The great question to be considered by the King and this approaching Parliament, briefly proposed, and modestly discussed, (to wit); how far religion is concerned in policy or civil government and policy in religion? ... / by one who desires to give unto Cæsar the things that are Gods.
         Penn, William, 1644-1718.
      
       
         
           1679
        
      
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             The great question to be considered by the King and this approaching Parliament, briefly proposed, and modestly discussed, (to wit); how far religion is concerned in policy or civil government and policy in religion? ... / by one who desires to give unto Cæsar the things that are Gods.
             Penn, William, 1644-1718.
          
           8 p.
           
             s.n.,
             [London :
             1679]
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.
             Caption title.
             Attributed to William Penn. cf. NUC pre-1956.
             Signed: Philo-britannicus.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Sovereignty -- Great Britain.
        
      
    
     
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           The
           
             Great
             Question
          
           to
           be
           Considered
           by
           the
           KING
           ,
           and
           this
           approaching
           PARLIAMENT
           ,
           briefly
           proposed
           ,
           and
           modestly
           discussed
           :
        
         
           (
           To
           wit
           )
           
             How
             far
             Religion
             is
             concerned
             in
             Policy
             or
             Civil
             Government
             ,
             and
             Policy
             in
             Religion
             ?
          
           With
           an
           Essay
           rightly
           to
           distinguish
           these
           great
           Interests
           ,
           upon
           the
           Disquisition
           of
           which
           a
           sufficient
           Basis
           is
           proposed
           for
           the
           firm
           Settlement
           of
           these
           Nations
           ,
           to
           the
           most
           probable
           satisfaction
           of
           the
           several
           Interests
           and
           Parties
           therein
           .
        
         
           
             
               By
               one
               who
               desires
               to
            
             Give
             unto
             Caesar
             the
             things
             that
             are
             Caesars
             ,
             and
             to
             God
             the
             things
             that
             are
             Gods.
             
          
        
         
           THat
           this
           Nation
           ,
           and
           the
           Nations
           of
           Scotland
           and
           Ireland
           concerned
           with
           it
           ,
           are
           at
           present
           in
           such
           a
           posture
           ,
           and
           under
           such
           circumstances
           ,
           as
           give
           just
           reason
           both
           of
           fear
           and
           care
           more
           then
           ordinary
           both
           to
           Rulers
           and
           People
           ,
           is
           so
           without
           doubt
           ,
           that
           it
           needs
           no
           proof
           ;
           and
           that
           we
           are
           in
           a
           dangerous
           Feaver
           ▪
           in
           regard
           both
           to
           our
           Civil
           and
           Religious
           Interest
           ,
           all
           in
           their
           wits
           must
           know
           :
           which
           Disease
           ,
           albeit
           it
           be
           now
           in
           the
           opinion
           of
           most
           come
           to
           a
           Crisis
           ,
           yet
           few
           can
           determine
           whether
           it
           will
           end
           in
           a
           natural
           cool
           ,
           or
           prove
           a
           distemper
           yet
           more
           dangerous
           and
           deadly
           .
           And
           truly
           ,
           at
           this
           time
           we
           are
           so
           far
           happy
           ,
           that
           though
           the
           Evil
           be
           great
           which
           threatneth
           ,
           us
           ,
           yet
           the
           Cause
           thereof
           is
           very
           manifest
           ,
           so
           that
           we
           are
           not
           put
           to
           the
           disadvantage
           of
           an
           uncertain
           search
           in
           that
           matter
           .
           We
           see
           all
           this
           trouble
           proceeds
           from
           a
           pretence
           of
           Religion
           ,
           and
           Opinion
           that
           men
           have
           drank
           in
           ,
           that
           for
           and
           because
           of
           Religion
           ,
           they
           ought
           to
           concern
           themselves
           in
           the
           Civil
           Government
           of
           the
           Nations
           ,
           yea
           so
           far
           as
           to
           overturn
           it
           ,
           if
           otherwise
           the
           advancement
           of
           their
           Religion
           cannot
           be
           procured
           .
           How
           much
           this
           Opinion
           ,
           albeit
           managed
           by
           men
           vastly
           differing
           as
           to
           the
           Religion
           they
           would
           advance
           ,
           has
           wrought
           to
           the
           shaking
           of
           these
           Nations
           ,
           few
           can
           be
           ignorant
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           seems
           high
           time
           ,
           and
           no
           season
           more
           opportune
           then
           now
           ,
           that
           this
           Question
           were
           fully
           decided
           ,
           
             What
             is
             the
             Interest
             of
             Religion
             in
             Policy
             or
             Civil
             Government
             ;
             and
             again
             ,
             of
             Policy
             and
             Civil
             Government
             in
             Religion
             ?
             And
             how
             far
             men
             upon
             the
             account
             of
             Religion
             may
             and
             ought
             to
             meddle
             in
             the
             Government
             ,
             or
             with
             the
             Governours
             ;
             and
             again
             ,
             how
             far
             the
             Civil
             Magistrate
             ,
             as
             such
             ,
             ought
             to
             concern
             himself
             in
             the
             Consciences
             of
             the
             People
             ?
          
           that
           if
           possible
           ,
           such
           Principles
           may
           be
           pitched
           upon
           ,
           agreeable
           to
           the
           nature
           of
           Christianity
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           soundest
           Principles
           of
           Government
           ,
           by
           which
           men
           may
           be
           possessed
           with
           a
           Faith
           ,
           that
           Christianity
           doth
           not
           oblige
           them
           to
           meddle
           in
           Government
           ,
           and
           reciprocally
           that
           they
           may
           be
           the
           more
           quieted
           in
           that
           belief
           ,
           that
           the
           Magistrate
           is
           not
           to
           concern
           himself
           in
           their
           Consciences
           :
           so
           that
           in
           this
           mutual
           assurance
           ,
           the
           Magistrate
           may
           rule
           securely
           ,
           and
           administer
           Justice
           to
           all
           equally
           ,
           without
           fearing
           hurt
           from
           the
           Religion
           of
           any
           of
           his
           people
           ;
           and
           the
           people
           may
           fear
           God
           ,
           and
           follow
           piety
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           best
           of
           their
           knowledge
           ,
           without
           fearing
           prejudice
           from
           the
           Magistrate
           therefore
           .
           And
           truly
           it
           cannot
           but
           be
           acknowledged
           ,
           that
           it
           would
           be
           a
           happy
           Nation
           where
           this
           were
           fully
           fixed
           ;
           and
           the
           establishing
           of
           such
           Principles
           seems
           the
           less
           difficult
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           purest
           times
           of
           Christianity
           ,
           (
           so
           reputed
           by
           all
           )
           the
           true
           Christian
           Religion
           was
           not
           at
           all
           hurtful
           nor
           dangerous
           to
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           though
           differing
           from
           it
           ;
           nor
           did
           the
           Christians
           judge
           it
           any
           part
           of
           their
           Religion
           ,
           to
           seek
           to
           disturb
           him
           in
           his
           Government
           ,
           or
           screw
           themselves
           into
           it
           :
           and
           though
           again
           they
           acknowledged
           his
           Authority
           in
           Civils
           to
           be
           just
           and
           lawful
           ,
           yet
           they
           claimed
           an
           exemption
           from
           being
           imposed
           upon
           by
           him
           in
           the
           exercise
           of
           their
           Consciences
           ;
           so
           that
           a
           re-establishing
           of
           those
           Principles
           and
           Practices
           which
           were
           believed
           and
           followed
           ,
           by
           those
           who
           on
           all
           hands
           are
           affirmed
           to
           have
           been
           the
           purest
           Christians
           ,
           and
           also
           good
           and
           faithful
           Subjects
           ,
           will
           do
           the
           business
           .
        
         
           But
           for
           the
           more
           clear
           understanding
           of
           this
           matter
           ,
           it
           will
           be
           fit
           to
           take
           it
           a
           little
           higher
           ,
           and
           enquire
           how
           those
           two
           great
           Interests
           of
           Religion
           ,
           and
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           came
           to
           be
           interlaced
           and
           mixed
           together
           .
           Cain
           was
           the
           first
           that
           disturbed
           Civil
           Society
           
           because
           of
           Religion
           ;
           and
           the
           Scripture
           ,
           from
           which
           alone
           we
           may
           expect
           it
           ,
           gives
           no
           account
           of
           any
           thing
           like
           the
           mixing
           of
           these
           Interests
           before
           the
           Floud
           ;
           and
           after
           the
           Floud
           ,
           the
           whole
           tract
           of
           the
           Hebrew
           History
           from
           Heber
           to
           Moses
           ,
           (
           for
           of
           the
           particular
           state
           of
           the
           Jews
           I
           shall
           speak
           anon
           )
           〈◊〉
           shew
           ,
           that
           the
           matter
           of
           Religion
           was
           wholly
           distinct
           from
           the
           outward
           Policy
           and
           Government
           then
           used
           in
           the
           World.
           Jacob
           lived
           in
           
