 1 vandervelde:-- 1 trodden 1 thy Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 120625 be 34672 have 11707 do 7283 make 6410 say 4445 take 3912 give 3753 see 3409 come 3356 go 3168 know 3162 become 3157 work 3018 find 2436 call 2286 get 2136 think 2113 seem 2061 produce 1863 follow 1788 show 1761 live 1689 bring 1642 use 1611 exist 1583 pay 1563 look 1542 hold 1502 mean 1492 increase 1490 leave 1399 put 1379 tell 1379 let 1355 want 1289 keep 1262 begin 1243 lead 1233 accord 1214 believe 1167 stand 1146 remain 1134 consider 1114 ask 1095 grow 1084 carry 1072 understand 1039 write 1039 speak 1029 appear Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 22521 not 7828 more 7280 only 7194 so 6264 other 5143 great 4372 social 4149 now 4006 as 3943 most 3725 first 3688 very 3590 well 3430 even 3425 then 3387 new 3281 such 3250 own 3245 same 3150 political 3114 up 3052 much 3014 many 2995 economic 2717 also 2611 out 2585 socialist 2550 long 2524 good 2354 large 2350 far 2237 just 2187 human 2084 present 2040 old 1978 little 1950 less 1925 still 1901 capitalist 1887 therefore 1825 here 1818 thus 1808 never 1793 general 1786 few 1784 private 1727 public 1697 too 1670 small 1669 whole Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 945 most 896 least 807 good 580 great 362 high 188 bad 144 low 131 large 130 strong 125 Most 90 slight 64 small 61 full 58 fit 57 early 52 late 47 near 46 poor 44 simple 39 rich 35 manif 33 able 28 old 27 fine 27 deep 27 cheap 26 noble 25 weak 24 big 23 sure 23 hard 22 close 21 long 20 pure 18 wide 17 heavy 16 wild 15 wise 15 narrow 15 keen 15 common 15 broad 14 grave 12 short 12 mean 12 easy 11 wealthy 11 happy 11 grand 11 free Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2998 most 170 well 112 least 6 worst 6 hard 4 ¦ 4 highest 1 widest 1 soon 1 heaviest 1 fast 1 farthest 1 easiest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 www.gutenberg.org 4 www.gutenberg.net 2 www.archive.org 2 archive.org 1 www.ebookforge.net Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30758/30758-h/30758-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30758/30758-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30506/30506-h/30506-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30506/30506-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/3/5/7/23574/23574-h/23574-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/3/5/7/23574/23574-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/7/8/8/17881/17881-h/17881-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/7/8/8/17881/17881-h.zip 1 http://www.eBookForge.net 1 http://www.archive.org/details/mediaevalsocial00jarruoft 1 http://www.archive.org/details/landmarksofscien00engeuoft 1 http://archive.org/details/raidofdoverroman00ford 1 http://archive.org Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 ccx074@pglaf.org 1 ccx074@coventry.ac.uk Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 socialism is not 29 _ see _ 24 socialism does not 23 _ is _ 21 men are not 18 _ was _ 17 property is not 17 value is not 16 production is not 16 world has ever 15 men do not 15 things being equal 14 _ do _ 14 man is not 14 socialism is essentially 11 _ see also 11 life is not 11 state is not 10 _ was jesus 10 property is theft 10 work is not 9 _ are _ 9 _ did jesus 9 capital is not 9 day is not 9 society is not 9 system is not 9 time is not 8 labor does not 8 labor is not 8 society does not 8 state does not 7 _ is not 7 capital does not 7 law does not 7 life does not 7 party is not 7 people are not 7 thing holds good 7 thing is certain 7 world has never 6 _ does _ 6 class are not 6 conditions were not 6 man does not 6 people did not 6 socialism is impossible 6 thing is true 6 time was not 6 women are not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 day is not far 4 man is no longer 3 labor has no value 3 man has no soul 3 man is not responsible 3 production knows no other 3 property is not thereby 3 socialism is not only 3 time had not yet 3 time is not far 3 time is not yet 3 world has not yet 2 class is no longer 2 conditions are no better 2 conditions did not yet 2 conditions were not ripe 2 day has not yet 2 labor is no longer 2 labor was no higher 2 labor was no longer 2 man has no business 2 man has no moral 2 man has no right 2 men are no longer 2 men are not prepared 2 men have not rightly 2 party has not even 2 production is not capitalistic 2 production is not yet 2 property is no longer 2 socialism being not merely 2 socialism did not necessarily 2 socialism has no more 2 socialism is no longer 2 socialism is not anarchism 2 socialism is not communism 2 socialism is not merely 2 socialism is not socialism 2 society has no reason 2 society has not yet 2 society is no longer 2 state is no longer 2 things are no longer 2 time has not yet 2 time was not ripe 2 worker has no means 1 _ does not quite 1 _ having no immediate 1 _ is not possible 1 _ is not sacred Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 201660 37351 185063 35687 183889 20816 178681 30646 177407 41405 158549 28361 158350 19150 155959 7303 135760 34979 117936 11217 106397 35572 85649 22733 82339 13715 81500 17416 77179 31933 72826 17881 64542 35447 61539 30758 60528 34534 59474 32644 55842 60222 51439 18397 43997 14058 42147 37290 41947 34012 35340 20936 34654 1187 33927 30506 33231 33979 28125 23574 28031 19468 26716 22651 25892 38138 25463 39257 23639 48446 22991 27814 22424 4776 18852 44800 17367 37246 16347 35962 14681 31193 14595 45827 14385 16897 13022 5624 11562 61 11481 37141 11430 13706 6210 49854 5100 36272 4466 35232 24340 690 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 94.0 11217 93.0 16897 87.0 35447 84.0 17881 81.0 34534 79.0 33979 78.0 60222 73.0 22651 71.0 34012 70.0 49854 70.0 19468 70.0 1187 69.0 28361 67.0 5624 67.0 45827 66.0 30506 66.0 35572 66.0 44800 66.0 35687 65.0 30646 64.0 23574 64.0 37246 64.0 7303 63.0 22733 63.0 37141 63.0 13715 63.0 20936 62.0 14058 62.0 4776 61.0 13706 61.0 34979 60.0 30758 59.0 41405 59.0 19150 59.0 31933 58.0 36272 57.0 37290 57.0 35232 56.0 20816 55.0 37351 55.0 35962 55.0 39257 55.0 17416 55.0 31193 54.0 38138 53.0 27814 51.0 61 48.0 18397 47.0 32644 45.0 48446 24340 690 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 11217 looked up and saw Ann standing there." Katie was not too impressed to "Ann''s experiences have not all been happy ones, Wayne," said Katie in "You got a dog at home?" he asked of Ann. At the silence, Katie looked