mv: ‘./input-file.zip’ and ‘./input-file.zip’ are the same file Creating study carrel named subject-chemistry-gutenberg Initializing database Unzipping Archive: input-file.zip creating: ./tmp/input/input-file/ inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/14474.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/20848.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/22914.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29734.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/31624.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/30775.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24527.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24591.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/14218.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/4524.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/3708.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37682.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37283.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/38246.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/51326.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/46998.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/54210.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv caution: excluded filename not matched: *MACOSX* === DIRECTORIES: ./tmp/input === DIRECTORY: ./tmp/input/input-file === metadata file: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv === found metadata file === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named subject-chemistry-gutenberg FILE: cache/22914.txt OUTPUT: txt/22914.txt FILE: cache/14474.txt OUTPUT: txt/14474.txt FILE: cache/29734.txt OUTPUT: txt/29734.txt FILE: cache/31624.txt OUTPUT: txt/31624.txt FILE: cache/20848.txt OUTPUT: txt/20848.txt FILE: cache/4524.txt OUTPUT: txt/4524.txt FILE: cache/3708.txt OUTPUT: txt/3708.txt FILE: cache/37283.txt OUTPUT: txt/37283.txt FILE: cache/24527.txt OUTPUT: txt/24527.txt FILE: cache/14218.txt OUTPUT: txt/14218.txt FILE: cache/24591.txt OUTPUT: txt/24591.txt FILE: cache/37682.txt OUTPUT: txt/37682.txt FILE: cache/38246.txt OUTPUT: txt/38246.txt FILE: cache/30775.txt OUTPUT: txt/30775.txt FILE: cache/51326.txt OUTPUT: txt/51326.txt FILE: cache/46998.txt OUTPUT: txt/46998.txt FILE: cache/54210.txt OUTPUT: txt/54210.txt 3708 txt/../ent/3708.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 3708 author: Williams, Rufus P. (Rufus Phillips) title: An Introduction to Chemical Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/3708.txt cache: ./cache/3708.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'3708.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' === file2bib.sh === id: 24527 author: Tyndall, John title: Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews. V. 1-2 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24527.txt cache: ./cache/24527.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'24527.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 24527 txt/../wrd/24527.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 24527 txt/../ent/24527.ent 24527 txt/../pos/24527.pos 3708 txt/../pos/3708.pos 3708 txt/../wrd/3708.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point === file2bib.sh === id: 24591 author: Black, Joseph title: Experiments upon magnesia alba, Quicklime, and some other Alcaline Substances date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24591.txt cache: ./cache/24591.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24591.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 37283 txt/../ent/37283.ent 37283 txt/../pos/37283.pos 37283 txt/../wrd/37283.wrd 31624 txt/../pos/31624.pos 31624 txt/../wrd/31624.wrd 31624 txt/../ent/31624.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 37283 author: Anonymous title: The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37283.txt cache: ./cache/37283.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'37283.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 31624 author: Watson, Glen W. title: A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/31624.txt cache: ./cache/31624.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'31624.txt' 24591 txt/../pos/24591.pos 24591 txt/../ent/24591.ent 24591 txt/../wrd/24591.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 37682 txt/../pos/37682.pos 37682 txt/../wrd/37682.wrd 4524 txt/../pos/4524.pos 4524 txt/../wrd/4524.wrd 14474 txt/../wrd/14474.wrd 14474 txt/../pos/14474.pos 4524 txt/../ent/4524.ent 37682 txt/../ent/37682.ent 14474 txt/../ent/14474.ent 14218 txt/../pos/14218.pos 14218 txt/../wrd/14218.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 37682 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37682.txt cache: ./cache/37682.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'37682.txt' 14218 txt/../ent/14218.ent 38246 txt/../wrd/38246.wrd 29734 txt/../wrd/29734.wrd 29734 txt/../pos/29734.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 4524 author: Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von title: Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/4524.txt cache: ./cache/4524.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'4524.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 14474 author: Faraday, Michael title: The Chemical History of a Candle date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/14474.txt cache: ./cache/14474.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'14474.txt' 22914 txt/../pos/22914.pos 38246 txt/../pos/38246.pos 29734 txt/../ent/29734.ent 22914 txt/../wrd/22914.wrd 22914 txt/../ent/22914.ent 38246 txt/../ent/38246.ent 30775 txt/../pos/30775.pos 30775 txt/../wrd/30775.wrd 20848 txt/../pos/20848.