           Laban's
           Family
           ,
           though
           differing
           from
           them
           ;
           and
           Joseph
           among
           the
           Egyptians
           ,
           with
           which
           Superstitious
           Nation
           we
           cannot
           suppose
           he
           joyned
           in
           Worship
           ,
           and
           yet
           was
           both
           a
           faithful
           Friend
           to
           Pharoah
           ,
           and
           considerable
           Ruler
           over
           the
           People
           .
           Moreover
           ,
           if
           the
           true
           ground
           and
           rise
           of
           Government
           be
           considered
           ,
           this
           will
           more
           appear
           ;
           for
           all
           Lawyers
           and
           States
           ▪
           men
           derive
           the
           first
           grounds
           of
           Government
           ,
           from
           the
           Posterity
           of
           
           Noah's
           Sons
           after
           the
           Floud
           ,
           and
           do
           show
           how
           through
           necessity
           ,
           Reason
           and
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           led
           them
           thereunto
           ;
           for
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           giving
           to
           every
           man
           a
           natural
           and
           paternal
           Jurisdiction
           over
           his
           own
           Family
           ,
           when
           as
           the
           increase
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           and
           necessity
           of
           Commerce
           ,
           gave
           occasion
           for
           several
           Families
           to
           be
           concerned
           together
           ,
           and
           that
           these
           concernments
           begot
           Controversies
           needful
           to
           be
           determined
           ,
           and
           that
           every
           Family
           stood
           upon
           equal
           foot
           as
           to
           Authority
           ,
           and
           to
           decide
           by
           Force
           would
           prove
           destructive
           ,
           and
           not
           necessarily
           be
           just
           ,
           and
           that
           it
           was
           unfit
           every
           man
           should
           be
           Judge
           in
           his
           own
           cause
           ;
           therefore
           Reason
           led
           them
           to
           chuse
           men
           of
           approved
           Justice
           and
           Honesty
           ,
           to
           whom
           all
           differences
           were
           remitted
           ,
           and
           whose
           decisions
           served
           as
           Laws
           ,
           and
           were
           readily
           submitted
           to
           ,
           the
           parties
           resting
           in
           the
           assurance
           of
           their
           equity
           :
           and
           this
           all
           Lawyers
           generally
           acknowledge
           ▪
           was
           the
           first
           foundation
           of
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           in
           the
           joynt
           agreement
           of
           several
           Families
           ;
           from
           whence
           arose
           the
           Institution
           of
           Cities
           ,
           and
           from
           their
           Interest
           in
           the
           Country
           about
           the
           division
           of
           Provinces
           and
           Kingdoms
           .
           Now
           as
           in
           the
           first
           part
           of
           Government
           in
           Families
           ,
           the
           Authority
           stood
           in
           one
           ▪
           viz.
           in
           the
           Father
           of
           the
           Family
           ;
           so
           they
           usually
           chose
           one
           for
           the
           Government
           of
           joynt
           Families
           ,
           who
           thence
           were
           called
           Kings
           ;
           and
           this
           was
           the
           Original
           of
           Monarchy
           :
           whom
           the
           opinion
           of
           Honesty
           ,
           Knowledge
           and
           Justice
           ,
           most
           readily
           and
           without
           fear
           of
           Emulation
           advanced
           to
           that
           dignity
           ,
           whose
           Judgment
           and
           W●ll
           answering
           to
           the
           cause
           of
           their
           advancement
           ,
           was
           a
           Law
           to
           the
           People
           .
           Afterwards
           when
           the
           respect
           put
           upon
           these
           Rulers
           or
           Kings
           ,
           and
           the
           advantage
           thence
           accruing
           increased
           ,
           men
           began
           to
           be
           ambitious
           of
           the
           Imployment
           ,
           and
           from
           thence
           to
           use
           their
           influence
           to
           obtain
           it
           ;
           from
           which
           followed
           Faction
           ,
           and
           often
           Bloudshed
           ,
           which
           made
           men
           fall
           upon
           the
           expedient
           of
           letting
           the
           Government
           rest
           upon
           the
           Children
           of
           those
           who
           formerly
           had
           possessed
           it
           ,
           the
           Veneration
           of
           their
           Fathers
           ,
           and
           the
           supposition
           and
           expectation
           they
           might
           inherit
           their
           Fathers
           Virtues
           greatly
           contributing
           thereto
           ;
           which
           laid
           the
           foundation
           of
           Hereditary
           Monarchy
           .
           But
           when
           the
           Primitive
           simplicity
           and
           integrity
           of
           those
           first
           Ages
           began
           to
           wear
           out
           ,
           and
           that
           those
           Kings
           did
           extend
           and
           advance
           the
           Authority
           they
           derived
           from
           their
           Predecessors
           ,
           but
           lost
           their
           Equity
           and
           Justice
           ;
           and
           since
           the
           ancient
           and
           entire
           confidence
           put
           in
           the
           first
           Rulers
           ,
           had
           made
           their
           Government
           ,
           and
           consequently
           their
           Successors
           ,
           unlimited
           ,
           it
           depending
           upon
           Will
           ,
           and
           not
           qualified
           by
           any
           Laws
           ,
           whereof
           there
           were
           not
           written
           at
           that
           time
           ▪
           Thus
           Monarchy
           degenerated
           into
           Tyranny
           ,
           as
           appeared
           in
           Nimrod
           ,
           and
           his
           Successors
           ,
           the
           Kings
           of
           Assyria
           ,
           which
           gave
           a
           rise
           ,
           as
           many
           judge
           ,
           to
           the
           ●●●●itution
           of
           Commonwealths
           amongst
           the
           Grecians
           and
           others
           .
        
         
           Now
           during
           these
           times
           ,
           although
           the
           number
           of
           those
           that
           truly
           feared
           God
           ,
           and
           retained
           any
           〈◊〉
           of
           pure
           Religion
           ,
           were
           very
           few
           and
           for
           most
           part
           (
           at
           least
           ▪
           so
           far
           as
           is
           conveyed
           to
           us
           in
           the
           Family
           and
           Success●●●
           of
           Abraham
           ;
           yet
           that
           inward
           and
           Universal
           Testimony
           of
           a
           Deity
           ,
           implanted
           in
           the
           hearts
           of
           all
           men
           ,
           (
           as
           all
           sorts
           of
           Christians
           acknowledge
           )
           did
           so
           far
           influence
           men
           ,
           as
           to
           set
           their
           thoughts
           about
           Religion
           ;
           for
           as
           Cicero
           says
           
             Nulla
             Gens
             tam
             Barbara
             quae
             Deum
             aliquem
             non
             agnoscat
          
           ▪
           since
           it
           is
           most
           certain
           ,
           that
           Justice
           will
           gain
           a
           Testimony
           in
           the
           hearts
           of
           the
           most
           barbarous
           ,
           the
           ancient
           Veneration
           and
           esteem
           to
           the
           great
           Justice
           and
           Equity
           of
           those
           Primitive
           Rulers
           ,
           being
           fixed
           in
           〈…〉
           and
           heighned
           by
           the
           depravation
           of
           their
           Successors
           ;
           and
           this
           compared
           with
           daily
           ▪
           〈◊〉
           afforded
           to
           men
           in
           the
           course
           of
           Providence
           ,
           begot
           a
           belief
           that
           these
           things
           were
           the
           Gifts
           of
           these
           Good
           Kings
           〈◊〉
           in
           Heaven
           ,
           from
           whence
           they
           came
           to
           be
           prayed
           unto
           ,
           and
           reputed
           Gods
           〈◊〉
           And
           thus
           those
           things
           th●t
           did
           seem
           immediately
           to
           convey
           those
           〈…〉
           the
           Sun
           ,
           Moon
           ,
           and
           Stars
           ,
           came
           〈◊〉
           to
           be
           adored
           ,
           from
           whence
           sprung
           the
           Religion
           or
           divers
           ▪
           Nations
           ▪
           and
           thus
           〈◊〉
           any
           〈◊〉
           came
           to
           receive
           Power
           and
           Domination
           over
           others
           ,
           〈…〉
           became
           more
           universally
           to
           be
           received
           .
           Now
           whereas
           Religion
           among
           the
           Gentiles
           had
           its
           rise
           so
           〈…〉
           hence
           ,
           so
           every
           Nation
           had
           their
           p●rticular
           〈…〉
           ,
           among
           this
           Roman●
           〈…〉
           ,
           which
           they
           were
           devoted
           to
           ▪
           The
           〈…〉
           of
           Religion
           with
           〈…〉
           insensibly
           ,
           since
           all
           the
           Gentiles
           
