A discourse of God's ways of disposing of kingdoms. Part 1 by the Bishop of S. Asaph, Lord Almoner to Their Majesties.
         Lloyd, William, 1627-1717.
      
       
         
           1691
        
      
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             A discourse of God's ways of disposing of kingdoms. Part 1 by the Bishop of S. Asaph, Lord Almoner to Their Majesties.
             Lloyd, William, 1627-1717.
          
           [6], 71, [1] p.
           
             Printed by H. Hills, for Thomas Jones ...,
             London :
             1691.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.
             Table of contents: p. [5]-[6]
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Church and state -- Great Britain.
        
      
    
     
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           A
           DISCOURSE
           of
           God's
           ways
           of
           DISPOSING
           OF
           KINGDOMS
           .
        
         
           By
           the
           Bishop
           of
           S.
           ASAPH
           ,
           Lord
           Almoner
           to
           THEIR
           MAJESTIES
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           A
           DISCOURSE
           of
           God's
           ways
           of
           DISPOSING
           OF
           KINGDOMS
           .
        
         
           PART
           I.
           
        
         
           By
           the
           Bishop
           of
           S.
           ASAPH
           ,
           Lord
           Almoner
           to
           THEIR
           MAJESTIES
           .
        
         
           
             King
             Charles
             I.
             Works
             p.
             711.
             in
             his
             Letter
             to
             his
             Son.
             
          
           
             
               With
               God
               I
               would
               have
               you
               begin
               and
               end
               ,
               who
               is
               King
               of
               Kings
               ,
               the
               Soverain
               disposer
               of
               the
               Kingdoms
               of
               the
               World
               ,
               who
               putteth
               down
               one
               and
               setteth
               up
               another
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Publish'd
             by
             Authority
          
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           by
           
             H.
             Hills
          
           ,
           for
           
             Thomas
             Jones
          
           ,
           at
           the
           White-Horse
           ,
           without
           Temple-Bar
           .
           1691.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TO
           THE
           READER
           :
        
         
           HAVING
           had
           the
           honor
           to
           preach
           before
           their
           Majesties
           on
           the
           fift
           day
           of
           November
           last
           ,
           and
           afterward
           to
           be
           commanded
           by
           Them
           to
           print
           my
           Sermon
           ,
           which
           contain'd
           many
           things
           concerning
           the
           late
           Revolution
           ;
           I
           humbly
           crav'd
           leave
           to
           put
           my
           thoughts
           into
           another
           form
           ;
           wherein
           I
           might
           ,
           not
           only
           say
           those
           things
           more
           at
           large
           ,
           but
           also
           prove
           what
           I
           had
           said
           in
           that
           Sermon
           ;
           knowing
           I
           could
           do
           it
           by
           such
           Authorities
           as
           would
           be
           sufficient
           to
           clear
           me
           from
           that
           charge
           of
           Singularity
           or
           Novelty
           which
           hath
           been
           too
           liberally
           thrown
           upon
           others
           that
           have
           preach'd
           or
           written
           on
           that
           subject
           .
        
         
           I
           know
           I
           am
           not
           better
           then
           my
           Brethren
           that
           have
           been
           thus
           us'd
           ,
           and
           therefore
           I
           expect
           to
           be
           treated
           no
           better
           then
           they
           have
           been
           .
           But
           I
           think
           I
           have
           taken
           a
           Course
           to
           prevent
           the
           bringing
           of
           any
           charge
           against
           me
           on
           that
           head
           .
           It
           will
           appear
           that
           I
           have
           deliver'd
           no
           other
           Doctrin
           then
           that
           which
           has
           been
           receiv'd
           and
           past
           for
           current
           in
           the
           Church
           of
           England
           ,
           ever
           since
           the
           Reformation
           .
           And
           I
           hope
           it
           will
           be
           some
           service
           
           to
           that
           excellent
           Church
           ,
           to
           shew
           that
           what
           some
           have
           reported
           of
           her
           Doctrins
           ,
           hath
           had
           no
           other
           ground
           ,
           but
           the
           mistakes
           of
           some
           of
           her
           Sons
           ;
           who
           ,
           tho
           excellent
           men
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           our
           Church
           may
           justly
           glory
           of
           upon
           other
           accounts
           ,
           yet
           I
           must
           needs
           say
           have
           judg'd
           too
           hastily
           of
           this
           matter
           ;
           and
           seem
           to
           be
           too
           jealous
           of
           themselves
           ,
           for
           fear
           some
           wordly
           consideration
           should
           strike
           in
           with
           those
           second
           thoughts
           that
           would
           make
           them
           judge
           otherwise
           .
        
         
           We
           are
           not
           to
           answer
           for
           the
           private
           Opinions
           of
           all
           that
           are
           or
           have
           been
           of
           our
           Communion
           .
           But
           ,
           God
           be
           prais'd
           ,
           we
           may
           safely
           stand
           by
           the
           Doctrins
           of
           our
           Church
           ,
           and
           the
           most
           approv'd
           Writers
           thereof
           .
           They
           are
           those
           that
           I
           have
           endeavour'd
           to
           set
           forth
           in
           this
           following
           Discourse
           .
           While
           we
           adhere
           to
           them
           ,
           it
           will
           be
           for
           the
           honor
           of
           our
           Church
           ;
           that
           as
           it
           hath
           been
           always
           accounted
           the
           Bulwark
           of
           the
           Protestant
           Religion
           ,
           and
           prov'd
           it self
           to
           be
           so
           most
           eminently
           in
           the
           last
           Reign
           ;
           so
           it
           will
           appear
           to
           be
           the
           only
           unshaken
           strength
           of
           this
           Monarchy
           ;
           especially
           by
           the
           encouragment
           it
           hath
           now
           under
           their
           Majesties
           Government
           ,
           which
           I
           beseech
           God
           long
           to
           continue
           ,
           to
           his
           Glory
           ,
           and
           the
           peace
           and
           prosperity
           of
           these
           Kingdoms
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           OF
           CHAPTER
           I.
           
        
         
           
             1.
             
             THE
             Occasion
             of
             Psalm
             
               LXXV
               .
               pag.
            
             1.
             
          
           
             2.
             
             The
             Scope
             of
             the
             Words
             ,
             vers
             .
             6
             ,
             7.
             1.
             
          
           
             3.
             I.
             That
             Power
             is
             from
             God.
             2.
             
          
           
             4.
             
             II.
             That
             he
             gives
             it
             Judicially
             .
             3.
             
          
           
             5.
             
             The
             Heads
             of
             the
             following
             Discourse
             .
             4.
             
          
           
             6.
             
             Of
             the
             Institution
             of
             Government
             5.
             
          
           
             7.
             
             Of
             the
             several
             sorts
             of
             it
             .
             6.
             
          
        
         
           
             
               I.
               Of
               God's
               Conferring
               it
               on
               Persons
               .
            
             1st
             .
             Immediately
             .
          
           
             8.
             I.
             In
             the
             Patriarchical
             times
             .
             7.
             
          
           
             9.
             2.
             
             In
             the
             Jewish
             Theocracy
             .
             9.
             
          
           
             10.
             3.
             
             In
             their
             hereditary
             Kingdom
             .
             9.
             
          
           
             11.
             2dly
             .
             Mediately
             by
             the
             Peoples
             consent
             .
             10.
             
          
           
             12.
             1st
             .
             On
             Account
             of
             Merit
             ,
             11.
             
          
           
             Thus
             especially
             on
             Founders
             of
             Nations
             .
             11.
             
          
           
             13.
             
             On
             first
             Planters
             .
             12.
             
          
           
             14.
             
             On
             Restorers
             and
             Deliverers
             .
             12.
             
          
           
             15.
             2dly
             .
             On
             Account
             of
             Favour
             .
             14.
             
          
           
             
             16.
             
             In
             the
             first
             Elections
             of
             Kings
             .
             pag.
             14.
             
          
           
             21.
             
             In
             the
             hereditary
             Successions
             from
             them
             .
             15.
             
          
           
             22.
             
             In
             Elective
             Kingdoms
             .
             16.
             
          
           
             23.
             
             In
             Free
             States
             .
             16.
             
          
           
             24.
             
             II.
             Of
             God's
             Transferring
             it
             from
             one
             to
             another
             .
             17.
             
          
           
             25.
             
             That
             this
             is
             the
             Act
             of
             God.
             18.
             
          
           
             26.
             
             By
             giving
             one
             a
             Conquest
             over
             the
             other
             .
             19.
             
          
           
             27.
             
             That
             God
             doth
             this
             Judicially
             .
             21.
             
          
           
             28.
             
             I.
             By
             way
             of
             Judgment
             on
             King
             or
             People
             .
             21.
             
          
           
             29.
             
             Particularly
             on
             Kings
             .
             23.
             
          
           
             29.
             
             For
             neglect
             of
             Government
             .
             23.
             
          
           
             30.
             
             For
             Oppressing
             their
             People
             .
             24.
             
          
           
             31.
             
             This
             is
             Just
             and
             necessary
             .
             25.
             
          
           
             32.
             
             II.
             By
             way
             of
             Justice
             ,
             for
             .
             27.
             
          
           
             33.
             1.
             
             War
             is
             an
             Appeal
             to
             God.
             28.
             
          
           
             34.
             2.
             
             It
             is
             proper
             to
             Kings
             .
             29.
             
          
           
             35.
             3.
             
             'T
             is
             lawful
             when
             they
             have
             Just
             Cause
             .
             33.
             
          
           
             36.
             
             Great
             danger
             makes
             it
             Necessary
             .
             34.
             
          
           
             37.
             
             Especially
             when
             also
             Religion
             is
             concern'd
             .
             37.
             
          
           
             38.
             
             When
             Religion
             is
             opprest
             in
             another
             Kingdom
             .
             39.
             
          
           
             39.
             
             Example
             of
             this
             in
             Queen
             
             Elizabeth's
             time
             .
             42.
             
          
           
             40.
             
             Especially
             ,
             where
             it
             is
             settl'd
             by
             Law.
             45.
             
          
           
             41.
             4.
             
             Such
             a
             Cause
             makes
             a
             Just
             Conquest
             ,
             49.
             
          
           
             42.
             
             And
             that
             Conquest
             gives
             Right
             .
             50.
             
          
           
             43.
             
             Doubted
             when
             the
             Cause
             is
             certainly
             unjust
             .
             55.
             
          
           
             44.
             
             No
             doubt
             when
             the
             Cause
             is
             certainly
             Just.
             58.
             
          
           
             45.
             
             A
             doubtful
             Cause
             is
             enough
             for
             the
             Prince
             in
             Possession
             .
             59.
             
          
           
             46.
             
             The
             People●
             ought
             to
             be
             satisfi'd
             with
             this
             .
             61.
             
          
           
             47.
             
             But
             much
             more
             when
             they
             see
             a
             certain
             Just
             Cause
             .
             33.
             
          
           
             48.
             
             When
             the
             Cause
             is
             for
             their
             sake
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             them
             not
             a
             Conquest
             ,
             but
             a
             Deliverance
             .
             66.
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           A
           DISCOURSE
           of
           God's
           ways
           of
           DISPOSING
           OF
           KINGDOMS
           .
        
         
           
             Psalm
             LXXV
             .
             verses
             6
             ,
             7.
             
          
           
             
               For
               Promotion
               cometh
               neither
               from
               the
               East
               ,
               nor
               from
               the
               West
               ,
               nor
               from
               the
               South
               .
            
             
               But
               God
               is
               the
               Judge
               ;
               He
               putteth
               down
               one
               ,
               and
               setteth
               up
               another
               .
            
          
        
         
           §
           .
           1.
           
           THIS
           Psalm
           was
           compos'd
           
           by
           David
           (
           as
           I
           take
           it
           ,
           )
           considering
           the
           State
           of
           Affairs
           that
           was
           immediatly
           after
           
           Saul's
           death
           :
           a
           When
           (
           as
           it
           is
           here
           ,
           ver
           .
           3.
           )
           
             the
             Land
             ,
             and
             the
             Inhabiters
             thereof
             
             were
             dissolv'd
             ,
          
           and
           even
           ready
           to
           fall
           ;
           but
           that
           David
           bore
           up
           the
           Pillars
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           2.
           
           Then
           ,
           being
           in
           the
           nearest
           prospect
           
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           he
           called
           to
           remembrance
           what
           he
           had
           formerly
           said
           ,
           what
           warnings
           he
           had
           given
           ,
           to
           those
           Fools
           and
           wicked
           men
           ,
           that
           laid
           about
           them
           in
           
           Saul's
           time
           ,
           as
           if
           there
           would
           be
           no
           end
           of
           it
           .
           b
           
             I
             said
             to
             the
             fools
             ,
             deal
             not
             so
             foolishly
             ;
             and
             to
             the
             wicked
             lift
             not
             up
             your
             horn
             .
          
           Do
           not
           bear
           your selves
           so
           high
           ,
           as
           it
           seems
           they
           did
           on
           that
           unhappy
           King's
           Favor
           .
           Do
           not
           boast
           your selves
           of
           the
           power
           you
           have
           
             to
             do
          
           c
           mischief
           ;
           That
           's
           the
           common
           use
           of
           Power
           ,
           when
           it
           comes
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           Fools
           and
           
             wicked
             men
          
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           3.
           
           To
           teach
           them
           better
           ,
           David
           shews
           
           whence
           it
           is
           that
           Power
           comes
           into
           Mens
           hands
           ;
           and
           upon
           what
           terms
           they
           are
           to
           hold
           it
           .
           These
           two
           things
           the
           Psalmist
           shews
           in
           the
           words
           of
           this
           Text.
           
        
         
           First
           ,
           for
           the
           true
           Original
           of
           Power
           .
        
         
           This
           in
           
           David's
           time
           all
           men
           took
           to
           be
           from
           Heaven
           ,
           but
           from
           whom
           there
           ,
           many
           knew
           not
           .
           The
           Eastern
           Nations
           ,
           who
           were
           
           generally
           given
           to
           Astrology
           ,
           took
           it
           to
           come
           from
           their
           Stars
           ;
           and
           especially
           from
           the
           Sun
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           chief
           Object
           of
           their
           Worship
           .
           The
           Psalmist
           tells
           them
           ,
           No.
           
             Promotion
             cometh
             not
          
           that
           way
           :
           Neither
           from
           the
           Planet's
           rising
           ,
           nor
           setting
           ,
           nor
           from
           its
           exaltation
           in
           mid-Heaven
           .
           That
           's
           the
           meaning
           of
           the
           words
           ,
           
             from
             the
             East
             ,
             nor
             from
             the
             West
             ,
             nor
             from
             the
             South
             .
          
        
         
           From
           the
           North
           of
           the
           Zodiac
           ,
           or
           from
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           the
           hidden
           part
           under
           the
           Horizon
           ,
           they
           never
           thought
           it
           to
           come
           .
           And
           (
           as
           a
           some
           think
           )
           that
           's
           the
           reason
           why
           that
           part
           of
           Heaven
           is
           not
           mention'd
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           Psalmist
           might
           have
           another
           Reason
           to
           himself
           ,
           why
           he
           did
           not
           think
           fit
           to
           say
           ,
           it
           comes
           not
           from
           the
           North.
           For
           there
           (
           as
           he
           saith
           b
           elsewhere
           )
           
             on
             the
             North-side
          
           of
           Jerusalem
           was
           
             Mount
             Sion
             ,
             the
             City
             of
             the
             great
             King
          
           of
           Heaven
           and
           Earth
           .
           There
           in
           
           David's
           time
           was
           the
           Tabernacle
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           there
           was
           the
           Temple
           ,
           in
           which
           the
           Mercy-seat
           between
           the
           Cherubims
           was
           the
           place
           of
           the
           Symbolical
           Presence
           of
           God.
           
           It
           was
           that
           a
           
             a
             Mountain
             of
             the
             Congregation
             in
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             North
             ,
          
           where
           God
           ordinarily
           sate
           to
           hear
           the
           Prayers
           of
           his
           people
           .
           And
           where
           ,
           in
           case
           of
           any
           Oppression
           ,
           he
           stood
           to
           
             (
             a
             )
             judge
             among
             the
             Gods.
          
           
           Could
           David
           say
           Promotion
           comes
           not
           from
           thence
           ?
           No
           ,
           he
           saith
           the
           contrary
           in
           the
           following
           ,
           words
           ;
           
             for
             God
             is
             the
             Judge
          
           :
           plainly
           shewing
           ,
           that
           to
           him
           Kings
           owe
           their
           Authority
           .
           But
        
         
           §
           .
           4.
           
           Secondly
           ,
           It
           is
           to
           him
           as
           Judge
           .
           He
           
           gives
           it
           Judicially
           .
           And
           so
           to
           him
           they
           are
           to
           account
           for
           it
           .
           Them
           that
           use
           their
           Power
           well
           ,
           he
           rewards
           for
           it
           ;
           and
           that
           ordinarily
           ,
           with
           a
           long
           and
           prosperous
           Reign
           .
           Them
           that
           abuse
           their
           Trust
           ,
           he
           as
           ordinarily
           deprives
           ;
           and
           gives
           that
           power
           into
           other
           hands
           ;
           as
           it
           follows
           ,
           
             He
             puts
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             another
             .
          
        
         
           This
           is
           the
           plain
           meaning
           of
           the
           Psalmist's
           words
           ;
           which
           will
           be
           of
           great
           use
           in
           the
           following
           discourse
           .
           Now
           for
           the
           matters
           contain'd
           in
           it
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           5.
           
           First
           ,
           Promotion
           ,
           or
           Exaltation
           to
           power
           ;
           
           and
           Secondly
           ,
           the
           transferring
           of
           it
           
           from
           one
           to
           another
           ,
           (
           as
           from
           Saul
           to
           David
           in
           the
           Case
           before
           us
           ,
           )
           both
           these
           are
           ascrib'd
           here
           to
           God
           :
           and
           that
           by
           Him
           that
           was
           best
           able
           to
           judge
           of
           these
           matters
           .
        
         
           David
           ,
           as
           being
           a
           Prophet
           inspir'd
           ,
           best
           knew
           the
           mind
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           his
           ways
           of
           dealing
           with
           Mankind
           .
           And
           David
           ,
           as
           being
           call'd
           to
           be
           a
           King
           by
           the
           immediate
           designation
           of
           God
           ,
           best
           knew
           what
           belong'd
           to
           that
           dignity
           .
           His
           word
           therefore
           is
           on
           all
           accounts
           a
           sufficient
           proof
           .
        
         
           But
           that
           what
           he
           says
           may
           be
           the
           better
           understood
           ,
           I
           shall
           shew
           ,
           First
           in
           General
           ,
           and
           then
           in
           Sundry
           particulars
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           the
           Prerogative
           of
           God
           ,
           by
           which
           He
           acts
           ,
           both
           in
           the
           disposing
           ,
           and
           also
           in
           the
           transferring
           of
           Kingdoms
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           I
           shall
           shew
           that
           the
           work
           of
           God
           in
           bringing
           His
           Majesty
           into
           this
           Kingdom
           ;
           was
           truly
           God's
           making
           use
           of
           the
           latter
           branch
           of
           his
           Prerogative
           ,
           in
           
             putting
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             setting
             up
             another
             .
          
        
         
         
           Lastly
           ,
           That
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           acknowledg'd
           by
           us
           ;
           not
           only
           in
           an
           humble
           Submission
           to
           their
           Majesties
           Government
           ,
           but
           also
           by
           paying
           them
           all
           those
           Duties
           which
           Subjects
           owe
           to
           their
           Prince
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           word
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           the
           Laws
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           6.
           
           First
           ,
           for
           the
           Original
           of
           Government
           .
           
           Of
           this
           the
           less
           needs
           to
           be
           said
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           so
           plainly
           declar'd
           ,
           and
           so
           often
           repeated
           in
           Scripture
           .
           It
           is
           declar'd
           of
           Government
           in
           general
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           the
           a
           
             Ordinance
             of
             God
          
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           it
           is
           a
           thing
           of
           Divine
           Institution
           .
           It
           is
           not
           only
           permitted
           by
           his
           Providence
           ,
           but
           it
           is
           appointed
           by
           his
           Will
           ,
           that
           there
           should
           be
           a
           Government
           among
           Men.
           It
           is
           the
           way
           he
           hath
           provided
           for
           the
           good
           of
           human
           Society
           .
           And
           therefore
           whosoever
           is
           against
           it
           ,
           he
           is
           an
           Enemy
           to
           human
           Society
           .
        
         
           But
           because
           all
           Mankind
           cannot
           be
           under
           any
           one
           Government
           ,
           no
           more
           than
           they
           can
           all
           be
           one
           People
           ,
           or
           one
           Nation
           ;
           therefore
           the
           Apostle
           goes
           farther
           ,
           to
           apply
           this
           to
           the
           
           several
           Governments
           of
           the
           several
           Nations
           and
           Countries
           .
        
         
           
             The
             (
             a
             )
             Powers
             that
             be
             are
             of
             God
             :
          
           That
           is
           ,
           the
           several
           Kingdoms
           and
           States
           ,
           even
           all
           that
           are
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           all
           have
           their
           Authority
           from
           God.
           And
           whosoever
           disobeys
           or
           resists
           ,
           the
           publick
           Order
           and
           Government
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           or
           State
           where
           he
           lives
           ,
           he
           disobeys
           or
           b
           resists
           
           
             the
             Ordinance
             of
             God
          
           ;
           and
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           he
           shall
           be
           call'd
           to
           account
           for
           it
           .
           The
           Magistrate
           may
           punish
           him
           if
           he
           will.
           He
           hath
           the
           Sword
           of
           God
           committed
           to
           him
           for
           that
           purpose
           ,
           as
           well
           for
           the
           punishment
           of
           this
           as
           of
           all
           other
           Enormities
           .
           But
           for
           this
           ,
           if
           the
           Magistrate
           will
           not
           ,
           or
           cannot
           ,
           God
           will
           surely
           do
           it
           ,
           first
           or
           last
           ;
           
             He
             that
             resists
             ,
             shall
             receive
             to
             himself
             Damnation
             .
          
           Here
           is
           a
           plain
           Declaration
           
           of
           the
           Will
           of
           God
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           Institution
           of
           Government
           in
           general
           .
           But
           now
           as
           to
           the
           conferring
           of
           it
           on
           particular
           Persons
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           8.
           