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 14218 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/14218.txt cache: ./cache/14218.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'14218.txt' 20848 txt/../wrd/20848.wrd 30775 txt/../ent/30775.ent 20848 txt/../ent/20848.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 29734 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29734.txt cache: ./cache/29734.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'29734.txt' 46998 txt/../pos/46998.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 22914 author: Boyle, Robert title: The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/22914.txt cache: ./cache/22914.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'22914.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 38246 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: Heroes of Science: Chemists date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/38246.txt cache: ./cache/38246.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'38246.txt' 46998 txt/../wrd/46998.wrd 54210 txt/../pos/54210.pos 54210 txt/../wrd/54210.wrd 46998 txt/../ent/46998.ent 51326 txt/../pos/51326.pos 51326 txt/../wrd/51326.wrd 54210 txt/../ent/54210.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 30775 author: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent title: Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/30775.txt cache: ./cache/30775.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 25 resourceName b'30775.txt' 51326 txt/../ent/51326.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 20848 author: Henderson, William Edwards title: An Elementary Study of Chemistry date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/20848.txt cache: ./cache/20848.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'20848.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 46998 author: Macquer, Pierre Joseph title: Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/46998.txt cache: ./cache/46998.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 40 resourceName b'46998.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 54210 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/54210.txt cache: ./cache/54210.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 58 resourceName b'54210.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 51326 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/51326.txt cache: ./cache/51326.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 57 resourceName b'51326.txt' Done mapping. Reducing subject-chemistry-gutenberg === reduce.pl bib === id = 14474 author = Faraday, Michael title = The Chemical History of a Candle date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 42170 sentences = 1917 flesch = 77 summary = BRIGHTNESS OF THE FLAME--AIR NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION--PRODUCTION OF WATER gradual supply of air to that place of action--heat and light--all this piece of lime in the flame of the hydrogen as it burns in the oxygen, candle, and shew you a substance like zinc burning in the flame, you will and find that if they burn with a flame, as a candle, they produce water. substance equally from water produced from the candle-flame as from any Inasmuch as the candle produces water, and this gas comes out of the candle burn to produce water without it? than what is produced by the burning of the candle in air. air as the candle would burn in--and here is a jar or bottle containing It is water produced from the candle by the action of the air with air; and if I put a little lime-water into it, neither the oxygen nor cache = ./cache/14474.txt txt = ./txt/14474.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 14218 author = Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title = The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49186 sentences = 2196 flesch = 63 summary = object of Nature in all things is to introduce into each substance the The alchemical notion of a natural state as proper to each substance Price_ says, "Nature is continually at work changing other metals into If we think of the alchemical elements earth, air, fire, and water, as _Water_, in the cold substances the element _Air_ preponderates, and properties of substances, made since the time of the alchemists, have fixed substance, which brings all metals to the perfection of gold or that word: the alchemist regarded the metals as composite substances; experiments on the calcination of metals and other substances, But the terms _substance_, _thing_, _properties_ were used separate the calcined substance into two different things, one of help of it, what kind of air a great variety of substances, natural to cause a metallic calx (that is, the substance formed by calcining the way nature works, she _must_ begin with certain substances which cache = ./cache/14218.txt txt = ./txt/14218.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 31624 author = Watson, Glen W. title = A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4986 sentences = 279 flesch = 64 summary = [Illustration: Radioactive elements: alpha particles from a speck of A BRIEF HISTORY OF ELEMENT DISCOVERY, SYNTHESIS, AND ANALYSIS scientists working under the Atomic Energy Commission at the University evident that the atoms of radioactive elements were constantly changing accelerate a wider variety of nuclear particles to high energies. new elements, isotopes, and particles now seems endless. Element 43 was "made" for the first time as a result of bombarding The California scientists called the newly discovered element neptunium, bombardment in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron by Radiation Laboratory bombarded with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei) reacts to give off a neutron and a new element, curium, that has atomic number the isolation and identification of the atoms of element 96 was done at "one atom at a time"; this is possible because its daughter element, Positively charged atoms of element 102 are ions released [alpha] particles which had an energy of 8.6 MeV and cache = ./cache/31624.txt txt = ./txt/31624.