up. Katie said, "Ann, I am so glad that at last my brother is to know you," Katie thought it time Ann try a stroke for herself. bachelor," she had said, "and a joy." Ann had looked vague, and Katie "But you like Ann, don''t you, Wayne?" Katie asked anxiously. "Katie doesn''t look at it that way," replied Ann, and turned away. Oh the world was just full of things that Katie Jones wanted to "Oh, I don''t know," said Katie; "I think mother would have been glad." "There came a time," said Ann, "when all of life was not going over They were quiet for a time, thinking of Ann''s father and Katie''s uncle; 1187 is,--a world-wide class struggle between the propertyless workers and the the strong, energetic members of the working class have been able to rise labor took in wages the whole joint product, that capital would perish. Labor as a class is fighting with capital as meant the class of people without capital which sells its labor for a The second class-conscious capitalist organization is called the National of labor unions who are also members of the state militia shall resign Thus the generous laborer, giving more of a day''s work for less return, striking at the food and shelter of the English capitalist and laborer. But the union laborers of the United States have nothing of which to For, over all these trades, over all these thousands of men, is the Labor employers of labor in this city are generally against the trade-union Socialist, the trade-union, and other working-class organizations are 13706 the economic influences upon political and social development. Most thoughtful people of to-day know that the political and economic working definition; for this political or social movement is based upon through the government, or society politically organized) of the means the government, or of governmental officials, for individual judgment, The above might be stated in another way by saying that Socialism means government of the United States, the whole theory upon which our nation schools and child labor laws and other forms of social, not Socialistic, conflict between individual and social rights. The Socialists answer the charge that Socialism is not American by standpoint of the State and Government, was in reality a political dog. heart, while Socialism as already stated, is essentially a working may be that we shall come to Socialism as a final political and economic of Socialism and government ownership or operation. 13715 present became members, and the relations between the Fabian Society and The most persistent of the organisers of the New Fellowship was J.F. Oakeshott, who was also for many years a member of the Fabian Executive. the words "the Fabian Society having in view the advance of Socialism in remained throughout a member of the Fabian Society, and twenty years working-class Socialist Society, the Independent Labour Party, in order The Fabian Society and British Socialism owe much to Mrs. Besant for the Progress of the Society--The Independent Labour Party--Local Fabian Progress of the Society--The Independent Labour Party--Local Fabian During these later years the Fabian Society with its increased numbers the Fabian Society; it was intended for Labour members of local The Labour Party, the Fabian Society, and the leaders of the The work of the Fabian Society has been not to make Socialists, but to 14058 Fascism man is an individual who is the nation and the country. individual; Fascism reaffirms the State as the only true expression of respect Fascism is a totalising concept, and the Fascist State--the nation is created by the State, which gives the people, conscious of The nation as a State is an ethical reality which exists and lives in the people: if all individuals have the right to govern the state, Both Fascism and nationalism regard the State as the foundation of all state rests on three basic concepts, the _Volk_ or people, the Führer, starts with the concept of the people, which forms a political unity, In contrast to the state, the people form a true organism--a strivings of the German and Italian people for final national National Socialism is the eternal law of our German life; Neesse states that "It will be the task of National Socialism to lead 16897 nods_.) My lord, and gentlemen of the Jury, although this case may seem (_Catching the_ SERGEANT''S _eye_.) I mean yes, sir, the Court_): My lord and gentlemen of the Jury, that''s my case. meant, we said we''d go to London and try it there; and it had been a good Let it alone: there''s a Socialist prisoner coming next; you can Once more, my lord and gentlemen of the Jury, I rise to address same thing, and calling Mr. Justice Nupkins a damned old fool! Because they said he had jugged their comrades like a damned old Prisoner, do you wish to ask the Constable any questions? My lord and gentlemen of the Jury, the prisoner''s mingled Yes, I am my old self come to life again; days before we all got so happy together!) (_To_ N.) Why, Mr. Nupkins--citizen--I remember you; you are an old acquaintance: I''ll go 17416 Modern socialists admit that of the wealth produced to-day labour produces one kind of product only, of which he himself can simple is the sole producer of wealth, and that labour is productive in of how mere labour--the manual effort of the individual--may produce, in directive ability, as opposed to labour, plays in the modern world. directive ability is as essential to production as labour is, he men must direct the labours of the majority by means of an appeal to being the mere receiver and dispenser of products produced by labour, In order that any man may direct the labour of other men, he private capitalism, if labour has been directed by any man in an wealth is for the men who in the modern world are the producers of it on producing an equality of a practical kind, by inducing the men whose different faculties--namely, labour and directive ability--the question 17881 of--a life where people had time to think, and to live a clean, The officer came close to me, looked straight into my face, and said, "Old man," I said, "I had been trying for a long time to lead Creedan little man at the employment desk of the Twenty-third Street Y.M.C.A. that I got my real introduction to business life--if the vocation of a The telling of this man''s story in churches helped the work a great 8 came to my mind," he said, "and I took great comfort in work, and I don''t like the place where I live.'' The man