           I
           This
           at
           first
           was
           from
           God
           ,
           we
           are
           sure
           ,
           because
           it
           was
           from
           the
           beginning
           of
           Mankind
           .
           The
           first
           Men
           that
           were
           born
           into
           the
           World
           ,
           were
           all
           of
           
           Adam's
           Family
           .
           And
           so
           were
           all
           that
           came
           after
           ,
           till
           some
           of
           them
           went
           sorth
           ,
           as
           Cain
           did
           to
           make
           Families
           for
           
           themselves
           .
           Till
           then
           ,
           they
           were
           govern'd
           by
           him
           that
           was
           the
           common
           Father
           of
           Mankind
           .
        
         
           Noah
           was
           the
           Father
           of
           all
           them
           that
           liv'd
           after
           the
           Flood
           ;
           and
           he
           was
           their
           Governor
           too
           ,
           till
           his
           Children
           were
           too
           many
           to
           live
           in
           one
           Country
           ,
           or
           under
           one
           Government
           ,
           and
           then
           they
           branch'd
           themselves
           into
           Nations
           ,
           a
           
             among
             whom
             the
             Earth
             was
             divided
             .
          
        
         
           When
           the
           Fathers
           or
           Heads
           of
           some
           of
           those
           Nations
           made
           Conquests
           upon
           one
           another
           ,
           as
           Nimrod
           did
           on
           the
           Nations
           about
           him
           ,
           who
           was
           therefore
           call'd
           b
           
             a
             mighty
             hunter
             before
             the
             Lord
          
           ;
           or
           when
           they
           were
           otherwise
           incorporated
           together
           ;
           these
           made
           the
           ancient
           great
           Monarchies
           ,
           whereof
           the
           Assyrian
           and
           Egyptian
           are
           famous
           in
           ancient
           History
           .
        
         
           Other
           of
           those
           Nations
           ,
           or
           rather
           great
           Families
           ,
           continu
           ,
           d
           in
           their
           ancient
           way
           of
           Patriarchical
           Government
           .
           Particularly
           in
           that
           Line
           out
           of
           which
           God
           chose
           his
           peculiar
           People
           ;
           Abraham
           was
           c
           
             a
             mighty
             Prince
          
           in
           his
           days
           :
           But
           all
           his
           Subjects
           were
           of
           his
           Family
           ,
           out
           of
           which
           proceeded
           d
           
             many
             Nations
          
           .
           From
           his
           Son
           Isaac
           ,
           there
           came
           e
           
             two
             Nations
             of
             People
          
           ;
           one
           of
           them
           by
           Esau
           Father
           of
           Edom
           ,
           the
           other
           by
           Jacob
           the
           Father
           of
           Israel
           ;
           who
           for
           their
           
           times
           also
           govern'd
           those
           Families
           or
           Nations
           .
        
         
           When
           Jacob
           and
           all
           his
           Family
           went
           down
           into
           Egypt
           ,
           there
           ended
           their
           Patriarchical
           Government
           .
           After
           which
           ,
           being
           Subjects
           to
           the
           King
           of
           that
           Country
           ,
           they
           were
           brought
           into
           a
           long
           and
           sore
           Bondage
           ,
           which
           a
           
             made
             their
             Lives
             bitter
             to
             them
          
           for
           many
           Generations
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           9.
           
           2
           From
           this
           God
           deliver'd
           them
           by
           the
           hand
           of
           Moses
           .
           And
           to
           shew
           them
           how
           they
           ought
           to
           value
           this
           mercy
           ,
           from
           thence
           he
           entitl'd
           himself
           to
           be
           b
           their
           King
           ,
           and
           dated
           the
           c
           beginning
           of
           his
           Reign
           .
           As
           such
           he
           gave
           them
           Laws
           ,
           according
           to
           which
           they
           were
           govern'd
           by
           his
           Vicegerents
           .
           First
           his
           Servant
           Moses
           ,
           then
           Joshua
           ,
           and
           then
           all
           the
           Judges
           successively
           .
           They
           were
           all
           such
           as
           he
           either
           nam'd
           to
           them
           himself
           ,
           or
           gave
           such
           signs
           of
           his
           chusing
           them
           as
           were
           equivalent
           to
           a
           Nomination
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           10.
           
           3
           This
           Theocracy
           ,
           as
           we
           call
           it
           ,
           continu'd
           from
           their
           coming
           up
           out
           of
           Egypt
           ,
           till
           such
           time
           as
           God
           ,
           at
           his
           Peoples
           desire
           ,
           gave
           them
           d
           
             a
             King
             to
             judge
             them
             like
             all
             the
             Nations
             .
          
           How
           was
           that
           ?
           In
           most
           Nations
           we
           read
           of
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           in
           some
           from
           the
           Confusion
           of
           Tongues
           ,
           it
           was
           the
           Peoples
           part
           to
           chuse
           who
           should
           rule
           over
           them
           :
           And
           that
           
           either
           upon
           every
           Vacancy
           ,
           as
           in
           Elective
           Kingdoms
           ;
           or
           at
           the
           first
           ,
           once
           for
           all
           ,
           as
           in
           those
           that
           were
           Hereditary
           .
           God
           was
           pleas'd
           so
           far
           to
           grant
           his
           Peoples
           Request
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           be
           an
           Hereditary
           Kingdom
           :
           But
           for
           the
           first
           King
           of
           the
           reigning
           Line
           ,
           God
           would
           have
           the
           chusing
           of
           him
           himself
           .
           And
           accordingly
           ,
           first
           he
           chose
           Saul
           ,
           whose
           a
           Kingdom
           should
           have
           been
           Hereditary
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           not
           hindred
           it
           by
           his
           Disobedience
           to
           God.
           Then
           God
           made
           choice
           of
           David
           ,
           a
           Man
           b
           
             after
             his
             own
             heart
          
           ;
           and
           David
           having
           many
           Sons
           ,
           among
           them
           all
           God
           c
           chose
           Solomon
           to
           continue
           the
           Succession
           in
           him
           and
           his
           Heirs
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           till
           the
           Babylonian
           Captivity
           .
        
         
           This
           Account
           that
           I
           have
           given
           ,
           runs
           through
           half
           the
           Age
           of
           the
           World.
           And
           so
           far
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           it
           is
           worth
           the
           observing
           ,
           that
           there
           was
           no
           other
           standing
           Government
           in
           that
           Nation
           ,
           which
           God
           chose
           to
           be
           his
           peculiar
           People
           ,
           but
           what
           was
           administred
           by
           single
           Persons
           .
           And
           those
           Persons
           Title
           to
           the
           Government
           was
           either
           Patriarchical
           ,
           or
           by
           Divine
           Nomination
           :
           Both
           which
           ways
           of
           coming
           into
           Power
           were
           so
           wholly
           of
           God
           ,
           that
           the
           People
           had
           nothing
           to
           do
           ,
           but
           to
           accept
           the
           Choice
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           to
           submit
           to
           it
           .
        
         
         
           §
           .
           11.
           
           II
           In
           other
           Nations
           indeed
           ,
           that
           did
           not
           keep
           up
           the
           Patriarchical
           Right
           ,
           there
           the
           Peoples
           Consent
           was
           required
           ,
           except
           in
           the
           Case
           of
           Conquest
           before-mention'd
           .
           And
           this
           Consent
           being
           merely
           an
           human
           Act
           ,
           it
           may
           seem
           that
           the
           Authority
           it
           gives
           ,
           is
           not
           ,
           as
           we
           are
           here
           taught
           ,
           from
           God
           only
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           set
           this
           Matter
           right
           ,
           we
           are
           to
           consider
           
           by
           what
           Motives
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           People
           are
           generally
           led
           ,
           to
           chuse
           any
           one
           to
           rule
           over
           them
           .
           All
           their
           Motives
           may
           be
           reduc'd
           to
           these
           two
           ;
           either
           Merit
           ,
           or
           Favor
           .
           If
           there
           be
           any
           other
           ,
           they
           are
           but
           Compositions
           of
           these
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           12.
           
           I
           The
           first
           Choise
           of
           Kings
           I
           conceive
           to
           have
           been
           made
           on
           account
           of
           Merit
           ,
           the
           People
           being
           led
           to
           it
           by
           a
           sense
           of
           the
           Benefits
           they
           had
           receiv'd
           .
           I
           judge
           so
           from
           that
           which
           having
           been
           already
           shewn
           I
           take
           now
           for
           granted
           ,
           that
           the
           Earth
           was
           peopl'd
           at
           first
           by
           great
           Families
           .
           Now
           when
           those
           ,
           by
           Oppression
           of
           powerful
           Neighbors
           ,
           or
           by
           Civil
           Discord
           among
           themselves
           ,
           came
           to
           be
           in
           great
           Distress
           ,
           such
           as
           made
           them
           see
           the
           Necessity
           of
           being
           united
           in
           greater
           Bodies
           for
           their
           own
           Preservation
           ;
           those
           Heroic
           Men
           ,
           that
           shew'd
           
           them
           the
           way
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           that
           brought
           them
           under
           Government
           and
           Laws
           ,
           these
           were
           called
           the
           FOUNDERS
           of
           the
           Nations
           .
           Such
           was
           Moses
           among
           the
           People
           of
           Israel
           .
           When
           he
           had
           brought
           them
           out
           of
           Egypt
           ,
           they
           own'd
           this
           as
           a
           Title
           to
           Government
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           have
           had
           ,
           a
           even
           without
           Divine
           Nomination
           .
           Such
           was
           Cecrops
           among
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           and
           Romulus
           among
           the
           Romans
           ,
           and
           other
           first
           Kings
           in
           other
           Nations
           ;
           who
           were
           so
           sensible
           of
           the
           Benefits
           that
           they
           receiv'd
           by
           them
           ,
           that
           they
           not
           only
           believ'd
           them
           sent
           from
           God
           ,
           but
           they
           made
           them
           Gods
           themselves
           ,
           and
           worship'd
           them
           ,
           as
           the
           Tutelar
           Deities
           of
           their
           Nations
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           13.
           
           Next
           to
           these
           ,
           and
           something
           like
           
           them
           ,
           were
           the
           first
           Planters
           of
           Colonies
           :
           Such
           as
           Cadmus
           was
           at
           
             Thebes
             ,
             AEneas
          
           in
           Latium
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           .
           In
           England
           such
           were
           Hengist
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           that
           began
           the
           Seven
           Kingdoms
           of
           the
           Saxon
           Heptarchy
           .
           From
           one
           of
           these
           ,
           namely
           ,
           from
           Cerdic
           King
           of
           the
           West-Saxons
           ,
           the
           Descent
           of
           our
           Royal
           Family
           is
           unquestionable
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           14.
           
           But
           the
           most
           like
           to
           Founders
           are
           they
           whom
           God
           raises
           up
           to
           be
           the
           Restorers
           
           and
           Deliverers
           of
           a
           People
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           either
           
           brought
           low
           by
           Tyranny
           and
           Oppression
           ,
           or
           when
           they
           are
           torn
           in
           pieces
           by
           Factions
           among
           themselves
           .
           Thus
           when
           the
           Jews
           were
           oppress'd
           by
           
             Antiochus
             Epiphanes
          
           ,
           who
           had
           Right
           indeed
           to
           a
           Tribute
           from
           that
           People
           ,
           but
           not
           content
           with
           that
           ,
           would
           usurp
           an
           absolute
           Dominion
           over
           them
           ;
           Mattathias
           and
           his
           Sons
           stood
           up
           for
           their
           Religion
           and
           Liberty
           ;
           and
           by
           asserting
           both
           ,
           they
           so
           won
           the
           People
           to
           themselves
           ,
           that
           with
           their
           Consent
           a
           the
           Government
           was
           establisht
           in
           that
           Family
           .
           And
           thus
           when
           the
           Roman
           State
           ,
           being
           torn
           by
           a
           long
           Civil
           War
           had
           even
           bled
           it self
           to
           death
           ,
           (
           it
           had
           certainly
           expir'd
           ,
           if
           it
           had
           been
           left
           to
           it self
           ,
           )
           Augustus
           came
           in
           ,
           and
           not
           only
           bound
           up
           the
           Wounds
           ,
           but
           put
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           a
           new
           Soul
           into
           the
           Body
           ;
           He
           made
           it
           not
           only
           live
           ,
           but
           flourish
           ,
           by
           his
           great
           Care
           and
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           Industry
           ;
           which
           so
           oblig'd
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           they
           even
           forc'd
           him
           to
           accept
           of
           the
           Empire
           .
           These
           were
           such
           Benefits
           to
           Mankind
           ,
           as
           whosoever
           was
           enabl'd
           to
           do
           ,
           it
           was
           as
           if
           God
           had
           put
           a
           Glory
           about
           his
           Head
           ;
           it
           so
           markt
           him
           out
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           not
           go
           beside
           him
           in
           their
           Choise
           ;
           they
           took
           him
           as
           one
           already
           chosen
           of
           God.
           
        
         
         
           §
           .
           15.
           
           II
           Where
           Kings
           have
           been
           chosen
           on
           account
           of
           less
           Benefits
           ,
           there
           have
           been
           grains
           of
           Favor
           thrown
           in
           to
           make
           up
           weight
           .
           Favor
           is
           a
           Motive
           ,
           (
           as
           I
           have
           shewn
           ,
           )
           which
           works
           as
           well
           singly
           ,
           as
           when
           it
           is
           join'd
           with
           any
           other
           Consideration
           .
           For
           it
           is
           grounded
           ,
           not
           so
           much
           upon
           real
           Worth
           ,
           as
           upon
           the
           Opinion
           they
           have
           conceiv'd
           of
           any
           Person
           .
           It
           is
           Opinion
           that
           governs
           the
           unthinking
           sort
           of
           Men
           ,
           which
           are
           far
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Body
           of
           a
           Nation
           .
           And
           when
           all
           these
           go
           together
           ,
           they
           are
           like
           the
           Atoms
           of
           Air
           ,
           which
           though
           taken
           apart
           they
           are
           too
           light
           to
           be
           felt
           ,
           yet
           being
           gather'd
           into
           a
           Wind
           ,
           they
           are
           too
           strong
           to
           be
           withstood
           .
           But
           he
           that
           
             brings
             the
             Winds
             out
             of
             his
             Treasures
             ,
          
           he
           also
           governs
           these
           ,
           and
           turns
           them
           which
           way
           he
           pleases
           .
           It
           is
           the
           same
           great
           God
           ,
           that
           a
           
             rules
             the
             roaring
             Waves
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             the
          
           b
           
             Multitude
             of
             the
             People
          
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           16.
           
           For
           Examples
           of
           this
           in
           the
           Electing
           of
           Kings
           ,
           we
           are
           not
           to
           look
           for
           them
           in
           Scripture
           ,
           because
           all
           the
           Kings
           that
           God
           set
           over
           his
           People
           were
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           shewn
           ,
           by
           Divine
           Nomination
           .
           But
           since
           there
           were
           other
           ways
           by
           which
           Kings
           were
           made
           in
           other
           
           Nations
           ;
           and
           since
           we
           are
           sure
           the
           Psalmist's
           words
           are
           as
           true
           of
           these
           ,
           as
           of
           any
           that
           we
           read
           of
           in
           Scripture
           ;
           therefore
           I
           conclude
           ,
           that
           in
           these
           also
           Promotion
           came
           from
           God
           ,
           by
           those
           ways
           a
           which
           his
           Providence
           us'd
           in
           setting
           up
           the
           first
           Kings
           in
           other
           Nations
           .
        
         
           S.
           21.
           
           This
           Doctrin
           is
           as
           true
           of
           the
           following
           
           Kings
           that
           came
           in
           by
           Hereditary
           Succession
           ,
           where
           that
           way
           was
           taken
           in
           the
           Constitution
           of
           any
           Kingdom
           .
           These
           Kings
           are
           indeed
           so
           much
           more
           the
           Creatures
           of
           God
           ,
           as
           they
           owe
           less
           to
           Men
           than
           any
           others
           ;
           except
           only
           those
           that
           came
           in
           by
           Patriarchical
           Right
           ,
           or
           by
           Divine
           Nomination
           .
           There
           was
           the
           Act
           of
           Man
           in
           that
           general
           Consent
           by
           which
           their
           Ancestors
           came
           first
           into
           the
           Government
           .
           And
           by
           this
           Consent
           the
           Government
           being
           made
           Hereditary
           ,
           there
           was
           no
           need
           of
           any
           other
           Human
           Act
           for
           the
           Continuance
           of
           it
           in
           their
           Family
           .
           There
           is
           
           nothing
           more
           Sacred
           among
           Men
           than
           a
           Right
           of
           Inheritance
           .
           But
           for
           the
           Derivation
           of
           that
           Right
           to
           their
           Persons
           ,
           they
           owe
           it
           only
           to
           God
           :
           a
           For
           it
           comes
           to
           them
           by
           their
           Birth
           ,
           and
           they
           owe
           their
           Birth
           only
           to
           God.
           
        
         
           S.
           22.
           
           In
           those
           Kingdoms
           wherein
           the
           Succession
           
           is
           continu'd
           by
           a
           new
           Election
           upon
           every
           Vacancy
           ,
           or
           wherein
           a
           new
           Election
           is
           made
           upon
           the
           Extinguishing
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           ,
           the
           Person
           on
           whom
           the
           Election
           falls
           in
           either
           Case
           ,
           ows
           his
           promotion
           to
           God
           ,
           from
           whom
           it
           comes
           the
           same
           way
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           it
           came
           to
           his
           first
           Predecessor
           in
           that
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           S.
           23.
           
           I
           do
           not
           speak
           all
           this
           while
           of
           Free
           States
           
           or
           Commonwealths
           ,
           because
           I
           do
           not
           believe
           there
           was
           any
           such
           Government
           known
           in
           the
           World
           in
           
           David's
           time
           .
           For
           as
           we
           read
           of
           no
           such
           in
           Scripture
           ,
           so
           it
           is
           agreed
           
           among
           the
           a
           most
           learned
           Heathen
           Writers
           ,
           that
           the
           first
           Government
           every
           where
           was
           by
           Kings
           .
           But
           wheresoever
           ,
           upon
           the
           Cession
           of
           Kings
           ,
           or
           the
           ceasing
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           ,
           or
           the
           like
           ,
           there
           has
           followed
           a
           Change
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           from
           a
           Monarchy
           to
           a
           Free
           State
           or
           Commonwealth
           ;
           there
           also
           the
           Sovereign
           Power
           was
           of
           God
           ;
           and
           they
           that
           were
           invested
           with
           it
           had
           their
           Promotion
           from
           him
           ,
           by
           that
           Act
           of
           his
           Providence
           by
           which
           the
           Change
           was
           made
           ,
           namely
           ,
           by
           the
           Consent
           of
           the
           People
           .
           And
           the
           same
           way
           the
           Providence
           of
           God
           brings
           in
           others
           to
           succeed
           them
           in
           their
           Power
           from
           time
           to
           time
           .
        
         
           It
           has
           been
           prov'd
           in
           all
           sorts
           of
           Government
           ,
           that
           as
           the
           Sovereign
           Power
           in
           every
           Country
           or
           Nation
           is
           of
           God
           ,
           so
           they
           that
           are
           invested
           with
           it
           ,
           whether
           one
           or
           many
           ,
           are
           in
           the
           place
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           have
           their
           Promotion
           from
           him
           :
           which
           was
           the
           first
           Part
           of
           the
           Doctrin
           of
           this
           Text.
           
        
         
           S.
           24.
           
           The
           2d
           .
           Part
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           Transferring
           
           of
           this
           Power
           from
           one
           to
           another
           ,
           is
           the
           Act
           of
           God.
           And
           this
           he
           does
           proceeding
           Judicially
           ,
           as
           being
           Judge
           ,
           saith
           our
           Psalmist
           .
        
         
         
           Here
           are
           two
           things
           to
           be
           consider'd
           .
           First
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           God
           that
           does
           this
           ;
           and
           Secondly
           ,
           that
           he
           does
           it
           Judicially
           .
        
         
           S.
           25.
           
           For
           the
           first
           of
           these
           ,
           that
           the
           transferring
           
           of
           power
           from
           one
           to
           another
           is
           the
           Act
           God
           ,
           this
           adds
           much
           to
           that
           which
           went
           before
           in
           the
           Text.
           It
           shews
           that
           God
           has
           such
           an
           Interest
           in
           the
           disposing
           of
           power
           ,
           as
           none
           can
           pretend
           to
           but
           himself
           .
        
         
           Men
           have
           their
           part
           in
           setting
           up
           what
           they
           cannot
           put
           down
           again
           .
           It
           is
           a
           Woman's
           Consent
           makes
           a
           Man
           be
           her
           Husband
           ,
           the
           Fellows
           of
           a
           Colledge
           chuse
           one
           to
           be
           their
           Head
           ,
           a
           Corporation
           chuse
           one
           to
           be
           their
           Mayor
           :
           All
           these
           do
           only
           chuse
           the
           person
           ,
           they
           do
           not
           give
           him
           the
           Authority
           .
           It
           is
           the
           Law
           that
           gives
           that
           ,
           and
           that
           Law
           so
           binds
           their
           hands
           that
           they
           cannot
           undo
           what
           they
           have
           done
           .
        
         
           No
           more
           can
           a
           Nation
           
             (
             a
          
           )
           undo
           its
           own
           Act
           ,
           in
           chusing
           Men
           into
           Sovereign
           power
           .
           I
           do
           not
           say
           but
           they
           may
           chuse
           Men
           into
           Government
           ,
           expresly
           with
           that
           Condition
           ,
           that
           they
           shall
           be
           accountable
           to
           the
           people
           ;
           and
           then
           the
           Government
           remains
           in
           the
           Body
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           it
           is
           that
           which
           we
           properly
           
           call
           a
           Commonwealth
           .
           But
           for
           Sovereign
           Princes
           and
           Kings
           ,
           even
           where
           they
           are
           chosen
           by
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           much
           more
           in
           Hereditary
           Kingdoms
           ;
           as
           they
           have
           their
           Authority
           from
           God
           ,
           so
           they
           are
           only
           a
           accountable
           to
           him
           .
           For
           he
           is
           
             the
             only
             Potentate
             ,
             King
             of
             Kings
             ,
          
           and
           
             Lord
             of
             Lords
          
           .
           He
           alone
           both
           makes
           Kings
           by
           his
           Sovereign
           Power
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           same
           he
           can
           unmake
           them
           when
           he
           pleases
           .
        