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29734 author = Priestley, Joseph title = Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 75786 sentences = 2917 flesch = 64 summary = In experiments on those kinds of air which are readily imbibed by water, In order to impregnate fluids with any kind of air, as water with fixed Fixed air may be kept in vessels standing in water for a long Water thus impregnated with fixed air readily dissolves iron, as Mr. Lane has discovered; so that if a quantity of iron filings be put to it, observed, that water which remained a long time within this air has If a quantity of inflammable air be contained in a glass vessel standing letting the phial stand some days in water, that the fixed air might be standing a long time in water, about as much as inflammable air is quantities of different kinds of air in jars standing in boiled water. To a quantity of common air, thus diminished by agitation in water, till I agitated in water a quantity of nitrous air phlogisticated with iron cache = ./cache/29734.txt txt = ./txt/29734.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 37283 author = Anonymous title = The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2971 sentences = 138 flesch = 71 summary = undermentioned places: for the Fulminating Silver, and Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver to be enclosed in the part marked S; a piece of of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver: a piece of paper is then to be quantity of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver is from one grain to one a grain of Fulminating Silver between the leaves, the end is then to be Take one third of a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver, and a grain of the Fulminating Silver is then to be placed between the Are thus prepared: Enclose half a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver in a piece of glass paper, and that should be again enclosed in One fourth of a grain of Fulminating Silver is to be inclosed in a Fulminating Silver in a fold of glass paper, and pasting it in the prepared in the same manner as directed for the Fulminating Cards. Fulminating Silver in a small fold of glass paper, and putting it into cache = ./cache/37283.txt txt = ./txt/37283.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 30775 author = Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent title = Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 109594 sentences = 6779 flesch = 68 summary = Combustible substances, which in acids and metallic oxyds are a specific small proportions with water, whilst a higher oxygenation forms an acid atmospheric air, or in oxygen gas, they are not converted into acids after combining with charcoal to form carbonic acid gas, being added, of oxygen, when combined with nitrous gas in the nitric acid 58.72164; charcoal at this degree of heat, combines with it to form carbonic acid, attracts the oxygen, on purpose to form carbonic acid, the caloric form carbonic acid, a large quantity of hydrogen gas is set free, and water combined with the oxygenated muriatic acid than is necessary to quantity of oxygen gas absorbed, and of carbonic acid produced, as water course, after their combustion in common air, water, carbonic acid gas, forms carbonic acid gas and water, by oxygenating its elements. the quantity of water formed during the experiment; the carbonic acid cache = ./cache/30775.txt txt = ./txt/30775.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 20848 author = Henderson, William Edwards title = An Elementary Study of Chemistry date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 121982 sentences = 10269 flesch = 71 summary = prepared from compounds known as acids, all of which contain hydrogen. the oxygen present in the copper oxide to form water, which is absorbed hydrogen and oxygen combine in two different ratios to form water and Similarly, the element iron combines with oxygen to form two oxides, one sulphuric acid two compounds are formed, namely, hydrogen dioxide acid to water in the preparation of oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis the oxides of most metals, forming a salt and water. DEFINITION: _Any oxide which will combine with water to form an acid, or acid, called sulphides, form an important class of salts. of hydrogen to form acids, which are gases very soluble in water. oxygen and hydrogen to form four different acids. a base is present in the water, salts of carbonic acid are formed, and carbon unites with nitrogen and hydrogen to form the acid HCN, called cache = ./cache/20848.txt txt = ./txt/20848.