           generally
           esteemed
           it
           a
           duty
           to
           worship
           the
           Gods
           of
           that
           place
           and
           Country
           they
           came
           to
           ,
           as
           judging
           they
           had
           a
           sort
           of
           distinct
           and
           peculiar
           Jurisdiction
           there
           ;
           so
           there
           was
           little
           occasion
           of
           observing
           here
           a
           distinct
           Interest
           ;
           because
           there
           was
           no
           man
           to
           claim
           the
           liberty
           of
           exercising
           it
           :
           so
           far
           had
           blindness
           and
           Idolatry
           overgrown
           the
           World.
           In
           which
           state
           things
           continued
           for
           many
           Ages
           ,
           until
           Daniel
           and
           the
           Three
           Children
           ,
           after
           the
           carrying
           a
           way
           of
           the
           Jews
           by
           Nebuchadnezzar
           ,
           gave
           a
           rise
           rightly
           to
           distinguish
           and
           clear
           the
           Marches
           b●twixt
           Religion
           and
           Policy
           ,
           and
           claim
           the
           liberty
           of
           the
           one
           ,
           without
           prejudice
           to
           the
           other
           ;
           for
           this
           making
           Religion
           necessary
           to
           Policy
           ,
           took
           its
           strength
           from
           the
           unlimited
           Tyranny
           of
           the
           Assyrian
           Monarchy
           ,
           and
           was
           the
           fruits
           of
           an
           Arbitrary
           Power
           ,
           standing
           and
           exercised
           in
           the
           superlative
           degree
           ;
           (
           and
           it
           's
           observable
           ,
           that
           where
           there
           is
           most
           of
           that
           sort
           of
           Government
           ,
           there
           this
           ,
           to
           this
           day
           ,
           most
           prevails
           ;
           this
           being
           most
           suitable
           to
           meer
           Tyranny
           ,
           and
           contrary
           to
           a
           solid
           and
           well-ballanced
           Government
           :
           )
           for
           such
           being
           the
           state
           of
           the
           Assyrian
           Monarchy
           ,
           as
           all
           well
           read
           therein
           know
           ,
           the
           Flatterers
           of
           these
           Kings
           possessed
           them
           with
           a
           belief
           ,
           that
           the
           Authority
           of
           no
           Power
           even
           in
           matters
           of
           Religion
           ,
           was
           to
           be
           acknowledged
           ,
           nor
           even
           the
           Counsel
           of
           any
           Deity
           sought
           to
           ,
           above
           or
           besides
           that
           of
           the
           King
           ;
           for
           they
           did
           not
           build
           the
           reason
           of
           Obedience
           ,
           upon
           the
           intrinsical
           verity
           of
           the
           thing
           commanded
           by
           the
           King
           ,
           as
           those
           that
           press
           the
           same
           thing
           now
           would
           seem
           to
           do
           ,
           or
           for
           shame
           pretend
           to
           do
           ;
           but
           meerly
           upon
           the
           Will
           and
           Command
           of
           the
           Prince
           ,
           whom
           they
           think
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           disobeyed
           ,
           whatever
           he
           commanded
           ,
           whose
           Will
           they
           would
           have
           to
           be
           the
           only
           rule
           of
           mens
           Actions
           in
           all
           things
           :
           Hence
           came
           the
           fury
           of
           Nebuchadnezzar
           against
           the
           Three
           Children
           ,
           for
           not
           obeying
           him
           ,
           Dan
           3.
           in
           falling
           down
           before
           his
           Golden
           Image
           ;
           and
           against
           Daniel
           ,
           for
           praying
           with
           the
           Windows
           open
           towards
           Jerusalem
           ;
           for
           neither
           of
           them
           are
           charged
           for
           doing
           any
           thing
           prejudicial
           to
           the
           State
           ,
           and
           except
           in
           this
           ,
           were
           found
           faithful
           Servants
           to
           the
           King
           in
           other
           things
           wherein
           they
           were
           imployed
           .
           And
           as
           none
           will
           readily
           justifie
           the
           Assyrian
           King
           in
           his
           doings
           ,
           whereof
           himself
           greatly
           repented
           ,
           so
           the
           Imployments
           he
           bestowed
           upon
           those
           and
           other
           Jews
           ,
           and
           wherein
           they
           proved
           useful
           and
           faithful
           to
           him
           ,
           doth
           sufficiently
           shew
           ,
           that
           the
           distinct
           Interests
           of
           Religion
           and
           Policy
           under
           one
           Prince
           ,
           may
           well
           be
           found
           without
           prejudice
           either
           to
           Prince
           or
           People
           .
           The
           like
           may
           be
           observed
           in
           the
           case
           of
           Ahasuerus
           ,
           who
           was
           influenced
           by
           Haman
           to
           give
           out
           an
           Edict
           for
           the
           destruction
           of
           the
           Jews
           ;
           the
           reason
           whereof
           urged
           by
           Haman
           was
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           Laws
           different
           from
           the
           Kings
           Laws
           ,
           and
           therefore
           it
           was
           not
           for
           the
           Kings
           profit
           to
           suffer
           them
           .
           I
           need
           not
           bestow
           pains
           to
           refute
           
           Haman's
           reason
           ,
           since
           most
           men
           will
           condemn
           it
           .
        
         
           The
           same
           thing
           took
           place
           for
           the
           same
           cause
           in
           Nero
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Emperors
           who
           persecuted
           the
           Christians
           ;
           for
           the
           piety
           and
           ancient
           equity
           and
           sobriety
           of
           the
           Romans
           wearing
           out
           ,
           and
           the
           corruption
           ▪
           degeneracy
           and
           effeminacy
           of
           the
           Eastern
           Nations
           prevailing
           ,
           so
           as
           the
           Emperors
           would
           be
           reputed
           and
           adored
           as
           Gods
           ,
           thence
           came
           their
           endeavouring
           to
           oblige
           men
           to
           acknowledge
           no
           God
           but
           their
           Will
           and
           Pleasure
           ,
           and
           no
           Religion
           but
           what
           depended
           thereon
           ;
           thence
           they
           made
           Religion
           a
           necessary
           part
           of
           Government
           .
           And
           thus
           I
           have
           briefly
           traced
           things
           until
           such
           time
           as
           Christianity
           came
           to
           be
           established
           by
           Law
           ,
           and
           Christians
           came
           to
           be
           Magistrates
           .
        
         
           After
           that
           Christianity
           came
           to
           be
           received
           in
           the
           Courts
           of
           Princes
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Emperors
           became
           Christians
           ,
           their
           honest
           zeal
           was
           soon
           abused
           by
           the
           corruption
           and
           covetousness
           of
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           who
           for
           their
           own
           ends
           first
           possess'd
           them
           with
           a
           belief
           that
           they
           ought
           to
           seek
           to
           settle
           and
           establish
           Christian
           Religion
           by
           their
           Force
           and
           Power
           ,
           and
           that
           it
           did
           much
           contribute
           to
           their
           Spiritual
           advantage
           to
           bestow
           large
           Revenues
           upon
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           and
           that
           as
           Supreme
           Magistrate
           he
           had
           a
           care
           and
           superintendency
           over
           the
           Church
           ;
           in
           meddling
           with
           which
           the
           Emperor
           Constantine
           found
           himself
           quickly
           not
           a
           little
           embarassed
           ,
           when
           he
           could
           not
           find
           a
           way
           to
           satisfie
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           when
           they
           came
           to
           quarrel
           among
           themselves
           ;
           and
           so
           each
           Party
           afterwards
           in
           the
           differences
           of
           these
           Times
           ▪
           as
           they
           could
           draw
           the
           Emperor
           to
           their
           side
           ,
           made
           use
           of
           this
           Power
           of
           the
           Magistrate
           in
           matters
           of
           Religion
           ,
           for
           the
           destroying
           each
           other
           :
           until
           at
           last
           by
           the
           growing
           of
           Superstition
           and
           other
           great
           shakings
           which
           hapned
           to
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           the
           Pope
           instead
           of
           being
           subject
           to
           the
           Emperor
           ▪
           and
           appointed
           by
           him
           (
           which
           he
           was
           for
           several
           Centuries
           )
           made
           a
           shift
           to
           turn
           him
           by
           degrees
           out
           of
           Italy
           ,
           establish
           to
           himself
           a
           Temporal
           Jurisdiction
           in
           Rome
           ,
           as
           being
           forsooth
           
             Peters
             Patrimony
          
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           not
           only
           to
           be
           independant
           from
           the
           Emperor
           ,
           but
           superiour
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           by
           the
           tract
           even
           of
           their
           own
           Historians
           is
           manifest
           ,
           and
           known
           to
           all
           those
           who
           have
           read
           the
           story
           of
           Hildebrand
           and
           others
           .
           And
           thus
           by
           the
           like
           means
           several
           Bishops
           in
           Germany
           ,
           and
           other
           places
           ,
           abusing
           the
           zeal
           and
           ignorance
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           came
           into
           the
           possession
           of
           great
           Temporal
           Jurisdictions
           ;
           
           and
           not
           only
           so
           ,
           but
           in
           all
           Nations
           of
           Europe
           they
           obtained
           a
           place
           in
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           became
           a
           distinct
           State
           ;
           by
           means
           of
           which
           ,
           having
           an
           immediate
           dependance
           upon
           the
           Pope
           ,
           he
           came
           to
           exercise
           an
           Universal
           Monarchy
           in
           the
           Christian
           World
           :
           And
           thus
           Religion
           came
           to
           be
           a
           part
           of
           Civil
           Government
           among
           Christians
           .
        