         
           Nay
           more
           than
           so
           ,
           
             He
             puts
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             another
             .
          
           Both
           the
           Words
           imply
           something
           of
           an
           High
           Place
           ,
           and
           here
           they
           are
           used
           of
           Civil
           Government
           or
           Dominion
           .
           Of
           this
           it
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           God
           so
           deprives
           one
           of
           it
           ,
           as
           that
           he
           advances
           another
           in
           his
           stead
           .
        
         
           S.
           26.
           
           This
           can
           be
           understood
           of
           nothing
           else
           
           but
           the
           Conquest
           of
           one
           Prince
           over
           another
           .
           For
           what
           one
           resigns
           by
           a
           Voluntary
           Act
           ,
           he
           is
           said
           to
           lay
           down
           ,
           or
           to
           give
           it
           up
           to
           another
           .
           But
           
             putting
             down
          
           is
           the
           Act
           of
           a
           Superior
           ,
           
           by
           which
           one
           's
           place
           is
           taken
           from
           him
           against
           his
           Will.
           Now
           God
           being
           the
           Superior
           that
           does
           this
           by
           the
           Act
           of
           his
           Providence
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           such
           an
           Act
           as
           gives
           the
           Power
           from
           one
           against
           his
           Will
           ,
           to
           another
           whom
           God
           is
           pleased
           to
           set
           up
           in
           his
           stead
           .
           Thus
           in
           giving
           one
           Prince
           a
           Conquest
           over
           another
           ,
           he
           thereby
           puts
           one
           in
           Possession
           of
           the
           other's
           Dominions
           ,
           he
           makes
           the
           other's
           Subjects
           become
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           or
           his
           Slaves
           ,
           accordingly
           as
           they
           come
           in
           upon
           Conditions
           ,
           or
           at
           the
           Will
           of
           the
           Conqueror
           .
           In
           short
           ,
           he
           giveth
           him
           the
           whole
           Right
           and
           Power
           of
           the
           other
           Prince
           .
        
         
           But
           how
           can
           this
           be
           ?
           For
           ,
           if
           the
           other
           had
           a
           Right
           to
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           it
           cannot
           be
           taken
           from
           him
           without
           Injury
           :
           and
           that
           cannot
           ordinarily
           be
           without
           a
           War
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Evils
           contained
           in
           it
           ;
           which
           are
           so
           much
           Inhumanity
           and
           Impiety
           together
           ,
           that
           whoseever
           has
           a
           true
           Notion
           of
           God
           ,
           cannot
           think
           he
           would
           approve
           of
           things
           so
           contrary
           to
           his
           Justice
           and
           Goodness
           ;
           much
           less
           that
           he
           would
           be
           the
           Author
           of
           them
           ,
           as
           he
           must
           be
           according
           to
           this
           Doctrin
           .
        
         
         
           S.
           27.
           
           Thus
           some
           may
           object
           .
           But
           in
           Answer
           
           to
           this
           ,
           Consider
           how
           we
           judge
           of
           the
           Actions
           of
           Kings
           ,
           when
           they
           take
           away
           the
           Lives
           and
           Estates
           of
           Offenders
           .
           To
           do
           the
           same
           things
           would
           be
           Murder
           and
           Robbery
           in
           private
           Men.
           But
           we
           know
           they
           are
           Acts
           of
           Judgment
           in
           them
           that
           have
           the
           power
           of
           the
           Sword
           ;
           and
           they
           would
           not
           be
           faithful
           to
           their
           Trust
           if
           they
           did
           not
           do
           them
           .
           In
           this
           Text
           we
           are
           taught
           to
           think
           so
           of
           God
           ,
           that
           when
           
             he
             puts
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             another
             ,
          
           he
           doth
           it
           as
           a
           Judge
           ,
           even
           a
           
             Judge
             among
             Gods.
          
           He
           deals
           with
           them
           ,
           as
           they
           ought
           to
           do
           with
           their
           Subjects
           .
           Think
           of
           that
           ,
           and
           you
           will
           not
           stick
           at
           this
           Objection
           .
        
         
           As
           a
           Judge
           ,
           he
           administreth
           
             Judgment
             and
             Justice
          
           both
           which
           are
           said
           to
           be
           
             the
             habitation
             of
             his
             Throne
          
           .
           Particularly
           ,
           when
           he
           decrees
           a
           Conquest
           of
           any
           King
           or
           Kingdom
           ;
           it
           is
           either
           as
           a
           Judgment
           on
           them
           for
           Offences
           against
           himself
           ,
           or
           it
           is
           by
           way
           of
           Justice
           to
           others
           whom
           they
           have
           injured
           .
           And
           both
           these
           ways
           he
           does
           what
           is
           best
           ,
           for
           the
           glory
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           the
           good
           of
           Mankind
           .
        
         
           S.
           28.
           
           First
           by
           way
           of
           Judgment
           ,
           or
           punishment
           
           for
           the
           Sins
           of
           a
           Prince
           ,
           or
           People
           ,
           or
           
           both
           ;
           God
           ordinarily
           suffers
           a
           Rebellion
           to
           arise
           within
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           or
           a
           Foreign
           power
           to
           break
           in
           upon
           it
           .
           And
           though
           these
           Rebels
           ,
           or
           this
           Foreign
           power
           ,
           may
           be
           such
           as
           have
           receiv'd
           no
           provocation
           ,
           nor
           mind
           nothing
           else
           but
           Dominion
           and
           Prey
           :
           yet
           God
           makes
           use
           of
           them
           in
           this
           Case
           ,
           as
           he
           doth
           of
           an
           Inundation
           at
           other
           times
           ;
           He
           lets
           them
           loose
           ,
           to
           over-run
           ,
           and
           waste
           ,
           and
           spoil
           the
           Country
           ;
           to
           overthrow
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           themselves
           Lords
           of
           it
           ;
           and
           therein
           to
           execute
           God's
           Judgment
           on
           that
           wicked
           Prince
           or
           Nation
           .
        
         
           This
           was
           
           Saul's
           Case
           ,
           on
           which
           a
           this
           Psalm
           seems
           to
           have
           been
           made
           .
           He
           had
           driven
           out
           David
           ,
           the
           Terror
           of
           the
           Philistines
           ;
           and
           put
           the
           Priests
           to
           death
           for
           relieving
           him
           :
           for
           which
           Injustice
           and
           Cruelty
           ,
           together
           with
           his
           other
           Sins
           ,
           God
           brought
           in
           the
           Philistines
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           made
           him
           feel
           the
           want
           of
           those
           brave
           Men
           that
           he
           had
           driven
           away
           ;
           for
           in
           the
           day
           of
           Battel
           he
           had
           none
           to
           stand
           by
           him
           ,
           and
           so
           he
           lost
           both
           his
           Kingdom
           and
           his
           Life
           .
        
         
         
           S.
           29.
           
           So
           it
           commonly
           happens
           to
           those
           Kings
           
           that
           ,
           living
           in
           a
           setled
           a
           Kingdom
           ,
           will
           not
           govern
           according
           to
           the
           Laws
           thereof
           .
           It
           is
           a
           breach
           of
           Faith
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           their
           people
           ,
           but
           to
           b
           God
           also
           ,
           where
           they
           are
           sworn
           to
           the
           observing
           of
           Laws
           c
           And
           though
           they
           are
           not
           therefore
           to
           be
           deposed
           by
           the
           people
           ,
           yet
           they
           cannot
           escape
           the
           vengeance
           of
           God
           ,
           who
           ordinarily
           punishes
           them
           with
           the
           natural
           effects
           of
           their
           Sin.
           
        
         
           S.
           30.
           
           Thus
           in
           the
           Case
           of
           not
           execution
           of
           
           Laws
           ,
           especially
           those
           that
           are
           a
           check
           upon
           Irreligion
           and
           Immorality
           ,
           the
           very
           neglect
           of
           the
           due
           administration
           of
           Justice
           ,
           though
           
           it
           seems
           to
           be
           nothing
           at
           present
           ,
           yet
           in
           time
           it
           will
           destroy
           the
           Government
           .
           It
           bringeth
           the
           people
           into
           a
           Contempt
           of
           Authority
           ,
           and
           they
           are
           not
           much
           to
           be
           blamed
           for
           it
           ,
           for
           what
           are
           they
           the
           better
           for
           such
           a
           Government
           ?
           It
           lets
           them
           loose
           to
           all
           manner
           of
           Sins
           ,
           many
           of
           which
           are
           destructive
           to
           Society
           ,
           and
           all
           expose
           them
           to
           the
           wrath
           of
           God.
           Both
           these
           ways
           they
           are
           disposed
           for
           Rebellion
           at
           home
           ;
           and
           so
           enfeebled
           withal
           ,
           that
           they
           cannot
           withstand
           a
           Foreign
           Enemy
           .
           In
           this
           corrupt
           and
           weak
           Estate
           of
           a
           Government
           ,
           it
           is
           almost
           impossible
           that
           there
           should
           not
           be
           an
           Alteration
           .
        
         
           S.
           31.
           
           On
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
           if
           a
           Prince
           will
           have
           
           no
           Law
           but
           his
           Will
           ,
           if
           he
           tramples
           and
           oppresseth
           his
           people
           ,
           their
           patience
           will
           not
           hold
           out
           always
           ,
           they
           will
           at
           one
           time
           or
           other
           shew
           themselves
           to
           be
           but
           Men.
           At
           least
           they
           will
           have
           no
           heart
           to
           fight
           for
           their
           Oppressor
           .
           So
           that
           if
           a
           Foreign
           Enemy
           breaks
           in
           upon
           him
           ,
           he
           is
           gone
           without
           remedy
           ,
           unless
           God
           interpose
           .
           But
           how
           can
           that
           be
           ,
           when
           
             God
             is
             Judge
          
           himself
           ?
           Should
           the
           Judge
           hinder
           the
           doing
           of
           Justice
           ?
           It
           is
           God's
           Work
           that
           Foreigner
           comes
           to
           do
           ,
           
           
             Howbeit
             he
          
           a
           
             meaneth
             not
             so
          
           .
           He
           means
           nothing
           perhaps
           ,
           but
           the
           satisfying
           of
           his
           own
           Lust.
           But
           though
           he
           knoweth
           it
           not
           ,
           he
           is
           sent
           in
           God's
           Message
           :
           for
           which
           all
           things
           being
           prepared
           by
           natural
           Causes
           ,
           and
           God
           not
           hindering
           his
           own
           Work
           ,
           but
           rather
           hastening
           it
           ,
           no
           wonder
           that
           it
           succeeds
           ,
           and
           that
           oftentimes
           very
           easily
           .
        
         
           S.
           32.
           
           If
           there
           seems
           in
           all
           this
           to
           be
           any
           
           hard
           measure
           put
           upon
           Kings
           ,
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           consider'd
           how
           much
           harder
           it
           would
           be
           upon
           the
           People
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           otherwise
           .
           When
           it
           happens
           (
           as
           it
           doth
           sometimes
           ,
           and
           that
           especially
           for
           the
           Sins
           of
           a
           Nation
           ,
           )
           that
           they
           come
           to
           be
           under
           weak
           or
           wicked
           Kings
           ;
           even
           these
           they
           must
           not
           resist
           ,
           God
           hath
           b
           taught
           them
           otherwise
           .
           What
           then
           ?
           Must
           they
           be
           left
           to
           the
           Wills
           of
           these
           Tyrants
           ?
           Or
           of
           them
           that
           govern
           weak
           Kings
           ,
           which
           is
           commonly
           worse
           ?
           Must
           they
           endure
           all
           the
           load
           of
           Oppression
           that
           these
           will
           lay
           upon
           them
           ?
           that
           is
           ,
           for
           a
           few
           Mens
           pleasure
           must
           a
           Nation
           be
           made
           miserable
           ?
           This
           is
           far
           from
           God's
           design
           in
           the
           Institution
           of
           Government
           .
           He
           makes
           Kings
           his
           
           Ministers
           a
           
             for
             the
             good
          
           of
           their
           People
           .
           If
           any
           will
           take
           that
           Office
           upon
           them
           ,
           they
           must
           behave
           themselves
           accordingly
           .
           Otherwise
           ,
           if
           they
           take
           it
           as
           given
           them
           only
           for
           themselves
           ,
           it
           is
           such
           a
           breach
           of
           Trust
           ,
           that
           God
           cannot
           but
           punish
           them
           for
           it
           .
           But
           how
           should
           he
           do
           this
           ,
           so
           as
           that
           the
           punishment
           may
           have
           its
           effect
           ,
           in
           warning
           others
           not
           to
           transgress
           in
           like
           manner
           ?
           He
           cannot
           do
           this
           better
           ,
           than
           by
           making
           Men
           his
           Instruments
           in
           it
           .
           And
           therefore
           it
           is
           that
           God
           ,
           though
           he
           has
           infinite
           ways
           ,
           yet
           commonly
           chuses
           to
           employ
           Men
           in
           this
           Service
           .
           He
           either
           finds
           them
           at
           home
           ,
           that
           are
           
             not
             afraid
          
           b
           
             of
             the
             Power
          
           as
           they
           ought
           to
           be
           :
           or
           he
           brings
           them
           in
           from
           Foreign
           Countries
           ,
           
             Whistling
             for
             the
             Fly
             out
             of
          
           Egypt
           ,
           
             or
             the
             Bee
             out
             of
             the
             Land
             of
          
           c
           Assyria
           ;
           In
           plain
           words
           ,
           stirring
           up
           a
           Pharaoh
           or
           a
           Nebuchadnezzar
           against
           them
           .
           God
           may
           employ
           such
           if
           he
           will
           ,
           though
           none
           is
           too
           good
           for
           this
           work
           ,
           to
           execute
           his
           righteous
           Judgments
           .
           And
           when
           God
           doth
           his
           work
           by
           their
           hands
           ,
           whatsoever
           the
           Instruments
           may
           be
           ,
           the
           Cause
           being
           so
           Just
           ,
           and
           so
           evident
           as
           we
           
           have
           supposed
           ;
           
             All
             Men
             that
             see
             it
             will
             say
             ,
             Doubtless
          
           a
           
             there
             is
             a
             God
             that
             judges
             on
             the
             Earth
          
           b
        
         
           S.
           33.
           
           2
           In
           the
           way
           of
           Justice
           ,
           God
           acts
           as
           a
           Judge
           between
           two
           Soveraign
           Powers
           ,
           when
           they
           bring
           their
           Causes
           before
           him
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           when
           they
           make
           War
           upon
           one
           another
           .
           And
           when
           he
           seeth
           his
           time
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           when
           he
           finds
           the
           Cause
           ripe
           for
           Judgment
           ,
           if
           it
           proceeds
           so
           far
           ,
           then
           he
           gives
           Sentence
           for
           him
           that
           is
           injur'd
           ,
           against
           him
           that
           hath
           done
           the
           Injury
           .
           The
           effect
           of
           this
           Sentence
           is
           a
           just
           Conquest
           ;
           and
           that
           is
           the
           other
           way
           in
           which
           God
           ,
           proceeding
           Judicially
           ,
           
             puts
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             another
             .
          
        
         
           That
           this
           may
           be
           the
           better
           understood
           ,
           there
           are
           four
           things
           to
           be
           consider'd
           particularly
           .
        
         
         
           First
           ,
           That
           War
           is
           an
           Appeal
           to
           the
           Justice
           of
           God.
           
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           That
           none
           can
           be
           Parties
           to
           this
           ,
           but
           they
           that
           are
           in
           Sovereign
           Power
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           That
           to
           make
           it
           a
           just
           War
           ,
           there
           must
           be
           a
           just
           and
           sufficient
           Cause
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           That
           Conquest
           in
           such
           a
           War
           is
           a
           decisive
           Judgment
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           gives
           one
           a
           Right
           to
           the
           Dominions
           that
           he
           has
           conquer'd
           from
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           S.
           34.
           
           1
           That
           War
           is
           an
           Appeal
           to
           God
           ,
           this
           appears
           in
           the
           nature
           of
           the
           thing
           .
           For
           it
           is
           the
           Act
           of
           two
           Parties
           that
           differ
           about
           their
           Right
           .
           And
           they
           put
           it
           upon
           such
           an
           issue
           as
           none
           but
           God
           can
           give
           .
           For
           both
           agree
           in
           effect
           ,
           that
           the
           Right
           shall
           be
           adjudg'd
           to
           him
           that
           has
           the
           Victory
           .
           And
           it
           is
           God
           alone
           that
           is
           the
           Giver
           of
           a
           Victory
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           the
           Judgment
           of
           God
           has
           been
           solemnly
           appeal'd
           to
           by
           Nations
           when
           they
           were
           engaging
           in
           War.
           We
           see
           a
           notable
           Instance
           of
           this
           in
           the
           History
           of
           Jephtha
           .
           When
           his
           Country
           was
           invaded
           by
           the
           Ammonites
           ,
           he
           stood
           up
           to
           defend
           it
           ,
           with
           this
           express
           Declaration
           to
           their
           King
           :
           
             I
             have
             not
             sinned
             against
             thee
          
           ;
           b
           
             But
             thou
             dost
             me
             wrong
             
             to
             war
             against
             me
             ,
             The
             Lord
             the
             Judge
             ,
             be
             Judge
             this
             day
             between
             the
             Children
             of
          
           Israel
           
             and
             the
             Children
             of
          
           Ammon
           .
           The
           like
           Declarations
           are
           frequent
           in
           the
           ancient
           
             Roman
             History
          
           .
        
         
           S.
           35.
           
           2
           The
           Parties
           to
           this
           Appeal
           ,
           are
           properly
           such
           as
           have
           no
           Superior
           but
           God.
           For
           them
           that
           have
           an
           earthly
           Superior
           ,
           their
           Appeal
           lies
           to
           him
           as
           
             God's
             Minister
          
           a
           
             attending
             continually
             on
             this
             very
             thing
             .
          
           So
           that
           Subjects
           know
           whither
           to
           go
           on
           all
           occasions
           ,
           whether
           for
           the
           asserting
           of
           their
           Rights
           ,
           or
           reparation
           of
           Injuries
           .
           Their
           proper
           recourse
           is
           to
           the
           KING
           
             as
             Supreme
          
           ,
           or
           to
           those
           b
           
             that
             are
             Commissioned
             by
             him
          
           :
           and
           these
           are
           to
           judge
           their
           Cause
           according
           to
           the
           LAW
           of
           the
           Land
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           common
           Standard
           of
           Justice
           among
           private
           Men.
           
        
         
           It
           has
           been
           the
           manner
           indeed
           ,
           (
           and
           perhaps
           is
           so
           still
           in
           some
           Nations
           ,
           )
           that
           where
           Princes
           find
           a
           Cause
           too
           hard
           for
           them
           to
           decide
           ,
           they
           give
           the
           Parties
           leave
           to
           end
           it
           in
           a
           Duel
           between
           themselves
           .
           But
           this
           ,
           being
           an
           Appeal
           to
           God
           ,
           is
           most
           strictly
           forbidden
           to
           Subjects
           in
           all
           well-order'd
           Kingdoms
           .
           And
           this
           very
           Usage
           shews
           that
           they
           have
           no
           Right
           to
           it
           otherwise
           ,
           but
           only
           by
           their
           Princes
           permission
           .
        
         
         
           For
           Sovereign
           Princes
           ,
           their
           Rights
           and
           their
           Injuries
           are
           inseparably
           join'd
           with
           those
           of
           their
           Kingdoms
           and
           Nations
           .
           And
           therefore
           they
           cannot
           pass
           by
           Injuries
           ,
           as
           private
           Men
           may
           ,
           for
           Peace
           sake
           :
           they
           must
           insist
           on
           those
           Rights
           with
           which
           God
           has
           entrusted
           them
           for
           others
           more
           than
           themselves
           :
           it
           is
           not
           only
           their
           Interest
           ,
           but
           their
           Duty
           so
           to
           do
           .
        
         
           But
           all
           Princes
           being
           equally
           concern'd
           in
           this
           matter
           ,
           what
           if
           a
           Question
           should
           arise
           between
           any
           two
           of
           them
           ?
           or
           what
           if
           one
           should
           invade
           the
           unquestionable
           Rights
           of
           the
           other
           ?
           There
           is
           no
           ending
           the
           difference
           between
           them
           in
           the
           way
           of
           private
           Men
           :
           for
           they
           have
           no
           earthly
           Superior
           to
           flie
           to
           :
           they
           have
           nothing
           to
           do
           with
           one
           another's
           Laws
           :
           there
           is
           no
           adjusting
           of
           their
           Damages
           and
           Costs
           .
           Private
           Justice
           hath
           Scales
           to
           weigh
           out
           these
           things
           ,
           a
           but
           publick
           Justice
           has
           none
           .
           Therefore
           Princes
           must
           have
           some
           other
           way
           to
           come
           by
           their
           Rights
           ,
           or
           else
           they
           are
           in
           much
           worse
           Case
           than
           private
           Men.
           
        
         
         
           But
           what
           Way
           should
           that
           be
           ,
           by
           which
           Princes
           can
           be
           oblig'd
           against
           their
           Wills
           to
           do
           Right
           to
           one
           another
           ?
           It
           must
           be
           by
           such
           a
           LAW
           as
           they
           all
           agree
           to
           ,
           and
           by
           such
           a
           JUDGE
           as
           is
           their
           common
           Superior
           .
           Such
           a
           Law
           is
           that
           which
           we
           call
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ;
           b
           being
           made
           up
           of
           such
           Customs
           as
           are
           observ'd
           among
           Princes
           ,
           as
           our
           Common
           Law
           is
           made
           up
           of
           those
           that
           are
           observ'd
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           .
           And
           for
           that
           common
           Superior
           ,
           it
           is
           God
           alone
           ,
           who
           styles
           himself
           the
           
             King
             of
             Kings
          
           and
           
             Lord
             of
             Lords
          
           .
           But
           as
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           the
           Way
           that
           Princes
           have
           for
           the
           ending
           of
           those
           differences
           among
           themselves
           which
           cannot
           be
           ended
           otherwise
           ,
           is
           c
           by
           War.
           So
           this
           (
           as
           hath
           been
           already
           shewn
           )
           is
           an
           Appeal
           to
           God
           ;
           it
           is
           the
           Way
           that
           Princes
           have
           to
           sue
           one
           another
           in
           his
           Court.
           