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 4524 author = Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von title = Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 35822 sentences = 1414 flesch = 57 summary = compound bodies produced with equal weights of two elements! constant supply of certain matters, animal food, and of oxygen, in hydrogen of certain parts of the animal body combine with the oxygen carbonic acid and water, 64.102 grains of oxygen are required. the elements of the food, is the source of animal heat. In the animal body, heat is produced only in those parts to which necessity for food containing carbon and hydrogen increases in the only class of animals whose food contains fat, inspire more oxygen these, the blood contains certain fatty bodies in small quantity, Vegetables produce in their organism the blood of all animals, for decaying organic matter present in the soil supplying carbonic acid, In whatever form the nitrogen supplied to plants may be contained in animals, from vegetable substances used as food; they had been to become food for man and animals can be formed in any plant cache = ./cache/4524.txt txt = ./txt/4524.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 37682 author = Priestley, Joseph title = Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 32406 sentences = 1534 flesch = 66 summary = Neither water nor acid of vitriol will separately dissolve iron, so as phlogiston with nitrous air, as by heating iron in it, and by a mixture vitriolic acid, which uniting with the phlogiston in the air, forms the so that water impregnated with vitriolic acid air, commonly called Fluor acid air is procured by dissolving the earthy substance called Alkaline air is produced by means of heat from caustic volatile alkali, with marine acid air, the common sal-ammoniac; and with water, the The nitrous acid is formed by the union of the purest inflammable air, The nitrous acid unites with phlogiston, alkalis, metallic substances, Nitrous acid dissolves all metallic substances except gold and platina, vitriolic acid it forms a substance that is insoluble in water, and acid will deprive the nitrous of it, and form a substance called _luna By heat this substance parts with its pure air, and becomes cache = ./cache/37682.txt txt = ./txt/37682.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 22914 author = Boyle, Robert title = The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 89071 sentences = 3688 flesch = 66 summary = knowing Chymists shall Think fit in a civil and rational way to shew Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principles of Mixt Bodies._ number of Principles of mixt Bodies, to that grand and known Argument Body, nor scarce of any Animal, generated of Water, a French Chymist, reckon it among Salts, a De-compounded Body Consisting (as I shall mixt Bodie, yields but a little Inflamable Spirit, or Sulphur, and not Chymists Averr the Substances Obtain'd from Compound Bodies by the other Mineral bodies into Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury. how many new sorts of mixt Bodies Chymists themselves have produc'd by as for the Chymists calling a body Salt, or Sulphur, or Mercury, upon the Chymists Mercury or Spirit; and yet how many Bodies, think you, Substances which Chymists are wont to obtain from Mixt Bodies, by their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without cache = ./cache/22914.txt txt = ./txt/22914.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 38246 author = Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title = Heroes of Science: Chemists date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 81307 sentences = 3044 flesch = 58 summary = Berzelius--Davy's work on acids, alkalis, and salts--He Water was regarded as a substance which, like air, readily combined with ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. that when elements combine the atom of the compound so produced is built up method for determining the atomic weights of compounds of that element. small particles, the molecule (of a compound or of an element) and the atom water gas there are two atoms of hydrogen combined with sixteen parts by nature of the elements in the acid atoms, or even in the arrangement of the Davy's view of an acid as a compound of water with a negative oxide was place of three atoms of hydrogen in the molecule; that the new substance At the time when Dalton was thinking out his theory of atoms, Davy was cache = ./cache/38246.txt txt = ./txt/38246.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 46998 author = Macquer, Pierre Joseph title = Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 261727 sentences = 10774 flesch = 65 summary = Neutral salts have not so great an affinity with water as either Acids Water made boiling hot dissolves a greater quantity of those salts If the Vitriolic Acid contain much water, it is then called _Spirit of Silver thus combined with the nitrous acid forms a metallic salt which Copper dissolved in the vitriolic acid forms a kind of metalline salt, The neutral salts formed by combining the acids of nitre and of vitriol case with many other vegetables that contain an essential Oil. Succulent and green plants yield by compression a great deal of liquor phlegm, essential oils, fragrant waters, acid oily spirits, volatile several substances, all of which contain the Acid of Sea-salt, he mixed Vitriol, it must be distilled a second time from Sea-salt, as the Acid of the metal, by the Fixed Alkali uniting with the Acid of Sea-salt _Spirit of Wine combined with the Acid of Sea-salt. cache = ./cache/46998.txt txt = ./txt/46998.