         
           And
           it
           is
           greatly
           to
           be
           regretted
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           Reformation
           this
           was
           not
           rooted
           out
           ,
           but
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           retained
           not
           only
           by
           the
           Lutherans
           ,
           but
           even
           by
           the
           Calvinists
           :
           So
           that
           although
           those
           who
           follow
           the
           Geneva
           Discipline
           ,
           do
           pretend
           to
           abstract
           the
           Clergy
           from
           meddling
           in
           State
           ,
           yet
           their
           method
           of
           proceeding
           proves
           at
           last
           the
           same
           ;
           for
           while
           they
           lay
           an
           obligation
           upon
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           under
           pretence
           of
           taking
           care
           for
           the
           Cause
           and
           Church
           of
           Christ
           ,
           to
           establish
           one
           sort
           of
           form
           of
           Religion
           ,
           and
           ruine
           all
           others
           ;
           wherein
           he
           must
           steer
           by
           the
           Clergies
           Compass
           ,
           or
           otherwise
           have
           the
           people
           blown
           up
           unto
           a
           Sedition
           from
           the
           Pulpit
           :
           So
           that
           experience
           hath
           proved
           ,
           that
           under
           the
           Government
           of
           Presbytery
           ,
           (
           especially
           as
           it
           was
           improved
           in
           Scotland
           ,
           where
           it
           came
           to
           its
           height
           )
           the
           insolency
           and
           imperiousness
           of
           the
           Clergy
           became
           no
           less
           troublesome
           and
           unsupportable
           to
           the
           Magistrates
           ,
           then
           that
           of
           Bishops
           ,
           whether
           Papal
           or
           Protestant
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           the
           altering
           from
           one
           form
           to
           another
           ,
           hath
           not
           cured
           these
           Nations
           of
           the
           mischiefs
           that
           therethrough
           has
           attended
           them
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           that
           fundamental
           Error
           is
           entertained
           ,
           of
           making
           Religion
           a
           part
           of
           the
           Civil
           Government
           .
           Now
           this
           brief
           Historical
           hint
           doth
           abundantly
           shew
           ,
           how
           these
           Interests
           are
           distinct
           ,
           and
           ought
           not
           be
           jumbled
           together
           :
           To
           which
           I
           shall
           add
           these
           brief
           Considerations
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           Because
           Religion
           and
           Policy
           ,
           or
           Christianity
           and
           Magistracy
           ,
           are
           two
           distinct
           things
           ,
           have
           two
           different
           ends
           ,
           and
           may
           be
           fully
           prosecuted
           without
           respect
           one
           to
           the
           other
           ;
           the
           one
           is
           for
           the
           purifying
           and
           cleansing
           the
           Soul
           ,
           and
           fitting
           it
           for
           a
           future
           state
           ;
           the
           other
           is
           for
           the
           maintenance
           and
           preserving
           of
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           the
           outward
           conveniency
           and
           accommodation
           of
           men
           in
           this
           World.
           A
           Magistrate
           is
           a
           true
           and
           real
           Magistrate
           ,
           though
           not
           a
           Christian
           ;
           as
           well
           as
           a
           man
           is
           a
           true
           and
           real
           Christian
           ,
           without
           being
           a
           Magistrate
           .
           Christianity
           ,
           far
           less
           this
           or
           that
           form
           of
           it
           ,
           doth
           not
           belong
           to
           the
           being
           of
           Magistracy
           ;
           else
           the
           Apostles
           and
           Primitive
           Christians
           could
           not
           have
           acknowledged
           the
           Heathens
           to
           have
           been
           their
           lawful
           Magistrates
           and
           Superiors
           ,
           as
           they
           did
           ,
           and
           taught
           their
           Disciples
           so
           to
           do
           ,
           as
           appeared
           in
           the
           practice
           of
           the
           Primitive
           Christians
           beforementioned
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           Christ
           says
           expresly
           ,
           
             his
             Kingdom
             is
             not
             of
             this
             World
          
           ;
           the
           thing
           he
           came
           for
           is
           a
           business
           distinct
           from
           the
           external
           Government
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           hath
           no
           necessary
           connexion
           thereto
           ;
           and
           therefore
           there
           doth
           not
           appear
           any
           one
           saying
           of
           his
           or
           his
           Followers
           ,
           to
           warrant
           Magistrates
           as
           such
           to
           meddle
           in
           Religion
           ,
           or
           to
           warrant
           his
           Disciples
           and
           Followers
           as
           such
           to
           meddle
           with
           the
           outward
           Government
           of
           the
           Nations
           :
           And
           truly
           the
           dismal
           effects
           this
           has
           produced
           ,
           both
           to
           the
           ruine
           of
           Christianity
           and
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           may
           convince
           those
           that
           are
           not
           byassed
           by
           particular
           Interest
           ,
           (
           as
           all
           Clergy-men
           ,
           both
           
             Pope
             ,
             Prelate
          
           and
           Presbyter
           generally
           are
           )
           and
           love
           the
           good
           and
           advancement
           either
           of
           Christianity
           or
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           high
           time
           to
           avoid
           this
           snare
           .
        
         
           To
           this
           the
           state
           of
           the
           Jews
           is
           usually
           objected
           ,
           whose
           Religion
           and
           Government
           was
           mixed
           together
           :
           But
           that
           saying
           of
           Christ
           abovementioned
           is
           thereunto
           a
           sufficient
           Answer
           ,
           for
           they
           had
           an
           outward
           Kingdom
           ,
           which
           Christ
           came
           not
           to
           establish
           ,
           neither
           for
           himself
           nor
           Followers
           ;
           and
           theirs
           related
           to
           a
           particular
           Race
           or
           Family
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           the
           case
           now
           :
           besides
           that
           their
           outward
           Policy
           was
           by
           Revelation
           expresly
           given
           them
           of
           God
           ,
           who
           gave
           them
           Rulers
           ,
           Judges
           ,
           Kings
           ,
           oftentimes
           by
           the
           particular
           appointment
           of
           his
           Prophets
           ,
           without
           respect
           either
           to
           hereditary
           Right
           ,
           or
           the
           choice
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           and
           unless
           we
           would
           plead
           for
           the
           like
           thing
           now
           ,
           which
           none
           I
           know
           of
           do
           ,
           I
           mean
           of
           those
           that
           strive
           for
           the
           Government
           ,
           there
           can
           be
           nothing
           rationally
           urged
           from
           the
           state
           of
           the
           Jews
           in
           this
           matter
           .
        
         
           But
           some
           may
           be
           apt
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           a
           necessity
           that
           Religion
           and
           Policy
           be
           interlaced
           ,
           because
           those
           things
           are
           a
           part
           of
           Religion
           ,
           which
           are
           of
           absolute
           necessity
           to
           Government
           ;
           such
           as
           the
           suppressing
           of
           
             Murther
             ,
             Adultery
             ,
             Theft
             ,
             Perjury
             ,
          
           which
           surely
           belongs
           to
           the
           Magistrates
           to
           punish
           .
           To
           this
           I
           answer
           ,
           It
           is
           true
           it
           belongs
           to
           the
           Magistrate
           to
           punish
           such
           like
           crimes
           ;
           but
           as
           these
           things
           are
           contrary
           to
           the
           Law
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           Religion
           strikes
           against
           ,
           so
           they
           are
           injurious
           to
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           and
           tend
           to
           destroy
           it
           ▪
           and
           therefore
           come
           under
           the
           Magistrates
           cognizance
           in
           this
           respect
           ,
           or
           under
           this
           reduplication
           ,
           and
           not
           upon
           the
           meer
           Religious
           account
           ;
           for
           whatever
           is
           destructive
           or
           injurious
           to
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           comes
           to
           be
           punished
           by
           the
           Magistrate
           upon
           that
           score
           ,
           without
           respect
           to
           its
           concern
           in
           Christianity
           :
           as
           we
           see
           these
           things
           were
           punishable
           by
           the
           Magistrates
           in
           all
           well-regulated
           Kingdoms
           and
           Commonwealths
           among
           the
           Heathens
           ;
           where
           
           they
           could
           not
           be
           considered
           as
           any
           part
           of
           the
           Christian
           Religion
           .
           Not
           that
           I
           deny
           ,
           where
           both
           Magistrate
           and
           People
           are
           Christian
           ,
           and
           agreed
           in
           the
           acknowledgment
           that
           such
           things
           are
           not
           only
           hurtful
           to
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           but
           destructive
           to
           their
           immortal
           Souls
           ,
           he
           may
           improve
           that
           reason
           to
           deterr
           the
           people
           from
           these
           evils
           ▪
           as
           also
           to
           bear
           home
           to
           them
           the
           justice
           of
           the
           punishment
           :
           but
           this
           he
           does
           not
           simply
           as
           a
           Magistrate
           ,
           but
           as
           a
           Christian
           ,
           even
           as
           such
           Magistrates
           among
           the
           Heathens
           as
           were
           Philosophers
           sometimes
           used
           to
           do
           .
        