        
         
           And
           he
           has
           therefore
           given
           them
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           d
           Sword
           ;
           that
           they
           may
           use
           it
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           Judging
           their
           own
           
           People
           ,
           but
           in
           going
           to
           Law
           with
           other
           Princes
           .
        
         
           This
           confirms
           that
           which
           has
           been
           said
           already
           ,
           that
           Subjects
           have
           no
           Right
           to
           make
           War
           ,
           without
           the
           leave
           of
           their
           Princes
           .
           For
           as
           God
           has
           given
           Princes
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Sword
           ,
           so
           he
           forbids
           it
           to
           Subjects
           ,
           under
           a
           great
           Penalty
           ,
           They
           
           
             that
             take
             the
             Sword
             shall
             perish
             with
             the
             Sword.
          
           And
           if
           he
           has
           not
           admitted
           them
           to
           be
           Parties
           in
           his
           Court
           ,
           then
           it
           is
           certain
           that
           they
           cannot
           sue
           there
           ;
           or
           if
           they
           do
           ,
           they
           can
           acquire
           no
           Right
           by
           it
           .
           There
           is
           an
           Original
           Nullity
           in
           all
           their
           Proceedings
           .
           
        
         
           As
           none
           have
           right
           of
           making
           War
           but
           they
           that
           are
           in
           Sovereign
           Power
           ,
           so
           neither
           is
           it
           given
           to
           them
           that
           they
           may
           
           make
           what
           use
           of
           it
           they
           please
           :
           Particularly
           ,
           they
           must
           not
           make
           War
           for
           the
           satisfying
           of
           their
           Lusts
           ,
           Ambition
           ,
           Covetousness
           ,
           Vain-glory
           ,
           or
           the
           like
           .
           He
           that
           troubles
           an
           earthly
           Court
           of
           Justice
           upon
           any
           litigious
           or
           trifling
           Account
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           condemned
           in
           good
           Costs
           .
           But
           if
           it
           appear
           he
           comes
           thither
           to
           defraud
           or
           to
           oppress
           ,
           and
           that
           with
           a
           Colour
           of
           Justice
           ,
           he
           must
           look
           for
           greater
           Severity
           .
           How
           much
           more
           ought
           Princes
           to
           dread
           the
           just
           Judgment
           of
           God
           ,
           if
           they
           presume
           to
           Appeal
           to
           him
           for
           no
           Cause
           ,
           or
           for
           such
           as
           he
           hates
           and
           abhors
           ?
           Nay
           the
           righteous
           God
           will
           not
           hold
           him
           guiltless
           that
           hath
           Justice
           in
           his
           Cause
           ,
           and
           yet
           in
           his
           Heart
           hath
           no
           such
           thing
           .
           Lawful
           things
           must
           be
           done
           lawfully
           .
           This
           Princes
           must
           look
           to
           ,
           as
           they
           will
           answer
           it
           to
           God.
           
        
         
           35.
           
           But
           as
           far
           as
           Man
           can
           judge
           ,
           it
           is
           
           a
           Lawful
           War
           that
           is
           made
           for
           a
           just
           and
           sufficient
           Cause
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           third
           Thing
           we
           are
           to
           consider
           .
        
         
           To
           make
           a
           Cause
           just
           ,
           in
           strictness
           of
           Law
           ,
           a
           very
           small
           matter
           may
           suffice
           .
           
           For
           no
           Man
           hath
           right
           to
           do
           another
           the
           smallest
           Injury
           ,
           any
           more
           than
           he
           hath
           to
           do
           him
           the
           greatest
           .
           And
           Princes
           e
           have
           no
           other
           way
           than
           by
           War
           to
           right
           themselves
           for
           the
           least
           Injury
           .
           But
           if
           they
           are
           so
           tame
           to
           pass
           by
           the
           smallest
           Injuries
           ,
           it
           will
           tempt
           ill-minded
           Men
           to
           go
           on
           ,
           and
           to
           do
           greater
           .
           These
           and
           many
           other
           things
           may
           be
           said
           ,
           to
           make
           it
           seem
           reasonable
           that
           Princes
           should
           insist
           upon
           the
           rigor
           of
           Justice
           .
        
         
           But
           after
           all
           this
           ,
           we
           must
           remember
           we
           are
           Christians
           ;
           and
           Christ
           hath
           given
           us
           other
           measures
           of
           Justice
           ,
           according
           to
           which
           even
           Princes
           ought
           to
           govern
           themselves
           .
           He
           hath
           taught
           us
           to
           soften
           the
           rigor
           of
           Justice
           ,
           with
           a
           Temperament
           of
           Goodness
           and
           Equity
           :
           And
           therefore
           not
           to
           run
           to
           Extremes
           ,
           for
           the
           righting
           of
           any
           small
           ,
           any
           tolerable
           Injury
           .
        
         
           §
           36.
           
           Especially
           War
           ,
           that
           is
           such
           an
           Extreme
           
           as
           a
           wise
           and
           good
           Prince
           would
           not
           run
           into
           ,
           if
           he
           could
           with
           a
           good
           Conscience
           live
           out
           of
           it
           .
           But
           that
           he
           cannot
           do
           without
           the
           leave
           of
           other
           
           Princes
           ,
           that
           do
           not
           consider
           it
           with
           so
           great
           an
           Aversation
           .
           They
           may
           make
           it
           Necessary
           for
           him
           to
           defend
           his
           just
           Rights
           ,
           which
           he
           cannot
           forego
           without
           wronging
           his
           Conscience
           .
           They
           may
           force
           him
           to
           it
           ,
           if
           they
           will
           ,
           with
           insupportable
           Injuries
           .
           They
           may
           bring
           things
           to
           that
           pass
           ,
           that
           the
           dangers
           of
           Peace
           may
           be
           worse
           than
           the
           mischiefs
           of
           War
           are
           like
           to
           be
           .
           If
           it
           once
           come
           to
           that
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           more
           danger
           in
           sitting
           still
           ,
           than
           there
           is
           like
           to
           be
           in
           the
           hazards
           of
           War
           ,
           then
           it
           is
           time
           for
           them
           to
           draw
           the
           Sword
           ,
           to
           whom
           it
           is
           given
           .
           And
           to
           do
           it
           first
           ,
           if
           they
           can
           ,
           to
           f
           prevent
           the
           danger
           of
           doing
           it
           too
           late
           afterwards
           .
           They
           may
           do
           it
           
             Se
             defendendo
          
           ,
           as
           well
           against
           great
           and
           imminent
           
           g
           danger
           ,
           as
           against
           open
           actual
           Invasion
           .
           They
           may
           do
           it
           in
           h
           defence
           of
           another
           King's
           Subjects
           ,
           if
           they
           see
           themselves
           in
           extreme
           danger
           of
           suffering
           an
           intolerable
           Injury
           by
           his
           Oppression
           of
           his
           own
           People
           .
           And
           in
           these
           Cases
           if
           one
           Lawfully
           may
           ,
           then
           it
           is
           certain
           he
           ought
           to
           do
           it
           .
           There
           needs
           no
           Scripture
           for
           this
           ,
           it
           is
           the
           plain
           natural
           Law
           of
           Self-preservation
           .
        
         
           They
           are
           so
           much
           the
           more
           oblig'd
           to
           this
           ,
           when
           it
           is
           evident
           ,
           that
           the
           threatning
           mischief
           is
           like
           to
           fall
           upon
           others
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           themselves
           ;
           and
           them
           such
           as
           they
           are
           bound
           in
           Honour
           and
           Conscience
           to
           protect
           and
           support
           .
           When
           by
           sitting
           still
           they
           should
           certainly
           expose
           ,
           not
           only
           themselves
           to
           be
           ruin'd
           ,
           but
           also
           their
           Friends
           and
           Allies
           to
           perish
           with
           
           them
           ;
           in
           that
           Case
           
             Saevitia
             est
             voluisse
             mori
          
           ,
           it
           is
           a
           sort
           of
           bloody
           Peaceableness
           ,
           it
           
           is
           cruelty
           to
           Mankind
           to
           go
           to
           that
           degree
           of
           suffering
           Injuries
           .
        
         
           §
           37.
           
           But
           especially
           ,
           when
           the
           Cause
           of
           
           God
           is
           concern'd
           ,
           to
           whom
           we
           owe
           all
           things
           ,
           and
           ought
           to
           venture
           all
           for
           his
           sake
           .
           Surely
           't
           is
           his
           Cause
           ,
           when
           it
           touches
           Religion
           ;
           which
           is
           all
           that
           is
           dear
           to
           him
           in
           this
           World.
           And
           tho'
           Religion
           it Self
           teaches
           us
           ,
           
             if
             it
             be
             possible
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             in
             us
             lyes
             to
             live
             peaceably
             with
             all
             Men
          
           ;
           yet
           as
           't
           is
           there
           suppos'd
           there
           may
           be
           Cause
           to
           break
           the
           Peace
           ;
           so
           it
           
           adds
           infinitely
           to
           that
           Cause
           when
           it
           comes
           to
           concern
           our
           Religion
           .
           
        
         
           I
           do
           not
           say
           ,
           that
           Religion
           is
           to
           be
           propagated
           with
           the
           Sword.
           No
           ,
           nor
           that
           i
           Princes
           may
           force
           it
           on
           their
           
           own
           Subjects
           ;
           much
           less
           ,
           upon
           other
           Princes
           or
           their
           Kingdoms
           .
           These
           are
           things
           we
           justly
           abhor
           among
           those
           inhumane
           k
           Doctrins
           and
           Practices
           by
           which
           Popery
           has
           distinguisht
           it Self
           from
           all
           other
           Religions
           .
        
         
           We
           have
           the
           more
           Cause
           to
           abhor
           it
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           a
           Prince
           that
           is
           the
           very
           Scandal
           of
           Popery
           ;
           that
           hath
           not
           only
           exceeded
           all
           Heathen
           Cruelty
           ,
           in
           the
           persecuting
           of
           his
           own
           Protestant
           Subjects
           ,
           but
           even
           forc'd
           a
           neighbour
           
           Prince
           to
           give
           him
           Game
           in
           his
           Dominions
           .
           His
           butchering
           the
           poor
           Vaudois
           was
           barbarity
           beyond
           all
           Example
           .
           We
           have
           reason
           to
           believe
           ,
           he
           would
           have
           hunted
           here
           next
           :
           His
           Dogs
           had
           been
           upon
           us
           '
           ere
           this
           time
           ,
           if
           God
           had
           not
           wonderfully
           preserved
           us
           .
           God
           preserve
           us
           still
           from
           Kings
           that
           have
           that
           way
           of
           propagating
           Religion
           .
        
         
           §
           38.
           
           Yet
           it
           may
           be
           a
           Question
           ,
           whether
           
           such
           Tyrannies
           being
           used
           on
           the
           account
           of
           Religion
           ,
           give
           a
           just
           Cause
           of
           War
           to
           other
           Princes
           of
           the
           same
           Religion
           .
           I
           speak
           now
           of
           Persecution
           in
           such
           Countries
           where
           their
           Religion
           is
           not
           established
           by
           Law.
           
        
         
           It
           is
           certainly
           true
           which
           the
           Apostle
           says
           ,
           
             We
             are
             all
             Members
             of
             one
             and
          
           
           
             the
             same
             Body
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             the
             duty
             of
             Members
             to
             have
             the
             same
             Care
             of
             one
             another
             ;
             and
             whether
             one
             Member
             suffer
             ,
             all
             the
             Members
             suffer
             with
             it
             ;
             or
             one
             Member
             be
             honoured
             ,
             all
             the
             Members
             rejoyce
             with
             it
             .
          
           It
           is
           true
           that
           Christian
           Princes
           especially
           ,
           as
           they
           have
           the
           charge
           of
           that
           part
           of
           Christ's
           Body
           that
           is
           in
           their
           own
           
           Dominions
           ,
           so
           they
           ought
           to
           extend
           their
           Care
           and
           Compassion
           to
           their
           Fellow-Members
           elsewhere
           .
           But
           whether
           they
           ought
           to
           concern
           themselves
           for
           them
           so
           far
           as
           to
           make
           War
           on
           their
           account
           against
           their
           Kings
           by
           whom
           they
           are
           persecuted
           ,
           nay
           whether
           they
           may
           lawfully
           do
           this
           ,
           is
           a
           doubt
           that
           may
           deserve
           some
           farther
           Consideration
           .
        
         
           The
           Christian
           Emperors
           seem
           to
           have
           made
           no
           doubt
           of
           this
           .
           For
           they
           made
           War
           ,
           sometimes
           for
           no
           other
           Cause
           but
           that
           of
           Religion
           ,
           against
           such
           Kings
           as
           persecuted
           the
           Christians
           in
           Their
           own
           Dominions
           :
           Sometimes
           ,
           when
           they
           had
           other
           Causes
           of
           War
           ,
           they
           preferr'd
           this
           before
           all
           the
           rest
           ;
           which
           certainly
           they
           would
           not
           have
           done
           ,
           if
           it
           had
           not
           weighed
           much
           in
           their
           
           Opinion
        
         
           Of
           them
           of
           the
           Roman
           Communion
           there
           hath
           been
           enough
           already
           said
           
           to
           shew
           their
           Opinion
           of
           this
           Cause
           .
           They
           that
           are
           for
           propagating
           Religion
           by
           the
           Sword
           ,
           cannot
           but
           think
           it
           a
           just
           Cause
           of
           War
           against
           any
           Prince
           ,
           that
           he
           persecutes
           those
           of
           their
           Religion
           .
           We
           have
           a
           notable
           Instance
           of
           this
           in
           Cardinal
           Pool
           ,
           who
           was
           one
           of
           the
           moderatest
           Papists
           of
           his
           age
           ,
           and
           yet
           writ
           a
           Book
           ,
           wherein
           he
           prest
           it
           most
           earnestly
           upon
           the
           Emperor
           Charles
           V.
           as
           his
           Duty
           ,
           to
           give
           over
           his
           War
           with
           the
           Turk
           ,
           and
           to
           turn
           his
           Arms
           against
           King
           Henry
           VIII
           .
           for
           oppressing
           the
           Catholicks
           in
           his
           Dominions
           .
           Pope
           Pius
           V.
           whom
           they
           have
           lately
           made
           a
           Saint
           ,
           was
           as
           earnest
           with
           the
           Emperor
           Maximilian
           ,
           and
           with
           the
           Kings
           of
           
             Spain
             ,
             France
          
           ,
           and
           Portugal
           .
           He
           would
           have
           them
           all
           make
           War
           against
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           for
           persecuting
           his
           Catholicks
           ;
           though
           she
           never
           touch'd
           one
           of
           them
           ,
           till
           that
           Pope
           had
           forc'd
           her
           to
           it
           ,
           by
           stirring
           them
           up
           to
           Rebellion
           against
           her
           with
           his
           famous
           Bull
           of
           Deprivation
           .
           
        
         
         
           §
           39.
           
           For
           the
           Opinion
           of
           Protestants
           in
           
           this
           matter
           ,
           we
           have
           it
           sufficiently
           declared
           in
           the
           Reign
           of
           that
           excellent
           Queen
           ;
           who
           made
           War
           first
           or
           last
           against
           a
           all
           the
           Popish
           Princes
           in
           her
           neighborhood
           ,
           for
           persecuting
           the
           Protestants
           in
           their
           Kingdoms
           .
           And
           herein
           ,
           she
           was
           not
           only
           justified
           by
           the
           Pens
           of
           our
           greatest
           b
           Lawyers
           and
           c
           Divines
           ,
           but
           she
           had
           also
           the
           approbation
           and
           assistance
           of
           d
           our
           Parliaments
           and
           Convocations
           .
        
         
         
           It
           appears
           she
           was
           the
           rather
           inclin'd
           to
           do
           this
           ,
           by
           a
           Jealousy
           of
           State
           ,
           for
           which
           there
           was
           an
           evident
           Cause
           in
           those
           Popish
           Doctrins
           before-mentioned
           .
           For
           she
           knew
           that
           those
           Kings
           accounted
           her
           and
           her
           People
           to
           be
           Hereticks
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           they
           did
           their
           own
           Subjects
           ,
           whom
           they
           used
           so
           very
           ill
           ,
           for
           no
           other
           Cause
           but
           because
           they
           were
           of
           her
           Religion
           .
           And
           therefore
           she
           had
           Reason
           to
           fear
           ,
           that
           when
           they
           had
           done
           their
           Work
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           in
           the
           destroying
           of
           that
           Religion
           at
           home
           in
           their
           own
           Kingdoms
           ,
           the
           same
           blind
           Zeal
           ,
           acted
           by
           the
           same
           Principles
           ,
           would
           bring
           them
           hither
           at
           last
           for
           the
           finishing
           of
           their
           Work
           ,
           or
           as
           some
           have
           worded
           it
           since
           ,
           for
           
             the
             rooting
             out
             of
             the
             Northern
             Heresie
             .
          
           This
           was
           such
           a
           danger
           that
           if
           she
           had
           suffer'd
           it
           to
           grow
           upon
           her
           ,
           it
           had
           been
           a
           betraying
           of
           her
           Trust
           ,
           which
           she
           could
           not
           have
           answer'd
           to
           God.
           And
           yet
           ,
           there
           being
           no
           way
           to
           prevent
           it
           but
           by
           making
           War
           upon
           them
           in
           their
           own
           Kingdoms
           ,
           this
           ought
           to
           be
           accounted
           a
           Defensive
           War
           ,
           and
           that
           made
           upon
           very
           just
           Cause
           ,
           as
           hath
           been
           a
           already
           shewn
           .
        
         
           We
           have
           Reason
           to
           hope
           that
           all
           Popish
           Princes
           are
           not
           under
           the
           Power
           of
           those
           Principles
           .
           But
           yet
           ,
           when
           any
           of
           them
           persecutes
           his
           Subjects
           that
           are
           of
           another
           Religion
           ,
           beyond
           the
           standing
           Laws
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           they
           cannot
           expect
           that
           other
           Princes
           ,
           which
           are
           of
           that
           Suffering
           Religion
           ,
           can
           be
           so
           confident
           of
           this
           ,
           as
           to
           stand
           idle
           and
           look
           on
           ,
           and
           not
           rather
           
           when
           they
           see
           the
           danger
           comes
           towards
           them
           ,
           to
           defend
           themselves
           from
           it
           ,
           if
           they
           can
           ,
           by
           beginning
           a
           War
           in
           that
           Prince's
           Dominions
           .
        
         
           §
           40.
           
           There
           is
           yet
           a
           greater
           Cause
           for
           this
           ,
           
           when
           the
           Suffering
           Religion
           is
           that
           which
           is
           establisht
           by
           the
           Laws
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           ;
           and
           yet
           the
           King
           that
           is
           sworn
           to
           those
           Laws
           ,
           and
           therefore
           bound
           to
           support
           that
           Religion
           ,
           is
           manifestly
           practising
           against
           it
           ,
           and
           endeavours
           to
           supplant
           and
           oppress
           and
           extinguish
           it
           .
           What
           should
           other
           Princes
           or
           States
           that
           profess
           the
           same
           Religion
           do
           in
           this
           Case
           ?
           They
           see
           that
           such
           a
           King
           is
           set
           upon
           the
           destroying
           of
           their
           Religion
           .
           He
           hath
           declar'd
           a
           hostile
           mind
           towards
           the
           Professors
           of
           it
           ,
           in
           judging
           them
           not
           capable
           of
           enjoying
           their
           Temporal
           Rights
           .
           If
           he
           deals
           thus
           with
           his
           own
           People
           ,
           what
           are
           Forreigners
           to
           expect
           at
           his
           hands
           ?
           Can
           they
           think
           themselves
           secure
           because
           they
           are
           at
           Peace
           with
           him
           ?
           They
           cannot
           ,
           unless
           Treaties
           are
           more
           Sacred
           then
           Laws
           .
           Or
           
           can
           they
           rely
           upon
           his
           Oath
           ?
           But
           they
           see
           he
           hath
           broken
           it
           .
           And
           therefore
           they
           have
           reason
           to
           Judge
           ,
           that
           either
           he
           makes
           no
           Conscience
           of
           an
           Oath
           ,
           or
           he
           thinks
           Faith
           is
           not
           to
           be
           kept
           with
           Hereticks
           ,
           or
           he
           hath
           a
           Superior
           that
           can
           dispense
           with
           him
           ,
           or
           that
           will
           absolve
           him
           from
           the
           guilt
           of
           Perjury
           in
           such
           Cases
           where
           Religion
           is
           concern'd
           .
           In
           short
           ,
           they
           are
           sure
           of
           his
           Will
           to
           destroy
           them
           ,
           and
           cannot
           be
           sure
           of
           his
           Oath
           to
           the
           contrary
           .
           Wherein
           then
           can
           they
           be
           safe
           ?
           But
           in
           his
           Want
           of
           Power
           to
           do
           them
           hurt
           ?
           But
           he
           will
           not
           want
           Power
           ,
           if
           they
           let
           him
           go
           on
           ,
           for
           he
           is
           getting
           it
           as
           fast
           as
           he
           can
           .
           He
           is
           now
           strengthning
           himself
           by
           those
           ways
           that
           he
           takes
           to
           be
           absolute
           Lord
           of
           his
           own
           People
           :
           And
           he
           is
           now
           weakning
           Them
           ,
           by
           oppressing
           all
           those
           among
           his
           People
           whom
           he
           knows
           to
           be
           their
           Friends
           and
           Well-wishers
           .
           He
           doth
           both
           these
           things
           together
           :
           He
           daily
           lessens
           their
           Party
           ,
           and
           makes
           them
           as
           many
           more
           Enemies
           ,
           as
           he
           gains
           Men
           over
           to
           his
           Religion
           .
           And
           if
           that
           be
           such
           a
           Religion
           as
           pretends
           to
           a
           Right
           of
           destroying
           Men
           of
           other
           Religions
           ;
           knowing
           this
           ,
           they
           know
           what
           they
           are
           to
           expect
           .
           
           When
           this
           pretended
           Right
           is
           armed
           with
           Power
           ,
           it
           will
           certainly
           fall
           upon
           them
           .
           So
           that
           they
           must
           begin
           before
           he
           is
           ready
           for
           them
           ,
           or
           else
           it
           will
           be
           too
           late
           to
           do
           any
           thing
           for
           their
           own
           Preservation
           .
        
         
           But
           as
           it
           is
           necessary
           for
           them
           to
           do
           this
           for
           themselves
           ,
           so
           they
           ought
           to
           do
           it
           much
           the
           rather
           for
           the
           Sakes
           of
           their
           oppressed
           Brethren
           :
           That
           ,
           by
           a
           timely
           asserting
           of
           their
           own
           Right
           ,
           they
           may
           also
           deliver
           them
           from
           the
           Evils
           they
           suffer
           at
           present
           ,
           and
           save
           them
           from
           that
           Destruction
           which
           is
           coming
           upon
           them
           .
           As
           it
           was
           Just
           and
           Necessary
           on
           those
           former
           Accounts
           ,
           so
           this
           makes
           it
           a
           Pious
           Cause
           ,
           and
           therefore
           the
           more
           Worthy
           of
           a
           true
           Christian
           Prince
           .
           It
           has
           been
           judg'd
           so
           by
           them
           whose
           Names
           we
           have
           in
           great
           Veneration
           .
           We
           have
           the
           Examples
           of
           our
           own
           Princes
           here
           in
           England
           in
           the
           best
           of
           Times
           since
           the
           Reformation
           :
           These
           the
           Reader
           may
           find
           collected
           to
           his
           
           Hand
           ,
           in
           an
           excellent
           Book
           that
           hath
           been
           lately
           published
           .
           But
           this
           may
           as
           well
           be
           shewn
           in
           the
           Examples
           of
           them
           whom
           our
           Princes
           chose
           to
           follow
           as
           their
           Patterns
           ;
           namely
           ,
           of
           the
           Christians
           in
           Primitive
           times
           ,
           
           and
           especially
           at
           the
           time
           of
           the
           first
           Nicene
           Council
           .
           In
           these
           times
           we
           find
           that
           Constantine
           and
           Licinius
           ,
           having
           shar'd
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           between
           them
           ,
           had
           pass'd
           a
           Decree
           together
           at
           Milan
           ,
           for
           Christianity
           to
           be
           the
           establish'd
           Religion
           :
           And
           when
           afterward
           Licinius
           ,
           in
           his
           part
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           would
           have
           oppress'd
           it
           contrary
           to
           Law
           ;
           for
           that
           cause
           Constantine
           the
           Great
           made
           War
           upon
           him
           ;
           and
           in
           prosecution
           of
           that
           War
           ,
           thrust
           him
           out
           of
           his
           Empire
           :
           For
           which
           he
           was
           so
           far
           from
           being
           blamed
           by
           any
           Christian
           in
           those
           times
           ,
           even
           by
           those
           that
           had
           been
           
           Licinius's
           Subjects
           ,
           as
           most
           of
           those
           Bishops
           were
           that
           sate
           in
           the
           Nicene
           Council
           ,
           that
           they
           all
           gave
           him
           the
           highest
           Praises
           and
           Encomiums
           ,
           and
           Blessed
           God
           that
           had
           sent
           them
           that
           happy
           Deliverance
           by
           his
           means
           .
           Eusebius
           was
           
           Licinius's
           Subject
           ,
           and
           he
           afterwards
           writ
           the
           Life
           of
           Constantine
           the
           Great
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           that
           please
           may
           read
           whole
           Chapters
           to
           this
           purpose
           .
           
        
         
         
           §
           .
           41.
           
           As
           that
           is
           a
           Just
           War
           which
           is
           made
           
           upon
           Just
           and
           sufficient
           Cause
           ,
           so
           the
           Effect
           of
           such
           a
           War
           being
           a
           Conquest
           ,
           is
           Just
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           Fourth
           thing
           we
           are
           to
           consider
           .
        
         
           Conquest
           being
           the
           way
           by
           which
           a
           Kingdom
           or
           Dominion
           is
           taken
           from
           a
           Sovereign
           Prince
           a
           against
           his
           Will
           ,
           and
           by
           which
           another
           Prince
           gets
           it
           into
           his
           Possession
           ;
           as
           often
           as
           this
           happens
           ,
           there
           arises
           a
           Question
           between
           the
           two
           Princes
           ,
           whether
           of
           them
           hath
           a
           Right
           to
           that
           Kingdom
           or
           Dominion
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           deciding
           of
           this
           Question
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           by
           such
           a
           Law
           as
           is
           common
           to
           both
           the
           Parties
           ,
           whose
           Rights
           are
           to
           be
           judg'd
           by
           it
           .
           That
           cannot
           be
           the
           Law
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           for
           though
           the
           Prince
           that
           is
           disseiz'd
           
           was
           obliged
           by
           that
           Law
           while
           he
           was
           in
           Possession
           ,
           yet
           now
           it
           seems
           he
           is
           not
           ;
           and
           it
           never
           was
           a
           Law
           to
           the
           Prince
           that
           is
           now
           in
           his
           place
           .
           It
           must
           therefore
           be
           a
           Superior
           Law
           ,
           such
           as
           is
           common
           to
           all
           Sovereign
           Princes
           in
           their
           Affairs
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           that
           (
           as
           hath
           been
           b
           already
           shewn
           )
           is
           ordinarily
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           .
        
         
           I
           say
           Ordinarily
           ,
           because
           there
           is
           yet
           a
           Superior
           Law
           ,
           namely
           ,
           the
           Law
           of
           God
           ;
           whether
           written
           in
           our
           Hearts
           ,
           which
           we
           commonly
           call
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           ;
           or
           whether
           an
           express
           Revelation
           from
           God
           ,
           such
           as
           was
           sometimes
           given
           to
           Men
           in
           ancient
           Times
           ;
           either
           of
           these
           may
           derogate
           from
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           :
           For
           this
           ,
           being
           made
           up
           of
           Customs
           observ'd
           by
           Princes
           and
           States
           among
           themselves
           ,
           is
           always
           subject
           to
           the
           will
           of
           him
           that
           is
           Lord
           of
           Lords
           and
           King
           of
           Kings
           .
           But
           whether
           ,
           or
           how
           far
           ,
           this
           may
           alter
           the
           case
           ,
           will
           be
           considered
           afterwards
           ;
           at
           present
           we
           are
           only
           to
           consider
           what
           Judgment
           can
           be
           made
           of
           it
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           42.
           
           By
           this
           it
           seems
           to
           be
           plain
           ,
           that
           the
           Right
           should
           go
           along
           with
           the
           compleat
           Possession
           :
           
           
           So
           as
           that
           wheresoever
           this
           is
           once
           settled
           ,
           whether
           by
           length
           of
           time
           ,
           or
           even
           sooner
           by
           a
           general
           Consent
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           there
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           presum'd
           there
           is
           a
           Right
           ,
           at
           least
           there
           ought
           to
           be
           no
           farther
           Dispute
           of
           it
           .
           There
           seems
           to
           be
           the
           same
           Reason
           for
           this
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           for
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           it self
           ;
           for
           if
           that
           Law
           was
           ordain'd
           for
           the
           Peace
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           this
           quieting
           of
           Possession
           must
           be
           a
           part
           of
           it
           ,
           for
           there
           can
           be
           no
           end
           of
           Wars
           otherwise
           .
        
         
           Accordingly
           we
           see
           ,
           in
           a
           Dispute
           between
           Gods
           Ancient
           People
           the
           Jews
           ,
           and
           the
           Heathen
           Nations
           about
           them
           ,
           when
           they
           differ'd
           about
           a
           Title
           to
           Land
           ,
           it
           was
           agreed
           ,
           that
           whatsoever
           Conquest
           they
           had
           made
           on
           either
           side
           ,
           they
           should
           hold
           it
           as
           being
           given
           them
           by
           their
           God.
           This
           appears
           by
           
           Jephtha's
           Speech
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Ammon
           that
           
           had
           Chemosh
           for
           his
           God
           ;
           
             Wilt
             not
             thou
             possess
             that
             which
          
           Chemosh
           
             thy
             God
             giveth
             thee
             to
             possess
             ?
             So
             whomsoever
             the
             Lord
             our
             God
             shall
             drive
             out
             from
             before
             us
             ,
             them
             will
             we
             possess
             .
          
        
         
           That
           's
           a
           plain
           Evidence
           ,
           so
           far
           as
           it
           goes
           .
           But
           that
           is
           only
           for
           part
           of
           a
           Country
           .
           But
           we
           have
           as
           great
           Proof
           ,
           that
           God
           gives
           
           even
           Kingdoms
           in
           this
           manner
           ,
           Dan.
           II.
           21.
           
           
           There
           Daniel
           having
           receiv'd
           a
           full
           Account
           from
           God
           ,
           of
           a
           Vision
           which
           King
           Nebuchadnezzar
           had
           seen
           ,
           and
           forgot
           ;
           when
           he
           saw
           what
           it
           was
           ,
           that
           it
           contain'd
           the
           Fates
           of
           Empires
           that
           were
           to
           grow
           up
           successively
           in
           the
           World
           ;
           he
           adores
           the
           Majesty
           of
           God
           ,
           with
           an
           humble
           Confession
           of
           his
           Prerogative
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           ,
           
             It
             is
             He
             that
             changes
             the
             Times
             and
             the
             Seasons
             :
             It
             is
             He
             that
             removes
             Kings
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             Kings
             .
          
           Both
           these
           ways
           of
           Expression
           signifie
           one
           and
           the
           same
           thing
           .
           For
           the
           Chaldeans
           reckon'd
           
             the
             Times
             and
             the
             Seasons
          
           by
           the
           Years
           of
           their
           Kings
           Reigns
           ,
           as
           we
           do
           by
           the
           Years
           of
           our
           Kings
           Reigns
           at
           this
           day
           .
           And
           therefore
           according
           to
           the
           Change
           of
           their
           Kings
           ,
           there
           was
           also
           a
           change
           of
           
             the
             Times
             and
             the
             Seasons
          
           .
        
         
           They
           were
           the
           Changes
           of
           Four
           great
           Empires
           ,
           which
           God
           here
           considered
           ,
           not
           as
           being
           the
           greatest
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           but
           as
           being
           those
           to
           which
           his
           People
           were
           to
           be
           subject
           .
           They
           were
           subject
           successively
           to
           those
           Four
           great
           Empires
           ,
           of
           the
           Babylonians
           ,
           the
           Persians
           ,
           the
           Greeks
           ,
           and
           the
           Romans
           .
           Those
           Four
           are
           understood
           in
           this
           
           Vision
           ,
           by
           Josephus
           ,
           and
           by
           all
           the
           Jews
           that
           
           have
           written
           ,
           and
           by
           all
           the
           Primitive
           Christians
           .
           But
           these
           words
           ,
           being
           so
           understood
           ,
           afford
           us
           a
           plain
           Instance
           of
           this
           Doctrine
           .
        
         
           They
           shew
           that
           it
           is
           by
           way
           of
           Conquest
           that
           God
           
             puts
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             another
             .
          
           For
           so
           the
           Babylonian
           Empire
           was
           put
           down
           by
           Cyrus
           ,
           who
           set
           up
           the
           Persian
           in
           its
           stead
           .
           The
           Persian
           Empire
           was
           put
           down
           in
           their
           last
           King
           Darius
           ,
           and
           Alexander
           set
           up
           the
           Macedon
           in
           its
           stead
           ,
           The
           Macedon
           Kingdom
           was
           put
           down
           in
           their
           last
           King
           Perseus
           ,
           and
           the
           Roman
           was
           set
           up
           in
           its
           stead
           .
        
         
           All
           these
           Kingdoms
           were
           changed
           by
           Conquests
           that
           they
           made
           one
           upon
           another
           .
           And
           so
           it
           was
           by
           those
           Conquests
           ,
           that
           God
           
             removed
             Kings
             ,
             and
             set
             up
             Kings
             .
          
           Which
           ,
           though
           we
           see
           not
           yet
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           any
           more
           than
           by
           the
           Permissive
           Providence
           of
           God
           ;
           yet
           that
           was
           enough
           to
           make
           the
           People
           of
           God
           become
           Subjects
           to
           those
           Kings
           that
           came
           in
           by
           no
           other
           Title
           .
        
         
           I
           do
           not
           say
           but
           they
           would
           have
           opposed
           the
           making
           of
           one
           of
           those
           Conquests
           ,
           namely
           ,
           that
           of
           Alexander
           the
           Great
           ,
           because
           King
           
           Darius
           was
           then
           living
           .
           But
           when
           they
           saw
           they
           could
           not
           Oppose
           ,
           the
           Conquest
           being
           already
           made
           ,
           then
           Just
           or
           Unjust
           ,
           they
           submitted
           to
           it
           ;
           and
           having
           submitted
           ,
           they
           were
           subject
           without
           any
           more
           Controversie
           .
           
        
         
           Therefore
           also
           Just
           and
           Religious
           Kings
           have
           reckoned
           their
           a
           Conquests
           〈◊〉
           the
           great
           things
           that
           God
           wrought
           in
           〈◊〉
           means
           ;
           and
           accounted
           them
           as
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           Subjects
           whom
           they
           had
           gain'd
           by
           〈◊〉
           b
           Sword
           ,
           as
           them
           that
           were
           born
           in
           th●●●
           Dominions
           .
        
         
         
           Therefore
           also
           God
           hath
           commanded
           his
           People
           to
           give
           Obedience
           to
           the
           Kings
           that
           came
           in
           by
           Conquest
           ,
           without
           any
           other
           Title
           .
           Nay
           to
           such
           as
           were
           capable
           of
           no
           other
           ,
           for
           they
           were
           a
           forbidden
           
             to
             set
             a
             Stranger
             over
             them
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             their
             Brother
             .
          
           And
           yet
           they
           were
           Subjects
           to
           Strangers
           ,
           such
           as
           
             Cushan
             ,
             Eglon
          
           ,
           and
           Jabin
           ,
           &c.
           
           And
           in
           
           Zedekia's
           time
           God
           b
           commanded
           them
           upon
           pain
           of
           Death
           to
           become
           the
           Subjects
           of
           Nebuchadnezzar
           ,
           who
           had
           made
           a
           full
           Conquest
           over
           them
           ,
           and
           held
           their
           Lawful
           King
           Jeconia
           then
           in
           Captivity
           .
           This
           is
           plainly
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           that
           c
           Convocation
           which
           sate
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           King
           James
           I.
           his
           time
           ;
           and
           therefore
           it
           cannot
           but
           be
           very
           Unjust
           to
           charge
           any
           Man
           with
           Singularity
           or
           Novelty
           ,
           that
           goes
           in
           the
           Steps
           of
           so
           many
           and
           so
           great
           Authors
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           43.
           
           Yet
           it
           cannot
           be
           denied
           that
           many
           others
           ,
           
           and
           those
           also
           Men
           of
           great
           Learning
           and
           Judgment
           ,
           have
           not
           gone
           on
           so
           smooth
           with
           this
           Doctrine
           ;
           they
           think
           it
           gives
           too
           much
           to
           the
           Success
           of
           a
           War
           ,
           without
           due
           regard
           to
           the
           Cause
           on
           which
           it
           was
           made
           .
           But
           it
           is
           the
           Cause
           that
           makes
           a
           War
           either
           Just
           
           or
           Unjust
           :
           And
           though
           the
           Events
           of
           both
           these
           may
           be
           the
           same
           ,
           for
           either
           of
           them
           may
           end
           in
           a
           Conquest
           ,
           by
           which
           God
           
             puts
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             another
          
           ;
           yet
           whether
           this
           be
           Justly
           obtained
           ,
           or
           Unjustly
           ,
           it
           makes
           a
           great
           Difference
           .
        
         
           For
           whereas
           the
           latter
           happens
           through
           the
           Judgment
           of
           God
           ,
           for
           the
           Punishing
           of
           a
           Sinful
           Prince
           or
           Nation
           ,
           it
           doth
           not
           appear
           that
           he
           that
           is
           the
           Instrument
           of
           this
           ,
           acquires
           any
           Right
           by
           it
           ;
           more
           that
           those
           Pirates
           or
           Robbers
           ,
           who
           are
           Instrumental
           likewise
           ,
           in
           the
           Punishing
           of
           Inferior
           Transgressors
           .
           And
           if
           God
           gives
           no
           Right
           to
           him
           whom
           he
           sets
           up
           ,
           then
           it
           remains
           still
           in
           him
           whom
           he
           has
           put
           down
           :
           So
           that
           he
           is
           rightful
           King
           still
           ;
           though
           he
           is
           out
           of
           Possession
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           is
           but
           an
           Usurper
           that
           is
           in
           Possession
           .
        
         
           In
           this
           Case
           ,
           if
           the
           Usurper
           has
           no
           Pretence
           of
           Right
           ,
           no
           Prescription
           of
           time
           ,
           no
           Consent
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           but
           only
           an
           unjust
           Possession
           ;
           how
           a
           Subject
           ought
           to
           behave
           himself
           towards
           him
           ,
           even
           this
           is
           a
           DIFFICULT
           a
           QUESTION
           ,
           in
           a
           most
           learned
           Man's
           Judgment
           :
           Who
           yet
           b
           Judges
           ,
           that
           
           even
           here
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           not
           only
           Lawful
           ,
           but
           a
           Duty
           ,
           to
           obey
           him
           that
           is
           in
           Possession
           ;
           when
           the
           Legal
           King
           is
           reduced
           to
           that
           pass
           ,
           that
           he
           can
           no
           more
           do
           the
           Office
           of
           a
           King
           to
           his
           People
           .
           For
           (
           saith
           he
           )
           the
           Kingdom
           cannot
           be
           without
           Government
           ,
           and
           if
           the
           Usurper
           preserves
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           a
           Lover
           of
           his
           Country
           ought
           not
           (
           as
           things
           are
           )
           to
           give
           any
           farther
           cause
           of
           trouble
           by
           his
           unprofitable
           Contumacy
           .
           But
           then
           put
           case
           the
           Usurper
           hath
           Sworn
           the
           People
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           doth
           the
           Office
           of
           a
           King
           ,
           which
           (
           it
           seems
           )
           in
           his
           Judgment
           doth
           not
           take
           away
           the
           Duty
           that
           is
           owing
           to
           that
           former
           King
           ;
           how
           one
           can
           pay
           his
           Duty
           to
           both
           the
           expel'd
           Legal
           King
           ,
           and
           to
           such
           an
           Usurper
           .
           This
           our
           Author
           says
           is
           
             A
             MOST
             DIFFICULT
             SCRUPLE
          
           ;
           and
           so
           it
           seems
           ,
           both
           by
           his
           ,
           and
           our
           most
           Learned
           Casuist's
           
           handling
           the
           Question
           ,
           where
           they
           shew
           how
           far
           one
           ought
           ,
           and
           how
           far
           one
           ought
           not
           ,
           to
           comply
           with
           such
           an
           Usurpation
           .
        
         
           But
           these
           Difficulties
           are
           only
           in
           case
           the
           Possession
           is
           obtained
           by
           a
           War
           that
           was
           certainly
           unjust
           ;
           for
           if
           the
           Cause
           of
           the
           War
           was
           but
           doubtful
           ,
           and
           a
           Conquest
           
           follows
           upon
           it
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           place
           for
           these
           Difficulties
           :
           Much
           less
           where
           the
           cause
           of
           War
           was
           certainly
           Just
           ,
           for
           if
           a
           Conquest
           follows
           upon
           this
           ,
           it
           gives
           a
           Right
           ,
           and
           then
           there
           is
           no
           Usurpation
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           44.
           
           We
           judge
           of
           doubtful
           things
           by
           those
           
           that
           are
           certain
           ,
           and
           therefore
           to
           speak
           of
           these
           first
           :
           Being
           certain
           that
           the
           Cause
           of
           War
           is
           Just
           ,
           we
           are
           as
           certain
           of
           the
           Effect
           of
           it
           .
           So
           that
           if
           it
           be
           suffer'd
           to
           run
           on
           to
           a
           Conquest
           ,
           this
           also
           is
           Just
           ;
           and
           we
           ought
           to
           look
           upon
           it
           as
           the
           Execution
           of
           a
           Sentence
           of
           God
           ,
           by
           which
           ,
           acting
           as
           a
           Judge
           in
           the
           way
           of
           Justice
           ,
           
             he
             puts
             down
             one
             ,
             and
             sets
             up
             another
             .
          
           And
           this
           being
           follow'd
           by
           the
           a
           Peoples
           attorning
           their
           Allegiance
           ,
           the
           Right
           is
           as
           fully
           b
           settled
           in
           him
           that
           comes
           in
           in
           this
           manner
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           came
           in
           by
           the
           ordinary
           way
           of
           Succession
           .
        
         
         
           §
           .
           45.
           
           The
           Right
           of
           a
           Conquest
           being
           so
           clear
           
           when
           the
           Justice
           of
           the
           War
           is
           certain
           ,
           there
           is
           the
           less
           to
           be
           said
           of
           the
           Case
           when
           there
           
           is
           a
           doubtful
           Cause
           of
           War.
           If
           the
           Effect
           of
           such
           a
           War
           be
           a
           Conquest
           ,
           it
           is
           evident
           that
           the
           Right
           of
           this
           Conquest
           ought
           to
           be
           judged
           of
           very
           favourably
           ;
           for
           he
           that
           hath
           Conquered
           is
           now
           in
           Possession
           .
           And
           therefore
           according
           to
           that
           common
           Saying
           ,
           which
           is
           most
           true
           in
           this
           case
           ,
           He
           hath
           Eleven
           Points
           of
           the
           Law.
           But
           beside
           ,
           if
           (
           as
           it
           commonly
           happens
           )
           one
           of
           the
           two
           must
           be
           obey'd
           ;
           either
           he
           that
           is
           driven
           out
           ,
           or
           he
           that
           comes
           in
           his
           stead
           ;
           the
           Matter
           being
           so
           doubtful
           between
           them
           ;
           then
           ,
           as
           it
           seems
           most
           reasonable
           that
           Obedience
           should
           be
           paid
           to
           the
           latter
           ,
           as
           having
           all
           the
           Advantage
           of
           Law
           on
           his
           side
           ,
           so
           it
           is
           plainly
           necessary
           for
           the
           Peace
           and
           Tranquility
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           which
           cannot
           well
           be
           settled
           otherwise
           .
           Thus
           it
           was
           judged
           by
           our
           great
           a
           Casuist
           ,
           in
           a
           Question
           of
           Hereditary
           Right
           between
           two
           or
           more
           Competitors
           ;
           that
           as
           long
           as
           they
           are
           yet
           in
           Dispute
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           
             It
             is
             the
             Duty
             of
             one
             that
             loves
             his
             Country
             ,
             to
             obey
             him
             that
             is
             in
             Possession
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             as
             his
             Lawful
             Prince
             .
          
        
         
         
           §
           .
           46.
           
           Upon
           this
           Ground
           it
           has
           been
           a
           commonly
           judg'd
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           that
           the
           Right
           goes
           along
           with
           the
           Possession
           .
           Of
           this
           we
           see
           Examples
           in
           every
           Revolution
           that
           happens
           in
           this
           or
           any
           other
           Kingdom
           .
           When
           a
           King
           is
           driven
           out
           with
           any
           colour
           of
           Right
           ,
           the
           Neighbouring
           Princes
           and
           States
           make
           no
           great
           Difficulty
           of
           applying
           themselves
           to
           him
           that
           comes
           in
           his
           stead
           ;
           wherein
           though
           perhaps
           they
           too
           much
           follow
           their
           own
           Interest
           ,
           yet
           it
           cannot
           be
           said
           that
           what
           they
           do
           is
           against
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           .
           But
           what
           should
           Subjects
           do
           in
           this
           Case
           ?
           Of
           this
           we
           have
           an
           Example
           in
           the
           People
           of
           God
           ,
           when
           they
           pass'd
           successively
           under
           the
           Yoak
           of
           those
           four
           great
           Monarchs
           that
           were
           b
           formerly
           mention'd
           .
           It
           is
           likely
           that
           each
           of
           those
           Kings
           that
           got
           the
           Power
           over
           them
           ,
           first
           declar'd
           the
           Cause
           of
           the
           War
           that
           he
           made
           upon
           their
           former
           Lords
           .
           In
           that
           Case
           ,
           though
           they
           could
           not
           judge
           of
           the
           Cause
           ,
           whether
           it
           was
           Just
           of
           Unjust
           ,
           
           yet
           no
           doubt
           they
           did
           well
           in
           adhering
           to
           him
           that
           was
           in
           present
           Possession
           .
           Thus
           we
           see
           they
           did
           to
           Darius
           ,
           till
           such
           time
           as
           they
           found
           themselves
           in
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Enemy
           :
           but
           then
           ,
           the
           same
           Reason
           being
           turn'd
           on
           his
           side
           ,
           they
           thought
           it
           necessary
           to
           preserve
           themselves
           and
           their
           Country
           ,
           by
           yielding
           to
           him
           ,
           who
           had
           a
           Just
           Cause
           of
           War
           for
           ought
           they
           knew
           ,
           and
           so
           far
           as
           they
           could
           judge
           by
           the
           Success
           ,
           it
           had
           Gods
           Approbation
           .
           
        
         
           To
           a
           People
           that
           are
           in
           such
           a
           case
           ,
           it
           is
           no
           small
           Comfort
           ,
           that
           whatsoever
           doubt
           they
           may
           have
           of
           the
           Cause
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           yet
           there
           is
           no
           doubt
           at
           all
           concerning
           their
           Duty
           .
           There
           is
           nothing
           more
           certain
           than
           this
           ,
           that
           they
           ought
           to
           preserve
           themselves
           ,
           if
           they
           can
           do
           it
           Lawfully
           .
           But
           it
           is
           Lawful
           for
           them
           to
           forbear
           Fighting
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           unsatisfied
           of
           the
           Cause
           :
           And
           if
           their
           own
           Prince
           is
           not
           able
           to
           protect
           them
           ,
           it
           is
           lawful
           
           for
           them
           to
           take
           protection
           elsewhere
           .
           Therefore
           ,
           in
           Case
           of
           Invasion
           for
           a
           Cause
           which
           is
           just
           for
           ought
           they
           know
           ,
           it
           is
           lawful
           for
           them
           to
           live
           quietly
           under
           the
           Invader
           :
           nay
           it
           is
           not
           only
           Lawful
           ,
           but
           their
           Duty
           (
           as
           hath
           been
           a
           already
           shewn
           ,
           )
           to
           acquiesce
           in
           his
           Government
           ,
           when
           he
           comes
           to
           be
           in
           Possession
           .
        
         
           §
           .
           47.
           
           But
           when
           they
           are
           certain
           that
           a
           War
           
           is
           made
           upon
           their
           Prince
           for
           just
           Cause
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           when
           they
           plainly
           see
           he
           hath
           drawn
           it
           upon
           himself
           ,
           by
           making
           it
           b
           not
           only
           Lawful
           ,
           but
           Necessary
           for
           another
           Prince
           to
           invade
           him
           for
           his
           own
           Preservation
           ;
           What
           are
           the
           People
           to
           do
           in
           this
           Case
           ?
           No
           doubt
           they
           ought
           first
           to
           have
           a
           care
           of
           their
           Souls
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           endanger
           them
           by
           being
           Partakers
           of
           other
           Men's
           Sins
           .
           They
           cannot
           but
           see
           ,
           that
           ,
           by
           engaging
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           they
           abet
           their
           own
           Prince
           in
           his
           injustice
           ;
           though
           not
           in
           his
           doing
           the
           Injury
           ,
           yet
           in
           continuing
           what
           is
           done
           ,
           and
           in
           his
           not
           giving
           Reparation
           .
           And
           therefore
           they
           are
           subject
           to
           the
           same
           Punishment
           with
           him
           .
           Nay
           their
           Condition
           is
           worse
           then
           his
           :
           For
           he
           may
           shift
           for
           himself
           ,
           and
           leave
           them
           and
           all
           they
           
           have
           to
           be
           a
           Prey
           to
           the
           Enemy
           :
           Who
           by
           right
           of
           War
           may
           do
           with
           them
           and
           theirs
           what
           he
           pleases
           .
           It
           is
           therefore
           certainly
           their
           wisest
           Course
           to
           keep
           themselves
           free
           from
           all
           Offence
           ,
           both
           towards
           God
           and
           towards
           Man
           :
           That
           having
           had
           no
           part
           in
           the
           Cause
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           they
           may
           not
           be
           involv'd
           in
           the
           ill
           Consequences
           of
           it
           .
           And
           this
           they
           have
           reason
           to
           expect
           from
           a
           Generous
           Enemy
           ,
           that
           he
           will
           not
           use
           the
           Right
           a
           of
           War
           against
           them
           that
           desire
           to
           live
           peaceably
           .
           Much
           more
           ,
           if
           he
           hath
           declar'd
           he
           would
           not
           hurt
           them
           that
           should
           not
           resist
           him
           ,
           they
           have
           Reason
           to
           trust
           a
           just
           Prince
           upon
           his
           Declaration
           .
           And
           if
           he
           went
           so
           far
           as
           to
           declare
           ,
           that
           upon
           their
           Submission
           they
           should
           enjoy
           the
           benefit
           of
           their
           own
           Laws
           ;
           then
           ,
           although
           it
           should
           come
           to
           a
           Conquest
           ,
           they
           may
           reasonably
           expect
           to
           be
           in
           no
           worse
           condition
           under
           the
           Stranger
           ,
           then
           they
           were
           under
           their
           own
           Prince
           :
           They
           have
           his
           Faith
           engaged
           to
           them
           for
           this
           .
        
         
           But
           if
           the
           Stranger
           declares
           he
           makes
           War
           in
           defence
           of
           another
           King's
           Subjects
           ,
           as
           (
           we
           have
           b
           shewn
           ,
           )
           he
           may
           lawfully
           do
           ,
           when
           he
           
           finds
           himself
           in
           danger
           of
           suffering
           by
           that
           King's
           Oppression
           of
           his
           own
           People
           ;
           in
           this
           Case
           ,
           they
           are
           first
           to
           consider
           ,
           whether
           it
           is
           a
           meer
           pretence
           ,
           or
           whether
           there
           be
           a
           reall
           ground
           for
           his
           Declaration
           .
           If
           they
           find
           there
           is
           a
           just
           and
           sufficient
           ground
           for
           it
           ,
           they
           see
           in
           effect
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           through
           Them
           that
           he
           is
           struck
           at
           ;
           and
           therefore
           the
           War
           is
           not
           so
           much
           His
           ,
           as
           their
           own
           .
           It
           is
           true
           according
           to
           our
           a
           Doctrine
           ,
           they
           are
           united
           to
           their
           Prince
           as
           a
           Wife
           to
           her
           Husband
           ;
           so
           that
           they
           can
           no
           more
           right
           themselves
           by
           Arms
           ,
           then
           she
           can
           sue
           her
           Husband
           while
           the
           bond
           of
           Mariage
           continues
           .
           Yet
           as
           ,
           when
           her
           Husband
           uses
           her
           extremely
           ill
           ,
           she
           may
           complain
           of
           him
           to
           the
           Judge
           ,
           who
           ,
           if
           he
           see
           's
           Cause
           ,
           may
           dissolve
           the
           Mariage
           by
           his
           Sentence
           ;
           and
           after
           that
           she
           is
           at
           liberty
           to
           sue
           him
           as
           well
           as
           any
           other
           Man
           :
           So
           a
           People
           may
           cry
           to
           the
           Lord
           by
           Reason
           of
           their
           Oppression
           ,
           and
           he
           
           may
           raise
           them
           up
           a
           Deliverer
           ,
           that
           shall
           take
           the
           Government
           into
           his
           hands
           ;
           (
           a
           Foreign
           
           Prince
           may
           lawfully
           do
           this
           ,
           as
           hath
           been
           b
           already
           shewn
           ;
           )
           and
           then
           they
           are
           not
           only
           free
           to
           defend
           themselves
           ,
           
           but
           are
           oblig'd
           to
           joyn
           with
           Him
           ,
           against
           their
           Oppressor
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           People's
           Union
           with
           their
           Prince
           ;
           though
           it
           cannot
           be
           dissolv'd
           but
           by
           a
           Sentence
           from
           God
           ;
           yet
           by
           the
           Prince's
           own
           Act
           it
           may
           be
           so
           loosend
           ,
           that
           it
           may
           be
           next
           to
           dissolution
           .
           The
           Laws
           are
           the
           Bond
           of
           Union
           between
           Prince
           and
           People
           :
           By
           these
           ,
           as
           the
           Prince
           holds
           his
           Prerogative
           ,
           so
           do
           the
           People
           their
           just
           Rights
           and
           Liberties
           .
           Now
           suppose
           a
           People
           so
           Opprest
           by
           their
           Prince
           ,
           that
           their
           Laws
           being
           trodden
           under
           foot
           ,
           they
           are
           in
           danger
           of
           losing
           not
           only
           their
           Temporal
           Rights
           ,
           but
           ,
           as
           much
           as
           can
           be
           ,
           their
           Eternal
           :
           In
           this
           Case
           ,
           there
           's
           no
           doubt
           that
           the
           Oppressor
           and
           the
           Oppressed
           become
           two
           Parties
           ,
           being
           distinguisht
           by
           the
           most
           different
           Interests
           that
           can
           be
           in
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           §
           .
           48.
           
           In
           this
           Case
           ,
           if
           another
           Prince
           ,
           having
           a
           just
           Cause
           of
           War
           ,
           is
           so
           far
           Concern'd
           for
           
           such
           a
           People
           ,
           as
           to
           take
           them
           into
           his
           Care
           ,
           and
           to
           declare
           that
           he
           makes
           the
           War
           for
           their
           Deliverance
           :
           The
           Effect
           of
           this
           War
           ,
           though
           We
           may
           call
           it
           a
           Conquest
           ,
           because
           it
           has
           Resemblance
           of
           it
           ,
           yet
           it
           cannot
           be
           properly
           so
           in
           any
           respect
           ;
           whether
           we
           
           consider
           the
           Prince
           on
           whom
           it
           is
           made
           ,
           or
           the
           People
           that
           have
           their
           Deliverance
           by
           it
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           Him
           ,
           it
           is
           properly
           an
           a
           Eviction
           by
           the
           just
           Sentence
           of
           God
           ;
           who
           thus
           put
           's
           him
           out
           of
           a
           Trust
           ,
           that
           he
           abus'd
           to
           the
           hurt
           of
           them
           for
           whose
           sakes
           it
           was
           given
           him
           .
           And
           as
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           it
           cannot
           be
           a
           Conquest
           over
           them
           ,
           who
           are
           so
           far
           from
           having
           the
           War
           made
           against
           them
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           made
           chiefly
           for
           their
           sakes
           .
           If
           there
           be
           any
           pretence
           of
           a
           Conquest
           ,
           it
           is
           only
           over
           them
           that
           were
           their
           Oppressors
           .
           But
           as
           for
           them
           that
           were
           Opprest
           ,
           it
           makes
           altogether
           on
           their
           side
           ;
           So
           that
           They
           are
           the
           Conquerors
           in
           Effect
           ,
           for
           they
           have
           the
           Benefit
           of
           it
           :
           And
           he
           that
           obtain'd
           this
           for
           them
           hath
           a
           much
           more
           glorious
           Title
           then
           that
           of
           a
           Conqueror
           ,
           for
           he
           is
           properly
           their
           RESTORER
           and
           DELIVERER
           .
        
         
           Thus
           it
           has
           been
           always
           judg'd
           by
           the
           People
           of
           God
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           easy
           to
           shew
           in
           many
           Instances
           ;
           but
           very
           few
           may
           suffice
           ,
           when
           there
           is
           none
           to
           be
           produc'd
           on
           the
           Contrary
           .
        
         
           For
           that
           b
           former
           Doctrin
           ,
           We
           have
           the
           Example
           of
           the
           Jewish
           Church
           in
           the
           
           Time
           of
           Alexander
           the
           Great
           .
           When
           by
           his
           Victory
           at
           Issus
           ,
           he
           had
           driven
           Darius
           out
           of
           Syria
           ,
           the
           Jews
           yielded
           to
           him
           .
           They
           had
           had
           no
           part
           in
           the
           War.
           Even
           for
           that
           Reason
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           use
           the
           Right
           of
           Conquest
           upon
           them
           .
           He
           requir'd
           nothing
           more
           at
           their
           hands
           ,
           but
           that
           they
           should
           pay
           him
           the
           same
           Duties
           that
           they
           had
           paid
           to
           Darius
           ,
           and
           that
           as
           many
           of
           them
           as
           pleas'd
           should
           serve
           him
           in
           his
           Wars
           :
           Both
           which
           Conditions
           they
           accepted
           ,
           and
           perform'd
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           his
           Natural
           Subjects
           .
        
         
           Much
           more
           in
           that
           Case
           of
           
           Cyrus's
           Conquest
           .
           When
           he
           had
           taken
           Babylon
           ,
           where
           the
           Jews
           were
           in
           a
           state
           of
           Captivity
           ;
           did
           he
           use
           the
           Right
           of
           Conquest
           over
           them
           ?
           Did
           he
           sell
           them
           for
           Slaves
           ,
           or
           take
           away
           what
           they
           had
           ?
           So
           far
           he
           was
           from
           it
           ,
           that
           he
           restor'd
           them
           from
           their
           Captivity
           .
           Having
           understood
           from
           their
           Prophets
           ,
           that
           God
           had
           given
           him
           those
           Successes
           for
           their
           sakes
           ;
           he
           did
           not
           look
           upon
           them
           as
           a
           Conquer'd
           People
           ,
           but
           as
           them
           whom
           God
           sent
           Him
           to
           deliver
           :
           And
           treated
           them
           accordingly
           ,
           with
           all
           Possible
           kindness
           and
           obligation
           .
        
         
         
           But
           there
           are
           no
           Examples
           more
           to
           be
           observ'd
           by
           us
           Christians
           ,
           then
           those
           that
           happen'd
           in
           the
           Time
           of
           Constantin
           the
           Great
           ;
           both
           because
           he
           was
           the
           first
           Christian
           Emperor
           ,
           and
           because
           the
           first
           General
           Council
           was
           held
           in
           his
           Reign
           .
           Now
           in
           those
           times
           of
           the
           purest
           Christianity
           ,
           we
           find
           not
           that
           in
           any
           of
           those
           Countries
           which
           he
           had
           gain'd
           by
           the
           Sword
           ,
           any
           Christian
           had
           the
           least
           scruple
           concerning
           his
           Right
           to
           the
           Government
           :
           nay
           they
           welcom'd
           him
           to
           it
           with
           all
           Demonstrations
           of
           Joy.
           And
           though
           he
           had
           acquir'd
           a
           Title
           to
           it
           by
           the
           Expulsion
           of
           those
           Princes
           that
           had
           been
           their
           Oppressors
           ,
           and
           so
           might
           have
           taken
           it
           upon
           him
           as
           a
           Conqueror
           ,
           which
           Title
           he
           seem'd
           to
           a
           affect
           upon
           other
           Occasions
           ;
           yet
           where
           he
           had
           declar'd
           his
           Cause
           of
           War
           to
           be
           for
           a
           Peoples
           Deliverance
           ,
           this
           being
           so
           just
           and
           so
           honorable
           a
           Title
           ,
           he
           us'd
           it
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           no
           other
           ,
           in
           all
           his
           Inscriptions
           .
           
        
         
         
           There
           might
           be
           given
           many
           other
           Instances
           of
           this
           kind
           :
           But
           these
           are
           enough
           ,
           to
           sh●w
           that
           one
           and
           the
           same
           Person
           may
           Conquer
           and
           drive
           out
           an
           oppressing
           Prince
           ,
           and
           yet
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           Subjects
           of
           that
           Prince
           ,
           he
           may
           have
           no
           Right
           of
           Conquest
           ;
           but
           that
           which
           is
           much
           better
           ,
           the
           best
           that
           can
           be
           now
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           the
           Right
           of
           a
           RESTORER
           &
           DELIVERER
           of
           His
           People
           .
           
        
         
         
           The
           End
           of
           the
           first
           Part.
           
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           A
           CATALOGUE
           OF
           BOOKS
           .
        
         
           Printed
           for
           
             T.
             Jones
          
           ,
           at
           the
           White-Horse
           .
           without
           Temple-Bar
           ,
           1691.
           
        
         
           A
           Letter
           to
           Dr
           Sherlock
           ,
           in
           Vindication
           of
           his
           late
           Book
           ,
           Intituled
           
             The
             Case
             of
             Allegiance
          
           .
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           preach'd
           before
           the
           Queen
           ,
           January
           the
           30th
           .
           being
           the
           Day
           of
           the
           Martyrdom
           of
           King
           Charles
           I.
           By
           the
           Bishop
           of
           S.
           Asaph
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           newly
           Publish'd
           a
           Choice
           Collection
           of
           Ayrs
           for
           2
           and
           3
           Treble
           Flutes
           .
           Compos'd
           by
           the
           best
           Masters
           of
           Musick
           .
           Price
           2.
           shillings
           6.
           p.
           
        
         
      
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A48818-e910
           
             The
             Occasion
             of
             this
             Psalm
             .
          
           
             a
             Psal.
             LXXV
             .
             3.
             
          
           
             The
             scope
             of
             these
             words
             
          
           
             b
             Psal.
             LXXV
             .
             45.
             
          
           
             c
             Psal.
             LII
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             I.
             That
             all
             Power
             is
             from
             God.
             
          
           
             a
             In
             Aben-Ezra
             .
          
           
             b
             Psal.
             XLVIII
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             a
             Esa.
             XIV
             .
             13.
             
          
           
             
               (
               b
            
             )
             Psal.
             LXXXII
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             II.
             That
             he
             gives
             it
             Judicially
             .
          
           
             The
             Heads
             of
             the
             following
             Discourse
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             Institution
             of
             Government
             .
          
           
             a
             Rom.
             XIII
             .
             1
             ,
             2.
             
          
           
             b
             Rom.
             Xiii
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             
               (
               c
            
             )
             Vers.
             ●
             .
          
           
             God's
             ways
             of
             conferring
             Soverain
             Power
             .
          
           
             I
             Immediatly
             ,
             in
             the
             Patriarchs
             times
             .
          
           
             a
             Gen.
             X.
             32.
             
          
           
             b
             Gen.
             X.
             9.
             
          
           
             c
             Gen.
             Xxi●i
             .
             6.
             
          
           
             d
             Gen.
             Xvi
             5.
             
          
           
             e
             G●n
             .
             Xxv.
             23.
             
          
           
             a
             Exod.
             I.
             14.
             
          
           
             2
             In
             the
             Times
             of
             the
             Theocracy
             .
          
           
             b
             Exod.
             Xix.
             4
             ,
             5.
             2
             
             Sam.
             Xii
             .
             12.
             
          
           
             c
             Psal.
             Cxxiv
             .
             1
             ,
             2
             
          
           
             3
             In
             the
             Hereditary
             Kingdom
             of
             Israel
             .
          
           
             d
             1
             Sam.
             Viii.
             5.
             
          
           
             a
             1
             Sam.
             Xiii
             .
             13.
             
          
           
             b
             Ver.
             14.
             
          
           
             c
             1
             Chron.
             Xxviii
             .
             5.
             
          
           
             II
             Mediatly
             by
             consent
             of
             the
             People
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             ,
          
           
             I
             On
             account
             of
             Merit
             .
             Thus
             especially
             on
             Founders
             of
             Nations
             .
          
           
             a
             Exod.
             Xxxii
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             On
             first
             Planters
             .
          
           
             On
             Restorers
             and
             Deliverers
             .
          
           
             a
             1
             Macc.
             Xiv.
             41
             ,
             49.
             
          
           
             II
             On
             account
             of
             Favor
             .
          
           
             a
             Psal.
             Lxv.
             7.
             
          
           
             b
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             In
             the
             first
             Elections
             of
             Kings
             .
          
           
             a
             King
             
             James's
             Works
             ,
             pag.
             612.
             
             What
             God
             did
             directly
             by
             his
             Word
             and
             Oracle
             among
             his
             own
             People
             in
             the
             Election
             of
             Kings
             ,
             he
             did
             it
             only
             by
             his
             secret
             working
             in
             the
             Hearts
             of
             other
             Nations
             ,
             though
             themselves
             knew
             not
             whence
             those
             Motions
             came
             which
             God
             by
             his
             Finger
             writ
             in
             their
             Hearts
             .
          