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 51326 author = Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title = The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 371612 sentences = 19528 flesch = 62 summary = carbonic acid, whilst river water contains a considerable quantity explained from the fact that water which contains carbonic acid acids, salts, and such like substances whose solutions do conduct cases (for example, in the solution of nitric or formic acid in water) other acids form _solutions having definite boiling points_, like that [5] As water is formed by the combination of oxygen and hydrogen, with The oxide formed acts on sulphuric acid, water then organic substances are decomposed at a red heat, forming hydrogen, among with hydrogen, forming water, 69,000 units of heat are evolved; whilst when heated with sulphuric acid, forms oxygen and barium oxide, which _Many substances decompose hydrogen peroxide_, forming water and oxygen, water containing the nitrogen and oxygen of the air in solution, Chapter XX.) Water destroys this compound, forming sulphuric acid under the action of water (containing carbonic acid) and air, give cache = ./cache/51326.txt txt = ./txt/51326.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 54210 author = Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title = The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 312682 sentences = 17537 flesch = 63 summary = such acid compounds as are formed by chlorine, oxygen, and similar excess of water, especially when heated, forms the basic salt (as Silicic acid is formed by taking any solution containing silica formed on mixing sulphuric acid or its soluble salts with presence of an acid at the ordinary temperature, lead forms compounds of compounds in the form of the salts of phosphoric acid. water, forming a yellow solution with a slightly acid reaction.[50] and forms the lower oxides; V_{2}O_{4} (acid solutions of a green sulphuretted hydrogen on a salt of a metal, a free acid must be formed forms in solution only an acid salt with the potassium: KHO + sulphurous acid easily forms double salts. salt from the green solution which contains less sulphuric acid salt-forming oxide, UO_{3}, shows very feeble acid properties. salt is not only formed by the action of iron on sulphuric acid, cache = ./cache/54210.txt txt = ./txt/54210.txt Building ./etc/reader.txt 51326 54210 46998 54210 51326 20848 number of items: 17 sum of words: 1,591,302 average size in words: 113,664 average readability score: 65 nouns: water; acid; air; solution; oxygen; hydrogen; salt; heat; substances; salts; °; compounds; substance; quantity; gas; oxide; iron; part; metals; parts; elements; temperature; sodium; properties; weight; action; time; acids; form; chloride; fire; potassium; silver; mixture; compound; composition; nature; carbon; anhydride; matter; chlorine; state; place; copper; solutions; metal; means; case; instance; nitrogen verbs: is; be; are; have; was; has; being; been; obtained; formed; made; were; had; found; does; called; used; contains; having; give; gives; containing; do; known; see; heated; according; taken; contain; given; take; form; make; produced; forms; forming; fixed; dissolved; put; decomposed; remains; mixed; combined; observed; employed; takes; separated; find; prepared; becomes adjectives: other; same; many; such; great; small; certain; carbonic; more; sulphuric; different; little; soluble; first; common; metallic; pure; red; greater; nitric; large; necessary; much; ordinary; similar; several; white; nitrous; hydrochloric; atomic; capable; equal; general; volatile; solid; considerable; free; acid; specific; possible; new; latter; strong; present; less; insoluble; hot; double; able; dry adverbs: not; very; also; only; so; then; more; thus; therefore; easily; as; even; most; much; up; now; well; however; still; together; about; out; first; especially; here; is; that; off; always; yet; almost; sometimes; again; hence; just; less; generally; already; perfectly; often; on; consequently; above; far; long; over; entirely; directly; nearly; too pronouns: it; its; i; we; they; their; them; he; you; his; our; my; itself; us; me; your; themselves; him; himself; myself; one; her; she; ourselves; hg; theirs; ours; yourself; herself; thy; thee; oneself; mine; yourselves; cl_{2}o; ptcl_{2}co; na; n; br; ''s; |1,775; whey; whereof; us''d; thus--; this,--you; teh_{2}o_{4},2h_{2}o.; tax_{6}--that; sx_{3; substance,[1 proper nouns: _; |; acid; sulphur; i.; salt; .; c.; spirit; ii; 8vo; mercury; nitre; antimony; phlogiston; alkali; tartar; ammonia; wine; chapter; fig; oil; vitriol; mr.; alkalis; volatile; crown; regulus; arsenic; iron; water; copper; lead; sea; note; elements; hydrogen; bodies; fire; lavoisier; c; bismuth; aqua; silver; p.c; sal; dalton; salts; ammoniac; co_{2 keywords: water; acid; substance; salt; oxygen; air; note; metal; form; fig; element; compound; solution; nature; mercury; illustration; hydrogen; heat; h_{2}so_{4; h_{2}o; gas; contain; co_{2; woodcut; wine; time; sulphur; spirit; silver; science; professor; principles; paris; oxide; nitrous; nh_{3; m.d.; m.a.; london; lavoisier; iron; illustrations; gold; f.r.s.; experiment; elements; diagram; college; chapter; ch_{4 one topic; one dimension: acid file(s): ./cache/14474.txt titles(s): The Chemical History of a Candle three topics; one dimension: acid; air; air file(s): ./cache/54210.txt, ./cache/46998.txt, ./cache/14218.txt titles(s): The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II | Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. | The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry five topics; three dimensions: water acid hydrogen; air water acid; acid water solution; acid water air; substances elements substance file(s): ./cache/51326.txt, ./cache/46998.txt, ./cache/54210.txt, ./cache/4524.txt, ./cache/31624.txt titles(s): The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I | Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. | The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II | Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture | A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis Type: gutenberg title: subject-chemistry-gutenberg date: 2021-06-01 time: 19:06 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: facet_subject:"Chemistry" ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: 37283 author: Anonymous title: The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c. date: words: 2971.0 sentences: 138.