         
           To
           this
           I
           suppose
           it
           may
           be
           also
           readily
           objected
           ;
           That
           according
           to
           this
           Principle
           both
           Papists
           ,
           Presbyters
           ,
           Anabaptists
           ,
           yea
           such
           as
           were
           
             John
             of
             L●yden
          
           and
           his
           Complices
           ,
           may
           and
           ought
           to
           be
           tolerated
           ,
           if
           the
           Magistrate
           has
           nothing
           to
           do
           with
           the
           Consciences
           of
           his
           Subjects
           :
           And
           again
           ,
           if
           the
           Magistrate
           should
           become
           any
           of
           these
           ,
           the
           People
           ought
           quietly
           to
           bear
           it
           .
           To
           this
           I
           answer
           ,
           and
           indeed
           herein
           the
           excellency
           of
           this
           fundamental
           Principle
           both
           in
           Religion
           and
           Government
           will
           appear
           ,
           That
           Popery
           hath
           two
           parts
           ,
           the
           one
           is
           that
           which
           is
           meerly
           Religious
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           which
           relates
           properly
           to
           Religion
           or
           Conscience
           ,
           and
           are
           peculiar
           to
           them
           ,
           such
           as
           the
           believing
           Transubstantiation
           ,
           Purgatory
           ,
           Adoration
           of
           Saints
           and
           Images
           ,
           yea
           and
           the
           Superiority
           of
           the
           Bishop
           of
           Rome
           over
           other
           Church-men
           ,
           as
           they
           call
           them
           ;
           all
           which
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           this
           kind
           ,
           may
           be
           believed
           and
           professed
           without
           prejudice
           to
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           and
           as
           being
           matters
           meerly
           relating
           to
           Conscience
           ,
           come
           not
           properly
           under
           the
           Magistrates
           cognizance
           .
           The
           other
           part
           is
           the
           opinion
           of
           the
           Pope's
           power
           over
           Princes
           and
           States
           ,
           his
           absolving
           the
           people
           from
           their
           Obedience
           ,
           his
           giving
           them
           Dispensations
           to
           kill
           and
           destroy
           them
           ;
           and
           allowing
           them
           not
           to
           keep
           Faith
           to
           Hereticks
           ,
           and
           such
           like
           ;
           which
           as
           they
           are
           destructive
           to
           Government
           ,
           are
           truly
           no
           part
           of
           Religion
           ,
           but
           a
           politick
           contrivance
           long
           hatched
           by
           the
           Bishop
           of
           Rome
           and
           his
           Dependants
           ,
           for
           establishing
           to
           himself
           a
           firm
           Monarchy
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           therefore
           ought
           to
           be
           guarded
           against
           and
           punished
           by
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           not
           as
           Errors
           in
           Religion
           ,
           but
           as
           destructive
           to
           the
           Government
           .
           If
           it
           be
           said
           ,
           all
           Papists
           believe
           and
           profess
           ,
           and
           are
           ready
           to
           practise
           these
           things
           :
           To
           that
           I
           say
           ,
           then
           in
           so
           far
           they
           are
           lyable
           and
           ought
           to
           be
           punished
           ,
           and
           not
           tolerated
           .
           But
           let
           the
           reason
           of
           our
           procedure
           &
           sentence
           against
           them
           be
           ,
           not
           their
           opinion
           in
           things
           meerly
           Religious
           ,
           but
           their
           destructiveness
           to
           Civil
           Government
           :
           Thus
           if
           we
           go
           upon
           this
           sound
           Principle
           ,
           we
           shall
           preserve
           the
           honour
           of
           the
           truly
           Christian
           &
           Protestant
           Cause
           ,
           and
           take
           away
           from
           them
           all
           occasion
           of
           glorying
           in
           their
           Sufferings
           ,
           or
           of
           strengthning
           themselves
           against
           Protestants
           in
           Popish
           Countries
           ,
           who
           live
           peaceably
           ,
           and
           hold
           no
           such
           Principles
           as
           oblige
           them
           to
           make
           any
           disturbance
           in
           the
           Government
           .
           The
           like
           may
           be
           said
           of
           all
           others
           called
           Sectaries
           ,
           whom
           the
           Magistrate
           is
           to
           restrain
           only
           in
           so
           far
           as
           they
           hold
           principles
           ,
           or
           bring
           forth
           practices
           that
           are
           destructive
           to
           the
           Government
           .
           As
           to
           the
           second
           part
           of
           the
           objection
           ,
           relating
           to
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           I
           answer
           ,
           such
           are
           either
           Elective
           ,
           or
           Hereditary
           ;
           if
           Elective
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           place
           for
           the
           objection
           ,
           because
           the
           Electors
           have
           access
           to
           chuse
           men
           of
           such
           Principles
           as
           they
           like
           best
           ;
           if
           Hereditary
           ,
           it
           is
           either
           absolute
           ,
           or
           limited
           ;
           if
           there
           be
           any
           such
           exyress
           limitation
           ,
           as
           excludes
           men
           of
           such
           and
           such
           Principles
           ,
           then
           the
           case
           is
           solved
           ;
           if
           not
           ,
           the
           former
           distinction
           will
           hold
           :
           Let
           the
           Magistrate
           entertain
           such
           Principles
           as
           best
           likes
           him
           ,
           in
           matters
           that
           are
           purely
           Religious
           ;
           but
           if
           he
           will
           entertain
           such
           as
           are
           destructive
           to
           the
           Government
           ,
           by
           which
           he
           infringes
           the
           priviledges
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           and
           will
           rob
           them
           of
           their
           Lives
           ,
           Liberties
           and
           Estates
           ,
           meerly
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           Religion
           ,
           certainly
           they
           have
           great
           reason
           to
           beware
           how
           they
           come
           under
           such
           a
           Yoak
           ;
           which
           they
           can
           do
           without
           any
           blemish
           ,
           and
           with
           full
           justification
           in
           the
           face
           of
           the
           Nations
           ,
           since
           they
           deny
           not
           the
           Magistrate
           the
           exercise
           of
           his
           Religion
           for
           himself
           :
           and
           herein
           the
           people
           also
           may
           be
           sufficiently
           secured
           ,
           whatever
           be
           the
           M●gistrates
           Religion
           ,
           if
           thus
           bounded
           ,
           as
           in
           the
           application
           to
           the
           state
           of
           things
           here
           in
           England
           ,
           and
           Scotland
           also
           ,
           will
           appear
           ,
           to
           which
           I
           now
           proceed
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           to
           be
           considered
           ,
           that
           these
           Nations
           having
           been
           long
           involved
           in
           a
           Civil
           War
           ,
           through
           which
           a
           new
           people
           (
           not
           formerly
           ,
           or
           but
           little
           known
           )
           have
           grown
           up
           ,
           who
           as
           men
           have
           or
           ought
           to
           have
           an
           interest
           in
           the
           same
           Immunities
           ,
           Freedoms
           and
           Priviledges
           with
           the
           rest
           ;
           as
           to
           Civil
           things
           at
           least
           ;
           for
           else
           in
           England
           the
           Papist
           might
           plead
           
             Magna
             Charta
          
           ,
           that
           all
           but
           they
           ought
           to
           be
           extruded
           the
           Nation
           ,
           or
           be
           lyable
           to
           such
           troubles
           as
           might
           make
           it
           too
           hot
           for
           them
           to
           stay
           in
           ;
           and
           so
           in
           Scotland
           and
           Ireland
           ,
           if
           not
           by
           the
           same
           ,
           yet
           by
           other
           mediums
           :
           so
           that
           as
           to
           the
           Spiritual
           Constitution
           ,
           or
           the
           Civil
           Government
           of
           these
           Nations
           as
           to
           Spiritual
           things
           the
           Laws
           have
           not
           been
           as
           those
           of
           the
           Medes
           and
           Persians
           ,
           but
           have
           received
           alterations
           according
           to
           the
           necessity
           and
           conveniency
           of
           times
           ;
           that
           those
           who
           have
           given
           the
           Law
           ,
           and
           in
           and
           for
           whose
           favour
           ,
           for
           whose
           protection
           the
           Laws
           were
           expresly
           made
           ,
           had
           them
           turned
           against
           them
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           protection
           of
           those
           against
           whom
           the
           Laws
           were
           made
           .
        