took me to his "This ain''t no place to work like that," he said; then he began to I was supported in my church work by a band of young men and women, "Men," I said, "there is in this city a thing called the Civic 18397 fulfilment, in the social life, of that modern scientific revolution labor; in the social organism no individual ought to live without the struggle for life, just as _labor_ is its normal and social form) is law of natural and social Darwinian evolution. the first stages of the social evolution the law of the struggle for socialism, in fact, can make this inexorable law of natural selection The individual exists, but only in so far as he forms a part of a social by Marxian socialism to the law of the _Struggle between Classes_. facts than is the law of social evolution. socialism, is it not the manifestation of another law of human evolution EVOLUTION--REVOLUTION--REBELLION--INDIVIDUAL VIOLENCE--SOCIALISM AND socialism is in opposition to the scientific law of evolution, and, manifestations of human life, both individual and social. Just the same as every individual, every class or social group struggles 19150 The "Call," chief Organ of the Socialist Party in New York, An World War, but the Labor Party, mostly Socialistic, during that time the Left Socialist Party assisted the Lenine Government of Russia. The official organ of the National Office, Socialist Party, "The Eye Manifesto of the Left Wing section of the Socialist Party of New York, state; the working class and the Socialist parties were to be In April, 1919, the New York State Committee of the Socialist Party, by the form of organization of the old Socialist Party, with its state pages, published by the National Office, Socialist Party, Chicago, Ill. It is very hard to find a single reference to Socialism itself in the In the Socialist Labor Party paper, "Weekly People," New York, February following from the Socialist Party''s New York State Constitution was put organ of the New York State branch of the Socialist Party of America, 19468 For with man''s life, social, political, economic, we are in contact with determined the necessity of civil authority, slavery, private property, reasoning on the whole question of the private possession of property. respect to this, it is lawful for man to hold things as his own." Here does he hold the moral proposition that private property is lawful, but the possession of some material things) was demanded by the law of man''s declared to be a sacred right, as it followed from a law of nature; the property, whatever rights and duties held good were not public, but call "pure feudalism," any concept of a national law or natural right, to say that the human positive law by which private property was Thus every man has a right to property; he can never by any possible support of his own life, and, therefore, to private property in the form 20816 Whether the radical of to-day, the "State Socialist," favors political support the Socialists and Labor parties rather than the reformers, we The "State Socialist" and Reform attitude towards political democracy is labor question the "Socialist" part of "State Socialism" completely the "State Socialists" to develop the productive powers of the laboring countries in government ownership, labor reforms, and "State Socialism." Socialism." Labor reforms are to be given to the working class first, to Socialists are to be distinguished from the other working class parties "State Socialism" or labor reform the working people would share Socialists view most of the reforms of "State Socialism" as installments recruits to Socialism and not merely to "State Socialist" reform. Socialist Party, the party of the working class and of the Social the labor-union movement better than other parties; but the Socialist labor unions of the United States is eligible to the Socialist Party." 20936 hands of a political people does democracy mean the rule of the two, generations the power of work and the output of mechanism would general mass of needy people who will form the economic average of the education, culture and intellectuality on the old level; to this class In considering the spiritual and cultural life of a fully socialized The day is also far when the upper classes will come to their senses. shape for ourselves and for the world the new social order of freedom, that productive work, the elementary condition of life, the very form shall have been carried into effect, all true culture of the people mechanical and intellectual work are to be placed under the same more a culture of the classes but of the people, stands open to all by and a liberation of the spirit by the people; they put new life into 22651 work and in the meanest lives in the new world to-day there are elements what factor the effectiveness of human labor working with machinery has as if some peculiar social law were at work adjusting production to the human life, the destruction of things made with generations of labor, that was needed for social progress was hard work, more machinery, more "natural price" of capital representing the actual "productive power" of canon of social justice that covers and explains prices, wages, and clear the nature of social and industrial forces among which we live. industrial society can succeed in forcing up wages or prices as against Modern socialism is the direct outcome of the age of machine production. thing that is wrong with socialism is that it won''t work. who cares to work with a fever of industry that even socialism cannot the wage-work of the modern industrial worker. 