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/37283.txt txt: ./txt/37283.txt summary: undermentioned places: for the Fulminating Silver, and Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver to be enclosed in the part marked S; a piece of of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver: a piece of paper is then to be quantity of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver is from one grain to one a grain of Fulminating Silver between the leaves, the end is then to be Take one third of a grain of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver, and a grain of the Fulminating Silver is then to be placed between the Are thus prepared: Enclose half a grain of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver in a piece of glass paper, and that should be again enclosed in One fourth of a grain of Fulminating Silver is to be inclosed in a Fulminating Silver in a fold of glass paper, and pasting it in the prepared in the same manner as directed for the Fulminating Cards. Fulminating Silver in a small fold of glass paper, and putting it into id: 24591 author: Black, Joseph title: Experiments upon magnesia alba, Quicklime, and some other Alcaline Substances date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 22914 author: Boyle, Robert title: The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist''s Principles Commonly call''d Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos''d and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis''d Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject. date: words: 89071.0 sentences: 3688.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/22914.txt txt: ./txt/22914.txt summary: knowing Chymists shall Think fit in a civil and rational way to shew Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principles of Mixt Bodies._ number of Principles of mixt Bodies, to that grand and known Argument Body, nor scarce of any Animal, generated of Water, a French Chymist, reckon it among Salts, a De-compounded Body Consisting (as I shall mixt Bodie, yields but a little Inflamable Spirit, or Sulphur, and not Chymists Averr the Substances Obtain''d from Compound Bodies by the other Mineral bodies into Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury. how many new sorts of mixt Bodies Chymists themselves have produc''d by as for the Chymists calling a body Salt, or Sulphur, or Mercury, upon the Chymists Mercury or Spirit; and yet how many Bodies, think you, Substances which Chymists are wont to obtain from Mixt Bodies, by their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without id: 14474 author: Faraday, Michael title: The Chemical History of a Candle date: words: 42170.0 sentences: 1917.0 pages: flesch: 77.0 cache: ./cache/14474.txt txt: ./txt/14474.txt summary: BRIGHTNESS OF THE FLAME--AIR NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION--PRODUCTION OF WATER gradual supply of air to that place of action--heat and light--all this piece of lime in the flame of the hydrogen as it burns in the oxygen, candle, and shew you a substance like zinc burning in the flame, you will and find that if they burn with a flame, as a candle, they produce water. substance equally from water produced from the candle-flame as from any Inasmuch as the candle produces water, and this gas comes out of the candle burn to produce water without it? than what is produced by the burning of the candle in air. air as the candle would burn in--and here is a jar or bottle containing It is water produced from the candle by the action of the air with air; and if I put a little lime-water into it, neither the oxygen nor id: 20848 author: Henderson, William Edwards title: An Elementary Study of Chemistry date: words: 121982.0 sentences: 10269.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/20848.txt txt: ./txt/20848.txt summary: prepared from compounds known as acids, all of which contain hydrogen. the oxygen present in the copper oxide to form water, which is absorbed hydrogen and oxygen combine in two different ratios to form water and Similarly, the element iron combines with oxygen to form two oxides, one sulphuric acid two compounds are formed, namely, hydrogen dioxide acid to water in the preparation of oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis the oxides of most metals, forming a salt and water. DEFINITION: _Any oxide which will combine with water to form an acid, or acid, called sulphides, form an important class of salts. of hydrogen to form acids, which are gases very soluble in water. oxygen and hydrogen to form four different acids. a base is present in the water, salts of carbonic acid are formed, and carbon unites with nitrogen and hydrogen to form the acid HCN, called id: 30775 author: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent title: Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries date: words: 109594.0 sentences: 6779.