           
             In
             Hereditary
             Successions
             .
          
           
             a
             
               Iren.
               adv
               .
               Haeres
               .
               V.
               24.
               
               
                 Cujus
                 jussu
                 homines
                 nascuntur
                 ,
                 hujus
                 jussu
                 &
                 Reges
                 constituuntur
                 .
              
               By
               whose
               Command
               they
               are
               born
               Men
               ,
               by
               his
               Command
               they
               are
               also
               made
               Kings
               .
            
             
               Tertull.
               Apologet.
               c.
               30.
               
               
                 Inde
                 est
                 Imperator
                 unde
                 &
                 homo
                 antequam
                 Imperator
                 ;
                 inde
                 Potest
                 as
                 illi
                 unde
                 &
                 Spiritus
                 .
              
               He
               is
               from
               thence
               made
               Emperor
               from
               whence
               he
               has
               also
               his
               Breath
               .
            
          
           
             In
             Elective
             Kingdoms
             .
          
           
             In
             Free
             States
             .
          
           
             a
             Plato
             de
             Legibus
             iii.
             Aristot
             Polit
             ▪
             l.
             3.
             
             Polyb.
             Hist.
             vi
             .
             There
             are
             others
             in
             Sanderson
             .
             de
             Oblig
             .
             Consc.
             vii
             .
             16.
             
          
           
             Of
             Transferring
             the
             Power
             from
             one
             to
             another
             .
          
           
             That
             this
             is
             the
             Act
             of
             God.
             
          
           
             a
             This
             is
             Protestant
             Doctrin
             .
             See
             Sanderson
             de
             Oblig
             .
             Conscient
             .
             Vii
             .
             20.
             
             Grot.
             de
             Jure
             B.
             &
             P.
             l.
             3.
             8
             
             :
             Pufendorf
             .
             de
             Jure
             Nat.
             &
             Gent.
             Vii
             .
             6.
             1.
             
             Popish
             Writers
             ,
             as
             
               Bellarmin
               ,
               Becan
            
             ,
             &c.
             teach
             otherwise
             .
             Suarez
             de
             Legibus
             III.
             4.
             6
             mentioning
             that
             Doctrin
             ,
             that
             a
             People
             may
             depose
             their
             King
             ,
             saith
             it
             is
             
               altogether
               false
            
             ;
             but
             corrects
             this
             afterward
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               nisi
               fortasse
               in
               Tyrannidem
               declinet
            
             ,
             unless
             he
             happen
             to
             become
             a
             Tyrant
             ;
             of
             which
             this
             Jesuit
             allows
             the
             People
             to
             be
             Judge
             .
             He
             might
             as
             well
             have
             agreed
             with
             his
             Fellows
             .
          
           
             By
             giving
             one
             a
             Conquest
             over
             the
             other
             .
          
           
             God
             gives
             a
             Conquest
             Judicially
             .
          
           
             a
             Psal.
             Lxxxii
             .
             I.
             
          
           
             I.
             By
             way
             of
             Judgment
             .
          
           
             a
             Psal.
             Lxxv.
             8.
             
          
           
             On
             Kings
             .
          
           
             a
             King
             
             James's
             Works
             ,
             pag.
             531.
             
             Every
             King
             ,
             in
             a
             setled
             Kingdom
             ,
             is
             bound
             to
             observe
             the
             Paction
             made
             to
             his
             People
             by
             his
             Laws
             ,
             in
             framing
             his
             Government
             agreeable
             thereunto
             .
             Ib.
             A
             King
             ,
             governing
             in
             a
             setled
             Kingdom
             ,
             leaves
             to
             be
             a
             King
             ;
             and
             degenerates
             into
             a
             Tyrant
             ,
             as
             soon
             as
             he
             leaves
             off
             to
             govern
             according
             to
             his
             Laws
             :
             in
             which
             Case
             ,
             the
             King's
             Conscience
             may
             speak
             to
             him
             ,
             as
             the
             poor
             Widow
             said
             to
             Philip
             of
             Macedon
             ,
             either
             govern
             according
             to
             your
             Law
             ,
             
               Aut
               ne
               Rex
               sis
            
             .
          
           
             b
             King
             
             James's
             Works
             ,
             pag.
             553.
             
             I
             was
             sworn
             to
             maintain
             the
             Law
             of
             the
             Land
             ,
             and
             therefore
             I
             had
             been
             perjured
             if
             I
             had
             altered
             it
             .
             
               Ib.
               pag.
            
             531.
             
             All
             Kings
             that
             are
             not
             Tyrants
             or
             perjured
             ,
             will
             be
             glad
             to
             bind
             themselves
             within
             the
             Limits
             of
             their
             Laws
             .
             —
             And
             they
             that
             persuade
             them
             the
             contrary
             are
             Vipers
             and
             Pests
             ,
             both
             against
             them
             ,
             and
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
          
           
             c
             
               Pufendorf
               .
               de
               Leg.
               Nat.
               &
               Gent.
               VII
               .
            
             6.
             10.
             
             If
             he
             promiseth
             at
             his
             Coronation
             to
             govern
             according
             to
             Laws
             ,
             and
             breaks
             his
             Promise
             ,
             he
             is
             forsworn
             :
             and
             yet
             that
             doth
             not
             dissolve
             his
             Government
             .
             King
             
             James's
             Works
             ,
             pag.
             531.
             
             Though
             no
             Christian
             ought
             to
             allow
             any
             Rebellion
             of
             People
             against
             their
             Prince
             ,
             yet
             doth
             God
             never
             leave
             Kings
             unpunisht
             when
             they
             transgress
             these
             Limits
             .
          
           
             For
             Neglect
             of
             Government
             .
          
           
             For
             oppressing
             the
             People
             .
          
           
             a
             Esay
             X.
             7.
             
          
           
             This
             is
             Just
             and
             Necessary
             .
          
           
             b
             Rom.
             Xiii
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             a
             Rom.
             XIII
             .
             4.
             
          
           
             b
             Rom.
             XIII
             .
             3.
             
          
           
             c
             Esay
             VII
             .
             17.
             
          
           
             a
             Psal.
             Lvii.
             11.
             
          
           
             b
             When
             
               Don
               Pedro
            
             King
             of
             Castile
             ,
             by
             his
             Tyranny
             ,
             had
             so
             lost
             himself
             at
             home
             ,
             and
             gained
             so
             many
             Enemies
             abroad
             ,
             that
             his
             Bastard
             Brother
             ,
             being
             set
             up
             against
             him
             by
             some
             of
             the
             Neighbouring
             Kings
             ,
             had
             driven
             him
             out
             of
             his
             Kingdome
             without
             Blood
             ;
             he
             came
             to
             our
             Black
             Prince
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             at
             Bourdeaux
             ,
             and
             desir'd
             him
             to
             bring
             him
             back
             into
             his
             Kingdom
             .
             The
             Prince
             called
             a
             Council
             upon
             it
             ,
             where
             some
             of
             his
             Friends
             advised
             him
             to
             forbear
             :
             telling
             him
             the
             great
             Evils
             that
             this
             King
             had
             done
             ;
             and
             adding
             this
             in
             the
             Conclusion
             ,
             
               All
               that
               he
               hath
               now
               to
               suffer
               ,
               is
               but
               the
               Rod
               of
               God
               ,
               sent
               to
               chastise
               him
               ,
               and
               to
               give
               Example
               to
               other
               Christian
               Kings
               and
               Princes
               of
               the
               Earth
               that
               they
               may
               not
               do
               like
               him
               .
            
             Froissart
             Hist.
             l.
             231.
             
          
           
             2
             God
             does
             this
             by
             way
             of
             Justice
             .
          
           
             1
             War
             is
             an
             Appeal
             to
             God.
             
          
           
             a
             1
             Chron.
             Xxix.
             11.
             
          
           
             b
             Judg.
             XI
             .
             27.
             
          
           
             2
             It
             is
             proper
             to
             Kings
             .
          
           
             a
             Rom.
             Xiii
             .
             6.
             
          
           
             b
             1
             Pet.
             II.
             13
             ,
             14.
             
          
           
             a
             Bishop
             Bramhall's
             Works
             ,
             p.
             834.
             
             Private
             Right
             ,
             and
             private
             Justice
             ,
             is
             between
             particular
             Men.
             Publick
             Right
             ,
             and
             publick
             Justice
             is
             between
             Common-wealths
             ,
             as
             in
             a
             Foreign
             War.
             
          
           
             b
             See
             Pufendorf
             .
             de
             Jure
             Nat.
             &
             Gent.
             II.
             3.
             21.
             
             Hooker
             Eccles.
             Pol.
             I.
             Saith
             of
             the
             Law
             of
             Nations
             ,
             that
             it
             can
             be
             no
             more
             prejudiced
             by
             the
             Laws
             of
             any
             Kingdom
             ,
             than
             these
             can
             be
             by
             the
             Resolutions
             of
             private
             Men.
             
          
           
             c
             See
             Grot.
             de
             Jure
             Belli
             &
             Pacis
             i.
             2.
             1.
             ad
             5.
             
          
           
             d
             Rom.
             Xiii
             .
             3
             ,
             4.
             
          
           
             Mat.
             xxvi
             .
             52.
             
          
           
             
               
                 Dudley
                 Digs
              
               of
               the
               unlawfulness
               of
               Subjects
               taking
               up
               Arms
               —
               London
               ,
               1675.
               
               §
               3.
               p.
               75.
               
               Equals
               —
               if
               injur'd
               they
               require
               Satisfaction
               ,
               and
               upon
               denial
               of
               it
               attempt
               to
               compass
               it
               by
               force
               ,
               they
               are
               esteem'd
               by
               the
               Law
               of
               Reason
               and
               Nations
               ,
               Just
               Enemies
               ;
               whereas
               Subjects
               ,
               if
               they
               make
               War
               upon
               their
               Sovereign
               ,
               tho'
               when
               wrong'd
               ,
               are
               worthily
               accounted
               Rebels
               .
            
             
               See
               
                 Albericus
                 Gentilis
              
               de
               jure
               Belli
               B.
               fol.
               1.
               from
               Pomponius
               ,
               c.
               118.
               tituli
               Digest
               .
               de
               verb.
               Signif
               .
               &
               Ulpian
               .
               c.
               24.
               tit
               .
               de
               Captivis
               .
               See
               Grot.
               de
               Jure
               Belli
               &
               Pacis
               l.
               3.
               5.
               
               Zouch
               p.
               30
               de
               jure
               inter
               Gentes
               ,
               l.
               6.
               
            
          
           
             3.
             
             When
             they
             have
             Just
             Cause
             .
          
           
             e
             Justinian
             Instit.
             l.
             2.
             
          
           
             As
             in
             fear
             of
             great
             Danger
             .
          
           
             f
             
               Lord
               
               Bacon's
               Works
               ,
               London
               1670
               ,
               p.
               2.
               in
               his
               Considerations
               on
               the
               War
               with
               Spain
               .
               The
               second
               of
               his
               three
               Just
               Grounds
               for
               that
               War
               ,
               was
               a
               just
               Fear
               of
               Subverting
               our
               Civil
               Estate
               :
               And
               thereupon
               he
               says
               ,
               That
               Wars
               preventive
               ,
               upon
               just
               Fears
               ,
               are
               true
               Defensives
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               upon
               an
               actual
               Invasion
               .
            
             
               In
               his
               Works
               ,
               London
               1638.
               among
               his
               
                 Sermones
                 Fideles
              
               ,
               p.
               189.
               he
               goes
               further
               ,
               in
               saying
               ,
               
                 justus
                 metus
                 imminentis
                 periculi
                 ,
                 etsi
                 violentia
                 aliqua
                 non
                 praecessit
                 ,
                 proculdubio
                 Belli
                 causa
                 est
                 competens
                 &
                 legitima
                 .
              
               A
               just
               Fear
               of
               imminent
               Danger
               ,
               
                 tho
                 there
                 has
                 not
                 been
                 any
                 Violence
                 used
                 ,
                 is
                 but
                 of
                 all
                 Doubt
              
               a
               sufficient
               and
               lawful
               Cause
               of
               War.
               
            
          
           
             g
             See
             Grot.
             de
             Jure
             Belli
             &
             Pacis
             ,
             
               II.
               20
               ,
               39.
               
               And
            
             Pufendorf
             .
             de
             Jure
             Naturae
             &
             Gentium
             ,
             
               VIII
               .
               6.
               3.
            
             
          
           
             h
             
               
                 Albericus
                 Gentilis
              
               de
               Jure
               Belli
               ,
               I.
               fol.
               C.
               3.
               saith
               ,
               it
               is
               
                 Defensio
                 Utilis
                 ,
                 quando
                 verendum
                 ne
                 petamur
                 .
              
               And
               
                 Defensio
                 Honesta
                 quando
                 alios
                 tuemur
              
               .
               He
               brings
               both
               these
               together
               ,
               in
               the
               Case
               of
               Queen
               
               Elizabeth's
               defending
               the
               Dutch
               against
               the
               King
               of
               
                 Spain
                 .
                 Ib.
              
               &
               fol.
               D.
               he
               saith
               ,
               She
               might
               justly
               do
               it
               ;
               for
               if
               the
               Government
               of
               the
               Netherlands
               should
               be
               changed
               ,
               and
               the
               King
               of
               Spain
               become
               Absolute
               ,
               she
               her self
               would
               be
               in
               Danger
               of
               him
               .
               He
               saith
               this
               is
               
                 ipsa
                 Ratio
                 Imperiorum
              
               .
            
             
               See
               Grot.
               de
               Jure
               B.
               &
               P.
               II.
               25.
               8.
               
               And
               Pufendorf
               .
               de
               Jur.
               Nat.
               &
               Gent.
               VIII
               .
               6.
               14.
               ending
               .
            
          
           
             See
             Grotius
             de
             Jure
             Belli
             &
             Pacis
             II.
             20.
             40.
             
          
           
             Especially
             when
             also
             Religion
             is
             concern'd
             .
          
           
             Justinian
             Coll.
             VI.
             7.
             4.
             
             It
             is
             for
             this
             Cause
             that
             wo●●●
             have
             made
             so
             many
             Wars
             in
             Africk
             and
             Italy
             ;
             namely
             ,
             for
             Orthodoxy
             in
             Religion
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             Liberty
             of
             our
             Subjects
             .
          
           
             Bishop
             Bilson
             of
             the
             true
             difference
             between
             Subjection
             and
             Rebellion
             ,
             Oxford
             ,
             1625.
             p.
             381.
             in
             the
             Margin
             has
             this
             Position
             .
             Princes
             who
             bear
             the
             Sword
             may
             lawfully
             wage
             War
             for
             Religion
             .
          
           
             i
             Grot.
             de
             Jure
             Belli
             &
             Pacis
             II.
             20.
             48.
             
          
           
             k
             
               See
               Concil
               .
               Lateran
               .
               IV.
               Canon
               .
               4.
               that
               it
               is
               every
               Prince's
               duty
               to
               persecute
               ;
               and
               that
               in
               Case
               he
               neglect
               it
               ,
               he
               thereby
               forfeits
               his
               Dominions
               .
            
             
               See
               the
               Oath
               that
               every
               Popish
               Bishop
               takes
               in
               the
               
                 Pontisicale
                 Romanum
              
               .
               It
               has
               these
               words
               in
               it
               ;
               I
               will
               persecute
               all
               Hereticks
               and
               Schismaticks
               ,
               Rebells
               to
               our
               Lord
               the
               Pope
               ,
               and
               will
               fight
               against
               them
               to
               the
               utmost
               of
               my
               Power
               .
            
             
               Suarez
               de
               Legibus
               III.
               5.
               8.
               ending
               .
               Saith
               ,
               Heathen
               Kings
               cannot
               be
               deprived
               of
               their
               Power
               by
               War
               ,
               unless
               they
               abuse
               it
               to
               the
               injury
               of
               Christian
               Religion
               ,
               or
               the
               destruction
               of
               the
               Faithful
               that
               are
               under
               them
               ,
               as
               is
               
                 the
                 constant
                 Opinion
                 of
                 Divines
              
               :
               Meaning
               of
               them
               in
               the
               Roman
               Church
               .
            
             
               Again
               III.
               10.
               6.
               
               If
               Insidels
               have
               the
               Faithful
               for
               their
               Subjects
               ,
               and
               would
               turn
               them
               from
               the
               Faith
               or
               Obedience
               of
               the
               Church
               ,
               —
               then
               the
               Church
               has
               just
               Cause
               of
               War
               against
               them
               .
               But
               for
               Heretick
               Princes
               ,
               he
               says
               there
               ,
               that
               the
               Church
               has
               direct
               Power
               over
               them
               ,
               and
               may
               deprive
               them
               in
               punishment
               of
               their
               Infidelity
               or
               Heresie
               .
               Ib.
               
            
          
           
             Q.
             when
             Religion
             suffers
             in
             another
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             1
             Cor.
             Xii
             .
             25
             ,
             26.
             
          
           
             Justinian
             .
             Coll.
             VI.
             7.
             4.
             
             It
             is
             for
             this
             Cause
             that
             we
             have
             made
             so
             many
             Wars
             in
             Africk
             ,
             and
             
               Italy
               ;
               viz.
            
             for
             Orthodoxy
             in
             Religion
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             liberty
             of
             our
             Subjects
             .
          
           
             See
             
               Girolamo
               Catena's
            
             Life
             of
             that
             Pope
             :
             And
             from
             him
             Camden's
             Annals
             ,
             A.
             D.
             1572.
             
          
           
             Example
             in
             Q.
             Elizabeths
             time
             .
          
           
             a
             
               Camdeni
               Annales
               A.
               D.
               1559.
               
               In
               the
               Queen's
               Consultation
               concerning
               the
               demands
               of
               Succor
               for
               the
               Protestants
               of
               Scotland
               against
               the
               French
               faction
               in
               that
               Kingdom
               ,
               saith
               
                 Pessimi
                 Exempli
                 videbatur
                 Principem
                 patrocinium
                 praestare
                 tumultuantibus
                 Principis
                 alterius
                 Subditis
                 :
                 At
                 Impietatis
                 ejusdem
                 Religionis
                 cultoribus
                 deesse
                 .
              
               It
               seem'd
               a
               thing
               of
               very
               ill
               Example
               for
               one
               Prince
               to
               Patronize
               another
               Prince's
               Subjects
               in
               Commotion
               :
               But
               it
               seem'd
               an
               Impious
               thing
               to
               be
               wanting
               to
               them
               of
               the
               same
               Religion
               .
               Whereupon
               the
               Resolution
               was
               taken
               ,
               
                 Ejusdem
                 Religionis
                 Professoribus
                 Subveniendum
                 ,
                 &
                 Gallos
                 a
                 Scotia
                 exturbandos
                 :
              
               That
               the
               Professors
               of
               the
               same
               Religion
               must
               be
               helpt
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               French
               must
               be
               driven
               out
               of
               Scotland
               .
            
             
               Ib.
               A.
               D.
               1562.
               
               When
               she
               sent
               the
               Earl
               of
               Warwick
               with
               an
               Army
               into
               France
               ,
               she
               declared
               ,
               she
               could
               not
               but
               do
               it
               ,
               unless
               she
               would
               let
               the
               
                 Guises
                 ▪
              
               do
               their
               pleasure
               with
               that
               young
               King
               and
               his
               Protestant
               Subjects
               .
               
                 Quodque
                 Maximum
                 ,
                 ne
                 suam
                 Religionem
                 ,
                 Securitatem
                 ,
                 &
                 Salutem
                 ,
                 ignave
                 prodere
                 videretur
                 :
              
               And
               which
               was
               chiefly
               to
               be
               considered
               ,
               least
               she
               should
               seem
               basely
               to
               betray
               her
               own
               Religion
               ,
               Security
               ,
               and
               Safety
               .
            
             
               Ib.
               A.
               D.
               1585.
               
               After
               Deliberation
               whether
               she
               should
               take
               upon
               her
               the
               Protection
               of
               the
               States
               against
               the
               King
               of
               Spain
               ,
               this
               was
               her
               Resolution
               ,
               
                 Statuit
                 &
                 Christianae
                 Pietatis
                 esse
                 ,
                 afflictis
                 Belgis
                 ejusdem
                 Religionis
                 Cultoribus
                 subvenire
                 ;
                 &
                 Prudentiae
                 ,
                 exitiosas
                 hostium
                 Machinationes
                 praevertendo
                 ,
                 populi
                 sibi
                 commissi
                 incolumitati
                 consulere
                 —
                 Hinc
                 B●lgarum
                 patrocinium
                 palam
                 suscepit
              
               —
               She
               did
               Resolve
               ,
               that
               it
               was
               a
               duty
               of
               Christian
               Piety
               to
               help
               the
               Afflicted
               Dutch
               ,
               being
               Professors
               of
               the
               same
               Religion
               ;
               and
               that
               it
               was
               a
               point
               of
               Prudence
               by
               preventing
               the
               destructive
               designs
               of
               their
               Enemies
               ,
               to
               provide
               for
               the
               Safety
               of
               her
               own
               People
               —
               
                 Thereupon
                 she
                 took
                 upon
                 her
                 publickly
                 the
                 Protection
                 of
                 the
              
               Dutch.
               
            
          
           
             b
             
               Albericus
               Gentilis
            
             (
             her
             Professor
             of
             Law
             in
             the
             University
             of
             Oxford
             )
             de
             jure
             Belli
             D.
             Speaking
             of
             her
             War
             with
             Spain
             ,
             saith
             ,
             
               Age
               ,
               age
               ,
               obsiste
               ,
               Principum
               fortissima
               ,
               nam
               obsistis
            
             Justissime
             .
          
           
             c
             Bishop
             
             Jewell's
             Defence
             of
             the
             Apology
             ,
             p.
             16.
             &c.
             and
             Bilson
             of
             the
             Difference
             between
             Subjection
             and
             Rebellion
             ,
             
               ubi
               supra
            
             .
          
           
             d
             The
             Acts
             of
             Parliament
             and
             Convocation
             that
             prove
             this
             ,
             see
             at
             the
             end
             of
             this
             first
             Chapter
             .
          
           
             a
             §
             36.
             
          
           
             Especially
             where
             it
             is
             the
             Religion
             setled
             by
             Law.
             
          
           
             An
             Answer
             to
             the
             Paper
             delivered
             by
             〈…〉
             his
             〈◊〉
             ,
             to
             the
             〈◊〉
             of
             
               London
               ,
               p
            
             16
             ,
             17
             ,
             18
             ,
             19.
             
          
           
             
               Of
               Licinius
               he
               tells
               us
               ,
               how
               designing
               War
               against
               his
               Brother
               in
               Law
               Constantine
               ,
               but
               not
               thinking
               fit
               yet
               to
               declare
               it
               ,
               first
               he
               fell
               upon
               the
               Christians
               in
               his
               own
               part
               of
               the
               Empire
               .
               Euseb.
               Hist.
               X.
               8.
               
               Edit
               .
               Vales.
               p.
               396.
               
               B.
               
            
             
               He
               began
               first
               with
               the
               Bishops
               ,
               not
               suffering
               them
               to
               meet
               in
               Synods
               .
               Vit.
               Constant.
               l.
               51.
               
               Then
               he
               turned
               all
               Christians
               out
               of
               their
               places
               at
               Court.
               Eufeb
               .
               Hist.
               X.
               8.
               
               &
               Vit.
               Constant.
               l.
               52.
               
               Then
               he
               turned
               all
               Christians
               out
               of
               the
               Army
               ,
               and
               out
               of
               Offices
               .
               Euseb.
               Hist.
               Ib.
               &
               Vit.
               Constant.
               l.
               54.
               
               Then
               he
               seiz'd
               their
               Estates
               .
               Ib.
               &
               Ib.
               At
               last
               he
               fell
               on
               the
               Bishops
               .
               Euseb.
               Hist.
               X.
               8.
               p.
               397.
               B.
               At
               first
               secretly
               and
               cunningly
               ,
               not
               by
               himself
               for
               fear
               of
               Constantine
               ,
               but
               by
               his
               Governors
               .
               Ib.
               He
               killed
               some
               Bishops
               for
               Praying
               for
               Constantine
               .
               Vit.
               Constant.
               II.
               2.
               
               Then
               Constantine
               began
               to
               stir
               ,
               
                 thinking
                 it
                 Holy
                 and
                 Pious
                 to
                 remove
                 one
                 ,
                 and
                 save
                 a
                 Multitude
                 .
              
               Vit.
               Constant.
               II.
               3.
               
            
             
               The
               Joy
               of
               Christians
               upon
               his
               Victory
               ,
               see
               Eus.
               X.
               9.
               p.
               399.
               
               C
               ,
               D.
               &
               Vit.
               Constant.
               II.
               19.
               p.
               452.
               
               C.
               
            
          
           
             Then
             it
             makes
             a
             Just
             Conquest
             
          
           
             a
             See
             §.
             26.
             
          
           
             b
             See
             §.
             35.
             
          
           
             And
             Conquest
             giveth
             Right
             .
          
           
             Judges
             XI
             .
             24.
             
          
           
             Dan.
             II.
             21.
             
          
           
             Jos.
             Antiq.
             X.
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
             14.
             
          
           
             Selden
             .
             de
             Jure
             Nat.
             &
             Gent.
             VI
             17.
             p.
             789.
             
             Argent
             .
             1665.
             
             
               Ita
               non
               solum
               armis
            
             Alexandri
             
               se
               ,
               ex
               Jure
               quod
               ei
               competiit
               bellico
               ,
               subdidere
               ;
               sed
               imperio
               ejus
               dilatando
               stipendiarios
               se
               libenter
               tune
               praebuere
               ;
               nec
               interea
               de
               belli
               causâ
               ,
               aut
               Religione
               dispari
               ,
               soliciti
               .
            
             So
             they
             not
             only
             submitted
             themselves
             to
             
             Alexander's
             Arms
             on
             the
             account
             of
             that
             Right
             which
             he
             had
             gotten
             by
             War
             ;
             but
             then
             they
             willingly
             offered
             themselves
             to
             serve
             under
             him
             for
             the
             farther
             Enlargement
             of
             his
             Empire
             ;
             not
             troubling
             themselves
             the
             mean
             while
             ,
             about
             the
             cause
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             or
             the
             Difference
             of
             Religion
             .
          
           
             a
             Thus
             
               David
               ,
               Psal.
            
             I.
             X.
             8.
             
             &
             CVIII
             .
             9.
             
             Thus
             Constantine
             the
             Great
             stiled
             himself
             TRIUMPHATOR
             ,
             and
             Stamp'd
             his
             Coin
             with
             the
             words
             
               VICTORIA
               GOTHICA
               ,
               SARMATIA
               DEVICTA
            
             ,
             &c.
             
             
               DEBELLAIORI
               GENTIUM
               BARBARARUM
            
             .
             Thus
             likewise
             the
             following
             Christian
             Emperors
             .
          
           
             b
             Justinian
             Coll.
             II.
             2.
             10.
             
             We
             have
             recovered
             all
             Afric
             ,
             and
             subdued
             the
             Vandals
             ,
             and
             hope
             to
             receive
             of
             God
             many
             yet
             greater
             things
             than
             these
             .
             Id.
             Coll.
             V.
             15.
             1.
             
             We
             ordain
             these
             Laws
             to
             be
             observed
             in
             all
             Nations
             under
             our
             Government
             :
             Some
             whereof
             God
             gave
             us
             at
             first
             ,
             others
             he
             hath
             added
             since
             ,
             and
             we
             hope
             he
             will
             still
             increase
             .
          
           
             a
             Deut.
             XVII
             .
             15.
             
          
           
             b
             Jer.
             XXI
             8
             ,
             9.
             
          
           
             c
             Convocation
             Book
             .
             I.
             28.
             &c.
             
          
           
             Doubted
             when
             the
             Cause
             is
             certainly
             unjust
             
          
           
             a
             Pufend.
             de
             Jur.
             Nat.
             &
             Gent.
             VII
             .
             8
             ,
             9.
             
          
           
             b
             Ib.
             VII
             .
             8.
             10.
             
          
           
             Sanderson
             Obl.
             Consc.
             V.
             17
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             No
             doubt
             when
             the
             Cause
             is
             certainly
             Just.
             
          
           
             a
             
               Horn.
               de
               Civ
               .
               II.
               9.
               2.
               
               (
               as
               quoted
               by
               Pufend.
               Jur.
               Nat.
               &
               Gent.
               VII
               .
               7.
               3.
               
               If
               one
               Prince
               overcomes
               another
               that
               unjustly
               provokes
               him
               ,
               and
               hath
               deserv'd
               it
               by
               other
               Injuries
               ,
               he
               hath
               forthwith
               a
               Lawful
               Power
               against
               him
               whom
               he
               hath
               so
               overcome
               ;
               and
               is
               not
               to
               stay
               for
               the
               Consent
               of
               the
               People
               whom
               he
               hath
               brought
               under
               his
               Dominion
               .
               Pufendorf
               there
               says
               ,
               that
               where
               there
               was
               a
               Just
               Cause
               of
               Invasion
               ,
               there
               the
               getting
               of
               a
               Country
               into
               Possession
               ,
               makes
               for
               the
               obtaining
               of
               the
               Dominion
               thereof
               ;
               and
               is
               confirm'd
               by
               the
               Consent
               of
               the
               Subjects
               ,
               and
               their
               following
               Covenant
               .
               But
               that
               till
               this
               is
               had
               ,
               the
               State
               of
               War
               continues
               ,
               and
               there
               is
               no
               Obligation
               ,
               nor
               Faith
               ,
               and
               so
               no
               Dominion
               .
            
             
               
                 Dudley
                 Digs
              
               of
               the
               Unlawfulness
               of
               Subjects
               taking
               up
               Arms
               ,
               &c.
               
               §.
               4.
               p.
               132.
               
               Puts
               an
               Objection
               ,
               That
               if
               the
               Conqueror
               comes
               in
               by
               Force
               ,
               he
               may
               be
               turn'd
               out
               by
               the
               same
               Title
               .
               In
               Answer
               to
               it
               ,
               he
               saith
               ,
               
                 de
                 Jure
              
               he
               cannot
               —
               For
               though
               Conquest
               be
               a
               name
               of
               greater
               Strength
               only
               ,
               and
               be
               not
               it self
               a
               Right
               ,
               yet
               it
               is
               the
               Mother
               of
               it
               ;
               because
               when
               the
               People
               are
               in
               his
               Power
               ,
               —
               they
               pass
               their
               Consent
               to
               be
               his
               Faithful
               Subjects
               ,
               —
               and
               this
               subsequent
               Act
               gives
               him
               a
               
                 LAWFUL
                 RIGHT
                 TO
                 THE
                 MONARCHY
              
               .
            
          
           
             b
             
               Andrews
               on
               the
               Commandements
               .
               Lond.
               1650.
               p.
               331.
               
               Kingdoms
               —
               when
               they
               are
               obtained
               by
               a
               Just
               Conquest
               ,
               are
               not
               to
               be
               accounted
               Tyrannical
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               Just
               ;
               for
               there
               may
               be
               
                 A
                 JUST
                 TITLE
                 BY
                 CONQUEST
              
               ,
               when
               the
               War
               is
               upon
               Just
               Grounds
               .
            
             
               Ib.
               p.
               461.
               
               Besides
               those
               original
               ways
               of
               Propriety
               ,
               there
               is
               also
               a
               Propriety
               by
               the
               Right
               of
               War
               ,
               or
               Law
               of
               Arms
               ;
               because
               the
               Magistrate
               hath
               Power
               and
               Authority
               —
               to
               use
               his
               Sword
               abroad
               as
               well
               as
               at
               home
               ,
               and
               may
               punish
               a
               Foreign
               Enemy
               in
               some
               cases
               ,
               even
               by
               expelling
               him
               his
               Land
               ,
               —
               and
               in
               this
               Right
               of
               Propriety
               ,
               he
               hath
               not
               only
               Dominium
               ,
               the
               Lordship
               and
               Dominion
               over
               it
               ,
               but
               Usum
               ,
               the
               use
               also
               .
            
             
               Sanderson
               .
               Oblig
               .
               Consc.
               VII
               .
               17.
               
               Speaking
               of
               them
               that
               come
               into
               Government
               
                 vi
                 &
                 armis
              
               ,
               saith
               ,
               they
               come
               in
               either
               by
               meer
               Usurpation
               without
               any
               pretence
               of
               Right
               ,
               or
               by
               making
               Just
               War
               upon
               their
               Enemies
               by
               whom
               they
               are
               unjustly
               provoked
               .
            
             
               Ib.
               VII
               .
               24.
               
               He
               saith
               ,
               
                 BY
                 THE
                 LAW
                 OF
                 NATIONS
              
               that
               Power
               of
               a
               Prince
               is
               Just
               ,
               which
               is
               either
               gotten
               by
               Just
               War
               ,
               or
               which
               by
               long
               Possession
               is
               confirm'd
               as
               by
               a
               Right
               of
               Prescription
               .
            
             
               
               Bramhall's
               Works
               ,
               p.
               527.
               
               Those
               whose
               Predecessors
               ,
               
                 OR
                 THEMSELVES
              
               ,
               have
               attain'd
               to
               Sovereignty
               by
               the
               Sword
               ,
               by
               a
               Conquest
               in
               a
               Just
               War
               ,
               claim
               immediately
               from
               God.
               
            
             
               Ib.
               p.
               537.
               
               Just
               Conquest
               in
               a
               Lawful
               War
               acquireth
               good
               Right
               of
               Dominion
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               Possession
               .
               —
               Neither
               is
               this
               to
               alter
               the
               Course
               of
               Nature
               ,
               or
               frustrate
               the
               Tenor
               of
               Law
               ,
               but
               it self
               is
               
                 THE
                 LAW
                 OF
                 NATURE
                 AND
                 NATIONS
                 .
              
            
          
           
             A
             doubtful
             Cause
             is
             enough
             for
             the
             Prince
             in
             Possession
             .
          
           
             a
             Sanderson
             .
             de
             Oblig
             .
             Consc.
             V.
             15.
             
             Where
             ,
             among
             the
             Examples
             of
             such
             Competitors
             ,
             he
             mentions
             that
             very
             sharp
             and
             long
             Dispute
             that
             was
             between
             the
             two
             Houses
             of
             York
             and
             Lancaster
             concerning
             the
             Succession
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             ;
             in
             which
             ,
             according
             to
             his
             Judgment
             ,
             a
             good
             Patriot
             ought
             to
             have
             obeyed
             the
             King
             that
             was
             in
             Possession
             .
             And
             thus
             he
             concludes
             ,
             
               IT
               IS
               CERTAIN
               BY
               THE
               CONSENT
               OF
               ALL
               NATIONS
               ALL
               THE
               WORLD
               OVER
               ,
               that
               the
               Laws
               every
               where
            
             (
             not
             only
             that
             of
             11
             Hen.
             VII
             .
             but
             the
             Laws
             
               EVERY
               WHERE
               )
               have
               favour'd
               him
               that
               is
               in
               Possession
               ;
               and
               in
               such
               Cases
               that
               Famous
               Sentence
               of
               the
               Lawyers
               has
               always
               carried
               it
               ,
            
             In
             rebus
             dubiis
             melior
             est
             conditio
             possidentis
             .
          
           
             a
             See
             §.
             42.
             
             The
             People
             ought
             to
             be
             satisfied
             with
             this
             .
          
           
             b
             See
             §.
             42.
             
          
           
             
               Albericus
               Gentilis
            
             de
             Jure
             Belli
             III.
             f.
             C.
             blames
             Lucan
             for
             calling
             
               Alexander
               Orbis
               Terrarum
               Praedonem
            
             .
             For
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             Alexander
             declar'd
             a
             Just
             Cause
             of
             War
             ;
             and
             when
             he
             had
             the
             Victory
             ,
             that
             then
             he
             might
             possess
             himself
             of
             his
             Enemies
             Dominions
             ,
             is
             
               MORE
               THEN
               A
               RECEIVED
               OPINION
            
             ;
             Alexander's
             Reasons
             are
             express'd
             in
             his
             Epistle
             to
             Darius
             ,
             which
             is
             in
             Arrian
             Exped
             .
             Alex.
             II.
             
          
           
             a
             See
             §
             45.
             
          
           
             But
             much
             more
             with
             a
             certain
             just
             Cause
             .
          
           
             b
             See
             §
             36.
             
          
           
             a
             See
             Grot.
             de
             Jure
             B.
             &
             P.
             III.
             13.
             4.
             and
             15.
             12.
             
          
           
             b
             See
             §.
             36.
             
          
           
             a
             See
             §.
             25.
             
          
           
             Jud.
             II.
             18.
             and
             IV.
             3.
             
          
           
             Jud.
             III.
             9
             ,
             15
             
          
           
             b
             §.
             36.
             
          
           
             When
             the
             Cause
             is
             for
             their
             Sake
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             them
             not
             a
             Conquest
             ,
             but
             a
             Deliverance
             .
          
           
             a
             
             Calvin's
             Law-Dictionary
             has
             this
             sense
             of
             the
             word
             
               Evictio
               ;
               est
               ejus
               rei
               ,
               quam
               Adversarius
               legitimo
               jure
               acquisierat
               ,
               per
               Judicem
               recuperatio
               .
            
             In
             this
             Sense
             it
             seems
             to
             have
             been
             us'd
             in
             speaking
             of
             the
             fall
             of
             Maxentius
             ;
             whereof
             see
             the
             following
             Note
             .
          
           
             b
             §.
             46
             47.
             
          
           
             a
             See
             §.
             42.
             
             Note
             a.
             
          
           
             In
             memory
             of
             his
             Victory
             over
             Maxentius
             ,
             the
             day
             on
             which
             it
             happen'd
             being
             the
             27th
             .
             of
             October
             was
             styl'd
             in
             the
             
               Christian
               Roman
            
             Calendar
             
               Evictio
               Tyranni
            
             ,
             what
             that
             means
             See
             in
             the
             former
             Note
             .
             On
             the
             Arch
             which
             was
             set
             up
             in
             memory
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             yet
             to
             be
             seen
             at
             Rome
             ,
             there
             is
             Inscrib'd
             CONSTANTINO
             MAXIMO
             &c.
             
             LIBERATORI
             URBIS
             ,
             FUNDATORI
             QUIETIS
             .
             See
             Grut.
             Inscr.
             p.
             282.
             
             In
             his
             Coins
             he
             is
             call'd
             RESTITUTOR
             LIBERTATIS
             ,
             CONSERVATOR
             URBIS
             SUAE
             ,
             and
             AFRICAE
             SUAE
             &c.
             See
             Mediobarbus
             .
             Likewise
             upon
             the
             overthrow
             of
             Maximinus
             ,
             the
             joy
             and
             thanksgiving
             of
             Christians
             for
             their
             Deliverance
             ,
             See
             in
             Euseb.
             hist.
             X.
             1
             and
             2.
             
             And
             see
             his
             Panegyric
             to
             Paulinus
             ,
             Bishop
             of
             Tyre
             ,
             esp
             .
             p.
             378.
             of
             Valesius
             Edition
             ,
             and
             remember
             that
             both
             these
             were
             Subjects
             of
             that
             Emperor
             Maximinus
             .
             Of
             the
             joy
             of
             Christians
             upon
             their
             Deliverance
             from
             the
             Tyranny
             of
             Licinius
             enough
             hath
             been
             said
             in
             §.
             40.
             
          
           
             
               Acts
               of
               Parliament
               and
               Convocation
               in
               Queen
               
               Elizabeth's
               time
               ,
               by
               which
               it
               appears
               (
               as
               hath
               been
               already
               said
               in
               §.
               39.
               )
               that
               ,
               in
               the
               Wars
               that
               She
               made
               on
               the
               account
               of
               Religion
               ,
               She
               had
               both
               their
               approbation
               and
               assistance
               .
            
             
               V
               
               o.
               Eliz.
               A.
               D.
               1562.
               
               In
               the
               Convocation
               that
               fram'd
               the
               39
               Articles
               .
               
                 The
                 Prelates
                 and
                 Clergy
                 being
                 Lawfully
                 congregated
                 ,
                 calling
                 to
                 remembrance
              
               &c.
               
                 and
                 finally
                 pondering
                 the
                 inestimable
                 charges
                 sustain'd
                 by
                 Your
                 Highness
                 in
                 reducing
                 the
                 Realm
                 of
              
               Scotland
               
                 to
                 Unity
                 and
                 Concord
                 ;
                 as
                 also
                 in
                 procuring
                 as
                 much
                 as
                 in
                 Your
                 Highness
                 lies
                 ,
                 by
                 all
                 kind
                 of
                 Godly
                 and
                 prudent
                 means
                 ,
                 the
                 abateing
                 of
                 all
                 hostility
                 and
                 Persecution
                 within
                 the
                 Realm
                 of
              
               France
               ,
               
                 practis'd
                 and
                 used
                 against
                 the
                 Professors
                 of
                 God's
                 holy
                 Gospel
                 and
                 true
                 Religion
                 ;
                 hath
                 given
                 and
                 granted
              
               &c.
               
               A
               Bill
               of
               Subsidy
               ,
               in
               
               Rastall's
               Collection
               II.
               p.
               84.
               
               Edit
               .
               Lond.
               1618.
               
            
             
               XIII
               
               o.
               Eliz.
               A.
               D.
               1571.
               
               When
               the
               Parliament
               enjoyn'd
               the
               subscribing
               of
               those
               Articles
               .
               
                 The
                 Prelates
                 and
                 Clergy
              
               &c.
               
                 considering
                 farther
                 the
                 inestimable
                 Charges
                 sustain'd
                 by
                 Your
                 Highness
                 in
                 procuring
                 ,
                 —
                 by
                 all
                 Godly
                 and
                 prudent
                 means
                 ,
                 the
                 abating
                 of
                 all
                 Hostility
                 and
                 Persecution
                 within
                 the
                 Realm
                 of
              
               France
               ,
               
                 and
                 in
                 other
                 Places
                 ,
                 practis'd
                 against
                 the
                 Professors
                 of
                 God's
                 holy
                 Gospel
                 and
                 true
                 Religion
                 ;
                 have
                 given
                 and
                 granted
              
               as
               follows
               ,
               Rastall
               Ib.
               p.
               167.
               
            
             
               XLIII
               
               o.
               Eliz.
               A.
               D.
               1601.
               
               In
               her
               Convocation
               ,
               a
               Subsidy
               was
               granted
               by
               the
               Clergy
               ,
               with
               this
               reason
               exprest
               ,
               
                 For
                 who
                 should
                 have
                 a
                 more
                 lively
                 sence
                 of
                 Your
                 Majesty's
                 princely
                 Courage
                 and
                 Constancy
                 ,
                 in
                 advancing
                 and
                 protecting
                 the
                 free
                 profession
                 of
                 the
                 Gospel
                 within
                 and
                 without
                 Your
                 Majesty's
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 then
                 the
                 Clergy
                 .
                 Rastall
              
               Ib.
               p.
               520.
               
            
             
               XXXV
               
               o.
               Eliz.
               There
               was
               a
               Subsidy
               granted
               by
               the
               Temporalty
               ,
               together
               with
               an
               acknowledgment
               of
               
                 the
                 Great
                 Honor
                 which
                 it
                 hath
                 pleas'd
                 God
                 to
                 give
                 Your
                 Majesty
                 abroad
                 (
                 in
              
               France
               and
               Flanders
               )
               
                 in
                 making
                 You
                 the
                 Principal
                 Support
                 of
                 all
                 just
                 and
                 Relegious
                 Causes
                 against
                 Usurpers
                 :
                 So
                 that
                 this
                 Island
                 hath
                 in
                 Your
                 Majesty's
                 days
                 been
                 a
                 Pray
                 and
                 Sanctuary
                 to
                 distressed
                 States
                 and
                 Kingdoms
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 a
                 Bulwark
                 against
                 the
                 Tirannies
                 of
                 mighty
                 and
                 usurping
                 Potentates
                 .
                 Rastall
              
               Ib.
               p.
               421.
               
            
             
               XXXIX
               
               o.
               Eliz.
               There
               is
               another
               Subsidy
               granted
               to
               that
               Queen
               by
               the
               Temporalty
               ,
               almost
               in
               the
               same
               words
               .
               Rastall
               Ib.
               p.
               479.