         
         
           Since
           the
           coming
           in
           of
           the
           King
           that
           now
           is
           ,
           (
           after
           a
           long
           Civil
           intestine
           War
           ,
           as
           hath
           been
           said
           )
           that
           which
           hath
           been
           set
           up
           paramount
           over
           and
           above
           all
           ,
           hath
           been
           that
           of
           Bishops
           ,
           or
           Episcopacy
           ,
           to
           the
           utter
           suppression
           of
           all
           others
           ;
           with
           all
           strenuous
           endeavours
           to
           strengthen
           and
           propagate
           that
           Profession
           ,
           and
           drive
           on
           an
           Uniformity
           ,
           which
           how
           ineffectual
           it
           hath
           hitherto
           been
           ,
           all
           may
           see
           ,
           as
           may
           appear
           by
           the
           Kings
           Declaration
           in
           the
           year
           1672.
           and
           though
           a
           considerable
           time
           hath
           since
           intervened
           ,
           it
           may
           still
           be
           seen
           there
           was
           good
           reason
           for
           the
           import
           of
           that
           Declaration
           ,
           whereby
           the
           Ship
           of
           these
           Nations
           hath
           been
           tossed
           and
           lyable
           to
           great
           hazards
           ,
           through
           the
           tumultuating
           humours
           ,
           surmises
           ,
           discontents
           of
           the
           severals
           concerned
           ,
           in
           being
           lyable
           to
           be
           out
           of
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Law
           ;
           so
           that
           upon
           these
           accounts
           ,
           and
           the
           concurring
           circumstances
           that
           either
           have
           been
           ,
           or
           might
           have
           bern
           artificially
           managed
           to
           blow
           the
           Coal
           ;
           I
           say
           ,
           considering
           the
           combustible
           matter
           ,
           it
           is
           to
           me
           matter
           of
           acknowledgment
           and
           admiration
           ,
           that
           things
           have
           not
           run
           unto
           confusion
           long
           ere
           now
           :
           And
           truly
           my
           hope
           is
           ,
           that
           God
           Almighty
           intends
           better
           things
           for
           these
           Nations
           ,
           then
           that
           one
           size
           or
           sort
           of
           people
           should
           be
           set
           up
           in
           matters
           of
           Religion
           ,
           to
           the
           utter
           ruinating
           and
           undoing
           of
           all
           others
           ;
           or
           that
           thereby
           through
           the
           impatience
           of
           man
           ,
           (
           to
           whom
           it
           is
           hard
           to
           bear
           to
           have
           his
           Spiritual
           and
           Civil
           Liberties
           snapt
           away
           at
           once
           )
           or
           through
           the
           artifice
           of
           them
           who
           upon
           other
           grounds
           of
           discontent
           ,
           may
           make
           use
           of
           this
           to
           blow
           these
           Nations
           into
           a
           flame
           ,
           which
           God
           forbid
           ,
           my
           hope
           and
           desire
           is
           rather
           ,
           that
           those
           in
           Authority
           may
           consider
           as
           Christians
           and
           prudent
           men
           ,
           how
           to
           land
           the
           Ship
           in
           a
           safe
           Harbour
           .
           First
           ,
           how
           as
           Christians
           they
           are
           not
           concerned
           to
           meddle
           in
           this
           matter
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           that
           Christianity
           lays
           no
           obligation
           upon
           the
           Magistrate
           to
           establish
           any
           form
           of
           the
           Christian
           Religion
           by
           Law
           ,
           is
           above
           shewn
           :
           so
           that
           such
           do
           say
           nothing
           to
           the
           purpose
           ,
           who
           land
           this
           debate
           (
           as
           most
           of
           the
           Clergy
           do
           )
           in
           recurring
           to
           the
           Laws
           in
           force
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             So
             it
             stands
             by
             Law
             ,
             so
             it
             is
             settled
             by
             Law
             ,
          
           for
           the
           Law
           was
           no
           less
           strong
           in
           
             Q.
             Maries
          
           days
           for
           Popery
           ,
           then
           now
           for
           that
           which
           is
           set
           up
           .
           Next
           ,
           if
           it
           stand
           upon
           a
           meer
           prudent
           prudential
           politick
           foot
           ,
           and
           so
           be
           settled
           by
           the
           Laws
           of
           these
           Nations
           ,
           I
           apply
           my self
           in
           the
           second
           place
           to
           consider
           ,
           how
           far
           it
           is
           truly
           suitable
           to
           prudence
           ,
           how
           far
           it
           is
           prudential
           for
           the
           Magistrates
           of
           these
           Nations
           ,
           how
           far
           it
           is
           good
           policy
           in
           them
           to
           own
           ,
           assert
           ,
           lay
           claim
           to
           such
           a
           power
           ,
           as
           things
           are
           circumstantiated
           especially
           ;
           that
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           to
           set
           up
           by
           Law
           any
           form
           of
           Christian
           Religion
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           Civil
           Power
           and
           Authority
           to
           stand
           by
           the
           Professors
           of
           it
           ,
           to
           the
           depressing
           ,
           exterminating
           ,
           discountenancing
           ,
           crushing
           and
           discouraging
           of
           all
           others
           :
           I
           say
           ,
           this
           seems
           to
           me
           not
           only
           to
           be
           Antichristian
           ,
           but
           Antiprudential
           ,
           Antipolitical
           ,
           and
           a
           thing
           of
           a
           wonderful
           dangerous
           consequence
           ,
           and
           impracticable
           for
           any
           long
           continuance
           ,
           without
           the
           hazarding
           of
           all
           ,
           for
           these
           Reasons
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           not
           prudential
           for
           Magistrates
           to
           keep
           alive
           Seeds
           of
           discord
           ,
           emulation
           ,
           strife
           ,
           among
           the
           people
           over
           whom
           they
           rule
           ,
           for
           this
           but
           narrows
           his
           or
           their
           power
           ,
           instead
           of
           enlarging
           it
           ;
           for
           as
           this
           engages
           those
           who
           are
           countenanced
           ,
           so
           it
           alienates
           more
           or
           less
           all
           those
           who
           are
           discountenanced
           or
           is
           lyable
           to
           do
           so
           .
           Besides
           all
           the
           several
           other
           dissenting
           Judgments
           in
           these
           Nations
           ,
           there
           are
           three
           sorts
           that
           lay
           claim
           to
           the
           Magistrates
           espousing
           them
           and
           their
           way
           ,
           as
           that
           which
           he
           is
           obliged
           to
           do
           in
           a
           National
           way
           ;
           and
           all
           these
           three
           lay
           claim
           for
           the
           limits
           of
           their
           Church
           to
           be
           as
           broad
           and
           long
           at
           least
           as
           the
           Nation
           ,
           to
           wit
           ,
           the
           
             Popish
             ,
             Prelatical
          
           ,
           and
           Presbyterian
           ;
           all
           these
           pretend
           to
           be
           diametrically
           opposite
           to
           each
           other
           ,
           and
           each
           of
           them
           have
           had
           the
           advantage
           to
           get
           the
           Magistrate
           on
           their
           side
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           settled
           by
           Law
           ;
           publick
           places
           and
           publick
           maintenance
           have
           belonged
           to
           them
           :
           Thus
           even
           the
           Democratical
           Government
           of
           Presbytery
           ,
           could
           cry
           out
           on
           all
           meddlers
           with
           Church-Lands
           ,
           but
           especially
           Tithes
           ,
           as
           Sacrilegious
           persons
           .
           Now
           this
           hath
           been
           especially
           the
           Bone
           of
           Contention
           among
           these
           three
           ;
           it
           was
           not
           ,
           nor
           is
           not
           meerly
           that
           any
           of
           them
           should
           be
           owned
           to
           be
           the
           Church
           and
           Ministry
           of
           Christ
           only
           ,
           or
           before
           all
           others
           ,
           but
           that
           they
           should
           be
           set
           above
           all
           others
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           have
           the
           maintenance
           and
           respective
           priviledges
           due
           to
           Holy
           Church
           .
           Now
           were
           it
           prudential
           to
           set
           up
           any
           of
           these
           three
           ,
           as
           the
           present
           condition
           and
           complexion
           of
           the
           Nations
           are
           ?
           I
           say
           ,
           Nay
           ;
           as
           for
           the
           Papists
           ,
           they
           are
           a
           diminutive
           Sect
           to
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Nation
           respectively
           ,
           though
           upon
           all
           other
           accounts
           they
           stood
           upon
           an
           equal
           foot
           with
           the
           rest
           differing
           from
           them
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           shewn
           before
           they
           do
           not
           :
           as
           to
           those
           of
           the
           Episcopal
           way
           ,
           such
           as
           truly
           are
           engaged
           in
           their
           Judgments
           to
           that
           way
           ,
           are
           not
           much
           more
           considerable
           then
           they
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           will
           be
           found
           but
           a
           diminutive
           Sect
           also
           ▪
           so
           that
           to
           establish
           them
           ,
           and
           drive
           a
           Conformity
           to
           them
           ,
           hath
           been
           hitherto
           but
           to
           go
           against
           Wind
           and
           Tide
           ,
           because
           the
           sence
           of
           the
           people
           (
           though
           upon
           differing
           accounts
           )
           hath
           been
           and
           is
           against
           them
           :
           as
           to
           the
           Presbyterians
           ,
           it
           is
           to
           be
           confessed
           they
           are
           more
           considerable
           then
           both
           the
           other
           for
           number
           ,
           though
           not
           of
           one
           Judgment
           among
           themselves
           ,
           albeit
           all
           agreeing
           
           that
           they
           ought
           to
           be
           set
           up
           ,
           owned
           and
           countenanced
           by
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           and
           he
           to
           be
           subservient
           to
           them
           ,
           not
           to
           be
           the
           Head
           of
           the
           Church
           ,
           that
           is
           lodged
           in
           the
           General
           Assembly
           :
           yet
           in
           prudence
           it
           is
           not
           ●●t
           ,
           nor
           a
           foot
           large
           enough
           for
           the
           Magistrate
           to
           rest
           upon
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           crush
           down
           all
           others
           ;
           for
           they
           ,
           taken
           as
           all
           of
           one
           Judgment
           ,
           will
           be
           found
           but
           a
           diminutive
           Sect
           ,
           put
           in
           the
           ballance
           with
           all
           others
           ,
           to
           wit
           ,
           the
           other
           two
           beforementioned
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           dissenters
           in
           the
           Nation
           .
           And
           as
           they
           are
           a
           people
           positive
           and
           peremptory
           ,
           and
           lyable
           to
           fall
           in
           differences
           among
           themselves
           ,
           as
           was
           manifest
           in
           Scotland
           about
           the
           year
           1650.
           it
           will
           be
           no
           less
           hard
           to
           satisfie
           them
           ;
           then
           they
           to
           satisfie
           one
           another
           ;
           however
           this
           will
           be
           the
           
             minimum
             quod
             sic
          
           ,
           that
           all
           others
           must
           be
           crushed
           and
           born
           down
           ,
           so
           as
           it
           will
           be
           found
           hard
           to
           please
           them
           ,
           for
           they
           will
           be
           found
           to
           grow
           in
           their
           Encroachments
           and
           Demands
           ,
           and
           it
           will
           not
           be
           found
           so
           easie
           a
           matter
           ,
           whatever
           cause
           or
           occasion
           should
           be
           found
           for
           it
           ,
           to
           limit
           or
           stop
           them
           once
           being
           set
           up
           as
           they
           that
           are
           less
           considerable
           :
           neither
           do
           I
           see
           it
           prudential
           for
           the
           Magistrate
           to
           countenance
           any
           of
           these
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           give
           them
           the
           sole
           countenance
           of
           Publick
           Authority
           ,
           as
           to
           Church-Power
           ,
           as
           it
           hath
           been
           called
           and
           accounted
           the
           National
           Church
           ,
           &
           so
           these
           to
           have
           Publick
           Authority
           and
           Maintenance
           ,
           and
           Priviledge
           accord●ng
           to
           Law
           ▪
           &
           the
           rest
           only
           to
           be
           tolerated
           and
           connived
           at
           ,
           for
           this
           is
           only
           to
           keep
           up
           the
           Bone
           of
           Contention
           ,
           that
           as
           opportunity
           serves
           they
           in
           the
           Saddle
           may
           be
           unhorsed
           ,
           and
           they
           that
           are
           stronger
           get
           into
           their
           room
           :
           For
           it
           is
           never
           to
           be
           reckoned
           of
           ,
           that
           the
           Papists
           though
           they
           had
           their
           Liberty
           by
           way
           of
           toleration
           or
           connivance
           ,
           as
           the
           rest
           of
           dissenters
           ,
           will
           be
           satisfied
           so
           long
           as
           they
           see
           Law
           countenance
           them
           that
           separated
           from
           them
           ,
           and
           those
           in
           the
           possession
           of
           their
           Mass-houses
           and
           Maintenance
           ,
           that
           were
           originally
           settled
           upon
           and
           consecrated
           by
           their
           Church
           ,
           and
           which
           as
           to
           its
           original
           had
           its
           rise
           from
           their
           Church
           ?
           Or
           is
           it
           to
           be
           reckoned
           upon
           that
           the
           Presbyters
           ,
           whatever
           countenance
           or
           toleration
           were
           granted
           them
           ,
           though
           settled
           by
           Law
           ,
           would
           be
           satisfied
           while
           excluded
           from
           the
           Publick
           Places
           and
           Maintenance
           ?
           and
           they
           being
           the
           stronger
           ,
           and
           a
           growing
           Interest
           ,
           would
           still
           be
           lying
           at
           catch
           to
           be
           in
           again
           ;
           were
           it
           not
           then
           good
           Christianity
           in
           the
           Magistrates
           ,
           who
           profess
           themselves
           to
           be
           Christians
           ,
           to
           deny
           themselves
           in
           giving
           to
           Christ
           Jesus
           that
           which
           is
           his
           due
           only
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           to
           be
           Head
           in
           and
           over
           his
           Church
           ,
           and
           leave
           the
           Government
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           get
           their
           hands
           out
           of
           this
           Thorny
           matter
           ,
           that
           hath
           produced
           nothing
           to
           themselves
           but
           trouble
           ,
           without
           which
           these
           Nations
           can
           never
           be
           firmly
           settled
           :
           I
           am
           bold
           to
           say
           ,
           and
           were
           it
           not
           good
           prudence
           so
           to
           do
           .
           What
           hath
           been
           the
           
             Fama
             clamosa
          
           for
           many
           years
           of
           old
           ,
           and
           of
           late
           before
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           since
           the
           coming
           in
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           is
           so
           at
           this
           day
           ?
           
             Popery
             !
             Arbitrary
             Government
          
           !
           there
           hath
           a
           Jealousie
           entred
           the
           minds
           of
           people
           concerning
           these
           things
           ;
           could
           a
           better
           way
           be
           found
           out
           to
           pluck
           up
           these
           surmises
           by
           the
           Roots
           ,
           then
           if
           all
           concern'd
           would
           shew
           a
           willingness
           and
           ready
           compliance
           ,
           and
           contribute
           to
           it
           in
           their
           respective
           places
           and
           stations
           ,
           that
           it
           might
           be
           fundamentally
           settled
           and
           established
           as
           a
           Basis
           never
           to
           be
           shaken
           ,
           that
           all
           Christian
           men
           should
           be
           left
           to
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Law
           of
           Jesus
           ,
           to
           worship
           him
           and
           serve
           him
           ,
           as
           they
           shall
           find
           themselves
           by
           him
           obliged
           ;
           the
           Magistrate
           not
           at
           all
           to
           meddle
           or
           intermeddle
           therein
           ,
           further
           then
           to
           see
           that
           this
           be
           kept
           among
           all
           ,
           so
           that
           no
           man
           nor
           men
           may
           be
           imposed
           upon
           in
           the
           matters
           of
           Religion
           ,
           within
           the
           bounds
           of
           his
           Jurisdiction
           ,
           by
           any
           outward
           force
           or
           violence
           ;
           nor
           his
           Authority
           be
           made
           use
           of
           to
           confirm
           any
           Spiritual
           sentence
           more
           or
           less
           ,
           but
           as
           every
           one
           hath
           been
           or
           may
           be
           perswaded
           to
           joyn
           themselves
           to
           any
           sorts
           of
           people
           ,
           upon
           a
           Spiritual
           or
           Christian
           account
           ,
           they
           may
           be
           left
           so
           to
           do
           in
           matters
           meerly
           and
           only
           relating
           to
           Conscience
           ,
           and
           that
           all
           Laws
           to
           the
           contrary
           may
           be
           utterly
           and
           totally
           abolished
           ;
           and
           as
           to
           all
           other
           things
           ,
           every
           one
           from
           the
           least
           to
           the
           greatest
           to
           be
           subject
           to
           the
           Civil
           Laws
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           and
           that
           Order
           and
           Good
           Government
           among
           men
           may
           be
           established
           ,
           and
           that
           none
           under
           whatsoever
           pretence
           may
           plead
           Immunity
           from
           subjection
           to
           the
           Laws
           ,
           in
           such
           things
           that
           come
           properly
           and
           unquestionably
           under
           the
           Civil
           Magistrates
           cognizance
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           may
           be
           an
           encouragment
           to
           those
           that
           do
           well
           ,
           and
           a
           terror
           to
           evil
           doers
           ,
           that
           good
           and
           wholesom
           Laws
           may
           be
           made
           by
           those
           to
           whom
           it
           is
           proper
           so
           to
           do
           ,
           for
           establishing
           the
           Rights
           and
           Properties
           of
           men
           as
           men
           ,
           and
           for
           encouraging
           Sobriety
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           proper
           for
           the
           Magistrate
           .
        
         
           But
           what
           will
           become
           of
           Holy
           Church
           ,
           will
           some
           say
           ?
           She
           will
           be
           where
           she
           was
           ,
           for
           the
           Magistrate
           withdrawing
           his
           hand
           ,
           leaving
           every
           profession
           and
           way
           to
           stand
           upon
           its
           own
           legs
           ,
           Unchurches
           neither
           
             Papists
             ,
             Episcopalians
          
           ,
           nor
           Presbyterians
           ,
           they
           are
           a
           Church
           still
           ,
           if
           they
           were
           so
           before
           .
           But
           saith
           the
           Bishops
           and
           Hierarchy
           ,
           What
           shall
           become
           of
           us
           ?
           if
           the
           Magistrate
           withdraw
           his
           hand
           ,
           where
           shall
           we
           have
           Maintenance
           ?
           where
           shall
           we
           have
           a
           place
           to
           Preach
           in
           ?
           Ye
           shall
           have
           no
           less
           advantage
           or
           ground
           to
           stand
           in
           then
           those
           that
           relate
           to
           other
           people
           ,
           that
           account
           themselves
           to
           have
           Ministers
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           Churches
           ;
           yea
           this
           advantage
           you
           have
           above
           all
           them
           ,
           that
           you
           have
           had
           18
           or
           19
           years
           Places
           and
           