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/30775.txt txt: ./txt/30775.txt summary: Combustible substances, which in acids and metallic oxyds are a specific small proportions with water, whilst a higher oxygenation forms an acid atmospheric air, or in oxygen gas, they are not converted into acids after combining with charcoal to form carbonic acid gas, being added, of oxygen, when combined with nitrous gas in the nitric acid 58.72164; charcoal at this degree of heat, combines with it to form carbonic acid, attracts the oxygen, on purpose to form carbonic acid, the caloric form carbonic acid, a large quantity of hydrogen gas is set free, and water combined with the oxygenated muriatic acid than is necessary to quantity of oxygen gas absorbed, and of carbonic acid produced, as water course, after their combustion in common air, water, carbonic acid gas, forms carbonic acid gas and water, by oxygenating its elements. the quantity of water formed during the experiment; the carbonic acid id: 4524 author: Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von title: Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture date: words: 35822.0 sentences: 1414.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/4524.txt txt: ./txt/4524.txt summary: compound bodies produced with equal weights of two elements! constant supply of certain matters, animal food, and of oxygen, in hydrogen of certain parts of the animal body combine with the oxygen carbonic acid and water, 64.102 grains of oxygen are required. the elements of the food, is the source of animal heat. In the animal body, heat is produced only in those parts to which necessity for food containing carbon and hydrogen increases in the only class of animals whose food contains fat, inspire more oxygen these, the blood contains certain fatty bodies in small quantity, Vegetables produce in their organism the blood of all animals, for decaying organic matter present in the soil supplying carbonic acid, In whatever form the nitrogen supplied to plants may be contained in animals, from vegetable substances used as food; they had been to become food for man and animals can be formed in any plant id: 46998 author: Macquer, Pierre Joseph title: Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. date: words: 261727.0 sentences: 10774.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/46998.txt txt: ./txt/46998.txt summary: Neutral salts have not so great an affinity with water as either Acids Water made boiling hot dissolves a greater quantity of those salts If the Vitriolic Acid contain much water, it is then called _Spirit of Silver thus combined with the nitrous acid forms a metallic salt which Copper dissolved in the vitriolic acid forms a kind of metalline salt, The neutral salts formed by combining the acids of nitre and of vitriol case with many other vegetables that contain an essential Oil. Succulent and green plants yield by compression a great deal of liquor phlegm, essential oils, fragrant waters, acid oily spirits, volatile several substances, all of which contain the Acid of Sea-salt, he mixed Vitriol, it must be distilled a second time from Sea-salt, as the Acid of the metal, by the Fixed Alkali uniting with the Acid of Sea-salt _Spirit of Wine combined with the Acid of Sea-salt. id: 51326 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I date: words: 371612.0 sentences: 19528.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/51326.txt txt: ./txt/51326.txt summary: carbonic acid, whilst river water contains a considerable quantity explained from the fact that water which contains carbonic acid acids, salts, and such like substances whose solutions do conduct cases (for example, in the solution of nitric or formic acid in water) other acids form _solutions having definite boiling points_, like that [5] As water is formed by the combination of oxygen and hydrogen, with The oxide formed acts on sulphuric acid, water then organic substances are decomposed at a red heat, forming hydrogen, among with hydrogen, forming water, 69,000 units of heat are evolved; whilst when heated with sulphuric acid, forms oxygen and barium oxide, which _Many substances decompose hydrogen peroxide_, forming water and oxygen, water containing the nitrogen and oxygen of the air in solution, Chapter XX.) Water destroys this compound, forming sulphuric acid under the action of water (containing carbonic acid) and air, give id: 54210 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II date: words: 312682.0 sentences: 17537.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/54210.txt txt: ./txt/54210.txt summary: such acid compounds as are formed by chlorine, oxygen, and similar excess of water, especially when heated, forms the basic salt (as Silicic acid is formed by taking any solution containing silica formed on mixing sulphuric acid or its soluble salts with presence of an acid at the ordinary temperature, lead forms compounds of compounds in the form of the salts of phosphoric acid. water, forming a yellow solution with a slightly acid reaction.[50] and forms the lower oxides; V_{2}O_{4} (acid solutions of a green sulphuretted hydrogen on a salt of a metal, a free acid must be formed forms in solution only an acid salt with the potassium: KHO + sulphurous acid easily forms double salts. salt from the green solution which contains less sulphuric acid salt-forming oxide, UO_{3}, shows very feeble acid properties. salt is not only formed by the action of iron on sulphuric acid, id: 14218 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry date: words: 49186.0 sentences: 2196.