22733 views--Owen as manufacturer--As social reformer--The New Lanark theory--Socialism _versus_ Anarchism--The labor struggle in the Marx desired a revolutionary working class political party with a Socialism is the product of economic conditions, not of a theory or a says the Socialist, is a law of social development. production in material existence conditions social, political, and Socialism represented by Marx and the modern political Socialist In modern society wealth consists of social use-values, commodities. Mill, and Karl Marx developed what is known as the labor-value theory as better, by the amount of social human labor power necessary, on the labor at the time socially necessary for their production._ This is production, the labor-value theory of Marx may be said, I think, to _power_ to labor, he has been paid its full value, namely, the social the product of five hours'' social labor, which is represented by a wage 23574 modern bourgeois Capitalism, gives us a new definition of Great Men. According to Mallock, the great man is the man who makes money. power to all human institutions, legal, moral, economic, religious, etc. The economic structure of society largely controls and shapes all social material life determines, generally speaking, the social, political and production of labor-power is the labor-time socially necessary to to the social organization of a society in which there are no classes, order) aspects of socialist ideals; for it is the Nihilism of Socialism a rule the State of the most powerful economic class that by force of appearance with the social life of man, rests on economic educated man of middle-class origin, and that you have been a socialist while the proletarian socialist recapitulates the development of class The second question, If Socialism is inevitable, why do Socialists work Socialism does not mean withdrawing from the class struggle and 24340 27814 Feuerbach''s philosophy as well as of that of Marx and Engels. development of society, the facts and forms of human life and history materialistic philosophy of history, as developed by Marx--to the With Hegel universal philosophy comes to an end, on the one hand, thought-product, the Idea, according to this view, appears as the great historic development was rendered impossible, and history served Feuerbach that he never grasped the natural evolutionary philosophy word means according to the historical development of its true If Feuerbach wants to place true religion upon the basis of real in real historic conditions and the world of history. here, for the first time in the history of the materialistic philosophy, the economic foundations, take the form of philosophy and religion. realm of history, just as the dialectic philosophy of nature renders Instead of a philosophy forced from nature and history there 28361 The Socialists, on the other hand, claim that "Socialism presents the and labour; that social life is dominated by the Class War. In the Socialist State of the future a few hours'' work every day will Socialist Labour Party, either by Trade Union Congresses or by "''The Labour party is a federation of Socialist societies and trade philosopher of British Socialism teaches: "For the Socialist the word of man" by making Socialism truly international, Socialists are urged the Socialist Labour party and Industrial Unionism. Socialist parties, British Socialism was practically unrepresented in IS SOCIALISM POSSIBLE?--A GLANCE INTO THE SOCIALIST STATE OF THE Socialists rest their argument of social equality."[1228] "The working to Socialist workers who have been told that Socialism means freedom, MCCLURE, W.S.: _Socialism._ Socialist Labour Press. MORRIS, WILLIAM: _Art, Labour, and Socialism._ Socialist Party of _What Socialism Means._ (Leaflet.) Independent Labour Party. _What Socialism Means._ (Leaflet.) Independent Labour Party. 30506 "human nature," and of the social and political institutions that best upon social phenomena, the point of view of human nature, it had in the social and political constitution of France impossible. the men of their own day, belonging to the class whose social tendencies class war is a political war._ In order to do away with feudal society of all social science of their time, was human nature, or some abstract Proudhon, whom Kropotkin, like all the present day Anarchists, takes for entirely Utopian conception of human nature, and of the social The nature of this social constitution is absolutely different from, and political constitution, are but the product of human ignorance, the The main point is that Anarchist ("social") organisation could Bakounine cannot understand that the working class in its political against the existing social and political order of things;"[44] which being the ideal of social and political organisation they must not 30646 We live in the age of a great social Revolution, that every day makes full social equality of man and woman is considered the solution of the woman suffers from economic and social dependence upon man. question is the equality of woman with man, within modern society. the great laws of living Nature; man and woman are subject to it the forces women to turn in ever larger numbers to industrial occupations. woman to man is manifest from a large number of bodily differences. social position of woman in the course of thousands of years, and would working-women in the United States, like their European fellow-female the number of working-women, as far as we are informed, took place in Woman shall be like man, a productive and useful member of society, social development that the last 1,000 or 1,500 years forced upon woman number of generations women and men were educated equally, and trained 30758 Abandon Christian Socialism for Marxian Communism; (2) Make world safe of the world, its real god, the divinity in which we live, move and have No man can live the moral part of his psychical (soul) life on the truth world has recently learned from the great war that man must work out his phenomena of the human and physical worlds were due to the will of a god "powers that be of God" in states and churches--institutions which exist world and hope for a future life in it went with the god. had any existence as a god and that, if he was at any time a man, the in the world of my moral existence--a trinity: fact, truth and life, yet physical necessities of man (not gods or great men) constitute the key the necessities of life and the capitalist class whose representatives 31193 reflects, to a great extent, the history of the modern working class social grievances; in both cases men outside the working class movement among the working class to produce the Utopian Communism, in France of condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its own political ends, is ruling class in society and to impose its conditions of existence upon the means of social production and employers of wage-labor. proletariat, the class of modern wage-laborers who, having no means of In bourgeois society living labor is but a means to increase bourgeois conditions of production, and of the bourgeoisie itself. present mode of production and form of property--historical relations bourgeoisie, not the only class whose conditions of existence pined and new class of petty bourgeois has been formed, fluctuating between social and political conditions that the bourgeoisie must necessarily 31933 instance." Herr Duehring''s philosophy is "the natural system, or the Philosophy is, according to Herr Duehring, the development of the unity, and if Herr Duehring assures us that he regards existence as a With respect to the subject in hand; the existence which Herr Duehring Hegel calls this infinity "miserable." According to Herr Duehring time In fact Herr Duehring calls his philosophy the "natural" (Herr Duehring having applied the two man theory to political economic existence of these classes and when Herr Duehring has no further necessary means of life, the development of the productive forces, the as according to Herr Duehring''s teachings, the economic development production, and means of life for the first time really social more than the natural cost of production, in short Herr Duehring For him (Herr Duehring) socialism is by no means a necessary product The amount of social labor existing in a product 32644 of the modern state, the necessary and natural organ of present society, history substituted social physics for economic law and politics, and in implied criticism of all forms of State socialism from Louis Blanc to proletarian movement in the limited forms of political action, has there of political life the conditions of the underlying economic movement. At a certain stage of their development the material productive forces society create at the same time the material conditions needed for the conditions of development of all other social revolutions which have discipline, is men grouped in a determined social form by means of Forms of law, political acts and attempts at social organization were, connection for social forms, were not mentioned in political histories history had necessarily to appear under a purely political form. just as society in organizing a new form of production will eliminate fact,--that social development by the very reasons of the _processus_ 33979 Public and private life are different things. things is the test of all great civilisations; it is what makes the life The chief thing that makes life a failure from the artistic point of It is perfectly monstrous the way people go about nowadays saying things It is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life I am afraid that good people do a great deal of harm in this world. art of a country gains that individual and separate life that we call If a man treats life artistically his brain is his heart. Thinking is the most unhealthy thing in the world, and people die of it The moral life of man forms part of the subject-matter of the artist, It will be a marvellous thing--the true personality of man--when we see It will be a marvellous thing--the true personality of man--when we see 34012 party is the economic organization of the working class. terms and cast a united vote for the party of their class as the forces working class politics that there is between capitalism and Socialism. to perpetuate class rule and the Socialist party organized and financed and for the first time the Socialists of the United States have a party In the name of the workers the Socialist party condemns the capitalist capitalist parties, creating a new issue, and driving the working class Socialist party the working class. the capitalist class character of the Republican and Democratic parties working class in this campaign and the only party that has a moral right The Socialist party being the political expression of the rising working The economic organization and the political party of the working class workers come in the Socialist party. The working class is in politics this year. 34534 _The working class._--The great bulk of the British people are We find, then, that all wealth is produced _from_ the land _by_ labour, Rent is wealth paid to the landlords for the use of the land. Wages is wealth paid to the workers for their labour in producing _all_ Each piece of land is owned and worked by two men. But, the non-Socialist will object, these working men could not borrow the more wealth inventors and workers produce, the more rent he his work than a landlord has to payment for the use of the land he calls The landlord takes half the produce of the land in rent, but does no To produce food for three men takes one man eighteen hours. homes, better work, better food, better lives, and better men and women. Now no man can produce wealth without land. But the Liberal working men would not vote for the Labour man. 34979 competition will have entirely changed human nature; when men will instituted to furnish to every industrious man security as regards Instead of making every industrious man secure as regards Socialist proposes to vest in the state the things which a man uses, Yet if the reader has in his mind any such idea of Socialism as Mr. Roosevelt''s "state free lunch counter," resulting in an "iron Relatively few men have secured control of the great industries of the propertied class, then economic liberty came to an end; for no man can indicate that a social work-day of 2-½ hours should be sufficient to production were socialized to-day a 1200-hour work-year would suffice production (this is state Socialism); but is to have the right and state will begin by requiring socialized industries to furnish this In state Socialism, on the other hand, the political side of the various necessaries of life which the socialized industries 35232 caused, like the present imperialistic war, by squabbles among kings, It was a war of the American people against the English who Had the Anglo-French and American bourgeoisie accepted the Soviet hands of imperialism in the interests of victory over the bourgeoisie, interests of the international socialist revolution? Russian and the international socialist revolution. force of the class struggle, called Revolution. revolutionary and progressive significance of the American Civil War The American working class will not follow the lead of its bourgeoisie. standpoint of the proletariat: the war against the capitalist class, the bourgeoisie would still maintain that the victims of the world war socialist revolution in all countries is unavoidable. huge majority of the working-class itself, are building up a new world, proletariat with the new democracy of the proletariat, of civil war comrades, American Workingmen, for the development of the revolution socialist revolution comes to our assistance with its armies. 35447 Norman turned and looked over the crowd of eager faces--every man and The Colonel looked at Norman a moment, smiled, and slowly said: Norman whispered to the old man, who sat down, and Barbara swept on in the island of Ventura and establish the ideal Commonwealth of Man. On the day of the big mass-meeting of Socialists, who had gathered "A large power to put in one man''s hands!" Norman protested. Norman lifted his eyes and looked in silence for a moment. Neither Norman, Barbara, nor the old miner suspected for a moment the In spite of old Tom''s bitter protest, Norman and Barbara succeeded in "What makes me want to kill that man," Norman muttered to Barbara, "is Norman asked the old man again and again for the secret of his power. Barbara turned suddenly, looked into Norman''s eyes, and asked in Norman paused, read Wolf''s order, and looked tenderly into Barbara''s 35572 of the means of social production, and employers of wage-labor. to-day: Shall Socialists co-operate with other political parties or following organizations: the British Labor Party, the Fabian Society, Commission of Trade Unions of Austria, the Social Democratic Labor of Lettland, the Social Democratic Party of Finland, the Socialist the Social Democratic Party of Servia, and the Bulgarian Laborers'' social, against the new ideas of society, property, and government. state and society to oppose the Social Democratic movement with party: "Lassalle is the man in whom the modern organized German labor And what is the present organization of the Social Democratic Party? changed their name from the Socialist Labor Party to the Social Unions, Trade Councils, Socialist Societies, and Local Labor Parties." Trade Unions Parties Socialist Societies For the protection of the working-class the Social Democratic Party of Councils, Socialist Societies, and Local Labor Parties. Organizations, and Local Labor Parties, and three the Socialist 35687 Haverstraw Community; New York; about 80 members; 120 acres; debt Clarkson Industrial Association; New York; 420 members; 2000 acres; Jefferson Co. Industrial Association; New York; 400 members; 1200 North American Phalanx; New Jersey; 112 members; 673 acres; debt Skaneateles Community; New York; 150 members; 354 acres; debt $10,000; Sodus Bay Phalanx; New York; 300 members; 1,400 acres; duration a Spring Farm Association; Wisconsin; 10 families; duration 3 years. The Fourier group were located as follows: in Ohio, 8; in New York, 6; Macdonald says: "Difficulties ensued in organizing the new Community. In the first place the failure of his Community at New Harmony was not success in establishing a great model of the new social state; which "This gentleman was one of the members of Mr. Owen''s Community at New Here ends the history of the Fourier Associations in the State of New Association, or Community, or Phalanx, is clearly the unit of society 35962 the means of utilizing in work their own labor-power (or physical labor-power, the capitalists are, in fact, masters of all who cannot labor-time socially necessary for its production, or in other words, Wage-labor as an economic form existed before the actual appearance of product, and the owner no longer works with his instrument of labor, collective body of laborers, while the product is becoming a social Apart from the socialization of the means of labor which have already same hands, the means of labor will retain the character of capital, the capitalist ownership of these means of labor into social nationalized property as means of labor or production. possible, the means of production to the laborers who have them not, and more every day of the means of labor and of individually owned useful labor, and all will be able to consume the social products socialization of the means of labor which have already manifested 36272 "Socialism denies all individual private property, and affirms that labor." The realisation of a Socialistic State in this country would, as the independent enjoyment of the fruits of labor by the individual who Mr. Joynes says that it is not private property, the fruits of labor, that is attacked by the Socialists, but "private capital, the power to hire laborers." Does that mean that £30 saved by an artisan object that a Socialistic State to be realised by force can only be so to how any savings have been possible if all the wealth created by labor the private property of the laborer, and does propose to take away the value" of labor, which he says "is the keystone of the Socialistic without regard to the skill or industry of the individual laborer, The Socialists say "the laborers on the average replace the value of labor shall not mean the crippling of after life--but also leisure. 37141 I don''t think I am wholly in favor of Socialism, though I believe it good or intelligent man can oppose my notions of Socialism. opportunistic reformer, a Christian Socialist, perhaps a Social I am in favor of Socialism because I believe that co-operation, rather understand Socialism, is economic co-operation or the individual as being intelligent to the present-day conditions, favor Socialism. Prince of Peace makes modern Christian Socialism demand that other Christian Socialism demand that each person participate in governing, I am a Socialist because Socialism is right; because it is industrial I am in favor of Socialism because collective ownership of the earth of the large manufactury, socially operated but privately owned, way I am in favor of Socialism because I believe in the common ownership the world over, stands for social and industrial justice. I am in favor of Socialism because I believe in equal opportunities 37246 I am opposed to Socialism because I believe that the State was made I am opposed to Socialism in so far as it hinders individual I am opposed to Socialism because I believe that any plan thus far I am opposed to Socialism because it is contrary to nature. Individual Socialists will deny that these charges against Socialism If Socialism means primarily the ownership and operation by the State I am opposed to Socialism because the progress of the world has been social and economic order, believing same to be against the public of the people at large, concerning social, economic and industrial to keep economic and social conditions on a natural and normal basis, but under present conditions it leads to economic monopoly and social include the individual development and social progress at large are so Socialism will develop great individuals like the present conditions 37290 critical periods of Marx''s intellectual development; it was a time of productive power, of destruction of existing social conditions, of French and English Socialism, Marx gave up Hegel''s overstrained idea to feel that living labour-power forms the soul of the economic life. Marx''s doctrine of the class struggle as exercised in political capitalist and working class, cannot be the State form during the labour power can work during a whole day; that consequently the value of all social wrongs, Marx used the theory of surplus value as the key course of the productive process; it creates no fresh value: Marx also production: it creates new additional value: Marx also called variable unpaid labour, or, shortly, s/v, Marx calls the rate of surplus value: living labour power) create a surplus value in the process of living labour power, without the wage worker, his whole capital capital, which means that living labour-power, the source of surplus 37351 A Social Question recognised by Contemporary Economists, 297--Mr. Cairnes on the Situation, 297--Socialist Indictment of Existing socialism seeks to construct what may be called a working class State, "The Socialistic Labour Party of Germany, although at first working means of improving the social position of the labouring class; but (2nd) Socialistic Labour Party, corresponding to the Social Democrats of Labour" is a general association of working men to promote the cause of Socialist Society of the present day is all for State interference, and working class have an entirely different view of the State''s mission labour, or as economists stated their law, that the natural value of affords--in short, what he calls the socially necessary time of labour. not so much with the socialists as with the labouring classes generally, capital and labour about the rate of wages, and the working class in little more socialism when they cry for a working-class State or for the 38138 great increase of electoral power which the Act places within the SOCIALIST OBJECTIONS TO THE PRESENT ORDER OF SOCIETY. present exist in society as part of their case, whether these are society in respect to Property and the Production and Distribution of that it is possible in our present state of society to develop, to produce a repugnance for work--a disgust for labor. THE SOCIALIST OBJECTIONS TO THE PRESENT ORDER OF SOCIETY EXAMINED. of property in anything which is the product of human labor and a new order of society, in which private property and individual produce of the community''s labor as any other member of it; he would regard to the great majority of the producing classes. many different kinds of work required in every society are very or not of labor, the society divides the remainder of the produce For instance, in early states of society, the right of property did 39257 owner of the means of production, employs, for wages, laborers, people development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and At this time, however, the capitalist mode of production, and with it the crude conditions of capitalistic production and the crude class warring classes of society are always the products of the modes of individual into _social_ means of production only workable by a But the socialized producers and means of production and their class that produces _its own product in the form of capital_." (Marx'' the socialization of great masses of means of production, which we social nature of the modern forces of production, and therefore in the The social character of the means of production society of the productive forces, the social character of the means of products that is based upon the nature of the modern means of production; upon the one hand, direct social appropriation, as means 41405 reproduction (production with capital accumulating) set out in volume ii It is the production of surplus value which turns reproduction of social new capital must first assume its productive form of labour and means of production as constant capital, the labour necessary for the capital and of the surplus value in the production of producer goods economic form of fixed capital, or those means of production which in and labour power in the natural form of productive capital, and by capital because the social surplus product comes into the world from the means-of-production-department increase both their variable capital and condition for capitalist production that the surplus value must be Under capitalist forms of production, the value of the aggregate social simple, he identifies capital with the means of production in capitalist surplus product into an invention of capital and the capitalist into a an expansion of capital and a production of surplus-value on an enlarged 44800 rights of "individuality, liberty, property." "This is man," he wrote. Far from protecting individual rights, the law was increasingly protected individual rights to life, liberty, and property. It is not because men have made laws, that personality, liberty, and property exist beforehand, that men make laws. liberty, and his property, a number of men have the right to combine lawfulness, in individual right; and the common force cannot rationally organization of the natural right of lawful defense; it is the But the law is made, generally, by one man, or by one class of men. political rights; either they may wish to put an end to lawful plunder, In fact, if law were confined to causing all persons, all liberties, and social problem, is contained in these simple words--LAW IS ORGANIZED When law and force keep a man within the bounds of justice, they impose 45827 the denunciation of Social-Democratic methods by Anarchists is just take Anarchist ground in their opposition to Social-Democracy just with sufficient completeness from an article entitled "State Socialism "The economic principles of Modern Socialism," says Mr. Tucker, "are price, and either advocate a democratically constituted State Socialist State Socialism and Anarchism, says Mr. Tucker, "are based on two Authority--the State Socialist principle, and Liberty--the Anarchist he was content to admit that State Socialism was the only possible present before the world: Communism and Social-Democracy. as Anarchist Communism or Communist Anarchism. in the distribution of generally needed labor products, his Communism the present social order, it is hardly high enough to satisfy a man in But if the natural man be indeed social external compulsion to labor, or else a social morality which the democratic State by his repeated references to the majority principle, "Under the system of State Socialism, which holds the community 4776 The aim of politics should be to make the lives of individuals as good instance, that all men ought to be industrious, or self-sacrificing, men whose thoughts and desires are preoccupied with material goods. Economic affairs touch men''s lives, at most times, much more useful life, the activity ought to be as far as possible creative, not groups, ought not to have complete liberty of action in matters which Good political institutions would weaken the impulse toward force and State socialism, even in a nation which possesses the form of man who works on a railway ought to have a voice in the government of of men to the outside world ought, whenever possible, to be controlled justify compelling men to use force at the bidding of the state, when nation should be self-governing as regards its internal affairs. in cases where men of different nations live side by side in the same 48446 distant," he means the morrow of the social revolution, when Marx''s Economic Synthesis_; but since in his theory of social evolution the Marx rejected the idea that, for human beings, population tends to grow 645 of _Capital_ Marx writes: "The labouring free land, labour owns the means of production, so that agriculture is hardly be disputed, to question the labour theory of value. to point out that Marx, though in the first volume of _Capital_ he in the third volume that in the capitalist economic phase value neither relationships of men in social life, says Marx, are determined by the In fact, according to Marx, the historic mission of capitalism based transmits into the product a value equal to the quantity of labour In the posthumous work Marx traces the development of the theory of The value of Marx''s work is, in fact, displayed in the most brilliant 49854 will let Socrates and Phædo carry on the conversation, which might run _Socrates_--We are agreed, then, that no man has any right inherent in _Phædo_--You are doubtless right, Socrates. _Socrates_--And if neither one man nor two men can acquire lawful title _Socrates_--And when men hold property in common, each has as much right _Phædo_--We have come, Socrates, to discuss with you, if you will permit _Phædo_--Of a truth, Socrates, we discussed the matter till the sun went _Socrates_--And beings which can use and enjoy the earth must be living _Socrates_--And there are no living things except the gods, mankind, the _Socrates_--And the plants do not use the earth, or enjoy it, although _Socrates_--And surely as between man and the lower animals, the earth _Phædo_--That is true, and I now agree that the earth was made for man. living things on the earth and subject them to his uses. 5624 shall, at least for the present, let humanity override the economic Socialism, making all of us public servants would increase human misery. The fact is that man, like other animals, differs greatly in individual I have said, and I am sure you must agree, that man economically differs Socialistic methods is impossible, and any successful system of Social SOCRATES--We are agreed, then, that no man has any right inherent in SOCRATES--And if neither one man nor two men can acquire lawful title to PHAEDO--We have come, Socrates, to discuss with you, if you will permit SOCRATES--And beings which can use and enjoy the earth must be living SOCRATES--And surely as between man and the lower animals, the earth was made for the lower animals, who can use more of its products than man? PHAEDO--That is true, and I now agree that the earth was made for man. 60222 reached England concerning a certain white prisoner in the hands of When their child was born life went better; and all the time Jardine another great dominion, as Linton Herrick well knew, had worn to the time by Linton Herrick, held him in a sort of fascination. That man, sir, designed the great fort they built at "I''m your man, heart and soul," said General Hartwell, and the two old Although she had become so great a power in England, the Vice-President "One thing all men and women here to-night must realise. men who in times past held women in subjection. It was the last time that Nicholas Jardine looked down upon the old the President had looked out on the lights of Bath for the last time shouted to Wilton though the man was close to hand, but his voice, Linton''s hand and looked into his face. 61 of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. economical and political sway of the bourgeois class. bourgeois society with its relations of production, of exchange bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments In the conditions of the proletariat, those of old society at struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has to pass an existing class struggle, from a historical movement going on Or do you mean modern bourgeois private property? In bourgeois society, living labour is but a means to increase the conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures, In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and the bourgeoisie, not the only class whose conditions of existence developed, a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed, presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society, with its the bourgeois relations of production, an abolition that can be the bourgeoisie, the social and political conditions that the 690 7303 "So far as I can see," said Edith, "the main business of the people''s "The revolutionary party in the great Revolution," said the doctor, as we He said people had in your day such strange ideas of feminine day, a class like your private capitalists, who did not share the work, "There was a great deal said by the economists of your day," the doctor "The Revolution," said the doctor, "abolished private capitalism--that is "Say rather," replied the doctor, "that the economic equalization of men what they called good times the condition of the mass of the people was need to advertise." But the capitalists said to the people: "Shall we "Of course," said the doctor, "it is a great thing in itself, but so "In point of fact," said the doctor, "the new order has tended to "When I was last in the world of living people," I said, "the city was