           Benefices
           ,
           so
           you
           may
           the
           better
           hear
           the
           want
           ,
           till
           you
           try
           the
           benevolence
           of
           your
           People
           ,
           which
           is
           all
           the
           rest
           will
           have
           as
           well
           as
           you
           ,
           so
           you
           will
           all
           stand
           on
           an
           equal
           foot
           ;
           and
           it
           's
           fit
           they
           should
           ▪
           for
           the
           publick
           Preaching
           places
           ,
           and
           the
           publick
           Maintenance
           hath
           been
           the
           Bone
           of
           Contention
           in
           these
           Nations
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           found
           to
           stand
           upon
           the
           same
           foot
           with
           Abbeys
           and
           Nunneries
           ,
           and
           Church-Lands
           :
           The
           intent
           originally
           was
           honest
           and
           good
           ,
           and
           from
           ●●al
           .
           As
           the
           one
           〈◊〉
           time
           of
           Reformation
           ;
           and
           for
           publick
           necessity
           and
           conveniency
           ,
           was
           removed
           and
           utterly
           abolished
           ;
           as
           to
           the
           use
           they
           were
           first
           intended
           for
           ;
           so
           may
           these
           ,
           and
           so
           must
           these
           ,
           if
           ever
           the
           Nation
           see
           a
           firm
           and
           thorough
           settlement
           ;
           the
           Church-Lands
           (
           a
           suitable
           case
           given
           to
           the
           Tenants
           )
           applied
           to
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           annexed
           thereto
           for
           ever
           inviolably
           ;
           I
           mean
           Bishop
           ,
           Chapte●
           ,
           and
           Dean-Lands
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           have
           been
           accounted
           in
           the
           right
           and
           possession
           of
           the
           present
           Churches
           respectively
           .
           The
           Tithes
           have
           been
           a
           great
           oppression
           upon
           the
           people
           of
           these
           Nations
           ▪
           and
           would
           be
           absolutely
           extinguish'd
           both
           as
           to
           name
           and
           thing
           ,
           so
           as
           there
           may
           be
           no
           footsteps
           of
           them
           ;
           and
           that
           no
           man
           whatsoever
           that
           is
           a
           Proprietor
           in
           Land
           ,
           may
           be
           lyable
           to
           have
           another
           to
           have
           an
           Interest
           in
           his
           Tithe
           ,
           which
           hath
           been
           a
           great
           bondage
           and
           servitude
           ;
           and
           had
           its
           Interest
           upon
           the
           account
           that
           they
           belong'd
           to
           Holy
           Church
           ,
           and
           was
           their
           Patrimony
           .
           Now
           things
           being
           settled
           upon
           another
           foundation
           and
           turned
           quite
           in
           another
           Channel
           ,
           by
           the
           prudence
           and
           care
           of
           those
           to
           whom
           it
           be●●●gs
           properly
           so
           to
           do
           ,
           with
           a
           suitable
           regard
           every
           way
           ,
           that
           the
           c●nscientiously
           tender
           Christian
           ,
           ●ho
           ha●●
           suffered
           daily
           upon
           this
           account
           ,
           and
           the
           Rights
           of
           men
           ,
           as
           men
           ,
           may
           be
           answered
           ,
           and
           〈◊〉
           way
           and
           expedient
           found
           out
           to
           give
           some
           competent
           satisfaction
           ,
           suitable
           to
           the
           Rights
           and
           Possessions
           of
           Impropriators
           ,
           so
           as
           henceforward
           the
           Stock
           and
           Tithe
           may
           b●
           so
           confounded
           and
           involved
           ,
           that
           whoever
           hath
           the
           Property
           of
           Possession
           of
           Lands
           ,
           may
           never
           be
           lyable
           to
           any
           such
           bondage
           more
           or
           less
           ,
           by
           these
           accessions
           of
           the
           Bishops
           ;
           and
           other
           Church-Lands
           not
           already
           disposed
           o●
           into
           the
           possession
           of
           the
           Laity
           ,
           so
           called
           ,
           there
           shall
           be
           a
           considerable
           addition
           of
           Revenue
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           hereby
           the
           Body
           of
           ●●e
           people
           of
           those
           Nations
           will
           be
           gratified
           ,
           in
           removing
           the
           great
           oppression
           and
           servitude
           of
           Tithes
           ,
           the
           cause
           of
           Contention
           will
           be
           removed
           ,
           and
           every
           sort
           and
           size
           of
           people
           will
           stand
           upon
           their
           own
           legs
           ;
           all
           unreasonable
           expectations
           of
           setting
           up
           one
           sort
           of
           men
           ,
           and
           throwing
           down
           all
           the
           rest
           ,
           will
           be
           out
           ;
           all
           fears
           and
           jealousies
           ,
           and
           animosities
           upon
           this
           account
           will
           cease
           ,
           and
           hereby
           that
           which
           hath
           been
           a
           standing
           fear
           and
           jealousie
           upon
           the
           people
           of
           these
           Nations
           ,
           will
           be
           plucked
           up
           by
           the
           Roots
           .
        
         
           If
           it
           be
           said
           ,
           What
           shall
           become
           of
           the
           Magistrate
           or
           Magistrates
           ,
           things
           being
           thus
           settled
           ?
           Where
           were
           the
           hazard
           ?
           for
           were
           it
           not
           unreasonable
           that
           the
           Magistrate
           or
           Magistrates
           should
           be
           in
           worse
           case
           then
           the
           People
           ?
           who
           are
           to
           be
           left
           to
           their
           absolute
           liberty
           as
           to
           the
           matter
           of
           Religion
           ,
           without
           being
           lyable
           to
           any
           Civil
           inconveniency
           ,
           or
           abridg'd
           of
           any
           priviledge
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           this
           or
           that
           form
           of
           Religion
           ,
           meerly
           as
           such
           ;
           then
           why
           not
           the
           Magistrate
           ?
           It
           being
           fundamentally
           settled
           ,
           as
           it
           would
           be
           ,
           and
           is
           needful
           it
           should
           be
           ,
           that
           except
           in
           his
           or
           their
           Family
           as
           Chap●ain
           ,
           and
           that
           in
           a
           temporary
           way
           ,
           it
           should
           not
           be
           in
           the
           power
           of
           the
           Magistrate
           or
           Magistrates
           ,
           to
           make
           any
           standing
           Maintenance
           ,
           or
           settlement
           upon
           any
           sort
           of
           men
           in
           Orders
           ,
           or
           to
           set
           them
           up
           or
           countenance
           them
           ,
           further
           then
           by
           his
           or
           their
           being
           of
           their
           perswasion
           ,
           or
           allowing
           them
           on
           such
           account
           entertainment
           as
           Chaplain●
           ;
           and
           that
           for
           clearing
           the
           people
           of
           these
           Nations
           of
           the
           aforementioned
           Seeds
           of
           Jealousie
           ,
           it
           be
           fundamentally
           settled
           as
           a
           
             Magna
             Charta
          
           for
           ever
           ,
           that
           whosoever
           in
           the
           Magistracy
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           from
           the
           least
           to
           the
           greatest
           ,
           shall
           be
           found
           to
           alter
           or
           innovate
           this
           Fundamental
           settlement
           ,
           shall
           be
           lyable
           to
           be
           judged
           by
           this
           Law
           ,
           as
           guilty
           of
           Tre●son
           against
           the
           Fundamentals
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           
             for
             the
             Law
             only
             is
             ,
             and
             is
             to
             be
             declared
             Supreme
          
           ;
           and
           that
           whoever
           either
           separately
           or
           in
           conjunction
           ,
           shall
           go
           against
           this
           Basis
           or
           Fundamental
           settlement
           ,
           were
           it
           a
           single
           person
           ,
           or
           the
           Parliament
           ,
           shall
           ceas●
           to
           be
           Magistrate
           or
           a
           Parliament
           ,
           and
           their
           Decrees
           become
           void
           and
           null
           :
           for
           the
           ●●ndame●tals
           are
           never
           to
           be
           altered
           ,
           viz.
           that
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           as
           Magistrate
           ,
           is
           to
           be
           wholly
           ▪
           shu●
           but
           ,
           as
           to
           all
           meddling
           in
           matters
           of
           Religion
           ,
           but
           every
           man
           as
           to
           the
           Magistrates
           interposition
           〈◊〉
           ▪
           be
           left
           free
           ;
           and
           that
           all
           men
           ,
           as
           men
           born
           freemen
           ,
           not
           having
           fo●f●i●ed
           their
           Liberty
           by
           doing
           those
           things
           which
           makes
           them
           obnoxious
           ,
           shall
           be
           secure
           in
           their
           Persons
           and
           ●●dates
           from
           all
           .
           Arbitrary
           proceedings
           ;
           which
           will
           truly
           be
           for
           the
           ho●●ur
           and
           greatn●ss
           of
           the
           Magistrate
           or
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           safety
           of
           the
           People
           .
        
         
           
             These
             things
             being
             writ
             by
             one
             that
             hates
             to
             be
             Dogmatical
             ,
             are
             therefore
             only
             modestly
             proposed
             and
             humbly
             submitted
             to
             those
             of
             more
             mature
             Judgment
             and
             greater
             Experience
             ,
             especially
             to
             the
             New
             appro●ching
             Parliament
             ,
             by
             him
             who
             in
             truth
             can
             subscribe
             himself
             ,
          
        
         
           
             Philo-Britannicus
             .