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/14218.txt txt: ./txt/14218.txt summary: object of Nature in all things is to introduce into each substance the The alchemical notion of a natural state as proper to each substance Price_ says, "Nature is continually at work changing other metals into If we think of the alchemical elements earth, air, fire, and water, as _Water_, in the cold substances the element _Air_ preponderates, and properties of substances, made since the time of the alchemists, have fixed substance, which brings all metals to the perfection of gold or that word: the alchemist regarded the metals as composite substances; experiments on the calcination of metals and other substances, But the terms _substance_, _thing_, _properties_ were used separate the calcined substance into two different things, one of help of it, what kind of air a great variety of substances, natural to cause a metallic calx (that is, the substance formed by calcining the way nature works, she _must_ begin with certain substances which id: 38246 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: Heroes of Science: Chemists date: words: 81307.0 sentences: 3044.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/38246.txt txt: ./txt/38246.txt summary: Berzelius--Davy''s work on acids, alkalis, and salts--He Water was regarded as a substance which, like air, readily combined with ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. that when elements combine the atom of the compound so produced is built up method for determining the atomic weights of compounds of that element. small particles, the molecule (of a compound or of an element) and the atom water gas there are two atoms of hydrogen combined with sixteen parts by nature of the elements in the acid atoms, or even in the arrangement of the Davy''s view of an acid as a compound of water with a negative oxide was place of three atoms of hydrogen in the molecule; that the new substance At the time when Dalton was thinking out his theory of atoms, Davy was id: 29734 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air date: words: 75786.0 sentences: 2917.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/29734.txt txt: ./txt/29734.txt summary: In experiments on those kinds of air which are readily imbibed by water, In order to impregnate fluids with any kind of air, as water with fixed Fixed air may be kept in vessels standing in water for a long Water thus impregnated with fixed air readily dissolves iron, as Mr. Lane has discovered; so that if a quantity of iron filings be put to it, observed, that water which remained a long time within this air has If a quantity of inflammable air be contained in a glass vessel standing letting the phial stand some days in water, that the fixed air might be standing a long time in water, about as much as inflammable air is quantities of different kinds of air in jars standing in boiled water. To a quantity of common air, thus diminished by agitation in water, till I agitated in water a quantity of nitrous air phlogisticated with iron id: 37682 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry date: words: 32406.0 sentences: 1534.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/37682.txt txt: ./txt/37682.txt summary: Neither water nor acid of vitriol will separately dissolve iron, so as phlogiston with nitrous air, as by heating iron in it, and by a mixture vitriolic acid, which uniting with the phlogiston in the air, forms the so that water impregnated with vitriolic acid air, commonly called Fluor acid air is procured by dissolving the earthy substance called Alkaline air is produced by means of heat from caustic volatile alkali, with marine acid air, the common sal-ammoniac; and with water, the The nitrous acid is formed by the union of the purest inflammable air, The nitrous acid unites with phlogiston, alkalis, metallic substances, Nitrous acid dissolves all metallic substances except gold and platina, vitriolic acid it forms a substance that is insoluble in water, and acid will deprive the nitrous of it, and form a substance called _luna By heat this substance parts with its pure air, and becomes id: 24527 author: Tyndall, John title: Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews. V. 1-2 date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 31624 author: Watson, Glen W. title: A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis date: words: 4986.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/31624.txt txt: ./txt/31624.txt summary: [Illustration: Radioactive elements: alpha particles from a speck of A BRIEF HISTORY OF ELEMENT DISCOVERY, SYNTHESIS, AND ANALYSIS scientists working under the Atomic Energy Commission at the University evident that the atoms of radioactive elements were constantly changing accelerate a wider variety of nuclear particles to high energies. new elements, isotopes, and particles now seems endless. Element 43 was "made" for the first time as a result of bombarding The California scientists called the newly discovered element neptunium, bombardment in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron by Radiation Laboratory bombarded with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei) reacts to give off a neutron and a new element, curium, that has atomic number the isolation and identification of the atoms of element 96 was done at "one atom at a time"; this is possible because its daughter element, Positively charged atoms of element 102 are ions released [alpha] particles which had an energy of 8.6 MeV and id: 3708 author: Williams, Rufus P. (Rufus Phillips) title: An Introduction to Chemical Science date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: ==== make-pages.sh questions ==== make-pages.sh search ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel